Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean ...

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AIBHJK T FLAM MAM.PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,RED WON COURT, FLEET STREET.

C..^•..:..JOOSIJMMAEY OF THE VOYAGE ....MAMMALIAAVESBy Dr. E. W. Coppinger.By 0. Thomas.By R. B. Shabpe.REPTILIA, BATEACHIA, PISCES. By A. Guntheb.MOLLUSCAECHINODEEMATACEUSTACEACOLEOPTEEALEPIDOPTEEAALCYONAEIA AND SPONGIIDA.By E. A. Smith.By F. J. Bell.By E. J. Miers.By C. 0. Waterhoitse.By A. G. Butler.By S. 0. Eidlet.G93Ca2

PREFACE,The zoological collections made during the Surveying-voyage ofH.M.S. * Alert ' in the years 1878-82, under the command ofCapt. Sir G. Nares and his successor Capt. J. Maclear, werepresented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to theTrustees of the British Museum.A narrative of the voyage has been given by Staff-SurgeonR. W. Coppinger, in his work ' Cruise of the ' Alert ' ' (London,1883, 8vo).^ The principal parts of the Survey, and consequently theCollections, fall into three distinct sections, viz. :— 1, that ofthe Southern extremity of the American continent; 2, that ofthe coasts of iôrth-eastern Australia and Torres Straits : and3, that of the groups of Oceanic Islands in the Western IndianOcean, situated between the Seychelles and Madagascar.The first of these collections has already been reported upon inProo. Zool. Soc. 1881 ; but the two others surpass it so muchin extent and importance as to be quite beyond the scope of aperiodical publication, and therefore the Trustees considered itbest that a full account of them should be prepared in the formof a separate work. With the exception of the 'Challenger'Expedition, none of the recent voyages has contributed so mixchto our knowledge of the Littoral Invertebrate Fauna of the Indo-Pacific Ocean as that of the ' Alert.' Irrespective of a iramber ofspecimens set aside as duplicates, not less than 3700, referableto 1300 species, were incorporated in the National Collection ; and

;VIPREFACE.of these more than one third (490) were new additions, if not toscience, at any rate to the Museum.The hest thanks of zoologists are due to the Lords of theAdmiralty, to the late Hydrographer, Capt. Sir F. Evans, K.C.B.,and to the Commanders of the ' Alert,' from whom Dr. Coppingerreceived every encouragement in the prosecution of his zoologicalwork.Finally, although the following pages are by themselves alasting testimony to the great service rendered by Dr. Coppingerto the National Museum and to the cause of science, I must notallow this opportunity to pass without duly acknowledging theenergy and skill with which he performed this work. The collectionswere made with singular judgment, the specimens (many ofthem most fragile and delicate) preserved, labelled, and packedwith the greatest care ; and, beside, full lists wore prepared by himgiving additional, and in many cases most valuable, information.When we bear inmind that all this work was done in the leisurehours which Dr. Coppinger could spare from his strictly officialduties, we may be encouraged inthe hope that on future occasionssimilar advantage will be taken of the opportunity which a voyageof Survey offers to q, man of science.The collections were worked out immediately after their arrivalbut the completion of this Eeport was considerably delayed by theremoval of the Department from Bloomsbury to South Kensington.ALBEET GUNTHER,British Museum,June 20, 1884.Keeper of the Department of Zoology^

.SYSTEMATIC INDEX.SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.By R. W. Coppinger.(page 1.)Part I.THE COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.MAMMALIA.Skull of Torres-StraitsIslanderSkull of Torres-StraitsIslanderCranium of Solomon IslanderCraniimi of MallicoUo IslanderPageBy Oldfibld ThomasPage5. Cranium of MallicoUo Islander86. Skull of Banks Islander . 87. Skull of Banks Islander . 98. Calvaria of Fijian 99. Cranium of Fijian 10BIRDS.By R. Bowbler Sharpe,Cerchneis

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.PageCracticus23. Bigrignlaris, Gould .... 15Pacliycepliala24. melauura, Gould 1525. rufiventris, Lath 17Cinnyi'is26. frenata, Miill. 17Myzomela27. obscura, Gotild 17Zosterops28. albiventer, Reichenh. .... 1729. lutea, Gmdd 18Manorliina30. garmla, Lath 18Stigmatops31. ociilaris, Gould 1832. subocularis, Gould 18Ptilotis33. notata, Gould 1934. lewinii, Sioains 2035. fasciogularis, Gould .... 2036. flava, Gould 2037. unicolor, Gould 20Pbilemon38. argenticeps, Gould .... 2039. buceroides, Swains 2040. citreogularis, Gould .... 20Dicseum. . 21. 2141. birundinaceum, ShawPetrocbelidon42. nigricaus, V. 21Donacicola43. castaneotlioras, Gould .Ai'tamus44. leucorliynchus, L 21Pitta45. simillima, Gould 21Merops46. ornatus, Lath 21Dacelo47. gigas, Bodd. 2148. leachii, Vig. ^ H. 21Halcyon49. sanctus, V{(j. ^ H. 2450. inacleayi, J. ^ S. 2451. sordidus, Goidd 24. 25. 25PageCentropus52. phasiauus, Lath 25Cacatua53. galerita, Lath 25Trichoglossus54. novfe hoUandife, Gm.55..cblorolepidotus, Kuhl .Macropygia56. phasianella, Temm 25Geopelia57. bumeralis, Temm 2558. tranquilla, Gould 25Ptilopus59. swainsoni, Gould 25Megapodius60. duperreyi, Less 26Rallus61. pbilippensis, L 26Poipbyrio62. melanonotus, Temm 26^sacus63. magnirostris, Geoffr 26Hfenaatopiis04. longirostris, F. ....... . 27^gialitis65. mongolicus, Pall. 27Cbaradrius66. Mvus, Gm 27Totanus67. incanus, Gm 27Larus68. uovse hollandife, Steph. . . 2769. stolidus, 27AnousLSterna70. bergii, Licht 2771. dougalli, Mont 2872. caspia, Pall 2873. ansestbeta, Scop 28Nycticorax74. caledonicus, Lath 28Demiegretta75. sacra, Gm 28Butoroides76. javauica, Ilorsf. 28Microcarbo77. melanoleucus, V. 28REPTILIA, BATRACHIA, AND PISCES.Obelonia viridis 29Varanus gouldii, Gray 29timorensis, Gray 29prasiuus,';_-MM//. 29By Albert Gunther.Lialis burtonii, Gray 29Gyinuodactylus platurus, Shatv 29Diemeuia torquata, Gthr 29

Hyla|PageHyla caeriilea, White 29Trachynotus coppingeri, sp. n. 29Syngnathus trachypoma, sp. n 30Doryichthys aeiialis, sp. n. . . 30Branchiostoma elongatum,Sundev 31OctopusMOLLUSCA.Cephalopoda.1. polyzenia, Gray 342. teuebricus, sp. n 353. maculosus, Hoyle 36ConusGastropoda.1. lizardensis, Crosse .... 362. aculeiibrmis, Reeve .... 36Terebra3. exigua, Desk 37Pleurotoma4. torresiana, sp. b 375. laterculata, Sow 386. spiirca, Hinds 397. gi'acilenta, Reeve, var. . . 398. axis, Reeve 409. arafurensis, sp. n 40Cytbara10. cylindrica, Reeve, var. . . 41Mm-ex11. tenuispira, Lam 4212. coppingeri, sp. n 4213. acanthostephes, Watson 4314. macgillivrayi, Dohrn . 4415. axicornis, Lam 4410. cervicornis, Lam 4517. territus, Reeve 4518. monodon, Soto 46Fusus19. hanleyi, Anyas 4620. heptagonalis, Reeve .... 4621. cereus, sp. n 46Urosalpinx22. contracta, Reeve 47Tritonidea23. curtisiaua, sp. n 47Columbella24. fulgurans, Lam 4725. scripta, Lam 4826. pardalina, Latn 48.SYSTEMATIC INDEX..36. uudatum, var., Reeve . 51IXdolichopsis, Cope 29Branchiostoma bassanum,sp.n. 31belcheri, Gray 32caribseum, Sundev 32lanceolatum, Pcdl 32cultellum, Ptrs 32Nassa27. coronata, Rrug 4828. tbersites, Rrzty 4829. algida, Reeve, var 4830. uuicolor, Kiener 4831. sutiu'alis, Adams, var.. . 49Pbos32. scalaroides, Adams .... 4933. seuticosus, L., var 50Purpura34. bituberciilaris,A7eMer,var. 5035. amygdala, Kiener .... 51Sistrum37. tuberculatum, Blainv. . 52Latirus38. angustus, sp. n 52Tm'bineUa39. armigera, Adams 5340. spinosa, Adatns 54Mitra41. proscissa, Reeve, var. . . 5442. peasei, Dohrn 5543. corrugata, Lam 55Voluta44. volva, Reeve, var 56Ranella45. rana, L 5646. pulchella, Forbes 56Natica47. plumbea, Larn 5748. limpida, sp. n 5749. coliinmaris, Rccliiz .... 5750. cumingiana, Recliiz .... 58Eulima51. martinii, Adams, var. . . 58Strombus52. campbeUi, Gray 58TerebeUum53. subulatum, Lam 59Cyprsea54. arabica, L .0!)By Edgar A. Smith.55. lynx, i 5956. annulus, L 59.

SYSTEMATIC rNDEX.57. errones, LPage5958. walkeri, Ch-ay 59Ovula59. angasi, Adams 59Littorina60. scabra, L 6061. filosa, Sotv, 6062. mauritiaiia, Lam., var.diemenensis 60Risella63. lutea, Qtfoy ^' Gaim. . . 61Rissoina64. clathrata, Adams 6265. cui'tisi, sp. n 63Cerithium66. morus, Lam 6367. nigro-balteatum, sp. n. . 6568. torresi, sp. n 6669. macrostoma, Hinds .... 6670. fasciatum, Brug 6771. vertagus, L 6772. kochi, PhU 6773. granosum, Soiv 6874. novse-liollandise, Adams 68Lampania75. australis, Q. Sf G 68Pyrazus76. sulcatus, Lorn 68Telescopium77. fuscum, Schum 68Siliquaria78. anguina, L 6879. ponderosa, Morch .... 68Narica80. cancellata, Chemn 68Nerita81. clirysostoma, Recluz 69. .82. melanotragus, sp. n 0983. costata, Chemn 7084. lineata, Chemn 7085. squamulata, Le Gillon. . 7086. signata, Mackay 70Turbo87. concinnus, Phil 70Trocbus88. coronata, Adams 7189. speciosa, Adams 7190. decoratus, Phil 7291. rubropimctatus, Adrms. 7292. torresi, sp. n 7293. lifupnus, Fischer 7394. labio, L 7495. zebra, Menke 7496. elisus, Gould 7497. atratus, Gm 74PageBankivia98. picturata, Adams 75StomateUa99. cancellata, Ej'auss .... 76Stomatia100. rubra, Lam 76Haliotis101. asinina, L 77Dentalium102. javanum, Soxo 77Scutus103. unguis, L 77Fissurella104. jukesii. Reeve 77105. singaporensis, Reeve . . 77106. quadriradiata, Reeve . . 78Chiton107. jugosus, Gould 78108. curtisianus, sp. n 78109. adelaidensis, Reeve .... 79110. antiquus. Reeve 79111. coppingeri, sp. u 80112. spiniger, So2v 81113. incanus, Goidd 81114. incisus, So2v 82115. costatus, Adams 83116. asbestoides, sp. n 83117. fortiliratus, Reeve 84118. striatus, Lani 84119. burrowi, sp. n 85Tornatella120. soUdula, Z 86Cylicbna121. aracMs, Q. ^ G 86Atys122. naucum, L 86Haminea123. cuticulifera, Smith .... 87Akera124. soliita, sp. n 87Doridium125. marmoratum, sp. n 87Pleurobranchus126. angasi, sp. n 88Dolabella127. rumpbii, Ctw 89Aplysia128. sparsinotata, sp. n 89129. piperata, sp. n 89130. denisoni, sp. n 89Stylocbeilus131. sp 90Mianiira132. nobilis, Bergh 90Ceratosoma133. tenue, Abraham 90

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.Doris134. iufi-apicta, sp. n 91Plocamophorus135. insignis, sp. n 91Boruella13G. digitata, Ad. ^ Reeve . . 93Oncidium137. punctatiim ?, Q.^G... 92TeredoCONCHIFERA.1. antarctica ?, Hutton .... 93Saxicava2. arctica, L 93"Venus3. lamellaris, Schum 934. toreuma, Gould 935. torresiaua, sp. n 946. giadstoueusis, Angus . . 947. snbuodulosa, Hanley . . 94Cytherea8. coxeni, sp. n 959. albina, Lat7i 95Dosinia10. Mstrio, (rm.jvar. alba . . 9G11. deshayesii, Adams .... 96Circe12. pectinata, L 9613. australis, Sotv 9614. castrensis, L 96Tapes15. hiantiua, Lam 9616. malabarica, C'hemn 9717. variegata, Soio 9718. araneosa, Phil 9719. textrLx, Chemn 97"Venerupis20. crenata, Lam 97Trapezium21. vellicatum, J2eeve, var. . . 97Petricola22. lapicida, Chemn 98Psammobia23. modesta, Desk 9824. gracilenta, sp. n 98Tellina25. semen, Hanley 99Syndosmya26. elliptica, Soio 99Mactra27. eximia, Eeevc 10028. producta, Angas, var. . . 10029. coppingeri, sp. n 101Mactrinula30. angulifera, Desk 101PagpCardium31. reevianum, Dunker .... 10132. hystrix, Heeve 10133. sp. juii 10234. maculosum, Wood, var. . 10235. multispinosum, Sow. . . 10236. unedo, L 103Ohama37. divaricata, Reeve 10238. pulchella, Reeve 102Corbula39. tunicata, Hinds 10340. fortisulcata, (S^niY/i .... 10341. scaphoides, Reeve 103Lucina42. ornata, Reeve 103Diplodonta43. subcrassa, sp. n 10444. sublateralis, sp. n 104Kellia45. jacksoniana, sp. n 105. . 108Scintilla46. cuvieri, Desh 10547. aurantiaca, Desh 10648. alberti, sp. n 107Crassatella49. pulchra, Reeve 107Modiola50. sp. . . . 10851. glaberrima, DunkerModiolaria52. miranda, sp. n 10853. varicosa, Gould 109Litbodomus54. teres, Phil 109Area55. navicularis, Bruff 10956. imbricata, Brug 11057. lima, Reeve 11058. tenebrica, Reeve 11059. symmetrica, Reeve .... Ill60. tortuosa, L IllLeda61. darwini, sp. n IllMalleus62. legumeu, Reeve 112Avicula63. lata, Grarj 11264. rufa, Dunker 1 1365. smaragdina. Reeve .... 11366. zebra, Reeve 113Melina67. cumingii, Reeve 113Crenatula68. nigrina. Lam 113

xuSYSTEMATIC riTDEX.Spondylus69. multisetosus, Reeve .... 11470. victorife, Soto 114Pecten71. leopardus, Reeve 11472. singaporinus, Sow 11673. dringi, Reeve 11574. funebris, Reeve 116PageAmussium75. pleuronectes 116Lima76. fragilis, Chemn 116Placuna77. lobata, Sow., var 116PhyllacanthusECHINODERMATA.ECHINOIDEA.1. anuulifera, Lmnk 118Diadema2. setosum, Gray 118Salmacis3. bicolor, Af/ns 1184. sulcata, A(/as 1185. alexandri, Affas 118Temnopleurus6. toreumaticus, iesA;e . . . . 1197. granulosus, Gray 1198. bothryoides, Ayas 119Echinus9. angulosus, Leske 12110. damleyensis, Woods . . 121Tripneustes11. angulosus, Leske 121Strongylocentrotus12. erythrogranimus, Val. . . 121Echinometra13. lucunter, Leske 122Fibularia14. volva, Agas 122Olypeaster15. bumilis, Leske 122Laganum16. depressum, Ar/as 12217. decagouale, Less 122Echiuoneus18. cyclostomus, Leske .... 123Maretia19. planulata, Lamk 123Lovenia20. elongata, Gray 123Breynia21. australasise, Leach .... 123Echinocardium22. australe, Gray 123ASTEROIDEA.By F. Jeffrey Bell.2. polyplax, M. Sf Tr. .Asterias1. calamaria, Gray 123

...8. mirabilisPectinura(?), Ludwig . 1499. sacellus,1. gorgonia, M.^ Tr 134Selenka 14910. okeni, sp.2. mfernalis, M. ^ Tr. . 134n 1493. megaloplax, sp. n 134Thyonidivim11. schmeltzii,Ophiopinax,Ludioig .... 150u. g.4. stellatus, Ljn 136Orcula12. cucumiformis,OphiopezaSemper. 150Pliyllophorus5. conjungens, sp. n 13713. proteus, sp. n 150Ophiolepis6. aunulosa, M. 8f Tr 138Stereodenna14. validimi, sp.Ophioplocusu 1507. imbricatus, M. ^ Tr. . 138Stichopus15. variegatus,OphiactisSemper .... 151SYSTEMATIC INDEX,xmPageActmocucumis7. difficilis, sp. n 148Ophiuboidea.ThyoneHolotliuria8. savignii, M. i^ Tr 13816. lineata,OpMonereisLudwig 15217.9. dubia,peregrina,M. ^- Tr 138Ludwig .... 15218. Opbiocomamodesta (?), Semper . . 15219.10. brevipes, Peters 139macleari, sp. n 15211. scolopendriua, A(/as. . 140OpbiarthrumCbinoidea.12. elegans, Peters 140AntedonOpbiothrix1. adeonae, Miiller 15613. fumaria, M. ^ Tr 1402. milberti, Midler 15614. csespitosa, Lyman .... 1413. pinniforiuis, Carpenter 15615. martensi, Lyman 1414. carpenteri, sp. n 15716. striolata, Grube 1425. pumila, sp. n 1.5717. galateae, Ltk 1426. bidens, sp. n 15818. ciliaris, 3L ^ Tr 1427. loveni, sp. n 15819. rotata, Martens 1428. decipiens, sp. n 15920. punctolimbata, Martens. 1439. regiuse, sp. n IGO21. longipeda, M. ^- Tr. . 14310. articulata, Miill 16022. mici'oplax, sp. u 14311. gyges, sp. n 10023. darwini, sp. n 14412. irregularis, sp. u 16124. melanograuima, sp. n. . 14513. elegans, sp. u 16225. cacaotica, Lyman 14514. biiareus, sp. n 163Euryale15. microdiscus, sp. n 16326. aspera, Lamk 146Actinometra16. Solaris, Lamh 16417. intermedia, sp.HOLOTHUROIDEA.n 16618. robusta, Carpenter .... 167Synapta19. strota. Carpenter 16720. cvuningii, Miill 16721. coppiugeri, sp. n 168. 1471. grisea, SenijJer 146Cucumaria2. maculata, Semper 1463. semperi, sp. n 147Ocnus4. sp 147Colochirus5. tuberculosus, Semper .6. australis, Ludwig .... 14822. jukesi, Carpenter 16823. parvicirra, Carpenter . 16824. alternans. Carpenter . 16925. paucicirra, sp. n 16926. multifida, Midi 16927. variabilis, sp. n 16928. sp. juv 170

XIVCRUSTACEA.SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

8TSXEMATIC riTDEX.XV. . 230Neptunus6Q. pelagicus, L 22967. hastatoides, Fabr 229Achelous68. granulatus, M.-Edtv.TJbalamita69. admete, Herbst 2-3070. sima, M.-Edto 23171. stimpsonii, A. M.-Edio. 2.3272. crenata, Riipp 232Goniosoma73. variegatum, Fabr 2-3274. spiniferiiru, sp. n 233Nectocarcinus75. integrifrons, Latr 234Lupocyclus76. rotimdatus, Ad. 8f W... 234Kraussia77. nitida, Stimps 235Telphusa78. crassa ?, A. M.-Edio. . . 235Gelasimus79. signatus, Hess 236Ocypoda80. ceratoplithalma, Pallas . 23781. kulilii, Be Haan 237Macrophthalmus82. punctulatus, sp. n 237Euplax83. boscii, Audotdn 238Camptoplax, g. n.84. coppiiigeri, sp. u 239Pseudorhombila85. vestita, var. sexdentata,Hastvell 24086. sulcatifrons, var. n. australiensis242Ceratoplax87. arcuata, sp. u 24388. ? Ifevis, sp. n 244Metopogi-apsus89. messor, Forsk 245Chasmagnathus90. laevis, Dana 246Sesarma91. bidens, De Haan ? 246Pinnotheres92. villosulus, Guer.-Minev. 247Mycteris93. longicarpus, Latr 248Halicarcinus94. ovatus, Stimjjs 248Leucosia95. oceUata, Bell 24996. whitei, 5e/^ 24997. craniolaris, var. n. Isevimana250PageMyra98. carinata, Bell 25099. affinis, Bell 250100. niammillaris, Bell .... 251101. australis, Haswell ? . . , . 251Plilyxia102. crassipes, Bell 252103. lambriformis, Bell 252Nursia104. sinuata, Miers 252Nursilia105. dentata, Bell 253Iphiculus106. spongiosus, Ad. i^ W. . 253Aj'cania107. pulcherrima, Haswell . . 253Lithadia108. sculpta, Haswell 254Oreophorus109. reticiilatus, Ad. 8f W... 264110. frontalis, sp. n 254Matuta111. victrix, 2^«5>- 256112. inermis, sp. u 256Calappa113. hepatica, L 257Dorippe114. dorsipes, L 257115. australiensis, sp. n 258CryptodromiaAnomura.1. lateralis, Gray 259Petalomera"2. pulchra, sp. n 260Paratymolus3. bituberculatus, var. n.gi-acilis 2614. sexspinosus, sp. n 261Diogenes5. rectimanus, sp. n 262Pagurus6. imbricatus, M.-Edio. . . 2647. hessii, sp. n 264Clibauarius8. t;eniatus, M.-Ediv 265Eupagurus9. compressipes, sp. n 26610. kirldi, sp. n 267Petrolisthes11. japonicus, De Haan, var.inermis, Hasivell 26812. lamarckii, Leach 26813. haswelli, sp. n 26914. annulipes. White 27016. coraUicola, Haswell ? . . 271

XVISYSTEMATIC INDEX.Polyonyx16. obesulus, WhUe 272Pachycheles17. pulchellus, Haswell 273PorceUana18. nitida, var. n. rotundifrons27419. dispar, Stinips 27520. quadrilobata, sp. n 276. . 277Galatliea21. australiensis, Stimps.22. eleg-ans, Wliite 278Munida23. spinulifera, sp. n 279Mastig-ocliii'us24. quadrilobatus, Mieis .GebiaMacru7'a.. 2801. carinicauda, Stimps. . . 280Gebiopsis2. darwinii, sp. n 281Axius3. plectrorhynchus, Strahl. 282Thalassina4. anomala, Herhst 283Alpbeus5. edwardsii, Auclouin. . . . 2846. obesomanus, Dana .... 2877. gracilipes, Stimps 2878. minor, var. neptunus,Dana 2889. comatiilarum, Haswell , 28910. villosus, M -Edwards . . 290Pontonia11. tridacnse, Peters 290Harpilius12. iuermis, sp. n 291Anchistia13. petittbouarsi, Audouin ? 293Coralliocaris ?14. tridentata, sp. n 294Palsemon15. intermedius, Stimps. . . 295Sicyonia16. oceUata, Stimps. ...... 295Penaeus17. granulosus, Hasioell .... 29518. velutinus, Dana 29619. batei, sp. n 296SquillaStomatopoda.1. uepa, Latr 298GouodactylusLigia2. cbiragra, Fabr 298•'J. grapburus, Wliite (ined.),Miers 298ISOPODA.1. gaudicbaudii, var. australiensis,Dana ? .... 299Ceratotboa2. imbricata, Fabr 800Cirolana3. multidigitata, Dana . . 3014. scbiodtei, sp. u 3025. tenuistylis, sp. n 3036. lata, var. n. Integra. . . . 304Rocinela7. orientalis, Sclmdte8fMeinert 304Oymodocea8. longistylis, sp. n 305Cerceis9. bidentata, var. n. aspericaudata306Cilicsea10. latreillei, Leach 30811. latreillei, var. crassicaudata,Haswell 309Haswellia12. carnea, Hasioell 311ParanthuraAnisopoda.1. australis, Haswell .... 311EpbippipboraAmphipoda.1. kroyeri, WJiite 312Leucothoe2. spinicarpa, var. couimensalis,Hasivell 3123. brevidigitata, sp. u 313Melita4. australis, Haswell .... 316Moera5. ramsayi, Haswell 3156. rubromaculata, Stimps. . 315Megamoera7. suensis, Hasivell ? .... 3178. tbomsoni, sp. n 318Podocerus9. australis, Haswell .... 319Caprella10. sequilibra, Say 32011. attenuata, Dana ? .... 320

.SYSTEMATIC DTOEX.CypridinaOSTBACODA.Acasta1. albo-maculata, Baird .BalanusClBBIPEDIA.1. trigonus; Darioin . .2. amaryllis, Darwin . .

xvmSYSTEMATIC HTDE. . 402Hippospongia5. derasa, sp. n 382Stelospongus6. excavatus, sp. n 3837. implexus, sp. n 3848. intertextus, Hyatt .... 385Carterispongia9. otahitica, Esper 38510. lamellosa, Esîer 38611. fissurata, Lamk 386Hircinia12. horrens, Selenha 38713. sp 387Dysidea14. favosa, Marsh 38815. fusca, Carter 38816. digitifera, sp. n 38917. semicanalis, sp. n 389Psammopemma18. densum, Marsh., var. n.subfibrosa 390Aplysiiia19. membranosa, Pallas . . . 391lanthella20. flabeUiformis, Pallas . . 392Chalina21. monilata, sp. n 394Cladochalina22. arrugiera, Duch 39423. sp 39524. uuda, sp 395, var. n. abruptispiciila39625. subarmigera, sp. u 39726. pergamentacea, Ridley. . 398Acervochalina, g. n.27. finitima, Schmidt 399Tuba28. bullata, Lamh 39929. confcederata, Lam 400Siphonocbalina30. tubulosa, Esper, var. . . 401Tubulodigitus31. communis, Carter .... 401Toxochalina, g. n.32. folioides, Bowerbank33. robusta, sp. n 40334. mvirata, sp. n 404Pacbychalina35.*lobata, Esjyer 40436. macrodactyla, Lamk. . . 405Reniera37. m&istmctn., Bowerh.,^far. 40738. scypbouoides, Lamk. . . 40739. ferula, Bowo-b 40840. aquseductus, Schmidt . . 409Page41. testudinaria, Lamk. . . 40942. sp 41043. sp. 41044. sp 411Pellina45. muricata, sp. n 41146. aliformis, sp. n 41247. sp 41348. sp...... 41349. eusipbonia, sp. n 414Protoscbmidtia50. liispidula, sp. n 414Scbmidtia51. variabilis, sp. n 415Amorpbina52. megalorrbapbis, Carter , 416Tedauia53. digitata, Schm., var. . . 417Rhizocbalina54. tistulosa, Boioerb., var. n.iufradensata 42055. singaporensis, Carte)-,y&r. 42156. spatbulifera, sp. n 42157. canalis, sp. n 422Gellius58. coucbi, Boioerb., var. ceratina,n 42359. varius, Boioerb 42460. fibulatus, Schmidt .... 42461. cymiformis, Esper .... 425|Gelliodes, g. n.62. fibulata, Carter? 427Ampbilectus63. tibiellifer, sp. n 42864. bispidulus, sp. n 429Myxilla65. arborescens, sp. n 4-30Orella66. scbmidti, sp. n 432lotrocbota, g. n.67. purpurea, Bowerb 43468. baculifera, sp. n 435Esperia66. parisbi, Bmverb 43670. pellucida, sp. n 43771. obscura, Carter 438Phoriospongia72. fibrosa, sp. n 439Opblitispougia73. australieusis, sp. n 442Clathria74. aculeata, sp. u 44375. tuberosa, Boxverb 44476. coppiugeri, sp. u 44577. reinwardti, Vosm., var.subcylindrica . 446

.STSTEMATIC INDEX.. . 457reinwardti, var. palmata44778. frondifera, Botoerb 448Rhaphidophlus79. arborescens, sp. n 45080. pi'ocenis, sp. n 45181. sp 452Acamus82. teriiatus, sp. u 453Echini )dictyiim83. bilamellatum, Lamk. . .84. costiferum, Lamk45445585. glomeratum, sp. n 456, var. subglobosum 45786. caucellatum, Lamk.Raspailia87. bifurcata, sp. n. ...... 45988. australiensis, sp. n, .... 46089. clathrata, sp. n 461Axinella90. echidusea, Lamk 462Acanthella91. sp 463LeucopMoeus92. fenestratus, sp, ii 464, var 464Suberites93. carnosus, Johnst 46594. epiphytum, Lamk 465Hymeniacidon95. canmciila, Boioerb 46696. agmiaata, sp. n 46697. sp 467Spirastrella98. vagabuuda, sp. n 46899. congeuera, sp. n 469100. decuinbens, sp. n 470Stelletta101. purpurea, sp. u 473, var. retroflexa . . 473102. clavosa, sp. n 474103. sp 476. 480Stellettiiiopsis104. carteri, sp. n 476Tetbyopsis105. dissimilis, sp. n 477Greodia106. globosteUifera, Carter .Placospongia107. cariuata, Bowerh 481Leucetta108. primigenia, Hdckel, var.microrrbapbis, id. .... 482Leucaltis109. batbybia, Hackel, var.australiensis, u 482Leuconia110. saccbarata, Hdckel . . . 482Part II.COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIANOCEAN.BIRDS.By R. Bowdleb Sharpe.Foudia1. madagascariensis, L. . . 483CritbagTa2. cbrysopyga, Stoains. . . 483Francolinus3. pouticerianus, Gm 483Sterna4. melanaucben, T. 484Zosterops5. madagascariensis, L. . . 484Corvus6. scapulatus, Daud. .... 484Turtur7. coppingeri, sp. n 484Strepsilas8. interpres, L 484Ardea9. atricapilla, Afzel 48510. bubulcus, Sciv 485

I.SYSTEMATIC INDEX.PageStrepsilas11. iuterpres, L 485Puffinus1^. chlororhyiiclius, Less. . . 485Sterna13. anaestheta, Scop 485Gygis14. alba, Sparrm 485Anous15. stolidus, L 485EEPTILIA.By Albert Guntheb.Hemidactylus1. frenatus 486Gerrhouotusariensis 486ConusMOLLUSCA.Gastropoda.1. arenatus, Hwass 4872. hebrseus, L 4873. tiirriculatus, Sow 4874. miliaris, Hivass 4885. literatus, L 4886. millepunctatus, iam. . . 4887. flaviclus, Lam 4888. tessellatus, Born 4889. striatus, L 48810. martensi, sp. n 48811. articulatus, Sow 489Pleurotoma12. grisea, sp. n 489Terebra13. babylonica, Lam 49014. cerithina, Lam 49015. dimidiata 49016. bruguieri, Desh 49017. casta, Hinds 491Murex18. adustus, Lam 49119. pumilus, Adams 49120. infaus, sp. n 49121. darrosensis, sp. n 492Pisania22. ignea, Gm 49223. uudosa, L 492Columbella24. turtuiina. Lam 49225. nympba, Kiener 49326. seychellensis, sp. n 49327. moleculina, Duclos .... 49328. cincinnata. Martens. . . . 49429. rufopiperata, sp. n 49430. amirantium, sp. u 49431. conspersa, Gaskoin ... 49532. albocaudata, sp. u 495By Edgar A. Smith.Nassa33. arcularia, L 49634. grauifera, Kiener 49635. gaudiosa, Hinds 49636. stigmaria, var 496Phos37. nodicostatus, var 496Purpura38. hippocastauum 49639. sertum, Brug 496Sistrum40. ricinus, L 497Coralliophila41. madreporarum, Sow. . . 49742. amirantium, sp. n 497Leptocouclius43. rostratus, Adams 497Fasciolaria44. filamentosa, Lam 497Latirus45. nassatula, Lam 497Oliva46. episcopalis, Lam 497Harpa47. minor 498Mitra48. episcopalis, L 49849. coronata, Chemn 49850. luctuosa, Adams 49851 tenuis, Sow 498Turricula52. exasperata, Chemn 49853. mucronata, Sioains 49854. modesta, Reeve 49955. bipartita, sp. n 499Marginella56. picturata, G. ^ H. Nevill . 499Dolium57. pomum, L 499

PageRanella58. pusilla, var 500Triton59. cancellinus, Hoissij .... 500SYSTEMATIC INDEX.60. tessellata, Phil 500Cyprsea61. aseUus,i 500Trivia62. scabriuscula, Gray .... 500Erato63. corrugata, Hinds 500Littorina64. glabrata, Phil 500Ceritliium65. echinatum, Lam 50066. columna, Sow 50067. albovaricosum, sp. n. . . 50168. amirantium, sp. n 50169. acutiuodulosum, sp. n.. . 50170. kochi, PM 502Triphoris71. mirificus, Desk 50272. mouilifer, Hinds 50273. elegans, Hinds 50274. maxillaris, Hinds 502Strombus75. maiiritianus, Lam 50276. gibberulus, L 50377. floridus, Lam 50378. columba, Lam 503Pterocera79. aiirantia, Lam 503Calyptraea80. cicatricosa, Reeve 603Nerita81. plexa, Chemn 50382. plicata, Chemn 50383. polita, L 50384. albiciUa, i 503Neritina85. rangiana, Recluz 503Turbo86. bistrio, Reeve 50387. tiirsicus, Reeve 50488. coronatus, Gm 504Pbasianella89. sethiopica, Phil 504Trocbus90. amirantium, sp. n 50491. australis, Lam 50592. labio, Z 505Cylicbna93. protracta, Goul d 505Tornatina94. voluta, Quoy ^ Gaim, , . 505PyramideUa95. maculosa, Lam 50596. terebellum, Midler 50597. sulcatus, Adams 505Obemnitzia98. coppingeri, sp. n 505PbyUidia99. varicosa, Lam 506Doris100. coriacea, Abraham .... 506101. mabilla, Abraham .... 506CytbereaCONCHrFERA.1. obliquata, Hanley 506Circe2. pectinata, L 5063. gibbia, var 606Tellina4. elegans, Wood 5075. semilsevis, Martens .... 5076. staurella, Lam 5077. rugosa, Born 5078. scobinata, L 5079. gxatiosa, Romer 507Cardium10. fornicatum, Soô 50711. pulcbrum, Reeve 507Gastrocbfena12. mytiloides, Lam 507Lucina13. exasperata, Reeve 50714. punctata, L 50815. clausa, Phil 50816. cumingii, var 508Modiola17. auriculata, Kraiiss .... 50818. elegans, Gray 508Area19. divaricata, Smo 508Cucullsea20. concamerata, Chemn. . . 508ECHINODERMATA. By F. Jeffrey Bell.(Page 509.)Neoplax opbiodes, g. et sp. n 512

.AchgeusDecapoda.Brachyura.SYSTEMATIC INDEX.CRUSTACEA, -^^y E. J. Miebs.Page. 5301. Isevioculis, sp. n 520Camposcia2. retusa, Latr 520Huenia3. pacifica, Miers 520Mensethius4. monoceros, Latr 521Stilbognatbus_5. martensii, sp. n 521Paramitlirax6. longispiniis, De Haan,var. bituberculatus .... 522Hyastenus7.o^j^,A.M.-Edio 5228. ovatus, Dana 522Naxia9. petersii, Hilgendorf .... 523Eurynome10. stimpsonii, sp. n 523Micippa11. tbalia, ê/'6s^, var. haani,Stimps 524Paramicippa12. asperiinanus, sp. n 525Entomonyx, g. n.13. spinosus, sp. n 526Lambrus14. calappoides, vld^fF/t.? 527Euxanthus15. exsculptus, Herhst, var.rugosus, n 527Lophacta?a16. semigranosa, Heller .... 527Lophozozymus17. dodoue, Herhst 527Lioiuera18. punctata, M.-Udto 528Actfea19. rufopunctata, M.-JEdto. . . 628Atergatopsis20. granulatus, A. M.-Ed^v. 529Xantbodes21. lamarckii, M.-Edio 529Carpilodes22. rugatus, M.-Ediv 529Actseodes23. tomentosus, M.-Edw. .Leptodius24. exaratus, M.-Edw 530. .25. exaratus, var. gracilis,Dana ....Phymodius26. rugipes, HellerChlorodius27. niger, Forsk28. miliaris, A. M.-Edw..Chlorodopsis29. melanodactylu8,^.il!f.-^.30. areolatus, M.-EdwEtisodes31. electra, HerbstOymo32. andreossii, AiidActumnus33. setifer, DeHaanEiu-iippellia34. annulipes, M.-EdtoOzius35. frontalis, M.-EdwEriphia36. Isevimanus, M.-Edw. . .37.,var. smitbii, Mac-Leay38. scabricula, DanaTrapezia39. cymodoce, Herhst . . . ,40. ferruginea, Latr41. rufopunctata, Herhst .Tetralia42. cavimanus. Heller ...Xipbonectes43. vigilans, Dana, var. obtusidentatus,n ,Scylla44. serrata, ForskAcbelous45. granulatus, M.-Edw. . .Goniosoma46. natator, HerhstThalamita47. sima, M.-Edio.48. quadrilobata, sp. n. . . .49. Integra, Dana50. crenata, Hiipp51. picta, StimjjsLissocarcinus52. orbicularis, DanaGelasimus53. annulipes, M.-Ediv. . . .54. dussumieri, M.-Edw. .Ocypoda55. ceratophthalma, Prt/Z«s.Page530531531531531532582632533.533533634536535535, 536636637538. 538. 538. 539. 639. 539. 540. 540. 540. 641. 541. 541. 642

..SYSTEMATIC INDEX.56, cordimanus, Desm 542Macrophthalmus67. parvimauus, M.-Edio. . . 542Euplax58. boscii, Aud. 542Dotilla59. fenestrata, Hilgendorf . . 543Carcinoplax60. Integra, sp. u 543Grapsus61 maculatus, Cateshj .... 54462. strigosus, Herbst 544Geograpsus63. grayi, M.-Edw 545Metopograpsus64. messor, Forsk 545Liolophus65. plauissimus, Herbst .... 645Xauthasia66. inurigera, White 546PLilyra67. rectaugularis, sp. n 546Pseudophilyra68. polita, sp. n 547Nursilla69. deutata, Bell 548Arcauia70. imdecimspinosa,i)eâa?t 648Ebalia71. granulata, liilppell .... 549Calappa72. liepatica, Linn 65073. gallus, Herbst, yar. bicoruis550Cymopolia74. wbitei, sp. n 551DromidiaAnoniura.1. spongiosa, Sfi7}i2)s., var. ?stimpsonii, n 552Di'omia2. TiUgaris, M.-Edw. . . . 553Homalodromia, g. n.3. coppingeri, sp. n 554Birgus4. latro,' X 555Ccenobita5. perlata, M.-Edio 555Pagurus6. punctidatus, M.-Edxo. . . 5557. guttatus, Olivier ? .... 555Oalcinus8. tibicen, Herbst 557Petrolisthes9. lamarckii, Leach 65710. , var. asiaticus,Leach 55711. annulipes, Miers 55812. maculatus, M.-Edw. . . 55813. villosus, Richters ? .... 559Polyouyx14. biunguiculatus, Dana . . 559Galathea15. spinosirostris, Dana ? . . 560Munida16. edwardsii, sp. u 560ttAlpbeusMacrura.1. obesomanus, Dana .... 5612. edwardsii, Audouin .... 5013. Isevis, Randall 5614. minor, var. neptuuus,Dana 562Pontonia5. brevirostris, sp. n 562Coralliocaris6. graminea, Dana 563Penseus7. canaliculatus, Olivier . . 5638. richtersii, sp. n 564Stomatopoda.Gonodactylus1 cbiragra, Fabr 5652. graphurus, Miers 5663. elegans, sp. n 566MceraAmphipoda.1. diversimanus, sp. n 567COLEOPTEEA.By C. 0. Waterhouse.Cratopus adspersus, sp. n 576

SrSTEMATIC HfBEX.Deiopeia lactea, sp. nLEPIDOPTEKA.By A. G. Butleb.Page577ALC YONARIA,By Stuabt 0. Ridley.Spongodes1. unicolor, Oray 5792. studeri, sp. n 579, var. Isevior 579Neplithya3. sp 5794. sp 579Muricea5. bifurcata, sp. n 579Juncella6. gemmacea, M.-JEdw. . . 580Wrightella7. clarysantlius, Gi-ay .... 5818. coccinea, Gray 581SPONGIIDA.By Stuabt O. Ridley.Cacospongia1. cavernosa, Schmidt 590Hippospongia2. intestinalis, Lamk., var. . 5903. sinuosa, Pallas 591, var. Biauritiana . . 591, var. deeidua, Hyatt 692Phyllospongia4. papyracea, Esper 5935. madagascareusis, Hyatt 594,var.supraoculata,n. 594Carterispongia6. otahitica, Esper 5957. mantelli, Boiverh 6958. peunatula, Lamk 595Hirciuia9. fusca, Carter 59610. byssoides, Lamk 59611. sp 59712. conica, Bowerb 59713. gumminea, sp. n 597Oligoceras14. conulosum, sp. n 599Aplysina15. fusca, Carter 60016. paUasi, sp. n 600lantbeUa17. flabelliformis, Pallas . . 601Chondrilla18. mixta, ScJmlze ? 602Cbalina19. elongata, Lamk. ..*.... 00320. sp. 603Acervochalina21. fiuitima, Schmidt, var. . . 604Reiiiera22. indistincta, Boioerh., var. 60523. rosea, Boioerb 60524. camerata, sp. n 60525. cribriformis, sp. n 60626. sp 607Pellina27. sp 607Tedania28. digitata, Schmidt 607Rbizochalina29. pellucida, sp. n 608Desinacidon30. rimosa, sp. n 609lotrochota31. purpurea, Bowerb 61032. baculifera, sp. n 610Esperia33. gelatinosa, s^. n 611Clathria34. froudifera, Bowerb 61235. decumbens, sp. n 61236. mseandrina, sp. u 614Acarnus37. ternatus, sp. n 615Echinonema38. sp 61639. gracilis, sp. n..'.617Axinella40. spiculifera, Lamk 61741. proliferans, sp. n 618Leucophloeus42. proteus, sp. n 62043. fenestratus, var 621Suberites44. sp 622

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.XXVPageVioa45. schmidti, Ridley 62240. transitovia, sp. n 62347. punctulata, sp. n G23Tethva48!^ cliftoni, JBowerh 624Tetilla49. dactyloidea, Carter G25Erylus50. cylindrigerus, sp. u 026Stelletta51. acervus, JBotverb 027Page52. purpurea, var. parviStella627Leucetta53. primip:eiiia, var. megalirrhaphis,Ilcickel 628Leucaltis54. bathybia, Hdckel, var.mascarenica 628Leucortia55. anguinea, .sp. n 629Leuconia50. ecliiuata, Sclmffner .... 030

THEZOOLOGICALCOLLECTIONSojH.M.S.'ALERT.'SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGE.BYR. W. COPPINGER, M.D., Staff-Surgeon R.N.During the summer of 1878 it was resolved by the Admiralty toequip a vessel for the performance of special surveying-work onthe western shores of Patagonia, among the South-Pacific Islands,and on the eastern and northern shores of Australia; in additionto which, it was the wish of the Hydrogra])her of theNavy, Captain (now Sir Frederick) Evans, F.R.S., that no opportunityshould be lost of collecting objects of natural history wheneverthe requirements of the survey brought the vessel into regionswhose zoology was hitherto but imperfectly known. It was inaccordance \vith these views that on the 20th August, 1878, H.M.S.'Alert' was commissioned at Sheerness, with a complement of120 officers and men, by Captain Sir George IS'ares, who, by a happycoincidence, had commanded the same vessel in the Polar Expeditionof 1875-76. On the 20th of the following month we sailed fromPlymouth.On the outward voyage we touched for a few days at Madeira andSt. Vincent respectively ; and at both of these places some shallowwaterdredging was accomplished, resulting in the acquisition of asmall collection of marine invertebrates, in which, as might havebeen expected, there was little, if any thing, of special interest.B

—Z VOYAGE OF H.M.3. ' ALERT.During our further voyage through the South Atlantic a coursewas held which brought us over the Hotspur and Victoria Bankssubmei-ged coral-reefs which are situated between the parallels ofITg" and 12° S. lat., and are about ISO miles from the east coast ofBrazil. In these two places we plied our dredges in depths rangingfrom 35 to 39 fathoms, obtaining thereby a large number of zoologicalspecimens, among which were several novelties in the classesof Sponges and Polyzoa. The collection made at these stationsproved to be of special interest, as it helped to fill up a gap unavoidablyleft by the Challenger ' ' expedition in the marine zoology ofthe South Atlantic.On the 27th November we anchored in the esti;ary of the riverPlate, off Monte Video, where we remained until the 14th December.Sailing on the latter date, we shaped a course for the FalklandIslands, and arrived at Stanley Harbour on the 26th inst. A fewweeks prior to the time of our visit to the Falklands a peculiaravalanche of semifluid peat had poured down from the summitof one of the low hills, laying waste a portion of the settlement.AVe again put to sea on the evening of the 27th December, andsteering to the eastward, entered the Strait of ]\[agellan on thefirst day of the year 1S79. After stopping for a few days at theChilian settlement of Sandy Point, we proceeded to our surveyinggroundamong the channels on the west coast of Patagonia. Herewe spent the greater portion of the two succeeding years, executingsurveys of previously uncharted waters, and adding to those whichhad been partially eflPected by our predecessors in the same field ;but during the more rigorous winter months we each year proceedednorth to Coquimbo, on the Chilian coast, where our ship was refittedand fresh supplies of stores were obtained *. As the requirementsof the survey necessitated our visiting and anchoring in a greatmany bays and inlets in this remote region, frequent opportunitiesoccurred for shallow-water dredging, so that we were able to makea large collection of marine invertebrates— a branch of research towhich our attention was more especially directed, as we were awarethat in other departments of biology the work done by the Erebus ''and ' Terror,' ' Nassau,' and Challenger ' ' of our own navy, as wellas by many foreign vessels, left little to be desired.During the month of March 1880 a visit extending over a fewdays was made to Skyring Water, a large and almost completelylandlocked sheet of water situated to the eastward of the Cordillera,and, so far as we yet know, only accessible by ship through anarrow channel by which it communicates with the main Strait ofMagellan. And here I should remark that in the month of July1879, and during the surplus time allotted for refitting our ship onthe Chilian coast, a brief visit was made to the island of St. Ambrose,which lies about 500 miles to the north-west of Coquimbo.* During the winter of 1879-80 Sir George Nares returned to England, andwas succeeded in the command of the 'Alert ' by Captain Maclear, formerly ofthe Challenger ' ' Expedition.

eiTMMARr. 3Ou the 14th June, 1880, we bade adieu to the South-Americaacoast and sailed for Tahiti, spending much time on the way insearching for the so-called Minerva Eeef, which was reputed toexist some 60 miles to the north-east of Manga Eeva, one of thePaumotu group. Arriving at Tahiti on the 6th of August, we madea stay of twelve days at that interesting island, when we again gotunder way and pursued a circuitous route towards the great Fijigroup.The first place at which we touched on this voyage was NassauIsland, whence we proceeded to the Union group, in 80^° S. lat.,passing within sight of Tema Reef and the Danger Islands, whichwere found to be incorrectly placed on the charts. We made a shortstay at Oatafu, the most westerly island of the Union group, andthence proceeded to Fiji.We anchored off the settlement of Levuka in the island of Ovalau,Fiji, on the 18th of September, and remained there until the 10thof October, We then steamed over to Tongatabu, in the FriendlyIslands, where wo made a pleasant stay of ten days, but subsequentlyspent some very dull weeks, aggravated by unusuallyboisterous weather, in an uneventful search for the La Eance Bank,the non-existence of which was, however, satisfactorily demonstrated.We returned to Levuka on the 4th of December, andremained in harbour for ten days, when we entered upon the lastportion of our Pacific cruise, viz. the voyage from Fiji to Sydney.We arrived at Sydney on the 23rd of January, 1881, and remainedthere, refitting, until the 15th of April, when we steamedup the east coast of Australia to our next surveying-ground.During the ensuing six months we visited Port Curtis, PortMoUe, and Port Denison on the east coast of Queensland ; LizardIsland, Flinders Island, Clack Island, Bird Island, Percy Islands,Clairemont Islands, and Albany Island, adjoining the coast ; andwhile engaged on the survey of the Prince of Wales Channel, inTorres Straits, we anchored off Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,Home, West, Prince of Wales, Hammond, Goode, and Booby-Islands. In aU these localities marine specimens were collected, aswell as in the more open parts of the Prince of Wales Channel,where the depth rarely exceeds 30 fathoms. A good many interestingspecimens were also obtained through the assistance of thepearl-shell divers, who have an extensive and lucrative industry inthese waters.On leaving this channel we proceeded westwards through theArafura Sea, sounding and dredging, until we reached Port Darwin,in North-west Australia. Here we remained from the 3rd to theISth of November, when we again got under way and steamedthrough the Eastern Archipelago to Singapore. We reached thisport on the 18th November, 1881, and remained there for two anda half months, spending most of the time in dock, where ourship underwent an extensive refit. We now received orders toundertake a survey of the Amirantes and neighbouring islands andreefs in the South-Indian Ocean, using Seychelles as our base forb2

TOYAGE OF H.M.S. ' ALERT,'supplies. We accordingly sailed from Singapore on the 5th February,1882, and steered for the Seychelle Islands, touching ou theway at Colombo,On the 4th of March we reached Bird Island, the most northerlyof the Seychelle group ; and as we remained at anchor there untiltlie following morning, we had an opportunity, among other things,for exploring the island and accomplishing some dredging-work inthe shallow water about the ship. On the next day we steamedover to Mahe, the chief island of the group. After some days spenthere in provisioning and coaling the ship, during which time ourboats did some useful dredging in the channel between Mahe andSt. Anne's Islands, we steamed over to the Amirante group, the mostnortherly of which is only about a day's run from Mahe, \Ye hadorders to make a survey of the Amirantes, and, as far as time wouldpermit, of the other coral islailds which extend thence in an irregularchain southward towards Madagascar.The Amirante group consists altogether of twenty-one low coralislets, resting, with the exception of He des Eoches (which is separatedby a deep channel), on an extensive coral bank, which is 89miles in length, with an average breadth of 19 miles, and whoselong axis lies in a N,N.E. and S.S.W. direction. It is included betweenthe limits of 4° 50^' and 6° 12^-' S. lat., and 53° 45' and52° 50|' E. long., and is thus about 700 miles distant from thenearest part of the East-African coast. Some of the islets andsand-cays of which it is composed, and which are included in theabove enumeration, are so arranged in clusters that for all practicalpurposes the group may be regarded as consisting of nine islets,which have been named African, Eagle, Darros, Des Roches, Poivre,Etoile, Marie Louise, Des Neufs, and Boudeuse Islands.From the Amirantes we moved over to Alphonse Island, whichoccupies an isolated position (50 miles S.W. by S. of the southern,extremity of the Amirante Bank ; and thence proceeded to ProvidenceIsland, which is about 240 miles from the Amirantes ina S.W. by S. direction, and about 2(J0 miles from Cape Amber, inMadagascar. After a short stay at each of these islands, we steamedover to the Glorioso group, which consists of three islands, also ofcoral formation, and situated about 120 miles W. by N. of thenorthern extremity of Madagascar. Every effort was made toinvestigate the fauna and flora of these islands as far as time andother circumstances would permit, so that sufficient materials wereaccumulated to connect their natural history with that of Seychellesto the northward and Madagascar to th^ southward.With our departure from the Glorioso Islands the surveying operationsof the ' Alert ' were brought to a close. On the 12th of Maywe reached Mozambique, whence, after a stay of a few days, weproceeded on our homeward voyage, stopping en route at AlgoaBay,Simon's Baj^, Cape of Good Hope, St. Helena, and Fayal (in theAzores), and arrived in Plymouth Sound on the 3rd of September,1882, after an absence of nearly four years.

—6 COLLECTIONS FR03I IIELANESIA.Subbrachycephalic, prognathous, just above leptorbine.Glabella prominent, about No. 3 of Broca's scale. Inion scarcelydeveloped.This skull is unusually broad for a Melanesian, and has a somewhatlow nasal index ; it agrees, however, very well with No. 1193of Prof. Plower's Catalogue * (" The cranium of a Papuan, from oneof the islands in Torres Strait, c? "), and its extreme prognathismshows that it undoubtedly belongs to the Melanesian race. It hasundergone considerable occipital flattening on the left side, eitherfrom sleeping on a hard wooden pillow or some similar cause ; andthis has no doubt caused the brain-case to be abnormally broad.The present specimen is said to be the skull of the last chief ofthe island of Nagheer, and is ornamented with two long strings ofglass beads and tassels of red calico hanging from the zj'gomata. Ithas its orbits filled with red clay, on which are fastened oblong bitsof mother-of-pearl for eyes ;there is an artificial nose carved inwood and painted red, and a red band of paint passes across theforehead. The right upper canine, lost after death but befoi'e thepreparation of the skull, has been replaced by a wooden tooth. Thefour posterior teeth in the right lower jaw have all been lost duringlife, and their alveoli have quite closed up.2. Skull of Torres-Straits Islander. (Plates I, & II. fig. B.)Male [?]. Adult." Native woman of Nagheer Island, Torres Straits."R. W. GLength 178 ;gl. occ. 181. Breadth 136. Height 137. Maximumfrontal breadth 112; minimum frontal breadth 95.Horizontal circumferences — pi'caurieidar 230, total 503.Transverse arcs—frontal 283, bregmatic 300, parietal 320,occipital 207. Longitudinal arcs—frontal 130, parietal 120,occipital 112. Foramen magnum—length 38, width 31. Basinasallength 103. Basialveolar length 105. Bizygomaticbreadth 129. Height of—face 86, malar 24, alveolus 16. Auriculo-orbitallength 68. Nasal height 49, width 26. Maxilla—length 61, breadth 63.Mandible—bicondylar width 117, bigoniac width 93, symphysialheight 31, molar height 24, coronoid height 52, gonio-symphysiallength 88. Hamus—height 64, antero-posteriorbreadth 31. Bigoniac arc 197.Indices—latitudinal 76-4, altitudinal 77*0, frontal 69*9, gnathic101-9, nasal 53-1.Subdolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, mesognathous, and platyrhine.Glabella low, about No. 1. No inion. Median line of nose veryprominent.Similarly prepared to the last, the only differences being thatthe strings of beads from the zygomata are shorter and withoutOp. cit. p. 222.

—MAMMALIA. 7tassels, and there is a blue crescent-shaped mark on the glabella,just below the supraorbital red line.Although stated to be a " woman of Nagheer," there can bo littledoubt, from its general appearance, that this skull is that of a man.It is a remarkably fine and typical head, and has therefore beenthought worthy of a figure. The peculiar roof-like shape of thecrown is noticeable, a state of skull called " ill-filled " by Dr.Cleland." These skulls are placed on the graves where the bodies of theiroriginal possessors lie, and are surrounded with idols, models ofsnakes, &c., which are supposed to guard the dead."3. Cranium of Solomon Islander.Female. Adult." Solomon group ;particular island unknown." R. W. C.Length 187; gl. occ. 187. Breadth 130. Height 133. Maximumfrontal breadth 110 ; minimum frontal breadth 100.Horizontal circumferences — preauricular 243, total 510. Transversearcs— fi'ontal 276, bregmatic 294, parietal 304, occipital265. Longitudinal arcs—frontal 133, parietal 126, occipital117. Foramen magnum—length 33, breadth 28. Basinasallength 102. Basialveolar length 102. Bizygomatic breadth129. Height of—face 80, malar 21, alveolus 12. Auriculoorbitallength 68. Orbit—width* 39, height* 34. Xasalheight 47, width 25. Maxilla—length oQ, width 63.Indices— latitudinal 69*5, altitudinal Tl'l, frontal 76-9, gnathic100-0, orbital 87-2, nasal 53-2.Dolichocephalic, mesognathous, platyrhine ; orbit mesoseme.Glabella low, about No. 1 of Broca's scale. Nasal spine long,No. 4. Occipital crest scarcely visible.4. Cranium of Mallicollo Islander, New Hebrides.Male. Aged. All the teeth gone and alveoli closed up.Length 170 ;gl. occ. 182. Breadth 128. Height 138. Maximumfrontal breadth 107 ;minimum frontal breadth 91.Horizontal circumferences — preauricular 232, total 481.Transverse arcs—frontal 276, bregmatic 301, parietal 320.Longitudinal arcs—frontal 131, parietal 139, occipital 104.Foramen magnum—length 29, width 2o. Basinasal length103. Bizygomatic breadth 137. Height of malar 22. Auriculo-orbitallength 68. Orbit—width 39, height 35. Nasalheight 48, width 30.Indices—latitudinal 75-3, altitudinal 81-2, frontal 71-1, orbital89*7, nasal 62*5.Subdolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, very platyrhine ; orbit megaseme.Glabella very thick and gorilla-like, approaching No. 4 of Broca's* Flower, Cat. Coll. Surg. i. p. xviii.

—8 COLLECTIOKS PKOM MELATs'ESIA.scale. Inion long and recurved, between Nos. 4 and 5. Suturesall very simple, in marked contrast to those of the nextBpecimcn. Zygomata very prominent. Squamosals widelyseparated from frontal.Pemale.5. Skull of MallicoUo Islander, New Hebrides.Adult,Length 173 ;gl. occ. 178. Breadth 135. Height 134. Maximumfrontal breadth 101 ; minimum frontal breadth 95.Horizontal circumferences — preauricular 218, total 488.Transverse arcs— frontal 252, bregmatic 293, parietal 336.Longitudinal arcs—frontal 134, parietal 137, occipital 104.Foramen magnum— length 34, width 29. Basinasal length90. Basialveolar length 91. Bizygomatic breadth 129. Heightof— face 82, malar 19, alveolus 16. Auriculo-orbital length 61.Orbit—width 36, height 33. Nasal height 42, width 24,Maxilla—length 50, breadth 60.Mandible—bicondylar width 116, bigoniac width 97, symphysialheight 25, molar height 21, coronoid height 56, gonio-symphysiallength 81. Ramus— height 49, antero-posterior breadth33. Bigoniac arc 177.Indices—latitudinal 78-0, altitudinal 77'5, frontal 70"4, gnathic101-1, orbital 91-7, nasal 57-1.Subdolichocephalic, mesognathous, platyrhine ; orbit megaseme.Glabella about No. 1. Nasal spine No. 3. No inion.Occipital prominent, lambdoid suture full of large Wormian bones.Epipteric bones on both sides. Auditory meatus flattened andoval-shaped, evidently owing to pressure applied to the mandible.These two last specimens, presented to Dr. Coppingerby Mr. Boyd,of Ovalau, show the artificially produced absence of forehead andgeneral depression of the frontal and prominence of the parietal andoccipital regions characteristic of Mallicollo skulls, and describedby Prof. Busk in the ' Journal of the Anthropological Institute ' *.Prof. Flower has also figured some monumental heads from the sameisland, showing a similar artificial deformity f.6. Skull of Banks Islander.Young. Basilar suture open and wisdom teeth still hidden in thebone." MerilavaJ, Banks group ;presented by Mr. Boyd, of Ovalau."B. W. C.Length 170, gl. occ. 172. Breadth 124. Height 133. Maximumfrontal breadth 108 ; minimum frontal breadth 89.Horizontal circumferences — preauricular 230, total 470. Trans-* vi. p. 200, pis. ix.-xii. (1877).t J. A. I. xi. p. 85, pi. vi. (1882).I Also spelt " Meralaba " (Wliitmee, J. Anthr. Inst, viii., map facing p. 261 :1878).

—MAMMALIA. 9verse arcs—frontal 270, bregmatic 291, parietal 313, occipital2(30. Longitudinal arcs— frontal 130, parietal 111, occipital112. Foramen magnum— length 34, breadth 29. Easinasallength 97. Basialveolar length 91. Bizygomatic breadth 120.Height of—face 86, malar 17, alveolus 17. Auriculo-orbitallength 66. Orbit,—width 36, height 34. Nasal height 51,width 22. Maxilla—length 50, width 62.Mandible—bicondylar width 110, bigouiac width 72, symphysialheight 27, molar height 23, coronoid height 54, gonio-symphysiallength 82, condylo-coronoid length 33. Bigoniac arc 175.Indices— latitudinal 72-9, altitudinal 78*2, gnathic 93*8, orbital94-4, nasal 434.Lambdoid suture unusually complicated, with numerous "Wormianbones.7. Skull of Banks Islander.Still younger than 6." Merilava, Banks group ;presented by Mr. Boyd, of Ovalau."B. W. G.Length 163 ;gl. occ. 166. Breadth 123. Height 124. Maximumfrontal breadth 98 ; minimum frontal breadth 92.Total circumference 455. Transverse arcs—frontal 242, bregmatic267, parietal 300, occipital 244. Foramen magnumlength 32, breadth 27. Basinasal length 84. Basialveolarlength 81. Bizvgomatic breadth 111. Auriculo-orbital length57. Orbit—width 33, height 32. Nasal height 36, width 23.Maxilla—length 44, width 55.Mandible—bicondylar width 100, syrnphysial height 21, coronoidheight 45, gonio-symphysial length 69, condylo-coronoidlength 23.Indices—latitudinal 75*5, altitudinal 76-1, gnathic 96-4, orbital97-0, nasal 63-9.These two Banks-Island skulls are of great interest, as showinga distinct tendency towards (probably a youthful stage of) the artificialdeformity noticed in the MallicoUo skulls, and hitherto supposedto be peculiar to the natives of that island. The presentspecimens, however, prove that the flattening process is also practisedto a certain extent in the neighbouring island of Merilava.8. Calvaria of Fijian.Male. Middle-aged. Coronal suture nearly closed." From an old tumulus near the village of Buretta, Ovalau."R. W. C.Length 197 ;gl. occ. 200. Breadth 132. Height 141. Maximumfrontal breadth 114, minimum 103, Horizontal circumferences—preauricular 250, total 542. Transverse arcs—frontal 312,bregmatic 318, parietal 327, occipital 280. Longitudinal arcsfrontal 130, parietal 152, occipital 120. Basinasal length 109.

——10 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Indices—latitudinal 67*0, altitudinal 71*6, frontal 78-0, Stephanie90-4.DoKchoeeplialic and hypsicephalic.Glabella not prominent, No. 2 of Broca's scale. Inion No. 1.This skull has unfortunately lost all the bones of the face ; butnevertheless the conformation of the brain-case is such as to show itsnear relationship to the pure Melanesians of Viti Levu, agreeing veryclosely with the male " Kai Colo " skulls described by Prof. Flower.The forehead is slightly broader than in any of his specimens (1U3against 99 millim.), and the altitudinal index is somewhat lower(70 "5 against 72*2). Otherwise the present skull agrees with Prof.Flower's figures and description.9. Cranium of Fijian.Female. Middle-aged. Posterior teeth lost during life." Kai Colo, from cave at Livoni, Ovalau, Fiji." R. W. G.Length 175 ;gl. occ. 175. Breadth 121. Height 130. Maximumfrontal breadth 100, minimum 83. Horizontal circumferences— preauricular 218, total 475. Transverse arcs—frontal274, bregmatic 281, parietal 294, occipital 245. Longitudinalarcs—frontal 123, parietal 128, occipital 110. Foramen magnum—length32, breadth 2(). Basinasal length 93. Basialveolarlength 95. Bizygomatic breadth 117. Height of face81, malar 19-2, alveolus 11. Auriculo-orbital length 68. Orbit—width 30, height 32. Nasal height 46, width 25.Indices—latitudinal 69*1, altitudinal 74*3, frontal 68'6, Stephanie83-0, gnathic 102-2, orbital 88-9, nasal î:-'6.Dolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, mesognathous ; orbit just belowmegaseme ; and platyrhine.Glabella low, No. 1 of Broca's scale. Parietal eminences prominent.This cranium is interesting as belonging to one of the " KaiColos," or pure-blooded mountaineers of Fiji, whose cranial charactershave been fully worked out by Prof. Flower (J. Anthr. Inst.X. p. 153: 1881). It agrees very closely with the skulls from VitiLevu described by that author, most of the actual dimensions andindices coming within the very narrow limits of variation found by himin his five female Kai Colos. The forehead, however, is very muchnarrower than usual, the minimum frontal diameter being, as givenabove, only 83 millim., with a frontal index of 68'6 (Broca, Iristr.Cran. p. 172), while Prof. Flower's five female Kai Colos averagefor these numbers 94 millim. and 77'0 p. c, the lowest breadthbeing 89 millim. and the lowest index 75-U." The Kai Colos were the old hill-inhabiting tribes of Fijians, andwere distinct from the coast-tribes, with whom they were frequentlyat war. Their power was broken by the renowned Fijian chief' Cacobau,' now dead. Livoni, in Ovalau Island, was one of theirstrongholds, where these skulls were found by Mr. M'Corkill, asettler, who presented them to me."- R. W. C.

—;11BIRDS.BTR. BOWDLER SHARPE.The birds were obtained in the islands of Torres Straits, at PortMoUe and Port Curtis in Queensland, and at Port Darwin in NorthwesternAustralia. In the following notes the references to otherworks have been limited to the ' Catalogue of Birds in the BritishMuseum,' as far as this work is published, and to Mr. Ramsay'suseful list of Australian birds (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vol. ii.pp. 177-203), where the best illustration of their geographicaldistribution is to be found.1. Cerchneis cenchroides (V. ^ IT.).Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 431.Tinnunculus cenchroides, Bamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 177.a. Port Denison, May 1881.2. Ninox peninsularis, Salvad.a. 5 Thursday Island, Torres Straits. Bill yellow with black•tip ; feet and iris yellow.The British Museum contains a good series of this apparentlywell-marked species, which differs from Niuox connivens by therufous streaks on the lower parts. The following is a descriptionof Dr. Coppinger's specimen :Adah female. General colour above dull sooty brown, darker onthe head, which is blackish brown, forming a tolerably distinct cap ;scapulars brown like the back, with large white markings on theouter web, forming a continuous white line on each side of theback; wing-coverts almost entirely uniform, with only here andthere a spot of white, a little plainer on the outer web of the medianand greater coverts, the latter of which are washed with pale rufous ;bastard-wing feathers and primary-coverts uniform sooty brownquills dark brown, barred on both webs with lighter brown, takingthe form of whity-brown notches on the outer web ; inner secondai'iesspotted with white on the outer and barred witli white ontheir inner webs ; lower back and rump sooty brown, with more orless concealed spots of white ; upper tail-coverts deep brown ; tailfeathersdark brown, plainly though narrowly barred and tippedwith whity brown, these light bars being eight in number besidesthe terminal one ; lores, base of forehead, and plumes over the eye

;12 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.and round the fore and lower part of the latter white, with hairlikeblack shaft-lines ; ear-coverts dark brown ; chin and cheekswhite, the hinder part of the latter streaked with dusky brownlower throat tinged with yellow and streaked with blackish centresto the feathers ; remainder of under surface white, slightly tingedwith yellow and broadly streaked with dark brown on the fore neckand chest and with rufous-brown on the breast and abdomenthighs and tarsal plumes yellowish, spotted with brown ;under tailcovertswhite, with a few heart-shaped spots iitar the end of thefeather ; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep yellowish buff,broadly streaked with chocolate-brown, the central markings moreor less irregular in shape ;quills dusky brown, barred with white,somewhat ashy whitish on the quills, but very pure white on thelower series of under wing-coverts, which resemble the lower surfaceof the quills in appearance. Total length 15 inches, culraen 0-85,wing 10'2, tail 6'5, tarsus 1--15.3. Corvus coronoides, F. ^ U.Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ill. p. 20.a. (S ad. Port MoUe, Queensland, May 1881.4. Oriolus flavicinctus {King).Sharpe, t. c. p. 206.Mimeta flavocincta, Ramsay, t. c. p. 188.a. 2' ^^^^ Darwin, Oct. 1881. Bill flesh-colour; legs and feetslaty grey ; iris bright red.A smaller bird than the Cape-York examples (wing 5*2 inches),with rather a smaller alar speculum. The black centres to thefeathers of the upper surface are wider, and the bird consequentlyappears darker ; but this is probably due to abrasion and wearingaway of the plumage.^ 5. Sphecotheres flaviventris, Gould.Sharpe, t. c. p. 225 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 188.a,h. $. Thursday Island, Aug. 1881. Iris black.rt, 6. c?6. Chibia bracteata {Gould).Sharpe, t. c. iii. p. 236; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.. Friday Island, Aug. 1881.c. .(S Port Darwin, Oct. 1881. Iris orange-colour.7. Grallina picata {Lath.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 272 ; Ramsay, f. c. p. 180.o. J. Port Curtis, April 1881.

BIRDS. 138. Pinarolestes rufigaster {Gould).Sharpe, t. c. p. 296.Colluricincla rufigaster, Ramsay, t. c. p. 181.a. Thursday Island, June 10, 1881.a. 59. Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould.Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. 3Ius. iv. p. 36 ;Ramsay, t. c. p. 180.• Thursday Island, August 1881.10. Graucalus melanops {Lath.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 30; Ramsay, t. c. p. 180.a. S iram. Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881.h. $ imm. Thursday Island, July 1881.11. Lalage leucomelaena {V. Sf H.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 106.Campephaga leucomela, Ramsay, t. c. p. 181.a. 2 ad. Friday Island, Sept. 1881. Iris dark brown ; bill black ;legs and feet dark grey.h. $ juv. Thursday Island, July 1881. Iris black; bill black;legs and feet dark grey.Count Salvador! (Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 163) separates the Australianform of this species from the Papuan, which he callsLalaye Icaru (Less.), This view seems to me to be correct, for thePapuan race appears to have less white on the wing-coverts and tobe permanently barred below, whereas the adult male of the AustralianLalage is uniform on the under surface.12. Lalage tricolor {Swains.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 92.Campephaga humeralis, Ramsay, t. c. p. 181.a. (S imm- Port Darwin, Oct. 24, 1881.13. Pseudogerygone magnirostris {Goidd).Sharpe, t. c. p. 223.Gerj'gone magnirostris, Ramsay, t. c. p. 133.a. Thursday Island, Sept. 1881.14. Myiagra latirostris, Goidd.Sharpe, t. c. p. 381 ;Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.J.WestIsland, Sept. 1881.

14 COLLEJTIONS FROM MELANESIA.15. Myiagra nitida, Gould.Sharpe, t. c. p. 375 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a. S . Fitzroy Island, May 1881.16. Myiagra rubecula (Lath.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 373 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a. S • Percy Island, April 1881.b. J. Port Molle, May 1881.17. Myiagra concinna, Gould.Sharpe, t. c. p. 374 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a. S• Booby Island, Aug. 31, 1881.6.5. Booby Island, Aug. 1881.c. .(S "West Island, Sept. 1881.d. Priday Island, July 1881.e. c?. Friday Island, Aug. 1881./. Thursday Island, Sept. 1881.The differences between this species and 31. rubecula are, to mymind, not satisfactorily established ; but until better specimens reachthe British Museum from N.W. Australia (the habitat of the typical31. concinna) it will be difficult to settle the question.18. Rhipidura rufifrons (Lath.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 310 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a. c?. Booby Island, Aug. 1881.19. Rhipidura tricolor ( F.).Sharpe, t. c. p. 339.Sauloprocta motacilloides, Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a, 6, c. Port Curtis, April 1881.d. 2- Port Darwin, Ocb. 1881.20. Piezorhynchus nitidus, Goidd.Sharpe, t. c. p. 41G ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 182.a. $. Horn Island, Torres Straits, Sept. 1881. Iris orange-red;bill greenish grey ; legs and feet dark.b. 5 . Thursday Island, Aug. 1881. Iris dark ; biU horn-colour,black at tip ; legs and feet grey.21. Piezorhynchus medius, sp. n.a. 6- Port MoUe, May 1881. Iris black; bill light grey ; legsand feet dark.

P. melanura and its allies, P. clio, P. macrorhyncha , and P. ohiensis,aU of which he unites together as a single species. Count Salvadorihas kept them distinct ; and their specific characters I have endea-——«'. Upper tail-coverts black.a'^.1-2 inch.a'^.ends ;a. N. Australia (not labelled).A specimen in winter plumage.Gadotv, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 95.Cracticus robustus, Ramsay, t. c. p. 180.Gadoic, t.c. p. 185; Ramsay, t.c, p. 181.a. c? . West Island, Sept. 1881.h, c, . (SBooby Island, Aug. 1881.voured to set forth in the following " Key ":BIRDS. 15Agrees with P. trivirgatus of Timor ia its black upper tail-coverts,which in the type specimens of P. gouldi are grey.In the 'Catalogue of Birds ' (vol. iv. p. 419) I united Gould's3Ionarc?ia albiventris with Piezorhi/ncJius gouldi, but I now believethat I was wrong in doing so. It may be a matter of opinionwhether the three forms here alluded to are more than local races orsubspecies ; but it is certain that the white-flanked individuals, P.albiventris ( Gould), have the upper tail-coverts blackish, whereas inthe rufous-flanked birds, P. gouldi (Gray), the tail-coverts are grey.Thus my " Key to the Species " (t. c. pp. 413, 414) will have to bemodified as follows :White endiug to outer tail-feathers notexceeding an inch in length.6". White ending to outer tail-feathers I'O-Four outer tail-feathers white at theends ;black throat-stripe narrow . . trivirgatus.v. Three outer tail-feathers white at theblack throat-stripe broad,a*. Sides of body orange-rufous .... medius.6*. Sides of body white albiventris,b". Upper tail-coverts grey ; sides of bodyorange-rufousgouldi,22. Cisticola exilis, Vig, Sf Horsf.Sharpe, Cat, B. Brit. 3Ius. vii. p. 269 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 185.23. Cracticus nigrigularis (Ooidd),a, 6 . Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881. Iris black ; bill grey,with the tip black ; legs and feet black.24. Pachycephala melanura, Goidd.I am unable to follow Dr. Gadow in his conclusions respecting

16 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.a. Upper tail-coverts olive-yellow like the back ;outer aspect of secoadaries distinctly grey;pectoral collar joined to ear-covertsh. Upper tail-coverts black ;outer aspect of secondariesolive-yellow, with which they are marginedor washed externally.melarwra.. ohiensis.a'. Pectoral collar joined to ear-coverts clio.b'. Pectoral collar separated from ear-coverts.a". Upper surface olive-greenish ; wings externallywashed with greenish grey .... macrorhyncha.b". Upper surface golden olive ; wings externallywashed with the same colour .After having gone over the series in the British Museum, whichlikewise served as the basis of Dr. Gadow's studies, I regret that Imust entirely disagree with him. He appears to me to have arguedfrom immature specimens when he tries to show the variation ofthe species and attempts to prove that they run one into another.If it were possible to find in the same island examples of these Pachycephalcewith the black breast-band united to the ear-covertsand others with this disunited, all being fidly adult birds, then Dr.Gadow would have proved his point ; but this is exactly what doesnot take place, the difference in coloration being accompanied by adifferent habitat. It is not right to compare immature birds of oneform with adults of another, because in their young stages all thesespecies are unquestionably very difficult to distinguish apart ; but iffully adult birds are compared, I do not think there ought to beany difficulty in determining four distinct species.Again, with regard to his observations that the colouring of theupper tail-coverts " is of no specific importance," some attentionmust be given to the age and condition of the specimens. Inthe group with the upper tail-coverts black, it will be found thatthe basal ones are always more or less tipped with olive, and thatit is the long ones which are black. If, therefore, the latter areshot away, a superficial observer would jump at once to the conclusionthat the upper tail-coverts are olive-yellow. Even in this casethe yellow-washed quills (instead of grey) would enable one to distinguishthe P.-macrorhgncha group from P. mekmura. Then,again, it would appear from moulting specimens that the upper tailcovertswhen first grown have more olive-yellow on the marginsthan in the fully adult bird. Therefore in these Pach/ycephalce, asin other birds, only fully plumaged specimens should be compared,if one is to understand the relations of the various species.There can be no doubt that the locality " Celebes " attached tothe specimen from the Gould Collection is erroneous ; and Mr.Wallace has remarked on the absence of the genus in the aboveisland, in the essay quoted by Dr. Gadow.

