DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE - Zoological Survey of India
DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE - Zoological Survey of India
DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE - Zoological Survey of India
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MOTH FLIES & SAND FLIES (<strong>DIPTERA</strong>: <strong>PSYCHODIDAE</strong>) OF INDIA<br />
K. ILANGO<br />
<strong>Zoological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Southern Regional Centre,<br />
130, Santhome High Road, Chennai- 600 028.<br />
E-mail: kilango@rediffmai.com<br />
The family Psychodidae includes moth flies and sand flies, some <strong>of</strong> which are archaic<br />
Diptera originated in the super-continent Gondwana during Permain period and their<br />
extant taxa are now distributed in tropical and sub tropical countries. Aquatic habits <strong>of</strong><br />
moth flies are vulnerable to ecological changes; hence some species are indicator species.<br />
Sand flies are moisture-loving, found in the microhabitats such as mud holes and rock<br />
crevices. The genus Phlebotomus contains vectors <strong>of</strong> human leishmaniases. Dr Nelson<br />
Annandale, the founder Director <strong>of</strong> <strong>Zoological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong> had a special interest on<br />
psychodids and laid a strong foundation on the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>n moth flies and sand<br />
flies (Ilango, 2004a). The early studies <strong>of</strong> Annandale (1908-11) together with that <strong>of</strong><br />
Brunetti (1912) provided tantalizing glimpses <strong>of</strong> psychodid taxonomy which was<br />
subsequently updated by Quate (1962) with fragmentary re-descriptions and figures.<br />
However, the discovery <strong>of</strong> Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti – the proven<br />
vector <strong>of</strong> visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in <strong>India</strong>, and its intra-specific variation were<br />
considered to be a monumental contribution to public health research in <strong>India</strong>. Because <strong>of</strong><br />
their cryptic biology and behavior, the systematics <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>n psychodids is only partial<br />
with less than 100 species out the 2900 species known from the world (Duckhose 1973;<br />
Seccombe et al. 1993). However, the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Phlebotomine sand flies, the genus<br />
Neotelmatoscopus (Psychodinae) and its biogeography from Tamil Nadu were studied in<br />
detail (Ilango et al. 1994; Ilango, 1994. 2004b, 2006).<br />
A taxonomic list <strong>of</strong> moth flies and sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from <strong>India</strong><br />
Family <strong>PSYCHODIDAE</strong> (Moth flies)<br />
I. Subfamily HORAIELLINAE<br />
Genus HORAIELLA Tonnoir 1933<br />
1. Horaiella consimilis Tonnoir 1933<br />
2. Horaiella prodigiosa Tonnoir 1933<br />
II. Subfamily PSYCHODINAE<br />
Genus PERICOMA Walker 1856<br />
3. Pericoma margininotata Brunetti 1908<br />
4. Pericoma metatarsalis Brunetti 1911<br />
5. Pericoma metatarsalis var. khasiensis Senior-White 1922<br />
6. Pericoma solangensis Kaul 1971
Genus Thornburghiella Vaillant 1976<br />
7. Thornburghiella alaeoensis (Kaul) 1971<br />
8. Thornburghiella hamtensis (Kaul) 1971<br />
9. Thornburghiella longipenis (Kaul) 1971<br />
10. Thornburghiella mixta (Brunetti) 1911<br />
11. Thornburghiella singularis (Quate) 1962<br />
12. Thornburghiella spinicornis (Brunetti) 1908<br />
Genus TELMATOSCOPUS Eaton 1904<br />
Subgenus GLOGMIA Enderlein 1937<br />
13. Telmatoscopus (Glogmia) albipunctatus (Williston) 1893<br />
Unplaced species <strong>of</strong> Telmatoscopus<br />
14. Telmatoscopus lacteitarsis (Brunetti) 1908<br />
15. Telmatoscopus squaminervis Brunetti 1911<br />
16. Telmatoscopus longichaetus (Brunetti) 1911<br />
Genus NEOTELMATOSCOPUS Tonnoir 1933<br />
17. Neotelmatoscopus horai (Tonnoir) 1933<br />
18. Neotelmatoscopus ctenophorus Ilango 1994<br />
Genus BRUNETTIA Annandale 1910<br />
19. Brunettia annandalei (Brunetti) 1908<br />
20. Brunettia argenteopunctata (Brunetti) 1908<br />
21. Brunettia indiensis Quate 1962<br />
22. Brunettia novemnotata (Brunetti) 1911<br />