—17a. (Sb. (Sc. $25. Pachycephala rufiventris (Lath.).Gadoiv, t. c. p. 208; Ramsay, t. c. p. 181.. Port Darwin, October 1881.. Port Darwiu, October 1881.. Port Molle, May 3, 1881.26. Cinnyris frenata {Mull.).Qadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. ix. p. 85; Ramsay, t. c. p. 191.a. (Sb,c. c? ?. Prince of Wales Island, Aug. 1881,. Thursday Island, July 11, 1881.27. Myzomela obscura, Gould.Gadow, t. c. p. 143 ; Ramsay, i. c. p. 190..(S Thursday Island, Aug. 1881.rt, h.c. $. Thursday Island, Aug. 1881.The following are the measurements of the sexes :

18 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.different islands in Torres Straits, one of the localities mentioned bythe last-named anthor being Warrior Island, whence the originaltype of Z. alhiventris came.29. Zosterops lutea, Gould.S/iarpe, t. c. p. 183; Ramsay^ t. c. p. 191.a. 2- Tort Darwin, Oct. 1881. Bill horn-colour ; legs grey.This specimen is rather duller in colour than a male fromCape York, and much paler yellow below, this brighter colourbeing probably due to sex, as the Cape-York bird is evidentlyan adult male. The female measures:—Total length 4*1 inches,culmen 0'-t5, wing 2-2, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-6,30. Manorhina garrula {Lath.).Gadotv, t. c. p. 260.Myzantha garrula, Ramsay, t. c. p. 191.a. c? . Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881.b. .S Port Curtis, April 1881.Young birds are washed on the back with olive-yellow, and aremuch darker above and below, not showing the whitish bars at thetips of the man tie- feathers.31. Stigniatops ocularis {Gould).Ramsay, t. c. p. 189.Glyciphila ocularis, Gadotv, t. c. p. 213.a. cJ. Percy Island, April 1881,32. Stigniatops subocularis, Gould.Ramsay, t. c. p. 189.Glyciphila subocularis, pt., Gachxo, t. c. p. 215.a. cJ. Port Darwin, Nov. 1881. Bill, legs, and feet black.Dr. Gadosv has united the present species to S. oadaris, and considersthat intermediate forms occur between them. This I donot find from an examination of the series in the British Museum,for I have found no difficulty in referring the specimens eitherto one or the other of the above-named species. On the otherhand, Count Salvadori seems to be quite right in uniting the Aru-Island birds with the Australian, as they are only a littlelarger and somewhat darker in colour. He adds that the specimensmarked PtUotis limbata, Temm., from Timor, in the LeidenMuseum, are also identical with the Australian *S'. ocularis. Timor

'BIRDS. 19specimens are certainly very closely allied to the latter, but haverather a clearer grey throat and a more pronounced cheek-stripe ; butin any case it appears to me better to place P. limhata in the genusStif/matops, along with its congener S. ocularis, and not to considerit a Ptilotis, as Dr. Gadow has done. His plate in the ' Cataloguegives too much of a brown colour to the bird, and the orange spotbehind the eye is too strongly pronounced.Nor can I agree with Dr. (iadow concerning his G. chJoris, theonly actual specimens of which in the British Museum are the twofrom Mysol, those from the Aru Islands and Lombock being trueS. ocularis.33. Ptilotis notata, Gould.Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 269 (1867) ; Ramsay, t. c.p. 189.Ptilotis analoga, pt., Gadoio, t. c. p. 227.a. .S Prince of Wales Island, Aug. 1881.b. 6 • Thursday Island, July 7, 1S81.This is the species which Count Salvador! unites under the name'of P. analoga (lleichenb.) in his Ornitologia della Papuasia(vol. ii. p. 327), and in all his identifications he is followed byDr. Gadow, who even goes further than Count Salvador! in hissuppression of species, and adds P. Jlavirictus of the latter author asa final offering to the manes of the dominant form, P. analoga. Itseems doubtful, however, to me whether Dr. Gadow has really everseen the true P. jlavirictus of Count Salvador!, which is from theFly Eiver, the specimens which he supposes to belong to that speciesbeing from South-eastern New Guinea : Salvador! refers all hisspecimens from this part of the island to P. analoga.Putting aside the question of the length of bill, which certainlyvaries very much, even in specimens from the same locality, theshape of the ear-tuft ought not to be overlooked ; and we find thatthere are two distinct forms, the birds from Dorey, Mysol, and"Waigiou having an elongated yellow ear-tuft. This is accompaniedby a very Bulbul-like character, viz. a fluffy rump with stronglymarked subterminal shades of blackish brown, the lateral featlierstipped with white, and reminding one of Pinarocichla or Poliolophus.All specimens examined by me from other localities have a roundedyellow ear-tuft instead of a longitudinal one, and may be classedunder three headings 1st. P. aruensis, nob. (Hah. Aru Islands),where the rump is mottled, as in the New-Guinea birds ; and 2nd,P. notata, Gould. The latter species embraces two forms, a largeone and a small one {P. gracilis, Gould), the last-named beingapparently only foimd in South-eastern New Guinea and the Cape-York Peninsula. Neither of the two forms of P. notata show themottling on the rump of P. aruensis or P. analoga.1 mar add that the specimens from Cape York, referred by thec2

20 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.late Mr. Forbes to P. clirysotis (P. Z. S. 1878, ji. 124, and <strong>Report</strong>Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger,' ii, p. 88) really belong to P. notata.34, Ptilotis lewinii, Sivains.Jlamjiay, t. e. p. 189 ; Oadow, t. c. p. 229.a h. Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881,35. Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould.Gould, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 285; Ramsay, t. c. p. 189; Gadotv, t. c.p. 240.a. $. Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881.36. Ptilotis flava, Gould.Ramsay, t. c. p. 189 ; Gadouj, t. c. p. 246.a. 2 ' Port Denison, Queensland, May 1881.37. Ptilotis unicolor, Gould.Gadow, t. c, p. 249.Stomiopera unicolor, Ramsay, t. c. p. 189.a. S ad. Port Darwin, Nov. 2, 1881.38. Philemon argentiiceps (Gould).Ramsay, t. c. p. 190; Gadow, t. c. p. 272.rt. c?. Port Darwin, Oct. 1881.j.39. Philemon buceroides, Swains.Ramsay, t. c. p. 190 ; Gadotv, t. c. p. 272.a, $. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, July 1881.40. Philemon citreogularis (Gould).Ramsay, t. c. p, 190; Gadow, t. c. p. 277.a. c?. Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881.b. 2 • Port Darwin, Oct, 1881.It would seem that the yellow throat is strictly peculiar to theyoung, and is accompanied by an absence of the white linear tuftsto the breast-feathers. The latter are often assumed, however,before the yellow on the throat has disappeared.

BIRU3. 2141, Dicaeum hirundinaceum, Shaw.Ramsay, t. c. p. 191.a, b. (S Thursday Island, July 1881.c. ? . Port Darwin, October 1881.42. Petrochelidon nigricans ( F.).Hylochelidon uigricans, Ramsay, t. e. p. 179.a. (S ad. Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881.43. Donacicola castaneothorax, Gould,Donacola castaneothorax, Ramsay, t. c. p. 187.a,h. •S Port Darwin, Nov. 1881.c. d. Port Darwin, Oct. 1881.d,e. $ . Port Darwin, Oct. 1881./. c?. West Island, Oct. 1881.g. .c? Thursday Island, June 1881.h, i, h, I. Thursday Island, July 1881.44. Artamus leucorhynchus (Z.).Artamus leucopygialis, Ramsay, t. c. p. 179.a. •S Port Denison, May 1881.6. .5 Port Darwin, Nov. 1881. Iris brown.45. Pitta simillima, Gould.Ramsay, t.c. p. 187.a. S. West Island, Sept. 1881.46. Merops ornatus, Lath.Ramsay, t, c. p. 179.a. $ . West Island, Oct. 1881.b. $. Prince of Wales Island, Aug. 21, 1881.47. Dacelo gigas (Bodd.).Ramsay, t.c. p. 179.a. S• Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881.Ramsay, t. c. p. 179,48. Dacelo leacMi, Vig. Sf H.a. 2 • Possession Island, Endeavour Strait, July 1881. Billbrown ; legs and feet grey ; iris red.

—;;22 COLLECTIONS l^'ROM MELANESIA.This interesting specimen is not easy to determine, being in sizelike D. cervinus and in colour like D. leacliii. As I endeavourto show below, these species, however, run into each other somuch that it is impossible to define the exact characters ofeach.Since I wrote my Monograph 'of the Kingfishers,' our knowledgeof the great Laughing Jackasses of Australia has not been muchincreased. The range of true Daceh has been extended to SoutheasternNew Guinea, where Dacelo intermedins of Salvadori replacesD. cervinus of the Australian continent; but otherwise the numberof species in Australia has remained the same as it was on the completionof that work.A comparison, however, of the large series of Laughing Kingfishersnow in the British Museum raises great doubts in my mindas to the validity of some of the species admitted by me up to 1871and I therefore add a few notes on the birds now before me.The chief difference between D. cervinus and D. leacliii is supposedto consist in the smaller size, the buif-coloured breast, and the blueouter web of the external tail-feather of the former. It seems to menow that this last is a character of no value ; for it is evident thatthe young males commence with a rufous tail like the old females,and that they gain their blue tails by the gradual expansion of theblue cross bands, which unite by degrees until the whole tail becomesuniform blue. Thus there arrives a time in the development of thetail when the outer web of the tail-feather has not cjuite lost itsbars before becoming uniform, and thus the barring of the tail, consideredto be a specific difference between D. cervinus and D. leachii,is of very little importance. As regards the other characters, weshall see what they are worth ; and in order to trace the developmentof the species, I add a description of a young D. cervinus :NestUnri. General colour above dark brown, with scarcely perceptiblelighter brown edges to the feathers of the mantle andscapulars ; least wing-coverts brown like the back ; median andgreater series brown, tipped with pale verditer-blue or light greenishcobalt ; bastard-wing brown, washed with blue ;primary-covertsblackish, externally greenish blue ;quills blackisb, externally deepblue, greener on the primaries, which are white near the bases ofboth webs ; the secondaries edged with white at the tips, the innerones brown like the back ; lower back and rump pale silvery cobaltupper tail-coverts bright rufous, barred with black ; tail-feathersbright rufous, paler at the ends, barred with dark blue, theseblue bands margined above and below with black, the bandsbroader near the base and narrower towards the ends ; the bluebands at the base of the middle feathers already coalescing into oneuniform blue base ; head nearly uniform dark brown, the feathersbroadly centred with blackish, the edges somewhat mottled withreddish-brown markings ; the nape lighter, the crest- feathers beingwhiter, with narrow dark-brown centres ; hind neck clear fulvous,with more or less distinct zigzag cross lines of brown ; lores tawnybuff, as also the feathers below the eye, the latter with blackish

BIRDS. 23shaft-streaks ; ear-coverts dusky brown ; cheeks clear fulvous, withcentral streaks of light brown, breaking up into irregular cross lineson some of the feathers ; throat and fore neck white, with irregularzigzag cross lines of light brown ; remainder of under surface of bodyunder tail-covertsclear fulvous, crossed with zigzag lines of brown ;uniform and deeper buff ; axillarics like the breast and barred acrossin the same manner; under wing-covcrts whiter and crossed distinctlywith blackish bars, broader and forming a distinct patch on themedian lower coverts near the edge of the wing.The above description is taken from a young male shot near PortEssington.An old bird, with more than half his tail-feathers blue, has hisplumage very much abraded and the crest-feathers reduced tohair-like broAvn plumes. The blue ends to the wing-coverts arealmost entirely worn off ; but on the breast he is replacing hisfaded plumage by a clean moult, the new feathers being verybroadly centred with blackish ; the under surface of the body isdirty buff, with brown zigzag cross bars, becoming less distinct onthe throat.Compared with young birds, the old D. cervina are very muchpaler buff below and less distinctly barred underneath, the collarround the hind neck is nearly uniform, with scarcely any remainsof zigzag cross-barring, while the head and crest are white orbuffy white, streaked with brown down the centre of the feathers ;but the whole head is distinctly streaked, instead of being uniformbrown as in the young birds. The cobalt-blue on the shoulders is,of course, much more brilliant and more developed than in theyoung ones.The mode in which the barring on the under surface becomesless and the head more streaked is well shown in an immature malebird, which has the head losing its uniformity for the streakedstage, and yet retains the rufous upper tail-coverts of the immaturestage, while the tail is only half overshaded with blue.The differences between the young and old specimens of Dacelocervinus seem to me perfectly comprehensible ; but the relations ofD. leacMi and D. occidentalis are not so clear. There is considerablevariation in length of wing throughout the whole series.All our specimens of D. leachii have more or less remains of theirold rufous-barred tail, but they are all completing their change tothe uniform blue tail, and consequently the outer feathers are inmore or less irregularly blue-banded stages ; but every proof is furnishedthat the outer feather will become perfectly blue, like thecorresponding stage in D. cervinus, so that the character of the barredouter tail-feather will not hold.Undoubtedly D. leachii is a larger and more powerful bird thanD. cervinus. It is often similarly fulvous on the breast ; but thezigzag bars are coarser and are continued higher up on the throat,as well as being strongly developed on the collar round the hindneck. The older the bird becomes, however, it is evident that, as inD. cervinus, the cross-markings on these parts become more and more

24 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.obsolete, and there is no difference between the two species exceptingthe hxrger size and whiter under surface of D. leacJiii.The types of D. oecidentalls from the Gould Collection are nowin the Museum ; and for the same reason that I dismissed thebarred outer tail-feather as a character for separating Z>. leachii fromD. ccrvinvs, so I must refuse to consider it a mark of distinctionbetween D. cer^vinns and D. occidentalis. The nearly uniform colorationof the under surface is a much more peculiar feature ; but inthe female there are some zigzag markings on the flanks. That thisuniform under surface is somewhat accidental is proved by the factthat none of Dr. Elsey's specimens in the British Museum, procuredin the same locality as Mr. Gregory's birds, are entirely withoutcross bars below.In the species from South-eastern New Guinea the appearance ofcross bars on the under surface seems to be the exception and notthe rule, the collar round the hind neck being also perfectly uniform.As with the Australian species, the cross bars are a sign ofimmaturity, being accompanied by a more uniform brown head.It would appear therefore, from a consideration of the aboveseries, that not one of the characters employed for the separation ofthese four Laughing Kingfishers is of permanent value. The barringof the tail-feathers must be set aside, being merely dependent uponage ; but taking D. cervinus as the central form or leading type ofthe blue-tailed Jackasses of Australia, we find that eastwards (inQueensland) it varies to the extent of becoming a larger bird, whiterunderneath, and always more or less barred on the under surface,the throat included {D. leachii). In the western part of its range thebird has a tendency to become uniform underneath {D. occidentalis) ;but this may be due to the bleaching effect of the climate, and it isevident that D. intermedius can only be looked upon as another palerace, being led up to by the western specimens of D. cervinus.49. Halcyon sanctns (V. Sf H.).Ramsay, t. c. p. 179,a, 6. 2 . Thursday Island, Aug. 7, 1881.c. (S Thursday Island, July 1, 1881.Ramsay, t. c, p. 179.50. Halcyon macleayi, J. 6,- S..a. (S . Thursday Island, Aug. 1881.51. Halcyon sordidus {Gould).Ramsay, f. c. p. 179.a. ?. Port Darwin, Nov. 1881.

BIRDS. 2552. Centropus phasianus {Lath.).Ramsay, t. c. p. 192.a. 2. Possession Island, Endeavour Strait, July 1881.h. .5 Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881.53. Cacatua galerita {Lath.).Gould, Ilandh. B. Austr. ii. p. 2.Plyctoloplius galerita, Itainsai/, t. c. p. 192.a. 2 ' Hammond Island, Torres Straits, Aug. 1881.54. Trichoglossus novae hollandiae {Om.).Ramsaif, t. c. p. 194.a. Sh. •S Port Molle, May 1881.. Prince of Wales Island, July 1881.55. Triclioglossus chlorolepidotus (Kuhl).Ramsay, t. c. p. 195.a. $ ad. Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881.56. Macropygia phasianella, Temm.Ramsay, t. c. p. 190.a. $ . Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881.57. Geopelia humeralis {Temm.).Erytbrauchena humeralis, Ramsay, t. c. p. 196.a. (S. Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881. Iris bright yellow.h. c. Sd. Je. 2• Horn Island, Torres Straits. Iris red.. Thursday Island, June 10, 1881. Cere purplish red.. Friday Island, July 16, 1881. Iris yellow.58. Geopelia tranquilla, Gould.Ramsay, t. c. p. 196.a. .$ Port Curtis, Queensland, April 1881. Iris dark.h. •S Port Darwin, Nov. 1881.59. Ptilopus swainsoni, Gould.Got/Id, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 106 ;Ramsay, t. c. p. 195.a. (S ad. Port Molle, May 1881. Iris light yellow; bill green;legs and feet grey.

;26 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.b. 5 imm. Port MoUe, May 1881. Legs and feet greenish grey.c. 2 juv. Port Molle, May 1881. Legs and feet red; bill black.d. Pull. Thursday Island, July 1881. Bill, legs, and feet blackiris brown.e. S jîv. Prince of Wales Island, Aug. 1881. Iris reddish orange;bill greenish black ; legs and feet olive-brown./. S ad. Booby Island, Aug. 1881. Soft parts as in preceding.g. 6 juv. Booby Island, Aug. 1881. Legs and feet greenish grey.The very interesting series collected by Dr. Coppinger ranges fromthe tiny nestling to the fully adult bird. The age of a specimen iseasily determined by its under tail-coverts, which are yellow in theimmature birds and deepen into rich orange in the adult ones. Itwill be noticed that young birds were found, both in May andAugust, just beginning to put on the bright plumage of the breastthose killed in August are getting the rose-coloured crown. Thiseither shows that the breeding-times are not identical in TorresStraits and at Port Molle, or that more than one brood is reared inthe year.60. Megapodius duperreyi, Less.Oustalet, Bibl. Haiites Ehccles, xxii. p. 17 (1881).Megapodius assimilis, Masters ; Ramsay, t. c, p. 196.a. 5. Prince of Wales Island, Torres Straits, Aug. 1881. Billreddish brown, with yellow edges ; legs bright orange ; irislight reddish brown ; scales of toes dark reddish brown.h.

;2764. Hsematopus longirostris, F.Ramsay, t. c. p. 197.a. 5 . Weduesday Island, July 1881. Iris deep orange ;eyelidred.65. .ffigialitis mongolicus (Pall.).Ratnsay, t. c. p. 197.2. Channel Rock, June 1881.rt, h.c. 2- Port Molle, May 1881.66. Cliaradrius fulvus (Gm.).Charadrius longipes, Ramsay, t. c. p. 197.a. 2 Suva, Fiji, Oct. 12, 1880.h. Tongatabu, Nov. 1880.o. 5 .67. Totanus incanus, Gm.Tetanus brevipes, Ramsay, t. c. p. 197.WestIsland, Torres Straits, Sept. 1881.Ramsay, t. c. p. 201.68. Larus novaB lioUandiae, Stcph.a. 9 ad. Thursday Island, July 1881. Iris white ; eyelid red.6. 2 ad. Thursday Island, Aug. 1881. Iris light grey ; eyelidoi'ange ; bill blood-red, with dark tips ; legs and feet orangered.c. S juv. Thursday Island. Iris dark ; bill dark horn-colourlegs and feet grey, with black claws.d. Pull. Channel Rock, June 1881. Iris brown; bill horn-colour ;legs and feet light brown.69. Anous stolidus {L.).Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus, Birds, p. 9; Saunders, P. Z. S, 1876,p. GG9 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 202.a. 6. Torres Straits, Oct. 4, 1881.70. Sterna hergii, LicJit.Saunders, P. Z. S. 187G, p. G57 ;Ramsay, t. c. p. 201.a. $ . Tongatabu, Nov. 1880.h. 9 . Suva, Fiji, Oct. 12, 1880.c. 2 Port Molle, Queensland, May 1881.d, e. 6 juv. Port Denison, Queensland, April 1881.

.28 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.71. Sterna dougalli, Mont.Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 652 ; Ramsaij, t. c. p. 201.a. (^ juv. Channel Rock, Torres Straits, June 1881.A very iuteresting specimen of the lioseate Tern in young plumage.It has been identified, like the other Terns, bj Mr. HowardSaunders.Pamsa)/, t, c. p. 20172. Sterna caspia, Pall.a. 2 ' Channel Rock, June 1881.73. Sterna anaestheta (Scop.).Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 664 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 201.a. $ juv. Off Booby Island, Torres Straits, Aug. 16, 1881. BiUand feet black ; iris lead-colour.b. 6 ad. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, Sept. 1881.Ramsay, t. c. p. 199.74. Nycticorax caledonicus (Lath.).a. S . Thursday Island, June 1881. Iris orange-colour ; spaceround eyes greenish yellow.Ramsay, t. c. p. 199.75. Demiegretta sacra (Om.).a.S. Thursday Island, June 1881. Iris yellow.76. Butorides javanica (Horsf.).Ramsay, t. c. p. 199.a. $. Thursday Island, June 1881. Legs and feet yellow ; irisyellow.77. Microcarbo melanoleucus (V.).Salvad. Om. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 410.Graculus melanoleucus, Ramsay, t. c. p. 203.a. 2 ad. Horn Island, Torres Straits, Sept. 1881. Iris dark;bill and throat olive-green ; legs and feet dark olive-green.

—29KEPT ILIA,BATRACHIA,ANDPISCES.BYALBERT GUNTHER.The Rephles collected in Torres Straits belong to the followingspecies :Chelonia viridis. Varanus goiildii (Thursday Isl.), Varanustimorensis (Thursday and Prince of AVales Isls.), Varanus prasinus(New Guinea), Lialis hurtonii (Thursday Isl.), Gijmnodactylusplatiints (Pt. Curtis).Of Diemenla torqaata, a Snake hitherto known from a singleexample only, a second specimen was obtained in Queensland.Two species of Tree-Feogs were obtained—the common andwidely spread Uyla ca;rulea on Thursday Isl., and the allied JlyladolicJiopsis in New Guinea.The collection of Fishes comprised fifty species, the majority ofwhich were previously known to inhabit this district of the Indo-Pacific. Those to which the greatest interest is attached are twospecies of Branchiostoma ; three Teleosteans seem to be undescribed.Trachynotus coppingeri. (Plate III. fig. A.)D.6|l.A.2|,^.The height of the body is a little less than one half of the totallength (without caudal), the length of the head is contained thriceand three fourths in it. Scales very conspicuous, arranged aboveand below the lateral line in a regular series, which is composed ofabout 85 scales. The snout is rather longer than the eye, and lessobtuse than in the typical species of the genus. The eye issituated far below the upper profile of the head, and two ninths ofthe length of the head. Cheeks covered with minute scales ; theremainder of the head scaleless. Dorsal and anal lobes produced,pointed, but not extending to the posterior end of the fins ; caudallobes long, two fifths of the length of the body. Uniform silvery ;fins grej'ish.A single specimen, 6 inches long, was obtained at Percy Island onthe coast of Queensland.

—30 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.S3nignathus trachypoma.D. 21. Osseous rings 18 + 33.Allied to S. grayi. Base of the dorsal fin elevated. The length ofthe snout is two fifths of that of the head, its upper surface is armedwith several spines ; forehead high, abruptl)^ descending towardsthe snout. Eyes large, with broad prominent supraciliaries whichbear several dentieulations ou their edges ; the space between theeyes is very broad and deeply concave. Occiput high, with largetubercles, the middle of which are arranged in a longitudinal crest.Operculum with radiating stria?, the upper and strongest of which isbent upwards. Humerus raised into a high prominence which, likeall the surrounding scutes, is deeply pitted. Body not deeper thanbroad ; edges of the scutes prominent and strongly serrated. Tailnot much longer than the body including the head. Vent belowthe middle of the dorsal fin, which stands on four rings. Caudal finsmall. The prominent portions of the head, the upperside of thebody and tail, and perhaps also the side of the trunk are providedwith lacerated tentacles. No well-defined markings can be distinguished,the coloration consisting of marbling of brown withmother-of-pearl patches. The tentacles are of the same colour asthe body.One specimen was obtained at Thursday Island, two others atPrince of Wales Island. The dimensions of the largest are :Total length50 lines.Length of tail 29 ,,Length of head 7 ,,Length of snout 2| „Doryichthys serialis. (Plate III. fig. B.)D. 21. Osseous rings 14-}- 20.This is a short species with a compressed body and short tail.The ridges are distinct, but slightly spinous on the tail only.Lateral line uninterrupted, passing into the lower ridge of the tail.Snout more than half as long as the head, straight ; eye of moderatesize ; interorbital space narrow. Head half as long as the trunk ;bones of the head pitted and irregularly sculptured. Operculumwith a very distinct straight ridge along its middle. Vent midwaybetween the end of the gill-cover and the root of the caudal, andbehind the middle of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin standing on six rings,four of which belong to the trunk. Caudal very short. Each sideof the body is ornamented by two series of black dots, one seriesbeing above and the other below the lateral line ; one pair of dotscorresponds to each of the rings. Some other inconstant black dotsare scattered about between the two series ; a black band runsthrough the eye from the upper end of the operculum along eachside of tho snout.

——PISCES, 31are :Two specimens were collected at Port MoUe. Their dimensionsTotal length27 lines.Length of tail Hi ,,Length of head 5 „Length of snout ^| „BRANCHIOSTOMA.The recent discovery of a second undoubtedly distinct species ofLeptocardian on the coast of Australia {Epigoniclithijs cultellus)as well as the acquisition of several well-preserved examples, forwhich we are indebted to Dr. Coppinger, induced me to reexamineall the specimens in the British Museum, which, having been preservedin spirit for a great many years, Avere by themselves notreliable evidence as to the question whether the European Lancelotis a cosmopolitan form, or represented by several distinct species inother parts of the globe.J. Miiller (' Ueber d. Ban d. BrancJiiostoma,' p. 84) was unable toobserve any differences between Brazilian and European specimens ;and I not only took the same view, but considered specimens fromIndian and Australian localities to be referable to one species only.I have now convinced myself that this view (Cat. Pish. viii.p. 513) is incorrect, and that Sundevall was quite right in drawingattention to the number of myocommas as an excellent taxonomiccharacter. This number can be ascertained even in specimens inan indifferent state of preservation, and varies very little ; whilstthe extent in depth and length of the delicate fin which surroundsthe posterior part of the tail is a much less reliable character, subjectto much alteration by the spirit, if great care is not taken in thepreservation of the specimens.The species of Bramhiostoma would then be the following :1. Brancliiostoma elongatum.Sundevall, (Efvers. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1852, p. 147; and 1853,p. 12.Myocommas 49 + 18 + 12=79.Coast of Peru.Of this species I have not seen specimens.2. Branchiostoma bassanum.Myocommas 44 + 13 + 18 = 75, or43 + 15 + 17=75, or45 + 14+17=76.Body lower than in B. lanceolatum ; dorsal and anal fins low,with the caudal portion slightly wider ; vent lateral ;(oral cirrhi10 + 11).These are the specimens from Bass-tStraits which I formerlyreferred to B. lanceolatum.

32 COLLECTIONS FROM MULANTJSIA.3. Branchiostoma belcheri.Amphioxus belcheri, Gray, P. Z, S. 1847, p. 35.Brancliiostoma belcheri, Gray, Chondropt. p. 150.Myocommas 37-1-14 + 13=64 (Borneo).37 + 14 + 14 = 05 (Prince of Wales Isl.).This Lancelot is very similar to, biit rather more elongate than,B. lanceolatmn, and the fins, instead of being dilated behind, graduallydecrease in width towards the extremity of the tail.The specimens were collected partly by Sir E. Belcher during thecruise of H.M.S. ' Samarang ' on the coast of Borneo, partly byDr. Coppinger at Prince of Wales Island, Torres Straits.4. Branchiostoma caribaeum.Sundemllf I. c. 1853, p. 12.Myocommas 37 + 14 + 9 = 60 (Sundevall).37 + 14 + 9 = 60.37 + 13+9=59.Distinguished from B. belcheri and lanceolatum by the shortnessof its tail and by the attenuated form of the extremities of the body.St. Thomas ; Rio de Janeiro ; mouth of the Plate river.I am indebted for specimens of this species to the kindness ofProf. Ed. Van Beneden, who obtained them in great numbersin the Bay of Botafogo ; they are the same species on wliich Moreaumade his researches on the structure of the notochord (Bull. Ac.Roy. Belg. 1875, p. 312). The name of Amphioxus mulleri (Kroyer,MS.) was adopted for them ; but, as this has never been described,it is doubtful W'hether the name was intended for this or someother species.Coasts of Europe ;5. Branchiostoma lanceolatum {Fall.).Myocommas 35 + 12+12=59 (Polperro).36 + 14 + 11 = 61 (Scandin., Sundevall).34 + 13 + 13=60 (Jvâples).35+12+13=60 (Naples)*.Atlantic coasts of North America.6. Branchiostoma cultellum.Epigonichthys cultellus, Peters, Berl. MB. 1876, p. 327 (c.Myocommas 32 + 10 + 10 = 52, or31 + 11 + 10=52.fig.).Anterior part of the dorsal fi.n high ; fin between branchial porus* I take this opportunity of correcting an error on p. 03 of Studj ' ofFishes,' where in fig. 28 the letters b and c have inadrertentlv been reversed.

FISHES.-33and extremity of tail verj' nidimentary or partly absent. Vent in,or nearly in, the median line.Moreton Eay (Peters) ; Thursday Island (Dr. Coppinger).In our specimens the fin occupying the median line between thebranchial or abdominal pore and the caudal extremity is rathermore distinct than would seem to have been the case in the specimensdescribed and figured by Peters ; and consequently the position ofthe vent is, at least in some of our specimens, rather lateral thanmedian. Whether these differences are owing to the better state ofpreservation of our specimens, or related to the difference of locality,I am not prepared to decide ; but assuming the latter to be the case,I should not consider them sufficient for specific distinction. Further,as our specimens show distinct traces of a postanal fin and a sublateralposition of the vent, they clearly indicate that Epigoniclithyscannot be maintained as a distinct genus.

34MOLLUSC A.BYEDGAE A. SMITH.With the exception of Mr. John Brazier's report on the Molluscaof the ' Chevert ' expedition * there does not appear to have beenpublished any work of importance treating exclusively on the formsof North and North-eastern Australia. Dr. Tapparone-Canefri haswritten a few papers on the fauna of Papua, and a large number ofspecies have, at various times, been described in different worksand periodicals by Reeve, A. Adams, "Watson, and others, from PortEssington, Torres Straits, and the coast of Queensland.Many of the species found in this district range as far as, or ovenfurther north than, the Philippine Islands, and westward to SwanEiver, and, even in a few cases, to Ceylon and the Mauritius ; butthe general character of the fauna may be regarded as Malayan,although many of the species appear to be limited in their distributionand not as yet met with in the Archipelago.I. CEPHALOPODA.1. Octopus polyzenia. (Plate IV. figs. A-A 3.)Gi-ay, Cat. Ceplial. Antepcd. Brit. Mus. p. 13.Animal small (perhaps young), minutely and closely granulatedupon the back of the body, head, arms, and connecting web ; thelower surface of the body, head, funnel, and web above it being moresparsely granulated. Body (in spirit) wider than long, rounded atthe end, exhibiting a faint central ventral groove from the openingat the neck to the extremity. Head broad but narrower than thebody, with a single papilla near the upper hinder edge of the ocularopening. Arms not very long ; three upper pairs subequal inlength, ventral pair rather longer. Lower surface and membranebetween them very minutely granulous. Membrane between thearms extending about one third their length and also in a narrowstrip up the side of them, but between the dorsal pair it is almostentirely wanting. Cups on the upper arms gradually decreasing insize from near the mouth to the extremity, on the three other pairsof arms enlarging gradually as far as the sixth pair (these beingnearly twice as large as any on the dorsal pair), and then gradually* Proc. Linn. Soc. New youth Wales, vols. ii. and iii.

;MOLLUSCA. 85lessening in diameter towards the tips ; about one hundred innumber on the longest arms, rather prominent, especially the largest,alternating in two series, almost, if not quite, from the commencement.Length from end of the body to angle between the upperarms 20 millim., width of body 13, length from subsiphonal openingto the extremity only 10 ; largest arm, from mouth to tip, 40millim.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fathoms, sandy bottom{'Alert'); Port Essington {B. Mus.).This species (in spirit) is of a pale dirty olive tint on the ventralsurface and very much darker above. The inner surface of thearms is also light olive, the suckers having a brown hue. At firstI was inclined to consider that this olive colour might be the resultof staining by the juices of an Aplysia which was contained in thesame bottle. On examining the type from Port Essington, which Ihad not an opportunity of doing when drawing up the abovedescription, I find that the same colour prevails.2. Octopus tenebricus. (Plate IV. figs. B-B 3.)Animal of a uniform dark purplish chocolate-colour. Body (inspirit) longer than wide, smooth, bearing upon the back and sidesscattered cirri.Head as broad as the body, very prominent at theeyes, much constricted in front and behind in the cervical regionalso ornamented with a few tufts, the largest one being placed abovebut slightly behind each eye, A small one in front of each eye anda similar one just behind them appear to be constant in positionthese are simple elongate papillae, whilst the larger ones are branched.The web between the arms is rather small, externally papillose, andextends in a narrow strip up tlie back of the arms, forming a sort ofacute carina. Upper or dorsal pair of arms smallest and shortest,the two lateral pairs about equal and the ventral only a trifleshorter, all gradually tapering to very fine points. Lower surfacesnarrower, bearing two rows of very prominent suckers, of which thefirst four form a single series, the rest (about 120 on the longestarms) alternating in position. The first cup is very small, the nexta trifle larger, and so on until about the tenth is reached, when theyattain their greatest diameter, namely Ij millim. ; this size ismaintained a short distance up the arm, when the cups graduallydiminish as the extremity is approached.Dimensions. Body, from base of funnel to extremity, 13 millim.,width 11 ; longest arm 72 milhm., shortest 50 in length.llah. Port Ucnison, N.E. Australia, 3-4 fathoms, sand and rockbottom.This species bears considerable resemblance to 0. aculeatus ofd'Orbigny, but may be distinguished by the diflêronce of colour, thedifferent relative length of the arms, the narrowness of their lowersurface, the greater prominence of the suckers, the regularity of theuuiserial four at the base, and the smaller number of the externalcirri or papillae.d2

36 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.3. Octopus maculosus. (Plate IV. fig. C.)Hoyle, Trans. Roy. Physical Soc. Edinh. 1884.Body short, about as broad as loug, dirty buff beneath, of a darkbluish slate-colour upon the back, minutely dotted on both sides, thedots being scarcely visible to the naked eye except upon the paleventral surface, smooth below and above, merely wrinkled by contractionof the skin, without granulation or cirri. Head narrowerthan the body, a little prominent at the sides or eyes, of the samecolour above as the body. Siphuncle buff. Arms alternately bandedwith dark slaty blue and buff, the former colour predominating,ornamented here and there with pale, more or less ovate rings uponsome of the dark bands. Dorsal pair rather shorter than the rest,which are subequal, connected by a strong interbrachial membrane,which joins the two ventral arms a httle lower down than these andthe two adjoining. Cups alternating in two rows, very slightlyprominent, close together, buff on a slaty-blue ground, and thus conspicuous,about one hundred in number on the longest arms and afew less on the dorsal pair, of the same size on all the arms, thelargest of them situated towards the lower part, the rest graduallylessening towards the extremity.Length of body 22 millim., diam. 26 ; length from end of bodyto membrane between lower pair of arms 43 millim. ; diam. ofhead 20 ; length of longest arm from the mouth to the tip 78millim. ; largest cup If wide.Hah. Port Jackson.The peculiarity of the colour of this species readily distinguishesit from all others previously described.II.GASTROPODA.1. Conns lizardensis.Crosse, Joiirn. de Conch. 1865, vol. xiii. p. 305, pi. ix. fig. 5 ; Soiccrby,Tlies. Con. iii. pi. 288. fig. 642.Hab. Lizard Island, N.E. Australia (Crosse); Arafura Sea,N. Australia, 32-36 fath. {Coppingcr).The single specimen from the latter locality is about the samesize as the type described by M. Crosse, but differs in having thespire less elevated, although consisting of an equal number of whorls.The twofold character of the spiral ridges, the strong raised lines ofincrement, and the fine sculpture upon the top of the volutions areall maintained.2. Conus aculeiformis.Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 44. figs. 240 a, b ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch, iii.pi. 202. fig. 370.Hah. Island of Mindanao, Philipi>ines {Cuming); Arafura Sea,32-36 fath. (Goppinger).

MOLLTJSCA, 37In form the specimen obtained by Dr, Coppinger agrees to a greatextent with G. acnleiformis, Reeve, but almost entirely lacks thelateral inclination of the anterior narrowed extremity. The spiralsulci on the body-whorl are narrower, and exhibit a decidedly lessamount of subpunctate sculpture caused by the impressed lines ofgrowth. The raised interstices are markedly flatter and broader,and do not exhibit the brown dotting so characteristic of Reeve'sspecies. These differences may probably be accounted for by theyounger state of the single specimen from the Arafura Sea, which,being dredged in a dead condition, has in a great degree lost itscoloration. The spire offers scarcely any differences, the proportionateheight, the coronation of three or four whorls succeeding thesmooth glossy nucleus, the smooth ridge immediately below thesuture, the finer lira beneath it in the concavity of the whorls, andthe elevated margin beneath this being precisely as in the largershell described by Reeve, with the exception of the ridge beneaththe suture, which is rather broader and more flattened.3. Terebra exigua.Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 301 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 26.fig. 84.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits {Coppinger); East xiustralivi'iDesha lies) ; Andaman Islands (Colonel Wihner in Brit. Mus.).The type of this species is described as having a length of 19millimetres, but the single shell in the Cumingian collection is scarcely15 long. One from the Andaman Islands measures 21 millimetres,and the one now recorded from Torres Straits exceeds that in lengthby four.4. Pleurotoma (Drillia) torresiana. (Plate IV. figs. D-D 1.)Shell fusiform, strong, robust, longitudinally costate and spirallyUrate, having the ribs white or yellow, stained either with brightred or brownish black in the interstices, and ornamented with twobands of the same colour upon the last whorl. Volutions 12, havinga duplex wavy ridge above, beneath which they are excavated andthen convex at the sides ; the concavity is rather deep and traversedby three or four spiral strioe. The costa3 are obsolete in the concavity,a trifle oblique, thickest above, attenuating inferior^,thirteen in number on the last two whorls, two of them on eachbeing large swollen white varices. The ribs are crossed by spirallime, there being seven or eight on the penultimate, and abouttwenty-four on the last whorl, besides one or more finer ones in theinterstices between them. The columella is smooth, covered with athin callus, developed into a tubercle at the upper part. Labralsinus deepishin the concavity above. Length 34 millim., width 10;aperture 13 long.Bah. Friday Island, Torres Straits, and Prince of Wales Channel,7-9 fathoms.

:38 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.This is a more robust species than P. varicosa of Reeve, is differentlycoloured, has more prominent spiral ridges, a larger numberof costaj, fewer swollen varices, and a more undulating duplex ridgebordering the whorls above. These two, together with Drilliatiiberosa, Smith, from Japan, form a small group of species peculiaron account of the varicose ribs which strengthen the shell atintervals.*5. Pleurotoma (Drillia) laterculata. (Plate IV. figs. E-E 1.)Pleurotoma laterculata, Sotverby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 253.Hab. China Seas (Soiverby) ; var. Port Molle, Queensland,12-20 fms., rocky bottom {Goppinger).As the description given by Sowerby is altogether inadequate, Iherewith append a more detailed one drawn up from the typespecimen presented by Mrs. Lombc Taylor to the British Museum.Shell fusiform, whitish, much spotted and variegated with reddishbrown, principally between the longitudinal ribs, with a light violetaperture. Whorls probably 11 ; two apical broken away ; therest verj;- concave above, angulated at the middle, a little convexbeneath and contracted towards the suture, strengthened withrather oblique costse (about 10 or 11 on the upper whorls), irregularlycontinuous up the spire, somewhat obsolete in the concavityof the whorls, which are also ornamented with two thread-likepale lirae round the middle forming a kind of double angle, continuousbetween and upon the costce, where they become subacutelyprominent ; beneath these, in the penultimate and the antepenultimatevolutions, there is a third near the suture. Last whorl encircledwith a]iout thirteen similar pale liroe, besides intcrlying finerones, and several at the extremity which are very oblique. Canalstraight, feebly recurved, together with the aperture equalling lessthan half the whole length of the shell. Columella perpendicular,covered with a thin callosity, developed into a tubercle close to theupper extremity of the outer lip. The latter is thin at the margin,has a strong swollen varix behind, arcuately prominent at themiddle, with a well-marked sinus above in the concavity. Length80 millim., width 10 ; aperture with canal 14 long.Variety. Shell of similar form and with the same sculpture, butmuch less highly variegated. Of a dirty white colour, stained inthe concavity of the whorls at the lower part next the suture andround the middle of the last between the ribs with pale olive-brown.Extremity of the body-whorl and the swollen varix suff'used with areddish tint. Aperture pale lilac or whitish. The entire surfaceof this species is seen, by the aid of a lens, to be striated withminute spiral stri?e, crossed by lines of growth. The most strikingfeature is the two white fine lirations at the middle of the whorlsand although at times there may be one or two beneath them, noneappear to be found in the concavity above. The two apical whorlsare smooth, glossy, and convex.

MOLLUSC A. 396. Pleurotoma (Glyphostoma) spurca. (Plate IV. figs. F-F 1.)Clavatula spurca, Himh, Voy, ' Sulphur,'' p. 17, pi. 5. fig. 14 ; Reeve,Conch. Icon. fig. 312.Pleurotoma rava, JReeve (non Hinds), Conch. Icon. fig. 250.Hab. Port Molle, Arafura Sea, N. Australia, 32-36 fms., andPort Darwin, N.W. Australia ( Coppinger).This interesting species is subject to considerable variation bothin form and sculpture, but is nevertheless generally very easilyrecognized by the transverse plaits on the columella and the largedeep and laterally directed sinus near the upper end of the muchthickened labrum, which is armed within with five or six denticlesor short limp not reaching the crenulated edge. The basal canal iscontracted and a little recurved. The type has ten costoe upon thelast whorl, but this number is sometimes exceeded by two more.The principal lirse are normalljr two in number upon the uppervolutions, one being at the middle, the other below, nodulous uponthe costse. Above these, occupying the upper part of the whorls,are a few uninterrupted thread-like lira3, about four upon thepenultimate and antepenultimate whorls. The body-whorl hasabout fifteen principal spiral lirse, two of which pass above theextremity of the outer lip. Some varieties have three or even foursubequal principal lirte on the lower half of the upper whorls, andtwenty to twenty-four upon the last, but all agree in having thefiner lines above, which also at times exceed the typical number.The largest specimen considerably exceeds the dimensions of Hinds'stype. It is ] 8 millim. in length and 6 in width, measuring abovethe aperture, which is 8 long. Another smaller example is remarkablefor the shortness of the mouth : it is 12 long, 4 broad,with an aperture 4| in length.7. Pleurotoma ( ?) gracilenta, var.Pleurotoma gTacilenta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 114.Var. = PI. contracta, Reeve, I. c. fig. 116.Var. = PI. fusoides, Reeve, I. c. fig. 349.Hah. Arafura Sea, N". Australia, 32-36 fms. ; bottom—sand, mud,and shells {Coppinrjer); Philippine Islands (Cuminr/).This species does not conveniently fall into any of the recognizedgroups of Pleurotomidaj. In form it resembles some species ofDajyJmelJa, but has not the minutely reticulated nuclear whorls ofthat section, and the labral notch is hardly at, but a trifle below, thesuture. I fail to perceive any sufficient characters to separatespecifically the three so-called species described by Keeve ; indeedPI. co)itracta and PL fnsoides are all but identical. The type ofP. gracilenta is a trifle more attenuated than the other two, butscarcely differs in any other respect. All are longitudinally costateand spirally Urate, the costiB numbering about twelve on a whorl,attenuated above at the suture, and becoming obsolete upon thebody-volution towards the narrowed anterior end ; the principal

40 COLLECTTONS FROM MELANESIA.transverse lirje are nodose on crossing the ribs, tliree in numbernpon the upper whorls, a fourth being present upon the lower partof the penultimate and sixteen to eighteen on the last. Anotherfeature worth noticing is the presence of a finer thread-like lineabove the uppermost of the chief lirse, which runs in a slight concavityat the upper part of the whorls.The aperture is narrow, as is the shell itself, not greatly contractedat the canal, and occupies rather less than half the length of theshell. The columella is subperpendicular, a little tortuous andsmooth, without lira; or tubercles. The outer lip is thickened withan exterior rib, but thin and sharp at the extreme margin. It iswidely and semicircularly notched above just below the suture inthe faint concavity of the whorl, and generally in adult shells bearsa small tubercle within close to or just below the sinus, with whichexception it is smooth.8. Pleurotoma (Daphnella) axis.Plem'otoma axis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 311.Hah. Port Molle, 14 fms. (Copjyinger) ; Philippines (Cuming).The apical whorls of this, as in all the other species of thegroup Daphnella, are microscopically cancellated by oblique crisscrosslines. The four or five succeeding volutions are coarsely cancellatedby longitudinal costse and spiral ridges, the points of intersectionbeing subnodose. Beyond this the remaining whorls (aboutthree in number) are destitute of the costse, exhibiting only spiralridging of different degrees of fineness and intermediate finer striaecrossed only by the lines of growth.One of these ridges towards the upper part of the whorls isespecially prominent, giving them a somewhat shouldered appearauce,and between this and the upper thicl-ened margin there is a decidedconcavity. The aperture is elongate, contracted anteriorly into adistinct and somewhat recurving canal, together occupying a littleless than half the total length of the shell. The labrum is a triflethickened, presenting exteriorly a slightly swollen appearance, hasa rather deep slit above at the suture, is smooth within, and crenulatedfinely along the edge.9. Pleurotoma (Daphnella) arafurensis. (Plate IV. fig. G.)Shell fusiform, whitish, faintly banded with light brown, spirallyridged and striated and marked with the flcxuous lines of growth.Whorls 7 ; two apical globose, microscopically reticulated, but appearingsmooth under an ordinary lens, rather large ; the remainingfive are convex, a little constricted beneath the suture, andspirally ridged and striated. The upper whorls have four or fiveprincipal linr, the uppermost falling just beneath the slight constriction,and the others below at equal distances. The whorls arethickened at or immediately under the sut'jral line with an elevated

MOLLtrsCA. 41ridge, and between this and the first lira and in the intersticesbetween the other lir;x) the surface is finely striated. The lastwhorl is elongate, has about thirty-one ridges in addition to theminute infcerstriation. The aperture is narrow, contracted anteriorlyinto a short, broadish canal, together equalling almost halfthe total length of the shell. The columella is perpendicular,curving a little to the left in front, and coated with a very tliincallosity. The labrum is thickened exteriorly, arcuate in the middle,faintly sinuatcd towards the lower extremity, and rather deeplynotched in the slight constriction of the whorl near but not at thesuture.Length 15 millim., diam, of last whorl above the mouth 4g ;aperture 7 long, 2 wide.Hah. Arafura Sea, N". Australia, 32-36 fms.This species is peculiar on account of the absence of longitudinalcosta?. The outer lip is smooth in the single specimen at hand, butin other and more mature shells it might be more or less dentatewithin.10, Cythara cylindrica, var, (Plate IV. figs. H-H 1.)Mangelia cylindrica, JReeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 9.Var.=M. lyrica, Reeve, I. c. sp. 30.Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms, {Coppinger) ;Philippine Islands{C^^m^ng\This species differs from the typical Ci/tharce in having no transverselirpe on the columella, in this respect agreeing with C. hornheckii,Reeve, C. turricula, E,eeve, and G. vitiensis, Smith.The variety (C. lyrica) is a trifle larger than the normal form,and the riblets are rather stronger at the upper termination. Withthese feeble distinctions the differences end. In both forms aminute tubercle is sometimes, but not always, met with upon theupper part of the columella, and about fifteen fine lira3 may becounted within the exteriorly thickened labrum, which is shaUowlysinuated near the suture, and prominently arcuated when viewedlaterally. The longitudinal costse number about fourteen on thepenultimate whorl, and the principal transverse thread-like lirajabout eight, but upon the last volution there are as many as twentysix.The entire surface is beautifully cancellated with minuteraised lines of growth and microscopic spiral lira;, a feature seenonly in well-preserved shells and under a powerful lens. Thesculptured whorls are six in number, the remaining two apical onesbeing smooth and glassy.The single specimen, in beautifnl condition, from Port Curtis,presents certain differences which it may be as well to mention.At the upper part the whorls exhibit a faint concavity a littlebeneath the suture, of which I perceive a trace in the type of thespecies, but not in the variety (C. lyrica), and the cost?e are rathermore numerous, there being about 17 upon the penultimate whorl,

•:42 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.but the spiral lir?e are normal in this respect. The measurementsare:-—Type : length lOg millim., diameter 3.Var. from Port Curtis : length 12|, diam. 4.11. Murex tenuispira.Lamarch; Kilsfer, Con.-Cab. p. 27, pi. 11. fig. 3, and pi. 20. fig. 3;Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 85; Kiener, pi. 7. fig. 1; Soioerby, Gen. Rec.Foss. Shells, pi. 225. fig. 2 ; Thes. Conch, pi. 380. fig. 7.8fHab. Torres Straits, 7-10 fms. {Coppinger) ; Darnley Islands,Torres Straits, 20-30 fms. (Brazier) ; Amboina (Qiioy df Gaimard);Moluccas (Kiener).12. Murex coppingeri. (Plate V. fig. A.)Shell clavately fusiform, whitish, indistinctly banded with palebrown. Whorls 9-9|, three apical smooth, slightly convex, glassy ;the rest angulated near the middle, sloping above, somewhat contractedbelow at the suture, trivaricose, bicostate between the varicesthe latter have a single upturned spine arising at the angle, whichis marked by a prominent ridge. The ribs are rather obsoleteabove the angle, and a trifle oblique below it. The slope of thewhorls is traversed by about four thread-like lirse, which are moststrongly developed upon the upper part of the varices. The lowerpart of the whorls is ornamented with a few similar lirte. Thethree varices on the last whorl bear eight principal spines : ofthese the uppermost is longest and stoutest ; three rest upon thelabrum, and five upon the right side of the canal. In addition tothese are four or five secondary or smaller intermediary spines onthe outer lip, and a small erect one between each of tliose ujjon thecanal. The body-whorl is transversely Krato throughout, the lirsebeing unequal, the larger running parallel with the larger spines,which are somewhat acutely ridged behind and of a brownish tint.The aperture is white, exhibiting traces of three pale brownishzones. The outer lip is thin at the edge and denticulated. Thecanal is straight, curving a little to the right near the tip. Length58 millim. ; aperture and canal 41 long.Hah. Arafura Sea, Dundas Straits, 17 fms.This may prove eventually a remarkable variety of M. 7iigrispinosaof Ileeve, the only species it is likely to be confounded with.That species, although attaining a larger size, consists of only eightwhorls, whilst in M. coppingeri I count nine and a half. Thenucleus of the latter consists of two and a half, which are a littleconvex, together forming a Idunt-topped cone. In the formerspecies there are two nuclear volutions very convex, forming a globoseapex. Both species have three varices to a whorl ; but in theinterstices in M. nigrispinosa three or even more nodose costae aremet with, whilst in the present species there are but two, and these

MOLLUSC A. 43are not nodulous. The whorls in the latter are not so rounded,decidedly more angular above, much more finelj^ spirally ridged,and bear upon the varices shorter, thicker, and more curvedspines, which are not purple-black tipped, but white, exceptalong the back, where there is a slight ridge of pale brown.M. trihidus has a different apex, more convex whorls, differentcoloration, and much coarser and nodose spiral ridging. Thenumber and position of the spines is seen to be very similar inall three species when closely and carefully compared.13. Murex acanthostephes. (Plate V. fig. B.)Murex (Tribuliis) acanthostephes, Watson, Jqurn. Linn. Soc, Zool.vol. xvi. p. 596.Hah. Arafura Sea, N.W. Australia, in 32-36 fms. ;bottom—mud,sand, and shells.The ' Challenger ' specimen was dredged very near the same spot,in 28 fms.Shell in form and general aspect rather like M. tenuispinn,Lamarck, but with a shorter spire, fewer spines, and a non-canaliculatesuture ; whitish, stained irregularly with light olive-brown.Whorls convex, subangular and carinated above the middle, withtwo or three fine spiral raised lines above the angle upon thesloping and somewhat flattened upper portion, and two or threesimilar lines below the angle. Varices three on a whorl, bearingfive spines upon the convex part and six on the verj- straight beak,with threeor four minute secondary ones reflesed and appressed tothe surface. The uppermost of all, arising from the carina at theupper part of the whorls, is the longest, slightly curved, very erect,and almost parallel with the axis of the shell. The next, No. 2, isminute, jNô. 3 a little shorter than No. 1 and arcuate, No. 4 muchsmaller, and No. 5 a little smaller than No. 3.The spines on the cauda are straighter than those above, horizontal,or at right angles to the axis, the third, counting fromabove, being a trifle the longest, the rest on each side becomingsuccessively shorter. The body-whorl is transversely lirate throughout,the lira; varying in coarseness, the strongest corresponding tothe longest spines, and being only slightly wavy, whilst some of theintermediary ones are almost subnodular. The three nuclear whorlsarc light brown, glossy, and larger than those of M. tenidspina.The fourth whorl has about eleven short, open, and a little upturnedspines, forming a very pretty coronation at a subcentral angle, andhas no spiral lines above or below it, but a second series of hollowspines below at the suture, smaller than those above. Length37millim. ; diameter 12, exclusive of spines.M. tenuisjjina, a near ally, has longer and more numerous spines,a longer and more pointed spire terminating in a smaller apex, aconspicuously channelled suture, and its sculpture is more pronounced,the spiral ridges being more granular and the lines of

44 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.growth more conspiciious. In M. acantliosteplies, at the base of thespines on the canal there is a small dark spot on one side, which isbest seen when the sliell is wetted.14. Murex macgillivrayi. (Plate V. fig. C.)Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 203.Murex macgillivrayi (Miirch !), Sowerbt/, Thes. Conch, vol. iv. p. 3,fig. 162 (wrongly coloured).Hah. Lizard Island {Maegillivray). Port Curtis, Queensland,0-11 fms. ; Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. ; and Prince of "Wales Channel,Torres Straits, 7-9 fms. {Copj'înger).The figure in Sowerby's Thesaurus ' ' gives no idea of the colourThe specimens described by Dohrn are overcleaned,of this species.and much of the painting is removed. These were in consequencecorrectly characterized as " white, with yellowish lirse.'' The shellscollected by Dr. Coppinger at Port Curtis are in fresh and perfectcondition, and show the true colouring of the species. It is a yellowishshell, exhibiting throe purplish-brown bands on the bodywhorl,of which the uppermost is the broadest, being situated aroundthe broadest part of the volution. The central one is the narrowestin the four specimens under examination, and placed midway betweenthe other two, the lowermost falling at the base of the convexity, or,in other words, immediately below the third spine on the varices.The spiral lirae are fine, reddish, in some examples more deeplycoloured than in others, and terninate at the margin of the labrumin red dots, which fall between the lobe-like prolongations. Otherlarger examples from Port Darwin have the three purplish-brownbands less pronounced and the general tint paler. All have thecanal blotched with brown in front belo.v the spine on the dextralmargin. One of these blotches, situated between the second and thirdspines, is constantly the longest. Within the aperture the externalbanding is seen, and the cavity of the last varix, when not filled withcallus, is almost black, forming a dark submarginal stripe. The canalis long and straight, tapering, and blotched with brown in two orthree places.The specimens from Torres Straits are paler than the Port-Curtisexamples, have but little trace of the bands, and have the uppermostspine longer, curved, and upturned.15. Murex axicornis.Lamarck ; Kicnei-'s Coq. Viv. pi. 42. fig. 2 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 15.fig. 37, pi. 10. fig. 37, var. ; Kiister's Con.- Cab. pi. 21. fig. 3 ; Sowerhy,Thes. Conch, pi. 382. fig. 31.Hah. Moluccas ; Philippines {Reeve) ; Prince of Wales Channel,5-7 fms., and Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4 fms. (Copjînger);Palm Island, N.E. Australia (Brazier).

MOLLFSCA, 45This shell is remarkably prickly when in perfect condition, byreason of the scaly character of tlie transverse ridges. The singleand rather young shell from Thursday Island has the spire of a delicatepink colour. A second example, from Prince of Wales Channel,belongs to the black-brown variety figured by Reeve (pi. x. fig. 37).IG.Murex cervicornis.Lamarck ; Kiener's Coq. Viv. pi. 20, fig. 2 ; Soiverhy, Oenera Rec. Foss.Shells, fig. 4; id. Then. Conch, pi. 382. fig. 30; lieeve, Conch.Icon. fig. 06; Kobelt, Conch.- Cab. pi. 31. figs. 5, 6.Hab. Thursday Island, 4 fms. ; Prince of Wales Channel ; TorresStraits, 7-9 fms.; Port Darwin, 8-12 fms.; and Clairmout Island,11 fms. (Goppinger) ;Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 20-30 fms.(Brazier).One specimen obtained by Dr. Coppinger is peculiar on account ofthe unusual shortness of the canal, and the presence of one, insteadof two, spines upon it. Another example is remarkable for itsuniform rich brown tint, the ordinary colour of this interestingspecies being considerably paler.17. Murex territus.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 167 a, b ; Sowei-bi/, Thes. Con. pi. 9. tig. 77(fronds on varices incorrect).M urex nubilus (= territus, fun.), Sowerhj, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 428,pi. 49. fig. 4 ;Thes. Conch, fig. 71.Hah. Wide Bay and Port Curtis {Mus. Cuming) ; Port MoUe,15 fms., and Port Curtis, 0-11 fms. {Ooppinger).Although the figures respectively representing the types of M.territus and M. nubilus would not lead one to consider them thesame species, still on actual comparison such proves beyond a doubtto be the case.The shell described by Eceve is a tine specimen (alas ! like verymany of Mr. Cuming's shells, terribly spoiled by acid in cleaning),with the frondose varices weU developed. The three brown baudsso conspicuous in the young shell {M. nubilus) are only visibleon the varices in the adult. The canal is a little arcuate, nearlyclosed, and somewhat recurved, and bears three principal spines, asmentioned by Sowerby in his description of M. nubilus. Only twoare seen in the figures of M. territus, a result due to a fi'acture ofthe third in the shell figured ; but the presence of it is seen on thepenultimate varix in the same illustration. Although, ds a rule,there is but a single tubercle between the varices, yet in some specimensa second smaller one is developed. The two nuclear whorlsare smooth, convex, and reddish.

46 COLLECTIONS PEOM MELANESIA.18. Murex monodon.Soioerby ; Heeve^s Conch. Icon. figs. 21 a,b ; Sowerbi/, Thes. Conch, iv.pi. 385. fio-s. 55, 56; Kiister, Con.-Cah. pi. 10. figs. 1, 2.Mui-ex aranea, Kiener, Coq. Vic. pi. 30. fig. 1.Hah. Albany Island, North Australia, 3-8 fms, {Ooppinger) ; Dupuch'sIsland, Torres Straits {Reeve).A single specimen from Albany Island belongs to the pale variety(fig. 21 «, Con. Icon.) with a reddish-pink peristome, and has a remarkablefrond on the labrum, the second from the top, measuring55 millimetres in length. The tooth on the labrum exhibits aremarkable development in this species.19. Fusus hanleyi.Trophon hanleyi, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, p. 110, pL xiii. fig. 1.Fusus hanleyi (-£". Smith .'), Sowerby, Thes. Conch, p. 83, fig. 145.Hah. Port Jackson {Angas and Coppinger) ; Port Curtis {Ooppinger).Mr. Sowerby erroneously attributes this species to me ; the coarsenessof his figure renders it of but little use, that in the ' Proceedings'being far preferable.20. Fusus heptagonalis.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 2Qa,h; Soioerby, Thes, Conch, fig. 132.Hah. ? Port Molle, Queensland {Ooppinger).The colouring of Sowerby's figure is totally incorrect, and it is notnearly so accurate with regard to sculpture as that in the CouchologiaIconica.' This species is not always heptagonal, the number'of ribs in three cases out of four being eight instead of seven. Whenin fine condition the spiral ridges of this species are finely imbricatelyscaled by the parallel wavy lines of growth. The only specimenobtained by Dr. Coppinger is in a bad state of preservation,and of a considerably more dwarfed or stunted growth than the typeand two other specimens in the Eritish Museum. It is, however,adult, exhibiting the thickened lip and eight lirao within of an adultshell. The canal, too, is short, and the last whorl has an inconspicuouspale zone around the middle, also observable in one of the otherspecimens above referred to.21. Fusus cereus. (Plate V. fig. D.)Shell short, ovately fusiform, pale yellowish, ribbed, and transverselyscabrously lirate. Whorls about 8, the remaining sixthickened beneath the suture by a stout ridge, then obliquely sloping,angled at the middle and contracted at the base, strengthenedwith eight stout costa3, which are obliquely contiuuous up the spire,and crossed by four spiral squamose liraD, two of them aroiind thelower half of the whorls being twice as thick as the other two above,and particularly prominent upon the ribs. The last volution, in

MOLLUSCA. 47addition to these four, has about nine other equally stout liraj, exclusiveof four or five finer ones upon the extremity ; all are prettilysealed. The aperture is ovate, contracted anteriorly into a shortcanal, which is much inclined to the left. The columella is smooth,covered with a thin callus, and the outer lip is armed within withabout six coarsish liroe. Length 18 millim., width 8g millim. ; apertureand canal 9 millim. long, 3 millim. wide.Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms,22. Urosalpinx contracta.Buccinum contractum, Reeve, Conch. Ico)i. fig. 53.? Buccinum funiculatum, Reeve, I. c. fig. 61.Var. = Urosalpinx iuuotabilis, Smith, Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1879, pi. xx.tig. 32.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, 5-7 fms. {Goppinger) ; PhilippineIslands {Reeve) ; Bombay ( W. T. Blanford) ; Japan for U. innotahilis.The operculum of this species resembles that of Purpura. Thespecies is rather variable in form, the number of costs), in colour, andthe length of the basal or anterior canal.The typical form is rather longer, and has a more prolonged canalthan the variety from Japan, has more brown colouring, and anadditional longitudinal rib. All have from seven to eight elongatedenticles or lira) within the labrum, which is thickened within andwithout, and acute and crenulated along the margin.23. Tritonidea curtisiana. (Plate V. fig. E.)Shell ovate-fusiform, yellow, banded with white round the middleof the last whorl, with the ribs subaltern ately white also. Volutionsabout 8, obliquely coarsely costate, and spirally closely ridged, atrifle convex. Costse nine on a whorl, attenuated and producedalmost to the base of the last. Sj)iral lira) prominent on the ribs,four in number on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the last.A])erture small, ovate, narrowed anteriorly, bluish white. Lipthickened, furnished with about nine fine line reaching to the margin,which is dotted with dark brown between them. Columellacovered with a thin callosity, upon which rest eight or nine transversetubercles, with brown dots between them. Length 14 millim.,diam. G| millim. ; aperture with canal 7 millim. long.Hah. Port Curtis, 1-11 fms. {Coppnnger).This speciesis represented in the present collection by a singlespecimen : and it is remarkable on account of the peculiarity of itscolour, its small size, and comparative solidity.24. Columbella fulgurans, LammxlcHah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits {Coppinger).

48 COLLECTIONS PKOM MELANESIA.This species has also been recorded from several localities inNorth-cast Australia by Mr. Brazier in his account of the MoUuscaof the ' Chevert ' expedition.25. Columbella scripta, Lamarck.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, and Prince of Wales Channel,5-7 fms.C. versicolor, Sowerby, C. variegata, Menke, 0. hidentata, Menke,and C. tiyriaa, Duclos, appear to be synonymous with this species.26. Colimihella pardalina.Lamarck; Duchs, Monog. pi. 2. figs. 13, 14 ;Kiener, pi. 4. fig. 3 ;Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 75a-c.Hah. Port Molle, on the reef (Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands(Cuming).A single specimen from Port Molle is somewhat narrower thanspecimens from the Philippines collected by Mr. Cuming.27. Nassa coronata, Bruguiere.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, on the beach.A single specimen from this locality is of a uniform light browntint, with a blotch of a darker colour on the back of the bodywhorl.28. Nassa thersites, Bruguiere.Hah. Port Denison, on the beach.29. Nassa algida, var.Reeve, Cdnch. Icon. pi. 22. figs. 145 «, 6.Hah. West Island, Prince of "Wales Channel, Torres Straits (Coj)-pinger).This pretty variety is not so broad a shell as the type, almostwhite, upon which colour the rows of squarish, light brownish spotsappear more conspicuous than usual. There are nine whorls, ofwhich the two apical are smooth and convex, the four succeedingones strongly ribbed and transversely grooved a little beneath thesuture, the furrow dividing the ribs into two unequal parts. Thethree last volutions are smooth, and a little more convex than thesculptured ones above. The length is 20 millim., and the diameterU millim.30. Nassa unicolor.Buccinum laeve sinuatum, Chemnitz, Con.-Cab. iw. pp. 54, 59, pi. 125.figs. 1194, 1195.Buccinum uuicolorum, Kiener, Coq. llv. p. 60.Bucciuuui unicolor, id. I. c. pi, 19. fig. 69.

MOLLUSCA. 49Nassa (Alectrioii) uiiicolor, A. Adams, P. Z. S. \So\, p. 100.Nassa unicolorata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1 7.Nassa rutilaiis, Reeve, I. c. p. 147.Nassa Isevis, If. 4' -4. Adams, Genera Mol. vol. i. pp. 110 & 119,pi. V2. fig._7.Nassa (Zeuxis) unicolora, Kiener, Adams, I.e. p. 119.Hah. Cape York, N, Australia {Juices) ; Torres Straits {Brazier);Port Curtis and Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms, (Coppiiiijer);Sir C. Hardy's Island (Jukes).New Zealand, the locality given by Reeve for N. rutilans, isprobablyincorrect.The operculum of this species is unguiculate, curved, with a terminalnucleus and simple unserrated edges.31. Nassaria suturalis, var.Hindsia suturalis, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 183 ; Sowerhy,Thes. Conch, iii. pi. 220. tigs. 15, IG ; Kobelt,in Kiisters Con.-Cab.,Purpwacea, pi. 77. tigs. 11, 12.Iliudsia bitubercularis, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 183 j Soioerhy,I. c. tig. 5 ; Kubelt, I. c. tigs. 9, 10.Nassaria recurva, Soicerh/, I. c. tigs. 17, 18.Nassaria sinensis, Soiverbi/, Thesaurus, tigs. 8, 9; Kobelt, tig. 8.Hah. Port Darwin, North-west Australia, 8-12 fms. {Coppinger);China Sea, Philippine Islands, and Ceylon {Adams and Soiverby).A single sjiecimen from Port Darwin agrees precisely with thevariety sinensis. After a careful examination of the so-called specieswhich I have united above, I cannot detect any constant differences.The above variety I believe to be founded on non-adult shells fortwo reasons :—first, I find only six whorls, exclusive of the smoothapical ones, being one less than in the typical suturalis ; and,secondly, the aperture is larger, a result due to the less degree ofthickening of the labrum and columella. It is true that the sutureis less excavated, but this concavity is variable in specimens undoubtedlynormal. The number of costte is also inconstant, varyingfrom nine to twelve on a whorl ; in the former case, as might be expected,being thicker than in the latter. The tuberculation andliration on the columella depend for the amount of their develojimentupon age, adult shells having a larger quantity and a greater expansionof the free columellar caQosity than young specimens, but thelirae within the outer lip, wlien countable, are generally about nineiu number,32. Phos scalaroides.A. Adams; Sowerhy'' s Thes. Conch, vul. iii. pi. 221. tig. 13.Hah. Prince of "Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 9 fms, i^Coppinr/er).This form 1 cannot separate satisfactorily from P. plicatus andP. textilis, both of A. Adams ;and I am of opinion that w ere tlieE

50 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.series before me larger, there would be little difficulty in showingthe specific identit}'.The single specimen from Torres Straits is smaller than the typein the Cumingian collection, and consists of nine whorls, three ofwhich form the smooth pinkish nucleus. The brown zone aroundthe middle of the body-whorl is uninterrupted, and passes up thespire just above the suture, beneath which the whorls are alsostained with the same colour. The columella is smooth, Avith theexception of one or two elongate tubercles at the upper part ; andthe labrum is armed within with about fifteen fine lira?, running farwithin the aperture.33. Phos senticosus, var.Murex senticosus, Linn.Var. = Phos muriculatus, Gould.Var. = Phos angulatus, Sowerby.Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits(Co2:>p{n(/er) ; Port Essington, 7 fms. {Juices in Brit. Mus.).The variety muricuUttus cannot, I think, be distiuguished fromthe well-known P. senticosus, of which it has the aspect of being adwarfed form. The style of coloration is similar, and the dift'erencein sculpture is very slight indeed, not sufficient to warrant, in myopinion, a specific separation. In the British Museum I find aseries graduating from the short stumpy form of P. muriculatus tothe more graceful elongate outline of P. senticosus, the latter consistingof eight whorls, exclusive of the smooth apex, and the formerof six, other specimens intermediate with regard to length havingseven. P. angulatus appears to offer very slight differences beyondthe absence in a greater or less degree of colour.34. Purpura bitubercularis, var.Lamarck ; Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. xi. fig. 32 ;Reeve, Conch. Lc. fig. 37 ;Kdster, Conch.-Cab. pi. 31 a. figs. 3-8.= Purpura kienerii, Deshnyes, Anim. sans Vert. vol. x. p. 101.Var. = Purpura undata, Heeve (? Lamarck), Conch. Leon. fig. 43.Hab. Philippine Islands (Cuming); Port Essington (Juhes);Arakan coast {Blanford) ; Pelew Islands (Dr. King) ; Port Molle,Uueensland ( Co^^pinger).This species varies considerably in the length and development ofthe tubercles. The two small specimens from Queensland havethem short and obtuse, as represented in fig. 3 of Kiister. Someother forms, which have been described under various names, mayeventually be considered conspecific with this : such are P. luteostoma,Chemnitz, P. alveolata, Heeve, P. clavigera, Kiister, andperhaps P. bronni, Dunker. I cannot, however, agree with Tryonthat P. hippocastanum should also be classed with this species. Ishould here observe that the specimen figured by Eeeve as P. undataof Lamarck is unquestionably a variety of this species (bitubercularis),

MOLLUSC A. 51and appears to correspond with Kiener's idea of the Lamarckianshell (Coq. Viv. fol. 34, f. 81) and also with the specimen figured byKiister (Con.-Cab. pi. 23. f. 5). But whether all or none of thesefigures delineate the true P. undata appears to me questionable.However, I do not believe that the West-Indian shell which hasbeen assigned to it by d'Orbigny (Eamon de la Sagra's Hist. Cuba,vol. ii. p. 145) and those figured by Tryon (Man. Couch, f. 82, 100103, and 109) can beyond a doubt be considered Lamarck's sj)ecies.The dimensions he gives, namely 22 lines in length, exceed thoseof the West-Indian examples; nor does the description of the colour," albo et fusco-nigricante longitudinaliter undatimque picta,'' applywell to those shells, but admirably suits the specimens figured byKiister, Reeve, and Kiener. The locality, " Monte Christi, WestColumbia,'' given by Reeve for his shell is no doubt erroneous, andapplies to two others on the same tablet, considered by Cuming thesame species, but which on careful examination prove to be withoutdoubt examples of P. biserialis, Elainville { = P. bicostalis. Reeve,? of Lamarck). This species has a character not found in P. hituhercularisand its varieties, namely the oblique plications on thelower part of the columella ; and P. fasciata of Reeve, which is alsoconspecific with P. undata^ d'Orb. (non Lamk.), and P. forbesii,Dunker, also has on the columella a distinguishing character whichhas not been noticed, viz. a small brown stain, most observable infresh specimens, at the inferior end, and an oblique mark of thesame colour in a line with the raised ridge at the base of the bodywhorl.85. Purpura (Cronia) amygdala.Purpura amygdala, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 39, pi. 10. fig. 26 ;Chenu,Man. de Conch, fig. 807.Buccinum amygdala, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 60.Hah. Port Denison, 4 fms. {Coppinger) ; Home Islands, off CapeGrenville, N.E. Australia, also Moretou Bay, Port Jackson, andPort Darwin (Brazier).The operculum of this species is normally Purpuroid, althoughthe basal channel of the aperture is unusually narrower than in thegenus.36. Sistrum undatum, var.Ricinula fiscellum, Reeve (non Chenmitz), Conch. Icon. pi. 4. fig. 28.Hah. Port Darwin {Coppinger) ; Port Essington (Jiil-es in Brit.Mus.).This variety is ulso (juoted from the north coast of Australia byG. and H. Xevill (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1875, vol. xliv, pt. 2,p. 83). It differs from the typical form of this well-known s])eciesin its greater bi'eadth, in having fewer and larger nodose plications,and in the fineness and closeness of the transverse squamoseridges.E 2

52 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.37. Sistrum tuberculatum.Purpura tubercxilatum, Blamville, Nonv. Arch, clu Mvs. vol. i. 1832,p. 204, pi. 9. fig. 3.Riciuula tuberculata, Heeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 11.Purpura tuberculata, Kiener, C'oq. Vh\ pi. 5. fig. 10.Purpura gi-auulata, Duclos, Ami. Sci. Nat. 1832, vol. xxvi. pi. 2.fig. 9.? Purpura margiualba, Blamville, I. c. p. 212, pi. 10. fig. 6.Ifab. Lord Hood aud Elizabeth Islands (Cummg); Madagascarand Red Sea {Blainville) ; New Holland and the Friendly Islands{Kiener) ; Port Essington, Port Jackson, Brisbane, Japan, StewartIsland, and Lord Hood's Island (Bnt. 2Ins.) ; Port Molle and PortCurtis, Queensland {Copijincfer); Seychelles and Amirantes Islands(Dufo) ; Reunion (Deshayes) ; Mauritius (Martens).38. Latirus angustus. (Plate Y. fig. F.)Shell narrow, fusiform, of a rich brown colour. Whorls llg ; thetwo apical ones smooth, forming a bluutish apex, the rest stronglyribbed and spirally ridged. liibs a little oblique, very broad,rounded, with scarcely any interstices, not reaching the upperboundary of the whorls. Transverse lirac or ridges strong : threeprincipal ones on the upper whorls ; the uppermost, or that almostbounding the suture, a little wavy, scarcely afl:ected by the longitudinalcostoe ;the two otbers situated round the middle of thewhorls, prominent, and rather acute on the ribs ; between theseare fine thread-like lirae, generally one in each interstice. Last whorlsimilarly lirated throughout with large and small ridges. The entiresurface of the shell exhibits between the transverse lirje coarse linesof growth. Aperture small, subpyriformly ovate, brownish whitewithin, with about four slender white lirse not reaching to themargin of the labrum, which is crenulated and dotted with brownat the ends of the exterior ridge. Columella covered with a prominentbrownish callosity bearing two fine transverse plaits, one at themiddle and the other below it. Canal almost straight and nearlyclosed. Length 38 millim., diameter 9.Hab. Eitzroy Island, Queensland ( (7opjw;(/fr) ; Andaman Islands(teste G. B. Sowerby,jun.).This species may be recognized by its slender form, in whichrespect it somewhat resembles L. lancea. Viewed with the unassistedeye, the wborls appear to bo encircled by three transverseprominent liroe, of which the uppermost is nearly simple, whilstthe two inferior ones are undulate upon aud between the ribs.The specimen said to have come from the Andaman Islands, apparentlyadult, is smaller than that from Queensland, being 20 millim.long and 6^ broad, but in other respects similar.

;MOLLUSCA. 6339. Turbinella (Tudicula) armigera. (Plate V. fig. G.)Tudicla armigera, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 221 ; Kobelt,Conch.-Cali., Furpuracea, ii'i. p. 20 ; Tri/on, Man. Conch, vol. iii.p. 144, pi. 58. fig. 411.Hab. Moreton Bay {Strange) ; Port Curtis, 0-11 fms., and PortMoUe, 14 fms. {Coppinger).As the Latiu diagnosis given by Adams is defective in severalimportant points, I here give a more ample description of thisremarkable species.Shell clavately fusiform, whitish, longitudinallystreaked with reddish brown, clothed with a rather thin, somewhatfibrous, yellowish ejndcrmis. Spire short, concavely conical, obtuseand mamillated at the apex. Whorls G ; the two nuclear onessmooth, convex ; the three following nearly flat or a little concaveand sloping, angled at the lower part near the suture, bearing at theangle a series of upturned, slightly recurved hollow spines, ornamentedwith fine wavy spiral lirations both above and below theangle. Last whorl like the three preceding at the upper part, buthaving the spines, about nine in number, much longer, increasingin length with the growth of tlie shell ; body of whorl a trifleconvex, indistinctly variced or costate beneath each spine, bearingthree to five lirse armed with numerous short hollow spines, theinterstices being ornamented with two or three thread-like lirationslower part of the whorl prolonged into a straight canal occupyingabout half the length of the entire shell, bearing two obli(iue rowsof spines, those of the upper series being considerably longest : athird row is also indicated at the lower part, and the entire rostrumis obliquely lirated throughout. Aperture ovate, white or pinkishwhite. Outer lip thickened, crenulated at the margin, with abouteight lirse within. Columella covered with a large erect spreadingcallosity extending from the upper extremity of the labrura to i.helower end of the aperture, armed with three plaits, of which thelowermost is the thickest. Operculum ovate, acute at the nucleus,which is terminal, brown. Length G5 millim., greatest diam. 30.This beautiful shell was originally placed in Tudicla, one ofthose non-admissible divisions of Bolton, and subsequently a newgenus, Tudicula, was proposed by H. and A. Adams (P. Z. S. 1863,p. 429) for the reception of this and a second species, T.spinosa, alsofrom Port Curtis. A third form, T. inermis, has more recently beendescribed by Mr. G. P. Angas, presumed to have come from Singapore.All of these species have the plaits on the columella, themamillated apex, and the largely developed and prominent callosityon the inner lip as in the typical forms of Turbinella., e. g. T.pyrumand T. rapa., and differ mainly in the greater length of the canal.The operculum, too, is essentially the same ; and therefore the utilityof this generic division becomes very questionable.

54 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.40. Turbinella (Tudicula) spinosa. (Plate V. fig. H.)Tudicla (Tudicula) spinosa, H.

MOLLrSCA. 65again below this by about seventeen others, having the furrowsbetween them sculptured like those of the spire. The aperture isnarrow, brownish within, about half as long as the shell. Thecolumella is four-plaited, and the outer lip crenulated at the edges.Length 37 millim., diam. 13.Hah. Port Curtis, Queensland {Coppinger) ; island of Ticao,Philippines {Cuming).The above description has been drawn up from two specimensdiffering in certain particulars from the type, one from each of theabove localities. In the British Museum thei'e are two examplesof the typical form from Kurrachee and Bombay, presented byW. T. Blanford, Esq., by whom they were collected. The varietydiffers in having the spire ungradated, a feature giving the outline avery different form, and in having some of the upper liraa upon thelast and preceding whorls double ; both forms have that immediatelybeneath the suture more or less tripartite on the last volution, butin the variety this peculiarity extends to the penultimate whorl.42. Mitrai peasei.Dohrn, Proc. Soc. Zool. 1800, p. 366; Soxcerby, Thes. Conch, iv.pi. 357. fig. 76.Hah. Port MoUe {Coppinger) ; Australia (Dohrn).The figure in Mr. Sowerby's work of this species represents thespire too suddenly tapering, the aperture too wide, and the plaitson the columella should be less equal in size and five in numberinstead of four. The specimen from Port MoUe is not absolutelyidentical with the type described by Dohrn ; it is rather shorter,yellowish, with a white zone at the upper part of the whorls, andanother round the middle of the body-whorl. But the principaldifference lies in the greater coarseness of the spiral ridges : ofthese the upper volutions have three, the penultimate four, and thelast about twenty-four ;the uppermost beneath the suture is aduplex one, and those upon the body-whorl become gradually finertowards the anterior end. The five plaits on the columella graduallydiminish in size until the lowermost is almost obsolete, indeed inone specimen in the Cumingian collection it is entirely wanting.The grooves between the ridges are crenulated by elevated lines ofgrowth, which in the specimen from Port Molle are particularlystrongly developed.43. Mitra (Turricula) corrugata.Mitra corrugata, Lamarck ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 57 a, b ;Kiener,Coq. Viv. Yil 22. tig. 67; Sowerby, Tlies. Conch, vol. iv. pi. 354.figs. 41, 42.Hah. Port !Molle, on the beach.A specimen from the above locality, of immature growth, is peculiarin wanting the fourth small lowermost fold on the columella* usuallymet with in this species, in other respects according very closelywith the form depicted by Reeve's figure 57 h.

5GCOLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.44. Voluta volva, var. (Plate V. fig. K.){Chemnitz ?), Reeve, Coneh. Icon. fig. 24.Yoluta pallida, Grai/, Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 48.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fathoms.Typical specimens of V. volva should be uniformly of a fleshy bufftint, exhibiting the slightest indication of two bands of a somewhatdarker colour across the body-whorl ; the normal volutions shouldbe spotted with dark brown immediately beneath the suture, andstained with yellowish brown above it, and the aperture at a shortdistance from the margin of the lip should be of a lighter brown.Two specimens from Swan River, presented to the British Museumby Capt. Mangles, E.N., possess the above characteristics, but inaddition have numerous, more or less wavj'^ and zigzag palebrownish lines, most conspicuous upon the two indistinct transversezones, extending downwards from the suture, but not reticulatingin a longitudinal direction. The only specimen obtained by Dr.Coppinger, although having the labrum much broken away, stillpossesses considerable interest in that it resembles the specimensjust mentioned, but with all the tints much darkened, in whichrespect it approximates more closely to V. reticulata, Reeve ; indeedthe group of Volutes from North, North-west, and West Australiaincludes a number of species which appear to have several charactersin common, and present considerable difficulty of distinction :such are, in addition to those previously mentioned, V. tarneri,Gray, V. pra^texta. Reeve, and V. ellioti, Sowerby.45. Ranella rana.Murex rana, Linn., Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch, p. 284.Eanella albivaricosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon, fig. 2; Kohelt, Con.-Cab,p. 183 pi. 38. figs. 4, 6, 8, 9.Bursa sueusonii, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 106.Var. = Ranella subgranosa, Beck, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1 ;Co7ich. III. fig. 18; Kobelf, Con.- Cab. p. 135, pi. 39. fig. 2.= Ranella beckii, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 5, pi. 4. fig. 1.Soiverbi/yHub. Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms., rock.Other localities attributed to this species are China and Ceylon(albivaricosa) ; Philippine Islands and China (subgranosa) ; NicobarIslands {suensonii).46. Eanella pulchella.Forbes, Voyaeje of the ' Rattlesnake; vol. ii. (1852), p. 382, pi. 3.figs. 6 alb.Ranella jucunda, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 70.ffccb. North Australia (Adams); dredged in 8 to 11 fms. water,on a bottom of sand and shells, between Cumberland Island andPoint Slade (lat. 21° S., long. 149° 20' E.) (Forbes) ; Port Curtis,

MOLLUSCA. 5711 fms., and Port Molle, 14 fms. {Coppinger) ; Palm Island, CapeYork, Cape Grenville, Darnley Island, &;c. (Brazier)."The two embryonic whorls of this pretty species are smooth,glossy, and very convex. The colour of the fresh specimen fromPort Curtis is light yellowish brown, with a dark brown band atthe upper part of the whorls immediately beneath the suture. Theoperculum is ovate, rather acuminated below, concentrically striated,with the nucleus near, but not at, the lower extremity.47. Natica (Lunatia) plumbea.Natica plumbea, Lamarck, Philippi in Kilster^s Con.-Cab. p. 61, pi. 8.figs. 3, 4 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 34 a, b.Natica strangei, Reeve, I. c. figs. 81 a, h.Exemplum distortura= Natica leucophaea, Reeve, I, c. figs. 51 a, b.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, on the shore {Coppinger) ; CapeUpstart, and from north of Cape Hillsboro', N.E. Australia, crawlingon sand- or mud-banks at low-water mark {J. B. Jukes in Brit.Mus.) ; Port Essiugton (Capt. Wiclcham, E.N.) ; Brisbane Water(Strange) ; New South Wales (Angas), &c.48. Natica limpida. (Plate V. fig. L.)Shell subglobose, thinnish, semitransparent, whitish, somewhatnarrowly unbilicated, glossy, sculptured with fine lines of growth.Spire small, culminating in an obtuse apex. Whorls 3|, veryconvex, rapidly increasing, separated by a simple linear suture,beneath which there is a narrow opaque-white margin. Aperturerather more than semicircular, narrower above than at the lowerpart. Columella slightly oblique, straightish or only feebly arcuate,a little thickened, somewhat expanded at the upper part, and joinedto the extremity of the outer lip by a thin callosity. Outer lip(viewed laterally) a trifle oblique, and exhibiting near the suturea small shallow sinuation. Umbilicus rather narrow, without anyinternal ridge. Operculum unknown. Length 8 millim. ;greatestdiameter i), smallest 6^.Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits,7 fms.This may prove eventually to be the young state of the species,a supposition partly based upon the larger size of the nuclear whorlsand partly upon the thin semitransparent character of the shell.49. Natica (Mamma) columnaris.Natica columnaris, Rech(z, Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 19 a, b.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, 9 fms. (Coppinger) ; PhilippineIslands (Cuming) ; Ceylon (E. W. H. Holdsworth iji Brit. Mus.).

58 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.50. Natica (Mamma) cumingiana.Natica cumingiana, Eecluz, Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 13 fi, h ;Philippi,Con. -Cab. p. 47, pi. 7. fig. 5.Var. = Natica powisiana, Itechtz, Reeve, I. c. figs. 22 a, b; Fhilippi, I. c.p. 4G, pi. 7. fig. 4.Var.=Natica draparnaudi, Recluz, Journ. de Conch, vol. ii. pi. 5. fig.11 ; Reeve, I. c. figs. 44 a, b.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland.The only specimen from this locality is half-grown, white, with abroad and gradually enlarging band of a rich brown colour roundthe body-whorl, with another narrower yellowish one beneath thesuture, and a third, also of a yellowish tint, bordering the carinacircumscribing the umbilicus ; this is less open than in the adultshell figured by Reeve.51. Eulima martinii, var.A. Adams, Thes. Conch, pi. 109. fig. 5; Sotverby, Conch. Icon. fig. 6.Shell elongate-pyramidal, slightly recurved and laterally flexuoustowards the apex, white, rather transparent behind the varices(perhaps due to the youth of the specimen), which are in a singleoblique series from the labrum upwards. Whorls very slightlyconvex, eleven remaining in the single shell under examination,which may not be full-grown ; apical ones broken off. Outlines ofthe spire for the most part rectilinear, but a little contracted nearthe summit, thus giving the shell a somewhat club-shaped appearance.Last whorl broad, indistinctly obtusely angled at the periphery.Aperture pyriform, oblique. Outer lip prominent near themiddle, feebly sinuated above. Columella arcuate, thickened witha reflexed callosity which joins the upper termination of the labrum.Length 19 millim., diam. 7 ; aperture h\ long, 3^ wide.Hah. Warrior Reef, Torres Straits, on a bottom of pearl-shells(Avieida marr/aritifera) {Coppinger); China Sea (Âdams); DarnleyIsland, Torres Straits {Brazier).This is as broad a shell as E. martinii of A. Adams, and is solelydistinguished by the greater height of the whorls. Having butone specimen (and that probably not adult) to base an opinionupon, it would be unwise to hold it distinct on account of thissingle difference. Sowerby gives the locality of this species " St.Helena," which is unsupported by any authority and almost certainlya mistake.52. Strombus campbelli.Gray, Griffith's An. Kim/., Moll. pi. 25. fig. C ; Sotverby, Thes.Conch, pi. 6. figs. 22, 23 ;Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 45 ; Chenu,Manuel, tig. 1600.Hah. Port Denisou (4 fms,). Port Molle, and Friday Island,

.;MOLLUSCA. 69Torres Straits (Coppinger) ; Cape Grenville, North-east Australia(15 fms.), and Long Island, Torres Straits {Brazier).The operculum is narrow, deeply and acutely serrate on onemargin, smooth on the other, and has a raised ridge running fromthe smaller end almost to the opposite extremity.53. Terebellum suhulatum, Lamardc.Hah. Flinders Is., Clairmont Is., North-east Australia, 11 fms.{Copjjinge^-),54. C3rpr£ea arabica, Linn.Hah. Port Molle coral-reef.55. Cyprasa lynx, Linn.Hab.Port Molle coral-reef.Hah.Port Molle coral-reef.56. Cyprasa annulus, Linn.57. Cypraea errones, Linn.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland (Ooppinger) ; New South Wales,rare ! {Angus)The only example of this species from the above locality is ofunusually small size. It is only 19 millim. in length and 10 i wide.58. Cypraea walkeri.Gray, Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 50 a, b, &c.Hab. Flinders Is., Clairmont Is., North-east Australia, 11 fms.,sand and mud {Coppinger); Philippine Islands {Sowerby, Thes.) ;Palm Island and Cape Grenville, North-east Australia, also DarnleyIsland, Torres Straits {Brazier).59. Ovnla (Radius) angasi.Ovulum angasi, Adams, Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 43 a, b.Volva angasi, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, p. 207,Hab. Port Curtis, 11 fms., sand and shell bottom {Coppitiger)Port Curtis {Reeve) ; Watson's Bay, New South AVales, on a branchof red Gorgonia, amongst the rocks at extreme low water {Angas).In the brief description in the Conchologia Iconica ' ' one ortwo important characters are not noticed. The dorsal surface ofthe shell towards both ends is very prettily sculptured in anoblique direction with fine wavy strife, as indicated in the figurein the above work, the waviness being due to the fine transverselines of growth. The colour is white, more or less transparent.

60 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.with the extreme tips tinged with orange or pink. The ventralsurface is peculiarly humpy near the middle, owing to a considerabledeposit of callus. Figure 43 a represents the dextral outlinerather too prominent, and both this and fig. 43 b delineate the shelltoo broad and the outer lip too thick.60. Littorina scabra.Linn., Philippi's Ahbild. vol. ii. p. 221, pi. 5. figs. 3-7 ; Reeve, Conch.Icon. figs. 21 a-d.Hob.Thursday Island, Torres Straits, in mangrove-swamps.61. Littorina filosa.Soioerly, Genera Rcc. 8f Foss. Shells, fig. 5 ; Heere, Co7ich. Syst.pi. 212. fig. 5 ; Conch. Icon. figs. 24 a-c; Philippi, Ahhild. vol. iii.pp. 46 & 55, pi. 6. fig. 4, and pi. 7. figs. 1, 2.Hah. Eoko Island, Endeavour Strait, North Australia, in mangrove-swamps.62. Littorina mauritiana, Lamarclc(Var, diemenensis.)Hah. Port Jackson {Ooppinrjer).This species is very variable in size, the difiêrence in this respectbeing the only distinction between the typical form and the varietynamed L. diemenensis by Quoy and Gaimard {vide Philippi's excellentmonograph of this genus in the Abbild. und Beschreib. neuer'Conch.' vol. ii. p. 195). L. antipodum of Philippi (?. c. pi. 4. fig. 2)and L. acuta of Menke are also small varieties. The EuropeanL. neritoides of Linn. ( = Turho cceridescens of Lamarck) is consideredthe same species by Mr, Tenison-Woods (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, vol. iii. pp. 65-72) ; but this determination, I think, requiresstill further substantiation, and I rather incline with Philippi toretain that form as distinct. Littorina siczac is a well-knownWest-Indian species, but is also recorded from the Ked Sea andKangaroo Island, South Australia, by Philippi, who remarks that itis scarcely separable from L. mauritiana, with the exception ofcolour and, in most cases, a slight difference in the transverse striation(?. c. p. 165). Mr. Tenison-Woods believes it to be only avariety, but at the same time is not prepared to assert this positively.He also fails to see any specific difference between this shelland L. africayia (Krauss), Philippi. I should here point out that theshell figured by Keeve (Conch. Icon. figs. 37 a, b) is not the truePhilippian species, but merely L. mauritiana ; and consequently ifMr. Tenison-Woods based his opinion upon that figure he is certainlycorrect. L. africana is compared by its author with L. neritoides,from which it is said to differ in sculpture, form, and the columella.

;MOLLUSCA. 61The L. Jcevls of Reeve is also L. viaiir'itiana, and quite distinct fromthe L. Icevis of Philippi (?. c. vol. iii. p. 10, pi, 6. fig. 6), which isalso from the Mauritius. L. unduJata of Gray is also considered avariety of L. mauritiana by Mr. Tenison-Woods (l. c. p. 72) ; buthere I think he overstrains the power of variation. Besides thedifference in form and colour, the violet columella and sculpturereadily distinguish that shell. In adopting the Lamarckian nameL. ccfndescens, even supposing the Mediterranean and Australianshells were the same species, I think Mr. Tenison-Woods is wrong,considering what is said upon this point by Philippi (op. cit. vol. ii.p. 166), Hanley ('Ipsa Linnsei Conchylia,' p. 326), Jeffreys, andothers.63. Risella lutea.Trochus luteus, Quo)/ Sf Gaimard, Voij. Âstrolabe,'' vol. iii. p. 271,pi. 62. figs. 8-11 ;'Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 38. fig. 2.Trochus cicatricosus, Jonas, rhilipprs Ahbild. pi. 2. fig. 2.Bembiciiim hiteum, Philippi, Zeitsch. Mnl. 1846, p. 132.Risella lutea, Philippi, Kiider's Con.-Cah. p. 4, pi. 1. figs. ], 2.Risella kielmannseggi, Zelehor, Jêrhandl. zool.-botan. Gesellsch. Wien,1866, vol. xvi. p. 913 ;Voy. Novara,' ' pi. xi. figs. 11 a-d.Hah. Port Jackson, Port Denison, Port Curtis, and Port Molle(Coppinger).This genus has been suppressed by Mr. Tenison-Woods (Proc.Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1879, vol. iii. p. 61); but, in my judgment,it may be retained with advantage as distinct from Littorina. TheTrochoid form and flattened base of the species is not approached inthat genus, and the character of the columella is very different.According to Mr. Tenison-Woods there is but one species ot Risellain Australia (H. melanostoma of Gmelin), under which name heincludes fifteen varieties or species, which have been named anddescribed by Lamarck, Quoy, Gray, Philippi, and others.Although the separation of many species or constant local formsseems impossible, we must not therefore ignore their existence.Riaella bruni is a South-Australian shell, and does not attain anything like the size of several of the other species, e. g. R. nana,R. mdanostoma, and R. imhricata. Although it might be possibleto get together an immense series of specimens which would unitestep by step the two most extreme forms, nevertheless the R. hruniwould still remain the small species from South Australia, and theother, the R. imhricata from Sydney, Port Stephens, &c., would alsobe recognizable as such.I am far from admitting the validity of all the described speciesbut there are some, I think, which may be retained, at all events,with conv.'nience. It is not my intention now to discuss this subjectfurther, but, in conclusion, will call attention to Philippi's monographof the genus, w^hich has been altogether overlooked by Crosse(Journ. de Conch. 1864) aud by Tenison-Woods ; it was publishedin 1853 in Kiister's Conchylien-Cabinet,' and 'contains the following

.——62 - COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.species, not mentioned by the above authors R. Jimbriata,:JR. flavescens, R. grisea, and R. plicatula. Another species whichhas also escaped attention is the Trochus melanostoma of Reeve(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 185 ; Conch. Sjst. vol. ii. pi. 218. fig. IG).This is the same as RiseJla fimbriata of Philippi, which I thinkshould be regarded as a large form of R. melanostoma, Gmelin ;andwith this species I would also unite R. fiavescens and R. pUcatida ofPhilippi. Dunker has also described a species from Sydney underthe name of R. crassa, which appears to be remarkable on accountof a thickened channelled lip (Mai. Bliit. 1861, vol. viii. p. 42).R. Jcielmannseggl, Zelebor, is the R. lutea, Quoy, of which R.imbricata may be a variety. The two following species resembleRisella in form, but have the concentric multispiral operculumof Ti'ocJms, from which they are distinguished by their non-pearlyapertures Trochus tantillus, Gould, and Risclla isseli, Semper.The Tectarhis luteus of Gould, Risella infracostata, Issel, R. parvula,Dunker (?= tantillus), and Trochus conoidaUs of Pease willprobably have similar opercula ;these four species differ fromRisella not only in the operculum, but in being narrowly perforated.The statement with regard to Risella aurata being themale of R. nana (although both are hermaphrodite) made byMr. Tenison-Woods (Proc. Linn, Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. i. p. 244),and that " cdl breed freely with one another," seems to me to requiresome further corroboration. He himself hesitates to assertpositively that either of these two forms are incapable of reproducingtheir own kind, " for there are many places on the coastwhere no species can be found except the variety now known asR. aurata." This, in my judgment, proves that that species at allevents is self-propagating ;yet Mr. Tenison-Woods says thatspecimens of this species kept in glass jars for a few weeks did notbecome fertile. Experiments miide for so short a time are far fromconclusive, especially when made under such artificial conditions.64. Eissoina clathrata.A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18-51, p. 265; Schwartz von Muhrenstern,Denkschrift. Akad. Wissenschaft. Wien, 1861, vol. xix. pt. 2, p. 154,pi. vi. tig. 49 ;S^nith, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xii. p. 553.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. {Coppinger) ; PhilippineIslands {^Cuming) ; var. minor, from the Caroline Islands (J.Brazier)The specimen obtained by Dr. Coppinger is of a yellow-waxcolour, faintly tinged with rose towards the apex and at the aperture.It has the upper whorls broken off, the remaining four anda half measuring 10 miUim. in length. The figures in KUster'a'Conchylieu-Cabinet,' pi. iv. figs. 12, 13, do not give the faintestidea of this species, and probably represent another.

'MOLLUSCA. 0365. Rissoina curtisi. (Plaie Y. fig. M.)Shell elongate, thick, white, very coarsely cancellated. Numberof whorls unknown, the apex being broken off ; the remaining fourare obliquely sloping at the upper part, and, with the exception ofthe last, biangulated at the sides, the angles being caused by theprominence of two spiral liraj upon the longitudinal costse. A thirdlira is seen at the base of the whorls at the suture. The costoe areabout fourteen on a whorl, about as thick as the transverse ridges,and nodulous at the points of intersection. The body-whorl hasfive spiral lir?e, the lowermost being separated from those above bya broad smooth furrow, in which the costas are almost obsolete.Aperture obliquely subovate, rather widely channelled in front.Columella oblique, covered with a thin callosity, which at the baseforms the sinistral side of the canal. Labrum much thickened exteriorly,acute at the margin, and (viewed laterally) is produced tothe left at the front part.Probable length about 7 millira. ; actual length of remaining fourwhorls 5| millim., width 2g.Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms.This species might be considered a dwarfed, strongly cancellatedform of 11. clathrata ; it is less slender, has fewer and stouter costse,and the spiral lirte are also thicker and two in number upon theupper whorls exclusive of those at the suture, whilst in the speciesreferred to there are three. The outer lip is much thickened andthe aperture rather more contracted.66. Cerithium morus.Lamarck, Am'ni. suits Vert, ed, 2, vol. ix. p. 302 ; Kiciier, Coq. Viv.p. 52, pi. 15. fig. 1 ; Soiverby, Thes. Conch, figs. 159-161 ; id. Conch.Icon. tig. 42.Var. ^ Cerithium moniliferum, Dvfresne, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 49,pi. 16. fig. 3; Sowerhy, Thes. figs. 163, 165 ; id. Conch. Ic. fig. 20.Var. = Cerithium carbonarium, Sowerhy (non Philippi), Conch. Icon.fig. 59.Uab. Philippine Islands (Cttminr/) ; Samoa Islands (Hev. S. J.Whitmee in Brit. Mus.) ; Port Jackson, 7 fms. ; Friday Island,Roko Island, Endeavour Strait, and West Island, Prince of WalesChannel, Torres Straits (Coj>2ringer) ; Dungeness Island, TorresStraits (Brazier) ; Hall Sound, New Guinea {Brazier).The small group of species to which C. moms belongs, includingC. tuherculatum of Linnaeus as defined by Hanley (' Ipsa LinnaîConchylia,' p. 276, pi. iv, fig. 4), C lemniscatum, C. breve, and C.variegatam, Quoy and Gaimard, O. petrosum and 0. riigosum ofWood (non Lamarck) =G.patiens, Bayle, C. moniliferurii,~K\ei\cr, G.gemma, C. purpurascens, C. bifasciatum, C. pupa, and C. nigrofasciatumof Sowerby, is very perplexing, owing to the great similarityin sculpture of the various species.1. C. tuherculatum, to which I unite as varieties C. variegatam,

64 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.C. pupa, and C. petrosum, may be recognized in all its forms by theoblique varix on the back of the body-whorl, a feature not found inC. morns and C.patiens ( = 7-iif/osum). The typical form and thevariety G. variegatum are pupit'orm, having the sjiire acutely conicaltowards the apex and the last whorl scarcely broader than thepreceding one. The granulations appear to be never in more thanthree rows on the upper whorls, but on the penultimate a fourth isfrequently, but not always, observable adjoining the lower suture.The bodj'-whorl has normally seven principal series of granules ;bub in many instances the minor or intermediate series attain aslarge a size as the principal ones, when the number of rows may benine to a dozen or even more. The variations in colour are considerable: normal specimens are whitish varied with black, brown, andwhite tubercles.The var. variegatuyn is irregularly blotched with light or darkbrown, and some specimens are almost entirely of a uniform darkbrown (Couch. Icon. fig. 41 a). Another has a light brown band immediatelybeneath the suture and a second broader one at the baseof the body-whorl, as in C. p?

;MOLLtrsCA. 65Cop])ii)ger at Port Jackson are like fig. 59 in the Conch. Icon. (C. carhonarium,Sow. non Phil.), but a little narrower, and those fromAVest Island in Torres Straits are of a peculiar short stuntedgrowth.3. O. patient, Bayle, = C. rugosum, Wood (non Lamarck), ofwhich species C. breve, Quoy and Gaimard, appears to be a variety,may be only a form of C. moras ; still there is a character aboutthe coarse ribbing and granulation and the blotchy irregularity ofthe painting which seems to demand their separation. Besides,M!M, Quoy and Gaimard state that the animals present certaindifferences.In conclusion, I should observe that the C.taherculdtum of Sowerby(Conch. Icon. figs. 21 a, b) is a peculiarly coloured specimen of thisspecies (C. patiens) ; also that the shell figured as G. bornii (Thes.fig. 175 ; Conch. Icon. fig. 26) is the true C. carbonariam of Philippi,fig. 59 of the Conch, Icon, not representing the latter species, butmerely, as already stated, a form of C. moras.C. tuherculatum, as defined by Lamarck and Kiener, is a commonRed-Sea species, which has been named C. cteruleum by Sowerby(Thes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 860, pi. 179. figs. 61, 62).67. Cerithium nigro-halteatum. (Plate V. fig. N.)Shell elongate, pyramidal, white, banded with brownish blackabove the suture, around the middle and base of the last whorl.Volutions about twelve, constricted above at the suture, longitudinallystrongly costate and spirally ridged and sulcated. The costceare prominent, about nine in number on the upper wliorls, somewhatinterrupted by the depression beneath the suture. The spiral ridgesare rather prominent upon the costae and unequal in thicknessthere are about four principal ones and several smaller interveningones. On the body-whorl (in the single specimen under examination)the costse are rather finer and about eleven in number—one, alittle stouter than the rest on the left side, extending to the baseand forming a lateral varix, the others becoming obsolete a littlebelow the middle, where the whorl is somewhat angnlated and concavebelow the angle. The transverse principal lira) number aboutsix, of which the two lowermost are granulous, white, and situatedbetween the dark base and the zone above the middle. The lowerpart of the whorl is finely concentrically striated and lirate. Aperturebroadly suboval, oblique. Basal canal short, oblique, slightlyrecurved. Columella obliquely arcuate, blackish. Labrum thickenedby the last costa, grooved and lirate within. Length 15 millim.,diameter 6.JIab. Prince of AYales Channel, 5-7 fms.This species is readily recognized by the peculiarity of its colours,the depth of the sabsutural dcpi'ession, and the concave base of thelast whorl.

66 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.68. Cerithium torresi. (Plate V. fig. 0.)Shell elongate-pyramidal, white, blackish towards the apex,ornamented with transverse series of dark-brown dots upon thelira) between the longitudinal granose costte. Whorls 11, veryslightly convex, separated by a deejîsh suture, costate and transverselylirate, the points of intersection of the ribs and ridges beingdeveloped into prominent white nodules. The spiral lirai whichbecome nodulous are three in number in the upper whorls, theuppermost being situated close to the suture, the next a little abovethe middle, and the lowermost below it, but more remote from thesuture than the uppermost. In addition, there are one or moresimple thread-like lines revolving between the granulous ridges,which arc also articulated with brown. The body-whorl has abouteight principal transverse ridges, of which the three uppermost arethe thickest, the two next rather finer and also granulous, thethree remaining ones being still more slender and more feeblynodulous. The longitudinal ribs are about twelve on a whorl, oneof them being swollen or varicose. The last varix on the bodywhorlis situated on the left of the aperture ; this is small, obliquelyoval, terminating anteriorly in a short, oblique, and ver)^ slightlyrecurved canal. The columella is considerably arched, white,covered with a thin callosity, developed at the upper part into anelongate ridge which runs within the aperture. Labrum varixedexternally, also thickened a little within and shallowly grooved,the grooves corresponding with the external ridges. Length l-ikmillim., diam. 5 ; aperture 4| long and 2| wide.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms.69. Cerithium (Colina) macrostoma.Cerithium macrsotoma, Hinds, Voi/. 'Sulphur,' p. 27, pi. xvi. figs. 11,12 ; Stnoerhy, Thes. Conch, pi. 184. fig. 219 ; id. Conch. Icon, figs.U8a,b.Var. = Colina pupiformis, A. Ada7ns, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1853, p. 17G,pi. XX. tig. 14 (enlarged).= Cerithium pupEeforme (A. Adams), Sowerhy, Thes. Conch.vol. ii. pi. 184. fig. 221 ; id. Conch. Icon. figs. 122 a, h (bad !).Var. = Colina costata, A. Admns, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 86.= Cerithium costiferum, Sotcerby, Thes. Conch, vol. ii. pi. 184.figs. 222; id. Conch. Icon. figs. 117 «, b.Var. = Colina pygmaea, H, Adams, P)-oc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 308,pi. 19. fig. 19.Ilab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms. {Coppinrn'r) :Straits of Macassar, 11 fms, (Hinds); Damaguete, PhilippineIslands (Cuminf/ for C. pupifonnis) ; Philippine Islands {Cumingfor C. costata) ; Borneo (//. Adams for C. pygmcea).The above-named and so-called species I believe to be merevariations of one and the same shell. Compare the extreme forms(C. macrostoma and C. pygmcea), and one perceives a vast differencein outline and the number of whorls ; but even here several featuresin common will be fgund, namely the spotted expanded outer lip,

MOLLTTSCA. 67the oblique pale brown stripes on the narrowest extremity of thebody-whorl, the longitudinal more or less nodulous costoe subobsoleteon the last whorl, and the transverse striation and lira). Thenumber of whorls seems to vary very considerably in the ten specimensunder examination, and the apex of the spire appears to beinvariably broken off. When this has occurred the animal closesthe top with a smooth, shelly, spiral callosity, and it becomesa matter of uncertainty how many whorls may have been lost.This will account for the great difference in the number oi remamingvolutions in the following specimens :—No. 1 (the type of C. pygnuvafrom the collection of the late Henrj^ Adams) has six and ahalf normal whorls left ; Nos. 2, 3, and 4 have seven each, 5 and 6have eight each, No. 7 has nine. No. 8 ten, No. 9 eleven, andNo. lU has twelve. The number of whorls represented in thefigures of C. macrostoma are not reliable, as fig. 12 representsseventeen, whilst fig. 11 (evidently taken from the same specimen)exhibits but fifteen. The costa) are also somewhat vai'iable innumber and prominence, but invariably become more or less obsoleteon the contracted body-whorl, where, being crossed by the spiralsulci, they present the granular aspect described by A. Adams in hisdiagnosis of G. costata. The outer lip, which is very liable to bebroken away, is expanded, thickened but not varixed, grooved externallyand spotted with red lines, which for the most part fall inthe grooves referred to. Within it is smooth, and in full-grownspecimens exhibits a slight tubercular prominence, above which asmall sinus is observable, close to the suture.70. Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) fasciatura.Cerithimn ftisciatiira, Brug., Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 20. figs. 1-1 c;Suwerby, Conch. Icon., Vertagus, figs. 9 a, 9 h.Ilah. Friday Island, Torres Straits.The young specimen from this locality is very like Sowerby'afigure 9 h, but the lower part of the last whorl is white entirely.71. Cerithium (Rhinoclavis) vertagus.Cerithium vertagus, Linn., Kiencr, Coq. Viv. pi. 18. fig. 2.Vertagus vulgaris, Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. p. 228; Adams,Genera, i. p. 285, pi. 30. figs. 1-1 c.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, and Friday Island, Torres Straits,on the beach.72. Cerithium (Khinoclavis) koclii.Cerithium kocbi, Philippi, Ahhild. iii. pi. 1. fig. 3; Sowerhy, Thes.Cmich. vol. ii. pi. 176. figs. 13-15 ; id. ifi Reeve's Conch. Icon., Vertagus,figs. 26 a, h.Ilah. Red Sea (MacAndrew) ; East Africa (Philijipi) ; Mauritiusi^Mobius) ;Amirantes Islands, at Poivre Island in 20 fms., and He

68 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.des Roches in 13 fms., also Friday Island and Prince of WalesChannel (5-7 fms.), Torres Straits {Goppinger) ;Zebu, Philippines(Mas. Cuming); Nagasaki (LischJce) ; Matoza Harbour, Japan,6 fms. {Capt. St. John).73. Cerithium granosum.Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 4. fig. 3 ; Soiocrhij, Conch. Icon. fig. 73.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits {Coppinger);{Brit. Mus.); Red Sea (Kiener).Port Essington74. Cerithium novse-hoUandiaB.A. Adams ; Soivei'hy^s Thes. Conch, vol. ii. pi. 178. fig. 54 ; Beeve,Conch. Icon. fig. 30.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, Prince of Wales Channel, andFriday Island, Torres Straits {Coppinger); Cape York, Mud Bay,N. Australia {Brazier).75. Lampania australis.Cerithium australe (Q. Sf G.); Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 8. fig. 2.Hah.Port Curtis.76. Pyrazus sulcatus, Bom.Hah. Thursday Island, Poke Island, in mangrove-swamps (Coppinger); Dungeness Island, Torres Straits (Brazier).Hah.77. Telescopium fuscum, Schumacher.Eoko Island, Endeavour Straits, in mangrove-swamps.78. Siliquaria anguina, Linn.Sowerhy, Conch, Icon. figs. 7 a-1 c.above locality belongs to the pur-Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms.The single specimen from theplish-rose variety of the species,79. Siliquaria ponderosa.Morch ; Sowerhjs Conch. Icon. pi. 2. fig. 3.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, and Prince of Wales Channel,Torres Straits, 5-7 fms.80. Narica cancellata.Chemnitz ; Ercluz, Mar/, de Zool. 1845, pi. 119 ; Sowerhy, Conch. Icon.figs. la,b (Vamkoro).Hah. Port Molle, 12-20 fms. (Coppinger); Moluccas and Lord

MOLLUSCA. 69Hood's Island (i?^t7»r) ; Oomaga Reef {Juices) ; Mauritius (J/fl7-«(?/is) ;Home Islands, off Cape Greuville, N.E. Australia, and DarnleyIsland, Torres Straits (Brazier).With this species If. cidaris and N. petitiana have very closerelationship, and, indeed, at present I cannot appreciate their pointsof distinction.81. Nerita chrysostoma.Recluz ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. iv. figs. 18 a, b.Hab. Friday and Thursday Islands, Torres Straits, and EndeavourStraits, N. Australia {Coiypinger) ; Philippine Islands {Cuming).\yith this species should probably be united N, Le guillouana,N. savieana, N. longti, N. aurantia (all of Recluz), and N. funiculata,Reeve.82. Nerita melanotragns.Nerita atrata, Reeve {nun Chemnitz), Conch. Icon. figs. \Qn,b; Hrdton,Mamial 3Ioll. New Zealand, p. 89 ; Anr/as, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,p. 175 ; op. cif. 1867, p. 212.Nerita nigra {Quoy Sf Gaimard), Graij^ DieffenhacNs New Zealand,vol. ii. p. 240.Hah. New Zealand, common in the north, not found south ofWellington (Ifutfon) ; Australia and Tasmania {Hutton) ; PortJackson {Coppinger, Angus., Sfc); Norfolk Island {BrencJiJeg)',Raoul or Sunday Island, Kermadec Islands {McccGiUivray, Voy.of H.M.S. Herald '')•I am inclined with Deshayes * and Martens f to consider the shellfigured by Reeve not the N. atrata of Chemnitz. That authordescribes both lips as white, whereas the species figured by Reevehas the outer lip remarkably margined with black. Besides, thelocalities quoted in the Conchylicn-Cabinet,' namely the coast of'Guinea and the West Indies, do not support Reeve's identification.It is not, however, improbable that the Nerita mentioned byChemnitz in the concluding paragraph of his description ma}- havebeen the N. atrata of Reeve, for he states it to have been boug htfrom the South Seas by one of the expeditions under Captain Cook.I cannot find any species described by Quoy and Gaimard underthe name N. nigra quoted by Gray in Dicffenbach's work, althoughthey figure the animal only of a Nerite noirdtre in the Voyage de'I'Uranie et la Physicienne.' The shell of that species they do notdescribe, on account of its bad condition. The N. punctata, Q. & G.,from the Mauritius is placed as a synonym of the present speciesby Mr. Angas (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 175); but that species Iconsider perfectly distinct, being probably the same as the N. nigerrimaof Chemnitz as figured by Reeve, which varies to a considerableextent in the amount of white dotting. Tlie spire of N. punctatais described as "fojii'f.ra, prominenti."' The aperture is said to be* Anim. sans Vprtcbre.'

70 COLLi:CTIONS FROM MELANESIA." blanche, quelquefois un pen jaunutre, avec des 2^^^s en arriere,"and the oiêrculum is " rougeatre." None of these features arepresent in iV. melanotragus ; its spire is scarcely raised above thelast whorl, the labrum is margined with intense black, the columellais white and destitute of the " plis en arriere," and the operculumis flesh-coloured, marked with two arcuate purplish-blackstripes. Not finding any name which can be retained for thisspecies, I have imposed upon it that of N. melanotrafjiis, beiugdescriptive of the black labrum. The name JV. nigra appears in the' Conchylicn-Cabiuet,' and was given by Chemnitz to another species.If such were not the case I would have applied it to tins species, aswas done by Gray to specimens brought home by Dr. Dieffenbachfrom New Zealand.83. Nerita costata.Chemnitz ; Reeve, Conch, Icon. figs. 6 a, h.Hah.N.E. Australia, beach.84. Nerita lineata.Chemnitz ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 13.Hah. Straits of Malacca {Chemnitz)', Port Essington and PhilippineIslands {Reeve) ; Port Molle, 12-20 fms., and Port Curtis, inmangrove-swamps above high -water mark {CopjpvKjer).85. Nerita squamulata.Le Gillou, Revue Zool. 1841, p. 344 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. G3 a-f.Hah. Port Curtis, Port Denison, Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms., on a rocky bottom {Goppinger) ; Singapore and PhilippineIslands {Reeve) ; Samoa Islands {Brenchley) ; Pelew Islands {King).^Q.Nerita sigiiata.Maclcay ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. x. figs. 44 a, h.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits, in mangrove-swamps.One small specimen, obtained at the above locality, has the ridgesof a blackish colour articulated with creamy white, the intersticesbeing of a dirty white colour.87. Turbo concinnus.Philipjn, Con.- Cab. p. 44, pL xi. fig. 6 (published in Lief. 65 in theyear 1847).=T. articulatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 39 (1848).Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, on a coral-reef {Goppinger).The operculum of this species is solid, convex, more or less palegreenish, coarsely granular, especially near the outer margin, andexhibits a slight, obliquely arcuate depression extending trom thecentre to the opposite or inner side.

MOLLUSCA. 7188. Trochus (Isanda) coronata. (Plate V. figs. P-P 2.)A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 189, & 1854, pi. 27. %. 5 ; GeneraRec. Moll. pi. 46. fig. 2 Chonn. Man. Conch, fig. 2G1G.;Var.=I. lepida, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 190.Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms., and Priday Island, Torres Straits, outhe beach {Goppinger) ; South Australia {Caming).With the exception of differences in colour and the height of thespires, there ajjpears to be little or no sufficient reason why the twoabove-named forms should be specifically separated. The subangulationof the body-whorl, said to exist in /. h-jrUia, is very slight andequally present in /. coronata. The types of the latter are describedas being ornamented with white transverse lines and brown spots,arranged in transverse series and having a broad white band at thesutures. This band is not in fiict at the suture, but just below thecoronation of the whorls, the latter portion and the channelled topbeing coloured like the greater part of the shell. This stylo ofpaintiiig is far from constant. Two specimens presented to theBritish Museum by A. Adams, Esq., lack the conspicuous whitebaud, but have the entire surface covered with oblique, slightlywavy, pinkish-brown stripes, resting upon a pinky-wJiite ground.A single specimen dredged by Dr. Coppinger at Port Curtis exhibitsthe typical coloration, with the exception of having a second whitetransverse zone just below the periphery of the last volution.Another example from Friday Island more nearly resembles thevariety previously mentioned ; but the oblique stripes are lessregular, being more interrupted and in the form of spots.Mr. Adams describes the inner lip of this genus as " straight,forming an angle with the outer lip." This description is scarcelyaccurate. All the specimens which I have examined have thecolumella a little oblique, slightly incurved at the upper part andmiddle, and then prominent anteriorly, terminating in an indistinctsubtruneation, or, in other words, it is subnotched at the base at thetermination of the double series of tubercles surrounding the umbilicus.It is very slightly expanded and connected with the upperextremity of the outer lip by a thin callosity (which is subtubercularin adult shells) upon the whorl close to the end of the columella.The aperture has a thin coating of nacre, which in worn shells isnot very apparent.89. Trochus (Calliostoma) speciosa.Ziziphinus speciosus, A, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 38 ;Conch. Icon., Zizyphiuus, sp. 9, figs. 9 a, h.Peeve,Hah. Port Curtis, Queensland, 1-\\ ims,. {Coppinger) \ MorctonBay {Mr. Strange).In form this species a])proachcs 7'. couitus of Phi]ij)pi, whicli,however, in addition to difference in colour, does not possess thepeculiar smooth orange-yellow callosity at the umbilical region so

;72 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,characteristic of T. speciosus. ZizipMnus comptas, A. Adorns, is adifferent species from that described hy I'hilippi, and has since beendescribed by Souverbic under the name of T. poiqnneli.90. Trochus (Calliostoma) decoratiis.Trochus decoratus, Philij^jn, Con.- Cab. pi. 13. fig. 1.Zizyphinus decoratus, lieeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 28 ;A. Adams, Proc.Zool. Sac. 1851, p. 1G5.Hah. " ? " {Pliilippi) ; Brisbane waters, East Australia ( i?reve)Sj'duey and Port Jackson {Coppinger and Lieut. A. Smith, li.N.).The interior of the aperture of this species, close to the outer andbasal margin, is thickened ^îth a whitish and more or loss cloudypearly deposit, which conceals to some extent the beautiful iridescenceobservable further within.91. Trochus (Calliostoma) rubropunctatus.Ziziphinus rubropuuctatus, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 1(37Reeve, Condi. Icon. fig. 56.Hah. ? {Adams t|' Reeve); Albany Island, F. Australia, in3-4 fms. on a muddy bottom, and Port Darwin, ^.W. Australia,8-12 fms. {Coppingtr).This is a most charming little species, and readilj' recognized byits peculiar painting and remarkable sculpture. Adams describesthe colour as " lutescens." I should rather consider it pale fleshypink, with dark red dots in the interstices between the obliquecostre and the transverse or spiral ridges. The latter are said to befour in number on the last whorl ; but on careful examination I findsix, of which four are, however, more prominent than the rest.The tipper volutions are encircled by three principal liroe, and afourth secondary one at the suture. The points of intersection ofthese spiral ridges and the oblique costse are produced into quiteacute nodules or prickles. The base of the shell is almost flat,ornamented with about six concentric liroe, which are more or lessgranulous, with the interstices exhibiting strong lines of growthand translucent nacre. The colour closely approaches the rest ofthe surface, varied with brown dots both upon and between thegranules.92. Trochus (Thalotia) torresi. (Plate VI. fig. A.)Shell sharply conical, subperforated or with the perforation concealed,greenish (sometimes pinkish red), with oblique white narrowstripes and darker green (or rosy black) spotting at the base of thewhorls and iipon the angle of the last. Volutions about 8, flat,margined at the lower part with two rows of closely packed granulesrather more prominent than five others above. Between these, inwell-preserved specimens, very fine lira? (one in each interstice) andoblique lines of growth are discernible. Last whorl rather acutelyangled at the periphery, beneath with about nine concentric rows of

MOLLUSC A. 73granules alternating with others very much finer, having smallerand subobsolete tubercles. The aperture is obliquely subqnadrate.Columella a little arcuate at the upper part, white, retloxcd overthe white umbilical region and subtrnncate anteriorly. Height12 millim., diam. Dg ; another specimen is 13 high, and 12 inwidth.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits.There are two varieties of this pretty species, which may betermed the green and pink. The foimer is represented by fourspecimens in the Museum (three belonging to the Cumingian collection)and the latter by two, which fact, however, can hardly boaccepted as indicating the relative abundance of the two forms.In the green variety the base in three out of the four examples issomewhat pinkish, radiatcly streaked with white, whilst in thefourth specimen it is green with irregular strcalss and has a moretessellated aspect. The perforation is small, and may either be concealedby a thin callosity or remain open.This is a smaller species than T. fra[/u7n (Phil.), has more numerousgranules (of which there are. Jive instead of four rows, besidesthe basal girdle), and intervening fine lira; are generally to be metwith on the spire, which are wanting in Philippi's shell. I shouldalso observe that the columella of T. fragum, judging from thefigure, is less incurved than in this form.93. Trochus (Monilea) lifuana. (Plate VI. figs. B, B 1.)Fischer, Journ. de Con. 1878, vol. xxvi. p. G3.]\Iouilea lifuana, Fischer, I. c. 1879, vol. xxvii. p. 30, pi. 3. fig. 5.Trochus lifuauus, Fischer in Kiener^s Coq. Viv. p. 3S8, pi. IIG.fig. 4.Shell suborbicular, only slightly elevated, moderately thick, narrowlyumbilicated, spirally lirate and striated throughout, andmarked with rather distinct lines of growth, pinkish white, variedwith large brownish blotches and transverse lines articulated withwhite and dark purplish brown. Whorls 5^-6, convex, separatedbj' a deepish suture. Last whorl compressed, convex and concentricallystriated beneath, obtusely subangled at the periphery. Spirenot much elevated, having slightly convex outlines. Umbilicusnarrow, perforate to the apex, margined with a thickened spiralwhite or spotted callus and furnished with a second more elevatedone within, which termimites on the columella in a lateral j'ellowishprojection. Aperture quadrat ely subcircular, oblique, only thinlynacreous within. Columella oblique, arcuate, thickened by the endsof the two spiral callosities of the umbilicus and slightly reflcxed.Outer lip (viewed laterally) obliquely excurved above the peripheryand broadly siniiated beneath. Height 6| millim. ;greatest diameter9, smallest 7|.Hctb. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms.The colouring in the two specimens from this locality is verysimilar, differing only in the amount and size of the blotches, which

74 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.have a somewhat radiating disposition on the spire. Eoth speciineushave a series of small patches around tlie periphery of the bodywhorland a second below it on the under surface. They are considerablysmaller than those described by Pischer, but may not befull-grown ; this is probably the case, as the umbilicus is moreopen than in the shells from Lifu. The whorls also exhibit little orno trace of an angle above the middle.94, Trochus (Monodonta) labio.Linn., Pkilipjn in Kiister^s Cun.-Cah. p. 166, pi. 27. figs. 1-3, & pi. 44.fig. 8. .Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits {Coppinger); Daruley Island (Brazier).95. Trochus (Labio) zebra, Menhe.Hah. Port Jackson (Coppinger Sf Angas).This species is the T. tceniatus of Quoy & Gaimard, 1S34 (notT. tceniatus, Wood, 1828), and Lahio porcata of A. Adams is only aslight variety.Philippi (Con.-Cab. p. 160) is inclined to consider T. zehra merelya variation of T. constrictus, and possibly he is correct ; still I thinkfurther evidence is requisite in order to place this supposition beyonda doubt.Specimens of this species are in the British Museum from N.E.Australia, Port Jackson, Port Phillip, Tasmania, and New Zealand.96. Trochus (Perrinia) elisus.Trochus elisus, Gould, ProcBost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1840, vol. iii p. 92 ;Otia Conch, p. 57 ;Wilkes, Explor. Exped. Moll. p. 178, Atlas,pi. 13. figs. 216-216 c.Thalotia elisa, Goidd, Otia, p. 245.Hah. Port MoUe, Queensland, 12-20 fms. {Coppinger); Singapore(Gould) ; Island of Capul, Philippines, on the reefs at low water(Cuming).The two specimens of this beautiful species from Port Molle arepeculiar in having four spiral lira; instead of three upon the upperwhorls, and those beneath the periphery of the last rather finer thanin the Philippine examples. The deep suture and the character ofthe sculpture rather suggest Perrinia than Thalotia as the sectionfor this species.97. Trochus (Euchelus) atratus.Turbo atratus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3601.Trochus atratus, Philippi, Conch.- Cah. p. 174, pi. 27. fig. 14.^Monodonta canaliculata, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. no. 20 ; Dekssert,Pecueil, pi. 37. fig. 1; Quay Sf Gaimard, Voy. Astrvlahe, pi. 64.figs. 21-25 (as Trochus).

—MOLLUSC A. 75Euchelus deuigratus, //. Sf A. Adams, Gen. Heo. Moll. i. p. 418,pi. 47. figs. 6-06.Var. = Monodonta sulcifera, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Sac. 18-)1, p. 175.Yar. minor = Euchelus bruimeus, Adams i^- Angas, MS.? in Mus.Cuminy lij' Angas.Hah. Port Molle and Port Curtis, Queensland {Copinnger).This species varies considerablj' in size and colour. The tj'picalforra, as figured by Philippi, is a small strong shell of a black-browncolour, the spiral gvanulous ridges being articulated with yellowishwhite. The columellar tooth is well developed ; the aperture smalland strongly sulcate within, especially at the base. Another formis considerably larger, having a total length of 25 millim. In thisvariety, which is generally of a lilac-black colour, paler between theridges, the articulation u2)on the latter is less conspicuous, the toothon the columella smaller, the aperture more slightly sulcate, and thewhole structure of the shell proportionally thinner than the typicalform. Monodonta sulcifera is a light-coloured variety, with verylittle articulation or spotting, and of immature growth. Thisaccounts for the words "labro tenui " and "columella ad basin trisulcata' in Adams's diagnosis. The latter feature is not stronglymarked even in the type, and in the adult shell it becomes obliteratedby the deposition of callus and nacre. Euchelus hrunneus,which appears to be a MS. name attached to shells in the Cumingiancollection and to a series presented to the British Museum byMr. G. F. Angas, is a dwarf variety, and with the exception of size(10 millim. in length) agrees in all respects with the normal form.The following is the geographical distribution of the species :Nicobar Islands {Chemnitz); Tonga-Tabou, Vanikoro (Quojf) ;Kingsmill Island, Timor, Plores (Martens) ; New Guinea, FijiIslands (Brit. 3Ius.); N.E. Australia, Torres Straits and PortEssington (large var. in Brit. Mus.) ; Eoebuck Bay, North Australia(var. sulcifera) ; Moreton Bay (Angas) Snd Sydney (Mus. Cuming)for var. brunnea.98. Bankivia (Leiopyrga) picturata. (Plate VI. figs. C-C 2.)Leiopyrga picturata, H. ^ A. Adams, Ann. Sf Mac/. Nat. Hist. 1863,vol. xi. p. 19; Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 181, 1867, p. 216.Hah. St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia (Angas) ; MiddleHarbour, Port Jackson (Angas and Coppinger) ; Stuart Island, NewZealand (G. Traill).This is a very pretty species, presenting variations in colouringvery similar to those of the common E. varians. The form originallydescribed by Adams is whitish, ornamented with fine undulatinglongitudinal red-brown or pinkish lines, which, at the sutures andat the periphery of the last whorl, are darker and assume theappearance of spots.Another variety has the middle of the whorls encircled by a plainnarrow zone, without the scries of spots at the periphery of the last.

76 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Messrs. Adams described these spots as being " round '' in thespecimen they examined ; in those before me they are ratherangular, being the zigzag turn of the longitudinal lines. A thirdvariety has a pale band round the middle of the last volution whichfalls at the lower part of the upper ones, the upper portion beingpinkish or closely lincolatcd with pink. The lower half of the bodywhorlhas a broad pinkish band beneath the cent ralwhite one, whichis succeeded by a narrower plain zone, which in turn is followed byanother fine pink one.A fourth form, with the exception of the upper part of the spireand the umbilical region, is of a uniform greyish violet.The largest specimen is twelve millim. long, and consists ofeight whorls. The spiral sulcation and ridging is much more developedin some specimens than others. In the largest there is quitea strong keel near the base of the upper whorls, which graduallydiminishes upon the last. In others the whorls are almost smooth,with the exception of the base of the last, which invariably presentsa few sulci circumscribing the narrow umbilicus. The presence ofthe latter peculiarity and the very slight difference in the columellado not appear to me sufficient characters to separate this speciesgenerically from Banlcivia. The general form of the shell, itstexture, and the style and variation of painting are the same. Otherpoints of resemblance are the thickening or margination of the whorlsat the suture, the striation or sulcation of the base of the last, thenon-pearly aperture, and finally their geogi'aphical distribution.A second species (?) of the section Le'wpiinia has been brieflydescribed by A. Adams (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 507) from Port Essington,under the name of L. cingulata. It presents similar variations incolouring as in the other species, and, indeed, might even be consideredanother form of it with the carinations and lirae more pronounced.99. Stomatella cancellata.Kmuss, Siidaf. 3IoU. p. 93, pi. 5. fig. 26 ; A. Adams in Sotivrhy'sThes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 836, pi. 174. figs. 6-9 ; Soicerby, Conch.Icon. figs. 13 a, b.Hah. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope (Krauss) ; Islands of Boholand Luzon, Philippines (JIus. Cumim/) ; Prince of Wales Channel,Torres Straits, in 3-4 fms., and Port Curtis {Coppinger).100. Stomatia rubra.Lamarck; A. Adams in So7cerhys Thesaurtts, vol. ii. p. 842, pi. 175.figs. 53-56 ; Genera Rec. Moll. pi. 49. figs. 9-9 h (animal) ; Soiverby,Conch. Icon. figs. 8 «, 6 ; Danker, Index Moll. 3Iar. Japon. pi. vi.figs. 11-13.Ilnh. Philippine Is.' (Ch/h?'/)//) ; Korea (^4. ^c7.) ;Port Essington,7 fms., mud (Jukes in Brit. Mus.); Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., mudand sand {Coppinger).

MOLLUSCA. 77101. Haliotis (Teinotis) asinina, Linn.Hah. Port Molle on coral-reef.A single jouiig specimen was collected, having but five perforationsopen. Tlie two nuclear whorls are fleshy pink and smooth,and the radiating ridges are beset with fine granules alternatelytilrquoise- blue and scarlet.102. Dentalium javanum.Sowerbi/,Thes.Conch. vol. iii, p. 102, pi. 223. fig.l2 ;Conch. Icon. fig.l4.Hab. Java (Sowh.) ; Malacca, coarse sand, 12 fms. (Cuming inBrit. Mus.) ;Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., sand and mud {Coppinger).This species is very nearly related to D. octogomun of Lamarck.The eight ridges are conspicuously acute, the interstices beingflattish, and marked only with cross lines or striae of growth. Thecolour of this shell is white, varying to pale green.103. Scutus unguis.Patella unguis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 12G0(part.) ;Ilanley, IpsaLinn. Condi, pi. 3. fig. 4.Hah. Flinders and Clairmont Islands, N.E. Australia, 11 fms.{Coppingi;r), also Thursday Island.For full synonymy of this species I would refer the reader to apaper by the author on this genus in the 'Journal of Conchology,' vol. ii.pp. 252-264. The animals from the above locality are yellowish or,buif, copiously blotched and stained irregularly with blackish grey,104. Fissurella jukesii.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 45 (only half-growu).Juv. = F. fimbriata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 104.Hah. Port Darwin, N.W. Australia {Coppinger) ; Port Molle,Queensland (Jid-es).•This species may be recognized by the elevated squamous characterof the radiating ridges, which are more or less tinted with pale rose.In the young state the apex is more conical than in older shells, andthe foramen (as is usually the case in immature specimens of thisgenus) is more central.105. Fissurella singaporensis.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 100, 101.the sole of the foot being of a uniform buff tint. The shells are ofthe same width (13 millim.) ;but one of them is 2o millim. long, theother only 23|, which gives to the former a more elongate appearance.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, coral-reef, Port Curtis beach, andPort Darwin, N.W. Australia, 8-12 fms. (dead) {Coppinger) ; Singapore{Reeve).This form is allied to F. ticaonica, but may be separated on

78 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.account of its more central and differently shaped foramen, wliich islarger, wider, and broadly ovate. The more median position of itconsiderably alters the contour of the shell.Beeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 108.106, Fissurella quadriradiata.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland {Coppinger) ; Island of Negros,Philippines {Ciiminq).The single specimen from Port Molle is rather more elevated thanthe type from the Philippines, but a second example from the latterlocality has an equally high elevation. The Australian shell is18 millim. long, 11| broad, and 10| in height. The typo has thesame length and vridth as the preceding specimen, but is only 8millim. high.F. ticaoiiica, Peeve, is rather more elongate than this species, hasfiner radiating costfE, the foramen is rather more anterior andcircumscribed with the exception of the posterior end by a narrowdark olive line, which is more or less visible on the exterior. F.quadriradiata is not always four-rayed, but may be altogether whiteor have the costse, principally the larger ones, spotted with oliveand flesh tints. However, judging from the few specimens underexamination, where rays are present, thej' appear to be of thenumber and in the positions depicted by Peeve.107. Chiton jugosus.Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Ned. Hist. 1846, vol. ii. p. 142 ; Tf'ilkrs'gKrplor.Edpc'd. p. 317, fig. 430 ; Ofia, p. 3,& p. 242 (C. Lophyrus j.).Chiton conceutricus, Beeve, 1847, Conch. Icon. pi. 16. fig. 95.Hah. New South Wales {Gld.) ; New Zealand {Reeve); PortJackson {Coppinger, Angas, and Rev. R. L. King) ; Newcastle {Dr.Diejfenhach in Brit. Mus.).Confirmation of the New-Zealand locality of this species is stillwanting.108. Chiton (Ischnochiton) curtisianus. (Plate YI. fig. D.)Shell oval, flatfish, of a dirty dark greyish colour, having a conspicuousblack broadish line from end to end down the middle of theback, with a pale one on each side of it, and with the mantle patchedalternately light and dark, irregularly granulated throughout.Valves arched, not carinate at the vertex, with very indistinctlateral areas, exhibiting strong concentric lines of growth, especiallyconspicuous at the sides and anterior margins. Front plate wellcurved anteriorly, the posterior margin being broadly sinuafed.Second plate longer than the other intermediate valves, slightlyincurved on each side, the central outcurved point in front, ratherpeaked in the middle of the hinder edge. The third, fourth, fifth,sixth, and seventh valves are very short in comparison with theirwidth in proportion as 1 is to 3. The jugal sinus is large and

MOLLUSCA. 79arciiate. Last valve of a narrow acutely elliptic form, with themucro probably near the centre. Interior of the plates greenishblue, stained dark brown in the middle. Lamina of insertion in thefroi]t plate with about ten notches at unequal distances, leavingdifferent-sized teeth between them, which are striated on both sides,but more strongly externally, their edges being sharp, but notsmooth. The central plates have a single minute notcli on eachside, the insertion-lamina being comparatively smooth on the uppersurface and marked with a small brown spot on each side againstthe edge of the valve. Tail-plate much thickened within along theposterior edge, which is roughened by fine cross stria^, there beingno prominent teeth, and of course no notches. Mantle-margincovered with small subimbricating oval granules. Length withoutmargin 10 millim. ; width of fourth plate 9.Hab. Port Curtis (Cojypiiir/e)-).The granules of the surface have an irregular concentric disposition,following to some extent the lines of growth.109. Chiton (Ischnochiton ?) adelaidensis.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 123.Uah. Port Molle, Queensland {Coppinfjer) ; Port Adelaide {Reeve).The entire surface of this species is minutely granoscly reticulated,the front valve, the lateral areas of the narrow central valves, andthe hinder area of the posterior are in addition somewhat irregularlyradiately sulcate. The prevailing colour is pale greenish, streakedand dotted with red, the posterior margin of the valves being palerthan the general tone of the shell, and conspicuously spotted withthe same red colour. The grains of the mantle are smooth, arrangedin alternate greenish and reddish patches, and individually have adark spot generally on the outer side, which is only seen undera lens ; those near the valves are considerably smaller than thosesituated towards the edge of the girdle. Having parted the valvesof one of the specimens I find the front one has the margin ofinsertion divided into seventeen unequal, squarely cut, slightlycrinkled, sharp-edged teeth, of which the two outer on each side arethe largest. The sixteen slits between the teeth are very small andshallow. The second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth valves haveon each side a single very small narrow central notch, from which agroove or depression runs to the apex of each valve ; the seventh isprobably abnormal, having a single notch on the right side and twoon the left, and the terminal valve has nineteen similar slits.110. Chiton (CallistocMton) antiquus.Chiton antiquus, Heeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1G9.Callistochiton sarcophagus, Carpenter, MS. in Coll. Cuming.Hab. Australia (lleeve) ; Port Molle, Queensland {Coppinger);Port Jackson, rare (Anr/as).Reeve's figure of this species is much enlarged, the type shell

80 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAN-ESIA.being only 14 millim. in length. The number of radiating ridgesin the terminal valves varies considerably : the type has ten inthe front one, and nine in the posterior ; the single specimen fromPort Molle has the same number in front, but one less behind ; athird example has seventeen anterior and sixteen posterior ones.The central valves are arched, but exhibit a carina at the vertex.The two radiating costae are sometimes more or less double at theouter ctrxemities. The longitudinal thread-like lira3 are rathergranular through being connected with the still finer cross raisedlines ; they are fairly regular upon the greater part of the surface,but down the centre form an irregular network, not unlike thereticulation of a thimble. The interior of the valves is for the mostpart pale greenish white, but towards the straight posterior marginof the central ones a buff tint prevails. The lamina of insertion inthe front valve is divided (a single specimen only has been examined)by eight minute notches into nine subequal squarely-cut curvedteeth, together forming a festooned semicircle ; from each slit afeeble groove runs to the vertex corresponding to an external rib.The central valves have a single notch on each side immediatelybeneath the termination of the anterior of the two external ridges.The lamina is turned outward at this point and also at the otherrib, forming a little festoon. The last plate has nine notches, onecorrespoudiijg to each rib, with a single (probably unusual) exception,where there are two. The vertex in this valve is central. Thescales of tlie girdle are excessively minute, densely crowded, hardlyvisible under an ordinary lens, and in alternate Hght and dark patches.111. Chiton (CallistocMton) coppingeri. (Plate VI. fig. E.)Shell elongate, greenish white, stained with a dark green colouralong each side near the girdle, with a paler indistinct stripe oneach side of the central line, the apex of the valves being somewhatlivid. Central valves with a straight posterior margin, arched, withonly the faintest indication of a carina at the vertex. Lateral areassomewhat raised, with two radiating rows of coarse transverse rugae,of which the hinder or marginal are the largest. The surfacebetween them is finely granular. Central areas convercd with amore or less criss-cross granulation, the granules at the centre beingvery minnte, and gradually increasing in size towards the sides,where there is very little of the criss-cross arrangement seen at thevertex, but rather a longitudinal disposition of them. The frontvalve is minutely granulated and has about twenty fine radiatingridges, here and there some of them bifurcating near the circumference.Posterior valve rather large, concave behind the subcentralmucro, in front of which the surface is sculptured in the samemanner as the front of the central valve, as is usual with most, ifnot all, Chitons. The posterior half is finely grained and sparselycovered with pustules of different shapes and sizes, the coarsestbeing near the margin and the smallest near the centre. The insertionalplates are thin, with twelve slits in the last, at unequal

;MOLLUSCA. 81distances, eleven in the front one, and one on each side of the intermediatevalves. The interior is pale blnish, the latter valves havingan olive-brown stain radiating from the vertex behind on each side,and the two terminal valves have marks of the same colour near themiddle.The girdle is covered with altcrnateh" pinkish and dark greyishpatches of fine oval compressed imbricating scales, of which thosetowards the outer margin are much smaller than those near thevalves.Length without girdle 21 millim. ; diameter of fifth central 2)late 8.Hab. Port Jackson {Co2)phu/er).This species is closely allied to C. avtiquus, but is diff'erently andmore finely sculptured and the scales on the mantle are larger.112. Chiton (Acanthopleura) spiniger.Chiton spiniger, Sowerhy, Conch. III. fig. 08; Reeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 7o; Gray, 1857, Giiide Moll. Brit. Mtis. p. 184 (Maugeria)|; Ball,Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 80 (Acanthopleura).Chiton granatus, Reeve, Condi. Icon. fig. 24.Chiton macgillivrayi, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1855, p. 120.Acanthopleura glareosa, MS. in Mus. Cuming.Maugeria owenii. Gray, (ruide Moll. p. 184.? Chiton borbouicus, Deshayes, Moll, de Reunion, p. 37, pi. v. figs.12,13.? Chiton piceus, Reeve {non Gmelin), Conch. Icon. fig. 70.= Chiton obesus, Shidtleworth, Bern. Mittheil. 1853, p. 79.? Chiton cunniughamii, Reeve, I. c. fig. 18.Hcih. Philippine Islands (Cuminr/) ; Port Essington (Jnl-es);Port Molle and Clairmont and Bird Islands (Cojipinr/er) ; Piji, forC. macgillivrayi.The specific difference, if it exist, between the West-IndianC. piceus of Gmelin and C. spiniger is not very apparent. On closecomparison I find that the central valves of the former are as a rulemore peaked posteriorly, the colour within is bluish, with a conspicuousmark, almost black, at the jugal sinus. On separatingthese valves the greatest diameter is found to exist at the posteriormargin, the lamina3 of insertion narrowing in front. On the contrary,in C. spiniger the greatest width is across the lamina; anteriorto the lateral notch. There appears to be very little difference inthe insertion-teeth of the first and last valves of these two forms.113. Chiton (Acanthopleura) incanus.Chiton incanus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. ii.p. 145'; Otia,'' pp. 6, 248 (Maugeria) ;Wilkes's Explor. Krped.p. 315, figs. 432, 432 «.Hab. New South Wales (Gould); Port Jackson (Coppinger)Stewart Island, New Zealand (C. Traill, Esq., in Brit. Mus.).Externally this species bears considerable resemblance to 0. sjnniger,both as regards the sculpture of the valves and the characterG

82 COLLECXIOJrs FROM MELANESIA.of the girdle. On parting the valves a feature is at once discoveredin the posterior one wliich enables us to distinguish the species :in this the margin is very much thickened within, of a dark browncolour, smooth, flattened, and destitute of teeth, whilst in C. spinigerthe latter are strongly developed and coarsely striated. The colourof the interior also differs : C. incaniis is stained with dark brown,the centre of the valves exhibiting a large defined black-brown markover the jugal sinus, the lamina) of insertion being whitish. Thecentral valves have a single, very small slit on each side, and thefront one has about nine : the former, with the exception of theseventh, are broadest across the posterior margin, as is also the casein the closely allied AYest-Indian C. piceus, whilst in 0. spinigerthe greatest diameter is across the laminae of insertion in front ofthe notch. The jvigal sinus appears to be rather deeper than in thehitter species. The specimens from IStewart Island, presented tothe British Museum by Mr. C. Traill, agree in allrespects with thisspecies ; the form, sculpture, and the insertion-plates are quite thesame.114. Chiton (SchizocMton) incisus.Chiton incisus, Soiverby, Pi'or. Zvol. Soc. 1841, p. Gl ;Reeve, Conch.Icon. fig. 43.Chiton elougatus, Reeve, I. c. figs. 40 a, b.Schizochitou incisus, Gray, Proc. Zoo/. Soc. 1847, p. 169 ; Shuttleworth,Bern. Mit.theil. 1853, p. G8 ;H. Sf A. Adams, Genera Rec.Moll. vol. i. p. 477, pi. 54. figs. 6, G a.Hah. Island of Zebu, Philippines {Cuming); Raines Island,Torz'es Straits (Lice) ; Clairmont and Bird Islands, N.E. Australia(Coppinger).The mantle is thick, of a somewhat spongy texture, alternately buffand dark brown, the latter colour falling opposite the middle of thevalves and forming interrupted irregular narrow stripes. The spinesupon it are very short, scattered, and of two colours, brown andwhite. The raised ridges, generally six in number on the terminalvalves, but sometimes varying to seven or eight, and two on thecentral ones, are remarkable in being studded with minute blackishbeads. The longitudinal fine ridges are peculiarly flat-topped,those on the central areas being straight, whilst on the lateral areasand the front valve they are wavy or zigzag. The lamina of insertionin the front valve is thin, externally striated, with six notchescorresponding to the radiating costa?. on the outer surface. In thecentral valves the lamina is considerably produced in front, with asingle small slit on each side : in the last valve it is thickenedposteriorly, interru])ted in the middle by a large sinus, is coarselystriated on the o,utside, and is slit in thiee or four places. The interiorof the valves is greenish, staiiicd with brown in the middle.

M0LLU8CA. 83115. Chiton (Macandrellus) costatus. (Plate VI. fig. F.)Acaiitliochites costatus, II. Adams *^- Angas, Froc. Zoo/. Soc. 1864,p. 194 ; Anffas, I. c. 1807, p. 224.Macaudrellus costatus, Z>«//, i)"«//. U.S. Nat. Mas. i. p. 81, fig. 40(dentition).JIab. Port Jackson {Angas and Coppinger).The single specimen before me, preserved in spirit, shows thegirdle to be of a pale buff colour, thick, fleshy, the outer marginbeing delicately ciliated with a minute fringe of white spicules.The tufts of spicules arc seven in number along each side, and foursurrounding the front valve. The middle of the central valves isoccupied by a raised, transversely substriated flattened ridge, on eachside of which the surface is granulated or rather squamose, thescales being flat, imbricating, rather large, and disposed in ratherregular series. The lateral areas are well defined by a raised keel.The front valve has five radiating costte, and apparently the samenumber of slits in the thin lamina of insertion, of which the threecentral are quite distinct, and the two outer ones only feebly indicated.The single notch on each side the intermediate valves isalso very slight. The posterior valve has a raised, somewhat excentricand pointed mucro, from which six more or less distinctradiating ridges descend to the margin, beneath which the laminaof insertion is scalloped by a similar number of notches.116. Chiton (Acanthochiton) ashestoides. (Plate VI. fig. G.)Shell small, greyish brown, with a pale line on each side themiddle of the central valves, slightly converging behind, leaving adark wedge-shaped space between them. Surface covered with acoarsish granulation, the granules being somewhat flattened, andthose at the vertex of the central valves rather smaller than therest. The lateral areas are not defined in these valves ; the posteriorcurved margins are produced in the middle, at times almost forminga right angle ; their insertion-plates are large, thin, produced anteriorly,with a very slight notch quite close to the hinder margin oneach side ; the sinus between them in front is deep and arcuate.The first valve has a straighter posterior margin than the succeedingones, and a semicircular outline in front ; the lamina of insertionis rather deep, thin, feebly striated exteriorly, and interruptedby five very small subequidistant notches. The last valve is conspicuouslysmall, transversely subovate, depressed-conical, with anearly central mucro ; insertion- plate very large, laterally produced,with only two notches behind. Interior of the valves bluish.Mantle very minutely spinulose, bearing very conspicuous compacttufts of silky spicules along the sides, not at all unlike in their fibroustexture that of asbestos. Length 15 millim., width of the broadestcentral valve 5|.Hah. Flinders Island, Bass's Straits {Joseph MiUlgdn); PortMolle, Queensland [Coppint/cr).g2

;84 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,The single specimen from the latter locality is rather more coarselygranulated than those from Flinders Island, which have been examinedby the late Dr. P. P. Carpenter, and bear his manuscriptname ashestoides.117. Chiton (Tonicia) fortiliratus.Chiton fortiliratus, Reeve, Couch. Icon. fig. 112.Hub. Port Darwin, 8-10 fms., sand and mud {Coppinger) ;Raines Island, Torres Straits {Reeve).The single specimen collected by Dr. Coppinger is of a greyishpinkcolour, copiously blotched with black along the sides of someof the valves. The head-plate is regularly well-curved forward,rather high, the posterior margin being obtusely angled in themiddle. The inserted edge is much thickened, coarsely striatedexteriorly and on the broad margin, and divided into nine unequalparts by eight short narrow slits. The exterior surface is coarselysubsquamately granulated throughout, and exhibits numerous minuteblack raised dots, disposed in rather irregular radiating series. Thesecond valve is long in comparison with those which follow, feeblypeaked behind ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth plates are about equal inwidth and a trifle broader than the third and seventh. All the intermediatevalves are \ery coarsely ridged and sulcated on the centralareas, and coarsely grained and minutely black-dotted at the sides.The ridges are flat-topped, clean-cut, nearly smooth, attenuatedposteriorly, wavy, converge on each side towards the front, and theintervening grooves are finely punctate. All have the hinder marginnearly straight, and but very feebly pointed at the posterior apex.The laminaD of insertion of these valves are thin, narrow at thesides, moderately deeply sinuated in front, strongly striated abovein rear of and for a short distance in froijt of the single minutelateral slit on each side. The posterior valve is strong and thick,obtusely mucronated at the centre, very coarsely striated and serratediipon the thickened inserted margin, which is subdivided byabout ten distinct notches. The interior of the valves is light lividbluish, with a reddish stain along the middle of all, with the exceptionof the last. The mantle, as described by Reeve, is simply" horny." Length without girdle IS millim., diameter of fifthvalve 9.The type is a larger specimen, being 24 millim. long, with an extremewidth of 13.118. Chiton (Chitonellus) striatus.Cbitonellus striatus, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. ed. 2, vol. vii. p. 481Sowerbif, Gen. fig. 4; id. Conch. III. tig. 62 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 4; Conch. Syst. pi. 135. fig. 1.Chitonellus oculatus, Reeve (? of QuoiJ), 1. c. figs. 7 a, b.Var. = Chitonelkis gunuii, Reeve, fig. 5.Chitonellus rostratus, Reeve, tig. 6.

;MOLLUSC A.Cryptoplax striata, frunnii, rostrata, Adams, Genera,Angas, Proc. Zool. Sue. 18G7, pp. 224, 225.85vol. i. p. 434'-T^tk T?QiTi£»a Tala-nrl HPrwroc ftfvoifc / 7?/j/?irz3Hab. Raines Island, Torres Straits (Beeve, fnT* for f) C. rostratus andC. striatus), Port Lincoln (J. B. Harvey), Newcastle {Dr. Dieffenbach),Port Jackson {Coppinger, Richardson, Juhes, King)— all inBrit. Mus. ; Hinders Island (./. MilJigan) ; Tasmania {Reeve,C. gunnii) ; Tasmania {Mucgillivray and Gunn, in Brit. Mus.).The variety gunnii, from South Australia and Tasmania, may berecognized by the valves being narrower, with the exception of thefirst two. This form also appears to attain a larger size than specimensfrom New South Wales and other localities further north. Aspecimen in spirit, from the mouth of the river Tamar, Tasmania,presented to the British Museiim by J. Macgillivray, exceeds fourinches in length. The mantle of the southern form also appears tobe rather less densely covered with the minute conical spines. Thenumber of gills on each side varies with age, and even in individualspecimens : I have found 30 or 31 on each side in specimens ofequal size from both regions— that is, north and south ; and in thelargest specimen before referred to there are 37 on the right sideand 34 on the left, and there is no appearance of any having beenremoved. The plates of insertion offer no distinctions, each havingthree slits in the front valve and none in the rest, as is the case inall Chitonelli. The colour both of the valves and mantle seems toagree very closely in all the varieties, The 0. rostratus of ReeveI cannot in any way distinguish from the shells figured by him asLamarck's C. striatus, and the same observation also applies to hisnotion of Quoy's 0. oculatus. What the latter may in reality be isan uncertainty to me at present, for I cannot identify any specimenin the British Museum with it.119. CMton (Chitonellus) burrowi.Chitonellus larvseformis, Reeve {non Burrmv), Conch. Icon. fig. 3.Hab. Port Molle {Coppinger) ; Port Adelaide {Reeve).This curious species is known by the small size of the valves, theremoteness from one another of the fourth, fifth, and sixth, and theexcessively short and densely packed spines on the mantle. Thesingle specimen in spirit, from Port Molle, is of a buff colour,copiously mottled with green : this accords with a specimen (alsoin spirit) mentioned by Reeve, collected by Capt. Belcher in theStraits of Macassar.The dried specimens are greyish, more or less rose-tinted.The sculpture of the valves is very like that of 0. striatus, consistingof a central smoothish ridge, with two or three finer and moreor less wrinkled ones on each side, the front valve of course beingwrinkled throughout and lacking the central smooth ridge. Theyare yellowish at the mucro or posteriorly, and pinkish red in front.The plates of insertion are like those of C. striatus, and of a palegreenish colour.

86 COLLF.CTI0NS FROIT MELANESTA,C. larvcpformis (Blainville), in Burrow's Elements ' of Conchology'(1815), p. 191, pi. 28. figs. 2, 3, 4, is not this species assupposed by Reeve, but is beyond question the same as G. fasciatusof Qnoy, = G. ernfciformis, Sowerby (Genera Hec. & Foss. Shells,fig. 5),= C Icevis, Lamarck, 1819 (Anim. sans Vert. toI. vi. p. 317).The crude figure of G. larvcfformis in Blainville's ' Malacologie '(1827), pi. 87. fig. 6, is probably also merely a young specimen ofthe same species, judging from the sculpture and form of thedetached valves. In the drawing of them m situ on the back of theanimal, the anterior ones are rather narrow. The valves figuredby Burrow are still preserved in the British Museum ; but I caunotfind the dried animals or that in spirit which he mentions.Blainville's figure represents the mantle as clothed with comparativelylongish spines, and the gills extend nearly halfway up the sideof the foot. In G. burrowi, on the contrary, the gills are very short,do not occupy a third of the length, and are only 22 in number.G. oculatus of Quoy and Gaimard I believe to be a young stateIn the British Museum there are some smallof their G. fasciatus.specimens of this species which answer very closely to the description; they have the two dark bands meeting over the back, theposterior valves narrow and separated, and the three anterior onespale greenish and surrounded by a border of short black spineswith a pale zone outside it. The other spines on the mantle in thesmallest specimen are a trifle longer than usual and very closelypacked. The gills are said to number twenty on each side inG. oculatus, being three less than in G. fasciatus, a discrepancyaccounted for by age ; for in adult specimens of C. striatus I find afew more than in the young.120. Tornatella solidula.Linn. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 3 a, b.Vâr.=T. coccinata, Reeve, I. c. figs. 1 a-c.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits, on the beach ; also PortJackson.This species has a wide geographical range, having been recordedfrom many localities in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The socalledspecies T. afjinis, A. Adams, should, I think, be regardedas a small form of T. solichda.121. Cylichiia aracMs.Bulla arachis, Quoy 8fGaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. vol. ii. p. 361,pi. 26. figs. 28-30 ; A. Adams, Thes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 590, pi. 125.tig. 134.Hab. Port Jackson (Gopjnnger and Angas) ; Port King George{Q. 4' G.) ; Tasmania, Stewart Island, New Zealand {Brit. Mus.).122. Atys naucum.Linn. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. iigs. 1--1 c.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits {Goppinger) ; also recorded

;MOLLFSCA. 87fi'oni Torres Straits, New Irehuid, New Britain, and SolomonIslands bj' Brazier.123. Haminea cuticulifera. (Plate VI. fig. H.)Smith, Ann. ^ May. Nat. Hist. 1872, ix. p. 350.Hah. Port Jackson and New Zealand.Dr. Coppinger dredged this species at the first locality in 7fathoms. It must not be confused with //. hrevis, Quoy, which is ashorter shell with more convex outlines. I would here call attentionto a few inaccuracies in Professor Hutton's English translationof the original Latin diagnosis (' Manual of New-Zealand MoUusca,'p. 122). The epidermis was described by me as whitish, not" white," and I did not say it was " shining near the vertex."The word shining applied to the whole of the surface, and isfollowed by a comma which disconnects it from the words " verticembasimque versus luteo tincto " which succeed. " Incrementi lineiset superius basique transversim subdistanter striata " is thus rendered—" transversely subdistantly striated with lines of growth, bothabove and below." Capt. Hutton makes the labrum " thin, thickenedin the middle," whilst no such thing is said in the diagnosis.The words are " labrum tenue, verticis medio junctum et ibi incrassatum."124. Akera soluta.Hah. Port Jackson {Coppinger); Philii)pines, North Australia,Zanzibar, Mauritius, Ceylon.In addition to the other synonyms of this species, I would addA. tenuis of A. Adams (Thes. Conch, vol. ii. p. 573, pi. 121. fig. 45and Conch. Icon. figs. 7 a, 7 b). I have carefully scrutinized the typeand can see no distinction. Angas (P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 227) comes toa similar conclusion. The more slender form referred to by Sowerbyin the Conch. ' Icon.' is altogether a variable character in this shell;the elevation of the spire above or its depression beneath the bodywhorlis likewise an unreliable characteristic.125. Doridium marmoratum. (Plate VI. figs. I-1 4.)Animal (in spirit) blackish, copiously mottled with a dirty buffcolour. Cephalic disk longer than wide, rather narrower in frontthan behind, with a thicliened twofold margin anteriorly and atthe sides, more expanded and simple posteriorly. Hinder dorsaldisk a little shorter than the front one, lobed posteriorly on eachside, with an intermediate sinus, with a free margin at the sides,but not in front, where it is covered by the hinder free extensionof the cephalic disk. Viewed posteriori)'', the animal is truncate,terminating in a curved expansion of the dorsal disk on each side,which conceal the gills beneatli them. Foot (extending the wholelength of the animal, with a duplex margin in front below tlie

88 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.mouth and for a short distance along the sides, and then simple andgradually increasing in the width of the expansion towards theend, where it is very wide beneath the brauchia ; it is stained withblack on the inside of the edge. Branchial plume posterior, concealedbetween the foot and the hinder lobes of the dorsal disk. Headpresenting exteriorly a small lobe on each side the oral opening.Shell internal, situated at the hinder extremity above the branchia,white, calcareous, uncoiled, consisting of one or two volutions,thickened at the free " sutural line," convex externally and concavewithin, cup-shaped at the commencement, with the outer edgeextended by a broadish membranous expansion.Total length 33 millim. ; cephalic disk 18 long and 16 wide atthe broadest part ; shell with a greatest diameter of 8 millim., andabout 2 in height.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fathoms, on a sandybottom.The only species which appears to have been recorded from theAustralian coasts is Ar/laia lineolata, figured by H. & A. Adams inthe Genera of Eecent Mollusca,' ' vol. iii. pi. 58. fig. 4. This differs,however, in the form of the anterior dorsal disk and its smallsize in proportion to the hind part of the animal, in addition towhich the colour and markings appear to be quite distinct. AglaiagiglioUi, from Japan, described by Tapparone-Canefri (Voj*. Magenta,p. 110, pi. l.fig. 18), may be distinguished by the posterior lobationof the cephalic disk, different colour, and apparent different positionof the branchial plume.Doridium ct/aneum, D. nir/riim, and D. guttatum, described by Dr.Von Martens from the Indian Ocean, have not yet been figured.Until all these exotic species have either been compared or muchmore amply described and illustrated, there will remain much uncertaintyrespecting the identification of all or any one of them.126. Pleurohranchus angasi. (Plate VI. figs. K, K 1.)Animal (in spirit) uniformly pale buff, elongate ovate. Mantleprobably smooth in life, wrinkled by contraction, not very widelyproduced at the free margin. Foot broad, tapering behind, roundlysubtruncate in front, where there is a thickening forming a doublemargin beneath the proboscis. The frontal veil is straight in front,angular at the sides, which are grooved. Tentacles shortish, slit atthe outer side, with the minute eye-specks at their base behind.Branchial plume consisting of about sixteen leaflets. Penis spinelike,very acute, and slightly curved at the tip.Shell placed well forward, the pale apex being posterior. It isbrowii in front, glossy, and beautifully iridescent on the exterior.It consists of about a whorl and a half, the nucleus being spiral andhollow within. The last whorl is much prolonged by additionalstrongly defined concentric layers, and also ornamented with fineyet distinct transverse striae. The columella is arcuate, and has anumbilical groove parallel with it.