23. Brunettia squamipennis (Brunetti) 1908<br />
24. Brunettia superstes (Annandale) 1908<br />
25. Brunettia travancorica Annandale<br />
Genus PHILOSEPEDON Eaton 1904<br />
26. Philosepedon decora (Brunetti) 1911<br />
27. Philosepedon distans (Brunetti) 1911<br />
Genus TRICHOPSYCHODA Tonnoir 1922<br />
28. Trichopsychoda hirtipennis (Brunetti) 1911<br />
Genus PSYCHODA Latreille 1796<br />
29. Psychoda acanthostyla Tokunaga 1957<br />
30. Psychoda alabangensis del Rosario 1936<br />
31. Psychoda bengalensis Brunetti 1908<br />
32. Psychoda harrisi Satchell 1950<br />
33. Psychoda makati del Rosario 1936<br />
34. Psychoda nigripennis Brunetti 1908<br />
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35. Psychoda parthenogenetica Tonnoir 1940<br />
36. Psychoda vittata Brunetti 1908<br />
Unrecognized species <strong>of</strong> Psychodinae<br />
37. Psychoda albopicta Brunetti 1911<br />
38. Psychoda apicalis Brunetti 1911<br />
39. Psychoda fulvohirta Brunetti 1911<br />
40. Psychoda gilvipes Brunetti 1908<br />
41. Psychoda impunctata Brunetti 1911<br />
42. Psychoda orbicularis Brunetti 1911<br />
43. Psychoda transversa Brunetti 1911<br />
III. Subfamily PHLEBOTOMINAE (Sand flies)<br />
Genus PHLEBOTOIELLA Solarzano Kraemer & Wagner 2009 (Fossil)<br />
44. Phlebotoiella eoindianensis Solarzano Kraemer & Wagner 2009 (Fossil)<br />
Genus SERGENTOMYIA Franca & Parrot 1920<br />
Subgenus GRASSOMYIA Theodor 1958<br />
45. Sergentomyia (Grassomyia indica) (Theodor) 1931<br />
Subgenus NEOPHLEBOTOMUS Franca & Parrot 1920<br />
46. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) arboris (Sinton) 1931<br />
47. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) charavarti (Mitra & Roy) 1953<br />
48. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) dhandai Lewis 1978<br />
49. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) iyengari Sinton 1933<br />
50. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) linearis Lewis 1978<br />
51. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) malabarica (Annandale) 1910<br />
52. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) nilamburensis Kaul & Prabha 1993<br />
53. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) purii (Sinton) 1931<br />
54. Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) zeylanica (Annandale) 1910<br />
Subgenus PARROTOMYIA Theodor 1958<br />
55. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) babu (Annandale) 1910<br />
56. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) baghdadis (Adler & Theodor) 1910<br />
57. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) himalayensis (Annandale) 1910<br />
58. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) insularis (Theodor) 1938<br />
59. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) kauli Lewis 1978<br />
60. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) modii Lewis1978<br />
61. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) shorttii (Adler & Theodor) 1927<br />
62. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) yercaudensis Ilango 2004<br />
63. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) sp. A Kaul, Dhanda & Modi 1973<br />
64. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) sp. B Kaul, Dhanda & Modi 1973<br />
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Subgenus SERGENTOMYIA Franca & Parrot 1919<br />
65. Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) punjabensis Sinton 1933<br />
Subgenus Sintonius Nitzulescu 1931<br />
66. Sergentomyia (Sintonius) christophersi Sinton 1927<br />
67. Sergentomyia (Sintonius eadithae Sinton 1932<br />
68. Sergentomyia (Sintonius) hospitii Sinton 1924<br />
69. Sergentomyia (Sintonius) orissa Kaul & Lewis 1977<br />
70. Sergentomyia (Sintonius) shirohi Kaul, Dhanda & Modi 1973<br />
Species Group Nicnic Theodor 1948<br />
71. Sergentomyia bailyi (nicni Group) (Sinton) 1931<br />
72. Sergentomyia shettyi (nicni Group) Ilango 1994<br />
Sergentomyia Ungrouped<br />
73. Sergentomyia koraputa Lewis & Kaul 1987<br />
74. Sergentomyia montana Sinton 1924<br />
Genus Phlebotomus Rondani & Berte 1840<br />
Subgenus Adlerius Nitzulescu 1931<br />
75. Phlebotomus (Adlerius) hindustanicus Theodor 1958<br />
76. Phlebotomus (Adlerius) longiductus Parrot 1928<br />
Subgenus Anaphlebotomus Theodor 1948<br />
77. Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) colabaensis Young & Chalam 1927<br />
78. Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) stantoni Newstead 1914<br />
79. Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) hoepplii Tang & Maa 1945<br />
Subgenus Euphlebotomus Theodor 1948<br />
80. Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argetipes Annandale & Brunetti 1908<br />
Subgenus Idiophlebotomus Quate & Fairchild 1961<br />
81. Phlebotomus (Idiophlebotomus) tubifer Lewis & Lane 1976<br />
Subgenus Kasaulius Lewis 1982<br />
82. Phlebotomus (Kasaulius) newsteadi Sinton 1926<br />
Subgenus Larroussius Notzulescu 1931<br />
83. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major Annandale 1910<br />
Subgenus Paraphlebotomus Theodor 1948<br />
84. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri Sinton 1928<br />
85. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot 1917<br />
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Subgenus Phlebotomus Rondani & Berte 1840<br />
86. Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi Scopoli 1786<br />
87. Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) salehi Mesghali 1965<br />
Subgenus Synphlebotomus Theodor 1948<br />
88. Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) eleanorae Sinton 193<br />
References<br />
Annandale, N. 1908. Notes on Oriental Diptera. V. Description <strong>of</strong> a new species <strong>of</strong><br />
psychodid <strong>of</strong> the genus Phlebotomus. Rec. <strong>India</strong>n Mus. 2: 101-104.<br />
Annandale, N. 1910a. The <strong>India</strong>n species <strong>of</strong> Papatasi fly (Phlebotomus). Rec. <strong>India</strong>n<br />
Mus. 4: 35-52.<br />
Annandale, N. 1911. Further notes on <strong>India</strong>n Phlebotomus. Rec. <strong>India</strong>n Mus. 4: 319-320.<br />
Brunetti, E. 1912. Family: Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera), pp. 192-265. In: Fauna<br />
<strong>of</strong> British <strong>India</strong>. Taylor and Francis, London.<br />
Duckhose, D. A. 1973. Family Psychodidae. Pp. 226-244, in M. M. Delfinado & D. E.<br />
Hardy (Eds) Catalogue <strong>of</strong> the Diptera <strong>of</strong> the Oriental Region 618 pp. Honolulu.<br />
Ilango, K. 2000. Morphological characteristics <strong>of</strong> the antennal flagellum and its sensilla<br />
chaetica with character displacement in Phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato. J. Biosci. 37:<br />
365-371.<br />
Ilango, K. 1994. Neotelmatoscopus ctenophorus, a new species from <strong>India</strong> (Diptera:<br />
Psychodidae). Aquatic Insects. 16: 141-145.<br />
Ilango, K. 2004a. The legacy <strong>of</strong> Dr. Nelson Annandale and his contribution to the<br />
taxonomy <strong>of</strong> Phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)<br />
transmitting leishmaniasis. Rec. zool. Surv. <strong>India</strong>, 103: 115-121.<br />
Ilango. K. 2004b. A review <strong>of</strong> the Sergentomyia babu species complex (Diptera:<br />
Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) with description <strong>of</strong> new species from <strong>India</strong>. Oriental<br />
Insects, 38: 77-83.<br />
Ilango, K. 2006. Torrential hill-stream Nematocerous Diptera from the Suruli Falls,<br />
Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, Southern <strong>India</strong> and a note biogeography <strong>of</strong> the mothfly<br />
Neotelmatoscopus Tonnoir (Psychodidae). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 102(3): 113-166.<br />
Ilango, K., V. Dhanda, R. Srinivasan, A. V. Sadanand, and R. P. Lane. 1994.<br />
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) <strong>of</strong> Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry, southern<br />
<strong>India</strong>, in relation to visceral leishmaniasis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 88: 413-431.<br />
Quate, L. W. 1962. Psychodidae (Diptera) at the <strong>Zoological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>. Proc.<br />
Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 18: 155-188.<br />
Seccombe, A. K., P. D. Ready, and L. M. Huddleston. 1993. A catalogue <strong>of</strong> Old<br />
World Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). No. 8 Occasional<br />
Paper on Systematic Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London.<br />
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