;MOLLFSCA. 89Length of animal 17 millim., diam. 7 ; length of shell, fromnucleus to opposite end, 4|.Hah. Port Jackson (Coppiur/er).This may be the P deJicatus of Pease, but there appear to bethe two forms which may be ofcertain differences in the shells ofspecific value.127. Dolabella rumpMi.Olivier, Ann. du Mus. v. p. 437, pi. 29. fig. 1,Hah. N.E. Australia (Co/j/){»(7(?r) ; Moluccas (i?«n!p7mfs) ; Timor(Perou) ; Waigiou {Qkoij and (Jaimard) ; Mauritius {Rang and vonMartens).There is no indication of any caudal prolongation in the specimenbefore me, the hinder end being (in spirit) very broad and obtuselycurved.The shell agrees with the figure given by Eang (Hist. Nat. desAplysiens, pi. 1).128. Aplysia sparsinotata.Animal of a pale colour in spirit, varied with a few dark distantdots along the sides, caudate posteriorly. Middle of back betweenthe mantle-lobes in front of the shell, also the inner surface of theanterior portion of the lobes themselves, exhibiting irregular brownishpatches. Lobes commencing a short distance behind the dorsaltentacles, and tei'minating behind at about the same distance fromthe end of the body. Oral tentacles moderately large and longposterior conical, acuminate, not far apart.Shell elongate, rather beaked behind, sharply arcuate in front,15 millim. long, 10 broad. Animal about 45 in length.Hah. Same as A. injierata.129. Aplysia piperata.Animal (in spirit) olivaceous, minutely and closely dotted everywhere,with the exception of the foot, with black ; hinder thirdpart of the body sometimes paler than the rest, from which it ismarked off by a blackish band passing right round the animal.Lobes of the mantle narrowish in front, where they arise quite closeto the posterior tentacles, considerably dilated behind. Oral tentacleslarge, long, and pointed ;posterior small, close together,conical.Shell white, concave within, subquadrate. Length 27 millim.,width 22. Animal about 80 long.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms., sandy bottom.Peculiar on account of the position of the posterior tentacles, closeto the origin of the mantle-lobes.130. Aplysia denisoni.Body (in spirit) high, exhibiting a distinct pedal disk, producedposteriorly into a caudal termination. The entire surface wrinkled,

90 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.dirty whitish, black-veined in the wrinkles (? stains only). Mantlelobesmoderately large, commencing in front some distance behindthe posterior tentacles and terminating a little in advance of theCauda. Anterior tentacles large, compressed, much dilated. Posteriortentacles large, cylindrical, with the apical slit not extendinghalfway down the outer side, placed a little nearer the oral tentaclesthan the beginning of the mantle-lobes. Eyes minute, situatednear the outer anterior base of tentacles.Shell very thin, straw-colour, 30 millim. long and 27 broad.Animal about three inches in length in its contracted state.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland.This species is remarkable for the large size of the oral tentacles.131. Stylocheilus, sp.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms., on a sandybottom.There are four specimens from the above locality evidently belongingto the genus Sti/loeheiJus, which, having lost all colour and beingin rather poor condition, I refrain from describing. One of them,tlie smallest, differs from the rest in having a decidedly largerbranchial opening in the mantle, which is not, I am of opinion, dueto any contraction in the other three. All present a feature notmentioned by Gould in his description of the genus, viz. a duplicatureof the anterior margin of the foot. In the figure, however, of S.quercintis (Wilkes's Explor. Exjicd., Atlas, MoUusca, pi. 16. f. 271)this peculiarity is indicated, of which a better idea is given inSavigny's figure of Aplysia sauigm/iana, Atlas to the Explorationsin Egy]3t, pi. 2. figs. 2 2, also copied in Bang's Hist. jSTat. desAplysiens, pi. 20. f. 2.132. Miamira nobilis.£erf/h, Joiirn. Mus. Oodeffroy, 1874, Heft vi. pi. 1. fig. 5; 1875, Heftviii. p. 53, pi. 8. figs. 1-30, pi. 9. figs. 1-4 ; tScmper, Reisen Philippinen,Bd. ii. pi. 33. fig. 2 ; Beryh in Semper's lieisen, vol. ii.Heft 10, p. 411.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms. (Coppinger).Only a single specimen of this beautiful Nudibranch was obtainedby Dr. Coppinger. It still retains in spirit the vivid orange spots,which in time will probably disappear. Dr. Semper found thisspecies at the Philippines, and it has also been met with at Amboina(Martens) and the Samoa Islands.133. Ceratosoma tenue.Abraham, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, vol. xviii. p. 141, pi. 7.figs. 5-5 6 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 234.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms.This species and (J. cahdonicuvi of Fischer (Journ. de Conch.18 76, p. 92) may eventually prove to be identical, in which case

MOLLTTSCA. 91tho latter name should be retained, having a few months' priority ofpublication.The single specimen from Torres Straits agrees with the excellentdescription given by Mr. Abraham except in respect of the greaterproportional length of the caudal portion of the body, which equalshalt the entire length of the animal, and the greater breadth of thefoot, two differences probably due to the various degrees of contractionat death.134. Doris (Platydoris) infrapicta.Body flattened, elongate oval. Mantle softish, fleshy, finelygranular above, smooth beneath the widely expanded border. Footbroad, rounded at both ends, widely spreading all round exceptbeneath the mouth, where it is more narrowly expanded, and has anarrow lamina above, which is notched in the middle and is produceda little in advance of the edge of the foot itself. Oral tentaclescompressed, curving forward. Ehinophores short, with comparativelyfew lamina?, pointed at the apex. Branchial plume sixlobed,each lobe trifurcate above, surrounding the small centralyellow six (?)-lobed anus.Colour pale buff, variegated with a dirty brownish tint above.Beneath, the mantle-expansion is copiously stained and blotched withdark chocolate-brown, except near the border, which is pale andunspotted. Foot spotted with the same colour, especially towardsthe centre, the margin being pale and destitute of markings.Length 50 millim., width 3'2 ; foot 43 long, 18 broad.Uab. Queensland, 4 fms.This species appears to be closely related to D. inframaculata,Abraham, from Amboina. It differs in coloration somewhat, thegreater width of the foot, which is not " truncate in front," thesofter character of the mantle, and the coarser granulation, of itsdorsal surface.135. Plocamophorus insignis. (Plate VI. figs. L, L 1.)Body elongate, ending posteriorly in a laterally compressed andobliquely truncate termination ;(in spirit) of a pale colour, dottedwith black along the sides close to the foot, on the oblique carinatemargin of the posterior end, and on the sides of this caudal extremity,which also exhibits a few small rounded tubercles. Branchialplume a little posterior to the middle of the back, trilobed, one lobecentral, anterior, the other two lateral, one on each side, bifurcate,all branching above. Anus stellate, situated between the laterallobes. On the back, a little behind the branchiae, is situated a singleblack-spotted elongate papilla on each side. Foot elongate, with adouble margin in front, finely tuberculated in the groove betweenthe two edges, much attenuating posteriorly. Head with thefrontal margin black- dotted, bearing a fringe of about eight slenderprolongations ; beneath this and between it and the mouth is a

—92 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.narrow lamella, which on each side becomes rather broader, forminga small lappet of supraoral tentacles. Rhiuophores rather lateral, farapart, conical, acute at the tips, cariuate on the outside, concentricallylamcllato-striated. Length 27 millim.Hah. North Australia, Albany Island, 4 fms.13G. Bornella digitata.Adams ^- Reeve, lôy. Samarang^ ' p. 67, pi. 19. fig. 1; Alder 8r Hancock,Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 140, pi. 33. figs. 8, 9 ; Beryh inSemper s Eeisen Arch. Philijjpiiien, vol. ii. p. 301, pi. 37. tigs. 14-19,& pi. 38. ligs. 13-22.Ifab. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms. {Coppinger).I have three specimens before me, which offer certain differencesin the number of lobes on the branchial papillte and even in thenumber of the papillte themselves. All these have the four anteriorpairs branchiferous, and in each case the two foremost pairs havetwo branchial tufts at the inner base (in contraction), but the twohindmost pairs exhibit considerable variation. In specimen No. 1both pairs are provided with three tufts, of which the central one isvery small. Specimen 2 has three tufts adjoining each of the thirdpair and two to each of the fourth. Example 3 has three tufts atthe base of the left papilla of third pair, and two at the base of theopposite one of the same pair ; of the fourth pair the right papillais provided with three plumes or tufts and the left with two.The annexed table will best illustrate the variation in the lobationof the papilla :First pair. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. Sixth.No. 1 3 lobes. 2 2 1 1* 1„ 2 3 „ 3 2 2 1 1*,,3 3 „ 2 2 1 1 1*The number of the frontal lobes is also very variable. In specimenNo. 1 there are eighteen in both groups, in No. 2 twelve onthe left and eleven on the right, and in No. 3 the left consists ofsixteen and the right group of twelve.Consideinng these variations, it appears to me very probable thatB. arhorescens of Pease is only a variety of this species. Theoriginal account by Pease differs considerably from that given byBergh. The number of lobes on the six pairs of papillre accordingto these authors varies, and even the number which are gill-bearing.137. Oncidium (Peronia) punctatum?Onchidium punctatum, Quoy i^ Gaimard, Voy. de VAstrolabe, Zoologie,vol. ii. p. 215.Hah. Albany Island and Thursday Island, N. coast of Australia(^Coppinger).* These are not in pairs, but consist of a single simple papilla on the centraldorsal line.

MOLLUSCA. 93Four specimens from the above localities appear to agree fairlywith the superficial description given by the zoologists of the' Astrolabe,' whose examples were obtained at Port Dorey in jNêwGuinea.III.CONCHIFERA.1. Teredo (Xylotrya) antarctica ? (Plate VII, figs. E-E 2.)Hzitton, Cat. Marine Moll. New Zealand, 1873, p. 59 ; Journ. deConch. 1878, vol. xxvi. p. 43 ; Man. N. Z. Moll. 1880, p. 133.Hah. Auckland to Duuedin (Hution) ; Port Denison, Queensland(Co/ipim/er).The specimens from Port Denison, which may belong to thisspecies, are very like T. norveyicus and T. palmulata externally.Thesculpture is similar, but the notch or angle in the anterior side isnot quite so deep as in the former. The interior of the valves hasnot a distinct ridge marking off the posterior lobe. The pallets,wanting in the specimens before me, are said to be " elongate,slightly curved, penniform."Mya arctica, Linn.2. Saxicava arctica.Hah. Port Jackson (^Coppinge)").Four specimens from the above locality and others in the BritishMuseum, also from New 8outh Wales, I am unable to separate fromthis northern form. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys and others have also failedto distiuguish Australian from Arctic examples.3. Venus lamellaris.Antigoua lamellaris, Schumacher, JEssai, p. 1.5o, pi. 14. fig. 2.Venus lamarckii {Graj/), Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 39 «, b.Venus lamellaris, Pfeijfer in lulster^s Con.-Cab. p. 142, pi. 8. figs. 10,Var.= Venus nodulosa, Soiccrhy, Thes. Conch, pi. 153. fig. 16.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits.A single valve from this locality is rather longer than usual,having a length of 53 millim. and a height of 38.4. Venus toreuma.Gonld, Wilkes's Explor. Exped. p. 419, figs. 537, 637a ; Reeve, Conch.Icon. figs. 64 a, h.Vemis iukesi, Deshaijes, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 100; Pfeiffer, Con.-Cab.p. 217, pi. 35. figs. 7-9.Venus sculpta, Deshaijes, Reeve, I. c. fig. 5.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms., on a rocky bottom {Coppinger); Port Essington {Jalcci for V. jukesi) \ mudflats at FacingIsland, Port Curtis (Brit. Mus.); Sooloo Sea {Gould).A specimen from the last locality but one is almost globular and

;94 COLLECTIONS FUOJI MKLANESIA.has a remarkably deeply sunken lunule ; it is 34 millim. long,31 high, and '28 in diameter.5. Venus torresiana. (Plate VI. figs. M-M 2.)Shell suhovate, moderately thick, nearly equilateral, concentricallyfinely ridged and radiately sulcated, white, irregularly rayed,streaked, and spotted with lightish brown. Anterior and posteriorends subequal, obtusely rounded, the latter rather the narrowerventral margin broadly arcuate. Posterior dorsal slope straightish,rather more oblique than in front. Luuule narrowly cordate, generallyof a chocolate-brown colour, partly so or merely whitish.Umbones small, red at the tip. Concentric ridges somewhat flattened,crowded, and subnodulous anteriorly through being crossed bythe radiating stride, thin and lamellar behind. Striae less distincton the central portion of the valves than at the extremities, andfiner and closer together down the posterior side than elsewhere.Interior more or less pinkish, finely crenulated at the margin.Pallial sinus moderate, sharply rounded. Length 16 millim.,height 12^, diameter 8.Hub. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, and Thursday Island,Torres Straits, 4 fms. {Go^ypinger).This species is somewhat like V. (Chione) mesodesma, Quoy andGaimard, but is distinguished by its greater length and diff'orence ofcolour in the interior. It is also not so high, the concentric ribletsare thin and lamellar posteriorly ; and the presence of radiatingstriae at once separates it from the Xew-Zealand form. There areseveral specimens from the above localities, all having a rosy tip tothe beaks, the lunules more or less dark-coloured, the ridges thinposteriorly, and the striae in the same region finer and more numerousthan elsewhere.6. Venus gladstonensis.Angus, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 612, pi. 42. fig. 8.Hah. Port Curtis (Anr/as and Coppinger).This species is remarkable for the fineness of the concentriclamellae, which exhibit the radiating slender lirae on the outer sideas is the case with other species. The crenulation of the innermargin of the valves is also excessively fine, and the pallial sinus isof moderate size and not very aciite.7. Venus subnodulosa.Hanley, Cat. Bivalve Shells, p. 300, pi. 16. fig. 19 ;Reeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 102 ; Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Biv. p. 143, as Chione.Bah. Philippine Islands (Hanlei/) ; Moreton Bay {Strange in coll.Port Curtis (Cojijyinger).This s])ecics is remarkable for the stoutness of the concentricCuming);ribs, which are rendered more or less subnodosc by fine radiating

MOLLUSCA. 95sulci cutting across them. The margiu of the valves within is denticulateeverywhere except down the posterior dorsal slope, thedenticles on the edge of the lunulc heing tiner and closer togetherthan elsewhere. The pallial hne is posteriorly nearly straight, oreven a little inmrved just helbre the commencement of the sinus,which is rather deep. The interior is generally somewhat rosy,especially towards the heaks.8. Cytherea (Caryatis) coxeni. (Plate VII. figs. A-A2.)Shell small, inequilateral, subtrigonally oval, white, variegatedwith pale zigzag brown or reddish lines forming an irregular brokenupnetwork. Anterior dorsal margin straightish, much descending,sharply curving at the end into the upturned ventral outline.Posterior slope much loTiger, somewhat arcuate and less oblique thanthe anterior. Hinder extremity produced, roundly acuminated.Lower margin widely curved, about equally ascending at both ends.Umbones small, well curved over towards the front. Lunule longishheart-shaped, a little sunken, slightly elevated along the middle,and defined bj- an impressed line. Area indistinct. Surface of thevalves finely sulcate-striated, the intervening lir

96 COLLECTIOIfS FROM MELANESIA.10. Dosinia histrio (var. allja).Gmelin ; Romer, Monoyr. Dosiuia, Novitat. Conch, p. 33, pi. 6.figs. 2 & 3.Artemis variegata {Chenii), Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 33 a-c.Hah. Clairmont Island, N.E. Australia {Cojjpwger).A fine specimen from the above locality is entirely white, withthe exception of the extreme tips of the beaks, which are of a palerose tint, a feature apparently common in most white examples ofthe species. The specimen in question is STg millim. in length,the same in height, and 20 in diameter. In this species the dorsalarea is very distinct and smooth in the left valve, but sculpturedwith the terminations of the concentric lamellae in the right; Onthe contrary, the half of the lunule in the latter valve is generallygreater than the remainder of it in the left.11. Dosinia desliayesii.A. Adams ; Romer, 3Ionoffr. Dosinia, Nooitat, Conch, p. 55.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 9 fms. {Copiiinger);North Australia (Cuminc/).Venus pectinata, Linn.12. Circe pectinata.Hah. Thursday Island and West Island, Torres Straits (Copfinger).13. Circe australis.Soioerhy, Thes. Conch, ii. pi. 137. figs. 10, 17; Reeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 19.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits, on the beach (Copijinger) ;N.E. coast of Australia {Brit. Mus.).One specimen from Friday Island is peculiar on account of theunusual style of its coloration. It is white, with a large orangebrownpatch covering the greater part of the surface, and exhibits atotal absence of colour within.14. Circe (Lioconcha) castrensis.Linn., vide Romer's Monograph, Novitat. Conch, pi. 44.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms.The variety of this well-known species from the above locality isvery closely depicted by the second figure from the top on the leftside of Homer's plate.15. Tapes hiantina.Venus hiantina, Lamarck ; Delessert, Recueil, pi. 10. fig. 8 ; Philippi,Ablild. vol. iii. p. 21, pi. 8. fig. 1.Tapes hiantina, Rcimer, Monoc/r. Tapes, Novitat. Conch, p. 99, pi. 34.fig. 1 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 28 a, b.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits.

MOLLirSCA.y716. Tapes malabarica.Chemnitz; Romer, Monog. Tapes, Novitat. Conch, p. 34, pi. 10.figs. 3-3 d.Hah. Port MoUe, 14 fms. {Coppinger); Malabar, Molucca andPhilippine Islands (Eomer).17. Tapes variegata.Soioerhj ; Romer, I. c. suprh, p. 78, pi. 27. figs. 2-2 e.Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms. (Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands andJapan {Romer).18. Tapes araneosa.Venus araneosa, Philippi, Ahbild. vol. iii. p. 25, pi. 7. fig. 6.Tapes araneosa, Romeros Monoyr., Novitat, Conch, p, 53, pi. 19. fig. 1.Hah. Port Darwin, N.W. Australia, 8-12 fms.The locality of this species I believe has not hitherto been recorded.In the single specimen before me the umboncs are all butterminal, so that the anterior end is even more perpendicular thanas represented by Dr. Eomer's figures. T. deshayesii is not ujilikethis species as regards its general form ; but the anterior end ishardly so short, and the concentric sculpture decidedly coarser.Venus textrix, Chemnitz.19. Tapes (Textrix) textrix.Hah. Port Jackson (Coppinger).Two young examples of this well-known species are of a buff colour,mottled with bluish white at the umbones, and spotted with redbrownon the dorsal margins.20. Venerupis crenata.Lamarch; Delessert, Recueil, pi. o. fig. 2; Pfeifer, Con.- Cab. pi. 31.figs. 22, 23 Sowerhj, Conch, Icon. ; tig. 3; Reeve, Conch, Icon, fig. 5{as Cypricardia serrata).Hah.Port Jackson {Coppinger).21. Trapezium vellicatum, var.Cypricardia vellicata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 2. fig. 7.Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., bottom mud and sand {Coppinger):Philippine Islands {Ouming).The Aôrth-Australian variety of this species is peculiar on accountof the absence of the coloured rays which distinguish the typicalform.

98 COLLECTIONS PKOM MELANDSLA..22. Petricola lapicida.Venus lapicida, Chemnitz, Con.-Cab. x. p. 356, figs. 1664-5 ; Soiverhy,Conch. Icon. (I'etricola) figs. 22, 24 ; Martens in Von der Deckeri'sHeisen in Ost-Afrika, vol. iii. p. 66, pi. 3, figs. 3 a, b.Hah. West Indies {Chemnitz, cVOrhigny, Sfc); North Australia(/. B. Elsey in Brit. Mus.) ; West Island, Prince of Wales Channel,Torres Straits {Coppingcr) ; Zanzibar {Peters, teste Martens).This and the Venus divaricata of Chemnitz I regard as one species,and from his description of the former it seems probable that he hadbefore him specimens which to a great extent had lost the fine zigzagsculpture mentioned in his description of the latter. The raisedoblique ridges from the umbones down the posterior slope havevarious degrees of development in different specimens, in some existingonty near the posterior margin of the valves, whilst in others theyextend the whole distance from the beaks downwards, and, again, inyoung shells they may be altogether wanting. These ridges areeasily removed, and seem to be superimposed upon the zigzag sculpturebeneath. After a careful examination of Austrahau specimensand others from the West Indies, I cannot detect any materialspecific difi"erences.The example figured by Dr. E. von Martens as P. divaricata isunsually peaked at the umbones.23. Psammobia modesta.Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 319 ; Peeve, Conch. Icon. tig. 3.Hah. Port Jackson {Coppinger) ; Moreton Bay {DesJiayes).The single specimen before me is rather narrower than thatfigured in the Conchologia 'Iconica.' is purplish lilac within for themost part, yellowish near the muscular scars, and exibits the jînkishrays on the ventral margin. The epidermis is brightish yellow.Oblique striae are sometimes present at the central portion of thevalves, but are not conspicuous.24. Psammobia gracilenta. (Plate VII. figs. B-B 2.)Shell concentrically striated, transversely elongate, very inequilateral,almost twice as long as high, not very compressed, dirtywhitish with a few diaphanous zones and several light reddishnarrow rays beneath a thin pale yellowish-olive epidermis, verynarrowly gaping at both ends. Anterior dorsal margin of the valvesabout twice as long as the posterior, subrectilinear, and nearlyparallel with the ventral. Hinder dorsal edge oblique, a littlearcuate. Lower margin straightish, obliquely curving upward infront and more sharply turning at the opposite extremity. Interiorbluish white, iridescent, exhibiting the reddish rays. Beaks small,adjacent, posteriorly inclined. Ligament short, but prominent, placedon a conspicuous ligamental plate in each valve behind the umbones.A second minute ligament exists immediately in front of them and

MOlLtrSCA. 99is partly enclosed when the valves are shut. Cardinal teeth two ineach valve, those of the right most prominent. Front dorsal marginof right valve narrowly grooved just within, simple in the left.Corselet linear. Posterior muscular impression rotund-pyriform,anterior more elongate. Pallial sinus moderate, extending forwardbeyond the middle of the valve. Length 19| millim., height 10,diam. 5.Hob. Prince of "Wales Channel, 9 fms.A very elongate narrow species, recalling to mind certain slenderforms of the geniis Donax.25. Tellina semen.Hanley, Thesaurus, vol. i. p. 249, pi. 56. fig. 8 ;(? Sowerby, Conch.Icon. vol. xvii. fig. 232, bad !).Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, in 5-7 fms.Among the specimens from this locality is one of a purplish-rosetint, the rest being white like the type. The hinge of this speciesis composed of two cardinal teeth in the right valve (the posteriorone larger and bifid, with one lateral tooth on each side aud a gropvebetween it and the margin), and of a single bifid cardinal in the leftvalve with a marginal lateral tooth or prominence on each side. Thepallial sinus is very large, almost reaching to the anterior scar.The form of this species is very similar to that of T. obtusalis,Deshayes, which is the same as T. malaccana, Sowerby (Con. Icon,figs. 2Sla and 125). The posterior end, however, is not so obtuseand the form is not so like that of a Donax, In T. obtusalis theconcentric striae are rather coarser than in the present species, andbecome very much finer anteriorly, so that in that part the shell ismore glossy and comparatively smooth, which is not the case inT. semen. Another form, T. semitecta, Sowerby, from New SouthWales, is very closely related to the present species, and is mainlydistinguished by its rather more elongate form, and finer aud lesselevated sculpture at the hinder extremity.26. Syndosmya elliptica. (Plate VII. figs. C, C 1.)Tellina elliptica, Soioerhy, Conch. Icon. fig. 223 (bad!).Hub. Port Jackson (Angas and Coppinger).The type and a second specimen of this sjiecies were presented tothe British Museum by Mr. Angas in 1871. Neither of these nor athird collected by Dr. Coppinger exhibit the sinuation at the posteriorend of the ventral margin depicted in Sowerby's figure. Hiswords " concentrically ridged behind the angle " are scarcely applicable,for in the first place there is only the feeblest indication of anangle and the sculpture behind it consists of mere concentric striation.The hinge-characters show this species to belong to the genustSynclosmya, and Tellina simplex of the same author (Conch. Icon,sp. 240) requires a similar location. The hinge of the present speciesconsists of two cardinal teeth in the right valve, the posterior largerh2

100 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAjnESIi..and bifid, and two in the left, of which the anterior is the larger andbifid. A single lateral tooth occurs in the right valve on each sidenot far from the cardinals, with a groove between them and themargin. Left valve with a slight tooth-like projection on the marginon each side fitting into the grooves in the other valve. ThepaUial sinus is large and deep. Internal cartilage minute, narrow,oblique, posterior to the cardinal teeth. External ligament small.The largest specimen measures 13 millim. by 9g. T. alba of Woodis somewhat like this species, but is more acute posteriorly, thedetail of its dentition is different, and the cartilage larger.27. Mactra eximia.{Deshayes) ;Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 31 (rayed variety).Hah. Port Denison, Queensland ( Coj^pmr/er) ; Port Curtis, MoretonBay {coU. Gaming) ; JN".E. coast of Australia {Brit. Mus.).There are altogether eight specimens of this species in the Museum,three of them being ornamented with numerous reddish rays, andthe remaining five uniformly white beneath the greyish and yellowishepidermis.28. Mactra producta, var.Spisula producta, Anyas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 900, pi. 44. tig. 7.Hab. Port Jackson (Angas and Coppinger).The three shells dredged by Dr. Coppinger are probably a varietyof this species. They are all small, apparently immature, and difterfrom the types presented to the Museum by Mr. Angas in beingless produced posteriorly. They are proportionally longer from theumbones to the ventral margin, which exhibits a very faint incurvationnear the hinder extremity, and the posterior dorsal slope is atrifle more arcuate.29. Mactra (Oxyperas) coppingeri. (Plate VII. figs. D-D 2.)Shell transversely elongate, triangular, a little inequilateral,rather compressed, thinnish, narrowly gaping posteriorly, smoothtowards the beaks, concentrically plicately ridged elsewhere, white,covered with a pale yellowish epidermis, spotted somewhat sparselythroughout with brownish dots, and ornamented on the dorsal areaswith cross lines of a deeper brown, and with a large patch of thesame colour on the hinder slope of each valve. Umbones moderatelyacute, not large, inclining towards and situated a trifle in advanceof the centre. Lunule sunken, not circumscribed by acute edges,extending more than halfway down the anterior slope. Posteriorlonger, smoothish, not mucharea as deep as the lunule and a trifleafiêcted by the terminations of the concentric ridges. Two lateralteeth on each side in the right valve, separated by a deep groovequite approximated to the cardinal teeth in front and the cartilagepitbehind. The latter is large, deep, and located posterior to thebeak. The cardinal tooth is small, insignificant, bounds the ligament,and has a cross piece above it immediately beneath the apex of the

lessMOLLtrSCA. 101umbo. In the left valve, the single lateral tooth on each side iselongate, narrow, and erect. Only one cardinal tooth (unless thefront raised edge of the ligamental fossa be considered a tooth), whichis elongate, but little raised, situated between the pit and edge ofthe lunule. Muscular scars pj'riform, the front one elongate, theposterior more rounded. Pallial sinus extending halfway across thevalves, sharply rounded at the end. A second sinuation withinthe other, and consequently shorter and less acutely curved, is aremarkable feature in both valves of the single perfect shell beforeme ; in a separate valve this is not noticeable, but may have beenobliterated, as the specimen is somewhat sea-worn. The inner surfaceof this species is glossy and radiately substriated, one impres«'edray from the umbones to the end of the mantle-siniis being especiallyconspicuous. Length 36| millim., height 24, diameter 12,Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-6 fms.This very interesting species bears a rather close relationshipto Mactra trianr/idans of Lamarck ; it is, however, quite distinct.It is a trifle shorter, .angular, not so strongly concentricallycostato, has an excavated lunule and a simken area not definedby carinate edges, and the dorsal margins not prominent, forming akeel on each side ; the umbones as in M. trianr/uJaris. M. aspersa,Sowerby, is a more finely sculptured shell, more rounded posteriorly,with a shallower lunule and a narrower dorsal area. The pallialsinus in the present species reaches halfway across the valve, whilstin M. aspersa it has a further extension and lacks the duplex featuredescribed previously,30. Mactrinula angulifera.Mactra angulifera, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 70; Reeve,Conch. Icon. fig. 83.Hah. Island of Ticao, Philippine Islands {Cuming); Port Curtis( Coppinger).Behind the conspicuous keel which marks off the posterior area,about midway between it and the margin, there are one or twominor ridges. In the Cumingian collection there is a secondspecimen, somewhat larger than that figured by Reeve, having alength of 32 millim. and a width of 47.31. Cardium reevianum.Dunker, Novitates Conch, p. 2"2, pi. 6. figs. Q, 7, 8.Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., bottom mud and sand (Coppinger) ;Port Essington (Mus. Cuming).Cardium vertehratum, Jonas (Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1844, p. 33),from West Australia, is apparently closely related to the present species.32, Cardium hystrix.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 40 a, b ;Romer, Conch.-Cab. p, 112.Hah. Corrigidor, Philippines {Cuming) ; Flinders and ClairmontIslands, N,E. Australia {Coppinger).

';102COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.33. Cardium, sp. jun.Hob. Port Curtis, Queensland {Coppinger).The two young shells from the above locality are closely allied toC unicolor, Sowerby.34. Chama divaricata.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 20.Hah. Torres Straits, 10 fms., sand and shell bottom {Coi^pinger) ;island of Samar, Philippine Islands {Cuming).35. Chama pulcliella.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 10 a, b.Hob. Port MoUe, Queensland, 12 fms. (Ooppinger) ; Cape Upstart(Juhes).The posterior brown ray is generally rather deeply sunken in thisspecies.36. Cardium maculosum, var.Wood, General Conch, p. 218, pi. 52. fig. 3 Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 76 ;var., Sorcerhy, Conch. 111. fig. G8.Cardium multistriatum, Sowcrhj, Conch. III. fig. 59.Cardium areuicolum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 78,Hah. Port MoUe, Queensland, 14 fms. (Coppinger) ; Ceylon(Holdsworth in Brit. Mus.) ; Molucca and Philippine Islands{Cuming); ? (TFooc?).A single shell from Port Molle, nearly an inch long, differs fromall specimens of this species which I have examined in having fewerribs, separated by broader intervening sulci, especially down theanterior side, and in being yellowish with less and paler blotchingwith reddish purple except within the valves, where, on account ofnot being concealed by a deposit of callus, it is especially vivid.The number of costê in this specimen is forty, and in typical examplesthere are usually about ten more. Cardium modestum ofPhilippi is also an allied species, with still fewer and stouter ribs,numbering altogether about thirty-iive or thirty-six. C. imdtistriatumwas originally described by Sowerby in the Proc. Zool. Soc.without a locality, and subsequently was stated by him to comefrom St. Elena, West Colombia ; but this, I am inclined to tliink,requires corroboration.37. Cardium multispinosum.Soiverhy ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 10; Riimer in Kiister's Con.-Cab.p. 07, pi. 12. figs. ],2.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms. {Coppinger) ; China (/.Reeves in Erit. Mus.); Philippine Islands {Cuming).The number of ribs in this species may vary from thirty-one to

MOLLUSCA. 103thirty-seven, the latter number being attained by the only smallspecimen (about a quarter the size of the adult shell) from PortMoIIo.Cardium unedo, Linn.38. Cardium (Hemicardium) unedo.Hah. Port MoUe, Queensland, on the beach.This species has a wide distribution, having been recorded fromthe Mauritius, Ceylon, Philippine Islands, Cochin China, Cambodja,West Australia, and it has also been met with at the Solomon, Piji,and other islands in the Pacific.39. Corbula tunicata.Hinds, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5.Hnh. Port Molle, 14 fms. ; Prince of "Wales Channel, Torres Straits,5-7 fms. ; Arafura Sea, N.W. coast of Australia, 32-3G fms., andPort Darwin, 8-12 fms. {Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands {Gaming) ;South Africa (Hinds) ; Port Jackson (Angus).40. Corbula fortisulcata.Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 819, pi. 50. figs. 23-23 b.Hah. Port Darwin, N.W. Australia, 8-12 fms., sand and mudbottom (Coppinger) ; Port Essington (Juices) ; and Andaman Islands( Wilmer).41. Corbula scaphoides.Hinds, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1843, p. 56 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 24.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms. (Coppinger) ; Cape York,N. Australia, in 5 fms., muddy sand and sea-mud (./. Macgillivray inBrit. Mus.) ; Singapore and Philippine Islands (Hinds).The specimens described by Hinds were only half the length ofthe adult shells collected by Dr. Coppinger and Mr. Macgillivray.42. Lucina (Divaricella) ornata.Lucina ornata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 48.Lucina (Divaricella) angodifera, Martens, Moll. Mauritius, p. 321.pi. 22. fig. 14.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits (Coppinger); Port Jackson(./. B. Jukes in Brit. Mus.); coast of Africa (East or West?) (Capt.Owen, B.N., in Brit. Mus.) ; Mauritius (Rohillard) ; ? (Reeve).This species should, I think, be separated from the Wêst-IndianL. dentata, Wood ( = L. divaricata. Lam. non Linn., = Z. senrda,d'Orb.), to which it has been united by Pfeiffer in the ' Conchjdien-Cabinct,' ed. 2, Yeneracea, p. 2G9.The incised lines are deeper, and form a more acute angle at thepoint of divarication. The type specimen is somewhat abnormal

104 COLLECTIONS PKOM MELAITESIA.in form, the more usual outline being represented by Reeve's fig.47 h, which he wrongly ascribes to the West-Indian species. Thedifference in the angle of divarication of the ridges is at once seenby comparing the two figures 47a and 47 h.43. Diplodonta subcrassa. (Plate VII. figs. I, II.)Shell roundly subquadrangular, only moderately inflated, thickish,decidedly inequilateral, dirty white, not glossy. Anterior sideshorter than the posterior, somewhat pointed at the extremity ;hinder side very broad, squarish, yet rounded. Posterior dorsalmargin straightish, only a trifle oblique ; anterior a little concavenear the beaks, then feebly curved and suddenly descending.Ventral outline arcuate, considerably upcurving in front. Surfaceconcentrically finely striated, somewhat uneven through periodicinterruptions of growth. Umbones small, contiguous, incurved,pellucid, located in advance of the median line. Hinge-teethrather strong, posterior of the right valve and anterior in theleft stout, subequal, bifid, and the anterior in the former is ratherthicker than the hinder in the latter, which is sublamellar. Muscularscars somewhat small, deepish, subequal. Interior of the valvesnot very glossy, roughish.Length 15 millim., height 14, diameter 8|.Hab. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms.This is rather a solid species and peculiarly acuminated at theextremity in front, with rather conspicuous lines indicating periodicgrowth.44. Diplodonta sublateralis. (Plate VII. fig. K.)Shell very inequilateral, much broader behind than in front,scarcely longer than high, moderately infiated, white, finely concentricallysculptured with the lines of growth. Posterior dorsalmargin nearly horizontal, straight at first, then gradually curvinginto the broadly arcuate lateral outline. Front dorsal edge somewhatoblique, scarcely recurved near the beak, but afterwardsrounding into the side margin, which is very mu.ch more suddenlycurvate than at the opposite end. Ventral margin more sharplyarched than the posterior, but less so than the anterior. Umbonessmall, acute, only slightly elevated, situated far in advance of thecentre. Hinge-plate narrow in the right valve, conspicuouslygrooved in front of the two cardinal teeth ; of these the anterior isvery small, lamellar, and falls perpendicularly beneath the beak,the posterior being about three times as thick and deeply bisected.The ligamental furrow is narrow and 5| millim. in length. Themuscular scars are subequal, the posterior a trifle broader. Length19| millim., beight 18|^, diameter 10.Hah. Torres Straits, 7-10 fms.Only a right valve of this species was obtained by Dr. Coppinger,which, however, is apparently distinct in form, the chief distin-

MOLLXTSCA. 105guishing character in species of this genus. It recalls to mind D.lateralis, mihi, from the island of Rodriguez, although it is sutficientlydistinct in form. The anterior side is longer, the beaks less lateral,and the height of the shell in proportion to the length is greater.45. Kellia jacksoniana. (Plate VII. figs. F, F 1.)Shell obliquely and subquadrately rounded, rather convex, palegrey, a little transparent towards the umbones, inequilateral ; anteriorend, or that toward which the beaks incline, much shorter thanthe posterior. Front margin obliquely curved ; base straightish,but little arcuate. Hinder extremity produced somewhat at thelower part. Surface a little glossy, concentrically striated, some ofthe striae towards the margin more pronounced than those nearer theumbones. The latter a trifle prominent above the hinge-line,approximated, terminating in an incurved vitreous glossy apex.Teeth strong ; in the right valve one immediately beneath the umboand another posterior to the ligament ; the left valve has two beneaththe umbo and one posterior to the ligament. Muscular scarslarge, placed high up, the anterior subpyriform, the posterior longer.Pallial impression joining the scars high up on their outer margin.Length 7 millim., width 8i, diam. of closed valves nearly 5.Hab. Port Jackson {Coppinger).K. rotunda, Deshayes, and K. soUda, Angas, are also Port-Jacksonspecies and the nearest allies of the present one. The former isalmost as long as broad, nearly equilateral, of a thinner growth,and has slighter teeth ; the latter is more solid, more transverse,rather more equilateral, is opaque white, highly glossy, has theinterior thickened and subpuuctate, and the pallial impressionappears to join the lower extremity of the muscular scars.46. Scintilla ciivieri.Deshmjes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1S55, p. 174 ;Soioerhy, Tlies. Conch, vol. iii.p. 180, pi. 23.5. figs. 59, 60 ; id. Conch. Icon. figs. 15 a, b.? Var. =S. flavida, Deshayes, I. c. p. 175 ; Sowerby, Thes. fig. 64; Conch.Icon. fig. 24?Hah. Port Molle, Queensland {Coppinger) ; Baclayon, island ofBohol, Philippines {Cuming) ; Basay, island of Samar (Cuming, foryar. flavida).The figures of this species in the ' Conch. Icon.' are most inaccurate,and that in the ' Thesaurus,' although much better, is notquite correct. The umbones are smaller, more acute, and inclineanteriorly, and the colour is not nearly so bright as depicted inthe figure. The representation of the var. flavida, fig, 64, is stillmore unfaithful ; the hinder margin is not obliquely truncate, butcurved. I cannot discover any material distinction in this variety.It is smaller, which may be a matter of age, and the type is slightlynarrower than the type of S. eavieri ; but of both forms I have

;106 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAjSHESIA.before me gradations in respect to lengtli and breadth, Botb areslightly narrower in front than behind, sculptured with fine concentricstrico and more or less indistinct shallow radiating markings,a feature unnoticed by Deshayes. Although the dentition isdescribed by that author as somewhat different, I am bound to say,after a most careful examination, that both the number and positionof the teeth are absolutely similar. In the left valve I find threeteeth, the anterior one being very small at the termination of theinner margin of the hinge-plate, which is grooved on both sides ofthe beak. The central tooth is large, prominent, situated immediatelybeneath the point of the umbo, and the third is insignificantand posterior to the narrow oblique ligament. The right valve hasa large prominent tooth a little in front of the apex of the umbo,and generally the extremity of the inner edge of the grooved hingeplateis raised into a tooth-like prominence behind the ligament,which extends not only within the valves, but also along the hingelinejust above the teeth. The single specimen from Port MoUe andone in the Cumingian collection are peculiar in having two or threeof the shallow radiating impressions towards the hinder ventral extremitydeeper, thus producing a wavy margin to the valves at thatparticular spot.47, Scintilla aurantiaca. (Plate VII. figs. H, H 1.)Beslimjes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 179 ;p. 176, pi. 234. fig. 5.Soiuerby, Thes. Conch, vol. iii.Hah. North Australia, under stones at low water (Jul-es) ; islandof Nairai, Fiji, at low water (Brit. Mas.) ; Port MoUe, Queensland(Coppinger).The specimens from Port Molle agree precisely with the types ofS. aurantiaca in the national museum. There are some other specieswhich I cannot distinguish from it; these are S. faha, Desh., S.Forhesii, Dash., S. pallidula, Desh., S. amhir/iia, Desh., S. borneensis,Desh., and S. adamsi, Desh. The last and S. faha are placed bySowerby in the group of " species with no hiatus " in the ventralmargin. This location is incorrect, for both gape slightly, and infact Deshayes, in his description of the latter, says " margine inferioreangustissme hiante." This opening appears to be subject tovariation in shells which are unquestionably the same specificallyand therefore I believe it probable that all the above-mentionedso-called species will prove to be variations of Lamarck's Psammohiaaurantia, which, according to Sowerby's figure (Conch. Icon,fig. 20, S. maiiritiana), has an extremely wide gape beneath. Thelatter species is said to be synonymous with S. aurantia by Deshayes(Anim. sans Vert. vol. vi. p. 180, GaJeomma aurantia), and vonMartens expresses a similar opinion (Miibius, ' Meeresfauna Mauritius&c.,' p. 322). Deshayes (P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 167) says that the Lamarckianshell is a Galeomma.The animal of Dr. Coppinger's shells agrees with the description

MOLLUSCA. 107given bjr Quoy and Gaimard of their Psammohia vitrea and with thefigure in Mobius's work above referred to, pi. xxi, figs. 10 a, h. Thefoot protrudes at the narrower end of the shell ; it is small whenretracted, of a boot-like form, roundly carinate at the base, pointedat the tip, and furnished with what is probably a byssiferous processat the posterior end (" talon," Q. & G.) ; this is of an opaque whitecolour. The mantle is open in front and the anterior half of theventral margin for the passage of the foot, and united along therest of the basal and hinder margins, where there is a minutesiphonal perforation. The surface of the mantle beneath is coveredwith papillae, and the membranous marginal expansion in life probablycovers nearly the entire surface of the shell, for even in spiritspecimens it still extends halfway up the valves. There are twolabial palpi on each side. From this description the close relationshipwith Galeomma is very apparent.The dentition of this species, according to my observation, doesnot agree with the description given by Deshayes. In the rightvalve I find a prominent tooth a little in front of the beak, and asecond more remote behind it ; the left valve has two teeth, ofwhich the anterior is the smaller, just beneath the umbo, and athird a little behind it. The ligament is externally visible, beingattached to the hinge-line above the teeth, a portion of it beinginternal above and between the teeth.48. Scintilla alberti. (Plate VII. figs. G, G 1.)Shell small, pellucid, milky white, considerably inequilateral,transversely oblong, shorter and narrower in front of the iimbonesthan behind them, moderately swollen. Lateral and dorsal marginscurved, ventral rather rectilinear. Surface glossy, exhibiting(under the lens) distinct concentric lines of growth and also minuteradiating and somewhat interrupted striaj, visible oulj^ under acompound microscope. Ilmbones small, slightly elevated above thehinge-margin, not quite adjacent, the valves being closed. Cardinalteeth insignificant, consisting of a single subumboual denticularslight obtuse prominence, which is more distinct in the left than inthe right valve. Ligament small, visible externally, extending onboth cides of the apices of the beaks, but further posteriorly than infront. Height 5^ millim., width -i, length 7f.Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits( Coppinger).S. liydatina, Deshayes, appears to be more closely related to thisspecies than to any other in the genus. It is, however, higher, moreequilateral, flatter, with more equal sides and a curved ventralmargin.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. IG.49. Crassatella pulchra.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms. (Oopjnnger) ;Essington {Capt. WicMiam, li.N., in Brit. Mus.).Port

108 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,This so-called species, also C. donacina, Lamarck, 0. ciimmgii, A.Adams, 0. castanea, Reeve, C. errones, Reeve, and O. decipiens,Reeve, I believe to be mere variations of one and the same form,namely C. Jcimpcola, Lamarck, The composition of the hinge is thesame in all, and the peculiar colouring of the interior is similar (videReeve, fig. 16, and Delessert, pi, iv. fig, 1 b). The variation in formis partly due to age ; for instance, a young 0. decipiens has the formof donacina, and it is only towards maturity that the posterior endbecomes markedly produced ; and the same observation applies to G.errones. The amount of concentric ribbing is not constant ; but allintermediate forms are met with, from 0. castanea and C. donacina(type), which have least, to 0. pidchra, which has most, being costatethroughout, except at the posterior extremity. The pallial linein every specimen examined does not appear to be parallel with themargin of the valve, but becomes gradually more remote anteriorly,the space between it and the margin being radiately shallowlysubsulcate, seen better in some lights than others. The epidermisscarcely varies at all : in some examples it appears to have lost thedull bloom which covers others ; but this defect is the result of friction,for a dull specimen in perfect condition is easily renderedglossy by merely being rubbed with a wet cloth, the bloom disappearingas it does from fruit under similar circumstances. Judgingfrom the specimens in the British Museum with reliable localitiesattached to them, it appears that the species ranges from Queenslandon the east side of Australia, along the north coast to Swan River onthe west, I find a specimen of the variety cmningii from PortCurtis and another from Sandy Cape on the north-east coast ; var.ptdcJira from Port Essington; vars. decipiens and castanea fromSwan River.50. Modiola, sp.Hah. Port Molle.A single distorted specimen only is before me, remarkably likethe European M. barbata.51. Modiola glaberrima.Dunher ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 48.Hcd). Sydney {Dunher) ; Port Jackson (Coppinger and Angus).52. Modiolaria miranda. (Plate VII. fig. N.)Shell transversely elongate, highest at the middle, of pale greenishtint, varied with a few indistinct light reddish irregular markings,not glossy, rather strongly radiately ridged at both ends and veryfinely on the central portion of the valves. Whole surface concentricallystriated, producing a subgranose appearance upon the costulse; the anterior are about ten in number, the posterior about

MOLLtJSCA. 109twice as many, and produce a denticulate margin to the valves.Interior slightly iridescent. Umbones small, glossy, not radiatelysculptured like the rest of the shell. Length 6 millim., height 3-|,diam. 3.Hah. Dundas Straits.This is a very prettily sculptured species, approaching, as regardsoutline, M. varicosa. It is, however, quite distinguishable by thegreater coarseness and subgranular character of the radiating anteriorand posterior ridges.The single specimen described above may not be full-grown ; butI conjecture it never attains a much larger size.53. Modiolaria varicosa. (Plate VII. figs. M, M 1.)Goidd, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, vol. viii. ; Otia Conch, p. 176.Hah. Port Jackson ( Coj929iHfjrer) ; Sydney (&'o?tZ(:^).This pretty little species was figured by Reeve (Conch. Icon. fig. 83)as the young of Modiola str'igata, Hanley ; and this must have inducedGould to observe that it '' is marked like " that species, forin reality there is very little resemblance in the painting of the twoshells. The radiating sculpture is faintly indicated in the abovefigure by means of scratched lines, but these are only noticeableunder a lens.54. Lithodomus teres.Modiola teres, Philipjn, Abbild. vol. ii. p. 148, pi. 1. fig. 3.Lithodomus teres, Peeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 13.Hab. Pacific Ocean (Phil.): Philippine Islands (Cuming); PortDeuison, Queensland (Coppinger).The anterior perpendicular strise are rather coarse in this species ;the raised interstices between them are very conspicuous at themargin, and gradually become finer as they ascend the valves, sometimesfurcating at one or more of the concentric lines of growth.The interior is pinkish or bluish, and more or less iridescent.55. Area navicularis.Bruguiere; P/nlijjpi, Abbild. vol. ii. pi. 3. fig. 2; Peeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 70 ; Wood, Index Test. pi. 9. fig. 5.Var. =Arca linter, Jonas, Philippi, I. c. fig. 1.Var.=Arca subquadrangiila, Dimker, Philippi, I. c. fig. 3.Var. = Area cvmiingii, Dunker (MS. in coll. Cuming) ; Adams, GeneraMoll. ii. p. 533.Hah. Port MoUe, Queensland (Copjjznêr) ; Port Phillip, China,Cape Capricorn, Amboina (Brit. Miis.).The varieties respectively called A. linter and A. suhquadrangulaare distinguished only by very variable characters, such as form andthe amount of ligament, which in this group of Arks are of littlevalue.

110 COLLECTIONS PEOM MELANESIA.56. ? Area imbricata.Bnu/uih'e ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 73.I fail to discover any good distinctions between A. cunealis,Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 12 fms. {Coppinger) ; Geelong,Port Philip {Mus. Cuming) ; Port Essington and N.E. Australia{Brit. Mus.).The specimens from the above localities belong to one species,and so closely resemble, with the exception of colour, West-Indianexamples of this species, that I hesitate to separate them specifically,Eeeve, A. kraussi, Philippi, and A. imbricata = A. umbonata, Lamarck,except that the two former generally, but not always, have morerhomboidal grooves on the ligament.57. Area (Barbatia) lima.Area lima, Heeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 101.Hob. Port MoUc, 14 fms., and Thursday Island, 2-6 fms. (Coppinger); Burias and Corrigidor, Philippines ( Cuming)." Light brown, stained with brown, spotted with brown, posteriorlycovered with a thin, very fine bristly epidermis." Such isthe erroneous description given by Eeeve of this sj)ecies. It is, infact, a purely white shell throughout, and all the brown stains andspots are merely the remains of the epidermis. The entire surfaceis ornamented with very numerous close-set fine radiating riblets,which are finely granular, the granules so placed as to form concentricseries. About half a dozen of the costfe down the posteriorside and a few at the anterior end are thicker than the rest on thecentral portion of the valve, aud consequently have larger granules,those behind being further apart also. The few ribs towards themiddle being duplicate, as stated by Reeve, is an individual ratherthan a specific character. The interior is white, and the margincrenulated, the crenulation corresponding in coarseness with theradiating costa3.58, Area (Barbatia) tenebrica.Area teuebrica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 105.Hah. Samar, Philippines (Cuming) ; Port Essington ( Capt. Wiclc-Jiam in Brit. Mus.) ; Port Curtis {Dr. Coppinger) ; Bombay {Mus.Cuming).The surface of this species is minutely reticulated with excessivelyfine radiating and concentric liroe, of which the former arethe coarser, subgranular, and generally alternating finer aud coarser.The valves exhibit an indication of a faint depression down themiddle, from the umbo to the centre of the ventral margin, whichin some specimens is slightly incurved or siiuiatcd at that part. Itis also thickened within, smooth, and rounded.The interior is bluish white aud radiately striated, the striie being

MOLLUSCA.Illparticularly conspicuous at the pallial line, where they terminate.The muscular scars are large, well defiued by a line radiating from theumbones. Hinge-teeth rather numerous, minute in the centre,considerably larger at both ends. In the type there are forty, anda specimen about half-grown has thirty-five. The ligament isnarrow, but very coarsely striated transversely. The epidermis isthinnish and somewhat fibrous near the margins, especially posteriorly.59. Area (Barlbatia) symmetrica.Area symmetrica, Reeve, Conch. Icon, sp, 117, and fig. 120.? Var. = Area zebuensis, Reeve, I. c. fig. 117, sp. 120.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms. (Copjpinger) ; Bay ofManila {Cuminy).In the Conchologia ' Iconica ' the numbers of the figures 120and 117 should be reversed. The specimens of A. symmetricawhich were described by Reeve are of a greenish tint, and not sooblique as' A. zebuensis. The sculpture in both consists of fineradiating lirse, rendered minutely granular by the concentric linesof growth. The liras vary but little in thickness, with the exceptionof a few finer intermediate ones here and there and those onthe posterior extremity, which are a trifle stouter. A. zebuensisdiffers, in addition to its extra obliquity before referred to, resultingfrom the less central position of the umbones, in being a trifle morefinely lirate. One of the specimens from Port Molle is somewhatintermediate in form, being more oblique than A. symmetrica andless so than A. zebuensis. The measurements of two specimens willindicate to what extent the form and proportions may vai'y —:No. 1. Height 7^ millim., length 11, diameter 8,No, 2, „ 6i „ „ 11, „ 6|.Area tortuosa, Linn.60, Area (Trisis) tortuosa.Hah. Singapore and Malacca {^Cuming'); North-west Australia{Du Boiday) and China {Beeves), in Brit, Mus, ; Port Curtis in11 fms., sand and shell bottom (Cojjjnnyer).The right valve of this well-known and remarkable shell alwaysappears to retain more of the epidermis than the left. The foot andmouth of the animal, as might be expected, are at the narrow endof the shell. The foot (in spirit) is small, narrow, and groovedbeneath, retaining a small byssus.61. Leda darwini. (Plate VII. figs. L-L2.)Shell a little inequilateral, rather convex, transversely irregularlyovate, acuminate posteriorly, thinnish, glossy, moderately coarselyconcentrically ridged and sulcate throughout, except upon the lunuleand area, the ridges being finer and the sulci broader on a slightlydepressed portion of the surface down the posterior side, which is of

•Hab.;112 COLLECTIOl^S FROM MELANESIA.a transparent white colour, and not pale olive-green like the restof the surface. At the anterior end a few oblique lines, commencingat the ridge which borders the luuide, fall across the concentricsculpture, but are only noticeable in certain lights. The dorsalmargin is very faintly arcuate in front and scarcely descending, atrifle more oblique behind, and rectilinear except near the extremity,where there is a very feeble sinuation. The lower outline is broadlyarcuate, considerably upcurvingin front, and at its junction with thedorsal edge forms an obtuse or rounded angle ; at the posteriorend it ascends more gently (the curve being indistinctly interruptedby a very faint prominence which defines the portion of the surfaceupon which the concentric ridges are finer than elsewhere), producingwith the dorsal slope a sharpish rostrate end. The umbonesare rather large and prominent, coarsely concentrically sculptured,situated a little posterior to the centre, and incline somewhattowards the hinder side. The dorsal areas are distinctly defined byelevated margins, and the posterior is broader than the anterior orlunule. Teeth about 43 in number, whereof about 16 are onthe posterior side, and the vest in front. The interior of the valvesis transparent milky white, and the margin is acute and smooth.The pallial sinus is deep, narrow, and rounded at the end. Length17g millim., height Og, diameter 7.Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., mud and sand bottom.This species is very closely related to L. confusa, Hanley. It is,however, thinner, not so equilateral, more coarsely sculptured, hasmore prominent umbones, and the margin of the valves is notminutely crenulated within.62. Malleus legtiinen.Beeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 2.Rah. Philippine Islands (Cuming); Port Curtis {Coppinger).The interior of this species is waxy white, except the upper partof the nacreous portion beneath the ligament, where there is a largedark purplish spot. The non-nacreous portion exhibits a raised subcentralridge extending from the margin of the pearly lining nearlyto the lower extremity.63. Avicula lata.Gray, 1845, Ap^wndix to Eyre's Central Australia, p. 435, pi. 6. fig. 1lieeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5.Avicula serrulata, Dunker, Zeitschr. f.Malak. 1848, p. 178 ; Conch.-Cah. ed. 2, p. 18, pi. 5. figs. 1, 2.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits, in 7 fms., sand {Coppinger);Port Essington (/. B. Jiikes in Brit. Mus.) ; Raino's Island, TorresStraits (Lieut. Ince, B.N., in Mus. Cuming) ; Moluccas (DunJctr).Eeeve and Dunker appear to have been unaware that this specieswas both figured and described by Gray. Apparently, as a rule, itis longer than cither of the specimens figured in the Conch. 'Icon.' or

MOLLUSCA. 113'Conch.-Cab.' That collected by Dr. Coppinger has the auricle preciselylike that of Bunker's specimen, this form of it being, judgingfrom the series before me, more usual than that figured by Reeve.64. Avicula rufa.Dihnkcr, Conch.-Cab. p. 58, pi. 19. figs. 7, 8.Hah. Java {Danker); West Island, Priuce of Wales Channel,Torres Straits, 7 fms., sandy bottom {Coppinjer).All three specimens from the latter locality exhibit several whiteradiating lines on both valves, as indicated in the figure 8 referredto. The presence of these rays appears to have been rather exc(^ptionaliu the Javan specimens examined by Dunker.Reeve, Coiicli. Icon. fig. 45.05. Avicula smaragdina.Hah. Moluccas? {Reeve) ; N.E. Queensland {Ooppinger).The young stage of this species has not the very prolonged obliqueform of the adult. The figure in Reeve's wox'k is much too vividlycoloured, nor does it indicate any rays of spots of a darker tintwhich generally adorn both valves. The ear of the left valve iscoarsely concentrically wrinkled and extends a little within thevalve. This species may be the Mytllus meleagridis of Chemnitz(Conch.-Cab. viii. p. 143, fig. 726).QQ.Avicula zebra.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 36; Dunker, Conch.-Cah. p. 60, pi. 21. fig. 3.Hah. Moreton Bay {Reeve) ; Port Denison, Queensland, 3-4 fms.(Coppinger).The two specimens obtained at the latter locality were attachedto a species of Polyzoa, and in a similar position to the types asfigured in the ' Conchologia Iconica,' namely with the umbonesdirected downwards.67. Melina cumingii.Perna cumingii, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xi. fig. 3.Hah. Australia {Reeve) ; Port Curtis (Coj^pinger).The specimen figured by Reeve is higher than long, but anotherin the Cumingian collection has these proportions reversed.68. Crenatula nigrina.Lamarck ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1 a.Hah. Red Sea {Reeve) ; Albany Island, west coast of Australia{Coppinger).This species, also C. hicosfalis and C. mytiloides, as determinedby Reeve, are probably slight variations of one and the same form.I

114 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.GO.Spondylus multisetosus.Reeve, Conch. Icon, fig. 11.Hah.Philippine Islands {Cuming); AVarrior lleef, Torres Straits(^Coppiwjer).The principal ridges which support the largest spines are abouttwelve in number on the upper valve, pale or yellowish between thespines, at the base of which they are stained with a dark sanguineouscolour. The interior of the valves is margined with purplishbrown, and the straight hinge-line is fiuely striated withintransversely ; the flat hinge-area of the lower valve is also fiuelystriated across.70. Spondylus victoriae.Sowerbif, Proc. Zool Soc. 1859, p. 428, pi. 49. fig. 8.Var. = Spondylus wrightianus, Crosse, Journ. de Conck.1872, vol.xx.p. 360, vol. xxi. p. 253, pi. 9. figs. 1, la.Mab. New Caledonia {Mas. Cuming) ; Flinders and Clairmont,Islands N.E. Australia, 11 fms., sand and mud bottom, and PortMoUe, 10 fms. {Copphiger); Nichol Eay, Australia {Crosse fideWright).The description of this species given by Sowerby is very insufficient,and his locality, " Gulf of California," incorrect. He describesthe number of largecostfe as four ; but as a rule there are five, whicheven appear in his own figure.In the lower or attached valve the number of large spine-bearingridges in the three specimens before me is seven ; these spines aregenerally straighter than those on the upper valve, and channelledon the uppersidc. Sowcrby's figure exaggerates the wavy characterand breadth of the upper spines.The surface of the valves and the hinge-area agree with Crosse'sdescription of the variety ivrightlanas, which has the spines on theupper valve straighter, and less spreading at the extremities. Thesingle specimen dredged by Dr. Coppinger has the spines of a pinkishbuffcolour, whilst those in the type are pure white.71. Pecten leopardus.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 145.Var. = Pecten kuhnholtzi, Bcrnardi, Journ. de Conch. 1863, vol. viii.p. 378, pi. 13. fig. 1.Var. = Pecten Solaris, Soicerhy {non Born), Thes. Conch, pi. 12. fig. 22 ;Dunkerin Philippi''s Abbild. vol. i. pL 2. fig. 2; Reeve, Conch. Icon.fig. 92.llab. Moreton Bay, Queensland {Reeve) ; Arafura Sea, DundasStrait {Coppinger) ; New Caledonia {Bernardi) ; Amhoina. {Danker,for var. Solaris).It is not surprising that M. Bcrnardi did not recognize his shellin F. leopardas, considering how inadequate a description is givenby Ileeve. I have carefully compared red-rayed specimens from

MOLLTJSCA. 115New Caledonia with, the type from Moreton Bay, and am convincedthat they constitute but a single species. The sculpture is the samein both, and the blood-red stain within the valves of a crescent form,leaving the centre and margin white, is present in adult specimensof each, bub not always in the young. The only distinction appearsto be a little variation of colouring on the upper valve, which in thetypical form is white, with the ridges stained and blotched with" fulvous rust," whilst the variety has the costa3 more uniformlytinted with. " red " or pinkish brown, some of them being much palerthan others ; but I do not ever find them alternately white and red.The darker ones are usually in pairs, but just on the right of thecentre three dark rays come together. In other words, the shellmay be described as having four rays, three of them tinting two adjacentcostae each, the fourth covering three. This same distributionof pale and darker rays holds good in the typical form and is faintlyindicated in Reeve's figure ; and in the handsomer variety, P. solans,the same peculiarity is met with and is well portrayed in Philippi'swork. This charming form has the interior similarly stained withblood-red as in the two other varieties. This cannot, I consider, bethe species described by Born as Ostrea solans, which differs greatlyin form, especially with regard to the auricles. The only shellhaving similar small ones, as far as I can discover, is P. superlms,Sowerby ; this is not, however, " orange "-coloured, has unequaldorsal slopes, narrower costa?, and deeper grooves, Bern's figure,however, is unreliable, for it represents a shell 40 millim. in lengthfrom the hinge-line to the opposite margin, and nearly 42 miUim.across, whilst his measurements, given in the text, are—length39 millim., width 30| millim.72. Pecten singaporiims.Soiverhy, Thcs. Conch, vol. i. p. 74, pi. 13. fig. 55, pi. 14. fig. 71 ;Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 74.Pecten pica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 115 a, h.Pecten cumingii, Reeve, I. c. figs. 140 a, b.Hah. Singapore (Soivh.) ; New Zealand {Reeve, for pica) ; PortCurtis {Coppinger) ; Moreton Bay {Reeve, for cumingii).I cannot discover any distinction between P. pica and this species.The anterior auricle of the right valve is destitute of colour, and theserrated margin beneath it is also white. P. cumingii is a finegrowth of the same, having the peculiarities above mentioned, butwith the costoe slightly stouter.73. Pecten dringi.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 152 a, b.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms. {Coppinger) ; BathursfcIsland, N.W. Australia {Reeve) ; Cape Capricorn, E. Australia{Brit. AIus.).Purplish and brownish-purple forms of this species appear toI 2

116 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.be more common than the variety figured by Reeve (fig, 152a), whichdoes not represent the full dimensions of the species. The largestspecimen in the Museum is 45 millim. high and 40 millim. in width.74. Pecten funebris.Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 85.Hah. Bathurst, Australia {Reeve) ; Swan River and Port Essington(Brit. Mas.) ; Port Curtis, Queensland (Goppinr/er).The sculpture of this species resembles that of the young of P.asperrimus, consisting of numerous fine costas bordered on eachside by a much finer and less elevated one, and all bearing pricklyscales. The interior is pale olive, with paler radiating grooves anda purplish border all round.75. Amussium pleuronectes.Ilab. EHnders and Clairmont Islands, N.E. Australia (Copplnr/er) ;China.76. Lima (Mantellum) fragilis.Chemnitz ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 80, pi. 22. figs. 34-36 ;id.Conch. Icon. figs. 18 a, b.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland (Coz-y^mr/e/ ); Mauritius (Martens) ;Torres Straits (Jul-es) ; Philippine Islands (Camiwj) ; Port EssingtoD,Oomaga Reef, Fiji Islands (Brit. Mus.).77. Placuna lobata, var.Soioerby, Conch. Icon. pi. iv. fig. 4«, pi. v. fig. 4 J, var.Placenta planicostata, Dunker, Journ. de Conch. 1879, vol. xxvii.p. 214, pi. 9. tig. 2.Hah. Port Essington (Brit. Mus.) ; Torres Straits (Coppinger).The colouring of Sowerby's figure is ridiculous, the yellow groundcolourbeing purely imaginary. The type is whitish towards theumbones, but light purplish red elsewhere, rayed with a muchdarker tint, the rays being narrower than as depicted in thefigure.The single specimen from Torres Straits has the ground-colourlight purplish red like the type, but the slightly elevated rays arewhite instead of being darker.

—117ECHINODERMATA.F. JEFFllEY BELL.The chief points of interest attached to the ' Alert ' collection ofEchinoderms may be indicated as follows :Though there are no new Echinoidea, there are some very preciousseries of some species, Maretia platwlata being notably wellrepresented. Similarly the series of some of the Asterids has givenus evidence of a variability that would be almost incredible but forthe careful registration of the localities of the species. Eare andnew forms of Ophiurids and Asterids will, on inspection of the succeedingsystematic list, be found to be well represented : OpMotlirixhas a large number of forms, the exact delimitation and definition ofwhich has been to me a matter of just as much anxiety and doubtas it has been to my predecessors ; but a study of the collection hasled me to a somewhat important conclusion, in that I have beencompelled by the evidence to attach much less weight than somehave done to the characters of the coloration *.The question of coloration of forms has taken on almost a newaspect since the publication by Mr. Seebohm of his views as to thevalue of the pattern of colour in the Turdinse (Cat. Birds B.M. v.p. viii) ; while, on the other hand, the recent statements of such experiencedentomologists as Butler, who thinks that in time it willbe impossible to decide, without rearing from the egg, whether anyform is a species, a hybrid, or a variety (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880,p. 200), and Elwes, in whose opinion {I. c. p. 134) climate, food, andconditions of life will more than account for the change in tint ofcertain representative species, seem to indicate that in the group ofthe Lepidoptera, where coloration has been so much attended to,those who are among the most experienced are learning to doubt itsvalue, and to recognize, as the professed students of ichthyology(see Giinther's Study of 'Fishes,' pp. 176-182) would seem to havedone, that in coloration there is great variation. It would be amatter for regret if, when the views of others are advancing, thedescriber and systematist of Echinoderms should make a backward* Liitken, "Le systeme general de coloration constitue un caractere importantqu'il ne faut pas negliger dans la distinction des Ophiothrix" (Vid. SelsfcSkr. (5) Bd. 8, ii. p. 104) ; and compare the descriptions of all writers on thegenus.

;118 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.step. Coloration can only be safelj' used when tho hypothesis thatthe genus or group is of so late an origin as not to have yet developeddefinite structural characters by which its species may bediscriminated is not controverted by any one species ; where it is,the character must be less freely used, probably to disappear moreand more, not so much with the increased evolution of the genus aswith our increased knowledge of it.The succeeding pages contain an account of, or the names of,124 species, very fairlj' divided among the 5 orders. Of these thereare 30 new species, 15 of which lielong to the Crinoids and theother 15 to the remaining orders. There is no new Echinid ; butI have had to suggest a new name for the form which by some hasbeen regarded as Salmacis globator.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 387 *.ECHINOIDEA.1. Phyllacantlius annulifera.A most valuable and important series for exhibiting the variationof this species.Thursday Island ; Port Molle (14 fms.) ; Port Curtis ; Prince of"Wales Channel ; Albany Island ; Port Darwin.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 274.2. Diadema setosum.Port Molle ;coral-reef.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 471.3. Salmacis bicolor.A good series, with spines well preserved on most from PortMoHe.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 476.4. Salmacis sulcata.Port Denison (4 fms.) ;Port MoUe (14 fms.).5, Salmacis alexandri,Salmacis globator, Alex. Agassiz {not L. Agassiz), Rev. Ech. p. 473'•ChaUenqer' <strong>Report</strong>s, iii. p. 113.Salmacis globator, form a, Bell, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 433, pi. xli. fig. 1.In the third part of my " Observations on the Characters of the* As a rule, I shall give only one bibliographical reference, and that to the'Bevision of the Echini ' of Prof. Alex. Agassiz.

ECHINODERMATA. 119Echinoidea," I directed attention to the marked discrepancies whichobtained between the descriptions given by Louis and AlexanderAgassiz respectively of the species known as JS. globator. I thenfigured and gave careful descriptions of the tests of two formswhich I distinguished as form a and form /3. I adopted that coursein the hope that Prof. Alexander Agassiz would explain the reasonswhich had led him to omit any notice of the species referred to byhis father. In the 'Challenger' lieport the species is merelyrecorded, and reference made to the ' Catal. Eaisonne' of Agassiz andDesor ; fortunately the specimens are uow in the liritish Museumcollection, and an inspection of them is,the characters of the form which Mr. Alex. Agassiz looks upon asbeing S. globator. I lind them to be examples of what I haveof course, siifficient to showcalled form a, or, in other words, they are not representatives ofL. Agassiz's species gJohator.As the species reappears in the ' Alert ' collection, it has beennecessary to direct attention to the various points and to proposea name for the species. No appellation will, I think, be more suitablethan that of alexandri ; and, at the time of giving a definitename, one is also able to have the pleasure of adding a definitelocality.West Island, Prince of Wales Channel.(j.Temnopleurus toreumaticus.A. Agassiz, Eev. Ech. p. 463.One of the specimens (diameter 18"5 millim.) has all the spineswhich are preserved on it perfectl}' white, without any bands whatever.Smaller specimens in the British Museum collection have anumber of, but not one has all, its spines thus totally white.Port Denison (4 fms.) ; Prince of Wales Channel.7. Temnopleurus granulosus.Toreumatica granulosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 39.Temnopleurus granulosus, Bell, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 425.A good series, with the general colour of the spines dark, andnot light, ringed with red as in the specimens from the Japaneseseas.Port Denison.8. Temnopleurus bothryoides.Pleureehinus bothryoides, A. Ac/assiz, ' Challenger ' Pep. iii. p. 108.This is one of the most important of Dr. Coppinger's finds, forwith the exception of a single, though perfect, test in the collectionof the British Museum, which was obtained by 8ir E. Belcher offBorneo, and presented by the Admiralty in 1844, no completeexample had ever been examined till the return of the Challenger.''The largest specimen taken by Dr. Coppinger is a little larger than

120 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.any one of the three collected by the officials of that great circumnavigatingexpedition.Though the term Plturechhins is due to L. Agassiz, and the specificname hothryoides to his incomplete comprehension of the Cidarishotlinjoides of Klein and Leske, I have confined my " synonymy "to Alexander Agassiz's <strong>Report</strong> on the ' Challenger ' specimens, asit is there only that any such definite information is given as wouldenable a zoologist to recognize examples of the species. The resultto which my own study of the specimens and of the definitions hasled me has, I think, been essentially confirmed by the investigationinto the structure of the test which, at my suggestion, Prof. MartinDuncan was allowed to make *.Looking, first of all, at the general form of the test, the observeris struck by its greater proportional height ; thus we find specimenswith an absolute diam(!ter of 20, 18, or 17 millim. respectivelyhaving a proportional height of 58-5, 66-6, and 60. Inno known examples of any other species of Temnopleurus is theproportional height more than 03-63 millim. f, and this is a rarecase, which obtains with a specimen only 11 millim. wide. Theexamination of the dental apparatus did not shov/ any real point ofdifference between this species and T. hardwicl-ii. As in otherspecies of this genus, the abactinal area is much more prominentin younger than in older specimens, while the characters of thefurrows between the plates is only intermediate between the extremecondition presented by T. toreumaticus and that which isBeen in the species just mentioned.As to the minute construction of the test. Dr. Duncan finds that" there is a generic relation between Temnopleurus and Pleurechmns,and the only important distinction is the absence of crenulation inthe last-named type." To this crenulation or its absence Dr. Duncanattaches more importance than do many naturalists who have devotedthemselves to this group, and he finds in consequence that " theclassificatory position assigned by A. Agassiz to Plmrechinus in the' Eevision ' must be conceded, and it is a subgenus or section ofTemnopleurusr Notwithstanding the weight of the authority ofAgassiz and Dimcan, I am bound to say that I feel still the importanceof the objections long ago urged by D'Archiac and HaimeJ," Quant aux crenelures des tubcrcules, on sait que cette particulariten'a cgalement qu'une valeur tres-secondaire, puisqu'on la voit dejadisparaitre dans une certaine portion du genre Cidaris, sans qu'onpuisse decouvrir chez les especes a tubercules lisses aucune autredifference concomitante; " and that being so, I can find no reasonwhich will justify the retention of a genus never very accuratelydefined.The largest specimen in the Alert ' ' collection has a diameter* Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xvi. p. 447.t P. Z. S. 1880, p. 424.X Anim. fo^s. de I'lnde, p. 202 (ISr^S). The student should be remindedthat Prof. Martin (Notes Leyd. Mus. ii. p. 75) accepts the genus Plcurcchinus.

ECHINODEEMATA. 121of 20*5 millim. and is 12 millim. high ; the abactinal area is 4-5 andthe anal area is 2 millim. in diameter. The short primary spines,which, as in the other specimens, have two or three short bands ofbright red on their white surface, have the neighbouring suckers ofa purplish-slate colour, and these give a deeper and richer appearancethan ordinary to the test. The abactinal area is not so conspicuousas in the smaller specimens, and only one of the genitalplates has more than three tubercles.Thursday Island ; Prince of Wales Channel.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 489.9. Echinus angulosus.With a little hesitation I refer to this species three specimens fromThursday Island, and one from Prince of Wales Channel. Thespecies is a wide-ranging one, and apparently presents a good dealof variation.10. Echinus darnleyensis.J. E. Tenison-WvodsjProc. Linn. Soc. N'. S. W. ii. p. 165.In accepting this species, I should like to do so only provisionally,as a systematic revision of the exceedingly troublesome genus towhich it belongs may show it to be only part of one of the veryvariable species which are associated under the emended genusEchinus.Thursday Island (4 fms.) and Prince of Wales Channel.11. Tripneustes angulosus.Hippouoe variegata, A. Ayassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 501.Tripneustes angulosus, BeU, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 657.The coloration of this specimen is more marked than any I haveyet had the opportunity of examining ; the short white sjjines arefound either on white areas, the middle of which is occupied by ablack patch, or on broad black bands, rather more than half as wideas the white areas at the ambitus.The single small specimen collected was found at Levuka, Fiji.12. Strongylccentrotus erythrogrammus, Vol.Strongylocentrotus eui-ythrogrammus, A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 441.It may perhaps be pointed out that the spelling of the specificname as here adopted is not only that which is etymologicallycorrect, but is the very same as that which was proposed by Valenciennes(' Voy. Venus,' Zoophyt. pi. vii. fig, 1), and adopted byLiitken and Verrill : it is true that in the ' Catal. Eaisonne ' of L.Agassiz and Desor (1846) we find the spelling euryihroyrammus.

122 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.and that the last-named naturalists were followed by Dujardin andHupe. I am led to make these remarks from the fact that throughoutthe ' Eevision of the Echini ' the mode of spelling which is bothetymologically and historically incorrect is not only adopted, but isascribed to Valenciennes, to Liitken, and to Verrill, and is, curiouslyenough, carried on into the lately published Keport on the Echinoideacollected by the ' Challenger ' Expedition.Port Jackson.A. Agassiz, Rev. JEch. p. 431,13. Echinometra lucunter.Port MoUe (beach) ;Lcvuka, Fiji,14. Fibularia volva.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 509.Prince of Wales Channel.15. Cljrpeaster humiUs.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 510.Port MoUe (4 fms.).16. Laganum depressum.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 518.Torres Straits ; Prince of Wales Channel.The British Museum contains specimens collected by H.M.S.' Challenger ' in the Arafura Sea.17. Laganum decagonale.Peronella decagonalis, A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 520.Laganum decagonale, Bell, Ann. 8^- Mag. N. II. (5) xi. p. 130.The investigations which I have been able to make into the valueof the generic and specific characters of the Laganidae (Ann. & Mag.Nat. Hist. (5) xi. p. 130) have led me to the conclusion that novalid grounds exist for the generic or subgeneric separation of" Peronella " from Lar/anum.Prince of Wales Channel ; Thursday Island.This appears to be one of those species around which misapprehensionshave collected ; the earlier and not ungraceful method ofregistration which induced De Blainville* to associate with thisspecies the name of the naturalist to whom he owed his specimenhas, no doubt in haste, been regarded by Professor AlexanderAgassiz t as indicating Lesson to be the author of the species.* Diet. Sci. Nat. vol. xlviii. p. 229; Man. d'Act. p. 215.t Rev. Ech. p. 47, and much less accurately on p. 148.

ECniNODERMATA. 123Strangely enough, De Blainville himself is not free from error inthe matter, for after Lesson's name he places the words " Voyagede rUranie," a voyage with which Lesson had not the close relationthat he had with that of the ' Coquille,' and in the account of whichno Echinoderms are described or figured.A. Agassiz, Eev. Ech. p. 550.18. Echinoneus cyclostomus.A very small specimen from Prince of \Yales Channel.A, Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 570.19. Maretia planulata.A very fine series in spirit from Flinders, Clairmont, and driedspecimens from Clairmont Island.Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 575.20, Lovenia elongata.Thursday Island ;Torres Straits.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 578.^1. Breynia australasise.An excellent series from Port Denison, Thursday Island, andPrince of Wales Channel.A. Agassiz, Rev. Ech. p. 580.22. Echinocardium australe.Port Jackson ; Flinders, Clairmont; Port Darwin (12 fms., mudand sand).Perrier, p. 43*.ASTEROIDEA.1. Asterias calamaria.Port Jackson. The two specimens are very different in appearance: one has eleven arms, of Avhich none are remarkably smallerthan the rest ; the other, which has five arms left, and appears tohave had six, has one arm much longer than the others, and hasthree small subequal arms.* For the majority of the Asteroiclea I shall give only one reference, andthat to Perrier's ' Revision des Stellerides ' (Paris, 1875), following its paginationas a sej)arate work.

124 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Perrier, p, 63.2. Asterias polyplax.A small specimen with two long, two short and stout, and fourshorter and more delicate arms.Port Jackson, March 1881.3. Echinaster purpureus.Othilia purpurea, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. (1) vi. p. 282.Echinaster fallax, Mull. Sf Trosch. Syst. Asterid. p. 23 ; Perrier, p. 106.While some have six and another five arms, not markedly differingin length, another has one very long arm, with a madreporite oneither side of its base, and four shorter arms, of which one is verymuch shorter than the rest ; it bears, however, indications of injuryand subsequent repair.Port MoUe ; Port Denison ; Thursday Island, 4-6 fms.4. Metrodira suhulata.Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. II. (1) vi. p. 282.Plinders, Clairmont ;Alert Island, 7 fms.Pei-rier, p. 137.5. Linckia Isevigata.A dried specimen still retains very well its blue coloration.Clairmont Island.153.6. Linckia nodosa.There is not, I think, any doubt that the four specimens from theArafura Sea (32-36 fms.) and Prince of "Wales Channel (7 fms.)are representatives of this species, of which Prof. Perrier has givenan admirable description ; the specimens, however, on which thatdescription is based bore no indication of any locality.The specimens are very much finer than those measured byM, Perrier, R being equal to 213, 118, and 104 millim., with r 23,18, and 13. The disk with 18 millim. radius has apparentlyreceived some injury ; but it may be that, in this species, thereis a difference in the sexes, and that the specimen in question isin a different condition of generative maturity to the others ; it isimpossible, however, to settle the question, as the example has beendried.

ECHINODERMATA, 1257. LincMa marmorata.Ophidiaster marmoratus, Michelin,Mag. Zuol. 1845, Zooph. p. 21, pi. 10.Liuckia marmorata, Perrier, p. 13o.If I am correct in referring to this species a series of specimensfrom Port Molle and Fitzroy Island, it will be easy to understandhow it is that M. Michelin's species was never again recognized tillthe Paris Museum came into the possession of his type ; that wouldappear to be the only example that they possess, and, as M. Perrierpoints out, the " typo " is obviously young. The specimens beforeme are clearly enough all representatives of the same species ; butwere any one of them described it is quite possible that from thedescription alone of that single specimen it would be easy to regardsome others of the series as belonging to another form.In the first place, though all the specimens are provided with theintermediate plate that connects into a pentagon the terminal one ofthe " ranges de plaques qui occupe la ligne mediane dorsale dechaque bras," the extent to which this is evident varies a good deal,and one would hardly think it worthy of especial note in the largestexample were not attention directed to it by the better-markedcharacters of some of the smaller. Secondly, the smallest specimenhas the dorsal plates covered with coarse granulations ; of some ofthese, at any rate, it would be appropriate to say (again quotingPerrier) " les granules voisins de leur centre sent un peu plus grosque les autres;" on the other hand, one, two, or more granulesnear the centre acquire, in the larger specimens, a much greaterpredominance, and give a somewhat different appearance to thecreature ;in the largest specimen these again have disappeared, andthe whole surface of the plates is more uniformly granular. Thirdly,the dorsal plates may lose the regularity of outline which is so wellmarked (if not exaggerated ?) in Michelin's figure, and which isexpressed by M. Perrier in the words " sensiblement carree," andbecome narrower at the angles at which the pores are placed ; thisis perhaps due to the greater development in the number of pores,of which as many as seven may in some cases be found within thelimits of one area. Lastly, it is only in the smallest specimens thatwe find a double row of tubercles fringing the adambulacral spines ;in aU the larger specimens the row is single, or, in other words, onerow of tubercles ceases to grow proportionately, and becomes obscuredin the general granulation of the actinal surface.The only considerable point of difference between these specimensand that figured by Michelin lies in the remarkable coloration ofhis specimen ; if, however, M. Desjardin's example from the islandof Mauritius was immediately dried, it might have retained its colour :while Dr. Coppinger's specimens, which were placed in spirit, mightvery possibly have had part of their colouring-matter dissolved out.The largest example has E equal to 50 miUim.Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms.

;126 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.8. Linckia pauciforis.Martens, Arch.f. Nat. xxxii. (1866), p. 69.In only one example is one of the arms otherwise than perfectbut this does not seem to have been budded out in place of one castoff, but to have been bitten or broken off not far from its tip.Three dry specimens from Bird Island, N.E. Australia; coralreef.9. Linckia megaloplax.Arms five. R=67, r=9, or Il=7'5 r about. Adambulacralspines flattened, one for each plate, with blunted end ; externallyto and alternating with these are somewhat shorter papilliformspines ; the general granulation of the actinal surface of the diskextends between these latter; externally to them there is a row oflarger spines, the distribution of which is extremely irregular, forwhile at some points they are almost as closely packed as those ofthe more internal row, they are at others separated from oneanother by the distance of three or four of the inner spines. Therest of the abactinal siirface is closely covered with subequal granulesof some size. The abactinal surface is traversed very regularlyby six rows of poriferous spaces, which are comparativelylarge and markedly rectangular ; the smallest spaces are found inthe lowest row on either side ; a short distance from the tip of eacharm the spaces completely disappear, and the granulation becomesa little more prominent, and there is here, as in some allied species,a large specially modified plate with one or more large tuberclesupon it. The disk itself is covered with large pore-areas, and theonly noticeable character is the large and distinct, though not projecting,madrcporic plate. The pore-areas are about 2 milhm. wide,and the length of the madreporic plate, around which the granulesare very distinct, may be -1 millim. The colour of the abactinal surfaceis deep brown or black, whilst that of the actinal surface islighter.In a specimen smaller than that which has formed the chief basisof this description the two surfaces arc, towards the free end of thearm, distinguished from one another by the development of someshort marginal spines. In another, dried, specimen, intermediatein size between these two, the spines at the upper and lower marginsof the sides of the arm, though insignificant, are both largerand more numerous.The idea that the younger forms would have a larger supply ofspines is opposed by the fact that in a still smaller specimen thesespines are altogether absent *, while the skeletal plates are stouterthan in the specimens which bear the spines. The question nowarises as to whether there are three stages— («) one in which theossicles are so stout that no defensive spines are needed in addition(h) one in which growth has proceeded so rapidly that the bars of* Cf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) viii. p. 441.

F.CHINODEKMATA. 127the ossicles have diminished in proportional thickness while increasingin length, and so having lost their earlier stoutness, nowrequire external aid; and (c) a final condition, in which equilibriumis again established, the ossicles themselves being again stouter,—orwhether we have to do with two sets of variations from a commonstock, due to some slight differences in the environment. But thisis a complex and difficult question, which can only be satisfactorilyanswered by one who has at hand the living wealth of the Australianseas.Port Curtis ; Fitzroy Island ; Albany Island ; Port Denison,8-12 fms.10. Linckia, sp.A very small specimen, from West Island, Torres Strait, presentsthat interesting peculiarity of three smaller and three larger arms,hinting thereby at a division of the disk instead of gemmation froma single arm; it is the smallest heteractinic Lmclcla I have seen, thelongest arm measuring only G millim.Perrier, p. 276.11. Anthenea flavescens.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.The Museum collection contains also specimens of this speciesfrom Fremantle, W. Australia.12. Oreaster gracilis.Pentaceros gracilis, Perrier, p. 246.Oreaster gracilis, Liitken, Vid. Med. 1871, pp. 260, 261.A selected series of five specimens, all from Port Denison (4 fms.),exhibit remarkably well the great change which occurs in thisspecies, even after a considerable size has been attained. Thesmallest, which has E, equal to 93-5 millim., has five tubercles,about 10 millim. high, one at the central end of each median rowof tubercles : in another, with R equal to 108 millim., thetubercles, though a little stronger, are no higher and are here onlyto be found on three of the angles of the disk ; this specimen, likeanother which is a little larger, has the lateral and marginal spinesvery well developed: two specimens, with P equal to 118 and140 millim, respectively, have these spines less well developed, andthe diminution is the more marked in the larger specimen ; thesmaller has one large central tubercle, and the larger has each ofthe whole set of five reduced to growths which are hardly largerthan the other spines on the disk.A specimen with six arms, one of which has been injured andhas commenced to grow again, was collected at Port Molle.

;128 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.13. Oreaster nodosus.Asterias nodosa, Li7mceus, Si/st. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1100,Pentaceros turritus, Perrier, p. 240.Pine specimens from 4 fms., Port Denison.14. Oreaster, sp.A single dried specimen of a very interesting and, apparentl}%new form was also collected at Port Denison. Unfortunately, inthe process of drying the disk has so fallen in as to completely alterwhat must have been a very different height in the living specimen,and, as may be supposed, the lophial line has also suffered.15. Stellaster belcheri.Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 76.Port Curtis.16. Stellaster incei.Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 76.A fine series of dried specimens was collected, and HjS there aresome in which E was no more than 30 millim., while in others itwas equal to 95 millim., we are able to see the great variability inthe number and presence of the spinous tubercles, which may bevery feebly or exceedingly well developed.This is not one of those species in which we find that the smalleror younger specimens are the more richly provided with tubercles ;but with this we have to correlate (1) the solidity of the skeleton,and (2) the small size and consequent slight defensive power ofthese tubercles, even when they are well developed.One specimen, which, unfortunately, is very much injured, has a" greater radius " of as much as 120 miUim.Port Molle ; Port Curtis (5-11 fms.) ; Port Denison (6 fms.)Albany Island (6 fms.) ; Thursday Island ; and Arafura Sea.17. Pentagonaster coppingeri.This species belongs to the Astrocjonium section of the genus asarranged by Prof. Perrier, for the two rows of marginal plates arerichly provided with granules, and with one or two larger granuleswhich can hardly be called spines.Arms five. 11= 91, r = 46. Arms 24 millim. wide at base, narrowingrather rapidly ; marginal plates exceedingly well developed ;pedicellariaj reduced.The central region of the disk is a little elevated, the thicknessthere being about double that of the margin of the disk ; the wholeabactinal surface consists of a close arrangement of ossicles, thesurfaces of which are coarsely granulated ; the granules are a little

ECHIJSrODERMATA, 129longer in the median line of each ray, where they form a remarkablyregular series, continued on to the disk, but they become more orless ill-delined on the raised portion ; the granules on the rest ofthe plates present no peculiarities, saving that they are a littlelonger on the sides of the raised portion of the disk. The respiratorypores on this surface are rather large, scattered, and simple.The supero-marginal plates are as much as 7 millim. high in thewidely open angle of the arms ; they are narrow, wider above thanbelow ; as these plates pass outwards they decrease in length andincrease in breadth ; they next decrease in size generally, andfinally they are again, though much smaller, of the same generalform as those of the angles of the arm ; the terminal three or fourtouch in the middle line : of these plates there are about 23 on.the side of each ray ; the condition of their armature is, perhaps,best described by saying that some of the granules elongate to formsmall spinous tubercles. The madreporic plate is situated aboutone third of the radius from the centre of the disk ; it is prominent,5'5 millim. long, and has the form of an irregular elongated oval.The infero-marginal plates are likewise about 23 in number, andtheir form in different regions presents very much the same variationsas those of the supero-marginal series ; the granules, however,do not present the same tendency to become spinous, though theyare all rather longer and not quite so closely packed. The adambulacralspines form a fringe of four flattened subequal spines, inaddition to which two smaller outer ones may be attached to thesame ossicle ; beyond these there are two or three much stouterspines, and beyond these again there may be two or three spines,the tips of which may be pointed. The granulation of the intermediateplates presents very much the same characters as that ofthe infero-marginal plates.This species may be distinguished from P. singularis or P. mUiarisby the length of its arms, and the shape and closer packing of theplates of the abactinal surface ; from the former it is also distinguishedby having the adambulacral spines shorter and blunter, though theyare by no means as blunt as in P. miUaris, where the adambulacralgroove is so wide.Colour : the specimen whose admeasurements have been given inthe above description is dark slate; another, in which 11 = 82 andr = 26, is light stone- coloured ; in it the disk is not elevated.Port Curtis, 5-11 fms. ; Prince of Wales Channel, 3-5 fms.18. Pentagonaster validus.This is a second new species which belongs to the Astrorjoniumdivision of the genus. The arms are distinct, rounded, and stout,the anus central and sometimes very distinct ; the granulation ofthe ossicles is rather coarse, and only a few larger granules arefound scattered over the abactinal surface ; there are three rows ofadambulacral spines.As five specimens of this form were collected we are able toK

130 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.determine to some extent its range of variation : this, as we mighthave expected, is most markedly presented by the characters of thespinous protuberances formed by the hypertrophy of some of thegranules on the abactinal surface ; the smallest specimen is withoutany special spines. Of three larger and subequal specimens, thatwhich is a little the smallest has a more prominent granule developedhere and there along the middle lines of the rays, and somesix, still more prominent, at the centre of the dislv ; the other twohave much more prominent spinous granules at what may be calledthe base of the rays, and some smaller protuberances around thecentre of the disk ; these latter are, in the largest specimen of all,quite inconspicuous. E. is about equal to 2 r; R=72, 58 ; r—34, 27.Arms 29 or 26 millim. wide at the base, narrowing hardly at alltill quite near their end ;marginal plates very well developed, equalin either series, and 13 or 14 in number ;pedicellarise scarce.The central region of the disk is not distinctly elevated ; withincrease in size the ossicles of the abactinal surface become lessclosely packed than in the smaller forms ; and three rows of ossiclescan be quite distinctly made out ; the investing granulation is notespecially coarse ; the intervening pores may be set singly or disposedin groups of three or four. With increase in size, likewise,the boundary line between the two sets of marginal plates becomesmore distinct ; from the angle of the arm outwards the superomarginalsincrease in breadth till the last two or three, but they arealways at least twice as long as they are broad ; the terminal twoor three touch in the middle line. The infero-marginals are a littlestouter, but have otherwise much the same proj)ortions as the upperseries.The intermediate plates are distinct from one another and arecovered by large distinct granules. The innermost row of adambulacralspines are 6 or 7 in number, and are more delicate than the twostouter ones which are placed outside them ; those of the outermostrow are smaller and more irregular, and are not easily distinguishedfrom the granules of the ventral plates.Madreporic plate rather large, distinct, g to ^ r distant from thecentre ;the anus often distinguished by its periphery of eight orten small plates.The dried specimens are yellowish or light slate-coloured ; butthere is no information as to what is their colour when alive orfresh.The species is verj-^ distinct from P. dilafatiis of Perrier, whichspecies has perhaps been founded on forms which were only varietiesof the Astrof/onium miliare of Gray.Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-5 fms. ; sand.19. Dorigona longimana.Pentagonaster longimanus, Perrier, p. 228.Percy Island, Queensland ; Prince of Wales Channel, Aug. 1881,7 fms.

—ECHINODERMATA. 131Ferrier, p. 320.20. Asterina belcheri.With four madrcporites.Port Jackson, 0-4: fms.This is the first locality that has been given for this species.Ferrier, p. 296.21. Asterina calcar.Port Jackson."I^.Asterina cepheus.Asperiscus cepheus, M. S^- Tr. Syst. Ast. p. 41.Asterina cepkea, Ferrier, p. 315.I follow Prof. Perrier in using Miiller and Troschel's specific name,on the ground that, though Graj^'s name hurtoni has the precedenceby two years, the " type " is not to be found, and the description isuseless for any purposes of identification. As cepheus is obviously aproper name, I prefer to use it without making any alterations inits termination.Thursday Island.23. Asterina gunniLFerrier, p. 298.A small specimen from Port Molle.24. Asterina regularis.Verrill, Trans. Connecticut Acad. i. p. 250.A small specimen : Port Molle.A good series in spirit : Port Jackson.What seems to be a young specimen of this species was also takenat Port Jackson.25. Asterina (Nepanthia) brevis. (Plate VIII. figs. A, A'.)Ferrier, p. 321.As Prof. Perrier's description would appear to be based on a singlesmall dried specimen in the British Museum, I give the measurementsof two specimens preserved in spirit :R=32, 44; r=9, 12; or E=2-7 or 2-8 r,and a figure of the largest specimen.Albany Island (8 fms., sand and mud) ;coral).Thursday Island (4 fms.,Ferrier, p. 326.26. Pattria crassa, Gray.Port Curtis.il2

132 C0LLECTI0X8 FROM MELANESIA,27. Luidia, sp.A single dried specimen of a species of this genus was taken atPort Dar\vin. Though it is not in a condition to be described, it isright to direct attention to it, as no species of Luidia is mentionedeither by Prof. Perrier or by Mr. Tenison-Woods in their lists ofStarfishes of the Australian seas. The example in question wasgreatly injured during life, and the arms, of which there are onlyfive, differ considerably in form and length. It cannot be regardedas belonging to Gray's species L. hardwiclcii on account of thegreater stoutness of the ventral plates and of the spines found onthem ; the tufts on the paxillee are likewise made up of stouterspinules, and the characters of the adambulacral spines will, it isalmost certain, be found to be very different when a more satisfactoryspecimen is obtained.28. Astropecten coppingeri.Dr. Coppinger has forwarded examples of a species already representedin the Museum, but of which I have never been able to find adescription. The species, however, is not, I should imagine, a rareone, and it is certainly one that has not yet be-en recorded as fromthe Australian seas.It is distinguished by the fact that it has only four spines on eachseries of supero-marginal plates, and these are confined to the twoplates on either side of the apex of the interradial angle.Iiz=30"5, r=8. Breadth of arm at base 7*5 millim. Armstaper gradually and regularly ; about twenty-five supero-marginalplates, which are higher than broad and very high in the angle ofthe arm, where they are narrower at their ventral ends ; the platesthat do not bear spines are regularly covered with a somewhatcoarse granulation, which may almost become spinous ; the twoterminal plates are large, prominent, and smooth ; the space betweenthe arras and on the disk is regularly filled with not largepaxilla3, provided generally with a central tubercle and a circlet offrom eight to ten tubercles around their head. The spines of theinfero-marginal plates are prominent and lie on the sides of thearms, so that they are visible from the abactinal surface. Internallyto these long stoutish spines, three smaller ones are to be foundon the actinal surface in the same transverse line ; the intermediatespace is filled up by a coarse granulation or by spinous processes.The spines bordering the ambulacral groove are closely packed ; thereare three or, more rarely, two on the side of each plate ; these areelongated and rather delicate ; beyond this internal row there is arow of stouter shorter spines, and beyond these are others whichbecome more or less confounded with the covering of the ventralplates.Madreporic plate not detected. The characters of the paxillsealready described do not hold for the region of the disk, where

ECHINODERMATA, 133there is a closer and more regular granulation. The coloration,which becomes blotched in the dried specimens, is found in an examplesent by Dr. Coppinger to consist of an irregular darkish patchat each angle of the disk, and an irregular patch, extending on to themarginal plates, occurs twice on the length of each arm.In a much smaller specimen (in which R = 9} the spines are onlydeveloped on one plate on either side of the apex of the angle ofthe arm, and only two distinct spines are to be seen on the ventralplates. In a specimen in which E.= 16 the second spine is fairlydeveloped on some, small on otherr., and absent from the rest of theplates nearest but one to the apex ; on all of the ventral plates athird, and on some the fourth, spine is now to be made out.Of several specimens collected at Alert Island one has at some ofits angles three spine-bearing plates.In addition to the specimens from Thursday Island, Alert Island,and Prince of Wales Channel (7 fms.), the British Museum containsthree specimens which were collected in " Australia " byMacgillivray in 1S62.29. Astropecten polyacanthus.M.

134 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,ing notes will add a little to our knowledge of this form. Not oneof the three specimens collected by Dr. Coppinger (there were twoin the 'Challenger' collection) distinctly presents that cruciformarrangement of fibres in the dorsal areae which was so striking in thespecimens seen by Mr. 81aden ; in some of the areae it is indistinctlymarked, and in not rare cases the arose are divided into two ; thenumber of pores hardly exceeds fifty ; the arose may be square aswell as rhomboidal, or may be triangular or have the angles rounded.There is not that diflcrence in hue between the tissue covering theareoe and that covering the spinclets which Mr. Sladen observed ;but there may be great differences in colour, specimens being ashygrey or deep brown. The minor radial axis is respectively 60,48-U, and 44-7 millim.Port MoUe, and Thursday Island (4 fms., coral).OPHIUROIDEA.Lyman, Prel. List, p. S*.This is one of the1. Pectinura gorgonia.species that extends as far west as Mauritius,in a dried specimen from which island all the transverse bands on thearms have disappeared, and the number of arm-spines is as many astwelve.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.2. Pectinura infernalis. (Plate Till. fig. B.)Ophiaraclina infernalis, J/. Tr. p. 105.Pectinura infernalis, Lyman, Lull. 31. C. Z. iii. p. 222 ; and Prel.List, p. 3.The three naked plates between the radial shields, which are somarkedly referred to in the original description, and are so wellseen in Mr. Lyman's figure, are not always so distinctly developed,as may be seen by the figure which is now given.Port Molle ; Thursday Island ; Prince of Wales Channel ; a youngspecimen fi'om Port Darwin.3. Pectinura megaloplax.Very large naked radial shields ; disk elsewhere covered with acoarse granulation, beneath which are largish j:)lates, somewhatpuffed ; the arras wide at their insertion, slightly carinated. Largeaccessory mouth-shields present in all the interradii ;pores betweenfirst and second ventral arm-plates only ; about seven rather delicatelateral arm-spines ; upper arm-plates not broken.* The bibliographical referenops are here chiefly confined to Mr. Lyman'sPreliminary List ' (Cambridge, U. S. A., 1880).

ECHTNODERMATA. 135Diameter of disk 19 millim., length of arm about 83 millim. fromthe edge of the disk, width of arm at disk 6 millim., height of same5 millim. Fourteen mouth-papillse of fair size, the outermost thelargest ; four stout teeth ; mouth-plates with six sides, the ahoralthe longest and the adoral the shortest, longest hardly longer thanbroadest axis ; accessory mouth-plates large, longer than broad,straight within, convex without; side mouth-shields distinct, inclinedto be triangular, broader within than without ;granulatedspace between mouth-papillaj and mouth-shield very small.Lower arm-plates at first wider than long, but varying a gooddeal in shape ;proceeding outwards the adoral edge becomes shorterand shorter as the side arm-plates encroach more and more upon theventral middle line. The upper arm-plates at the base of the armsare very wide, about foui* times as wide as they are long, furtherout they become narrower, and towards the tip of the arm are verymuch encroached upon by the side plates ; as a rule there are sevenspines ou the plates. Tentacle-scales two.This fine form stands nearest to P. marmorata, from which itmay be distinguished by (i.) the much larger radial shields, (ii.) thewider arm-bases, (iii.) smaller number of arm-spines, (iv.) largeraccessory mouth-shield, and (v.) proportionately shorter arms.Port Molle (14 fms.).OPHIOPINAX, g. n.It appears to be necessary to establish a new genus for the receptionof the form hitherto known as Pectinura steUata, owing tothe remarkable and regular arrangement of thelarge plates on itsdisk ; this, which is only obscurely seen in smaller specimens, becomesvery prominent in such larger examples as were obtainedduring the voyage of the ' Alert.'The genus may be defined as follows:—Two elongated genital clefts;mouth-papillse, teeth. Accessory oral shields ; arm-sijines delicate,attached to the outer edge of the side arm-plates. Eadial shieldslarge, separated by several radial or interradial plates from oneanother. All the disk, except the radial shields, is covered bygranules, but there are no spines or spinous processes. Teeth (infour rows) stout, blunt. Side arm-plates extend on to both actinaland abactinal surfaces ; side mouth-shields naked.The extraordinary development of the plates between the radialshields, both of the same and of the neighbouring sets, appears tohave escaped the notice of Ljungman and Grube ; nor can it, Iimagine, have been noticed by Mr, Lyman, as he retains 0. stellataof Ljungman in the emended genus Pectinura.At this time it ajjpcars convenient to redescribe and figure thespecies.

;136 COLLECTIONS FBOM MELANESIA.4. OpMopinax stellatus. (Plate VIII. fig. C.)Pectinura stellata, Lyman, Trd. List, p. 3.Disk somewhat pentagonal, not pnfFed, with a central rosette ofplates varying a good deal in the extent to which it is well defined,and occupying about half the upper surface ; in some cases a centralplate and two not very regular circlets of variously sized plates ofirregular form can be made out. The interradial series of plates,which extend from the rosette to the edge of the disk, are stouterand more prominent than the radial series ; they are composed ofthree or four plates varying in size and form, and sometimes pairedat the margin of the disk ; the larger median have smaller plates oneither side. The radial series may, for its undivided portion, beformed by a single plate, but, as a more general rule, there arethree ; there are no smaller marginal plates. The bifurcated bandwhich embraces the base of the arm has usually three pieces oneither half. Just below the margin of the disk there is a prominentplate, which is placed interradially ; in shape this is irregularlycordiform ; above, on either side, it is bounded by a compressed ordiamond-shaped plate ; between it and the mouth-plate there is apair of smaller plates and several still smaller plates intervening ;on the side there is an elongated plate, with two smaller ones, lyingalong the edge of the genital slit. The radial shields are large andtriangular, and fill up all the space on the disk between the radialand interradial plates which is not occupied by the rosette.The inner mouth-shields have a straight outer edge, the sides areat first straight, and then bending inwards meet one another at amore or less acute angle ; they are longer than broad ; the spacebetween them and the edges of the mouth is rather loosely granularthe outer mouth-shields are about as broad as long, and have aslightly convex outer edge ; the umbo is well marked, and thatshield is not divided ; the side mouth-shields are well developed,and are separated from the genital slits by a small granulated patch.Seven mouth-papillte, the three innermost small, the innermostsmallest ; the next three large, increasing in size from within outwards; the outermost again small.The arms begin to narrow immediately after leaving the disk,and become very delicate at their free ends ; in a well-developedspecimen, in which the disk measures 17 millim. in diameter, theyare 70 millim. long, 5 millim. wide, and 4-5 millim. high at theirinsertion into the disk. Upper surface carinated ;upper arm-platesabout three times as wide as they are long, but, owing to the invasionof the side arm-plates, the aboral is longer than the adoral edgeboth these edges are straight.There is a pair of pores between the first and second lower armplates; the lower, like the upper, arm-plates have their aboral longerthan their adoral edges, and this, as on the upper surface, is due tothe encroachments of the side arm-plates, and is more stronglymarked near to, than far from, the disk. None of the edges of these

ECHIJfODEEMATA. 137plates are curved ; the plates themselves are at first broader thanlong, but during their gradual diminution in size they have at onetime their aboral edge equal to their longitudinal axis ; still furtherout they are longer than broad. About six, short, poorly developedspines are found on each of the side arm-plates near the disk, ofwhich the largest are median in position ; they diminish in numberand size as they approach the free end of the arm. Two small tentacle-scales.Upper surface (in alcohol) dark yellow, with spots or patches ofbrown ; the whole of the actinal surface pale flesh-colour. Although,as a rule, three consecutive segments are coloured by a darker transversepatch, there may be only two, or there may be four so ornamented,and, as irregularities, one or more than four ; but the colorationalways extends on to the sides of the arm, though it neverpasses on to the lower surface. Or the whole may be very manyshades darker, and then the darkest parts are not especially remarkable; this last mode of coloration appears to be by far the mostcomnion.Port Molle, Queensland, 14 fms., rock ; and Port Denison,3-4 fms.In some examples, which are very much smaller, from Torres Straitsthe radial shields are oviform, the upper arm-plates are not nearlyso wide nor so distinctly carinated ; the central rosette may be onlybarely indicated, though the central plate is very distinct ; the platesof the interradial series have no small marginal secondary plates.The side arm-plates at the base of the arm are proportionately muchlarger, and in consequence diminish the breadth of the lower as wellas of the upper arm-plates. Striking as is the difference in effectproduced by these dift'erences in character, they are, I think, onlyto be ascribed to age.5. OpMopeza conjimgens.This species seems to strengthen the opinion, more than once expressedby Mr. Lyman, that the genera O/ihiojJeza and Pectinura arebarely to be distinguished. AVithout a divided mouth-shield, it hasthe arms not rounded, as in 0. fallcuv, but keeled above, as is so oftenthe case in Pectinura.Most closely allied to 0. fallax, it may be distinguished by thesomewhat coarser granulation of its disk, the smaller number ofmouth-papillse, and the broadened upper arm-plates.Disk pentagonal, flattened, 17'5 millim. diam. in one example,completely covered by a delicate and regular granulation (of abouttwenty granules to 1 millim.), the underlying scales not large ; theradial shields, in perfect specimens, only indicated by depressions.Mouth-shields not divided, wider than long, with a wide convexadoral edge, straighter sides, and a barely convex aboral margin.Side mouth-shields small ; the space between the mouth-shield andthe edge of the jaws is marked by a granulation, much coarser thanthat which obtains elsewhere on the disk. Mouth-papillae seven.

138 COLLECTIONS PEOM MELANESIA.stout, tlie penultimate one about twice as wide as those on eitherside of it.The arms, which are not more than four times the diameter ofthe disk, are very delicate at their tip, strongly carinated superiorlyon the proximal portion ; the upper arm-plates have pretty straightoral and aboral edges, about twice and a half as wide as theyare long ; the lower arm-plates are encroached upon by the sideplates, which extend far towards the middle line ; near the diskthey are wider than long and hexagonal in form ; further out thetwo lateral angles widen out, the sides gradually become straighter,and a quadrangular replaces the hexagonal form ; towards the distalend of the arm the ventral plates are longer than broad. Arraspines,near the disk, eight, the median longer than those above orbelow them ;quite close to the disk they may be long enough toextend to the edge of the next plate ;rajjidly, however, they becomeshorter, though they do not diminish either rapidly or notably innumber. Tentacle-scales two on the most proximal joints, onebeyond. A pore between the first and second arm-plates.Colour, in alcohol, brownish, with some blackish spots on thedisk ; these are also found on the arms ; three or fonr successiveplates often much darker than those in front of or behind them.Port Molle (1-1: fms., rock) ; Port Curtis ; Port Denison ; ThursdayIsland.Specimens of this species, bearing as locality " Indian Ocean,"have long been in the Museum.Specimens of what may be the young of this species were takenin the Prince of AYales Channel.Lyman, p. 4.6. Ophiolepis annulosa.Clairmont Island ;Port Darwin.7. OpMoplocus imbricatus.Lyman, p. 4.Port Darwin.8. Ophiactis savignii.Lyman, p. 14.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.9. Ophionereis dubia.Lyman, p. 26.Thursday Island; Albany Island; Prince of Wales Channel:Torres Straits.

;ECHINODEKMATA. 13910. OpMocoma brevipes.Peters, Archivfilr Natur. 1852, p. 85 ;see Lyman, p. 27.Mr. Lj'man (Prel. List, p. 27) gives as synonyms of this, his own0. insv.laria (about which there will, I suppose, be no dispute), the0. ternisjnna of Martens, an unnamed specimen of which, fromthe island of Mauritius, has been for many years in the collection ofthe British Museum and has for a long time been a source of muchdisquiet to myself (I am now persuaded that this is a specimen towhich Dr. von Martens would have given the name ternisjj'ma),Ophiocoma varieguta and 0. brevisjnnosa of E. A. Smith, from theisland of Rodriguez. I do not know that a more western localitythan the island just named has ever been recorded l)y a zoologistat any rate, Dr. Haacke did not detect the species among the Ophiuridscollected by Prof. Mtibius in the island of Mauritius *, unlesshe has been, as is possible, misled by the definition of 0. squamatagiven by M tiller and Troschel ; the three or four lateral spines, thetwo teutacle-scales, and the square markings on the upper armplatesmight deceive a hasty nomcuclator, but they could not, Ithink, mislead any one who refers to the second edition of Lamarck(vol. iii. ly40), p. 225, where he will find references to the platesof Link and 0. F. Miiller. Although the species there figured isregarded by the editors as distinct from 0. squamata, the resemblancebetween such an Oi^hiurid as this Ophiocoma and the OphiothrixpentapliyUum figured by the two just-mentioned naturalists, is sovery slight that we are forbidden from supposing that the Ophiurasquamata, Lamk. {Opiiiocoma squamata, M. & Tr.), is a near ally ofan Ophiothrix or Ophiothrix-lWa form.The variations exhibited by this very widely distributed speciesare indeed remarkable. It seemed for a time that the larger numberand smaller size of the mouth-papilla) at the inner angles of 0. variegataand of 0. hrtvispinosa would indicate a certain difference ; buta difference of quite equal extent can be detected in the mouthorgansof a single specimen. The hollow square marking on theupper arm-plates, which, when well developed, seems to give such acharacteristic appearance to the arms of this species, may be replacedby a black patch, or there may be a transverse bar, or there may beonly the two lines left which run parallel to the long axis of thearm ; again, there may be spots, or the coloration may be fairlyuniform. The colour of the disk may be pale, spotted, or reticulated;the mouth- shields spotted or uniform in colour.Levuka, Fiji.* MiJbius,'Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius ' &c. (Berlin, 1880).Iq what follows I may seem to speak somewhat harshly of Dr. Haacke's services ;but I am bound to point out that the list of Ophiurids given on p. 50 of thiswork has no scientific value whatever. 0. dentata has been for many yearsregarded, first by Lyman (18()5) and since by others, as " only a middling-sized0. echinata;" the type of 0. aquamata has been lo.st, " and nobody can tellwhat it was, though it might have been 0. brevipes." Dr. Haacke makes noreference to either of these judgments.

—140 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Lyman, p. 26.Port MoUe.11. Ophiocoma scolopendrina.12. Ophiartlirum elegans.Peters, Wiegmanri's Arch. 1852, p. 82.Though the British Museum possesses several specimens of thisspecies, the present is especially useful, as it is the first which hascome to hand in which even one of the " sehr zerbreehlich " armshas been preserved entire. As the disk measures 18 millim., andthis complete arm rather more than 120 millim., we find that theobject now in hand presents very much the same proportions as thespecimen described by Dr. Peters. In an example from TorresStraits, which has been some years in the possession of the Trustees,there is an arm which is in a sense complete, but it was obviouslybroken during life ; and though the disk is of very much the same diameteras that just added to the collection, this arm only measures60 millim.Dr. Coppinger's specimen was collected at Levuka, Fiji.OPHIOTHRIX.In addition to the series hereafter mentioned and described,-therewere indications cf other species, not sufficiently good to justify description,but quite well enough marked to point to the great wealthof Ojjhiothrvv-iorms in the seas where these dredgings were made.Lyman, p. 34.13. OpMothrix fumaria.As this is a very rare species, the following notes may be ofinterest :Eadial shields naked, large, with a curve along their basal edge,each separated from its fellow by a low ridge on which granules aregenerally developed. Each pair of radial shields is separated by someseven rows of prominent granules : these granules occupy all but thevery central portion of the disk, and form a spinous patch on thelower surface. Mouth-shields irregularly oval, pretty sharply angulatedproximally and very narrow dis tally, so that the bridge betweenthe genital slits is very narrow. Only the median portion ofthe interbrachial space is spinous.Upper arm-plates a good deal encroached upon by the side armplates,so that, for the greater part of the arm, they are wider alongtheir distal than their proximal edge ;spine-ridge of side arm-platesnot specially well developed ; lower arm-plates rectangular, a little

KCHlNODERMATAj 141broader than long. Six arm-spines, the uppermost the longest, aslong as two or three arm-plates, swollen at their tip, only faintlythorny. One tentacle-scale.Disk with a large number of blue patches and dots ; arm-platesabove faint reddish pink, with dots of blue at the sides, and broadtransverse bands of blue at regular intervals. Colour-markihgsbelow less pronounced.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Lyman^ Chall, Rep. p. 218.14. OpMothrix caBspitosa.Though the Challenger ' ' found but few representatives of thisspecies, it is apparently one of the most common in the neighbourhoodof Sydney.Port Jackson, March 1881.Lyman, p. 36.15. OpMothrix martensi.If I am right in ascribing to this species examples from ThursdayIsland and Port Darwin, it is one which must be regarded as exhi-*biting very remarkable variations in coloration. The original specimens,collected by Prof. Semper in the Philippines, were describedby Mr. Lyman as being in colour, " above, bright indigo, with adarker line along the arm, bounded by a lighter one on either side ;below, paler indigo, with a white line along the arm." In a smallerspecimen, " the blue lines along the arms were continued to thecentre of the disk, but were not margined by lighter liucs." In thetwo specimens collected on "Aug. 7, 1874" (in the neighbourhoodof the Fiji Islands), by the ' Challenger,' and determined by Mr.Lyman, I observe that there is a faint indication of a white line oneither side of the blue lines on the disk, and that the white lineon the ventral surface is, at places, broken across by a patch ofindigo.On either side of these " typical specimens " there would appearto be a light and a dark variety. In the latter the whole creaturemay be deep purple, the two white lines on the arms being at regulardistances invaded by purple patches of such a size as to leave onlyspaces of white equal to themselves ; and as these patches are symmetricalon either side of the middle line, the original white linescome to be represented by nothing more than paired patches of white ;similarly the white line below disappears, or rather is forced out tothe sides, and appears only as a thin marginal line. The lightvariety is no less interesting ; with the exception of the radiatinglines, the disk above is altogether white, and even these lines may

142 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.become less conspicuous and much reduced ; the white lines alongthe arm are broken into by blue patches, much less extensively developedthan in the dark form ; on the lower surface of the armthe blue lines may be present as continuous" tracts, or they may hereand there be interrupted by white.Port Curtis ; Thursday Island ; Port Darwin.16. Ophiothrix striolata.Lyman, p. 36.Thursday Island.17. Ophiothrix galatesB.Lyman, p. 36.Port Darwin.18. Ophiothrix ciliaris.Lyman, p. 85.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms. ;Port MoUe.„ 19. Ophiothrix rotata.Martens, Arch.f. Nat. 1870, p. 258.A single specimen, without doubt referred to this species, differsin one or two points from tbat described by Dr. von Martens. Inthe Berlin-Museum specimen the diameter of the disk is 7 millim.,and the length of the arras 35 millim. In our specimen the armsmust have been nearly 150 millim. long, while the diameter of thedisk is 12 millim. The upper spines are not more than twice thewidth of the arm, instead of four times. The original describermakes two statements with regard to the colour of the oral shields :— " Unterseite der Bcheibe mit den Muudschildern und die Armstachelnblass " ; and " Das der Madreporenplatte zi;gehorige Mundschildist merklich grosser, an den Heiten nicht eingebuchtet undweiss, nicht wie die andern violett." In the specimen now underexamination there is some violet marking on each one of the mouthshields.Thursday Island, 3-4 fms.So far as the present collection allows me to form any ideas withregard to the range of variation within the limits of a " species," andthe value of the colour-markings on which previous investigators havevery much greater than waslaid, and, as it seemed, justifiably, very considerable stress, I am inclinedto the view that the variation issupposed, and that, after all, colour-marking, though an importantaid in the discrimination of the species, can hardly be said to havethe value which has been attached to it. The doubts first raisedby a study of 0. martensi (vide supra) are not a little strengthenedby the three specimens now lying before me, which, I have little

ECHINODKRMATA. 143doubt, will be seen, when a large series is to hand, to be nothingmore than varieties of 0. rotata. As none of the arms are complete,the measurements I could give might only be deceptive ; in them theupper arm-spines are proportionately lai'ger than in the specimenalready spoken of; the bands separating the plates, the character ofwhich has given rise to the specific name, may vary -in breadth on oneand the same disk; and the granules may be in narrow or broad bands,and may be so greatly elongated that they may more correctly bespoken of as spines ; the marking would by some be spoken of asexceedingly characteristic, for there extend from the disk on to thearms two lines of dots of blue ; at every fourth plate, when regular,the two dots of either side fuse, and the spot enlarges into a bluepatch ; an exactly similar marking is to be seen on the lower surface.In the specimen unhesitatingly placed with 0. rotata there isnot this definite arrangement of the dots.I have thought it right to direct attention to these peculiarities,but a full and satisfactory discussion of the subject must be basedon a much larger series of specimens.These examples were also from Thursday Island.20. Ophiothrix punctolimbata.Martens, Arch.f. Nat. 1870, p. 257.Port Curtis ; Port Molle ; Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. ; Prince ofWales Channel ; Warrior E-eef.The specimen from Port Curtis, which is smaller than the others,has the lateral spines proportionately longer, more echinulated, andmuch more glossy.Lyman, p. 35.21. Ophiothrix longipeda.Port Curtis ;Port Molle.22. Ophiothrix microplax.Disk large, covered with short spines, less thick on the radialshields ; ends of the not-thorny arm-spines faintly clavate. Proportionof arms to disk about 6 to 1.The disk is rather large (20 millim. in diameter) and is coveredwith very short spines, which may almost be described as spinousgranules ; these are not so closely packed on the radial shields or onthe actinal surface as on the rest of the disk. The radial shieldsare small, elongated, triangular, the straight base of the one facesthat of the other ; the plates of each pair are separated by severalelongated scales, which carry a few longer spines. There is someimbrication of the scales on the actinal surface of the disk.

144 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Arms at least six times the diameter of the disk, not diminishedin width for some distance out. Just beyond the disk there are threelarge upper and four much shorter sjînes : the lowest, which is thesmallest, is very small ;gradually this disappears, and then thefollowing one gets smaller and smaller till it disappears. The upperspines are faintly echinulated near their tip ; the uppermost butone is generally rather the longest, but is never more than equal toabout the length of two of the upper arm-plates.The edge of the genital slit is fringed by some elongated plates;the bridge is pretty wide ; the mouth-shields are largo and stout,rather longer than broad, and have a notch in the middle of theirinner edge.The lower arm-plates have pretty even sides and are of about thesame length as breadth ; the tentacle-scale is only distinct at theproximal end of the arm. The upper arm-plates are twice as broadas long, broader along their distal than their proximal edge.General colour of disk yellowish grey, the radial shields violet, theupper arm-plates washed with slate-grey and having a faint whiteline along their middle ; the spines light-coloured, but darkertowards their tip ; the actiual surface lighter ; the mouth-shieldsprominent by their whiteness.Port Darwin.23, OpMothrix darwini.Disk somewhat pentagonal, with delicate spines on its upper surface,but the radial shields naked. Colour light jnuk, green, orlemon in places, with a few dark spots.Length of arms perhaps not more than six or seven times thediameter of the disk.The large radial shields form right-angled triangles, the perpendicularside being separated from that of its fellow by a very narrowline and by only a single row of rare spines ; a slight notch separatesthe plates at the peripheiy of the disk. The interradial spacesare about as broad as the base of the radial shields, and are richlycovered with delicate spinules, these extend on to the actinal surface,but leave a, bare band bordering the genital slits ; the bridge betweenthe slits is narrow ; mouth-shields broader than long, somewhat irregularlylozenge-shaped in form. The lower arm-plates are very regularlyarranged, and are only slightly oblong, many being almostcompletely square. The upper arm-plates are broader than long, theaboral edge three-sided, the adoral sides long, and the consequentform that of a not very regular hexagon. Four or five arm-spines,the lowest not peculiarly short, and the uppermost equal to fiveupper arm-x)lates in length, echinulated at their free end. Thereappear to be two very small tentacle-scales.The larger of the two specimens presents the following markings :—There are three black dots on each of the mouth-shields ; some ofthe lower arm-plates are light green, the adoral edges of others aremarked by a black spot, and this is rendered the more conspicuous

ECHINODEBMATA. 145by the fact that two successive plates are so marked, and that thenthere is an interval of two or more not so distinguished. Three orfour blackish dots are to be found on the radial shields, along theline of the vertical side ; by pairs or threes the upper arm-plates arefaint pink or light green, and the pink ones are distinguished byeach having a black dot.I have taken advantage of the locplity of this Avell-marked andreally beautiful species to associate with it a name honoured byus all.Port Darwin, 7-12 fms., mud and sand.24. Ophiothrix melanogramma.Disk pentagonal in appearance, completely covered with finespinules, which are a good deal longer and rarer on the actinal surface.Arms 4-5 times the diameter of the disk, tapering very delicately; the upper surface marked by a black line, which extends agood way on to, but does not reach, the centre of the disk.The radial shields are almost completely obscured by the spinulation,which is very delicate ; mouth-shields broader than long, theinner sides meeting at an acute angle, the outer edge rather evenlyrounded, the l^ridge between the genital slits very narrow ; seven oreight arm-spines, the two lowest very small, the upper one as longas five or six upper arm-plates, but the uppermost of all is not thelongest ; the upper spines are richly and delicately echinulated, and,owing to the great encroachment of the side arm-plates on the uppersurface of the arm, the spines of either side come to lie very close toone another, and soon obscure the arm itself. One small tentaclescale.The lower arm-plates have a concave notch on their adoraledge, have a short side passing into the short lateral edge, and arethree-sided on their aboral face, so that they form an irregularhexagon which is broader than long. Owing to the size of the sidearm-plates, the upper arm-plates are lozenge-shaped.This species has a most elegant appearance, the black band alreadyspoken of relieving the whiteness of all the other parts, while a kindof feathery appearance is given to the arms by the delicate platesand long glassy spines.Prince of AVales Channel.Li/man, p. 37.25. Ophiomaza cacaotica.The coloration of these specimens is very far from the chocolateof Mr. Lyman's type ; but three specimens collected in one locality(Gulf of Suez) are—one chocolate-coloured, one quite light, and oneintermediate. A discussion, however, of the characters of thevariations of this species will be more profitable when our series islarger.Port Mollc ;Prince of Wales Channel.I.

:146 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.26. Euryale aspera, Laml:Lyvian, p. 43.(a) One specimen, Port MoUe, 12 fms. ; bottom, rock and sandof a dark black colour.(6) Several specimens. Port Curtis : all lighter in colour.HOLOTHUEOIDEA.A considerable number of specimens belonging to less than twentyspecies were collected, Colocliirus tuberculosus being extremely wellrepresented ; in the case of rarer or less well-known species, unfortunately,a single representative was often all that was obtained,so that in some cases conclusions have been arrived at which cannotbe regarded as any thing more than provisional. Where a numberof specimens were collected, or where the species was already representedin the British Museum, evidence was frequently obtained asto the wide extent of variation within the limits of ap])arent species; and this has especially made the work of discrimination ananxious and difficult one. Other difficulties were presented by theextreme density of the integument of some of the species and ourslight knowledge of tlie characters of the group. On the otherhand, the work of bibliographical research has been but slight, thethree more important workers at the group (Professors Semper,Selenka, and Ludwig*), having published works of remarkable exactnessand care.The arrangement followed is that of Prof. Semper.Semper, Hoi. p. 11.1. Synapta grisea.The condition of the single specimen did not admit of an anatomicalinvestigation, so that the characters of the calcareous ringwere not discovered; the form of the anchoring-plates is, however,exactly that of the species described by Semper under this name.That the species has a wide distribution would seem to be shownby its presence in this collection, and by its being represented by aspecimen from the Indian Ocean in the Loyden Museum f.Fitzroy Island, Queensland.Semper, Hoi. p. 47.2. Cucumaria maculata.From the external characters of the single specimen one wouldhardly be led to associate it with this species ; but in the case of* Dr. Tbeel's work does not seem to touch the present coUoctiou.t See Ludwig, Notes Leyd. Mus. iv. p. 128.

ECHINODEEMATA. 147Hololhurians it is especially necessary to remember the words ofFabricius, " Tn spiritii viiii mire dcformatiir, ita ut non pro eademhabeatur '**. The remarkable spicules arc, however, an exact copyof those figured by Semper ; and there seems to be no good reason forerecting on it a new species.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.3. Cucumaria semperi. (Plate IX. fig. A.)Body elongated, 5-sided ; suckers regularly arranged in two rows,except at the two ends of the body ; the suckers darker than theother parts, being almost black ; the rest of the body of a mulattotint (in spirit), or slate-grey, or whitish. Body widest in the middle.Length 36, 25 millim. ;greatest breadth 10, 8"5 millim.Ketractors inserted at a little more than one third of the wholelength from the anterior end ; Polian vesicle large ; calcareous ringlong,and composed of a number of pieces, as in G. conjimgens orC. citrea. Genital tubes delicate, about 6 millim. long, attached tothe mesentery at about the middle of the body.The supporting-rods in the suckers are not unlike folding eyeglassesin form, and are somewhat similar to those of Ocniis pygmcvus ;the plates in the integument are spherical, the framework very delicateand consisting, as seen in a surface view, of a central bar connectedat cither end with the peripheral encircling piece by twobars making an acute angle with one another. They are presentin great numbers.Port Denison ; Torres Straits.4. Ocnus, sp.A single specimen of what is apparently an undescribed specieais in the collection ; but its form is so characteristic that I have notthought it right to injure it in any way. It is distinguished externallyby the soft interspaces in the integument, the greyish-whitecolour, and the elongated narrow form of the body.Port Darwin, 12 fms.5. ColocMrus tuberculosus. (Plate IX. fig. B.)Colochirus anceps, Semper, Hoi. pp. 57, 239, iblqiie citata.There is a very large series of this species, and the specimensdiffer very considerably among themselves, not only in appearancebut in the extent to which the colouring-matter has been dissolvedout ; only one retains any indication of the red pigment. Thevariations exhibited by the specimens as they have come to theMuseum (some being quite white, others slate- grey, and others* Fauna Groenl, p. 354.i2

;148 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.almost black), the differences in the extent to which the papillae aredeveloped, and the comparatively much greater firmness of theintegument of the younger specimens help us to understand how itis that several different names have been given to this widely distributedspecies. On the other hand, it is well to still bear in mindthat our knowledge of Holothurian organization is not yet so completeas to justify us in definitely asserting that fresh differentialmarks do not yet remain to be discovered ; if there are such, theseries now regarded as single may be shown to contain representativesof more than one form.As the only illustration of the spicules appears to be that whichhas been given by Prof. Semper, I have had views made of themfrom the side to show the characters of the free projecting processes,and from below showing the inside of the hemisphere.Port Molle; Port Denison ; Torres Straits; Alert Island (TorresStraits), 17 fms., sand.6. ColocMrus australis.Ludwig, Semper''s Arheiten, ii. p. SS,This species, which is represented by only one specimen from PortMolle (14 fms.), was more richly so in a collection forwarded somethree years ago from Port Jackson by Mr. J. Erazier. I do not,however, find that the suckers are in them brown in colour, whilethe tentacles are rather black and white than brown and yellow.Neither of these are, however, points of any real importance. Ifind, from Mr. Eamsay's collections, that this species is very abundantin Port Jackson.7. Actinocucumis difficilis. (Plate IX. fig. C.)I have had the greatest difficulty in assuring myself of the specificdistinctness of this form from the A. typiea of Ludwig, the variationsexhibited in the present collection impressing one with thenecessity of the greatest care in the delimitation of species.The species may perhaps be most conveniently described bypointing out the several characters by which it is to be distinguishedfrom A. tyjnca. The ambulacral papilhe on the dorsal surface arerare, and the suckers are not in more than four rows for each raythe difterences in the form of the spicules will be best seen by comparingthe figures now given with those drawn by Professor Ludwig.The retractors are inserted rather further back, being found at 24miUim. from the anterior end in a specimen 65 millim. long, andat 22 millim. in one 70 millim. long ; the genital tubes are shorterthan in A. ti/pica, being not more than 15 millim. long in any specimenexamined. The Polian vesicle would also appear to be shorter,being only 7"0 miUim. long in a specimen of 65 millim. length. Itmay be added that the loop of the intestine is exceedingly shortthat the tentacles, which are not always 20, sometimes seem to

ECniNODEEMATA. 149belong to an outer, and at others to an inner circle on the disk ; andthat the colour which in some cases is light brown, in others ispurplish grey.Albanj' Island; Torres Straits.Quite recently an example of this species has been receivêd fromKurrachee.8. Thyone mirabilis (?).Thyone mirabilis, Ludwig, Semper s Arbeiten, ii. p. 93.The form of the spicules would perhaps allow us to place thesingle specimen hero with doubt referred to this species either withit or with llolotliuria dletricliii of Ludwig, the supporting-rods inthe suckers of the latter not being figured. Though our specimenhas much more the form and colour, so far as one may judge fromthe description, of the Holothurian, the eight large arborescent andtwo small tentacles, the scattered sucker-feet, and the unarmedanal orific exactly determine its generic affinities.Port Denison.9. Thyone sacellus *.Stolus sacellus, Selenka, Zeit. f.iviss. Zool. xvii. p. 355.Thyone rigida, Semper, Holothuvien, p. 66.Thyone sacella, von Marenzeller, Verh, z.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 131.Torres Straits.10. Thyone okeni. (Plate IX. fig. D.)The two specimens of this species are in remarkably good conditionfor examination, as one died with its tentacles fully expandedand the other was laid open by the collector.With the exception of the terminal plate in the suckers I havenot been able to detect any calcareous bodies either in the suckersor the integument ; and if any such are present they must be exceedinglysmall and very rare. This characteristic brings thisspecies into proximity to the T. villosa of Semper, where, as in this,the suckers are very closely packed.Elongated in form, very dark brown in colour (in spirit), tentaclesof about the same shade ; suckers closely packed and distributed overthe whole body, their radial arrangement in the region of the anusvery obscurely indicated. Anus without teeth. Retractors insertedvery nearly as far back as the middle of the body. Calcareous ringof ten pieces, the radial similar to the interradial, elongated, andwider below than above (fig. I)). Calcareous plating extends someway along the enteric tract (fig. D). Genital tubes numerous, veryslender and long, inserted behind the middle point of tlie length of* Prof. Selenka has been kind enough to inform me that sacellus, as usedby him, is a diminutive form of saccus, not of sacer.

150 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.the body. Polian vesicle ? Length 85, 62 millim. ;greatest breadthIT'S, 17'5 millim.Port Jackson.Save in the complete absence of spicules this species would notappear to have any resemblance to the T. inermls of Heller, theshorter body of which, attenuated at both ends, is said to have avery thin integument and to be of a yellowish-grey colour.11. Thyonidium schmeltzii.Ludtvig, Semper^s Arbeiten, ii. p. 94.As there is only one specimen of this species, I have been obligedto content myself with an examination of the integuments, wherethe " morgensternahnliche Gebilde " were found iu abundance inthe outer layer.Warrior Reef, Torres Straits.Semper, Hoi. p. 244.Port MoUe.12. Orcula cucumiformis.13. Phyllophorus proteus. (Plate IX. figs. F, F'.)Body varying greatly in form, being saccular, swollen, or elongated; in the last case it is narrower behind than in front, andpretty regularly convex above. The integument, which is ratherthick, may be black, and the colour rendered more marked b)^ thelightness of the suckers, as there may be merel}' dark longitudinalbands, or the whole body may be greyish, and the only black spotsthe tips of the suckers. The suckers themselves always have awrinkled appearance, but no definite statement can be made as totheir arrangement on the body.The retractors are triangular in form and considerablj^ enlargedat their origin ; the buccal ring is well developed, the radial piecesbeing very large, and the interradial dagger-shaped ; both are ratherdeeply excavated above (fig. F'). The spicules in the suckers presentan appearance not unlike that seen in the zooglcea-stage of Bacteriumtermo ; the spicules of the integument are more or less foursided,four-chambered bodies, made up of somewhat delicate bars,forming a trellis-work.Port MoUe ; Clairmont and Thursday Islands ; Alert Island (7 fms.,sand).14. Stereoderma validum. (Plate IX. figs. E, a-f.)Body elongated, tapering more at its posterior than at its anteriorend ; the ventral surface a little convex, the dorsal concave. A

ECHINO DERM ATA. 151specimen measurin2: 46 millira. in length has a greatest width of2i) and a greatest depth of 15 millim. The dorsal surface slopesgraduallj- to the two sides, which are marked off from the ventralsurface by the development along the lateral line of from three to sixshort, conical, sharp denticle-like processes. From the median dorsalline to this line the scattered suckers increase in number ; they are,however, much more numerous on the ventral surface, and more regularityof distribution is to be observed along the ventral median linethan in any other part. The suckers are provided with stout plates,but no special terminal plate was detected. The calcareous plates inthe skin are on the general plan of those in S. unisemita ; but the barsdo not appear to be so stout, and there may be at least seven pores.The ten pieces of the calcareous ring are all equal, and the retractormuscles are not especially strongly developed. As in ^S^. unisemitathere is, comparatively, a feeble development of the digestive andrespiratory organs ; but these characters, as well as the stiffness ofthe tentacles, are rather points of generic importance.A more complete generic diagnosis will be made when the twospecies have been carefully compared.Two young specimens have the integument much thinner.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms., where it is, as otlior collections show,exceedingly common. Also fi-om North Dunbar Island, China seas,and from between Ball's Head and Goat Island (coll. Brazier) ; andtwo dried specimens, purchased in 1848 of Mr, Cuming, from BrisbaneWater, N. S. W.In the definition of the genus given by Prof. Selenka there occurthe words " Korper mit einfachen Fiisschen bedeckt, die in derrechten (oder linken) Flanke in einer Doppelreihe stehen " and;the presence of this more distinct set of suckers is implied in thespecific term of the American species, unisemita. In the presentspecies, of which there is a good supply of specimens, I observe thatthe double row occupies the middle of the trivium, but that itvaries considerably in the extent to which it isSome modification of the generic diagnosis must therefore lie made,and the suckers be spoken of as scattered over the body, but havinga tendency to form a regular double row in some part of thetrivium *.distinctlj^ developed.Seirvper, Hoi. p. 73.15. Stichopus variegatus.A single, rather small specimen from Port Molle.* Since working out this species I have had the opportunity of examininganother member of the genus from Kurrachee ;for 8. murrayi see Proc. Zool.See. 1883, p. 61.Mr. Ramsay tells me that the naturalists of Sydney have been in tlio habit ofregarding ^S. validum as the Holothuria spinosa of Quoy and Gaimard : thisdetermination cannot, I think, be accepted.

'152 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.16. Holothuria lineata.Ludwif/, Semper^s Arbetten, ii. p. 103.One specimen from Thursday Island ;skin very thick.17. Holothuria peregrina.Ludwig, Semper s Arbeifen, ii. p. 105."With considerable doubt I refer to this species a single specimenfrom Thursday Island.18. Holothuria modesta(?),Holothuria modesta, Se77iper's Arbeiten, ii. p. 106.Professor Ludwig described his species from a single specimen,and, curiously enough, there is only one specimen in the ' Alertcollection. The characters of the supporting rods in the suckersleads me to believe that the two are forms of the same species ; buta full examination is not possible with a single representative.Torres Straits.19. Holothuria macleari. (Plate IX. fig. G.)As will be seen by the figures, the spicules of this species presenta considerable resemblance to those of H. tigris, with which, as itwould seem, it must be closely allied.As there is but a single specimen, presenting well-marked externalcharacters, I think it right to limit myself to an account of these.Body elongated, trivium flat, bivium convex, anus round, unarmed,without (perhaps having lost) any distinct indications of pentamerousmarking ; ambulacral papillae on the convex back, three rowsof not very regularly arranged suckers on the trivium. An appearanceof ringing both above and below is produced by the whitecolours and transverse setting of the papillae and suckers respectively; as the former are less numerous than the latter, there areonly about thirty bivial rings, while on the trivium two or threerings are here and there confluent and present a kind of longitudinalmarking.The single specimen is 49 millim. long and 10 millim. wide." Clairmont and Bird Islands," N.E. Australia.A specimen from the island of Rodriguez, in the possession of theBritish Museum, apparently belongs to this species.

ECHTNODERMATA. 1 53CRINOIDEA.In the preparation of this portion of my <strong>Report</strong> I have had thevery considerable advantage of the kindness of Mr. P. Herbert Carpenter,whose work on this group is so well known to, and so highlyappreciated by, his fellow-workers. Mr. Carpenter has not onlybeen good enough to favour me with his opinion on many of thespecies and specimens in the preseut collection, but, at what musthave been considerable trouble to himself, he copied out for methe notes that he had been able to make at various times andplaces on the " type specimens " of the species named by the illustriousfounder of the system of this group ; thanks to this act ofkindness, I have probably escaped from some of the numerous pitfallswhich, with the advance of our knowledge, now surround the studentwho applies himself to Johannes Miiller's descriptions of the differentspecies. As Mr. Carpenter will, in the progress of time, publishhis studies on these Miillerian types, I have thought it proper onthis occasion to do little more than merely note the presence of suchforms in this collection.The proportion of undescribed to described species is no doubtappalling ; but on making a careful estimate I do not find it to bepractically greater than in the case of my predecessors. In a Notewhich I communicated to the Zoological Society in May 1882 I gavea list of all the described species, which was very nearly complete :therein were enumerated 37 Antedons and 21 Actmometne. Ofthese, 7 Antedons and 4 Actinometrce were first described in 1881,from the collection of the Leyden Museum, by Mr. Carpenter. Inthat paper the percentages of new to all the known species wererespectively 23 and 23 ; the percentages to new species in the collectionrespectively 70 and 40.As there are here described 12 new species of Antedon^ my percentageto the 37 described forms is 32-5, to all the species mentionedin this Eeport it is 75 ; on the other hand, there are some 5new species of Actinometra, giving a percentage of 23*5 to all thedescribed forms, and of 38 to those enumerated in the accompanyingUst.Against this higher proportion we must, however, set off the factthat five of the earlier species had been described by Miiller fromthe specimens in the Leyden Museum.But the whole story has not yet been told : withovit, of course,wanting in any way to tie Mr. Carpenter down to details, I may addthat his examination of the 'Alert' collection was made after he hadexamined the collection of Crinoids brought together by the officersof H.M.S. ' Challenger,' and entrusted to him for description. Onlya single form among the "new species" in the present collectionhas been detected by Mr. Carpenter to be one of the treasures whichhe has described, but whose description he has not yet published ;

154 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.the interesting A. julrsi, of which Mr. Carpenter has already indicatedthe more essential characters, is indeed represented in thiscollection, as it is probably in any fair collection of the marine faunaof the Australian coast.Yet, again, in a paper which will be shortly published in the'Journal of the Linnean Society ' *, Mr. Carpenter describes eightout of the nine specimens of Antedon from the Hamburg Museumas new, and he speaks in the introduction as estimating the speciesof Comatulids at something like 400.Further, it is of great significance to observe that many of thespecies here enumerated or described were collected at one stationonly.Lastly, we note that the number of Aiitedonsis larger than mighthave been expected ; for in the Moluccas "Antedon seems to be comparativelyrare "t, while of the 29 species here enumerated, 16 belongto that genus. From such material as has passed through myhands, I am inclined to think that on the northern and easterncoasts of Australia we shall find Antedon to be rather more abundantlyrepresented in species than Actinometra ; the time, however,for any generalization is still far off.In entering into the detailed enumeration of the proportion of newto old species, I had not in view the purpose of apologizing for thepresence of so many new forms in this collection, but rather thedesire of directing attention to facts which can only be within theknowledge of a limited number of special students ; those whoknow how few species of Comatida' have been described, and howrich in novelties not only new collections but old museums are, willnot think that there is any suspicious wealth of new species in thevery valuable and important collection by which Dr. Coppinger hasmore than doubled the number of specimens and species in thepossession of the British Museum j.So large a number of new species should be presented in somekind of arrangement, either in the form of a phylogenetic table orof a "key." The former being an impossibility at present, onaccount of our unsatisfactory knowledge of the ancestry of theComatulidae, and keys being, of all things, the most tmscientific,I propose to give formulae for all the species of Comatulids heredescribed, basing those formulae on the method I proposed to the ZoologicalSociety§, as improved by the suggestions of Mr. Carpenter ||.* Jouni. Linn. Soe. xvi. p, 487.t Notes Leyd. Mus. iii. p. 191.[The above is allowed to stand, though wi'itten some eighteen months\ago, as it puts more forcibly than a briefer and colder statement could, thepresent tenuity of our knowledge of Ci-inoid species and the wide area that isopenmg up to us.—Dee. 4, 1883.]§ P. Z. S. 1882, p, .530.IIP. Z. S. 1882, p. 731. I retain A' as the sign for Actinometra, as a is usedin the formula? of the cirri ; and I propose to \ise br for the brachials, as h islikewise used in the formulre of the cirri. Siniilarlj' I omit the 10, as A 10followed by A 3 (in such a list as the following) is very apt to mislead.

———ECHINODEKMATA. 155Antedon.reginae A. 2.(2)rA. (3)âdeonJB A. r- bdecipiensmilberti A. r*bpinuiformis -^^ r'irregularisA. 3.(2)r(2)b_carpenteri A. -olegans A. 3.(i) cpuraila A.gygesA. 2.2.j^.bidensA. -•briareus*A. 3.2.(2)^.aloveniA. — microdiscus A. 3.3.(3)-.XACXINOMETKA.solaria A'E—2— alternansaintermediaA'R- •-•2 aA'3.2.3.2.• •paucicirra /-nfl.br aA K—^ —robusta A'R— . r-u bmultifidaA'3.2.2.-- acumingiA -•rA'3.2.--coppingeriA'—variabilisa< A'3.3.—,-pd.brukesiA'R 2(ab)parvicirra A'3.3. —U'3.(2).(2)^.From the table of Antedon formuloe some facts become at onceapparent :(a) There are six examples among the more than ten-rayed formsin which the arms are not a regular multiple of ten—that is, not 20,40, or 80 ; this is clear from the sign for the palmar or post-palmarbeing in these cases placed within brackets.(/3) In aU cases cirri are developed, and these are rarely verynumerous or very long.(y) In no case is the radial axillary a syzygy.A moment's inspection of the table of formulae for the Aciinometrcewill reveal to the student a number of interesting facts :(a) Three species have the same structural characters, and only* A study of this species is sufficient to bIiow tlio advantage of Mr. Carpenter'sproposal to register the number of joints in each division over my proposal toregister rather the syzygies first of" all, as A. briareus has no syzygies on thepalmars or succeeding joints where the arms divide again.

156 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.differ in comparatively unimportant details, of a kind which areprobably adaptive.(jS) There is a marked tendency to the development of a smallnumber of short cirri *.(y) And ten species have lost the cirri altogether.(?) Of the eleven species the formula of no two is exactly thesame.1. Antedon adeonae.Comatula adeonse, /. Milller, Gattung Comatula, p. 15 1.A white line, which extends along the middle of the radials, therest of which is of a reddish purple, is continued for a short thoughvarying distance along each of the arms.There is a curious error in connexion with this species whichdoes not seem to have been noticed. Lamarck described it as" C. radilS pinnatis denis &c. ;" de Blainville, while quoting Lamarck,refers also to his own figures in his ' Atlas ' (pi. xxvi.) ; in thisreference he is followed by J. Miiller and by the editors of thesecond edition of Lamarck. The figures, however, when referred toare seen to be those of a species with twenty arms and with cirrinearer thirty than twenty. It is not perhaps necessary at thisdistance of time to waste time in inquiring what species it is thatde Blainville has there figured.Port Curtis and Port Denison.2. Antedon milberti.Comatula (Alecto) milberti, J. Miiller, p. 19.The rich supply of this species in the present collection % amplyjustifies the doubts which Mr. Carpenter has expressed to me as tothe exactness of the locality (North America) ascribed by Miiller tothis species.Port MoUe ; Port Denison ; Prince of Wales Channel ; TorresStraits.3. Antedon pinniformis.P. H. Carpenter, Notes Lexjd. Mus. iii. p. 180.Dundas Strait, N.W. Australia.* So far as we know at present, c rarely appears i i the formula of an AcHnometra;in words, the cirri are rarely very numerous (more than 30) or very long(with more than 40 joints).t The essay on Comatula, the pagination of which is here quoted from itsseparate copy, was published in 1849 in the Abhandl.' of the Academy of'Berlin for 1847, where it occupies pp. 237-265.\ It is also well represented in a collection of Mr. E. P. Eamsay's, of theAustralian Museum, Sydney.

;ECHINODEKMATA. 1574. Antedon carpenter!. (Plate X. figs. A, a-c.)Centrodorsal a flattened disk ; about 12 marginal cirri, of almost20 short joints, of which tlie lowest are almost twice as broad asthey are long ; it is not till we reach the penultimate one that wesee a distinct spine, though the dorsal surface of most of them isproduced into a minute protuberance.First radials not visible ; the second do not or do only slightlytouch, united to the third by ligament. Ten arms. First brachialstouch, they are nearly oblong and more than twice as wide as long ;the second are a little wider on their outer than their inner sidethe third with a syzygy ; fourth to sixth oblong, seventh wider oninner than outer side, eighth wider on their outer than inner, andso on alternately ; twelfth and thirteenth serrated at their distaledge ; the fourteenth syzygial. Thence from four to seven jointsbetween each syzygy. 130-180 joints in the arm.The second pinnules on the fourth brachial are very stout, withextraordinarily wide joints, which are armed on either side byspinous projections ; the first pinnule is a little longer than thethird.Colour white, with purple bands or patches, not always developedat the syzygies. The middle line of the arm often white.Arm about 40 millim. long, disk 6 millim. in diameter, cirri lessthan 9 millim. long.This species has some considerable resemblances to A. serripimia,from which, however, the pinnules alone would, as Mr. Carpenterassures me, be sufiicient to distinguish it.Port Curtis.5. Antedon pumila. (Plate X. figs. B, a-h.)Centrodorsal rather wide, rounded ; with about 25 cirri, in threerows, very delicate, of about 12 joints, which, from the fourth onward,are a good deal longer than broad, hourglass-shaped, but a little widerat their distal than at their proximal ends ; some are also producedinto a small spinous ventral process ; no dorsal spine developed tillthe penultimate, and that is small.First radials just visible, second not in contact ; axillaries triangularin shape, sloping backwards in the middle line. Ten arms.First brachial longer without than within, the second within thanwithout and projecting backwards in the middle line ; the thirda syzygy wider within than without. The succeeding jointsmay be incised, so as to leave a lozenge-shaped space betweenevery two ; when this disappears, the joints which have projectedstrongly forwards on either side alternately become more evenlyoblong.Syzygies 3,

;158 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Arm about 30 millim. loug, cirri 7 millim., diameter of disk3'5 millim.Colour creamy white, in spirit.Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.The above description was originally drawn up from the singlespecimen received from the ' Alert,' which in spirit had a creamywhitecolour and appeared to be hardly mature. Since its arrivalthe Museum has acquired specimens from Nelson's J3ay, which areno larger and are a little darker or grey in colour; these specimens,of which I have been able to examine a number, bear witness to theirmaturity by the presence of a large number of ova attached to thepinnules.6. Antedon bidens. (Plate XI, figs. A, a-c.)Centrodorsal prominent ; about 20 cirri, with about 20 joints, anumber of which have two minute processes on their dorsal sidethe penultimate spine is small ; none of the joints are distinctlylonger than broad, but a number of them have a shallow lateral excavationalong their distal edge.First radials jnst visible; second very wide, in contact; third almosttriangular, not quite twice as long as the second, and forming aconvex protuberance with it. Ten arms. First brachials in contact,a little wider on their outer than their inner side, as are also thesecond brachials, which form with the first a convex protuberance ;the third brachials, which are syzygies, have a sharp distal edge, ashave the succeeding joints ; these soon become wedge-shaped, andform a strong overlap on either side alternately ;after some timethis diminishes, and the more terminal joints of the arm form ratherbead-like swellings on either side.Syzygies 3, 9, 14 ;4-6 joints between the succeeding syzygies.The' first pinnule is very stiff and long, with the most proximaljoint the longest ; it is placed on the second brachial, has some 12joints, of which the more basal are much longer than broad, andwhich are also stouter than those on the sixth brachial, which,again, are a little stouter than those on the fourth. The pinnulesthen gradually diminish in size, and then again increase furtherout.The arms are stiff, and somewhat compressed from side to side :they are about 45 millim. long ;diameter of disk 5 millim., of centrodorsal3-3 ; length of cirri about 8 millim.The original colour was probably purple.Torres Straits.7. Antedon loveni. (Plate X. figs. ^, a-e.)Centrodorsal large, as large as the disk, excavated in the centre,with about 20 cirrus-sockets (cirri lost).First radials just visible, second oblong with a convex medianprotuberance along their distal edge ; axillary pentagonal, not a

ECHINODERMATA. 159syzj-gy. Ten arms. First brachials wider without than williin, incontact, with a convex median protuberance along their distal edge ;the second with sides a little more regular ; the third almost square,a syzygy. The fourth to seventh joints a little wider than long;eighth or ninth a syzygy. The succeeding joints wedge-shaped,with their free margins a little overlapping and slightly toothed.About 5-8 joints between the succeeding syzygies.The earlier pinnules are extraordinarily stiff; the first, which ison the second brachial, is much shorter than the second or third,which are of about the same length and made up of rather less than20 joints, most of which are longer than wide, and have their distaledge enlarged and slightly denticulated. There are 10 or }2 stiffpinnules ; the succeeding ones are shorter, and then again longer.Arras more than 120 millim. long ; disk not more than 7 millim.in diameter. The radials and the earlier brachials have theirinfero-lateral edge produced into a kind of ledge. The moreproximal joints have the appearance of being tuberculated, andthere is a taint median dorsal ridge ; at the sides they are compressed.Colour dark slate.The stiff pinnules, the long arms, and the small disk are verystriking characters in this species.Port Denison.The large Myzostomum found on it has been named M. coriaceumby Dr. Graff.8. Antedon decipiens. (Plate XI. figs. B, a.)Centrodorsal small ; drri on three levels, about 20 in number,with 25 joints, of which the fourth to tenth are longer than wide ;the rest, which gradually become shorter, are provided with a wellmarkedspine ; these decrease towards the end, but the penultimateone is larger again.First radials quite distinct ; the second oblong, three times aslong as wide, partly in contact ; the third almost triangular. Thearms may or may not divide, so that there are from about 14 to 18.The first brachials or first distichals are always wide, and touch ;where the arms divide there are three distichals, and the axillarymay be a syzygy. The first brachials, which have sharp overlappingdistal edges, are pretty regularly oblong ; at about the seventh theybecome alternately wider on either side, to again become moreregular later on.Syzygies 3, 12-15, 22-25; then from ] 0-12 joints between eachsyzygy.First pinnule on second distichal (when present), that and theone on the third brachial short ; those on fifth to ninth much lon"-erthe basal joints very stout, the free ends very delicate, and theirouter side produced into a well-marked conicfti process. The succeedingpinnules are shorter, and these again increase in length •they are not composed of a large number of joiuts.

;160 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,Disk small. Arms about 70 millim, long, cirri about 16 millim.Colour white ;pinnules sometimes banded with darker.This species presents some resemblances to A. pinniformis ofCarpenter.Arafura Sea (32-36 fms.) ; Dundas Strait ; Prince of WalesChannel.I provisionally associate with this, as a variety, two specimensfrom St. 144, in which the cirri are rather more numerous and morejointed, in which the whole animal appears to be more slender anddelicate, and the colour ashy grey.9. Antedon reginas. (Plate XII. fig. A, a.)Centrodorsal hidden by the cirri ; cirri about 30, with 30 stoutand laterally compressed joints, about 20 of which are provided witha well-marked spine.First radials not visible, second broader than long, in contactthird short, with a very slight backward projection in the middleline. Two broad distichals. Thirt}--five arms ; if the arms dividea second time there are two palmars, and the third brachial is asyzygy ; if the arm does not divide a second time, the fifth brachialis a syzygy. At first the joints are fairly regular, though muchshorter than wide ; later on they become more or less, though neververy strikingly, wedge-shaped.Syzygies on the ninth joint ; then from 9-14 between each.The first pinnule is shorter than the second, which is of somelength, and the third than the fourth ; most of the pinnules arevery short.Length of arms about 70 millim., cirri about 24 millim. Diskdeeply incised, 10 millim. in diameter.Colour, flesh-coloured.Port Molle.10. Antedon articulata.Coniatula (Alecto) articulata, Mull. Gat. Camnt. p, 27.Port Molle.11. Antedon gyges. (Plate XII. figs. B, a, h.)Centrodorsal flattened, rounded, with cirri in three rows, rathermore than 40, with rather more than 30 joints, the fifth to the tenthlonger than broad, the sixcceeding joints shorter, and provided, firstof all, with a convex dorsal edge ;this narrows into a wide spinousprotuberance, which becomes more and more spiny till the fairlywell-marked penultimate si)ine is reached.The single specimen has 41 arms.First radials completely, second largely obscured ;' the third triangular,not a syzygy ; a slight median conical protuberance in the

ECHINODERMATA. 161line of junction of the second and third. Distichals 2 ;palmars 2 :in neither case is the axillary a syzygy, and in both cases there is aslight conical protuberance where the two joints meet, and in bothcases also the more proximal of the two joints is in close lateralcontact with its fellow. First brachials a little wider along theirouter than their inner side ; along the latter they are again in closecontact with their fellow ; as the second brachial is also widerwithout than within, there is a feebly-marked diamond-spaceinterval. The third brachial is nearly oblong, and, being syzygial,has somewhat the appearance of a dice-box. For the next threeor four joints there is no wedge-shaped arrangement ; at firstfeebly indicated, it rapidly becomes more marked ; further out itdiminishes, and the terminal joints are nearly oblong. As inA. jlageUata (see Carpenter, Notes Leyd. Mus. iii. p. 183), theearlier brachials are flattened on their outer side.The first syzygy is on the third brachial, the next about thefifteenth, and there are then intervals of 9-10 joints between thesyzygies.The species is at once to be distinguished from A. Jlagellata bythe fact that the third is shorter than the first pinnule ; of the firstthree the second is the longest. The first is on the second brachial,and is but little shorter than the second ; the first three pinnulesall have broad basal and elongated distal joints, but though longerthan the next succeeding they are by no means remarkable in theirlength.Colour : brownish flesh-coloured arms ; the peristome very muchdarker ; the cirri much darker on their ventral than their dorsalaspect.Disk incised, with a diameter of 7*5 millim. ; arms about80 millim. long ; cirri 21 millim. long.Thursday Island.12. Antedon irregularis. (Plate XIII. figs. A, a-c.)Centrodorsal fiattened, small ; cirri marginal, in two rows, about25 in number (but there may be not more than 15), with 30-35joints, the lowermost short, fourth to ninth longer than wide, thenagain shortening ; no spine, except on the penultimate joint, andthat exceedingly small.First radials not (or barely) visible ;second wide, in contact,with a median convex protuberance ; the third almost perfectly triangular.Arms 11-22. Three joints in the first division, the axillariessyzygies ;when there is a second division there are two joints, theaxillaries not syzygies. The earlier joints of the arm have a wellroundedconvex dorsal surface and are broader than long ; soon,however, they become very markedly wedge-shaped and form aprominent projection alternately on either side. Towards the endof the arms these disappear.

;162 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Syzygies 3 : 10 : 19, or 3 : 11 : 21, or 3 : 13 : 21, or 3 : 14 : 21, or3 : 15 : 22 ; then from. 6-10 joints between each.First pinnules very short ; tliird and fourth the stoutest andlongest, quite stiff, with well-developed broad lower joints, each ofwhich has a marked protuberance on either side ; the succeedingones shorter, and then again longer.Arms about 85 millim. long, the longest cirri 24 millim. ; diameterof disk 6 millim.Colour : pale flesh, occasionally with a dark band here and there,especially at the syzygies ; sometimes there is a good deal of brown.The cirri are typically banded purple and white.Prince of Wales Channel ; Torres Straits.This species has some resemblance to A. decipiens ; but it may bedistinguished from it by (a) the absence of spines from the joints ofthe cirri, (/3) the broader lower pinnules, and (y) the greater lengthof the more distal pinnules.13. Antedon elegans. (Plate XIII. fig. B, a.)Centrodorsal small and flattened ; cirri marginal, in two rows,25-30, with 40 joints, the fifth to tenth rather longer than broadthe succeeding ones with a short conical spine, which diminishes inthe more distal ones, but enlarges again somewhat as a penultimatespine.First radials just visible ; second wide, barely in contact ; thethird comparatively short. Thirty arms. The three distichalspretty long ; the axillary a syzygy. If the arms divide again thereare generally two joints, when the axillary is not a syzygy ; butthere may be three joints, and then the axillary is a syzyg)'.The earlier brachials have even sides ; they then become wedgeshaped,but do not overlap. StiU. further out, they become shorterand project a little at the sides ; towards the free end of the armthe upper face of each joint is sharply convex.Syzygies 3 : 11 : 22 ; then 9-13 joints between each.The first two pinnules are stift' and long, longer and stouter thanthe third and fourth ; none of the following are long, but the rathermore distal are the longer.The disk is deeply incised, and the margins of the rays providedwith a well-developed and characteristic calcareous plating.Arms delicate, 95 millim. long, cirri 30 millim. ; disk (owing tothe incisions) only 8 millim. in diameter.Arms pinkish flesh-colour above, much darker below ; the cirriringed purplish and white. In a younger specimen there arepurplish spots on the arms* above.Port MoUe.A disk from Thursday Island probably belongs to this species.

;ECHINODEKMATA. 16314. Antedon briareus. (Plate XIV,)Centrodorsal flattened ;15-20 marginal delicate cirri, formed ofa few short joints.Arms more than 70.First radials obscured ; second in contact, at least three times aslong as they are broad ; third widely triangular. Three distichals,the axillary a syzygy ; two palmars. If there is another divisionthere are again two joints ; no syzygy. The first five or six brachialshave nearly even edges ; the succeeding ones are markedly wedgeshaped.A syzygy on the third brachial ; succeeding syzygies rare.Second pinnules longer than first, very delicate, made up of anumber of small joints ; the succeeding pinnules stouter and morefleshy.This is one of the species in which there is a very considerabledifference in the length of the arms ;here some of the arms may beas much as 110 millim. long, while others are only 75 millim.There is an interradial plating, extending as far as the distichalaxillary.The colour (in spirit) is dark brown.Port Denison.15. Antedon microdiscus. (Plate XV.)Centrodorsal rather large a»d prominent ; the cirri marginal, intwo or three rows, from 30-50 in number, with from 50-70 joints,none of which are markedly longer than broad ; as a rule, the distaltwo thirds have an inconspicuous dorsal spine, and in the largerspecimen the penultimate spine is hardly more conspicuous.The first radials visible ; all very short and wide, the second notin contact. Three distichals, the axillary a syzygy. Three palmars,the axillary normally a syzj-gy. The arms may divide again, and ofthe three joints the axillary may or may not be a syzygy. Probablyas many as 90 arms in an adult. The earlier brachials have fairlyeven edges, are well rounded above and fiattened at their sides ; thenext succeeding are faintly wedge-shaped, the distal edge of eachprojecting alternately on either side into a slight protuberancefurther out, the wedge-form disappears. The arms generally, thoughslender, are very firm and stiff and are set verj' close to one another.Syzygies 3, 22-25, 40-41; then from 10-12 joints betweeneach.The earlier pinnules exceedingly long in the adult, with verystout slightly keeled basal joints ; the second, which is a good deallonger than the first, has as many as 50 joints and is qiiite fine atits free end ;the more distal joints are provided with a spine or tuftof spines.The stiff straight arms are about 150 millim. long; the cirrimeasure nearly 50 millim. ; the disk, with rounded incisions, has adiameter of about 12 millim.The disk and the arms, as far as their last division, are largelym2

—164 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.washed with purple ; the middle line of the arms is lighter, butpatches or spots of purple are to be found at the sides ; the lowersurface is a little lighter on the disk than on the arms, where it isalmost black.Port Mollo, 12 fms.Three smaller specimens alreadj^ in the collection of the BritishMuseum, from ]Sicol Bay, N.W. Australia, must, I think, bereferred to this species. The smallest of these has not more than30 cirri, nor have they more than 40 joints ; their spines, and especiallythe penultimate one, are better developed. There are onlyabout 50 arms, and in some cases there are only two palmars (whenthe axillary is not a syzygy). The ground-colour is purplish, markedwith yellow bands.16. Actinometra Solaris.P. H. Carpenter, Notes Leyd. Mtts. iii. p. 192 ; Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.xvi. p. 514.Two specimens of different sizes do, I think, undoubtedly belong tothis species, to which specimens have not unfrequently been assignedthat are to be distinguished by what are apparently good specificcharacters.Prince of Wales Channel.The greatest difficulties attend the exact delimitation of the specificcharacters of this species ; and the question whether they vary withinwide limits or are, rather, sharply defined cannot yet be answered.For the purposes of exact knowledge it seems to be at present thebetter course to try and recognize points of difference betweenallied forms ; we must by experiment and experience discover whichof the characters of a Comatulid afford trustworthy criteria in thediscrimination of species ; so few forms have, as yet, been described,and so little criticism has been brought to bear on what work hasbeen done, that our knowledge of how species are to be defined anddelimited is as yet in a very elementary condition.The only consolation is to be found in the reflection that whatmay seem, with wider knowledge, to be a " bad species " is justifiablyregarded now as a " good one," and that wary specific discriminationis often a considerable aid to the exact and accurate knowledgeof the characters of complex and elaborate forms.The two specimens here ascribed to A. Solaris present the followingcharacters :There are 12 cirri, and there may be only 18 joints in acirrus ; the more proximal joints of the arms of the smaller specimenare more " knobby " than the correspondingly placed jointsin the larger. In both cases the arms are at their widest a Littledistance from the disk ; the keels on the basal joints of the secondpinnule are well marked in the smaller specimen ; but in neithercase are there any very prominent keels on the basal joints of thethird pinnules.

ECniNODERMATA. 165Arm of the larger specimen about 120, of the smaller about85 millim. long ; in the former the first pinnule is about 20 and thecirri 10 millim. long.Both of the specimens are white and without any dorsal medianline ; dark spots or marks prominently developed on the pinnules.For the present, at least, I associate with A. solans a specimenfrom Warrior Reef, in which the characteristic keel to the pinnuleis developed and iu which the cirri do not seem to have been morothan twelve in number, but in which the number of cirrus-jointswould appear to be less than fifteen.There are also specimens from Port Curtis and Torres Straitswhich, though still small, hardly promise to ever have the stout armswhich are so characteristic of the adult ; further experience will,I think, show them to be " dwarfs."Prom the Arafura Sea we have received a comparatively smallspecimen, which is chiefly remarkable for the smaller number of itscirrus-joints.In Dundas Strait there were dredged some small specimens whichapproach iu character A. pectinata and A. purpurea, but give us,with our present scanty information, but little aid in determiningthe character or limits of these species.From Thursday Island we obtained a somewhat injured and largespecimen belonging to the " type " of A. Solaris, but which completelyeludes my attempts to understand it.Under the name of A. alhonbtuta I was inclined to separate a specimenfrom Albany Island, which is to be distinguished from the formto which the name A. Solaris is ordinarily restricted by the largernumber (20-25) of cirri, and the less prominent keels on the basaljoints of the second pinnules. The general facies, however, of thespecimen is distinctly that of A. Solaris, with the exception of therather remarkable coloration, which has led to the proposal of adistinctive name. When, however, we make a careful comparisonbetween the pattern of this coloration and that of the two specimensfirst described and unhesitatingly referred to A. Solaris, wesee that there is really a striking resemblance between the two, andwe are again led to the reflection that great circumspection is to beexercised whensoever we are tempted to make use of difference incolour as a distinguishing mark. I have already stated that thereare black patches or spots on the pinnules of the first-described pair ofspecitueus ; what we find in the one now under consideration is thatthese spots having greatly increased in number, and become more extensivethan the white, have caused the white ground to assume theappearance of spots on a dark ground. The extreme limit of thespecies seems, however, to be reached by this form ; and as the cirriare more numerous than usual, and the basal joints of the secondpinnule less strongly keeled, I propose to speak of it as A. Solaris^var. alhonotata.We must not be tempted by the diflSculties of specific discriminationto make use of mere coloration : there are in the collection twospecimens of A. Solaris from Thursday Island, one of which is uni-

166 COLLECTIONS PKOM MELANESIA,foruily purple, while the other has the purple relieved by a whitemedian dorsal line and by some white pinnules.I trust that with an increase in our knowledge and with a largerseries of specimens the preceding discussion will be found, long as itmust have seemed, to be of some aid in the determination of thecharacters and limits of the species ; with such scanty informationas we possess at present it would be to the last degree rash toventure on any kind of prophesj-. Were I to make one, however,I should say that many of the variations, which at present there isa tendency to regard as of specific importance, will be found topresent less constancy of arrangement when large series are broughttogether for examination. In the work of enlarging our knowledgeof the species of Crinoids the British Museum may well look tothose English colonists who live on such sea-boards as that of theAustralian coasts, and who have opportunity to do some dredgingin their waters.The student will believe that it was not without much study thatI instituted the species now succeeding ; since I did so I have hadthe opportunity, thanks to the kindness of Mr. E. P. Eamsay, ofexamining a collection of Australian Echinodcrms ; and it was ^^'itha certain amount of satisfaction that I obtained from it specimenswhich exhibited a close resemblance to A. intermedia, and led meto think that I was justified in -regarding its differential charactersas constant and definite.Standing midway between A. soJeiris and A. rohusta it may bedistinguished as17. Actinometra intermedia.As Mr. Carpenter has pointed out, it appears to be possible, inpart at any rate, to distinguish A. Solaris from A. rohusta by thecharacter of the keels, which, in the former, are so strikingly developedon the basal joints of the second pinnule. Basing myself onthe theory that the keel is constantly present on the basal joints ofthe second pinnule of A. Solaris (Plate XVI. fig. A, a), and that it isnever found on those of A. rohusta (fig. A, h), I venture to think that,in the case of A. intermedia, we have to do with a form in whichconstantly the keels are never as well developed as in A. Solaris,and never so slightly as in A. rohusta, while at the same time thereare considerable differences in the extent of the development of thekeel, not only within the limits of the species but even of the individual(cf. figs. A, c, d).The following appear to be the more characteristic marks of thespecies :—A general resemblance to A. Solaris ; but there are about18 cirri, with from 18-20 joints ; first pinnules not specially long,of rather more than 40 joints ; basal joints of second pinnuleswith a not conspicuous keel, and with one which varies in theextent to which it is developed. Arms widest a slight distancefrom the disk.

ECHINODEKMATA. 167A specimen "with an arm 120 millim. long has the cirri 15-5millim. lone:, the first pinnule 20 millim. long, and the arms 3 millim.at their widest ; in other words, these measurements are very muchthe same as those of the specimens of A. Solaris lately referred to.The faint white line which is so often seen along the middle of thedorsal surface of the arms is to he seen in some specimens ; and insome cases we may observe the black spots on the pinnules, towhich attention has already been directed.It will be clear enough to the student that the specimens now underdiscussion present several points of considerable difficulty ; but, thoi;ghthey have the general facies of ^. Solaris and on the other hand alarger number of cirri and a feebler keel, thereby approachingA. robusta, thej% at the same time, present sufficient constancy inthe retention of their differential characters to prevent our believingthat the differences that we observe have not passed Avithin the influenceof the laws of heredity.Albany Island.18. Actinometra robusta.Actinometra robusta (Zilfken, MSS.), P. H. Carpente?-, Journ. Linn.Soc, Zool. xvi. p. 517.In specimens of this comparatively well-marked form from " St.144," * which were somewhat smaller than those described byMr. Carpenter, I noted that the basal joints of the arm were not sodistinctly knobbed, and that there was a faint carination to the basaljoints of the second pinnule. On the other hand, in a larger specimenfrom Port Curtis, which appeared to be particularly well developed,the knobs were very prominent."With regard to the specimens from St. 144, Dr. Coppinger notesthat they were " originally of a purple colour."19. Actinometra strota.Among the present collection of Crinoids Mr. Carpenter recognizeda single specimen of a species which he has distinguished asA. stroia, n. sp., and of which he will give a full account in hisforthcoming <strong>Report</strong> on the Comatulce of the 'Challenger' Expedition.Port MoUe.20. Actinometra cumingii.Comatula cumingii, /. Miiller, p. 19.A delicate specimen with 10 cirri, the cirri having about 12joints and no penultimate spine, and most of the joints being a* Probably Thursday Jsland.

168 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.little longer than broad, is referred to this species. Two of thearms which have undergone injury are now giving rise to four andthree arms respectively.Port Molle.21. Actinometra coppingeri. (Plate XVI. fig. B.)Centrodorsal small ; 17-20 cirri in two rows, with from 17-20joints, the fourth to sixth longer than broad, the rest shorter ; thespines, including the penultimate one, obscure.First radials hardly visible, the second three times as wide aslong, partly in contact ; the axillary almost triangular, not a syzygy.The specimen under examination has 12 arms, but the normalnumber is probably 10. First and second brachials wider on theirouter than their inner side, the fii'st in contact, the third a syzj'-gy ;it and the next two oblong ; the succeeding ones wedge-shaped andthe distal edges slightly dentated; further out the joints moreregularly oblong.Syzygies on the third and tenth, and then at about every fifthjoint.First pinnules on the third brachials longer than the second, andthe second a httle longer than the third ; the fourth again ratherlonger. The succeeding ones of a fair length.Length of arms about 70 millim., of cirri 7'5 millim. ; diameter ofdisk 4*5 millim.Colour creamy white.Flinders, Clairmont.22. Actinometra jukesi.P. H. Carpenter, P. H. S. 1879, p. 390.A technical description of this species will be given by Mr. P.Herbert Carpenter in his Eeport on the Comatulidae of the ' Challenger'Collection. It is evidently a common form.Albany Island ; Prince of Wales Channel.23. Actinometra parvicirra.Actinometra parvicirra {Midler), P. II. Carpenter, Notes Leyd. Mus.iii. p. 204, ibique citata.A small specimen, from Warrior Reef, was determined for me byMr. Carpenter ; another from Port Molle has less than 20 arms, asin some of the specimens in the Paris Museum.It is of interest tonote that this appears to be, like A. carinata, a species of exceedinglywide range, for Mr. Carpenter found two specimens of it from Peruin the collection of the Hamburg Museum.

ECHINODERMATA, 16924. Actinometra alternans.P. H. Carpenter, Notes Leyd. Mus. iii. p. 208.An example of this interesting species was determined for me byMr. P. H. Carpenter ; the stumps of two cirri are still present.Port Molle.25. Actinometra paucicirra. (Plate XYII. fig. A, a.)Centrodorsal small, low, rounded, with 5 or 6 marginal cirri of15-18 joints, a number of which are longer than broad ; the penultimatespine exceedingly small.First radials visible, second radials very wide, not in contact,united with the third by a syzygy. Twenty arms ; two joints in thedistichals united by a syzygy, the more prominent joints in contact.First and second brachials united by a syzygy ; third and fourthpretty regularly obloHg ; the fifth faintly wedge-shaped ; after thisthe wedge-shaped form becomes more marked, but the edges do notoverlap.Syzygies on the eighth and twelfth, then from 3-5 joints betweeneach. First pinnules longer than the second, and the tliird than thefourth; the first alone of any considerable size : its joints ])roduccdinto very prominent edges. The succeeding pinnules small; laterout they enlarge somewhat, but are never at all long.Arms about 70 millim. long, cirri 8 millim., disk 7 millim. indiameter. A slight development of calcareous deposit between thebases of the arms.Colour creamy white above, rather darker below.Prince of Wales Channel ; Thursday Island.26. Actinometra multifida.Comatula multifida, /. Miill. p. 26.Percy Island, Queensland; Albany Island; Prince of WalesChannel.27. Actinometra variabilis. (Plate XVII. fig. B, a.)Centrodorsal of moderate size, concave in the middle, with 10marginal cirri, of about 15 joints ; very faint indications of spineson the most distal only.First radials visible, second exceedingly wide in proportion totheir length, in contact ; the third almost perfectly triangular, nota syzygy ; there are normally three distichals, and the axillary is asyzygy ;there are two palniars and no syzygy, or three palmars anda syzygy. If there is another division there are two joints, and theaxillary is not a syzygy. Arms from 00-90.

170 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.The first four or five bracliials have the sides pretty even, thesucceeding are very distinctly wedge-shaped, and the. distal edgebecomes faintly denticulated. Further out the wedge becomes wider,and the denticulation disappears.Syzygies 3, 10, 14 ; then about three joints between each. Thepinnules generally are delicate and short, the first rather thelongest.Arms not very long, thin ; cirri about 10 mm. long; disk as muchas 30 mm. in diameter, Ovving to the extensive development of theinterradial plating which extends to the distichal axillaries.Colour yellowish green with darker spots, patches, or lines ; theends of the arms and the lower surface darker, or the upper surfacemay be of a pale flesh-colour.Thursday Island.28. Actinometra, sp. juv.It is very possible that a young specimen from Dundas Strait belongsto a species, A. piirjmrea, of which a single example is aloneknown ; and that, as llr. Carpenter informs me, is in rather badcondition. It is to be hoped that further exploration will resultin the discovery of more representatives of this incompletely knownform.General Remarks on Distribtttion.After concluding the survey of the Echinoderms collected in theAustralian seas by Dr. Coppinger, I arrived at certain results, whichit is unnecessary now to state ; for mj views have since been profoundlymodified by what I have since learnt from a closer study ofthe marine fauna of Port Jackson than was possible with the comparativelyscanty material that was in mjr hands two years ago, whenthe body of this <strong>Report</strong> was being framed.I have learnt since, thanks to the opportunities afforded me byarrangements made with Mr. E. P. Eamsay, the Curator of theAustralian Museum, Sydney, what are the characters of the Port-Jackson fauna, and what is the extent of its resemblance to thatof Port Molle and Torres Straits.I have, in the first place, learnt that no view can be more erroneousthan one which speaks of an Australian (marine) fauna withoutsome sort of qualification ; Cape York and Port MoDe are as muchpart of Australia as Port Jackson, but between the two faunae theresemblance is as slight as is in the nature of things possible.This statement is abundantly proved by the first two tables ofdistribution which I now give, and which are based on the 27 Echinidsand 16 Ophiurids from the collection of the Sydney Museum.

,ECHIIfODERMATA. 171Table I.—Echinoidea of Australian Museum, Sydney.South ofthetropics.Intertropicalspecies.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.2.5.20.Phyllacanthus parvispinusGoniocidai-is tubariageranoidesDiadema -setosuinCentrostepbanus rodgersiEcliiuotbrix calamariaSalinaeis alexandribicolorsulcatadussumieriAmblypneustes ovumspStrongvlocentrotus erythrogramniiistuberculatusSpbserechimis australijeEcbinostrepbuB molareEcbinometra lucunterHeterocentrotus mainmillatiisEcbinanthus testudinariusLaganum decagonaleperoniiAracbiioides placentaMaretia planulataLovenia elongataBreynia australasiajEchinoeardiuin australeHeniiaster apicatusqo ooTable II.— Ophiuroidea of Australian Museum, Sydney.Pectinura stellatagorgoniaOphioploeus imbi'icatus ..Ophioglypha multispina ..Opbiactis resiliensAmpljiura constrictaOpbionereis schayeriOijbiocoma scolopeiidrinaerinaceusOphiartbrum elegansOpbiotbrix longipedaccespitosafumariaspSPEuryale asperameans that the species is, in this collection, known only from Lord Howe'sIsland ;A, that the Alert ' ' found the species within the tropics.1 Eeported by Agassiz from New Caledonia ;2 from the Mauritius • ^ from'the Philippines.

172 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.It will be seen, then, that of the Echinids 19 were found south ofthe tropical line, and 11, or 57"5 per cent., were not found eitherby the 'Alert' or 'Australian Museum' collectors within the tropics.Of the Opliiurids 9 were found south of the line, and only one alsowithin it, so that of this class 88'8 per cent, were found only to thesouth of the tropics.When we turn to the lists of the Alert ' ' collections in the ' Australian' seas and in the western part of the Indian Ocean, we find avery different story.Ech'mids.—Of the 28 species collected within the tropical seas ofAustralia, four only, or 14-2 per cent., were found also at PortJackson, while no less than 23, or 72 per cent., were found also inthe tropical parts of the western Indian Ocean.Table III.—List of Echinoidea collected by the ' Alert ' (to whichis added a statement of such as are found also north of theequator, but within the tropics).^ (u .-< =^ § S O o ^1-3Cidaris metulariaPhyllacauthus annulifera ..baculosaDiadema setosumAstropyga radiataSalmacis alexandribicolorsulcataTemnopleurus toreumaticusgranulosusbotliryoidesEchinus angulosusdarnleyensisToxopncustes pileolusTripneustes angulosusStroiigylocentrotus erythrogrammusEchinometra lucunterFibularia volvaOlypeaster humilisscutil'ormisLaganum depressumdecagonaleEchiuoneuB cyclostomusMaretia planulataLovenia elongataBreynia aust ralasiceEchinocardium australeBrissus uuicolorMetalia sternalis

ECHINODERMATA. 173The Asterids tell a not dissimilar story : of the 26 species foundin the intertropical Australian seas, 3 onl^^, or 11-5 per cent., worefound also at Port Jackson, while 8, or 30 per cent., were found alsoin the western seas.Opliiuroidea.—Twenty-nine species were found in the intertropicalAustralian seas ; and of those 3, or 10 per cent., were found also atPort Jackson, while 16, or more than 50 per cent., were found inthe western parts of the Indian Ocean.It is useless, in the present condition of our knowledge, to appealto the Holothuroidea or the Crinoidea.Table IV.—List of Asteroidea collected by the ' Alert.'^ 03Asterias calamaria25ol3plaxEchinaster purpureus ....Metrodira subulataLinckia laevigatanodosaluannoratamultiforispaiiciforisdiplaxmegal oplaxScytaster variolatusAnt lienea flavescensOreaster gracilisnodosuslinekiStellaster belcheriinceiPentagonaster coppingerivalidusDorigona longimanaCulcita schmidelianaGymnasterias carinifera .Asterina belchericalcarcepheusgunniiregularisbrevisPatiria crassaAstropecten coppingeri .polyacanthusArchaster typicusRetaster insignis

.174 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Table V.—List of Ophiuroidea collected by the ' Alert.'o B ° Ph'îÔ1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.IG,17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.Pectinura gorgoniainfernalisniegaloplaxstellataOpliiopeza conjuugens,...Opliiolepis aunulosa . .Ophioplocus imbricatusOphiactis saviguiiOphionereis dubiaOphiocoma brevipes ...scolopendrinaerinaceuBpicaOphiarthrum elegans ...Ophiarachna incrassataOphiothrix trilineata ...propiuqualongipedacffispitosa— martensistriolatagalateajciliarisrotatafumariapunctolirabatamicroplaxdarwiuimelanogramraa ..Ophiomaza cacaotica ..Eurj-ale aspera(var.)The collections of the 'Alert' afford us, then, another justification forthe view of the existence in the Indo-Pacific of a widely distributedcommon fauna.It must, however, be carefully borne in mind that the greater partof this common fauna is restricted to the inter-tropical zone ; whatlittle we know of the fauna of the Southern Japanese seas leads usto think that the common forms are to be found there also.The majority of extra-Australian naturalists have as yet failed alittle in recognizing the lesson which these collections bring soprominently forward—a lesson already being learnt by those whohave the best opportunities of examining the characters of theAustralian fauna ; the term Australian, without definition orlimitation, affords no exact inforraationt. It is greatly to beregretted that in his tables of the distribution of the species collectedt As is well known, Dr. Giinther has long since recognized this as regardsFishes, and has instituted a South-Australian District (Introd. Study ofFishes, p. 283).

ECniNODERMATA. 175by the ' Challenger,' Mr. Alexander Agassiz should have devoted oneto the species of " West, South, and North-East Australia—NewZealand "; nor can we wonder when we find one Avho, ten yearsago (Rev. Ech. p. 230), spoke of the Australian as the " mosttypical of all the districts," saying in 1881 that the " whole of theAustralian field seems to be cut out of the ludo-Pacific realm." Itis clear that these statements oppose each other, and that a moreaccurate representation of the facts would be made in terms likethe following :—The species found on the northern and northeasternshores of Australia have a wide range eastward and westward,but gradually disappear as we pass southwards.Ill fine, an Australian Echinoderm-fauna, as conterminous withthe Australian shores, does not exist.It may be convenient for the student if I sum up the points inwhich Dr. Coppinger's collections have most advanced our knowledo-e.Asteroidea.—Two faunal lists of the Australian Asteroidea havebeen published during the last few years; one by our great authorityon this subject, Professor Perrier*, of the Jardiu des Plantes, theother, which, as I imagine, was partly based on it, by the Rev.J. E, Tenison-Woods f. It has been difficult so to marshal thefacts contained in these essays as to be able to render easilyintelligible the advances now made in our knowledge ; this ischiefly due to the fact that while M. Perrier (justified, no doubt, bythe evidence in his hands) distinguished between the fauna of thenorthern and of the other coasts of Australia, Mr. Woods was preparinga list which should be of use to the Australian studentgenerally. Further than this, the present collection is from thenorthern and the eastern coasts of Australia.It is not necessary to give all the steps by which I have workedout the question of how far our knowledge of the distribution ofthe Asteroidea is increased by the present collection. Put shortly,we find that while Mr. Woods's compilation was of value as givin"-us certain information as to the localities of Tosia ornata, which wasdescribed by Miiller and Troschel from an unknown habitat, and ofthe Patiria ocelli/era of Gray, the locality of which could onlv beguessed at from the fact of its having been described in the Appendixto the Voyage of the Ely,' Mr. Coppinger's ' collection enables usto fix one locality at least for Anthenea Jiavescens and Nepanthiabelcheri, extends the range of Linckia marmorata from Mauritius toAustralia, gives more southern stations for Archaster typicus andSttUaster belcheri, extends St. incei westward from Cape York to theArafura Sea, and puts in Port Denison as intermediate betweenCape York and South Australia.It may be, perhaps, useful if I point out that definite informationis still wanting as to the exact habitats of Asterias fungifa-a,Anthenea acuta, Ncctria ocellifera, Oreaster aiisfralis, 0. franjdlni0. nodalomisX, Tosia astrologorum, and T. aurata. It is hardly* Nouv. Arch, du Miis. (2) i.t Philos. Soc. Adelaide, 1878-9, p. 89.\ Since this was written the Trustees have purcliased two epecimons of 0.nodulosus from N.W. Australia,

:176 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.sufficient to say " Mers australes," New Holland, or Australia indealina; with a continent which extends over 30 degrees of latitudeand 40 of longitude, howsoever wide the distribution of the dwellersnor could it be permitted by one who wouldon its shores may be ;study a collection of Port-Jackson specimens, and then take up thecorresponding forms from Port MoUe or Torres Straits (cf. TablesI.-V. of Distribution).Ophiuroidea.— Opldophiax stellatus, described from Singapore, andfound by the ' Challenger ' at lat. 11° 37' N., long. 123° 32' E., hasnow been found at Port Molle, Port Denison, and Torres Straits. IfOpMotlirlx fumaria has been correctly identified, this is apparentlythe first time that a definite locality has been ascribed to it ; 0.martensi has been shown to be very common in the Australianseas ; 0. galatece (from the Nicobars) and 0. punctolimhata (Java)have their distribution extended eastwards ; 0. rotata has been extendedfrom Mindanao to Thursday Island ; and 0. ciliaris, knownfrom the "Indian Ocean," has been seen to appear at Port Jackson.If we might with justice attempt any generalization from suchfacts as these, we should be led to a belief in the significance of thefree-swimming larva as affecting the extent of the distribution ofnot-stalked Echinoderms.With regard generally to the Echinoidea, it may be said that inseven cases we have the area of distribution increased : Diademasetosum, Salmacis bicolor, Temnopleurus toreinnaticus*, T. granulosushave never yet been found on the eastern coast of Australia ;Cliip>easter limnilis and Maretia planidata have been reported fromNew Caledonia, but not from such a locality as Port ]\Iolle or Clairmoutf.Temnopleurus bothryoides, found by the Challenger ' ' in theArafura Sea and Kobi, Japan, is now known from an intermediatelocality. The members of this class bear ample witness to thenow well-known fact that Indian-Ocean and Pacific specimens invadelargely the Australian seas.A question which presented itself to me, but on which I can throwbut little light by way of answer, might perhaps be formulated thusWhat differences are there between the forms of the eastern andnorthern and the western coasts of xVustralia ? tTo the south of the East-Indian islands there lies an area of deepsea almost free from islands, and having sweeping across it, in obedienceto the laws of motion, a current with a south-westerly directionfrom the equator ; this current sweeps, as we know, round the Capeof Good Hope, and there comes into contact with the southern cou-* Mr. Tenison-Woods reports it from " all the coasts of Australia, but rareoutside the tropics."t But M. planulaia was taken at Port Jackson by the Challenger ' ; ' thepresence of this species in the Australian seas is additionally interesting fromthe fad that a form allied thereto, M. anomcda, has been described by Prof.Martin Duncan (Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. p. 52).I For Echinoderms, as for Fishes (see Giinther, ' Introd. Study of Fishes,'p. 284), the western half of the south coast of Australia is still almost a terraincognita. It is earnestly to be hoped that the investigation of this area maybe soon undertaken.

;:ECHIN0DEE3IATA. 177necting or southern Australian currents, which form probably thenorthern boundary of the Antarctic circle, and along the lines ofwhich some species are now satisfactorily known to be extensivelydistributed*. This south-westerly current leaves on its east thewestern shores of Australia, and it seemed to be interesting to makea definite examination of this question : Have the species in extendingwestward along the northern shores of Australia, and thencesouthward, become specially modified in their journey ?Interesting as such a discovery would have been, it must be saidthat the view that there might be a fauna special and peculiar to thewestern coast of Australia cannot be in any way sustained either by aconsideration of the Echinoidea of the present collection or by ageneral review of the distribution of the Order.The voj'age of the 'Gazelle' resulted in the discovery at NaturalistChannel, or Mermaid Straits, of four of the species noted in our list— Sahnacis sulcata, Echinometra lucunter, Lovenia elonqata, andBreynia australasice ; Sahnacis alexanclri (r/lobator) is known fromthe west coast ; and all the following species would appear to befound on the westerly as well as the easterly coasts of the continent— Qoniocidaris geranoides, O. tubaria, Centrostephanus rodgcrsi,Amhlyp7ieustes griseus, A. jxillidus, Microcyphus zigzag, Splicerechinusaustralasice, and Echinocardium austrrde ; or about 25 percent, of the Echinoidea found on other parts of the Australian coasthave already been found on the western shores, and no species areknown to be peculiar to them.It is, no doubt, reasonable to suppose that the species which arewidely distributed in the Indo-Pacific will be found on the westerncoast of Australia, and that the more southerly forms will be representedby the species oi'Amhlypneustes, Microcyphus, or Holopneustes,which we are in the habit of regarding as truly " Australian."A somewhat similar story is told by the Ophiuroids.Till lately fourteen species of Asteroids were known only fromWestern or South-western Australia ; but Mr. Woods reports Culcitapentaiigidaris from N.E. Australia, Pentagoyiaster dubeni from S.Australia, and Tosia austraUs from S. Australia and Tasmaniawhile the present collection enlarges the range of Patiria crassa.Although there appeared at one time to be good reason for disagreeingwith Martint, the present amount and weight of evidencein our hands goes to point to the existence of a tropical oceanicfauna ; to-day, as in those Tei'tiary times when a wider sea separatedthe Australian from the Asiatic continent, there are forms whosebreadth of range is coincident rather with isothermal lines thantopographical boundaries.For the elucidation of the details of this tropical fauna, we maylook with almost more than confidence to the information affordedby the species of Crinoids : here, however, the cabinet naturalist canas yet only appeal to the collector.* Evidence as to this was given by the earlier collections of the 'Alert' inthe Straits of Magellan (see P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 1-141).t Notes Leyd. Miis. ii. p. 73 et seq.N

;178CRUSTACEA.E. J. MIERS.The Crustacea collected by Dr. R. Coppinger on the north-western,northern, and north-eastern coasts of Australia are very numerousand are interesting not only on account of the large number of newor rare species obtained, but also on account of the careful mannerin which in nearly every instance the nature of the sea-bottom anddepth of water &c. was recorded.Until the publication of Mr. W. A. Haswell's comprehensive workon the Podophthalmious and Edriophthalmious Crustacea of Australia*, but few systematists had dealt specially with this departmentof the fauna of this district.To the Australian species enumerated by Milne-Edwards in hisgreat workf, numerous additions were, however, made by Prof. J.D. Dana in the Eeport on the Crustacea collected by the UnitedStates Exploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes J, thesebeing, with few exceptions, from the coast of New South Wales.In 1856 Dr. J. R. Kinahan § published an account of a smallcollection of marine Decapoda collected by himself at Port Phillip,Victoria ; and in 1865 Dr. Hess||gave a systematic account of thethen known species of Decapoda of Eastern Australia, based uponthe work of previous authors and a collection from Sydney in theMuseum of Gottingen.In the same year appeared the <strong>Report</strong> by Prof. Camil Heller onthe Crustacea collected by the Austrian frigate Novara'^f, wherein'twenty-four species are enumerated, also from Sydney. Referencemay also here be made to an account of the Astacidce of Australia(" Ueberblick der neuhollandischen Elusskrebse ") by Dr. vonMartens **.Mr. Haswell's recently published and very useful Catalogue,which was not received until this <strong>Report</strong> was considerably advanced,* ' Catalogue of the Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea.' Sydney,1882.t 'Histoire Naturelle dcs Crustac^s' (1834-40).I United States Exploring Expedition, vols. xiii. &xiv., Crustacea (1852-53).§ Journal of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. i. pt. 3, p. Ill (1856).Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, xxxi. p. 127 (1865).II^ ' Reise der osterreichischeu Fregatte Novai-a,' Crustaceen (1865).** Monatsbericht der Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 615 (1868).

CRUSTACEA. 179contains not only the results of his own previous researches on theAustralian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea (which are to be foundin a series of papers communicated to the Linnean Society of XewSouth Wales *, wherein a very considerable number of species newto science are described and illustrated), but also gathers into a formconvenient for reference nearly all the work of earlier authors—notmerely what is contained in the special memoirs referred to above,but also the numerous Australian species described and incidentallynoticed in the publications of A. Whice, Spence Bate, A, Milne-Edwards, and others, or in my own papers.In this Catalogue no fewer than 54U species of Podophthalmiousand Edriophthalmious Crustacea are described ; but, large as thisnumber may appear, it is necessarily very far from being a completeenumeration of the Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea of this greatcontinent, which presents in its different regions such diverse conditionsof temperature and climate. This will appear from thelarge number of species described in the following pages, which areeither new to science or not included in the ' Catalogue ' ; and Imay add that, had time and opportunity allowed, it would havebeen possible to largely add to the, list of unrecorded Australianspecies from the rich material accumulated in the National Collectionalone.In the present memoir 203 species and well-marked varieties o-fCrustacea and Pycnogonida are enumerated from the Australianseas, besides several which are described or incidentally referred to,but which do not belong to the Australian fauna. Forty-five newor undescribed species and ten varieties are described for the firsttime ; while of the total number (193 in all) of species and varietiesof Australian Podophthalmia and Edriophtbalmia noticed in thefollowing pages, ninety-six arc not included in Mr. Haswell's catalogue.Among the species described as new are several to whichWhite applied specific names but never characterized ; these nameshave been, of course, adopted. Besides the new species, severalhitherto very imperfectly known from the existing descriptions (andtherefore only to be identified with some uncertainty) have beenredescribed and illustrated.Geof/rcqjhical Distribution.—As regards the geographical range ofthe species, I have not thought it necessary (nor, indeed, would itbe possible within the limits of this lleport) to give all the hithertorecorded localities, many of them being common and widely-rangingOriental forms which occur (or may occur) on every coast-lin©within the wide Indo-Pacific or Oriental region. Full particulars^however, are given of the Australian localities, and many are nowfor the first time recorded on the authority of specimens in theBritish-Museum collection obtained by the naturalists of H.M.SS.'Rattlesnake' and 'Herald,' and by the late Messrs. Dring, J. B.Jukes, and other gentlemen, by whose zeal and discriminationour National Collection has so greatly benefited. In the case* Journal of the Linnean Society of N. S. Wales, iii.-vi. (1879-82).n2

:180 COLLECTIONS FBOM MELANESIA.of the more widely ranging species, I have given (where I have notpreviously done so) the localities whence the British Museum possessspecimens, which will serve to indicate generally with sufficientaccuracy the distribution of the species, or, in some cases, thelacuna' which yet remain in the series preserved in the NationalCollection.With few exceptions, the species were dredged in comparativelyshallow water, on which account it is the more remarkable that somany novelties were obtained. Of the species already described, alargo proportion (more than one third) are widely distributedthroughout the Oriental or Indo-Pacific regions, from the MascareneIslands (or African coast) on the east, to the Fiji, Samoa, or Sandwichislands on the west, while many others are at present known onlyfrom the Indo-Malayan section of this area, ranging pi-obably fromthe Sea of Ecngal to the coasts of China and Japan.While the littoral and shallow-water Crustacea which are distributedthroughout the great Indo-Pacifi.c region are not, as ageneral ride, found beyond the limits of tliis vast area of distribution,yet there are a certain number which have a far wider rangethus, in the present memoir, Alpheus edwardsii, AJpheus minus,Pena'iis velutinus, Gonodacti/lits chiragra, and Gaprella a'quiUhraare instances of species which are more or less widely distributedthroughout the Atlantic region, and it is probable that futureresearch will largely add to the number of such forms. In regardto the Amphipoda the affinity of the Australian with the Europeanfauna is very remarkable ; and among the few species included inthe presentJieport instances (Lf?micarp(7, 6V(2:>!'e?7rt a'(2'('?7?7;}-a)occur where I have identified Australian examples with well-knownEuropean tj'pes, while in several other instances the distinctions areso slight as to be scarcely of specific importance : hence I mustqualify the opinion I formerly expressed as to the improbability ofthe species of such widely distant regions ever being actuallyidentical *.Appended is a list of the principal localities where the specimenswere dredged, with Dr. Coppinger's notes on the depth of wateraudi nature of the sea-bottom ; the numbers are those attached tothe several bottles containing tlie dredgings, and are referred tottiroughout the Ileport.List of the Localities.Port Jackson. 0-5 fms., February and March 1881 (No. 90) ;5-7 fms.,rock and mud, April 1881 (No. 104).Port Curtis. 7-11 fms., sand and shells, April 1881 (Nos. 85, 87, 88,92) ; beach, April 1881 (No. 96).Percy Island. 0-5 fms., sand and coral (No. 91).Port'Molle. Beach, sand (No. 95); beach and coral-reef (No. 98);beach between tide-marks (No. 103) ; 5-12 fms., coral (No. 118) ;14 fms., rock (No. 93): all in May 1881.* Aim. & Mag. Nat. Uist. ser. 5, v. p. 125 (1880), and P. Z. S. p. 62 (1881).

CRTJSTACEA. 181Port Denison. 4 fnis., rock and sand, May 1881 (Nos. Ill, 122).Fitzroy Island. 10 fms., mud and shells, 2Gtb May, 1881 (No. 113).Flinders, Clairmont. 11 fms., sand and mud, May 1881 (No. 108),Ofl' Clairmnnt. Coral-reef (No. 151).Ton-es Straits. 10 fms., sand (No. 158).Thursday Island, Torres Straits. Mangî-ove-swamps, June 1881 (No.124) ; land-crabs from holes in the hills, July 1881 (No. 125)beach, June 1881 (No. 167) ; 3-4 fnia.,;sand, August 1881 (Nos.145, 175, 177) ; 4-5 fms., sand, July 1881 (No. I65) ; 4-6 fms.,rock and sand, June 1881 (No. 130).Friday Island, Torres Straits. Beach, September 1881 (No. 154) ; 10fms., sand, October 1881 (No. 153).Warrior Reef, Torres Straits. Crabs from the interior of pearl-shells,August 1881 (No. 137).Prince of Wales Channel. 7 fms., sand, September 1881 (Nos. 142,169) ;9 fms., sand, September 1881 (No. 157).West Island, Prince of Wales Channel. Beach, coral, September 1881(No. 149).Arafura Sea, N.W. Australia. 32-36 fms., mud, sand, and shells,October 1881 (No. 160).Dundas Straits, N. Australia. 17 fms., mud, October 1881 (No. 161).Port Darwin, N. Australia. Beach, mud and sand, October 1881 (No.176) ; 7-12 fins., saud and mud, October 1881 (No. 173).As will be seen from the foregoing list, the localities where themost abundant opportunities offered for collecting, and where, consequently,the largest number of species were obtained, are ThursdayIsland in Torres Straits and Ports Curtis and Molle on the Queenslandcoast ; but the dredgings of most scientific interest areunquestionably those made off the north coast in the Arafura Sea,and at Port Darwin and in Dundas Straits, not only on accountof the new and rare species therein obtained, but also because theselocalities had not previously been explored for Crustacea, Thedredging in the Arafura Sea was also the only one made in anyconsiderable depth of water (32-36 fms.), the next in point of depthbeing that at Dundas Straits, 17 fms. (No. 161). The collectionwas received in two distinct consignments, which are referred to asthe " first" and "second" collection.List of the Species^ shoiving their Geographical Range.[N.B. The species and varieties of Podoplithalmia and Edriophthalmia whichare distinguished by an asterisk are those nfit included in Mr. Haswell's Catalogue.The species placed within brackets are those which do not fcrm part ofthe collection made by Dr. Coppinger.]Achceus lacertosus, Stimpson.PODOPHTHALMIA.D E C A P D A.BEACnVTJRA.E. and N. Australia (Dundas Sraits).*affinis, sp. n. N., N.E., E., and W. Australia.Camposcia retusa, Latreille. N., N.E., and W. AustraUa; OrientalRegion.

.4;;182 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Oncinopus aranea, De Haan. N. and N.E. Australia ; Japan ; MindoroSea ; New Hebrides.Mencp.thius monoceros (Latreille). N., N.E., and W. Australia ; OrientalRegion.Htienia protetis, De Haan. N. and N.E. Australia ;Japan ; ChinaPhilippine Islands.Egeria arachnoiclcs (Rumph.). N. and N.E. Australia ; Indian, Malayan,and Chinese seas.Chorilihinia gracilipes, Miers. N. and N.E. Austraha ;Papua.Faramifhrax {Chlorinoides) coppinfferi, Haswell. N. and E. Australia ;Japan.* ( ) aculeottis, M.-Edw., var. armatus, n. N. and N.E. Australia(Thursday Island to Port Curtis).H}jaste7ins diacanthiis (De Haan). N., N.E., E., and W. AustraliaPhilippine Islands, Chinese and Japanese Seas.{Chorilia) oryx, A. M.-Edwards. N., N.E., and W. Australia ;Oriental Region.* () planasius (Ad. & White). N.E, Australia; Chineseseas.* ( ) convcxus, sp. n. N.E. Australia (Port Molle).Naxia serpulifera, M.-Edwards. N. and W. Australia.Schizophrys aspera, M.-Edw. N. Australia ;Oriental Region.[* (lama (Herbst). W. Australia.]*rseiKlomicippa ? variaîs, Miers. N., N.E., and W. Australia.Micippa thalia (Herbst). N., N.E., and W. Australia; OrientalRegion.* pMlyra (Herbst). N., N.E., and W. Australia ; Oriental Region.curtispina, HasweU. N. and N.E. Australia.Paramicippa spinosa (Stimpson). E. Australia.Lamhnis longispimis, Miers. N. and N.E. Australia ; Shanghai.* Icevicarpvs, Miers. N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea).— — lonyimaiius (Linn.). N. and N.E. Australia; Oriental Region?(Mauritius, Javau Sea, &c.).1 1 C'/cMIaL \ noclosus, Jacq. & Lucas. N., N.E., and W. Australia ; New, • ' -,r"^ '' Zealand.turriyer, 'White. N. and N.W. Australia; Borneo and PhilippineIslands.hopJonotus (var. yranidosus, Miers). N. and N.E. Australia;Ceylon ; Philippines ;New Caledonia.(Partheuopokles) harpax, Ad. & White. N. and N.E. AustraliaChina ;Borneo.Crypiopodia fornicata (Fabr.). N., N.E., and E. Australia; Indianand Malaysian seas ; Japan, China.spafidifrons, Miers. N., E., and W. Australia.Gonatonotiis penfayonus, Ad. & White. N. and N.E. AustraliaJayan sea ; Borneo.Euxantlms hnonii (Lucas). N. and N.E. Australia.[* sctdpfilis, Dana,. N.E.Australia; Philippines; Fiji Islands.]* hibercidosus, sp. n. N. Australia (Thursday Island and WarriorReef).*IIypoccelHS pitnctatus, sp. n. N. Australia (Thursday Island).Ateryatis Jloridtis, Linn. N., N.E., and W. Australia ; Oriental Region.Lophozozymus epheliticus, Linn. N.W., N.E., and E. Australia ; Java;Philippines.*Galene yramdcda, sp. n. N. Australia (Port Darwin).*Halimede? coppinyeri, sp. n. N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea).

CRUSTACEA. 183*Actcea ruppeUii (Krauss). N. and N.E. Australia; Oriental Region(from Natal to Red Sea and eastward to Norfolk Island ?).* areolata, Dana. N.E. Australia ; Sooloo Sea or Balabac Straits.*Ban(treia iriconspicua, sp. n. N. Australia (Port Darwin).*Xantho maci/illv7'ayi, sp. n. N.E. Australia (Port Molle, Port Curtis).*Cyeloxanthi(s lineatns, A. M.-Edwards. N.W. and N. Australia; NewCaledonia and Lifu.*Carjnlodes vemmis, M.-Edwards. N.E. Australia ;Oriental Region.Le2)todiiis exaratus (M.-Edwards). N.E. and W. Australia; OrientalRegion.* lividus (De Haan). N.E. Australia ; Japan.CMorodhts nujer (Forskal). N., N.E., and E. Australia; Oriental Region.*Chlorodopsis gi'anulatus (Stimpson). N. and N.E. Australia (PortDarwin, Port Denison, and Port Molle) ; Hong Kong ; Philippines;Singapore.JEf.isus Icevimamis, Randall. N.E. and E. Australia ; Oriental Region.Etisodes electra, Ilerbst. N.E. Austi'alia ; Oriental Region.anagli/ptus, M.-Edw. N.E. Australia ;Philippine Islands.Menippe. ( Mi/ometn'ppe) Icf/uilloui, A. M.-Edw. N.E. and W. Australia(Port Curtis and Swan River) ; Indian and Indo-Malayanseas.Pihim7ius r-espertilio, Fabr. N.W., N., and N.E. to E. Australia; OrientalRegion.* pnlcher, sp. n, N. Australia (Islands of Torres Straits).riifopKnctatus, Stimpson. E. and S. Australia.lanatus^ Ij&tv. N.E. and E.' Australia ; Tasmania? East Indies(Latr.).* semilanatuft, sp. n. N. and E. Australia (Prince of Wales Channel,Cape Capricorn, Moreton Bay).* seminudus, sp. n. N. and N.E. Austraha (Thursday Island, PortDenison).cursor, A. M.-Edwards ? N.E. Australia : New Caledonia andSamoa Islands,* lahjrinthicus, sp. n. N. and N.E. Anstralia (Thursday Island,Port Molle).? pu(/dator, A. M.-Edwards ? N .E. and E. Australia ; LoyaltyIslands ;Lifu.Adummis setifer (De Haan). N., N.E.. and W. (?) Australia ; OrientalRegion.C7'i/ptocceloma Jimbriatiwi (M.-Edwards?). N. and N.E.Australia;Java.Pihimnopeus serratifrons, Kinahan. E. and S. Australia; New Zealand.Ozius fftittatus (var. spcciosus, Hilgendorf). N.E. Australia; OrientalRegion.Nephimis pelafficus (Linn.). N., N.E., E., and W. Australia ; NewZealand ; Oriental Region.[* armatus, A. M.-Edwards. W. Australia, Shark Bay.]* (Amphitrite) hastatoides (Fabricius). N. and N.W. Australia(Friday Island, Arafura Sea) ; Indian Ocean, Hong Kong, &c.Achelous f/ramdatus (M.-Edwards). N. and N.E. Australia; OrientalRegion.*, var. tmispinosus, n. N. Australia (Prince of WalesChannel).*ThaIamita admete (Herbst). N.W., N.E,, and E. Australia; OrientalRegion,

•lamhrifonnis,;184- COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.Thaiamita sima, M.-Edwards. N., N.E., ar.d W. Australia; New Zealand;Oriental Region.[* chaptali, Audouiu. Red Sea ;Ceylon.]stimpsonii, A. M. -Edwards. N. and N.E. Australia ; MalaysianIslands; Sunday Island ; New Caledonia.* crenata, Riippell. N. and N.E. Australia (Torres Straits, PortMolle, Percy Island) ;Oriental Region.*Goniosoma varihjatum (Fabricius). N.Australia (Port Darwiu) ; S.and E. Asian seas ;India to Japan.* spinifermn, sp. n. N.E. Australia (Port Molle).Nectocarc'inus integrifrons (L?ii\\). N.E., E., and S.Australia; Tasmania;Red Sea ? ; Oceania.* Lupocyclus rotundatus, Ad. & White. N. and N.E. Australia ; N.Borneo.*Kraussia nitida, Stimpson. N. Australia (Thursday Island) ; Philippines;Japanese and Chinese seas.*Telphusa [Geotelphusa) artssa?, M. -Edwards. N. Australia (ThursdayIsland, Cape York) ; Philippines ?[* leichardtii, sp. n. ? E. Australia.]Gelaswuis sipiafus, Hess. N.E., E., and W. Australia.Oci/jmda ceratojMhalma (Pallas). N, to E. Australia ; Oriental Region;St. Christophers (??).kuhlii, De Haan. N. and VV. Australia; Oriental Region.*Macrophthahnus punctukdus, sp. n. E. Australia (Port Jackson).Êuplax ( Chcpnostoma) hoscii (Audouin). N.E. Australia (Port Molle) ;Oriental Region.*Camptoplax coppijigeri, gen. et sp. n. N. Austraha (Prince of WalesChannel).Pseudorhomhilu vestita (De Haan), var. seo'dejitata (Haswell) ? N.W,Australia (Arafura Sea).* sulcatifrons (Stimpson), var. australiensis, n. N.E. Australia(Port Molle).*Ceraioplax armata, sp. n. N. Australia (Port Darwin).* ? l(gvis, sp. n. N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea).Metopograpstis tnessor (Forskal). N. to E., N.W., and W. Australia;Oriental Region.Chasmagnathus {Paragrapsus) Icevis, Dana. N.E. to S.E. Australia;New Zealand.*Sesarma bidens, De Haan ? N.E. Australia ; Oriental Region ?*, sp. N.E. and E. Austraha.* Pinnotheres villosulus, Guerin-Meneville. N. Australia (Warrior Reef,Torres Straits) ;Timor.Mycteris longicarpus, Latreille. N.W., N. to E., and W. AustraliaTasmania ;Indo-Malaysian and China seas ; New Caledonia.Halicai'cinus ovafus, Stimpson. N.E., E., and S.W. (?) Australia.Leucosia oceUata, Bell. N.E. and N.W. Australia.wliitei, Bell. N., N.E., and W. Australia* craniolaris, L. (var. Icevimana, n.). N. Australia; Indian, Indo-Malaysian, and Chinese seas.Myra caHiiata, Bell, N.E. Australia ; Celebes ; Philippines ; HongKong.affinis, Bell. N. and N.E. Australia ;Philippines.mammillaris, Bell. N.E. and S, Australia (Port Denison, Adelaide).australis, Haswell? N., N.E., and W. Australia.Phlyxia crassipes, Bell. N., N.E., and S. Australia.Bell. N., N.E., and S. Australia (Port Darwin toBass Straits).

CRUSTACEA. 185Niosin sinuafa, Miers. N.E. and E. Australia.[* abhreviata, Bell. E. Australia; Moreton Bay.]Nursilia deniata, Bell. N.W, aud N.E. Australia; Oriental Eegion(Fiji Islands, Seychelles).*Iphiculus spon(/iosus,\\.d. & White. N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea);Philippine Islands.Arcania pulcherrima, Ilaswell. N.W. to N.E. Australia ;Borneo.Lithadia sculpta, Haswell. N.W. and N.E. Australia.*Oreophonis reticuJatus, Ad. & White. N. Australia (Thursday andFriday Islands) ;Straits of Suuda ;Philippines.* frontalis, sp. u. N.E. Australia (Port Molle).Matida victrix (Fabricius). N. to E. and W. Australia ; OrientalRegion.* inennis, sp. n. N. Australia (Islands of Torres Straits).Calappa hepatica (Linn.). N.E. to E. Australia (Clairmout Island,Trinity Bay, West Hill, Sydney) Oriental Region.Dorippe dorsipes, L.;N., N.E.j N.W., and W. (?) Australia; OrientalRegion (Zanzibar and Ibo to Japan).* australiensis, sp. n. N.E. and E. Australia (Port Denison andMoreton Bay).Anomtjra.Cryptodromia lateralis, Gray. N.E. to S. and W. to N.W. Australia ;Tasmania; New Zealand ;Philippines and Japan.*Pefal

;186 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.Galafhea clega7is, White. N. and N.E. Australia ;Borneo; Philippines.^Munida spimdife^-a, sp. n. N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea).*Masfu/ochints quadrilohahis, Miers. N. Australia (Prince of WalesChannel) ;Philippines.Macruka.*Gebia carinicmala, Stimpson. N.Australia (Thursday Island, &c.)jHong- Kong.*Gebiops{s danvinii, sp. n. N. and S.W. Australia (Port Darwin);Singapore.*Axms plectorhynchus, Strahl. N.E. Australia (Port Molle) ;Luzon.*Thalassina anomala (Herbst). N.W. Australia (Nieol Bay) ;N. Australia(Thursday Island) ;Philippines, Borueo, &c. ;Penang ; FijiIslands.Alphem edivardsii, Audouin. N. to E. Australia (Ports Darwin andEssington to Sydney) ;Oriental Region ; Atlantic Region (Cape"Verds?, W.-American coast from N. Carolina to the Abrolhos,Brazil) ;coast of California.[* (/raciUdacti/lns, sp. n. Fiji and Sandwich Islands.]* obesomanus, Dana. N.E. Australia (Port Molle) ;Fiji Islands ;INIauritius.* fffocilipes, Stimpson. N.E. and S. Australia (Port MoUe, FlindersIsland) ;Coreau Channel ; Ceylon ;Tahiti.* minus, var. neptunus, Dana. N. and S.E. Australia (ThursdayIsland, Port Jackson) ;Oriental Region (to Panama).coviattdanmi, Haswell. N. Australia (Albany Island, ThursdayIsland, &c.) ;Ceylon ; Singapore.vUlosus, Milne-Edwards. N. Australia (Warrior Reef, ThursdayIsland).*Pontonia [Conchodytes) tridacnee, Peters. N. and N.E. Australia(Warrior Reef, Keppell Islands); Fiji and Samoa Islands;Djeddah Ibo.;*Harpiliiis inpnnis, sp. n. N.E. Australia (Port Molle) ; W. Australia(Shark Bay).[* spinuliferus, sp. n. Hub. ?]*Ancliistia petitthonarsi, Audouin ? N.E. Australia (Port Molle) ; OrientalRegion (Red Sea to Ousima, Japan).*CoraUiocarit< tridentata, sp. n. N. Australia (Thursday Island).Palcemon {Leander) intcrmedius, Stimpson. E. Australia (Port Jackson,Sydney?); Tasmania; S.W. Australia (King George's Sound) ;Fiji Islands.Sicyonia ocellata, Stimpson. N. to E. Australia (Thursday Island,Port Jackson ?); Hong Kong ;Ceylon.Penceus yramdosys, Haswell. N. and N.E. Australia (Port Darwin,Thursday Island, Darnley Island, Cape Grenville).velutmus, Dana. N. Australia (Port Darwin, Thursday Island,Albany Island) ; W. Australia (Shark Bay) ;Oriental RegionSenegambia (Goree Island) ;West Indies ? (St. Thomas ?).* batei, sp. n. N. Australia (Albany Island).Stomatopoda.Squilla nepa, Latr. N. to S.E. Australia (Port Darwin to Sydney) ;Oriental Region.Gonodadyhis chirayra (Fabr.). N. and N.E. Australia (Port Essingtonto Port Molle) ;S.W. Australia (Swan River) ;Oriental RegionMediterranean ; W. Indies ; Brazil ; W. coast of N. America ?

CRrSTACEA. 187Gonodactyhis graphurus, White (ined.), Miers. N.W. to N.E. Australia(Nicol Bay to Port Curtis) ; Oriental Kegion.EDRIOrHTHALMIA.IsoroDA.Ligia gamlichaudii, var. austraJiensis, Dana. N.E. to E. Australia(Port jNIoUe to New South Wales) ;Siugapore ? Ceylon ?Ceratothoa imhricata, Fabr. N.E., S., and W. Australia (Port E?singtun,Sydney, Port Jackson, Murray Eiver, Shark Bay); China;Madras ;Calcutta ; Java ; New Zealand.^Cirolana multidigitata (Dana). N. Australia (Albany Island) ;W. Australia(Swan River) Philippines ;Borneo.* schiodtei, sp. n.;N.W. Australia (Arafura Sea) ;Torres Straits.* tennistglis, sp. n. N. Australia (Prince of Wales Channel).* lata, Ilaswell, var. mtegra. N. to S.E. Australia (Albany Islandto Port Stephens).*RucineIa orientaUs, Schiodte & Meinert. N. to E. Australia (Princeof Wales Channel to Moreton Bay) ;Oriental Region (Gulf ofSuez to Philippines).[_*jEga meinerti, sp. n. S. Australia, King George's Sound.]*Cymodocea longistylis, sp. n. N. Australia (Thursday Island) ;Singapore.*Cerceis bidentata, M.-Edw. (var. aspermmdafa, n.). N. Australia(Prince of Wales Channel).Cilicaa JidreiUei, Leach. N. to S:E. Australia (Thursday Island toPort Stephens) ; S. Australia (King George's Sound).latreillei (var. crassicatidata, Haswell). N.W. to N.E. Austraha(xVi-afura Sea to Ilolborn Island).[* (var. longispina, n.). Bass's Straits.][* antennalis (White, ined.). AV. Australia, Swan River.]Hasicellia carnea (IlasweU). E. and S.E. Australia (Port Jackson,Port Stephens).Paranthura ausfralis, Ilaswell.Port Jackson).Anisopoda,N. and E. Australia (Dundas Straits,Amphipoda.Ephippiphora kroyeri, White. N. to N.E. Australia (Dundas Straitsto Port Denison) ; Tasmania ; New Zealand ?Leucotho'e spinicarpa, Abildgaard (var. connneiisalis, Ilaswell). N. to S.Australia, along E. coast (Thursday Island to Western Port) ;Great Britain, Scandinavia, &c. ; Red Sea ?* hrevidacfyla, sp. n. N. Australia (Thursday Island).Melita australis, Haswell. N.E. to S. Australia (Port Denison toWêstern Port).Moera ramsayi, Ilaswell. N. and E. Australia (Prince of WalesChannel, Port Jackson).rnhromaculata (Stm.). N. Australia (Dundas Straits) ;N.E. toS.E. Australia (Port Denison to Port Stephens).* ? crassimana, sp. n. E. Australia (Port Jackson).Megamcora stinisis, Haswell. N. and N.E. Austi'alia (Sue Islands,Albany Island, Port Denison).* thomsoni, sp. n. N. Australia (Albany Island, Prince of WalesChannel, Thursday Island).Podocerus australis, Ilaswell. E. Australia (Port Jackson).

.;188 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Caprella (sqm'h'bra (Say). E. Australia (Port Jackson) ; New Zealand;Hong Kong- ; Mediterranean ; Norway ; Britain ; E. coast ofUnited States ; Brazil.* attennata, Dana? E. Australia (Port Jackson); Eio de Janeiro,OsTEACODA.Cypridina alho-macnlata, Baird. N. Australia (Port Darwin, DundasStraits) ; W. Australia (Swan Eiver).CIEEIPEDIA.Balanus trigonus, Darwin. E. Australia (Port Jackson and Sydney) ;New Zealand ; Malaysian seas ; W. coast of America ; PeruColumbia ; California.amaryllis, Darwin. N. to E. Australia (Port Darwin to MoretonBay) ;Philippines ; Malaysian archipelago ; mouth of the Indus.Acasta sulcata, Lam. (var. ?). N. to E. Australia (Albany Island toMoreton Bay) ; S. Australia ; W. Australia {Lajnarck).PYCNOGONIDA.Achelia Icevis, Hodge, var. australiensis, n. E. Australia (Port Jackson).PhoxicJdlidium hoekii, sp. n. N. Australia (Dundas Straits, ThursdayIsland, Prince of Wales Channel)DECAPODA.BEACHYUEA.1. Achseus lacertosus, Stimpson.Here is somewhat doubtfully referred a small male specimen fromPort Jackson (0-5 fms.), which difi'ers from Stimpson's diagnosisonly in the somewhat slenderer merus-joint of the chelipedes, whichresembles that of A. hreviceps, Haswell (a species which Mr. Haswellin his latest work regards as synonymous with A. lacertosas), in beingof a somewhat trigonous form ; the palm or penultimate joint isthin-edged along its upper margin, but scarcely carinatcd.The specimen I refer to A. lacertosus also bears some resemblanceto the European A. cranchii in the absence of a neck-like constrictionbehind the orbits, and in the comparatively short ambulatory legs, thedactyli of the last three pairs being rather strongly falciform. In A.cranchii, however, the eye-peduncles have a tubercle on their anteriormargin, the distal end of the merus of the outer maxillipedes is moredistinctly truncated, and the ambulatory legs are even shorter.In the second collection received from Dr. Coppinger are twofemales from Dundas Strait, North Australia (No. 161), whichscarcely differ, except in the somewhat broader carapace.2. Achseus affinis.Carapace subtriangular and moderately convex, with the surfaceuneven, but the regions not very distinctly defined ; the postorbitalregion is constricted. The rostrum is moderately prominent, the

;;CRUSTACEA. 189frontal lobes very small and subacute. On the cardiac region is abilobated prominence, which is usually very much elevated ; thereis a small angulated prominence on the hepatic regions, and occasionallyone or two granules on the branchial regions, which arenot at all convex. Eye-peduncles with a blunt tubercle in themiddle of their anterior margins. The merus-joints of the outermaxillipedes are narrowed and subacute at their distal ends wherethey are articulated with the next joints. The chelipedes (in bothsexes) are rather slender ; margins of the arm, wrist, and palmusually with a few granules or spinules ; merus somewhat trigonous ;fingers as long as the palm, and somewhat incurved, with their innermargins denticulated, and having between them when closed (in themales) a small hiatus at base. The ambulatory legs are slender,filiform, and very much elongated, the second legs being, in an adultmale, four times as long as the postfrontal portion of the carapacethe dactyli of the two posterior pairs only are distinctly falciform ;both chelipedes and ambulatory legs are scantily clothed with longhairs. Length of carapace (including rostrum) of an adult maleabout 5 lines (10-5 millim.), breadth about 3 lines (6 millim.) ;length of second leg about 1 inch 8 lines (42 millim.) : an adultfemale has the carapace relatively somewhat broader, length nearly5| lines (12 millim.), breadth 4 lines {S'o millim.).The bilobated promiueuce on the cardiac region and tuberculatedeê-peduncles serve to distinguish this species. The cardiac prominenceis much more elevated in the females than in the males in theMuseum Collection.There is an adult male of this species in the first collection receivedfrom Dr. Coppinger, obtained at Port Denison, Queensland, at adepth of 4 fms. (No. Ill) ; also an adult female from Port Jackson,5-7 fms. (No. 104), and one from Moreton Bay, Queensland( Warwick) ; one from Shark Bay, West Australia {F. M. liayner^H.M.S. Herald ' ') ; and other Australian specimens without specialindication of locality in the Museum collection.In the second consignment made by Dr. Coppinger were an adultmale and two females from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 177)and a female from Prince of Wales Channel, 7-9 fms.3. Camposcia retusa, Latreille.Several females are retained for the British-Museum collectionfrom Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (Nos. 175-177). It is recorded byMr. Haswell from Cape Grenville and Port Denison. Specimensare in the British-Museum collection from Shark Bay, W. Australia{F. M. Baijner, H.M.S. Herald '').There are also specimens in the Museum collection from thePhilippine Islands, Guimaras and Bureas(CMmi?ir/), and Pijis, Ngau{H.M.S. Herald ' ') ; also specimens from the Mauritius {Ladij F.Cole) are probably not distinct, but are much covered with foreignovergrowth. Thus it is widely distributed throughout the OrientalRegion.

190 COLLECIIONS FROM MELANESIA.4. Oncinopus aranea.De Haan, Faun. Jajjon., Crust, p. 100, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (d ?), andpi. H (1839).Oncinopus neptuniis, Adams Sj- White, Zool. Samarang,^ ^ Crust, p. 1,pi. ii. fig. 1 (1848).Oncinopus subpellucidus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pkilad. p. 221(1857) ; Haswell, Cat. Austrcdian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crust, p. 5(1882).Oncinopus angulatus, Haswell, Proc. Litm. Soc, N. S. Wales, iv.p. 43.3 (1880).Specimens are in the collection from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms.(No. 104), and Port Molle, 14 fms. (No. 93). Besides the abovespecimens the British-Museum series includes examples from PortJackson (J. Brazier cf-c), from Brisbane Water, Queensland (Macgillivray,H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake '), from the Mindoro Sea {A. Adams,H.M.S. ' Samarang '), and from the New Hebrides (J.Macr/iUivraif).Oncinoi)us subpellucidus, Stimpson, from Port Jackson, only differs(according to its author) from 0. neptunus in the somewhat smallerand slenderer terminal and penultimate joints of the posterior legs,and can scarcely be regarded as distinct, Onciuojnis nraneus ofDe Haan (the species on which the genus was originally founded)was regarded by Adams and White as distinct from 0. neptunus, onaccount of the much shorter legs, more deeply-incised front, withmore angulated lobes ; but there is an adult specimen from PortJackson, in Dr. Coppinger's collection, in which the legs are onlytwice as long as the carapace, and quite as robust as in De Haan'sfigure of 0. araneus ; and in a male from Brisbane Water, (Queensland,in the Museum collection, the chelipedes have their palmsdilated, just as in the Japanese species. In consideration of theevident variability of the length and robustness of the legs in thisgenus, I have considered it necessary to unite all the describedspecies under De Haan's original designation, 0. araneus.5. Mensethius monoceros (Latr.).A male is in the collection from Port Denison, (Queensland, 4 fms.(No. 111). I have in a previous Peport* remarked upon the widedistribution of this common Oriental species, and for the numeroussynonyma would refer to A. Milne-Edwards's report on the Crustaceaof New Caledonia f.A female received in Dr. Coppinger's second collection from Princeof Wales Channel (No. KiO) differs widely in its broader, much morestrongly tuberculated carapace from the male from Port Denison ;in these particulars it closely resembles specimens from the Mauritiusin the British-Museum collection. Specimens from Shark Bay, WestAustralia {Surgeon Rayner, H.M.S. Herald ' ') nearly approach theMauritius specimens in these particulars.* Philosoph. Trans. Eoy. Soe. clxviii. p. 485 (1879).t Vide Nouv. Arcliiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 252 (1872).

CRUSTACEA, 1916. Huenia proteus.De Haan, Faun. Japan., Cr. p. 95, pi. xxiii. fig'S. 4, 5 c? (elonjâta),fifT. G 2 (heraldica), and pi. G (1839) ; Adams ^ White, Cr. inVol/. ' Samaram/,^ P- 21, pi. iv. ii?s. 4-7 (1848); Hasioell, Proc.Linn. Soc. N. S'. Wales, iv. p. 437' (1880); Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 9(1882).Huenia dehaani, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 223 (1847).Huenia proteus, var. tenm^Qs, Adams t

;192 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.specimens in the British-Museum collection scarcely any tracesexist of the meral spines above mentioned. I may add that Ihave observed a considerable degree of variation in the length ofthe rostrum in the large series of specimens of this species in thecollection of the British Museum. In the type specimen of Egeriaindica of Leach in this collection the third joint of the outer maxillipededoes not in reality present any peculiarity of form, nor doesthis specimen differ from ordinary adult examples of the genus.I believe, then, it will be necessary to unite under one specificdesignation the three forms Er/eria arachnoides, E. herbstii, andE. indica, mentioned by Milne-Edwards*, and that to this speciesthe name arachnoides must be applied rather than the Linneandesignation longipes, because Linnteus's description of his Cancerlongipes f differs in several particulars from Egeria arachnoides ;thus he says " manus ovatce, muricatce," or " scabrce," whereas inEgeria arachnoides the hands are always elongated and smoothmoreover, in the middle line of the carapace are five (not four)tubercles or short spines ; other distinctions might be mentioned.Specimens of Egeria arachnoides are in the Museum collectionfrom the Indian Ocean (Hardiuicke), Philippine Islands, Zebu(Cuming), Shanghai {inirchased of Jamrach), Port Curtis, Australia(J. Macgillivray), &c. ; several other jN^.E. Australian localities arerecoi'ded by Mr. Haswell.The species designated Egeria longipes, M.-Edw., by Adams andWhiteJ, if correctly characterized, differs from any specimen of thegenus I have seen in its very much broader, transverse front, andmay belong to a distinct species.8. Chorilibinia gracilipes.Miers, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. p. 7, pi. iv. fig. 4 (1879);Hastvell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv. p. 439 (1880) ; Cat.Austr. Crust, p. 17 (1882).In Dr. Coppinger's first collection two adult females were receivedfrom Port MoUe, 14 fms. (No. 93), and one from Albany Island,3-4 fms. (No. 109). In the second collection are a male and femalefrom Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. (No. 173).The types in the British Museum are from Papua, and Mr. Haswellrecords the occurrence of this species at Cape Grenville.9. Paramithrax (CMorinoides) coppingeri, Hasivell.An adult female is in the collection from Port Darwin, 12 fms.,and two small males from Dundas Strait, 17 fms. (No. 161). Haswell'sspecimens were from Whitsunday Passage (H.M.S. Alert '').* Hist. Nat. des Crustac^s, i. pp. 291, 292 (1834).t Mus. Lud. Ulrici, p. 446 (]7(i4) ; Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1047(1766).I Crust, in Zool. Voy. H.M.S. ' Samarang,' p. 6 (1848).

—CRtrSTACEA. 193'Other specimens of this species are in the British Museum fromMoreton Bay (purchased), and from the collection of H.M.S.'Saraarang,' without precise indication of locality.The spines of the carapace vary considerably in number andlength ; in an adult female from Moreton Bay the two posteriorspines of the carapace are absent ; in a small male from the samelocality both are present, although very small ; in Dr. Coppinger'sspecimens one only is developed. In none of the specimens I haveexamined are the spines of the carapace knobbed at the tip.These specimens principally differ from Haswell's description inhaving but a single broad and usually dentated lobe behind thethree straight, acute, spinous teeth of the upper orbital border, as inHe Haan's figure of P. longispinus. They are only distinguishedfrom P. lonrjispinus by the form of the hands of the chelipedes, thepalms (alike in males and females) being slenderer, with the uppermargins straight, and the fingers straight and meeting along theirinner edges, which are entire, without spines or tubercles on theirinner margins. It is not stated if this character exists in the typesof P. copjrinr/eri; and I am therefore somewhat doubtful if our specimensbelong to that species, which may after all be synonymouswith P. lom/ispinus. In the latter event the Museum examplesreferred to P. eopjnngeri would apparently require a distinctspecific appellation.10. Paramithrax (Chlorinoides) aculeatus, var. armatus.(Plate XVIII. fig. A.)I thus designate a series of specimens in the collection whichapparentl}^ approach so nearly the Chorinus aculeatus of Milne-Edwards as to render it unadvisable to separate them specificallyin the absence of figures of G. aculeatus. As Milne-Edwards'sdescription* is somewhat brief, I subjoin the following descriptionof an adult example in Dr. Coppinger's collection :CarajDace more or less pubescent, subpyriform, moderately convex,with five spines arranged in a median longitudinal series, of which twoare situate on the gastric, one on the cardiac, and one on the intestinalregion, and one on the posterior margin ; there are also two strong andoutwardly-divergent spines on each of the branchial regions. Therostral spines are long, acute, curving outward, and separate! fromone another, even at their bases, by a distinct interspace ; the upperorbital margia has two deep fissures ; the praeocular spine is strongand curves upward ; there is also a strong postocular spine, whichhas a tooth on its posterior margin ;posterior to this, on the sidesof the carapace, is another small spine. On the inferior surface ofthe carapace (on the pterygostomian region^ are three tuberclesarranged in an oblique line ; and posterior and parallel to these anoblique crest, which terminates in a tooth or short spine. There isa strong tooth directed downward on the interantennal septum, and* Vide Hist. Nat. Crust, i. p. 316 (1834).

;194 COLLECTIOKS FROM MELANESIA,at the distal end of eacti basal antennal joint two teeth, whereof oneis directed downward and one outward. The legs are more or lesspubescent. The chelipedes are slender ; the atm or merus-jointdenticulated on its lower surface, and armed above with three orfour short spines ; the wrist or carpus rather obscurely bicarinatedhand (in both sexes) smooth, slender, naked, somewhat compressed,and twice as long as broad, or even longer ; fingers straight andacute. The ambulatory legs are of moderate length ; the merusjointsusually bear two well-developed distal spines, but one of theseis occasionally absent ; there is usually a short spine or tubercle atthe distal end of the following joint, which is most distinct in thefirst pair of ambulatory legs ; dactyli slightly curved. Length ofthe largest specimen (an adult female) to base of rostrum about 1-înch (30 mm.), of rostral spines -^tj inch (15 mm.), greatest breadthrather over -| inch (22 mm.) ; length of first ambulatory leg about1| inch (38 mm.).There are in the first collection several specimens of both sexesfrom Port Curtis, 7-11 fms. (Nos. 85, 87). In the second collectionare two males from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 175).The spines of the dorsal surface of the carapace vary considerablyin length.Several of the specimens are more or less thickly covered with anovergrowth of Polyzoa and Sertularians {Thuiaria and Grisia), andwith a species of Zoanthus.From P. aculeatiis, as described by Milne-Edwards, this varietyis distinguished only by the form of the postocular spine (see fig. A),and by the existence (usually) of two spines at the distal end ofthe merus-joints of the ambulatory legs. From the P. halimoides,recently described by me, it is distinguished by having two spineson each branchial region, the form of the postocular tooth, &c.Several other species of this subgenus have been described, noneof which, are to be confounded with P. (Chlorinoides) aculeatus.P. S2yatiilife>\ Haswell, a species dredged at Port Stephen, is atonce distinguished by its bifurcated rostral spines, &c.11. Hyastenus diacanthus {De Ilaan).A male and three females of this very common species are retainedfor the collection from Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-6 fms.(Nos. 130, 175), one was received from Port Denison, another fromPort Molle, 14 fms. (93), another from Port Curtis, 0-11 fms.(92), and another from Port Darwin (12 fms.). As is very usualwith H. diaca7ithus, these specimens are more or less covered•with sponges, &c.I have already referred to the synonyma and general distributionof this species *.In a very small female in the collection, from Port Denison,* Proc. Zool. Soc. pp. 19, 26 (1879) ; Cat. New-Zeal. Crust, p. 9 (1876).

CRUSTACEA. 1954 fms. (No. 122), length to base of rostrum little over 5 lines(11 mm.), and in a small male from Dundas Straits (No. 161), therostral spines are relatively somewhat shorter, and there are onlyvery small tubercles in the place of the lateral epibranchial spines :it is not improbably a young example of H. diaccmthus. Thereare specimens presenting very similar characters in the collectionof the British Museum without definite locality (H.M.S. 'Samaramj ')and from Penang (India Museum).There are specimens in the British-Museum collection from thefollowing points on the Australian coast:—Dunk Island, and lat.20° 58' S., long. 149° 12' E., between Cumberland Island andSlade Point {J. MacgUlivrmj, H.M.S. Eattlesnake ''), Brisbane Water(purchased), Moreton Bay (purchased), Swan River {Bring),Shark Bay, "West Australia {Rayner, H.M.S. ' Herald ').12. Hyastenus (Chorilia) oryx.Hvastenus oryx, A. 31.-Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. viii.p. 250, pi. xiv. fig. 1 (1872) ;Hnsivell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.Wales, iv. p. 442 (1880) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 20 (1882).To this species are referred specimens from several differentlocalities ; e. (j. from the fii'st collection two males and a femalefrom Port MoUe—the males obtained between 5 and 14 fms. (Nos.93, 118), and the female on the beach (No. 95) ; and a femalefrom Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 122) ; also from the second collectiona good series from Thursday Island, 3-5 fms. (Nos. 165, 177),and Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 169), one female.M. A. Milne-Edwards's types were from New Caledonia ; Mr,Haswell records this species from Darnley Island, Torres Straits ;and there are specimens in the collection of the British Museumfrom Eaine's Islet, North-east Australia (J. B. Jukes), Shark Bay,West Australia [Rayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '), and other Australianspecimens without special indication of locality (BowerOank);also from the Philippine Islands, Corregidor (Cuming), and Chineseseas {H.M.S. Samarang').'In the second part of this Eeport its occurrence is noted at ProvidenceIsland, Masoarenes.The length of the rostral spines and prominence of the prseoculartooth or lobe seems to vary considerably in this species with the ageof the specimen. I regard the Lepidonaxia de^lijjjîi of Targioni-Tozetti *, founded on a female example, as very possibly a merevariety of H. orga; from which it scarcely differs except in theseparticulars and in the less numerous and prominent tubercles of thecarapace. Certainly it is congeneric with that species.* 'Zoologia della Magenta:' Crostacei, p. 5, pi. i. figs. 4-6, 8, 10, 11 (1877).

196 COLIECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.13. Hyastenus (Chorilia) planasius.Pisa planasia, Adams i^" White, Crust, in. Zool. Voy. ' Samarang,'p. 9, pi. ii. figs. 4,5(1848).Hyastenus planasius, A. M.-Edivards, N. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. viii.p. 250 (1872).A small male was obtained at Port Denison with H. oryx(No. 122). The original types (and specimens in the Museumcollection) were from the Chinese seas.14. Hyastenus (Chorilia) convexus. (Plate XYIII. fig. B.)Carapace subpyriform, somewhat scantily pubescent ;gastric regionelevated, rounded and convex ; cardiac region also somewhat elevatedand rounded ; branchial regions with three low rounded prominences; no lateral epibranchial spine ; the prseocular angle of theorbit is prominent, but can scarcely be said to be produced in theform of a spine ; there are two spines on the ptcrygostomianregion, between the lateral margins of the buccal cavity and thesides of the carapace. Spines of rostrum slender, nearly straight,and strongly divergent. Postahdominal segments distinct. Easalantennal joint with a small spine or tooth at its antero-externalangle. Chelipedes of male of moderate length ; merus or armrather slender and nearly smooth ; wrist with a very small toothon its inner margin ;palm not twice as long as broad, somewhatinflated, with a small tubercle on its upper margin ; fingers aboutas long as the palm, arcuated, meeting only toward the apices,which are minutely denticulated and acute ; upper finger with atubercle or small tooth on its inner margin near the base ; thefingers (when closed) have between them a wide hiatus. Ambulatorylegs very slender and smooth ; the anterior pair much thelongest, the three following diminishing successively in Jength.The colour of the single specimen examined is a uniform lightyellowish brown. Length of carapace a little over 5 lines (11 mm.) ;greatest breadth nearly 4 lines (8 mm.) ; length of rostral spinea little over 3 lines (7 mm.), of chelipede about 6 lines (nearly13 mm.), of first ambulatory leg rather over 10 lines (22 mm.).The unique male example was obtained at Port Molle, 14 fms.(No. 93), and in size and form of the chelipedes is very comparableto H. gracilirostris, Miers, from the Fijis, from which, however, itis at once distinguished by the absence of spines on the carapace,&c.15. Naxia serpulifera, M.-Edw.Thursday Island. 4-6 fms. (No. 130), two young males (firstcollection). A good series of different ages and of both sexes fromthe same locality has been retained from the second collection (175).Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from Shark Bay,

CKITSTA.CEA. 197West Australia (Rayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '), and from Raffles Bay(^3Ii(S. Paris).Its occurrence at Port Essington is mentioned by Mr. Haswell.16. Schizoplirys aspera {M.-Ediv.).A nearly adult female is iu the collection from Thursday Island,3-4 fms. (No. 175).Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards * has united, I believe rightly,under the designation S. aspera several so-called " species " describedby various authors, and I may refer to his memoir for informationon the geographical distribution of this very variable species.Nevertheless, it may be found useful to distinguish two or threevarieties under the different specific names formerly adopted, characterizedby the armature of the carapace, rostrum, and chelipedes.The specimen from Thursday Island is referred to the typicalS. aspera, M.-Edwards (although in it the tooth on the middle ofthe lower orbital margin is obsolete). To the typical form (withwhich S. serratus, White, and S. spiniger, White, may bo consideredidentical) are also referred specimens in the Museum collection fromthe lied Sea (?), Mauritius {Lady F. Cole), Madagascar {Rev. DeansCowan), Ceylon {Dr. W. Ondaatje), and Philippine Islands {Cuming),and perhaps a very fine adult male from Japan (purchased).To the variety spinifrons, A. M.-Edwards, characterized by possessingan accessory spintile on each rostral spine, belong specimensfrom Torres Straits {J. B. Jukes), Lizard Island {J. B. Jukes), andFiji Islands, Ngau, Ovalau {H.M.S. Herald '').I may add that there are in the British-Museum collection specimensof the very distinct species S. dama (Herbst) from SharkBay and King George's Sound, West Australia {H.M.S. Herald '').This species is not mentioned in Mr. Haswell's recently publishedCatalogue.Kossmann has recently t proposed a very different classificationof the species of this genus, which he regards as a subgenus ofMithrax. He proposes (unnecessarily, as I believe) a new specificdesignation, M. triangularis, for the typical species generally designatedS. aspera (M.-Edwards).17. Pseudomicippa ? varians.Pseudomicippe ? varians, Miers, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, iv.p. 12, pi. iv. fig. 8 (1879).In Dr. Coppinger's first collection a female with ova, from PortDenison, 4 fms. (No. Ill), is referable to this species ; in the secondcollection is an adult mule and female from Thursday Island, 3-5* Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Natiirelle, viii. p. 231, pi. x. fig. 1 (1872).t 'Zool. Ergeb. einer Eeise im Kiisteugeb. des rothen Meeres,' (i.) p. U(1877).

,198 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.fms. (Nos. 16o-17o). In the female the gastric region is lessconvex than in the type specimens, which are from W. Australia,Shark Bay.Microludimus dejfcrifrons, Haswell {t. c. p. 435, pi. xxv. fig. 2,and Catalogue, p. 7, 1882), from Port Jackson, is very nearly alliedto this species, and may only be a variety of it ; it differs, however,in the less hairy carapace with fewer tubercles and somewhat morerobust ambulatory legs, also in having a spine at the antero-extcrnalangle of the basal antennal joint (in P. varians there is only asmall tooth).In mj original notice of this species, I merely pointed out thediagnostic characters distinguishing it from P. tenuipes, A. M.-Edwards, which it closely resembles, on which account perhapsMr. Haswell may have omitted to note the affinity of his Microhalimuscljiexifrons with both. The diagnosis of the genus 3Iicrohnliinusgiven by Mr. Haswell is scarcely sufficient for its properidentification.18. Micippa thalia.Cancer tlialia, Herhat, Naturg. Krahhen u. Krebse, iii. Heft 3, p. 50,pi. Iviii. fig. 3 (1803).Paramicippa sexspinigera, White, List Crust. Brit. 3Ius. p. 9 (1847).Micippa thalia, Gerstdcker, Arch. f. Naturg. xxii. p. 109 (1856) ;Alph. M.-Edtoards, Nouv. Archiv. Mas. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 238,_pl. vi. fig. 1 (1872).Micippa thalia, var. caledonica, Kossmann, Zool. Ergehn. roth. Meer,Crust, p. 8, pi. iii. tig. 4 (1877).Micippa inermis, HasiveU, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv. p. 445,pi. xxvi. fig. 3 (1880) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 24 (1882).A single female in the first collection, from Port Denison, 4 fms.(No. Ill), is apparently to be referred to this species ; it is of smallsize and densely pubescent. In the second collection is an adultfemale from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 175). Specimens are inthe British-Museum collection from Swan Eiver (Drinff), designatedby White P. sexspinigera, and from Pa-tchu-san (H.M.S. Samarang')\they vary somewhat in the length of the spines of the'dorsal surface of the carapace.Micippa inermis, Haswell, from Gloucester Passage, Queensland,and Port Denison (H.M.S. Âlert '), scarcely differs except in theuniformly tuberculated carapace, and must, I think, be united with31. thalia.19. Micippa philyra {Herhst).A male and female from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 175),and another male and female from the same locality and depth, butlarger, in the second collection, are referred here.There are specimens in the British-Museum collection dredgedbetween Percy Islands and the mainland in 7 fms. {J. MacgiUivrayH.M.S. Rattlesnake ' ') ; Torres Straits {J. B. Jakes) ; W. xiustralia,3hark Bay (Eayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '); Philippine Islands, Gui-

CRUSTACEA. 199maras, Luzon {Cuming), and the Mauritius {Lady F. Cole), besidesothers without special indication of locality.In the larger individuals the spines of the lateral margins aremore developed, and the orbits more open above than in the specimensdescribed and well illustrated by A. Milne-Edwards. The Paramici])paspatuUfrons {Micijjpa spatulifrons, A. M.-Edw.), to whichMr. Haswell refers specimens from Cape Grenville, is principallydistinguished by the dilated palms of the chelipedes, with fingersmeeting only at tips; the lateral margins are not armed withprominent spines as in M. superciUosa, Haswell.20. Micippa curtispina {Haswell).An adult female is in Dr. Coppinger's second collection fromThursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 175), and a smaller male fromPrince of Wales Channel, 7-9 fms.Haswell's types were from Port Denison.This species is very distinctly characterized by the form of therostrum, which is not merely deflexed but curves round so as to beindexed at the apex ; the lateral subapical lobes of the rostrum,which are very little prominent and rounded in Mr. HasweU'sfigures, are obsolete in the specimens I have examined.21. Paramicippa spinosa {Stimpsoii).Several specimens are in the collection from Port Jackson,obtained at depths not exceeding 7 fms. (INô. 104). There are inthe collection of the British Museum specimens from New Zealandand Brisbane Water, besides others from Port Jackson. It alsooccurs, according to Mr. Haswell, at Port Stephens.The Micippa siqêrciliosa of Haswell {t. c. p. 440, pi. xxvi, fig. 2),from Daruley Island, Torres Straits, is an interesting and apparentlyvery distinct form, intermediate between this species and the Micippaphilyra (Herbst). It diff'ers from P. spjinosa in the acute lateral spinesof the rostrum &c., and from M. philyra in the compressed anddilated palms of the chelipedes with fingers which, when closed,meet only at the tips, on which account I should be inclined torefer it to the genus Paramicippa.22. Lambrus longispinus.Lambrus longispinus, Mieis, Ann. fyMag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xix. p. 18(1879).Lambrus spinifer, Haswell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv. p. 451,pi. xxvii. fig. 1 (1880) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 35 (1882).Port MoUe, 14 fms. (No. 93), eight specimens, males and females ;Port Curtis, 11 fms. (No. 87), one male—first collection: bothlocalities anticipated by Mr. HasweU.

200 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.In the second collection are two males and a female from ThursdajrIsland, 3-4 fms. (No. 175), and a small female obtained on the beachat Port Darwin (No. 176).Nearly all of these specimens present the rostral charactersattribnted by Haswell to his L. spinifei% but in one example of theseries the lateral teeth of the rostrum are absent. Traces of them,as very obscure tubercles, exist in tbe typical examples of L. longispinusin the British-Museum collection.In some of the specimens the spines of the cardiac and branchialregions and of the posterior and postero-lateral margins are muchmore strongly developed than in others. Besides the above mentionedAustralian localities, Mr. Haswell records this species fromDarnlejf Island, and Cape Grenville.23. Lamhrus laevicarpus, Miers.Two small males are in Dr. Coppinger's second collection, obtainedin the Arafura Sea off the N.W. coast of Australia at a depth of32-36 fms. (No. 160). They agree in all particulars with thetypical specimen, without definite locality, in the Museum collection.24. Lambrus longimanus {Linn.).To this species as I have defined it ('Annals', xix. p. 21, 1879)are to be referred an adult male specimen from Flinders, Clairraont,obtained at a depth of 11 fms. (No. 108) ; a male and a female fromPort Molle, 14 fms. (No. 93) ; and a female of large size, with ova,from Fitzroy Island, 10 fms. (No. 113).This species, as I have already noted, ranges from the Mauritiusthrough the Indian and Malaysian seas to the North-easterncoast of Australia.25. Lambrus nodosns (Jacquinot and Lucas).A small male in the first collection from Port Denison, 4 fms.(No. 122), belongs here. Specimens from the same locality arerecorded by Mr. Haswell, the original types being from New Zealand.In the second collection are a male and a female from ThursdayIsland, 3-4 fms. (Nos. 175-177).Small specimens of this species have a considerable resemblanceto the L. intennedius, described by myself from the Corean seas*,where also are perhaps to be referred small specimens fromShark Bay, W. Australia {Rwjner, H.M.S. 'Herald'), in the British-Museum collection, from which L. nodosus is distinguished by theprominent and globoscly-rounded tubercles of the chelipedes. InL. intermedius the marginal tubercles of the chelipedes are flattenedand (in the typical specimen) tlio palms are quite smooth ontheir upper surfaces. Very small granules exist, however, on the* Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 30 (1879).

—CRUSTACEA. 201upper face of the palms in oue (the largest) of the Shark-Bayspecimens.As there are in the British-Museum collection adult examplesundoubtedly referable to L. nodosus from Shark Bay, collected byLieut. Suckling, K.N., and presented by W. Wykeham Perry, Esq.,it is possible that L. intermedius may represent merely a youngcondition of this species.26. Lamhrus turriger, White.An adult male and female, in somewhat imperfect condition, arein the second collection, from the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160).These specimens are certainly identical with specimens from thePhilipijino Islands {Cumimj) and Borneo (Admiralty), designatedL. turriger by White, although in the adult male received fromDr. Coppinger the spines of the carapace are considerably longerthan in the largest of these examples.Mr. Haswell mentions the occurrence of L. turriger at Darnley Island.As the description and figure of Adams and "White* give aninadequate idea of this very remarkable form, I subjoin the followingdescription of the principal specific characters, based upon an examinationof Dr. Cojjpinger's adult male :The cara{)ace is somewhat rhomboidal, constricted behind theorbits ;the front promiuent, triangulate, acute and deflexed, with asmall tooth or tubercle on each side near the base. The carapaceis armed with long spines, whereof one is situate on the gastric, one(very long) on the cardiac, and one (very long) on each branchialregion ; these spines are vertical ; there is besides a shorter spinebehind and in front of each of the branchial spines, and two, directedoblicjuely backwards, on the posterior margin of the carapace. Thechclipedes are very long, more than 4k times as long as the carapace,blender, and approaching more nearly to a cylindrical form than in anyother species I have examined ; the palm is scarcely more dilatedthan the wrist; and both arm, wrist, and palm are closely tuberculatedboth on their upper and under surfaces ; the anterior and jDosteriormargins are armed with longer tubercles or short spines, nearly asin the figure of Adams and White. In the smaller examples someof the shorter spines of the carapace may not be always developed,but the four long vertical spines of the gastric, cardiac, and branchialregions and the two spines of the posterior margin are alwaysdistinct.27. Lambrus hoplonotus, var. granulosus, Miers.Three specimens from Flinders, Clairmont, N.E. Australia, 11 fms.(No. 108, first collection), and one from Port Darwin, 12 fms.(second collection), agree more nearly with this variety than with anyother of this protean species, but exhibit a marked approach to var.longiocidis in the subspiniform tubercles of the gastric, cardiac, and* Zoology H.M.S. ' Samarang,' Crustacea, p. 26, pi. v. fig. 2 (1848).

202 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.branchial regions ; the margins of the rostrum are, however,minutely denticulated, and the eyes do not project so much beyondthe orbits as in the latter-mentioned variety. There can be no doubtthat the two iâss into one another by insensible gradations.The range of L. hopUnotus (so far as ascertained) is from Ceyloneastward, through the Philippine Islands to the N.E. coast of Australia,whence Mr. Has well records it from Daruley Island, CapeGrenville, and Port Denison ; also from Albany Island and PortMoUe {H.M.S. ' Alert ').M. A. Milne-Edwards mentions its occurrence at New Caledonia.28. Lambrus (Parthenopoides) harpax.Lambrus harpax, Ad. Sf White, Zool. Smnarany,^ ' Crust, p. 25, pi. vi.fig. 3 (1848) ; Huswell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv, p. 450(1880) ;Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 32 (1882).? Lambrus (Partbenope) sandrockii, Hasioell, t. c. p. 452, pi. xxvii.fig. 2 (1880) ;Cat. p. 30 (1882), var.An adult female bearing numerous ova is in the first collectionfrom Thursday Island, Torres Straits (No. 130), and a small andimperfect male from Port MoUe (No. 93) ;also an adult and a smallermale from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 177) (second collection).Mr. Haswell mentions the occurrence of this species at AlbanyPassage {H.M.S. Alert '').In the adult specimens the depressions separating the branchialfrom the gastric ar^d cardiac regions are Avide and deep, and theseregions are convex and covered with low tubercles ; there is a deep concavityou the postfrontal region ; the front itself is almost verticallydeflexed ; the margins of the carapace are armed with about a dozenoblong laminate teeth, which increase in size towards the posterolateralangles, and whose margins are themselves crenulated ; tbepostero-lateral marginal spines are large and laciniated (i. e. eachbearing two or three smaller lateral spines or teeth). The chelipedesare robust and more or less tubcrculated ; arm strongly dentate onits anterior margin and with two or three spines on its posteriormargin. Palm with a curved longitudinal series of larger roundedtubercles on its inner surface ; the tubercles on its outer suiface alsoshowing a disposition to arrangement in longitudinal series ; its inferiormargin thin-edged and granulated. Pingers dentated on theirinner margins, upper finger with a high dentated crest. Ambulatorylegs compressed ;third, fourth, and fifth joints somewhat cristatedabove ; in the last pair the crests are more elevated and interrupted,and there are two or three spines on the lower margins of thesejoints. Length of the largest specimen (female) about 1 inch 2lines (30 miUim.), and greatest breadth (not including lateral branchialspines) about 1 inch 1 line (28 millim.).The above description, although not exhaustive, will suffice (whencompared with that given by Adams and White in their work abovecited) to indicate tbe manifold differences between what I regardas the adult and young of this species. A specimen marked as the

CRUSTACEA. 203type of their description is in the collection of the British Museum,and is of very small size (length G lines, 12| millim.) ; surface of thecarapace nearly smooth, with the regions little prominent and butslightly granulated ; a spine on the gastric and cardiac regions anda somewhat obscure ridge on the branchial regions ; teeth of theantei'o-lateral margins nearly confluent, postero-lateral spines withscarcely any traces of lateral teeth &c. Very similar characters areexhibited by the small specimen from Port Molle (No. 03). In thesmaller male from Thursday Island (No. 177) and in two specimensfrom the Australian seas, the largest of which measures about10 lines (21 millim.), and which were dredged by Mr. Macgillivraydi;ring the voyage of H.M.S. Eattlesnake,' in 7 fms. between Percy'Island and the mainland, in lat. 21° 50' S., long. 150° 20' E., thereis a considerable approach to the larger specimens from ThursdayIsland : in all the spines of the gastric and branchial regions arenearly obsolete ;but in two specimens the carapace is nearly smooth,in the others it is granulated nearly as in the large specimen fromDr. Coppinger's collection, the spines of the postero-lateral anglesare less prominent and less distinctly laciniated than in that example,though bearing distinct traces of lateral teeth.I have entered thus fully into the distinctions observable betweenthese specimens, because of the great degree of variability that existsin many species of Parthenopidae ; no one, I think, comparing twospecimens at opposite ends of the series would regard them as belongingto one and the same species.29. Cryptopodia fornicata {Fahr.).Port Curtis, 11 fms. (No. 87), a female, first collection ; ThursdayIsland (No. 175), second collection, a young male. Specimensare in the British-Museum collection of this common species from theIndian Ocean {GeneralUardwicl-c) ; Borneo (from the India-Museumccllecilon) ; Philii)pine Islands, Mindoro {Cumhvj); Japan (Jamracli); Lizard Island {J. Macr/iJlivray); and Moreton Bay ( Warivick).Additional Australian localities mentioned by Mr. Haswell are BrookIsland, Cape Grenville, and Port Denisou.It was collected in the Chinese seas during the voyage of H.M.S.' Samarang.'A very small male from Thursday Island (No. 165) has the carapaceand under surface of the chelipedes smooth, the gastric depressionshallow, and scarcely any trace of the oblique ridges onthe branchial regions usually characteristic of C fornicata.30. Cryptopodia spatulifrons, Miers.An adult male was received with Dr. Coppinger's second collectionfrom Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 175), and a smaller malefrom Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 169).The larger examj^le has the carapace more distinctly and coarselypitted than the typical specimen in the Museum collection from

;204 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.Shark Bay (H.M.S. ' Herald ') ; the emaller specimen, which isreferable to the variety I have designated Icevimana, is not pittedat all, and the carapace is granulated only on the posterior part ofthe cardiac region, on the elevated parts of the branchial regions,and on the posterior and postero-lateral margins.Mr, Haswell records a variety from Port Jackson which has thecarapace ornamented with numerous small circular brown spots. Inthe specimens I have examined the carapace is generally uniformlypinkish or whitish ; but in the largest male from Thursday Island itis whitish, with a few large blotches of brownish pink on the gastricand branchial regions and posterior margin.31. Gonatonotus pentagonus.Gonatonotus pentagonus, Adams (^ White, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 58(1847); Zool. H.M.S. ' Samarang,' Crust, p. 33, pi. vi. fia-. 7(1848); Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 29 (1879); Haswell, Proc.Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, p. 455 (1880) ;Cat. Atistr. Crust, p. 38(1882).Two very small females are in the collection from Thursday Island,4-6 fms. (No. 130), first collection, length little over 3 lines(7 millim.) ; and a somewhat larger male from the same locality,3-4 fms. (No. 177), second collection. The largest specimen in theMuseum collection, a male from near Billiton Island, in the Javansea, is about 6 lines (nearly 13 millim.) in length. Mr. Haswellrecords this species from Port Denison ; the typical example ofAdams and White was from Borneo.Gonatonotus erassimamis of Haswell is a very nearly allied butapparently well-characterized species from Port Jackson, differing,as its author notes, in its more deeply -cleft rostrum and in otherpoints.32, Euxantlius huonii {Lucas).A male from Clairmont, east coast of Australia, obtained from acoral-reef (No. 151), belongs here.Mr. Haswell mentions (' Catalogue,' p. 47) its occurrence at CapeGrenville.M. Alph. Milne-Edwards remarks * that Euxanthiis sculjjtilis,Dana, should perhaps not be distinguished from Eu. huonii. If thetwo species are to be united, Dana's specific name will, I believe,have priority ; but I prefer to regard them for the present as distinct.In Eu. Jiuonii, as described and figured by A. Milne-Edwards,and in the specimen of the 'Alert' collection, the black colorationof the fingers extends along the outer surface of the palm ; no traceof this is apparent in Dana's figure of his Eu. scidjptUis, nor in twospecimens in the British-Museum collection, one of which is fromthe Philippine Islands and designated, I think, by M. A. Milne-Edwards Eu. huonii, the other from Trinity Bay, N.E. Australiaboth I refer, at least provisionally, to Eu. sculptilis.* Nouvelles Archives du Mus6um, i. p. 291 (1865).

CRTTSTACEA. 20533. Euxanthus tuberculosus. (Plate XIX. fig. A.)Carapace transverse, moderately convex, everywhere covered withnumerous closely- set rounded tubercles, which in the adult arethemselves distinctly puuctulated ; similar tubercles cover the outersurface of the wrist and palm of the chelipedes and the posteriorsurface of the ambulatory legs ; the cervical suture and the suturedefining the anterior part of the mesogastric lobe are deep and welldefined ; the tubercles are smallest, but yet distinct, on the cardiacand intestinal regions and posterior and postero-lateral margins ; thefrontal margin is divided by a rather deep median notch ; the anterolateralmargins are divided into four rounded tuberculated lobes,the first of which is often scarcely distinguishable. The parts of thebody immediately below the antero-lateral margins are granulated,but the rest of the inferior surface is nearly smooth, the sternumand postabdomen rather coarsely puuctulated ; the basal antennaljoint enters (in the adult) well within the inner orbital hiatus ; themerus-joiut of the outer maxillipedes is transverse and much shorterthan the preceding joint. The chelipedes are robust ; the merus orarm short, and tuberculated at its upper and distal extremity ; wristand palm (as stated above) closely tuberculated on their upper andouter surfaces, the tubercles, even in the adult, somewhat conicaland acute ; inner margin of the. palm having some small granules;fingers shorter than the palm, denticulated on their inner margins,and having between them when closed scarcely any hiatus ; mobilefinger granulated above at base ; both fingers obtuse and rounded atapex, or (in the smaller examples especially) even somewhat excavated.The fourth to sixth joints of the ambulatory legs are compressed,tuberculated ; the tubercles (of the superior marginespecially) high, conical, and acute ; the dactyli are small, slender,armed with small subspiniform granules, and pubescent distally, witha small naked terminal claw. Length of the largest adult example(from which the description is taken) 11 lines (23 millim,), greatestwidth nearly 1 inch 4 lines (33 millim.).Of this species, an apparently adult but not full-sized maleand female are in the second collection from Thursday Island(No. 167), obtained on the beach; a young male from the samelocality (No. 177), and another young example from WarriorReef, Torres Straits, 10 fms. (no. 137). There are in the British-Museum collection a male from N. Australia {Dr. J. R. Elsey),and an adult male from the Australian seas without definite locality,from which the description and figure are taken {Dr. J. S.Bowerhank). The coloration varies in the different examples, aUof which are preserved in spirit : the two specimens which havebeen longest in the collection are a chocolate- brown ; the two largestspecimens in the Alert ' ' collection (No. 107) are of a deep purplishred, and the two smallest of a bright orange hue.As the basal antennal joint enters well within the inner orbitalhiatus (see fig. a), this species must, I think, be referred to thegenus Euxanthus, from all the species of which genus known to me

206 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.it differs in the character of the tuberculation of the carapace andlegs. In the smaller examples the tubercles are much smaller andmore acute, and these specimens have much the aspect of certainActcece^ e. g. A. granulata, Audouin, and^. carcharias, 'White ; fromboth of which species they may be distinguished upon the mostsuperficial examination by the smoothness of the sternum and postabdomen.A small specimen from Tasmania in the British-Museum collection,designated " X. peronii, M.-Edw.," in, I think, Prof. A.Milne-Edwards's handwriting, and two from Bass Straits, receivedwith fishes of H.M.S. Challenger ' ' collection, are intermediate betweenthis genus and Actcea, and are principally distinguished bythe smooth, more distinctly separated and rounded tubercles of thecarapace and the longer spines of the ambulatory legs. I believethe Xantho spinosus of Hess to be identical with A. peronii.Actaiodes polyacantlius* , from the Red Sea, comes very near thisspecies, but has five acute antero-latcral marginal teeth, &c.Euxanthus mamlatus, Haswellf (which is only known to me bythe author's brief diagnosis), from Darnlcy Island, differs in theform of the teeth of the antero-latcral margins and the existence oflongitudinal rows of pits on the outer surface of the hands.34, Hypoccelus pxaictatus. (Plate XIX. fig. B.)The carapace is transverse, somewhat broader in proportion to itslength than are specimens of ff. SGuIp)tus in the Museum collection.As in that species it is everywhere strongly lobulated, the lobulesrounded, convex, and separated by deep intervening grooves, thecervical suture being even wider and deeper than the rest ; the lobulesare rather coarsely punctulated. The front is rather obscurelybilobated (besides the rounded lobe over the inner orbital angle) ; theantero -lateral margins are strongly arcuated and cristiform, withscarcely any indications of any antero-lateral teeth except the last,which is small and little prominent ; the postero-lateral margins areshorter than the antero-lateral margins and dee2)ly concave. Theinferior parts of the body are more or less coarsely pitted ; thepterygostomian cavity is smaller than in B. sculptus, but ratherwider tlian in a specimen of H. granulatus in the Museum collection,nearly ovate in outline, and divided along its greatest width by acrest running parallel to that part of the antero-lateral margin thatborders the cavity above. The basal antennal joint enters the innerorbital hiatus, but not so deeply as in H. sculptus. The chelipedesresemble those of H. sculptus ; the wrist and pahn, however, arestrongly pitted on their upper and outer surfaces, whereas in specimensof B. scidptus in the Museum collection these pits are absentfrom the wrist and from the upper surface of the palm, Fingers* Chlorodius poll/acanthus, Heller, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xliii. (i.) p. 339, pi. ii.fig. 21 (1861).t Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vi. p. 751 (1881); and 'Catalogue,' p. 48(1882).

;CRirSTACEA. 207nearly as in H. sculptvs. The ambulatory legs are slender, withthe penultimate and antepenultimate joints rugose and pitted. Thecolour (in a spirit-specimen) is reddish iipon a yellowish ground.Length of carapace 8| lines (18 millim.), bi'eadth about 1 inch(25 millim.).A single male was obtained at Thursday Island, 3-4 fms.(No. 175).It may be at once distinguished from Hi/pocoelus sculptvs (]\I.-Edwards) and H. f/ranulatus (De Haan) by the crest or ridgedividing the cavities of the pterygostomian regions (fig. b).The species of this curious genus appear to be rare. I have seenno specimens of H. punctatus except the unique type example. OfH. scidptus there are in the Museum three specimens—one fromthe Red Sea (,/. Burton), one from the Gulf of Suez (R. MacAiidreiv),and one from the Mauritius. Of IT. r/ranulatus there is but onespecimen, a mutilated male without indication of locality, in thenational collection.35. Atergatis floridus (Linn.).Of this very common and widely distributed species five specimens(males and females), obtained on a coral-reef at the ClairmontIslands, N.E. coast of Australia (No. 151), are retained for the BritishMuseum.Specimens are in the national collection from Port Essington,Trinity Bay (J. MacgilUvray, H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake '), and SwanRiver {H. Drhir/) ; also from Port Natal (purchased), and fromthe Philippine Islands, Guimaras (H. Cuming) ; Java, Karangbollong,and Amboina (Dr. P. Bleeker) ; Indian Ocean {OldCollection) ; Ceylon, Galle (Dr. W. Ondaatje) ; Duke of YorkIsland (Eev. G. Brown) ; Sunday Island (J. B. Jukes) ; MinervaReef (H.3I.S. 'Herald'); Fiji Islands, Ovalau, Totoya (H.M.S.'Hercdd') ;Samoa Islands, Upolu (Rev. S. J. Whitm.ee) ; and otherswith less definite indication of locality.36. Lophozozymus epheliticus (Linn.).Port MoUe (No. 95). A small male, having the beautiful colorationusual in this common species, was obtained on the beach.Mr. Haswell mentions its occurrence at Cape Grenville (as L. octodentatus).Specimens are in the collection of the British Museum from NewSouth Wales (G. Krefft); Darnley Island (J. B. Juhs); NicolBay, N.W. Australia (Mr. Du Botday) ; Philippine Islands ( C'^mm*/)and others without definite locality.Java (Bleeker Collection) ;The coloration, both in dry and spirit specimens, is variableordinarily carapace and legs are crimson or orange-red with whitespots, but sometimes the white grently predominates, and the redforms irregular patches and reticulating lines.

;208 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.37. Galene granulata. (Plate XX. fig. A.)Carapace narrower in proportion to its length than Galene bispinosa,Herbst, the whole of the upper surface granulated, thegranules, however, somewhat unevenly disposed ; the cervical andcardiaco-branchial sutures are distinctly defined. In G. hispinosa(Herbst) the carapace is granulated only near the lateral margins.The two median teeth of the front are distinctly developed, but thetwo lateral teeth (those over the inner orbital hiatus) are obsolete ;these teeth are very distinct in Galene bispinosa (Herbst). Theantcro-lateral margins have three distinct tuberculiform teeththere are but two developed in G. bispinosa ; the palms of thechelipedes are granidated over the whole of their outer surface,whereas in G. bispinosa the granulations exist only at the base,near the articulation with the wrist.Of G. granulata there is but one specimen in the collection, asmall male from Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. (No. 173).The characters enumerated above, important though they mayappear, may possibly be found to be dependent on the age and sizeof the specimen, the length of whose carapace is only 5g lines(11^ millim.), less than one fourth of the Length of an adult exampleof G, bispinosa from Singapore (A. R. Wallace) in theMuseum collection, and which is the only specimen I have examined;but I do not feel justified in uniting the two forms in the absenceof any specimens with transitional characters. Both the specimensof G. bispinosa and of G. granulata are imperfect, that of G. bispinosahaving lost the postabdomen, and that of G. granulata all exceptone of the ambulatory legs.38. Halimede ? coppingeri. (Plate XX. fig. B.)In this curious little species the carapace is anteriorly somewhatdeflexed, with the antero-lateral margins somewhat shorter thanthe postero-lateral ; body and legs are alike covered with a closevelvety pubescence. The sulci defining the regions of the carapaceare indistinguishable ; the carapace is tuberculated, the tuberclesrather large, and ai'ranged in rather irregular transverse series.The front is divided by a median notch into two rather prominentrounded lobes, on either side of which the exterior angles form lessprominent teeth. The upper orbital margin has a large blunttubercle behind the outer frontal lobes. The antero-lateral marginshave four very distinct tuberculiform teeth, the first of which issituated immediately behind the exterior angle of the orbit. Theepistoma is transverse, the pterygostomian regions without spinesor tubercles. The postabdomen in the female has all the segmentsdistinct. The eye-peduncles are short and robust ; the antennulesnearly transversely folded ; the basal antennal joint reaches beyondthe subfrontal process, and thus enters within the inner orbitalhiatus ; the two following joints are slender ; the flagellum filiformand rather long. The merus-joiut of the outer maxillipedes is, as

CRUSTACEA. 209usual, nearly quadrate, with the anterior margin straight, and hasthe next joint articulated with it at its antero-internal angle. Thechelipedes are subequal and moderately robust ; the merus or armshort, trigonous, its upper margin distally armed with three or fourteeth ; carpus or wrist very distinctly tuberculated on its upper andouter surface ;palm with only three or four tubercles appearingthrough the pubescence at base ; fingers little shorter than the palm,pubescent, except at and near the tips, which are acute, regularlydenticulated, and closing along their inner margins. The ambulatorylegs are slender, rather long, and densely pubescent ; the merusjointshave a tubercle at their distal, and the carpus-joints one attheir proximal ends. Colour cinereous grey. Length of the singlespecimen examined (a female) about 3g lines (nearly 8 millim.),breadth about 4^ lines (nearly 10 millim.).This specimen was dredged in the Arafura Sea, at a depth of32-36 fms. (No. 160).In the structure of the antennae and orbits (see fig. h) thisspecies resembles Euxanthus and Liagore, but the form of thestrongly tuberculated and densely hairy carapace seems to precludeits being assigned to either of these genera. In these particulars andin the slender ambulatory legs it more closely resembles Halunedefragifer, De Haan ; and I have accordingly assigned it to the genusHaliiiiede, although with some uncertainty, since De Haan in hisdescription does not say whether the basal antennal joint enterswithin the inner orbital hiatus or is merely in contact with the subfrontalprocess ; if the latter, our new species will, I think, have tobe made the type of a new generic division,39. Actaea rlippellii (Kranss).To this species must, I think, be referred a small and very hirsutefemale from Port Molle, 14 fms. (No. 93), and a somewhat largerfemale with very prominent and distinctly granulated areolae onthe carapace, obtained at Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 122), firstcollection ; also two small females from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms.(No. 177), second collection.There are specimens in the British-Museum collection from theMauritius {Old Collection) and Malaysian seas (coll. Dr. Bleel-er);perhaps also a specimen from Norfolk Island, 23 fms. (H.M.S.'Hercdd '), belongs here.I have already, in my report on the late Dr. Bleeker's Malaysiancollection*, given the leading references to the synonyma of Actcearuppellii.40. Actaea areolata, Dana"?To this species are very doubtfully referred several specimens ofboth sexes from Port Molle, obtained either on the beach (Nos. 95,103) or at a depth of 14 fms. (No. 93). The largest example mea-* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 2.32 (1880).P

;210 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.sures 5 lines (10^ millim.) in length, and about 8k lines (18 millim.)in breadth.In two of these specimens the coloration is reddish brown, withthe verjf short pubescence of a brownish hue ; the three others (103)are much paler, and the pubescence is of a light hue.These specimens agree with Dana's descriptioa and figures intQost particulars, and especially in the very considerable transversewidth of the carapace, very concave postero-lateral margins, andvery short pubescence of the carapace, wherein they differ frommost other species of Acta;a ; the lobes of the an tero- lateral marginsof the carapace are, however, very indistinct and are themselvesinterrupted ; and the areolae of the upper surface appear to be muchmore strongly defined and separated by deeper furrows than inDana's figure*. His specimens were from the Sooloo Sea or BalabacStraits.Actcea consohrina of Alphonse Milne-Edwards f is a closely alliedspecies from Upolu, which, as far as can be learned from the verybrief diagnosis, is only distinguished by the lighter coloration and4-lobed an tero -lateral margins. It may not be distinct fromA. areolata, or, if distinct, perhaps our specimens should be referredto it.41. Banareia inconspicua. (Plate XIX. fig. C.)Carapace transverse, moderately convex, everywhere clothedwith rather short hairs, beneath which the surface is granulatedsimilar hairs cover the upper surface of the legs ; the carapace isnot lobulated, nor ai'e the interregional sutures visible ; the front is4-lobed, the lobes small, rounded, and equidistant. The anterolateralmargins are longer than the postero-lateral, unevenly granulated,with very obscure traces of division into teeth or lobes ; thepostero-lateral margins are strongly concave. The epistoma isalmost linear-transverse ; the anterior margin of the buccal cavityprojects, and is divided by two very distinct fissures. The postabdomenpresents nothing remarkable. The antennuies are obliquelyfolded ; the antennae have a rather stout basal joint, whichreaches to the infero-lateral angle of the front, and a rather lonoflagellum.The ischium-joint of the outer maxillipedes is but littlelonger than the merus, which is nearly quadrate. The chelipedesare nearly smooth and unarmed, without spines or tubercles ; themerus or arm is trigonous, its upper and lower margins fringed withhairs ; the wrist is clothed with hair on its upper and outer surface,the angle on its inner surface prominent, but without a tooth orspine ;palm also hairy above and on the upper part of its outer surface,naked on the lower part, where it is punctulatcd, and granulatedon its lower margin ; fingers nearly as long as the palm, naked(except at the base of the upper margin of the mobile finger or* U.S. Explor. Exped. xiii Crust, i. p. 162, pi. viii. fig. 1 (1862).t Journal Museum Godeffroy, iv. p. 79 (1873).

;CEUSTACEA. 211dactyl, where there are a few hairs), acute at their apices, and denticulatedou the inner margins only at base, the margins (in theirdistal half) thin-edged and entire. Ambulatory legs of moderatelength and rather compressed ; the dactyli very short. Colour (inspirit) purplish or fuscous brown. Length a little over 5 lines(11 millim.), breadth nearly 8 lines (1G| miUim.).Two specimens (males) were obtained on the beach at PortDarwin (No. 176).The absence of any distinct lobation of the carapace or of distinctantero-lateral marginal teeth is very characteristic of this species,which is also distinguished by its quadrilobate front. (See fig. c.)I at first referred this species to the genus Actcea, not havingobserved the notches in the front of the endostome*, which in oneBpecimeu are nearly obliterated. In a specimen sent by Mr.Haswell from Port Denison, which in its narrower carapace connectsthis species with Atergatopsls, these notches are deep and welldefined.In two specimens in the Museum collection which I referto the typical Banareia annata, A. M.-Edwards (since they agreewith that species in all particulars except in the notches of theendostome), they are nearly obliterated.The genus Banareia apparently connects the genera Actcea andAtergatopsls, and will have, perhaps, to be united with the latter,with which it agrees in the some^yhat broader basal antennal jointand narrow naked acute finger-tips.42. Xantho macgillivrayi. (Plate XX. fig. C.)Carapace transverse, of the form usual in this genus, with thecervical suture and the depressions separating the prominences ofthe postfrontal, gastric, hepatic, and branchial regions very distinctthose lobules are themselves granulated, the granules being for themost part disposed in short transverse raised lines or low ridges,which are most prominent on the anterior part of the carapace ; theintestinal region is plane and more or less punctulated. The frontis rather prominent, and (in an adult examj^le) more than one fourththe greatest width of the carapace, and is divided by a very slightmedian notch into two truncated lobes, exterior to which on eachside is a small and less prominent tooth, formed b}^ the inner andupper angle of the orbit ; the antero-lateral margins are armed withfour rather small but acute and well-defined teeth, which increaseregularly in size from the first to the last ; the subhepatic and pterygostomianregions and the postero-lateral margins of the carapaceare granulated. There is a small tooth at the outer and anotherat the inner suborbital angle. The male postabdomen is o-jointed,the third to fifth segments coalescent ; that of the female is 7-jointcd.The eye-peduncles are small, and thickened at their bases. Thebasal antennal joints are in contact with the subfrontal lobes. Theouter maxillipedes present nothing remarkable, having the ischium-* Annales de la Soc. Entoui. cTe France, 6cr. 4, ix. p. 168, pi. viii. (18G9).p2

212 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.joint longitudinally canaliciilated, and the merus truncated at itsdistal end, and with the autcro-external angle little prominent.The chelipedes are moderately robust ; merus or arm veiy short,trigonous ; carpus or wrist nearly as large as the merus, with arather prominent tooth on its inner margin, and its upper and outersurfaces marked with raised reticulating or anastomosing granulatedlines or ridges ;palm longer than the wrist, with somewhat similarsculpture on the upper surface, which has also two longitudinal depressions; on the outer surface the granulations (on the largerchelipede) are almost wholly obliterated, but in the smaller chelipede(which is the left in the two males I have examined) theycover the whole of the outer surface ; the inner surface of the palmsare smooth ; fiugers purplish brown, the coloration not extendingover any part of the inner or outer surface of the palms. Themobile finger is canaliculated above, and has a very prominent toothon its inner margin at base. Ambulatory legs of moderate length ;merus-joints nearly smooth, but with their upper margins thinedgedand almost carinated ;the two following joints are roughened,and marked on the sides with longitudinal depressions ; terminaljoints clothed with a dense velvety pubescence. The colour (of specimenspreserved in spirit) is a pale yellowish brown. Length ofthe carapace of the largest specimen (a male) about 7| lines(16 millim.), greatest width nearly 11 lines (23 millim.).A male and female are in the collection from Port MoUe, obtainedon the sandy beach (Nos. 95, 103), and a male of larger size fromPort Curtis, 7-19 fms. (No. 85). In the female the outer surfacesof both palms are vermiculated, and the fingers are pale purplish.A male is in the British-Museum collection from Facing Island,Port Curtis, obtained under stones at low water (J. IlacgilUvrm/,H.M.S. 'Rattlesnake').This species has much the aspect of a Leptodius, and is distinguishedfrom all with which I am acquainted by the armature ofthe carapace and chelipedes. It bears a very considerable resemblanceto a species from Marseilles in the Museum collection (Coll.Leach), referred by Leach, but wrongly, to Xantho jwressa of Olivi*,and designated by White (in manuscript) X. confusus, in which,however, there are no transverse granulated lines on the carapace,which is punctulated anteriorly. I have much pleasure in namingit after the late Mr. Macgillivray, by whom a specimen was collected,and by whose exertions the carcinological collections of the BritishMuseum have been so much benefited.X. hirtipes, M.-Edwards, to which is referred a specimen withoutspecial locality in the Museum collection, has some indications ofraised lines upon the carapace, but has a much less prominentstraighter front.43. Cycloxanthus lineatus, A. M.-Ediv.To this species are referred, though with some hesitation, two* 'Zoologia Adriatica,' p. 48, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1792).

CRtrsTACEA. 213females in the second collection, the one obtained at Friday Island,Torres Straits, 10 fms. (No. 158), and the other in the Arafura Sea,32-3u fms. (No. 160). These specimens are both of very smallsize, one with ova measuring only 2g lines (5 millim.) in length.They differ from M. A. Milne-Edwards's description and figure inbeing (in spirit) of a uniform ashy-grey colour, and in having thesurface of the carapace very uneven, well-marked depressions existingat the back of the cardiac region and in front of each branchialregion ; the surface of the body, viewed under the microscope, isminutely and very closely granulated, but appears smooth to thenaked eye.Milne-Edwards's examples are from New Caledonia and Lifu,and are much larger, the carapace measuring over half an inch(13 millim.) in length. The inequalities of the carapace observablein our specimens may very probably disappear as the animal increasesin size ; therefore I do not regard the Australian specimensas belonging to a distinct species.Ci/chxanthus jî'nctatus, Haswell (Catalogue, p. 50), from theParamatta River, seems to be a very distinct form, to judge fromthe brief diagnosis*.44. Carpilodes venosus, M.-Ediv.A female from Port Molle (No. 95), obtained on the beach, belongshere.This specimen (preserved in spirit) is of a deep purplish-red hue,and has the sulci defining the areolets of the carapace very distinctlydefined, and altogether corresponding in arrangement with thesame sulci in De Haan's figure of his C. ohtusus, which is, I believe,a mere variety of this species. The length of this example is alittle over 7 lines (15 millim.), and its greatest width nearly 1 inch(25 millim.).In a larger female example from the Japanese seas, presented tothe British Museum by Capt. H. C. St. John, U.N., and receivedsince the publication of my report on the Podophthalmia of hiscollection—length of carapace over 10 lines (22 millim.), width1 in. 5 lines (36 millim.)—the colour (in spirit) is a lighter orangered,and several of the sulci of the carapace less distinctly definedor partially obliterated ; this is no doubt due to the greater age ofthe specimen.Stimpsont mentions the occurrence of C. venosus (as Liomeraobtusa) at Ousima Island in the Japanese seas ;and there is aspecimen in the British-Museum collection from the PhilippineIslands, Corregidor(Cwmi»/7), designated C. venosus, and others fromSir C. Hardy's Island, dredged in 11 fms. (J. B. Juices), &c. Itsrange extends from the Mauritius to New Caledonia.* It may be useful here to mention that Panopeus acutidens, Haswell {t. c.p. 51, pi. i. fig. 2), is scarcel}' to be regarded as distinct from E'pixanthus dentatus{Panopcus dentatus, Ad. & White), of which there are authentic specimensin the British-Museum collection.t Proc. Ac. Wat. Sci. Phil. p. 31 (1858).

214 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.The Oriental specimen referred by White (List Crust. Brit. Mus.p. i3, 1847) to C. venosus certainly does not belong to this species.45. Leptodius exaratus (M.-Edw.).Here are referred, at least provisionally, an adult male from PortCurtis (No. 95), obtained on the beach, and two smaller specimensdredged in 7-11 fms. at the same locality (No. 85), also six specimensobtained on the beach, between tide-marks at Port Molle(No. 103).The Port-Curtis examples and one from Port Molle (in spirit)are of a yellowish-brown or greenish hue ; the five remainingexamples from the latter-mentioned locality are purplish red, thecarapace being oliscurcly punctulated with spots of a similar butdarker hue. Several of these specimens, in the form of the teeth ofthe antero-lateral margins and in the lesser distinctness of the areolatiouof the carapace, resemble L. gracilis (Dana), as do also specimensin the British-Museum collection from Australia, the Mauritius, andthe Piji and Sandwich Islands ; hut these are connected by suchgradual and insensible gradations with the more convex distirictlyareolatedand irregularly-toothed specimens referred to L. exaratus,that I must regard L. gracUis as very doubtfully distinct.Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards and others have referred to thewide geographical distribution of this common Oriental form*; andon this account, and also because of the uncertainty I at present feelregarding the true specific limitations of L. exaratus, I think itat present needless to refer in detail to the numerous examples inthe British-Museum collection which belong to it or to closelyallied types. I may note, however, the occurrence of severalvarieties (as I believe) of this species at Shark Bay, W. Australia{H.M.S.' Herald').46. Leptodius lividus.Xantho lividus, De liaan, Faun. Japon., Crust, p. 48, pi. xiii. fig. 6(1835).Seven small specimens, males and females, are in the collection ;the carapace of the largest male measures but 5 lines (nearly11 millim.) in length and 8 lines (17 millim.) in width ; thesespecimens (in spirit) are of a pale greenish or brownish yellow, andagree in all particulars with De Haan's diagnosis, except that thechelipedes have their palmar joints (like the wiists) rather coarselygranulated or even rugose on the upper and on the upper part ofthe outer surfaces.These specimens were obtained on the beach at Plinders Island,under stones.They are connected by a nearly complete series of intermediateforms (such as L. distingendus) with Leptodius exaratus.* Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 223 (1873).

;CEirSTACEA. 215A complete revision of the genus would be necessary, based uponthe comparative study of types and of a much larger series ofspecimens than the Museum at present possesses, in order to determinethe real value of tlie characters ascribed to several of thespecies, which I think will be shown hereafter to be merely synonymsof earlier-described forms. (See on this question Kossmann,Zool. Ergeb. roth. Meer. pp. 32, 33, 1877.)Two very small males obtained on the beach at Thursday Island(second collection, No. 167) are apparently intermediate in manycharacters between this genus and Etisodes, which they resemble ingeneral appearance. The basal antennal joint enters the innerorbital hiatus, but the flagellum is just excluded from it, and thecarapace is broader than in Etisodes and is shaped as in Lcptodius ;the frontal lobes are truncated, not sinuated as in Leptodiuslivklusthe anterior margin straight : there are five distinct acute anterolateralmarginal teeth ; the carapace is slightly lobulated and granulatedanteriorly, plane and smcioth posteriorly ; the carpus and palms ofthe chelipedes rugose ; the ambulatory legs somewhat compressed.Length of carapace barely 4 lines.47. CMorodius niger (ForsJad).A single female of this very common Oriental species was obtainedat Port Denison in 4 fms. (No. 111).A specimen is in the British Museum from Port Jackson (C^fnjn'nr/).C niger ranges from the Red Sea and the Mascarene Islandseastward through the Indian Ocean and Malaysian archipelago tothe islands of the Pacific (Samoa and Sandwich Islands).Specimens are in the collection of the British Museum from Egypt{Col. J. Burton); the Gulf of ûez {R. MacAndrew) ; Eed Sea,Daedalus Shoal {Lt.-Ool. Playfair); El Tor {Major MacDonald);Seychelles {Dr. E. P. Wright); Ceylon, Galle {Dr. W. Ondaatje);Balabac Straits {Smithsonian Institute, Wdl'es Expedition) ; NewGuinea {Dr. Bleelcers Coll.) ; Philippine Islands, Guimaras {Cuming),designated C. hirtipes by Adams and White : Keeling or CocosIslands {Lt. Burnahy, li.N.) ; Samoa Islands, Upolu {Rev. S. J.Whitmee), and Sandwich Islands (W. II. Pease).Perhaps the CMorodius rufescens, Targioni-Tozetti*, from Java,should be added to the synonyma of this species, from which it isdistinguished by its author by the longer, more convex carapace,with more acute areolae and marginal lateral teeth. MM. A. M.-Edwards and De Man have noticed considerable variation in thedegree of acuteness of the antero-lateral marginal teeth and adjacenttubercles in C. niger-f.* 'Crostacei delta Magenta,' p. 43, pi. iv. figs. 6-8, 10-12, 14, 18 (1877).t Vide ' Notes from the Leytlen Museum,' ii. p. 174 (1880).

B;21COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.48. Chlorodopsis granulatus. (Plate XXI. fig. A.)? Pilodius granulatus, Stimi)son, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. p. 34(1858).In this little species, which has never been figured, and is onlyknown by Stimpson's brief diagnosis, the carapace is transverse,rather depressed, and very distinctly lobulated on its upper surfacethe lobules or areolets granulated, covered with a close velvetypubescence, and separated one from another by naked interspaces ;the antero-lateral margins have four distinct spiniform teeth, nearto which are one or two minute spinules or granules, there being notooth or spine at the ou^ter orbital angle ; the front is rather broad,projects but little, and is divided by a median incision into tworounded lobes, which are separated by a wider sinus from the outerfrontal angles, which are in contact with the basal antennal joints ;the orbital margins are entire. The male postabdomen is 5- or 6-jointed, two or three of the intermediate joints being coalescent.The basal antennal joint is robust, and its outer and distal angleenters the inner orbital hiatus, from which the flagellum is justexcluded ; the merus-joint of the outer maxillipedes is truncated atits distal end. Chelipecles moderately robust; merus or arm short,trigonous and unarmed ; wrist and palm covered externally withsmall granules, wrist with one or sometimes two acute teeth on itsinner margin ; fingers as long or nearly as long as the palm, themobile finger with two longitudinal series of acute granules on itsupper margin ; the fingers are regularly denticulated on theirinner margins, and have between them scarcely any interspace whenclosed. The ambulatory legs are compressed, without spinules, biithave a series of minute denticules on the upper margins of themerus-joints only. Colour (in spirit) light j-ellowish brown, fingersa much deeper brown ; this coloration extends also over a greatpart of the inner and outer surfaces of the palm. The areolets ofthe carapace, pterygostomian regions, and legs are pubescent ; theambulatory legs clothed on their margins witli longer hairs. Lengthof the largest male rather over 4 lines (9 millim.), greatest breadth6 lines (nearly 13 millim.).A specimen is in the collection from Port Denison, 4 fms.(No. Ill),and four were collected on the beach at Port MoUe (Nos. 95, 103).Stimpson's specimens were from Hong Kong.In another male from Port MoUe (No. 103) the carapace is nearlynaked and the fingers black ; this coloration forming also a broadblack cincture covering the greater part of the inner and outersurface of the palms.In a male in the second collection, obtained on the beach at PortDarwin (No. 176), which is probably no more than a variety of thisspecies, the fingers are pinkish and scarcely differ in colorationfrom the rest of the palm, and have between them (when closed) a•wider hiatus ; the palm also is slenderer than in the other males Ihave examined. (See fig. a'.)Chlorodopsis granulatus is evidently very nearly allied to C. me-

CRUSTACEA.. 217lanochiriis, A. M.-Edwards* ;but the spiniform teeth of the anterolateralmargins are much more prominent, the anterior margin ofthe merus of the chelipedcs is not tuberculated, the ambulatory legsnot s])inuloso. In a specimen from the Philippines {Caminf/) thatI refer to C. mdunuchirns, in the Eritish Museum, the hands of thechelipcdes in the male are much more robust, and the merus andtwo following joints of the ambulatory legs strongly spinulose, notonly on the outer margins, but also on the posterior surface. Frommost of the other species of this genns it is distinguished either bythe different coloration of the hands (fig. a) and the form of theantcro-lateral marginal teeth, or the absence of spinules on theambulatory legs.Cldorodopsis areolntus (Milne-Edwards), a species originally describedfrom New Holland, and referred to in the second part ofthis Eeport, is easily distinguishable by the form of the frontal lobesand antero-lateralmare;inal teeth.49. Etisus laevimanus, Randall.A male of this very common Oriental species was obtained atPort MoUe, on the beach (No. 95).Mr. Haswell records it from Holborn Island, near Port Denison.The ErJtish-Muscum collection- includes specimens from TrinityBay and Facing Island, Port Curtis {J. Macfjillivray, H.M.S. 'Eattlesnake');Moreton Bay {purchased of Way'iviclc); Torres Straits{J. B. Juices) ; Blackwood Bay {J. B. Jukes) ; Singapore (purchased);Fiji Islands, Vanua-Levu, Bau (liayner, H.M.S. 'Herald'); NewHebrides (J. Macgillivray) ; Samoa Islands {Rev. S. J. Whitmee) ;also specimens -without locality designated E. macrodactylus.Dr. F. Hilgendorf t has already referred to the synonyma ofE. Icevimanus, which ranges in a westerly direction to the Bed Seaand Mozambique.50. Etisodes electra.? Cancer electra, Herhst, Naturg. Krahhen u. Krebse, iii. (2) p. 34,pi. xli.fig. 6(1801).? Cancer metis, Herhst, t. c. p. 36, pi. liv. fig. 3 (1801).Etisus metis, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1847).Etisodes frontalis, Dana, Fruc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. p. 77 (1852) ;U.S. Expl. E.cped. xiii. Or. i. p. 187, pi. ix. fig. 3 (1852) ; Haswell,Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 56 (1882).Etisodes rugosus, Lucas, Crustuces wt Voyage au Pole Sud, iii. p. 33,pi. iv. fig. 2 (1853).Chlorodius deiitifrons, Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 34(1858).* Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 228, pi. viii. fig. 5 (1873).t Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 791 (1878).

218 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.Etisodes sciilptilis, Heller, Sitz. Akad. Wien, Math.-nut. Klasse, xliii.(i.) p. 333 (1861) ;A. 3I.-Edivards, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat.ix. p. 230, pi. ix. lig. 2 (1873).Chlorodius samoensis, Miers, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, xvi.p. 341 (3875).A small female was obtained on a coral-reef off Clairmont(No. 151).Mr. Haswell records it from Holborn Island (as E. frontalis).In the British-Musenm collection are specimens from the Gulf ofSuez (7^. MacAndmv) ; Philippines (Cuming) ; Samoa Islands (22ev.8. J. Whitmee, types of Chlorodius samoensis) ; Sandwich Islands{W. H. Pease); and others without special locality.In this very variable species the front is usually 4-lobed (withoutincluding the inner orbital angle), but sometimes the submedianincisions are so shallow that the lateral lobes are scarcely defined ; italso varies much in the distinctness of the areolation of the carapaceand the granulation of the chelipedes. I have little doubt, however,that all the forms referred to in the synonj^mical citations givenabove are varieties of one widely distributed Indo-Pacific species.51. Etisodes anaglyptus {M.-Ediv.).An adult female from Clairmont, obtained on a coral-reef (No.151), belongs here.This specimen certainly belongs to the same species as do twospecimens in the British-Museum collection from the PhilippineIslands [Cuminc/), referred by AVhite to E.anagh/ptus : but these alldiffer from Milne-Edwards's figure in the large illustrated edition ofCuvier* in having the frontal lobes divided by a deeper medianfissure, and these lobes are themselves not merely truncated but alsohave the distal ends slightly convex, and the teeth of the anterolateralmargins are somewhat more conical and acute than in thatfigure. I may add that the lobules of the carapace have a fewscattered punctulations, the tuberculation on the outer surface ofthe hands shows a disposition to arrangement in longitudinal series,and the black coloration of the fingers in the male extends over theinner and outer surface of the palms.52. Menippe (Myomenippe) legouilloui, A. M.-Edw.Several specimens are in the collection from Port Curtis, obtainedeither on the beach (Nos. 88, 96) or dredged at 7-11 fms. (No. 85).Length of the largest specimen about 1 inch 7 lines (40 millim.),greatest breadth about 2 in. 3 lines (57 millim.). In the smallerspecimens the distinctions between the median and the rest of thefrontal teeth are much less marked than in the full-sized example.In the British-Museum collection there are, besides, only aspecimen from Swan lliver, and another from the Malaysian seas,* 'Regne Animal,' Crustac^s, Atlas, pi. xi. fig. 4.

;CETTSTACEA. 219without definite locality, from the collection of the late Dr. Bleeker,and already referred to in my report on that collection,53. Pilumnus vespertilio (Fabr.).Five specimens were collected on the beach at Port Molle (Jfos. 95,103) (first collection). Prom the second collection are retained afemale from Thursday-Island beach (No. 167), a male from acoral-reef at Clairraont (No. 151), a female from West Island,Prince of Wales Channel (No. 149), and a small female from UundasStraits, N.W. Australia, ITfms. (No. 161). In nearly all the hairswith which the carapace is clothed are of a cinereous colour. Hessmentions its occurrence at Sydney. It is said by Mr. Haswell tobe common in Australia on coral-reefs.A yerj large series of specimens of this widely distributed speciesis in the Museum collection, from the following localities :—M;uiritius(Old Collection) ; Seychelles (Dr. E. P. Wright) ; Java (coll.Dr. Bleeker) ; Timor Laut (H. 0. Forbes) ; N.W. coast of Australia,Nicol Bay (Mr. du Boiday) ; Madjica-Sima group (H.M.^. iSamarang,'types of P. ursidus) ; Philippine Islands, Siquijor (Cumiug)'Cumberland Island, Sir C. Hardy's Island (J. B. Jukes); NewZealand (Dr. A. Sinclair, R.N.) ; Piji Islands, Vanua Levu, Bau(H.M.S. Hercdd ' ') ; Samoa Islands, IJpolu, &c. (Rev. S. J. Whitmee)New Hebrides (J. Macgillivray) ; besides others without definite orwell-authenticated localities.I have in my report on the late Dr. Bleeker's collection ofMalaysian Crustacea given the principal references to the syuonymaof this species.54. Pilumnus pulcher. (Plate XXII. fig. A.)In this species the carapace is regularly convex and somewhatorbiculate, the antero-lateral margins being as long as the posterolateraland regularly arcuate ; the upper surface of the body andlegs is rather thinly clothed with very long fulvous hairs, beneathwhich the carapace is granulated ; the median frontal lobes areveiy prominent, deflexed, and divided by a very narrow (or closed)median fissure ; the orbital margins are denticulated ; between eachof the four principal spines of the antero-lateral margins are threeor four scarcely smaller spinules. The pterygostomian regions aresmooth ; the sternum coarsely punctated. All the segments of thepostabdomen distinct in both sexes. The basal antennal joints arerobust and reach to the subfrontal processes ; the merus-joints ofthe outer maxillipedes small and smooth. The chelipedes are moderatelyrobust, and in the specimens examined nearly of equal size ;arm short, trigonous, smooth, with a strong spine near the distalend of its upper margin ; wrist granulated externally, with only asmall spinule near the distal end of its inner margin ;palm withthree spines on its upper margin (see fig. a), its outer surfacestrongly tuberculated, the tubercles arranged in longitudinal series,

—220 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.largest near the base of the lower (immobile) finger ; fingers brown,the coloration not extending over the inner or outer surface of thehands, inner margins rather obscurely but regularly denticulated,apices acute ; ambulatory legs rather long for a species of the genus.Length of the carapace of the largest male nearly 11 lines (23millim.),breadth 1 inch | line (27 millim.).There is in Dr. Coppinger's collection a small female from WarriorReef, Torres Straits, and a yet smaller male from Albany Island,3-4 fms. ; also in the second collection an adult male from ThursdayIsland, 3-4 fms. (No. 177). In the Museum collection isan adult male from Torres Straits {Mr. McFarlane). I cannotidentify this species with any of the Australian forms describedby Mr. Haswell.From the Pilumnus bleel-eri, recently described by me *, whichinhabits New Giiinea, and which this species somewhat resemblesin external appearance, it is distinguished by the much narrowerfissure of the front, different spinulation of the antero-lateralmargins, and the three sj)ines on the upper surface of the palms ofthe chelipedes.In Pihimmis vestittis, Haswell (Cat. p. 68), from Port Jacksonand Port Stephens, which has the carapace covered with stiff yellowhairs as in P. pulcJier, the surface is not granulated, and the spinulationof the carapace and chelipedes is different.55. Pilumnus rufopunctatus, Stimpson.fVPThree specimens (two males and a female) were obtained at PortJackson, 5-7 fms. (No. 104).Mr. Haswell records it from Port Stephens and Western Port.It nearly resembles the following species {P. lamitus), whichoccurred with it, but is distinguished by the granulations of thechelipedes extending over the whole of the outer surface of thehand, and the tuberculation of the carapace, which, however, seemsto be a variable character, &:c.Possibly the P. riifojmnctaius of Stimpson is itself to be identifiedwith P. tomentosus of Milne-Edwards. This is a point which cannotbe satisfactorily determined from the very brief diagnosis of thelatter author.56. Pilumnus lanatus, LatreUh ? (Plate XXI. fig. B.)As the P. lanatus has been only very bilefly described, and theidentification of this species must be regarded as uncertain, I appendthe following detailed description :In the specimens I thus designate the carapace is moderatelyconvex, of the usual shape, and, as well as the legs, is covered witha short dense brown pubescence, which is absent in great measurefrom the inferior surface of the body and from the anterior and* Ann. & Mag. Mat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 235 (1880).

CRUSTACEA. 221lower surfaces of the hands ; the front is moderately defiexed, and isdivided by a median notch into two rounded lobes ; the autero-lateralmargins are somewhat shorter than the postero-lateral, with onlythe three posterior teeth distinct, these are small and spiniforra.The orbits are tuberculated on their margins, but without any distinctspinules ; the inner suborbital angle is rather prominent. Allthe postabdominal segments are distinct in both sexes. The basalantennal joint apparently does not reach to the front ; the merusjointof the outer maxillipedes is short and transverse ; the chelipedesin the male have the merus-joint short and trigonous, with atooth near the distal end of its upper margin ; carpus and palmgranulated on their outer surface, but the granules for the mostpart concealed by the pubescence ; there is a small tuberculiform orsubspiniform tooth on the inner margin of the carpus or wrist ; thehand (for so small a species) is large, its inner surface naked, smooth,and polished, and the granulations usually obsolete on the nakedpart of the outer surface in the larger chelipede ; the fingers arechocolate-brown, the coloration not extending over any part of thepalm, and the upper finger has scarcely any traces of teeth on itsinner margin. The ambulatory legs are closely pubescent. Lengthof the largest male in the collection a little over 4g lines (10 millim.),breadth about 6| lines (14 millim.) ; length of largest chelipedeabout 10| lines (22 millim.).Ten specimens are in the collection, from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms.(No. 104).Either the right or the left chelipede may be the larger in themale. Occasionally the granulations of the hands are distinct evenupon the naked part of the outer surface ; there are several femalesin the series of very small size, yet bearing ova.There is in the British-Museum collection a specimen from PercyIsland (H.j\I.S. Herald ' '). Possibly also a small male from Tasmania(B. Giinn) is to be referred here.Finally, there are in Dr. Coppinger's collection a series of verysmall specimens from Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. Ill), of muchpaler colour than those collected at Port Jackson, and two fromPort Curtis, 11 fms. (No. 87), which j)erhaps belong to this species.This species bears some resemblance to P. hirsutus, Stimpson,which Mr. Haswell records from Port Jacksoi], but differs (in theadult at least) in the close brown pubescence, and in having a series oftubercles or small spines on the carpus (not merus) of the ambulatorylegs. In the specimens from the Japanese or Corean seas referredbut a single spinuleto P. hirsvtus in the Museum collection there isat the distal end of the carpus of these legs. Pilumnus Jisdfrons,Stimpson, from Port Jackson, differs in having the carapacedistinctly areolated and the antero-lateral marginal teeth normallydeveloped.If our specimens should prove to belong to an undescribed species,I would propose for tliem the name of P. humilis.

222 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.57. Pilumnus semilanatus. (Plate XXII. fig. B.)The carapace is not very convex ; a few granules exist near theantero-lateral teeth ; its anterior part (i. e. the frontal and postfrontalregions and parts adjacent to the antero-lateral margins) isclothed with longish hairs, which are altogether absent from thegastric, cardiac, and branchial regions, which are nearly plain andsmooth ; the cervical suture only is distinct in some specimens ;the frontal lobes are scarcely defined by a median notch, and arevery little prominent ; the antero-lateral margins much shorterthan the postero-lateral, and armed with three teeth, the first ofwhich is blunt and is itself crenulated, the second dentiform, andthe third very small ; no tooth exists at the exterior angle of theorbit, but immediately behind it are sometimes one or two smallgranules ; the orbital margins are rather obscurely denticulated ;the pterygostomian regions nearly smooth ; all the postabdominalsegments are distinct ; the basal antennal joint barely reaches tothe subfrontal process ; the merus-joint of the outer maxiliipedes isnearly quadrate. The chelipedes are of moderate size ; arm with asmall spine near the distal end of its upper margin; wrist granulatedexternally, the granules inconspicuous, and with a small spineon its inner margin ;palm also granulated above and externally, thegranules large and showing a tendency to disposition in longitudinalseries, and becoming more crowded toward the lower margin ; fingersbrownish, the coloration not extending over the palm : legs slenderand proportionately rather long. Length of the largest perfectspecimen rather over 4 lines (9 millim.), breadth 5 lines (nearly11 millim.).Three small specimens (a male and two females) are in thefirst collection, but unfortunately without definite locality ; the labelwith particulars respecting habitat (if there existed any) was lostwhen the bottle (No. 123) came into my hands. In the secondcollection two males from Prince of Wales Channel, 7-9 fms.Either the left or the right hand may be the larger.There are in the collection of the British Museum a male and afemale specimen preserved dry, and collected by Mr. J, Macgillivrav(H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake ') off" Cape Capricorn, in 15 fathoms, on a muddy,sandy, and shelly bottom, that I refer to this species ; also an adultmale from Moreton Bay (piirchased). The coloration of Dr. Coppinger'sspirit-specimens is ])urplish, that of the dry examples reddishbrown.This species bears some slight resemblance to P. monilifera, Haswell,from Tasmania (vide Cat. p. 65, pi. i. fig. 3), which, however,has the carapace and limbs covered with a short close pubescence,and the front much more deeply incised, the carapace more granulated.58. Pilumnus semimidus. (Plate XXI. fig. C.)This species resembles the foregoing in having the gastric, cardiac,and branchial regions of the carapace smooth and naked ; but it may

CRUSTACEA. 223be at once distinguished by the following characters :—The carapaceis broader in proportion to its length, and its anterior parts clothedwith a close velvetj' pubescence, which also extends over the upperand outer surface of the wrist and palm of the chclipedes ; the twoposterior teeth of the antero-lateral margins are more distinctlyspiniform, the basal antennal joint does not nearly reach to the subfrontalprocess ; the granulations of the wrist and palm are muchmore inconspicuous, those of the outer surface of the palm appear,through the pubescence, to be arranged in four distinct longitudinalseries (fig. c) ; the ambulatory legs are slenderer.Colour (in spirit) purplish brown, hairs cinereous.Length of thelargest specimen, a female, about 5| lines (nearly 12 millim.),breadth about 7| lines (16 millim.).There is a male in the first collection from Port Denison, 4 fms.(No. Ill), and a female in the second collection from ThursdayIsland, 4-5 fms. (Xo. 1G5).Mr. Haswell has described a species {Pllumnus inermis*) fromPort Jackson which apparently resembles this and the precedingspecies in having the anterior parts only of the carapace clothedwith hairs, which are long as in P. semilanatus. It differs, however,in the less distinctly toothed antero-lateral margins of thecarapace, in the form of the front, which is entire, not notched, andin the disposition of the granules of the chelipedes, both from P.semilanatus and P. seminmlus.Pllumnus Icevimanus, Danaf, is apparently allied to this and theforegoing species, but has the carapace almost wholly naked, andthe larger hand rounded above and quite smooth, with only somefaint traces of minute tubercles toward the base. It has been recordedfrom Borneo and New Caledonia.In Pllumnus nitidns, A. M. -Edwards +, from New Caledonia,which is another nearly allied species, the two anterior teeth of theantero-lateral margins of the carapace are obsolete,59. Pllumnus cursor ?? Pllumnus cursor, A. M.-Edwards, Nuuv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat.ix. p. 244, pi. ix. fig. 4 (1873).In the specimen I thus very doubtfully designate the carapaceis nearly smooth, with the anterior portion moderately deflexed,antero-lateral margins much shorter than the posterolateral,which are nearly straight and convergent posteriorly ; bothcarapace and limbs are scantily clothed with very short hairs,among which a few longer hairs are interspersed ; the frontal lobesare divided by a rather deep and wide median fissure ; the anterolateralmargins are armed with three spines, besides a smaller butdistinct spine at the exterior angle of the orbit. The basal antennal* Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vi. p. 544 (1881) ; Cat.alogue, p. 70 (1882).t Crust. U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. p. 237, pi. xiii. fig. 11 (1852).Nouv. Arch. Mus. ix.Xp. 249, pi. x. lig. 2 (1873).

;224 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.joint barel}' reaches to the subfrontal angle, but attains to a levelwith the apex of the inner suborbital lobe ; the antennalflagella aremuch elongated. The chelipedes (in the single male examined) arerather slender and nearly equal ; the arm has two spines at thedistal end of its upper margin ; the wrist is armed with severalspines, the strongest one being on the inner margin ; the palm hasits upper margin and outer surface armed with small spines or spiniformtubercles disposed in longitudinal series ; these are withdifficulty discernible through the hairs covering this joint ; fingersbrown, and distinctly dentated on their inner margins. The ambulatorylegs are elongated and slender, and have their upper andlower margins clothed with long hairs. Colour reddish (in spirit),with purplish markings. Length about 2| lines (omillim.), breadth3 lines (nearly 7 millim.) ;length of penultimate ambulatory limbnearly 6 lines (12 millim.).The single specimen (a male) was obtained at Port Denison,4 fms. (No. 111).P. cursor^ A. M.-Edwards, was founded on specimens from NewCaledonia and the Samoa Islands ; the description diifers from theabove in several minor particulars ; but I have thought it better toregard the Australian example before me as identical with thisspecies than to run the risk of unnecessarily adding to the synonyma.Mr, Haswell (Cat. p. G7) records it from Port Molle.60. Pilumnus labyrintMcus. (Plate XXII. fig. C.)In this curious form the surface of the carapace is everj-wherecovered with raised curved or sinuated ridges, which are separatedhj wide depressions ; the body and legs are covered with a denseclose brown pubescence ; from most of the ridges and from the teethof the antero-lateral margins of the carapace spring longer setae,and the margins of the ambulatory legs are also fringed with longerhairs. The frontal lobes, which are scarcely separated as usual by amedian notch, are rather broad, straight, and but little prominentthe antero-lateral margins are somewhat shorter than the posterolateral,and are armed with three distinct teeth, that of the exteriororbital angle being obsolete. The orbital margin is somewhatthickened ; the epistoma rather longer in proportion to its breadththan is usual. The basal antennal joint is short, scarcely attainingto the subfrontal process, and not nearly reaching to the apex ofthe very prominent lobe at the inner suborbital angle. The chelipedesare rather small and (like the carapace) are densely pubescent,besides being clothed with longer hairs ; the outer surface of thewrist or carpus is tuberculated beneath the hairy coat ; the palm isclothed externally with long dense hairs ; the upper margin of thepalm bears three distinct tubercles ; the fingers are slaty coloured,dentated on their inner margins and acute at their apices. Theambulatory legs are densely hairy and of moderate length. Lengthof carapace nearly 4 lines (8 millim.), breadth about 4^ lines(y millim.).

;CRUSTACEA.. 225One specimen (a male) was obtained at Port Molle, 14 fms.(No. 93) ; in the second collection are an adult female and twosmaller specimens from Thursday Island, 3-5 fms. (Nos. 165, 177).In many of its characters this species resembles P. vespertiJio,but differs in the curious sculpture and less dense hairiness of thecarapace, the prominent teeth of the antero-lateral margins, and theexistence of distinct teeth on the upper margin of the palm (fig. c).In the very remarkable sculpture of the carapace it somewhatresembles P. vermiculaius, A. M.-Edwards*, from New Caledoniabut in that species the vermiculations are much less numerous, thefront is much deflexed and in a continuous line with the upperorbital margin, the teeth of the antero-lateral margins are muchmore obtuse, &c.61. Pilumnus? pugilator ?? Actumnus pugilator, A. M.-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist, Nat.ix. p. 195, pi. vii. fig. 1 (1873) ;Haswell, Cat. Atistr. Crust, p. 72(18S2).Hero is referred, though with some hesitation, a fine male fromPort ]\Iolle, 14 fms. (No. 93) ; also a male and two females in theBritish-Museum collection, preserved dry, and dredged by Mr. Macgillivraj'in 1 7 fathoms between Percy Island and the mainland, ona bottom consisting of coarse sand and shells. M, A. Milne-Edwardssays that the regions of the carapace in his unique example (obtainedat the island of Lifu) are distinct, whereas in the Australianexamples I have before me scarcely any traces of the interveningdepressions exist : moreover the form of the seriately disposedtubercles of the outer surface of the chelipedes is very peculiar andcharacteristic ; these tubercles are separated, indeed, at their bases,but have their heads dilated and in contact with one another, andthe heads are also armed (usually on one side only) with laterallyprojecting spinules. This disposition cannot be seen except under alens of considerable power, and hence may have been unnoticed byM. A. Milne-Edwards.Mr. Haswell gives Darnley Island as an additional Australianlocality for this species.62. Actumnus setifer.Cancer (Pilumnus) setifer, De Haan, Faun. Japon., Cr. p. 50, pi, ill.fig. 3(1835).Actumnus tomentosus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 82 (1852);U.S. Explor. Exped. xiii. Cr. i. p. 243, pi. xiv. fig. 2 (1852) ; A. M.-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 285 (1865); Targioni-Tozetti, Crostacei del Viaf/c/io della ^Magenta,'' p. 6(3, pi. ix. figs. 22-24, 26, 29 (1877) Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust,; p. 73 (1882).Actumnus setifer, A. M.-Edwards, t. c. p. 287, pi. xv. fig. 5 (1865) ;* Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 247, pi. ix. fig. 6 (1873).a

226 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Richters^ Decapoda in Mobius' Beitr. zur Meeresfauna der InselMauritius und der Seychellen, p. 148 (1880).In the collection is a male from Thursday Island, Torres Straits,4-6 fms. (No. 130) a female from Port Denison, 4fms. (ô. Ill) ; ;another from Percy Islands, Queensland, obtained at a depth notexceeding 5 fms, (Ko, 91) ; and three small specimens from PortMolle, 14 fms. (No. 93).There are specimens in the British-Museum collection, that appearto be referable to this species, from Australia (,/. S. Boiverhanlc, Esq.)and Sir C. Hardy's Island, dredged in 11 fms., on a bottom of coarsesand (J. B. Juices) ; also from the Philippine Islands, Corregidor{Cuming), Fiji Islands, Totoya (H.M.S. 'Herald'), and New Hebrides{J. MacgilUvray). A specimen from Shark Bay, W. Australia (F. M.Eayner, H.M.S. Herald ' ') has a more coarsely pubescent carapace,and may be distinct.Dana founded A. tomentosus upon a female from Tahiti or Upolu,in which the regions of the carapace were apparently somewhat lessdistinctly defined than in the specimens I have seen, and the granulationsof the chelipedes more irregularlj' disposed.A careful comparison of the descriptions above cited with theseries in the Museum collection shows that certain of the characterswhich have been hitherto regarded as of specific value are by nomeans as constant as has been hitherto supposed.In most of the Australian specimens I have seen the anterolateralmargins are 4-lobed, without any traces of sjîniform teeth.Indications of these, however, exist in one specimen from Sir C.Hardy's Island, one out of two from the Philippines, and one fromthe New Hebrides in the Museum collection. In most of the specimensthe carapace is clothed with a close velvety pubescence, andthe upper margin of the chelipedes finely and closely granulated;but in the specimen from New Hebrides and one from the Philippinesthe pubescence is much more scanty and the granulations ofthe hands more acute, especially toward the upper margins.The finger-tips of the sjiecies of this genus are generally scarcelyto be described as excavated, but rather as obtuse, and the transitionis effected to Piluinnus by almost insensible gradations throughsuch species as P. dehaani, Miers*, which, indeed, may be merelythe young of A. setlfcr, but differs not only in the acute anterolateralmarginal teeth and finger-tips, but also in the relativelyshorter antero-lateral margins and entireobliteration of the regionsof the carapace. A specimen nearly resembling P. dehaani is inDr. Coppingcr's collection, frorn Port Denison (No. Ill) ; in it, however,the tubercles of the chelipedes are less conical and acute. Inthe small specimens I refer to A. setifer, from Port Molle, the regionsof the carapace are fully as well defined as in the adult.Dr. F. Richters {t. c. p. 148) records this species from the Mauritius: hence its range evidently extends throughout the Orientalregion.Proo. Zool. Soc. p. 32 (1879).

;cHtrsTAcE.v. 227CRYPTOCCELOMA, gen, nov.Carapace transverse, nearly flat above, with the antero-lateralmargins much shorter than the postero-lateral, and forming withthe apparent frontal margin (as viewed from above) an unbrokencurve. Epistoma iiai'row-transverse. Palate or endostome withthe longitudinal ridges nearly obsolete. Orbits transverse, with themargins subentire, not visible from above, but concealed beneath theprojecting anterior margin of the carapace (see Plate XXIII. fig. A).Abdomen of female 7-jointed. The basal antennal joint reaches tothe subfrontal process, and partly occupies the inner orbital hiatus.Outer maxillipcdes with the merus-joint quadrate. Chelipedes subequaland of moderate size. Ambulatory legs compressed.63. Cryptocceloma fimbriatum. (Plate XXIII. fig. A.)Pilumnus finibriatus, M.-Eclwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, i. p. 416 (1834) ? ;Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 66, pi. i. fig. 4 (1882).The carapace is transverse, its upper surface nearly flat ; the anterolateralmargins are much shorter than the postero-lateral, and armedonly with one or two inconspicuous granules or spinules ; the postero-lateralmargins are nearly straight, and slightly convergentposteriorly ; the upper surface is obscnrely granulated toward thelateral margins, and the cervical suture is faintly but distinctlydefined. The apparent frontal margin is thin, entire, and forms acontinuous and unbroken line with the antero-lateral margins, theorbits being altogether inferior. The margin thus formed is borderedwith a thick fringe of very close-set cinereous hairs, beneath whichare much longer hairs of a yellowish hue ; the real front, however,is narrow-transverse, nearly vertically deflexed, with its anteriormargin arcuated and having a small median notch. The eyes lieclosely within the transverse inferior orbits, whose margins arenearly entire. The epistoma is narrow-transverse ; very faint indicationsexist of longitudinal palatal ridges. All the segments ofthe postabdomen (which is rather narrow in the female) are distinctthe first segment only reaches to the bases of the fifth ambulatorylegs. The antennules are transverse ; the basal antennal joint justattains to the subfrontal lobe, and partly occupies the inner orbitalhiatus. The ischium-joint of the rather broad outer maxillipcdes iabut little longer than the merus-joint, which is nearly quadrate, butshallow-excavate at its antero-internal angle at the place of articulationwith the next joint ; theexognath is narrow, straight, and justreaches to the distal end of the merus. The chelipedes are subequal,the merus trigonous and very short ; the carpus granulated above,with a small tooth on its inner margin near the distal end, the outermargin fringed with very long fulvous hairs ; similar hairs borderthe upper surface of the palm and mobile finger ; the palm is granulatedexternally, and somewhat compressed ; fingers rather obscurelygranulated on their inner margins and acute at the apices, witha2

228 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.Bcarcely any intermarginal hiatus. The ambulatory legs are deficientexcept one fifth leg, which has the joints except the lastcompressed and bordered with long hairs ; the upper margin of themerus is acute and obscurely crenulated ; dactyl hairy, styliform,and short, with a small terminal claw. Colour (in spirit) light yellowishwhite. Length of carapace 3| lines (6^ millim.), breadth4i lines (about 9| millim.).The single female in the collection was obtained at ThursdayIsland, 4-5 fms. (No. 165).There is also a female in the Museum collection obtained nearJava (H.M.S. Samaranr/ '').As I have examined no male specimens of this curious species, andam ignorant of the position of the male verges, I do not venture toremove it from the vicinity of Filumnus, in which genus it is retainedby Mr. Haswell. There is, I think, no doubt of the specificidentity of our example with the specimen figured in the Catalogue'of Australian Crustacea,' though whether this be identical with theP.Jimbriatns of M.-Edwards remains somewhat uncertain, on accountof the brevity of the diagnosis of the latter author. This speciescertainly cannot be retained in Pilumnus as at present restricted ;and I am inclined to think it should be removed from the Cancroideato the Grapsoidea. I am, however, unable at present to indicateits exact affinities.Mr. Haswell records it from Port Molle.04. Pilumnopeus serratifrons (Kmahaii).Two specimens are in the collection from Port Jackson (jVo. 104).The Eritish Museum contains specimens from Port Jackson{Cumimj), Port Phillip, Victoria (i^r. J. B. Kinahan), and the Australianseas, no definite locality {!Stutchhnry) ;also from New Zealand.In my ' Catalogue of the New -Zealand Crustacea,' p. 21 (1876),I have already pointed out the possible identity of Pilumnopeuscrassimanus, A. M.-Edwards, with P. serratifrons. I believe Mr.Haswell is right in regarding Heteropanope australiensis, Stimpson,as also synonymous with this species (Cat. p. 70).65. Ozius guttatus, var. speciosus.Ozius speciosus, Hilcjendorf, in Van der Decken^s Heisen in Ost-Afrika,iii. p. 74, pi. ii. lig. 1 (1809).An adult female is in the collection from Flinders Island, NortheastAustralia. Mr. Haswell records it from Port Denison and PortCurtis.To the same variety, as I think it must be designated, belongs anadult female in the British-Museum collection from Mauritius (LadyFrances Cole).In the typical form of Ozius guttatus, as described and figured byProf. Alph. Milne-Edwards in his <strong>Report</strong> on the Crustacean Eauna

;CRUSTACEA. 229of New Caledonia, the frontal teeth are much smaller and less prominentthan in either Hilgendorf's figure of his 0. speciosus or inthe two specimens I have before me. As, however, Prof. A. Milne-Edwards had evidently a larger series for examination, and unites0. (juttatus and 0. speciosus, I do not venture to regard the two formsas distinct species.Mr. Haswell records 0. guttatus from Port Denison and PortCurtis,This species has evidently a wide Oriental range, having beenfound in the Red Sea, at Zanzibar, Mauritius, Batavia, TorresStraits, and New Caledonia.66. Neptunus pelagicus (Linn.).Of this very common Oriental species two males are in the firstcollection from Port Curtis, 7 fms. (No. 83\ and a male from Princeof Wales Channel, 3-4 fms., in the second collection. Specimensfrom the same locality are in the collection of the British Museum,obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Battlesnake ' ' by Mr. Macgillivray,and also from the following Australian localities:—PortJackson (J. Macgillivray) ; Sj'dney (^R. Schutte); Swan River (./. B.Juices) ; Shark Bay, W. Australia {F. 21. Ecti/ner, H.M.S. ' Herald')also from New Zealand (Sowerby).Besides .the above, there are specimens in the Museum collectionfrom the Red Sea (Major J. Burton, Major MacDonald) ; Gulf ofSuez {R. MacAndreiv) ; Zanzibar (Dr. Kirl:) ; Pondicherry, IndianOcean (G^(^/i. Hardiuiclce) ; Penang (Z)/-. Cantor); Borneo (Bleeder'scoll.); Celebes, Badjoa, &c. (Dr. Bleeker's coll.); Timor Laut (U. 0.Fortes); Philippine Islands, Zebu (Cuming); Shanghai, Cheefoo(Su'i)ihoe) ; Japan (Mas. Leyden); Honohilu (H.M.S. Challenger');'New Caledonia (Macgillivray) ; also others, without special indicationof localit}', from the collections of the • Herald,' Rattlesnake,''and Saraarang.''The Neptunus armatus, A. Milne-Edwards, from Shark Bay, W.Australia*, of which the types, from the collection of H.M.S.'Herald,' are in the British-Museum collection, is not referred to inHaswell's Catalogue. The specimens are of small size and probablynot fully grown. Both carapace and limbs are slightly pubescent.The carapace is relatively somewhat narrower, and the antero-lateralteeth broader and less distant one from another than in N. 2J£^cigicusof about the same size, which otherwise this species veryclosely resembles.67. Neptunus (Ampliitrite) hastatoides (Fahricius).Three examples are in Dr. Coppiiiger's second collection fromFriday Island, Torres Straits, 10 fms, (No. 153), and a series of* Arch, du Mas. tl'Ilist. Nat. x. p. 322, pi. 3C. fig. 2 (1861).

230 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.smaller specimens from the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160). luthese latter the carapace is more convex and the spines at the postei-o-lateralangles of the carapace less developed. Althoughsmaller, most of these are adult, since among tliem are femaleswith ova.There are besides in the British-Museum collection a female fromthe Indian Ocean {Gen. Hardwiche), several specimens from HongKong {Dr. W. A. Harland), and others, without definite locality,from the collections of H.M.SS. Herald' and Samarang.'' '68. Achelous granulatus {M.-Edw.). (Plate XXIII,fig. B, var.)A male of this common and widely distributed species is in thecollection from Fiiday Island, Torres Straits, 13 fms. (No. 153). Anenumeration of the localities whence the Museiim possesses specimensis given in my Heport on the Crustacea collected at Rodriguezby the naturalists of the British Transit-of-Venus Expedition*, towhich should be added the following :—Seychelles (Dr. E. PercevalWrir/Jit), and Loyalty Islands, Lifu {Rev. S. J. Whitmee). It isrecorded by Mr. Haswell from Palm Island (as Amphitrite gladiator).A specimen from Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 169),differs from all the specimens of A. granulatus that I have examinedin wanting the submedian spine of the posterior margin of the armof the chelipedes (see Plate XXIII. fig. B) ;it may be designated vat..unisjiinosus. The carapace is less granulated and the teeth of theantero-lateral margins less produced and spiniform than is usual inthis species, and much less so than in the specimen from FridayIsland.69. Thalamita admete {Herhst).Here are referred a small female from Port Molle, 5-12 fms.(No. 118), in the first collection, and another from Port Jackson,5 fms., and five males (adult and young) found on a coral-reef atClairmont Islands, N.E. coast of Australia (No. 151), in the secondcollection.In the smaller examples of this species the minute rudimentaryfourth tooth of the antero-lateral margins is occasionally deficient,as has been noted by A. Milne-Edwards in Thalamita savignyi.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from ConwayEeef {H.M.S. 'Herald'), and also from the Fiji Islands {H.M.S.*Herald'), Samoa Islands {Rev. S. J. Whitmee), and SandwichIslands (W. H. Pease).I regard the Thalamita savignyi of Prof. A. Milne-Edwards f asprobably merely a variety of Th. admete, Herbst. Specimens apparentlyreferable to this variety are in the British-Museum collectionfrom the Gulf of Suez {R. MacAndrew) and Nicol Bay, N.W. Aus-* Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 488 (1879).t Arch, du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 357 (1861).

CRUSTACEA. 231tralia (il/. du Boulaii). It is retained as a distiuct species by Kossmann,who unites, however, under the designation Th. prymna,several of the species regarded as distinct by A. M. -Edwards {vide'Zool. Rcis. roth. Meer. ' i. p. 17, 1877).70. Thalamita sima, M.-Edw.Small specimens are in the first collection from Port !Molle, obtainedbetween tide-marks (No. 103) and at 14 fms. (No. 93) ; andin the second collection, from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (Nos. 175,177), 4-5 fms. (No. 165), and Port Darwin, obtained on the beach(No. 176).In three very small specimens from Port Denison, Queensland,4 fms. (No. Ill), two of which are females with ova, the medianlobes of the front are sinuated, and the front thus appears very obscurely6-lobed. This is probably a peculiarity due to the small sizeof the specimens examined ; the breadth of the carapace of one ofthe females is barely 4 lines (8| millim.).Of this species there are specimens in the British-Museum collectionobtained between Cumberland Island and Point Slade and offCape Capricorn {J. MacfjiUivray^ H.M.S. 'Ilattlesnake') ; also fromMoreton liay and Port Jackson, and from Swan River (J^, B. Juices)and Shark Bay, W. Australia {B\ M. Rayner, H.M.S. 'Herald');also from New Zealand (jmrcJiased), and from the Indian Ocean{General Hardw'uTce), and Aku Sima, Japan {Gapt. H. G. St. John) ;besides others without special indication of locality. A. Milne-Edwards records it from New Caledonia. The specimens from theIndian Ocean have the chelipedes more distinctly tuberculated thanthe other examples in the collection, but cannot, I think, on thisaccount be separated, even as a distinct variety. Erom the Thcdamitaclicqdali, noticed below, T. sima is distinguished not only by themuch more acute lateral teeth of the carapace, the last of which israther more prominent than the rest, but also by the smoothersternum and by the well-developed spines of the palms of thechelipedes. In T. chapAali the last of the antero-lateral teeth is (ifany thing) smaller than the preceding tooth, and the palmar spinesare nearly obsolete *.* I may take this opportunity of noting that there is now in the collection ofthe British Museum a s])eciinen from Ceylon {E. W. II. Holdav-ortli) apparentlyreferable to this exceedingly rare Jhalamita, originally described froiri the BedSea, of which A. Milne-Edwards, when he published his Monograph of thePortunidaj (Arch. Mas. H. N. x. p. yiiO, 18()1), wrote:— " Cette espece paraitextremement rare, elle n'existo dans aucun Musee, soit de France, soit deAngleterre, soit de Hollande."This example is an adult male, and agrees very well with M.-Edwards'sdescription and Savigny's figure of T. chapfaH, except as regards the clielipedes,the arm of which is strigose, and the wrist and palm and fingers very closelyand distinctly granulated; the sternum is also finely sculptured. As someindications of granulations appear on the wrist of the left-hand chelipede inSavigny's figure, I do not venture to regard our specimen as distinct. Shouldfuture researches, however, demonstrate it to be so, it may be designated7'. Juildiwrn-ihi.

232 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.71. Thalamita stimpsonii, A. M.-Edw.A male and female are in Dr. Coppinger's first collection fromPort Molle, obtained, one on the beach f JN'o. 95), and the other onthe coral-rccfd in that harbour. In the second collection is a femalefrom Port Darwin, found on the beach (No. 176).Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the followingAustralian localities :—Port Curtis {J. Macr/illivray, H.M.S.* Rattlesnake ') ; Torres Straits (J. B. Juices) ; and N. Australiancoast {Dr. J. R. Elsey). There are also specimens from New Guineaand Amboina (Dr. Bleeher's collection), and Sunday Island (J. B.Juketa), besides others without special indication of locality.Eecorded by Mr. Haswell from Port Denison &c.This may perhaps be a mere variety of the following species ;I do not venture to unite the two, since adult examples of T. stimpsoniiseem to be distinguished from adult T. crenata not merely bythe small fourth lateral marginal tooth, but also by the more transversecarapace and more granulated palms of the chelipedes.but72. Thalamita crenata, Eilppell.An adult male is in the collection, from Port Molle, 14 fms.(No. 93).There is also in the British-Museum collection a female from thePercy Islands, off the Queensland coast (J". 3Iacr/iUivra;/, H.M.S.'Rattlesnake ') ; a male from Torres Straits (J. B. Jukes) ; alsofrom the Mauritius (Ladtj F. Cole) ; Natal (F. M. Rayner, H.M.S.'Herald'); Timor Laut {H. O.Forbes); India, Karachi (KarachiMuseum); Philippines (Cuming); the Samoa Islands (Rev. S. J.Whitmee) ; and others without special locality.73. Goniosoma variegatuni.Portunus variegatus, Fahricii(s, FntomohgicB Systematica Supplementnm,p. 304 (1798) ; M.-Echvards, Hist. Nat. ties Crustaces, i.p. 465 (1834).Cancer callianassa, Herhst, Natnrqesch. d. Krabbe7i u. Krebse, iii.Heft 2, p. 45, pi. liv. fig. 7 (1801).Cliarybdis variegatus, De Haan, Crust, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica,pp." 10-42, pi. i. fig. 2 (1835).Charybdis truucatus, De Haan, t, c. p. 65, pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1837), neeFabricius ?Goniosoma callianassa, A. Milne-Edivards, Archives du Museum, x.p. 382.(1861).Goniosoma variegatum, Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 33 (1879).I append a description of the species I suppose to be the variegatusof Fabricius, the synonyma of which are somewhat confused.Carapace somewhat hexagonal in shape, with the postero-lateralangles rounded, pubescent, with the gastric and epibranchial ridges

CKUSTACEA. 233smooth. Front 8-lobed, the lobes rounded, the median scarcelymore prominent than the rest ; the fissure between the median lobesand between the second and third lobes narrow-linear, tliose betweenthe first and second and the third and fourth lobes triangulate.Antero-lateral margins armed with six teeth, whereof the first issubtruncated, the second to filth triangulate and acute and directedforward, the sixth about twice as long as the preceding and laterallyprojecting.Chelipedes short and robust, arm or merus-joiut withtwo strong spines near the distal end of its anterior margin, its posteriormargin convex, smooth, and angulated at a point midway fromeither extremity ; wrist with a strong spine on its inner margin, andthree smaller spines on its outer surface ;palm with three spines,whereof one is situated at the proximal end close to the articulationwith the wrist, and two on the upper surface; there is none abovethe base of the mobile finger ;the carinae of the upper and outer surfaceof the palm and the intervening parts are nearly smooth ; thefingers are armed along their inner margins with triangulate teeth,which fit closely between one another when the fingers are closed,and which are themselves divided into several smaller teeth. Thesecond to fourth ambulatory legs are slender, smooth ; the penultimatejoint of the fifth leg is not denticulated on its inferior margin ;there is a spine at the distal end of the inferior margin of themerus-joint. Length of the carapace of the largest example aboutIinch (19 millim.), breadth to base of lateral epibranchial spinesabout 1 inch (25 millim.).A single specimen is in the second collection, a male from PortDarwin, 12 fms.There are in the British-Museum collection several specimens ofwhat is probably a mere variety of this species from Karachi(Karachi Museum)^ referred to by A. M.-Edwards as G. calUanassa,which differ in having wider fissures between the median and thesecond and third teeth of the front. The first tooth of the anterolateralmargins is more distinctly truncated, and the last spine isshorter ; also the spines of the arm, wrist, and palm of the chelipedesare much shorter, those of the upper surface of the palm beingreduced to mere spinules, and the palm itself much more turgid, asin A. Milne-Edwards's description.74. Goniosoma spiniferum. (Plate XXIII. fig. C.)A single specimen is in the collection, obtained at Port Molle,between tide-marks (Xo. 103), which is evidently nearly allied to,and in M. A. Milne-Edwards's arrangement must be classed near to,Goniosoma affine (Dana), from Singapore. It differs, however, inthe form of the frontal lobes, the median and submedian beingbroadly rounded and separated by narrow and not deep fissures.The fissure between the second and third lobe on each side is muchdeeper, and, although narrow, wider than those between the medianand submedian lobes ; the third lobe is itself narrower than these,

231 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.and is separated by a triangulate norch from the rounded fourthlobe or internal orbital angle. The basal joint of the antennas isarmed with a minutely granulated or denticulated ridge. Themerus-joint of the anterior legs has four spines on its anteriormargin, including a very small spinule at its antero-internal angle ;the wrist has a strong spine on its inner margin and two smallspinules on its outer surface ; and the palm (as in G. affine) hasfive spines on its upper surface, the two anterior being very small.The fifth ambulatory legs have a strong spine, situated nearly at thedistal end of the posterior margin of the merus-joint, and anotheron the posterior margin of the carpus ; the flattened terminal jointhas a small spinule at its distal extremity, but is otherwise unarmed.From the preceding species, to which it is very nearly allied,G. sphiiferum is distinguished by the greater transverse width ofthe carapace, the different form of the frontal lobes and of theirintervening fissures and of the lateral teeth (see the figure). GoniosomaheUerii, A. M.-Edwards *, from New Caledonia, which resemblesthis species in having five spines on the upper surface of the palm,and the merus-joint of the fifth ambulatory legs armed with astrong distal spine, differs in the form of the carapace and frontallobes, and has the penultimate joint of the fifth ambulatory legsdenticulated on its posterior margin, &c.75. Nectocarcinus integrifrons (Latr.).There are three females of this species in Dr. Cojjpinger's collection,from Port Jackson, 0-7 fms. (Nos. 90, 104).A specimen from the same locality is in the British-Museumfrom the collection of Mr. Cuming, and another dredged in thesame harbour on the Sow and Pigs Bank, and presented by JohnBrazier, Esq. ; also from Port Curtis (H.M.S. ' Herald') andNew Zealand, Bay of Islands (Antarctic Expedition) ; also fromOceania {J. Macr/illivrai/, H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake') ; and others withoutspecial locality.Dr. Kinahan records it from Port Phillip, Victoria.76. Lupocyclus rotundatus, Adams c}- White.A female is in the collection from Port MoUe, Queensland (firstcollection. No. 118), and another from Fridaj' Island, 10 fms. (secondcollection. No. 153), wbich I think must be referred to this species,although the carapace is somewhat broader, more convex, and lessdistinctly granulated, and the frontal lobes more acute than in theadult specimen in the British-Museum collection from Balambangan,N. Borneo, on which presumably the description of Adams andWhite was founded.As the Bornean example is a male, the distinctions between the* Bull. Soc. Entom. de France, rii. p. 282 (1867).

CRUSTACEA. 235two may be sexual. In two smaller examples from Balambaugan(male and female), in the collection of the British Museum, thecarapace is even more strongly granulated than in the adult, andthis is not uncommon in the Portunidae, e. g. in certain species ofNejytunus.M. de Man has quite recently recorded this species from theisland of Amboina {vide Notes Mus. Leydeu, v. p. 153, 1883).77. Kraussia nitida, Stimpson.Two small specimens (males) from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms.(No. 165), evidently belong here.The distinctions between this species and K, integra (De Haan),are very slight, K. nitida differing, as Stimpson has noted, only inits somewhat narro^yer carapace, with more prominent and excavatedfrontal lobes ;yet these distinctions are constant and easily perceivedin the specimens I have examined.Specimens referable to A', intcgra are in the Museum collectionfrom the Philippines, Siquijor {Cuming), and also from the Samarang' 'collection without special ' locality.78. Telpliusa (Geotelphusa) crassa ?? Telphusa crassa, A. M.-Echvards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. v.p. 177, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1869).A female in imperfect condition is in the collection, obtained atThursday Island, Torres Straits (No. 125), that I refer, though withsome doubt, to this species, as M. -Edwards's diagnosis is very short,and the specimen figured of much smaller size than the one I havebefore me. In this example there is a rudimentary epibranchialtooth, the sides of the anterior part of the carapace are faintlystriated, shallow depressions indicate the anterior part of thecervical suture, and the chelipedes are more unequal than in thefigure of M.-Edwards; there is a strong spine on the inner marginof the wrist, behind and below which is a second, much smallertooth ; the palm is nearly smooth ; the fingei's longer than thepalm, with rather small denticulations and having between them,when closed, but a small interspace. Length of carapace about1 inch 4 lines (35 millim.), greatest breadth 1 inch 4 lines(45 millim.).There is a series of four specimens in the Museum collection,obtained by My. MacEarlane on one of the islands of TorresStraits, which are apparently referable here. The smaller agree,excejjt in having some indications of a postfrontal crest, with thedescription of Milne-Edwards ; but in the larger there exist muchmore distinct traces of the exterior orbital and lateral epibranchialteeth. In the male the fingers have between them, when closed,but a small interspace.

236 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELAUESIA.In two specimens from E. Australia, the smaller of which wasreceived with fishes of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' collection, the carapaceis coarsely punctulated in front, perfectly smooth ahove, andless convex, with scarcely any traces of the depressions indicativeof the cervical suture, or of the postfrontal crest and lateral teeth.These probably belong to a distinct species ; the larger havê beendesignated in MS. T. leicliardti.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Philippines,R. Naga or Bicol {Caming), which belong to T. crassa or toa closely allied sjjccies ; in the male the larger chelipede has themobile finger arcuated, both are rather strongly denticulated ontheir inner margins, and have between them, when closed, a wideinterspace. These specimens were designated by White T. ohesa(in manuscript) ; but this name has been applied by Prof. A. Milne-Edwards to a very nearly allied form from Zanzibar, which differsapparently only in having an even more distinct postfrontal crest,and yet more strongly arcuated and dentated fingers to the largerchelipede. If distinct, the Philippine examples may be designatedT. cumingii.It is worthy of note that although Milne-Edwards in his descriptionsays there exists no postfrontal crest in T. crassa, someindications of one appear in the figure. His species may, however,be identical with the one here designated T. leicliardti, in whichcase the specimens I name T. crassa must receive a new specificappellation.79. Gelasimus signatus, Hess.A series of specimens is in the collection, of both sexes and ofdifferent sizes, from Port Curtis, some of which were collected at7-11 fms. (Xo. 85).These examples agree with the description and figure of Hess * innearly every particular, and there can be no doubt of their identitywith his species ; but the margins of the somewhat triangular, flat,inferior face of the arm are minutely granulated, and can scarcelybe described as furnished " with two rows of pearl-shaped tubercles,"as stated by Hess, whose specimens were from Sydney.There are in the collection of the British Museum specimens fromSwan lliver (Driiig), which I regard as belonging to this species.In the largest, the tooth or lobe of the middle of the inner marginof the lower finger, which is generally very characteristic of thisspecies, is not developed. These specimens were referred by my predecessor,Mr. Adam White *(, to 6r. forceps, M.-Edwards ; but thatauthor says that the larger chelipede in G. forceps is smooth, andthe merus-joints of the ambulatory legs appear to be even broaderand more dilated than in G. signatus.1^0 specimens had been seen by Mr. Haswell (who regarded the* Archiv f. Natiirgeschichte, p. 146, pi. vi. fig. 6 (1865).t List Crust. Brit. Museum, p. 36 (1847).

CRTJ8TACEA. 237locality given by Hess as doubtfiil) at the time of the publication ofhis Australian Catalogue.80. Ocypoda ceratophthalma (Pallas).An adult female was collected at Friday Island on the beach(Xo. 154). A specimen is in the Museum collection from MoretonIsland, N. S. Wales. It is mentioned by Mr. Haswell as occurringat Cape Grenville, Palm Island, &c.81. Ocypoda kuhlii, De Haan.Five examples, males and females, were obtained on the beach atThursday Island (No. 167).An adult male from Shark Bay, W. Australia {Raijner, H.M.S.*Herald '), and possibly a small mutilated example from Nicol Bay,Australia (J/, du Boiilat/), belong here.ISr.'NV.For remarks upon the specimens of this and the foregoing speciesin the Museum collection, I may refer to my recent memoir * onthe genus. Both are widely distributed Oriental species. Sincethe publication of that paper, specimens ha^ e been- received fromTimor Laut (H. 0. Forbes) of 0. ceratophthalma.Haswell (Catalogue, p. 95) mentions the occurrence on the tropicalcoasts of 0. cordhnana, a species of which I have seen noexamples from Australia. Since he particulaily mentions the absenceof a stridulating ridge, there can be no doubt that his specimensbelonged to this species and not to 0. huhl'd.82. Macrophthalmus punctulatus. (Plate XXV. fig. A.)The carapace is nearly quadrate and relatively narrow, being butlittle broader than long ; the cervical suture is in its posterior partvery distinctly defined ; the surface is uneven, punctulated, withoutspines or tubercles, but clothed with a few scattered hairs, which aremore numerous, though not dense, on the postero-latcral parts of thebranchial regions ; the front is about one third of the total width ofthe anterior part of the carapace, with its anterior margin nearlystraight ; the antero-lateral margins are nearly straight and 3-toothed(the tooth at the external orbital angle included); the posteriorlateral tooth is very small. The male postabdominal segments areall of them distinct. The first two joints of the slender antennalpeduncle are contained within the large inner orbital hiatus ; theepistome is transverse and very short, almost linear : the merusjointof the outer maxillipedes is truncated at its distal end, andnearly as large as the preceding joint. The chclipcdes (for so smalla specimen) are well developed and are subequal : merus and carpusare smooth, without spines or tubercles, merus more or less hairyon its inner surface and upper margin ;the palm is but little longer* Ann. k Mag. Nat. Hist. eer. 5, x. p. 384, pi. xrii. fig. H (1882).

238 'COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.than its greatest vertical depth, which is at the articulation withthe mobile finger, smooth and polished externally, its upper marginnot carinated, its inner surface with a dense patch of hair ; thelower margin of the immobile fiuger is in a straight line with thelower margin of the palm, its upper or inner margin is denticulatedand has a strong tooth or lobe in the middle ; the inner margin ofthe mobile finger has a smaller tooth near its base ; the fingers,when closed, meet only toward their apices, having an hiatus betweenthem, which is hollowed out into a deep, nearly semicircularcavity at the base of the immobile finger ; this cavity is marginedwith hairs. The ambulatory legs are slender, somewhat compressed,and the margins somewhat thinly clothed with hair. Colour, inspirit, brownish. Length of carapace nearly 3 lines (6 millim,),breadth 3| lines (somewhat over 7 millim.) ; length of chelipedeabout Sg lines (over 11 millim.).The single specimen (a male) was obtained at Port Jackson,5-7 fms. (No. 104).In the relatively narrow and quadrate carapace this species maybe compared to such forms as Macrojjlithalnms pacificus, Dana *,to which species apparently belong specimens recently received fromTimor Laut (//. 0. Forbes), Macrophtlialmus hicarinatus. Heller f,and M. qaadratus, A. Milne-Edwards %.M. jyacificus and M. bicarinatus difiêr in their narrower front,&c. ; M. quadratus has but two lateral marginal teeth, and no lobeor tooth on the inner margin of the immobile finger. Macroplvthalmussetoaus, an Australian species very briefly characterized byMilne- Edwards §, has, I suppose, a wider carapace. Specimensprovisionally referred to this species in the British-Museum collectionare certainly veiy distinct from our new species.Macrophtludmus latifrons, Haswell ||,from Port Phillip, has thecarapace finely granulated, the immobile finger of the chelipedesdeflexed, &c.In many of its characters our species approaches Euplax {Choenostoma)boscii and E. crassimanus, Stimpson, in both of which thereare but two teeth on the lateral margins of the carapace. InHemiplax Mrtipes, Heller, not to mention other distinctions, thefingers are only minutely denticulated on their inner margins. Inthe absence of catalogues or systematic lists of the species, it is withgreat hesitation that I venture to describe this as a new form among80 many nearly allied species.83. Euplax (Chsenostoma) boscii (Audouin).A small male is in the collection from Port MoUe (No. 95).This example in its coloration and all other cliaracteristics coin-* U.S. Exploring Expedition, Crust, xiii. p. 314, pi. six. fig. 4 (1852).t Reise der Novara, Crust, p. 36. pi. iv. fig. 2 (18(J5).+ Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 280, pi. xii. fig. 6 (1873).§ Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, Zool. xviii. p. 159 (1852).Catalogue,II p. 90 (1882).

,CRUSTACEA239cides with Dana's description and figure of a specimen from theFijis (see Explor. Exp., Cr. xiii. p. 313, pi. xix. fig. 3), For remarkson the variation of the form of the chelipedes and for synonyma, Imay refer to M, A. Milne-Edwards (Nouv. Archiv. ilus. Hist. Nat.ix. p. 281, 1873). This species apparently ranges from the coasts ofEgypt southward to Natal, and eastward to the islands of thePacific (e. g. New Caledonia, Fijis).The specimen from Port Molle diff'ers from Savigny's originalfigure of this species * in its much less distinctly granulated carapace; but specimens from Mozambique, received in the final consignmentof H.M.8. ' Alert,' have the carapace as strongly granulatedas in that figure.CAMPTOPLAX, gen. nov.Carapace trapezoidal, anteriorly deflexed, with the antero-lateralmuch shorter than the postero-lateral margins, which are straightand converge slightly to the posterior margin. Front of moderatewidth. Endostome or palate without longitudinal ridges. Postabdomen(of the male) covering at base the whole width of thesternum, and touching the bases of the fifth ambulatory legs,7-jointed. Eyes short, with thick peduncles. Antennules transverselyplicated. Basal antenual joint short, not reaching to thesubfrontal process. Outer maxillipede broad, not gaping, with themerus-joint transverse and much shorter than the ischium ; theexognath slender, straight, and reaching to the outer distal angle ofthe merus. Chelipedes of moderate length. Ambulatory legs withthe margins of the merus-joints cristated. The male verges arisingdirectly from the base of the fifth ambulatory legs, and not containedin sternal channels.This genus is apparently allied to Pilumnoplax and Heteroplax,Stimpsont, from both of which it is distinguished by the absence ofpalatal ridges and by the form of the basal antennal joint (PlateXXIV. fig. a), and also by the position of the male verges. In thelatter character it would seem to be allied to the West-Indian genusFrevillea, A. M.-Edwards;J:, which, however, diff'ers apparently inthe larger orbits and longer eye-peduncles, &c.84. Camptoplax coppingeri. (Plate XXIV. fig. A.)The carapace is subtrapezoidal. little broader than long, theanterior portion abruptly deflexed, and with three broad and shallowtransverse depressions, whereof the anterior is situated on the deflexedpostfrontal region, one in the middle line of the carapace, and onenear to the posterior margin ; the surface of the carapace is coveredwith a very close velvety overgrowth, amid which are numerous* Vide Savigny, Orustaces de I'Egjpte, pi. ii. fig. 1.t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sm. Philad. pp. 93, 94 (1858).Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii.I p. 15 (1S80).

240 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.small pits ; this coating, whicli is apparently the natural coveringof the species, is entirely absent from the transverse depressions,but covers in great part the ventral surface of the body and the legs.The front is rather less than one third the greatest width of thecarapace and is notched in the middle ; the very short antero -lateralmargins are armed with three rather obscure teeth, whereof thefirst is situated at some distance from the orbit and the last at theangle formed by the junction of the antero-lateral with the posterolateralmargins, which is also the point at which the carapaceis deflexed. The male postabdomen is as broad at base as thesternum and is 7-jointed ; the first two joints shorter than the rest,the last subtriangulate with a rounded apex. The antennules arenearly transversely plicated ; the basal antennal joint reaches nearlyto the subfrontal process ; the following joints are slender, theflagellum somewhat elongated. The maxillipedes (whose form isdescribed above) have the fifth joints articulated with the merus atits antero-internal angle. The chelipedes, for so small a species, arerather robust ; merus trigonous and more or less granulated ; carpus(or wrist) and palm granulated on their upper and outer surfaces, thegranulations disposed in reticulating lines, the intervening spaces orpits between which are smooth ; the fingers are shorter than thepalm, acute at the apices, and dentated and meeting along their innermargins. The ambulatory legs are of moderate length ; the merusjointsare rather slender, trigonous, with the margins thin-edged orcarinated, as are also the upper margins of the two followingjoints ; the dactyli are slender and styliform. The male vergesarise directly from the bases of the fifth ambulatory legs, and arenot contained in sternal channels ; they are rather broad at baseand strongly recurved at the distal extremities. Colour (in spirit)whitish. The length of the largest example I have seen is barely2| lines (.5 millim.), and width less than 3 lines (6 millim.).Two male specimens were collected in Prince of Wales Channel,at 7-y fms. (No. 169).85. Pseudorhombila vestita {De Haan), var. sexdentata, Haswell.(Plate XXIV. fig. B.)PPEucrate sexdeutatus, HasiceU, Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 8G(1882).The carapace and legs are scantily pubescent ; the carapace islittle broader than long and is anteriorly defiexed ; the front isabout one third the greatest width of the carapace, with its anteriormargin straight and entire, the antero-lateral margins shorter thanthe postero-lateral and armed with three teeth (including the toothor lobe at the outer orbital angle) ; the posterior tooth is longest,spiniform, and projects laterally ; the upper margins of the orbits aresinuated, the lower obscurcl}' granulated, and there is a very widehiatus on the inner side of the orbit. All of the postabdominalsegments are distinct ; the second and third segments, althoughlaterally produced, do not reach quite to the bases of the fifth

1CRUSTACEA. 24ambulatory legs. The ej-e-peduncles are very short and thick, withvery large corneas ; the antennules are transverse ; the basal jointof the antennae is slender, and although longer than the two followingjoints, does,not reach to the subfrontal process ; the ischiumjointof the outer maxillipedes is rather short and broad, but longerthan the next joint and longitudinally sulcated ; the merus isquadrate, the slender exognath reaches to the distal end of themerus. The chelipedes are subequal and of moderate size, and, asalready stated, pubescent ; the merus or arm is trigonous and has atooth near the distal end of its upper margin ; the carpus is armedwith a strong spine on its inner surface ;palm somewhat shorterthan the fingers, the margins not cristated, the fingers regularlydenticulated and meeting along their inner margins and acute attheir apices, but without a tuft of hair at base. The ambulatorylegs are slender, with the joints somewhat compressed and scantilypubescent ; the margins of the penultimate and terminal joints of thelast pair of legs are fringed with long hairs, but the terminal jointof the last pair of legs is styliform and not dilated. The bases ofthe male verges lie in wide open canalicuU of the sternum, and theseorgans (in the single specimen examined, which is probably notadult) are nearly straight. Colour (in spirit) whitish. Length ofthe carajiace of the male 3| lines (nearly 8 millim.), breadth 4| lines(nearly lU millim.); length of chelipede when fully extended nearlyI inch (12 millim.), of second ambulatory leg about 7g lines(16 millim.).Two specimens, one a male and the other sterile, were collectedin the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160).Haswell's types were from Holborn Island, Port Denison (20 fms.).As, in his brief description, he does not mention the pubescence ofthe carapace, and as his specimens differ in coloration, it is possiblethat ours are distinct ; and if so, I would propose to designatethem P. hasivelli.Garcinoplax vestitus*, as figured by De Haan, differs in its somewhatnarrower front, in the shorter, less prominent third antero-lateralspine, more quadrate carapace, less compressed chelipedes, and in theabsence of long cilia from the terminal joint of the dactyli of thefifth ambulatory legs.The distinctions between the genera Carcmoplax, Eucrate, andPilumnoplax of Stimpsonf are very slight, and a revision of thegroup is urgently needed. If, as is probable, all three genera shouldhave to be united, the designation Pseudorlwmhila will, I think, takeprecedence, since De Haan's name Eucrate differs by a letter onlyfrom the earlier name Eucratea, and Curtonotus had previously beenused in the Coleoptera.* Cancer {Curtonotus) vestitus, DeHaan, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Crust,p. 51, pi. V. fig. 3(1835).t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 93 (1858).

—242 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.86. PseudorhomMa sulcatifrons (Stimiyson), var. australiensis.(Plate XXIV. fig. C.)As this variety may prove to be specifically distinct, I subjoin thefollowing description :As in Heteroplax dentata, Stimpson, the carapace is slightly transverse,anteriorly somewhat deflexed, posteriorly plane ; it attains itsgreatest width at the third lateral tooth. The front is about halfthe width of the carapace ; its anterior margin is faintly transverselysulcated, without any median fissure, and is straight ; there is, however,a small notch on each side close to the lateral angles, whichthus are separated as small teeth. The antero-lateral margins ofthe carapace are much shorter than the postero-lateral and armedwith four teeth (the outer orbital angle included) ; the third toothis larger and more prominent than the others, the fourth the.smallest ; there is a small median notch in the middle of the upperorbital margin ; slight transverse inequalities are apparent on thefront of the gastric region and on the sides of the carapace near thelateral teeth. The postabdomen is triangulate, with the segmentsdistinct, the penultimate and the last being the longest ; the secondsegment covers the whole width of the sternum and reaches to thebases of the fifth legs. The eyes are placed upon rather short thickpedicels. The antennules are rather long and transversely folded.The basal antennal joint is slender, and although longer than eitherof the following joints, does not reach to the frontal margin ; theflagellum is elongated. Scarcely any traces are visible of palatalridges. The merus-joint of the maxillipedes is quadrate, and muchshorter than the preceding ; the next joint is articulated wdth it atits antero-internal angle. The chelipedes are of nearly equal size ;merus trigonous, short, with a tooth near the distal end of its uppermargin ; carpus smooth externally, with a spiniform tooth on itsinner margin ;palm smooth externally, moderately convex ; fingersabout as long as the palm, denticulated on their inner margins andhaving between them scarcely any interspace when closed.Ambulatorylegs rather long, with the joints very slender, unarmed ; thelast three with their margins somewhat scantily pubescent. Lengthof carapace nearly 3 lines (6 millim.), breadth nearly 4 lines(8 millim.) ; length of ambulatory leg of third pair about 6| lines(14 millim.).The single specimen was obtained at Port Molle, 14 fms. (No. 93),and is apparently a female, although possessing an unusually, narrowpostabdomen. It difters from Heteroplcuv dentata and H. transversa,Stimpson*, in having the second tooth of the antero-lateralmargins as long as the preceding, and also, it would appear, theshorter thicker eye-peduncles, and from the latter also in thenarrower carapace. Prom the typical P. sulcatifrons (Stimpson),from Hong-Kong, it is distinguished only by the non-emarginate* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 94 (1858).

CRUSTACEA. 243front and the absence of the woolly patch on the outer surface of thewrist.Litocheira hispmosa, Kinahan, from Port Phillip*, which in manyof its characters seems to be allied to Pseudor-liombila sulcatifrons, isat once distinguished by having but a single spine behind the exteriororbital angle. Specimens are in the Eritish-Museum collection fromPort Curtis {H.M.S. Herald ' '). Mr. Haswell, in his Catalogue,omits reference to this species, and to several others described byKinahan.The species described by Haswell as Eucrate crfflnis (Catalogue,p. 86) is, I think, identical with typical P. sidcatifrons (Stimpson).The type was from Holborn Island, near Port Denison (20 fms.).I have quite recently described, under the name P. sidcatifrons,var. atJanticaf, a specimen from Goree Island, Senegambia, whichis scarcely distinguishable from Oriental examples of this species.87. Ceratoplax arcuata. (Plate XXV, fig. B.)Carapace longitudinally convex, scarcely broader than long andnot wider behind than in the middle ; the surface, when viewedunder a lens of sufScitut power, is seen to be covered with a veryshort pubescence ; the sides are anteriorly arcuated, posteriorlyparallel : the antero-lateral margins, which are acute, are divided bythree slight notches, but can scarcely be described as dentated. Thefront foims with the antero-lateral margins a continuous curvedline ; it is somewhat deflexed, obscurely sinuated in the middle, withthe exterior angles rounded off and not prominent, and has somelonger hairs on its upper surface. The first two segments of thepostabdomcn in the male are very much shorter than the following,almost transversely linear in shape; the first segment, althoughlaterally produced, does not reach to the bases of the fifth ambulatorylegs. The eye-peduncles fit closely into the orbits (which are notdeep) and have their anterior and upper margins acute and clothedwith rather long hairs ; the small corneae are lateral, and are visibleonly in an inferior view. The epistoma is transversely linear ; theantennules transversely plicated ; the basal (or real second) antennaljoint is slender, and does not nearly reach to the inferior margin ofthe front (see fig. b) ; the flagellum is of moderate length. Thereare no distinct palatal ridges. The outer maxillipedes are broad inproportion to their length ; the ischium-joint little broader thanlong; the merus transverse, its extero-dorsal angle prominent. Thechelipedes are moderately large, the right a little the larger, and themargins of the joints are for the most part clothed with rather longhairs ; the carpus or wrist is angulated on its inner surface, withsome long hairs at the angle ; the palm is little longer than broad,and vertically deepest at the place of articulation with the mobilefinger, its margins are not cristatcd, its outêr surface smooth and* Jouin. Eoy. Dublin Soc. i. p. 121, pi. iii. fig. 1 (1858).t ndc Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. b, viii. p. 259 (1881).r2

;244 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.naked except toward the margins, the lower margin is in a straightline with the lower margin of the immobile finger ; the fingers arelittle shorter than the iâlm, acute at apices, and rather strongly denticulatedalong their inner margins. The ambulator}' legs are slenderand somewhat elongated, the dactyli styliform and straight, themargins (of the fifth pair especially) aro clothed with longishhairs. The male verges are slender; their bases lie in narrowcanaliciiU, which are partially open above. Colour (in spirit) lightyellowish. Length nearly 3 lines (6 millim.), breadth about 3 lines(6| millim.).The single male in the collection was obtained at Port Darwin, ata depth of 12 fms.This species is distinguished from Typldocarchms nudus andT. villosus, Stimpson, by the form of the merus-joint of the outermaxillipedes and the acute anterior margins of the ocular peduncles,in which characters it agrees with Ceratojilax ; in the form of thecarapace and the structure of the antennae it agrees better withTyphlocarcimis ; but the very name of the latter genus prevents myassigning to it a species which has the organs of vision normallydeveloped. Both this and the following species must, I think, beregarded as intermediate forms between Typhlocarcinus and Ceratojplax.The fifth ambulatory legs are much shorter than the preceding,as in Astlienognatlms incequipes, Stm. : but, unlike thatspecies, the ambulatory legs are all very slender.Rhizopa

CETTSTACEA. 245margin ; the wrist smooth, its inner margin angulated, the anglewith a fringe of long stiff hairs, its anterior margin and outer andupper surface have also some hairs ; the palm is scarcely longer thanvertically deep, its upper margin (and that of the mobile finger atbase) closely fringed with long stiff hairs, and there arc some shorterhairs on the lower margin ; the outer surface is smooth, with a fewscattered punctulations ; the fingers are scarcely longer than thepalm, denticulated on their inner margins and acute at their apices,with scarcely any intramarginal hiatus. The ambulatory legs areslender and somewhat hairy ; the tarsi styliform, straight, and longerthan the penultimate joints. Colour (in spirit) yellowish white.Length of carapace about 2k lines (5 millim.), breadth about 3 lines(6| millim.).The single specimen (a female) was dredged in the Arafura Sea,32-36 fms. (No. 160).From the preceding species (C. arcuata) this form is at once distinguishedby the very differently shaped, smooth, and transversecarapace, longer basal antennal joint, &c.Ceratoplax ciliata, Stimpson, the type of the genus, from theN. China Sea, has the body transversely semicylindrical, palm ofchelipedes with depressed granulations on its outer surface, &c.M. A. Milne-Edwards has described a genus and species (Notonyxnitidits) from New Caledonia*, which in many of its characters andin external appearance is very like Ceratoplax'i lavis. It is describedand figured, however, as having the carapace, eyes, andchelipedes entirely glabrous, there is apparently no tooth on theupper margin of the arm, and the dactyli of the ambulatory legs arecarinatcd ; the carapace is more quadrate, and the merus of the outermaxillipedes longer, not transverse, with the antero-external angleless prominent.89. Metopograpsus messor (Forskal).This common and widely distributed species is represented in thefirst collection by a male and female from Port Molle, obtained onthe beach (No. 95), and two males from Port Curtis, 0-19 fms.(Nos. 85-92) ; and in the second collection by a small female fromthe beach at Thursday Island (No. 167) and a male and female fromWest Island, Prince of AVales Channel (No. 349). Specimens arein the British Museum from Pacing Island, Port Curtis, obtainedunder stones at low water (J. Macijillivray, H.M.S. ' Eattlesnake ').The other Australian localities whence there are specimens in theMuseum collection are :—Port Essington ;Nicol Bay, N.W. Austraha{M. du Boulay) ; Keppel Islands, from mud among mangroveroots(J. MacqUli'vray) ;Moreton Bay {purchased of Wurunch) ; andShark Bay, W. Australia {F. M. Itayner, H.M.S. Herald ' ').Specimens also are in the collection of the Museum from :he Gulfof Suez {R. MacAndrew, Esq.) ; Red Sea {Major J. Burton) ; Mada-* Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. pp. 268, 2B9, pi. xii. fig. 3 (1872).

246 COLLECTIONS FROil MELANESIA.gascar {Rev. Deans Cowan) ; Mauritius (Lady F. Cole) ; Rodriguez{O. Gulliver); Indian Ocean, Celebes, Macassar, &c. (coll. Dr.Bleeker) ; Keeling Islands (Lieut. Burnahy, R.N.) ; various islandsof the Fiji group (H.M.S. Herald ' ') ; Samoa Islands, Upolu (Rev.S. J. Whitmee) ; Sandwich Islands ( U.S. Exploring Expedition andW. H. Pease) ; besides others without special or with insufficientlyauthenticated locality.All the Australian examples I have seen, with one exception,appear to belong to the variety (as at most I consider it) describedby Milne-Edwards as intermedins. One, however, of the specimensobtained at AVest Island (No. 149) must, on account of its coloration,be referred to the variety designated tlml-ujar by Owen. Thecolour is not indicative of geographical races or subspecies, since ofthis latter variety I have examined specimens both from the Mauritiusand the Sandwich Islands. Mr. Kingsley, in his recent"Synopsis of the Grapsidse,"* does not regard these forms even asvarieties, but unites them all under the one designation M. messor.90. Chasmagnathus (Paragrapsus) laevis, Dana.A male and female from Port Jackson, 0-7 fms. (one numbered104), are referred here. They differ somewhat from the New-Zealand examples which I suppose belong to this species, in theBritish-Museum collection, in having but very few or no yellowspots on the surface of the carapace. In the New-Zealand examples(SoiverJri/), and others without definite locality in the Museum collection,both carapace and legs are plentifully mottled with yellow,and the front is perhaps a trifle more rounded at its lateral angles ;but in other particulars the specimens are so nearly alike that I donot venture to regard them as belonging to distinct species.Mr. Kingsley, in his " Synopsis of the Grapsidte " above referred to(p. 222), has referred to the synonyms of this species. He unitesthe genera Chasmagnathus and Paragrapsus, and the distinctionsbetween the two are certainly very slight ; but it may be convenientto reserve the name Paragrapsus as a subgeneric designation, atleast, for the species with less convex body and broader less deflexedfront, which, in what may be regarded as the typical Chasmagnathi(e. g. C. convexus and C. graîulatus), resembles that of Helice tridensin being strongly curved downward, with an arcuated anteriormargin that does not project in the middle line over the antennularyregion.The range of C. Icevis, as far as at present ascertained, is restrictedto the north and south-eastern shores of Australia and the New-Zealand coasts.91. Sesarma l)idens, De Haan ?Port Curtis, 7-9 fms. (No. 85). Two specimens (males).These examples are referred with little hesitation to S. hidens,* Proc. Acad Nat. Hci. Philad. p. 190 (1880).

CRT7STACEA. 247although the beaded row of granules on the upper margin of themobile finger is much less distinctly marked than in the specimenfigured by De Haan.Several species of this genus have been described agreeing withS. hidens in the bideutate lateral margins of the carapace, and inhaving two small oblique pectinated ridges on the upper surface ofthe palm. Of these, I regard S. lividum and S. guttatum, A. M.-Edwards *, as very doubtfully distinct.S. dussumieri, M.-Edwards f, from Bombay, is very briefly characterized;but as the words " pouce subcrenele " occur in the description,it may be that our specimens belong to it.There are specimens that I refer, at least provisionally, to thisspecies in the collection of the Museum from the Philippine Islands(Cuming, Ve itch), Koo-Kcang-iian {H.M.S. 'Samcarmg'), MalaysianSeas without locality (Dr. P. Blecl-er), and New Hebrides (J. Macgillivray).This latter example does not differ appreciably from thefigure of S. lividum, A. M.-Edw., founded on a New-Caledonianexample (vide N. Arch. Mus. H. N. ix. p. 303, pi. xvi. fig 2, 1873).This, as M. de Man has shown, is a species ranging throughout theOriental region.There are, besides, in the collection two very small specimens ofa species of this genus belonging to the section having a carapacewith entire lateral margins, which I will not venture to determine.The larger, a female, is from Port Jackson (0-5 fms.), the smaller,a male, from Port Curtis. It cannot, I think, be identified withSesarma ergthrodactj/la, Hess, from Sydney J, in which the outerborder of the mobile finger is ribbed, and the inner provided withtwo larger and several smaller teeth, &:c.92. Pinnotheres villosulus.? Pinnotheres villosulus, Oiiemi-Meneville, Cr. in Voyage de la Coquille,Zool. ii. p, 13 (1830) ; Icon. E'egne Animal, Or. p. 7, pi. iv.tig. 6 (1829-44).? Piunotheres villosus, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. &6x. 3, Zool. xx.p. 218, pi. xi. fig. 8 (1853).A female in Dr. Coppinger's collection, obtained at Warrior Eeef,Torres Straits, agrees in nearly all particulars with M. Guerin'sdescription based on specimens from Timor, and the maxLUipede isalmost exactly of the form delineated by Milne-Edwards. Guerin,however, describes the front as emarginate, whereas in the specimenI have before me it is triangulate and deflexed. In the slight outlinesketch of the front and antennce in his Iconographie ' ' therostrum appears, however, to be triangulate and bent down betweenthe oblique autennules just as in Dr. Coppinger's specimen. I prefer,therefore, to refer the latter provisionally to Guerin-Mencville'sspecies rather than to incur the risk of adding needlessly to the* N. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. v. Bulletin, pp. 25, 26 (1869).t Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, Zool. xx. p. 185 (1853).\ Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. p. 151, pi. vi. fig. 10 (1865).

248 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.synonyms by giving a new designation to a female example and oneso doubtfully distinct, I should add, however, that in Dr. Coppinger'sspecimen there is scarcely any trace of pubescence on themiddle part of the dorsal surface of the carapace, which is probablyworn smooth by abrasion.Two females received in the second collection from the samelocality, 16 fms. (No. ir37), are of larger size, uniformly tomentose,and the maxillipede (in one specimen examined) is less distinctlytruncated at its distal end ; they cannot, however, be regarded asbelonging to a distinct species.93. Mycteris longicarpus, Latr.Port Molle ; four specimens (two males and two females) wereobtained on the beach (No. 95).Specimens are in the British- Museum collection from Port Essington{J. Gould); Nicoi Bay, N.W. Australia {M. dii Boulay); Sydney;Port Jackson {Antarctic Krpedition) ; Swan Eiver (Dring) ; Tasmania(li. Gunn) ; and others without special locality. Also from NewGuinea (iêy. W. Y. Turner); Billiton Island (il/cn-îa's of Ttveedclale);Timor Laut (H. 0. Forbes) ; Philippines, Negros {Cuming) ; andChina seas {Swinhoe).It is recorded by M. A. Milne-Edwards from New Caledonia.I think it is very doubtful whether Mycteris hrtvidacti/lus, Stimpson*, from the Loo-choo Islands, can be regarded as distinct fromthis species.Of the closely allied Mycteris platycheles, M.-Edwards, there arespecimens in the British-Museum collection from Broken Bay{J. Macgillivray, H.M.S. ' Eattlesnake '), Tasmania {Dring, Lieut. A.Smith), and others without special indication of locality. Withthis latter species, Mycteris suhverrucatus of "White t and Kinahan Xis identical.94. Halicarcinus ovatus, Stimpson.Port Jackson, 0-7 fms. (No. 104). Four specimens, two malesand two females.In the Catalogue ' of New-Zealand Crustacea,' p. 49 (] 876), Iunited this form with Hcdicarcinus planatus (Eabr.) ; but after acloser examination of a larger series of Australian specimens, I wasinclined to think that it miglit after all be distinctly characterized byrelatively larger and more closely approximated frontal lobes whichare less hairy above. Accordingly the citation of this species wasnot included among the synonymical references to //. planatus inmy notice of that species in the Eeport on the Crustacea of KerguelenIsland §.* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 99 (1858).t List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1847).X Journ. Eoj. Dublin Soc. i. p. 123 (1858).§ Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 201 (1879).

CRUSTACEA. 249The differences in the form of the frontal lobes between the twospecies are, I may add, well shown in Targioni-Tozetti's figures(vide Crostacei ' della Magenta,' pp. 173, 176, pi. x, figs. 4 & 5,1877).AU the specimens of this genus from the Magellan Straits, Falkland,Kerguelen, and Auckland Islands, and New Zealand in thecollection of the Museum belong to H. planatus.Of //. ovatus there are specimens in the collection of the BritishMuseum from reefs on the iS^.E. coast of Australia (Saiimarez) andPort Jackson (Cuming). I believe a very small specimen from KingGeorge's Sound, S.W. Australia {F. M. liayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '),also belongs here. Mr. Haswell (Cat, p. 114) mentions the occurrenceof Hcdicarcimis planatus, which he refers to the genusBymenosoma, at Port Western ; but as he merely quotes thedescription and synonyms as given in my New-Zealand Catalogue,I cannot be certain whether his specimens belong to H. planatusor H. ovatus.95. Leucosia ocellata, Bell.A female example was obtained in the Arafura Sea at 32-36 fms.(No. 160).There are besides in the Museum collection only the specimen referredto by Bell as from " Eastern Australia." which was obtainedat Cape Capricorn, on the Queensland coast (J. MacAiillivray , H.M.S.'Eattlesnake '), and one without special locality collected by F. M.Eayner (H.M.S. ' Herald').Mr. Haswell records this species from Keppel Bay, Queensland.96. Leucosia whitei.Leucosia whitei, Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 289, pi. xxxi. fig. 2(1855) ;Cat. Leucosiidce Brit. Mus. p. 9 (1855) ; HasiueU, Froc.Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, p. 45 (1880); Cat. Austr. Crtist. p. 118(1882).? Leucosia cheverti, Hastoell, t. c. p. 47, pi. v. fig. 2 (1880) ; Catalocjue,p. 120 (1882), var.A specimen from Flinders, Clairmont, N.E. Australia, dredged in11 fms. (No. 108), in the first collection, belongs here, and one fromPrince of Wales Channel, 9 fms. (No. 157,), second collection. Mr.Haswell records it from Princess Charlotte Bay, Cape Grenville, andBrook Island.I think that L. cheverti, Haswell, can scarcely be regarded asmore than a variety of L. ivhitei ; it is distinguished, according toits author, by the form of the front, which is obscurely (not distinctly)tridentate, and by the absence of granules on the hepaticregions. The hepatic granules, however, vary in number in thespecimens (four in number) in the Museum collection, and in oneare very obscurely marked. In two specimens from Shark Bay,W. Australia (F. M. Rayner, H.M.S. ' Herald '), which I think

g250 COLLECTIONS PROM MELANESIA.must be referred to the variety cheverti, not only are the hepaticgranules entirely absent, but also the front has not the faintesttrace of trilobation.97. Leucosia craniolaris, var. laevimana. (Plate XXVI. fig. A.)I propose thus to designate, at least provisionally, a female specimenobtained in 10 fms. at Friday Island, Torres Straits (No. 153),which is distinguished from the very numerous examples ofL. craniolaris in the Museum collection by the absence of a seriesof granules on the inner margin of the palms of the chelipedes.The carapace is narrower than is usual in L. craniolaris, verypolished and shining, and has two white spots on either side of thegastric region. The notch in the anterior margin of the thoracicsinus is less distinct than is usual in L. craniolaris. A secondspecimen from Torres Straits, in the Museum collection, resemblesDr. Coppinger's example in its narrow rhomboidal carapace, but theinner margins of the chelipedes are distinctly granulated.Specimens of Leucosia craniolaris are in the British Museum fromTranquebar( OZcZ Collection) ; Ceylon (E. W. H. Holchwortli) ; Penan{Dr. Cantor); Borneo and Chinese seas {coll. H.M.S. Samarang^)','Formosa {Mattliew Diclcson) ; Hong-Kong {Dr. W. A. Harland andW. Stinipson).98. Myra carinata, Bell.Flinders, Clairmont, N.E. Australia. A fine male dredged in11 fms. (No. 108) seems to be referable to this species, which hasbeen recorded by Mr. Haswell * from Cape Grenville.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Celebes,Macassar {coll. Dr. Bleeker), Philippines {Cuming), and Hong-Kong {Dr. W. A. Harland).These differ slightly among themselves in certain points, as e. g.the relative narrowness of the carapace, prominence of the innerand upper orbital angles, and length of the posterior spines, charactersthat may be of some importance ; but large series are needed todetermine with certainty the distinctions between the very variablespecies of this genus.99. Myra affinis, BeJl.Four specimens are referred here from Port Denison, 4 fms. (Nos.Ill, 122), first collection, and a larger female from Thursday Island,3-4 fms., second collection (No. 177), which, like the examples mentionedby Mr. Haswell from Cape Grenville and New South Wales,have a more or less distinct median longitudinal carina on thecarapace.Of M. affinis there are specimens in the British-Museum collectionfrom the Philippine Islands, Masbate, Zebu {Cuming), and fromthe Eastern seas {H.M.S. ' Samarang ') without special locality.* ' Catalogue,' p. 121 (1882).

?CRUSTACEA. 251The larger specimen closely resembles the specimens referred toM. affinis in the Museum collection, and scarcely differs from M. mammillarisexcept in the (relatively) somewhat longer, more acutemedian spine of the posterior margin, and shorter chelipedes ; and Ithink it probable that a larger series would demonstrate the necessityof uniting the two species. The younger examples may be distinguishedfrom those referred to iM. australis by their narrower carapace,and the longer, more acute, and non-recurved posterior marginalspines.100. Myra mammillaris, Bell.An adult male is in the collection from Port Denison, 4 fms.(?ô. 111).There are in the Museum collection specimens from Adelaide,S. Austraha (purchased), and others without special locality.101. Myra australis, i/asweZ/Mvra mammillaris (young), Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser 2, Zool. i.p. 239, pi. xxxviii. tigs. 25-27 (1877).? Myra australis, Hasioell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 50, pi. v.fig. 3 (1880); Catalixjve, p. 122 (1882).Three specimens are referred doubtfuUy to this form from PortMolle, 14 fms. (No. 93), and one from Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 122)(first collection) ; also a male from Thursday Island, 3-4 fms.(No. 177), two females from the same locality, 4-5 fms, (No. 165),(to the back of one of which is attached a fine specimen of a speciesof Acetabularia), and two males from Prince of Wales Channel,obtained at 7 fms. (No. 142) and 9 fms. (No. 157).In some of the specimens I have examined the carapace is muchmore evenly granulated than in others, and they also differ in themore or less recurved posterior median spine and the greater orlesser dilatation of the intestinal region ; in some females the postabdomenis comparatively narrow, whereas in others it covers thewhole of the sternal surface. Although some of the larger specimensapproach nearly in their characters to 31. mammillaris, yet,as all may be distinguished by their more orbiculate carapace, moreacutely-angulated pterygostomian regions, the more or less recurvedposterior median spine, and relatively shorter chelipedes, I prefer toadopt for them, at least provisionally, Mr. Haswell's specific name.I should add, however, that in Mr. Haswell's figure the male postabdomenis represented as shorter than in our specimens, with thesides somewhat constricted at base of the terminal segment.There are specimens from Shark Pay, West Australia, in theMuseum collection (H.M.S. Hera " Id') which probably belong here,but in one (a female) the granulations of the carapace are veryindistinct.

—;252 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.102. PMyxia crassipes, Bell.Of this species, which is said by Mr. Haswell to bo extremelycommon at Port Jacksou, a very small male was dredged at thatlocality in 5-7 fms. (No. 104), and another, larger, male in 0-5 fms.(second collection).Besides the specimens from Port Jackson {Cuming and /. Macgillivray)mentioned by Bell, the Museum possesses one from FlindersIsland, Bass Straits {F. M. Rapier, H.M.S. Herald ' '), and others,without special locality, from Dr. Bowerbank and W. A. Mile.s,Esq.It is of interest to note that there are two other species of thisgenus recorded from Port Jackson, and agreeing with Plilyxia crassipesin possessing a 4-lobed front, which yet appear to be distinctthey are Phhjxia quadridentata* , a species recorded from PortJackson by Stimpson, and Phhjxia ramsai/i, Haswell (t. c. p. 127).103. Phlyxia lambriformis.Phlyxia lambriformis, Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc.xxi. p. 304, pi. xxxiv.\ fig. 2 (1855); Cat. Leucos. Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1855); Hasivell,Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 124 (1882).Phlyxia petleyi, Haswell, t. c. p. 125, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1882).A female was received with Dr. Coppinger's second collectionfrom Prince of Wales Channel, 9 fms. (No. 157), and four males anda female from Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. (mostly No. 173).There are, besides, two specimens in the British Museum fromthe ' Eattlesnake ' collection, obtained at Bass Straits, and onefrom the same collection without special locality.It is recorded by Mr. Haswell from Princess Charlotte Bay andHolborn Island near Port Denison, and also from Port Molle, WhitsundayPassage (as P.petleyi).After a careful comparison of Mr. Haswell's description andfigure of P. petleyi in the Catalogue of Australian Stalk- and SessileeyedCrustacea with Prof. Bell's types of P. lambriformis in theMuseum collection, I am unable to regard the two as distinctspecies. Prof. Bell's figure is from an adult male in which therostrum, tubercles of the carapace, and teeth of the antero-lateralmargins are all very prominent, whereas Mr. Haswell's descriptionwas based upon a female and smaller male. Moreover, Bell's shortdescription is misleading in one or two particulars e.g. he describesthe carapace as carinated, whereas the keel in question extends onlyover the depressed postfrontal portion of the carapace, from theback of the rostrum to the gastric region,104. Niirsia sinuata, Miers.Of this species three specimens, a male and two females, are inthe collection (No. 123), but, unfortunately, the exact locality is not* Ebalia quadridentata. Gray, Zool. Miscell. ii. p. 40 (1831).

CRUSTACEA. 253known. In the smallest (immature) female the postabdomen isrelatively narrow, and does not, as in the adult, coverthe whole ofthe sternal surface.Nursia abbreviata, Bell, must be added to the list of the Australianspecies of this family, since the specimens in the British-Museumcollection are from Moreton Bay, and were purchased with the typesof N, sinuata from the same locality.105. Nursilia dentata, Bell.In the first collection is a female from Flinders, Clairmont, N.E.Australia, 11 fms. (No. 108), and in the second an adult female andtwo smaller males from the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160).These do not differ from the type (a female, without special indicationof locality, from the ' Samarang ' collection) in the BritishMuseum, except in the somewhat more prominent spines and marginalteeth of the carapace.Mr. Haswell mentions the occurrence of this species at the FitzroyIslands.There is in the collection of the British Museum a female fromthe Fiji Islands, Matuka {H.M.8. 'Herald'), in which the smallspines or tubercles of the gastric, hepatic, and branchial regions arenearly obliterated, as are also the lobes or teeth of the lateralmargins.In the final consignment of the collections of H.M.S. 'Alert' is aspecimen from the Seychelles. Hence this species is evidently distributedthroughout the Oriental region.106. IpMculus spongiosus, Adams Sf WJiiie.A small male was dredged in the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms.(No. 160), which agrees with the larger specimens from the PhilippineIslands, Corregidor (Ciiminr/), and another specimen withoutdefinite locality, from the Samarang ' ' collection, in the BritishMuseum.Prof. Bell is certainly right in classing this genus with theLeucosiidsD, and in stating that it has no near afiinities with theParthenopidae, as supposed by Adams and White.107. Arcania pulcherrima, Haswell.Arcania septemspinosa, Bell, Tram. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 310, pi. xxxiv.fig. 7 (1855) ; Cat. Leucos. Brit. Mus. p. 21 (1855). Ârcauia pulcherrima, Haswell, Pruc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv. p. 58,pi. yi. tig. 4 (1880) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 131 (1882).An adult female from Prince of Wales Channel, 9 fms. (No. 157),and a smaller male from the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160), arereferred here.A comparison of Mr. Haswell's description and figure oi A.pul-

25-4 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.cherrima, from Darnley Island, with Eell's type of A. septemspinosa.(whicli is registered as from Borneo, and is not, as Bell states, ofunknown locality) in the Museum collection establishes the identityof the two species. There is in reality no median posterior marginalspine in A. septemspinosa, the one shown in the figure (andmade much too prominent) being the posterior spine or tubercle ofthe median longitudinal dorsal series, which is situated above theposterior margin. Hence the name septemspinosa is inappropriatefor this species ; and as, moreover, the same specific description isused in the genus Iphis, which, as I have already noticed*, isscarcely distinct from Arcania, I prefer to retain Mr. Haswell'sspecific name.108. Lithadia? sculpta, Hasioell.A male of this very interesting little species was dredged in theArafura Sea at 32-36 fms. (No. 160), where so many other remarkablespecies were obtained. A dried female is in the British Museum,from the collection of H.M.S. Samarang,' but without any 'specialindication of locality. Mr. HasweU's types were from the FitzroyIslands.109. Oreopliorus reticulatus, Adams Sf White.An adult female from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165), anda smaller specimen of the same sex from Friday Island, 10 fms.(No. 153), seem to belong to this species.The specimens in the British-Museum collection are from theStraits of Sunda {H.M.S. ^Samarang') and Philippines {Cuming).From 0. frontalis this variable species may, it would appear,always be distinguished by its very much less prominent and nonemarginatefront.110. Oreophorus frontalis. (Plate XXVI. fig. B.)The carapace is transverse and laterally produced at the branchialregions over the bases of the ambulatory legs ; the margins ofthe carapace at this part form a distinct angle x^dth the anterolateralmargins. The front is very prominent, and divided by avery shallow median notch into two rounded lobes ; it is uniformlygranulated above. The surface of the carapace (seen under a sufficientmagnifying-power) is granulated, the granules most numeroustowards the posterior and postero-lateral margins, and, where notgranulated, it is closely and finely punctulated ; the hepatic regionsare separated from the adjoining parts by a well-defined semicircularsuture, the branchial regions near to the middle line are stronglyconvex. There is a prominent triangLilar acute lobe on the pterygostomianregions. All the postabdominal segments appear to bedistinct, the postabdomen, sternal surface, and inferior parts of thecarapace generally being granulated ; a more prominent tubercle* Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 317 (1880).

CEUSTACEA. 255exists on the fifth segment ; the terminal segment is much narrowerthan the preceding, acute and constricted at base. The eyes areplaced in very small orbits ; the antennules lie in oblique fossettes ;the bases of the antennas are almost completely fused with the surroundingparts of the carapace (in the single specimen examined),and scarcely any trace remains of a flagellum. The merus-joint ofthe outer maxillipedes is triangulate, and shorter than the preceding ;the exognath has its outer margin straight, and, although robust, isnarrower than the ischium of the endognath, it does not reach tothe extremity of the merus-joint. The chelipedes are subequal andof moderate length, with the joints granulated, but otherwise unarmed; merus trigonous ; carpus very short ;palm externally ratherconvex, with an angulated prominence on its inner surface, shorterthan the fingers, which externally are longitudinally sulcated, meetalong their inner margins when closed (these margins being minutelydenticulated), and are concave internally toward and somewhatincurved at the tips. The ambulatory legs (which are partiallyconcealed beneath the carapace) have all the joints strongly granulated; the dactyle slender, and longer than the preceding joints.The colour (in spirit) of the single specimen is nearly white. Lengthnot quite 3 lines (6 millim.), breadth nearly 4 lines (8 millim.).The single specimen was collected at Port Molle, 5-12 fms.(No. 118), and is a male, the first, I believe, recorded of this genus.The very prominent front seems to distinguish this species fromall hitherto recorded, except Oreopliorus jp^tneus*, from NewCaledonia, which is only distinguished by the much shorter,more dilated immobile fingers of the chelipedes, and by having thelateral margins of the carapace marked by three closed fissures,whereas in 0. frontalis there are but two, which meet behind andcircumscribe the hepatic region. There are two specimens thatprobably belong to 0. petneus in the collection of the Museum, froniShark Bay, W. Australia {F. M. Ecn/ner, H.M.S. Herald ' '). Theseforms are certainly intermediate between Oreophorus and Tlos, butseem to me to have more affinity with the former gejius, since inTlos muriger, Ad. & White (the typical species), the front is not atall prominent, and its margin, with the antero-lateral margins ofthe carapace, is dorsally reflexed.In the elongated fingers it resembles 0. rugosus, Stimpson, asfigured by A. Milne-Edwards t, from the Loochoo Islands and CochinChina, which, however, has a much less prominent front and thecarapace more coarsely punctulated, and is without the hepaticsulcus. Mr. Haswell (Cat. p. 130) records 0. ru'gosus from PortDenison ; but as his description is merely abbreviated from that ofMilne-Edwards, I am unable to say Avhether the specimens there"coUected afford any basis for uniting 0. rngosus and 0. frontalis.* Tlos petrceus, A. M.-Edwards, ISouv. Arcli. Mus. Hist. Nat. x. p. 51, pi. iii.fig. 1 (1874).t Ann. Soc. Entom. France, ser. 4, r. p. lo2, pi. ti. fig. 3 (1865).

256 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.111. Matuta victrix (i^rt6r.).Two males are in the collection from the Percy Islands, Queensland,0-5 fms. (No. 91).Of this common species specimens are in the British-Museumcollection from Torres Straits (J. B. Jukes), and Shark Bay (F.M. Maj/ner, H.M.S. Herald ' '). Also from the lied Sea, Zanzibar(Dr. Kirk) ; Pondicherry, Indian Ocean (Gen. Hardiulcke) ; Madras(India Mus. coll.); Ceylon (E. W. H. Holdsiuorth) ; Penang (India.Mus. coll.) ; Celebes, Macassar, Bali, and Batjan (coll. Dr. Bleeker) ;Borneo (Admiralti/).Of the very distinct variety crehrepanctata, Miers, there arespecimens from Japan (Leyden coll.), Fiji Islands, Vanua Levu (F.M. Rayner), and MallicoUo, New Hebrides (W. WyJceham Perry).112. Matuta inermis. (Plate XXVI. fig. C.)I must, at least provisionally, thus designate a female fromAlbany Island, 3-4 fms., two small males from ThursdayIsland, 3-4 fms. (No. 177), three from Prince of Wales Channel,7 fms. (No. 169), and four collected in Torres Straits at 10 fms.(No. 158), also four specimens (of which three are very small,and the fourth, a male, but little larger) from the ' Herald ' collection(F. M. Rayner), without definite locality, in the British-Museum collection. In all of these specimens the carapace is ratherlonger than broad, proportionately longer and narrower than in otherspecies of the genus ; the tubercles of the carapace are arranged nearlyas in AI. hanlsii, which this species further resembles in having theanterior half of the carapace coarsely and distinctly granulated. Thelong lateral marginal spines, however, which exist in every otherspecies of Matuta are in M. inermis obsolete and represented merelyby a small tubercle. The interrupted ridge on the middle of theouter surface of the palm is parallel with the inferior margin, andthe outer surface of the mobile finger presents scarcely any trace ofa longitudinal ridge (fig. c). Hence this species is to be referred tomy second section (B) of the genus. The chelipedes difi'er, however,from those of M. banJcsii and other species in having the carpusdistinctly granulated, and in having no spine, but only a tubercle,at the proximal end of the ridge on the exterior surface of the palm,&c. (see the figure). Length of the specimen from Albany Islandabout 10 lines (21 millim.), breadth about 9| (20 millim.). The maleabove referred to is somewhat smaller. In only a few of the specimensis any trace of coloration to be seen ; and in these examples themarkings are in the form of largish patches or blotches, sometimesdefined by darker marginal lines, and in some of the spirit-specimensthere are longitudinal waved lines on the posterior regions.No reference was made to this species in my " Monograph of thegenus Matuta," * because the few specimens then before me were* Tvans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 243 (1877).

CRUSTACEA.. 257without locality, and being also of very small size, I was uncertain,whether to regard them as belonging at all to this genus, andif so, whether they might not represent an immature condition ofone of the known species. This, I am inclined to think, cannot bepossible, since there are one or two Matatce in the collection noku'ger than M. inennis, in which nevertheless the lateral spines aredistinctly developed and the carapace of the normal width. Inthe obsolescence of the lateral spines 31. inennis resembles the genusCryptosoma ; but in the form of the chelipedes and of the dactyli ofthe swimming-legs and in the mouth-organs it is altogether a Matuta.113. Calappa hepatica (Linn.).An adult male was obtained near Clairmont on a coral-reef(No. 151).Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the followingAustralian localities Trinity Bay, N.E. Australia (J. Macgillivray,H.M.S. Eattlesnake ' '), also from Bramble Key and West Hill {J.B. Jul-es). Hess records it from Sydney.I have already * referred to the extended geographical range ofthis common species, which is more generally known by Fabricius'sdesignation C. tiiberculata.114. Dorippe dorsipes.Cancer dorsipes, Zin7i. Mas. Lud. Ulricce, p. 452 (1764) ; Syst. Nat.ed. xii. p. 1053 (1766), not of Itumphiifs, Fabricius, or Herbst.Cancer frascone, Herbst, Natiirg. Ki-abben etc. i. p. 192, pi. xi. fig. 70(1790).P Cancel- quadridens, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 464 (1793).Dorippe quadridens, Fubr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 361 (1798) : De Kaan,Fnnn. Japan., Crust, p. 121, pi. xxxi. fig. 3 (1841) White,;ListOr. Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1847) ;Stimpson, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil.p. 163 (1858).Dorippe atropos and D. nodulosa, Lamarch, Syst. Anim. sans Vert.V. p. 245 (1818).Dorippe quadridentata, M.-Edw. IList. Nat. Crust, ii. p. 157 (1837);Hih/endorf, Monatsh. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 812 (1878) Haswell,Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 137;(1882).To this species are referred a male from Port Molle, 14 fms. (No.93) ; another from Port Denison, 4 fms. ; a female from Flinders,Clairmont, N.E. Australia, 11 fms. ; and a small male in very imperfectcondition from Thursday Island, 4-6 fms. (No. 130), inwhich the carapace is narrower than usual. All of the above from thefirst collection. In the second collection, three small specimens fromthe Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160), probably belong here.Another very small example from Friday Island, 10 fms. (No. 153),which has the carapace glabrous, but tuberculatcd nearly as in D.dorsipes, I cannot assign with certainty to any species.* Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 491 (1879).

;258 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.I designate this common species (which is usually referred tounder the Fabrician name quadridens or quadrldentata) D. dorsipes,because Linna3us's somewhat detailed description in the ' MuseumLudovicse Ulricse ' agrees with it excellently in almost every particular,and more especially as regards the disposition of the spineson the postabdominal segments of the male, where, however, itmust be noted that there is usually a tubercle on the first postabdominalsegment, which is described by Linnaeus as " itiermis.'' In thefemale there are between the larger spines or tubercles of the postabdominalsegments several smaller spinules. If this species be nottruly I), dorsipes of Linnaeus, it would appear (as Hilgendorf notes)that Herbst's name of D. frascone has stiU priority over the Pabriciandesignation.Of this species there are specimens in the British-Museum collectionfrom several localities on the North-eastern coast of Australia,e. g., Torres Straits (J. B. Jidces), Dunk Island (J. Macgillivray,H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake '), and near Cumberland Island (J. Macgillivray); also a small specimen from Shark Bay, W. Australia (F.M. Rayner, H.M.S. ' Herald '), in which the eye-peduncles are relativelymuch longer, probably belongs here. There are, besides,specimens in the Museum collection from the Indian Ocean (Bardwicl-e); Ceylon {E. W. H. JBoldsivorth) ; Philippine Islands ( Cuming) ;Jajân {Leyden collection); and China seas {E. Swinhoe).There are in the Museum collection two specimens from Shanghai,which have the carapace and ambulatory legs much more tomentose,the median spines of the front less prominent, and the right-handchela (in the male) considerably developed, with the palm swollenand vertically very deep ; they are probably only old and large specimensof this species.Three female specimens from China only differ in the remarkablebreadth of the carapace at the branchial regions, and the larger sizeof some of the wart-like tubercles of the dorsal surface, and areprobably not distinct. A specimen from Canton Province (Dr. Cantor)approaches in the lesser width of the carapace ordinary femalesof D. dorsipes. In all of these the postabdomen is deficient.Finally, two specimens from Zebu, Philippines (Cuming), whichWhite has referred to D. callida, Fabr., only differ in the slenderlegs and in the obsolescence of the tubercles of the carapace, whosesurface, however, is uneven and elevated where these tuberclesordinarily exist. They may be distinct or only a variety of D.dorsipes.115. Dorippe australiensis. (Plate XXVI. fig. D.)I thus designate a small example obtained at Port Denison, 4 fms.also two specimens from Moreton Bay (purcliased), and four fromthe Australian coast (Dr. Bowerbank) , but without any special indicationof locality, in the British-Museum collection.This form is evidently very nearly allied to D. grcmidata, De

—CETJ8TACEA. 259Haan, from the Japanese seas*, but differs from his descriptionand figure, and from a Japanese specimea in the Museum collection,in the followingcharacters :—The carapace is somewhat moredepressed, and granulated onlj' toward the sides, the gastric andcardiac regions being smooth ; the second and third legs are naked,the merus-joints much slenderer and less compressed than in D. granulata,and smooth, not granulated ;the following joint is bicarinatedas in D. granidata, but the carince are not granulated. lu thesingle male example of B. (jranulata I have seen, the palm of thelarger (right) chelipedo is granulated on its outer surface, in D. australiensisit is smooth. These observations and the figure (jl) of thechela are based on adult examples received from Dr. Bowerbank, asthe specimen received from Dr. Coppinger is very small and is, moreover,a female. This species is also very nearly allied to D. astuta,Fabricius ; but in specimens referred to the latter from the IndianOcean and the Philippines, in the Museum collection, the carapace issmooth and narrower, the legs slender, and the carpus-joint in thesecond and third pairs not longitudinally bicarinated. In D. sima,M.-Edw., on the contrary, the second and thii-d legs are much morerobust, and there is a strong spine at the inner suborbital angle,which is wanting in the three species above mentioned.ANOMUEA.1. Cryptodromia lateralis.PDromia lateralis, Grai/, Zool. Miscell. p. 40 (1831).Dromia verrucosipes, White, List Crust. Brit. Mas. p. 55 (1847).Cryptodromia lateralis, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 239(1858) ; Heller, Reise der Novara, Crust, p. 71 (1865) ; Miers,Cat. Neiv-Zeal, Crust, p. 57 (1876) ; Hasivell, Cut. Austr. Crust.p. 139 (1882).A male from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms. (No. 104), is referred to thisspecies. Specimens from the same locahty are in the British-Museumcollection {Antarctic Expedition and J. Brazier). Other Australianlocalities indicated by specimens in the British Museum are :Nicol 'Qq,}- {M. du Boiday); Brisbane {Cimiing); Tasmania {Cuming,Ronald Qunn) ; Bass Straits [J. Macgillivrcui, H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake');Fremantle {Dr. Bowerbanlc); King George's Sound, West Australia{F. M. Bayner, H.M.S. Herald ' ') ; also from Japan, Madjicahimsi{H.M.S. ' Samarang'), Philippine Islands, Bohol {Cuming),and New Zealand.This species is without doubt the Cryptodromia lateralis ofHeller ; and Dr. Gray's short diagnosis also agrees with our specimensso far as it serves ; but he does not mention one of the mostsalient characteristics of the species—the nodosities of the chelipedesand ambulatory legs. In certain of the specimens, however, theseprominences are much less apparent, and the longitudinal carinoe of* In Siebold, Fauua Japonica, Crust, p. 122, pi. xxxi, fig. 2 {sima), 1841.s2

;260 COIIECTIONS TROM MELANESIA.the penultimate and antepenultimate joints of the ambulatory legsare more distinct.2. Petalomera pulchra. (Plate XXVII. fig. A.)Carapace somewhat oblong-oval, and a little longer than broad,moderately convex and granulated ; its anterior parts are ratherthinly pubescent, the front in its median portion is nearly verticallydeilexed (see fig. a) ; the lateral frontal lobes are prominent, in adorsal view triangulate, and are separated from one another by adeeply concave interspace. The upper orbital margin is thin, prominent,and entire ; there is a small notch at the outer angle ; thesides of the carapace are armed with three small teeth placed in anoblique series, the anterior of which is situated upon the subhepaticregion ; the carapace in front of these teeth is somewhat coarselygranulated. Distinct longitudinal ridges exist on the endostome orpalate. The sternal sit Zfi in the female are remote from one another,and terminate in tubercles which are situated a little behind thebases of the second pair of legs (see fig. a'). The eyes are ofmoderate length, cornese distinct ; the peduncles of the antennae arerather robust ; the second joint somewhat longer than the first orthe third. The merus-joint of the outer maxillipedes is about aslong as the ischium, truncated at its distal end, and without anynotch at its antero-external angle where the next joint articulateswith it. The chelipedes are subequal : the merus has its uppermargin produced into a high arched crest, its inner surface is smoothand polished, its outer pubescent, the inner and lower margin issharp-edged and entire ; the wrist and palm are also slightly cristatedabove, and have their outer surfaces granulated and pubescentthe wrist has two larger tubercles or prominences at its distal end ;the granules on the palm disposed in six longitudinal series ; fingerssomewhat shorter than the palm and meeting along their regularlyserrated inner edges when closed, excavate and naked at the apices.The ambulatory legs are pubescent and moderately robust ; themerus-joint of the first pair has its upper margin produced (as in thechelipedes) into a high arched crest, in the next pair this joint isnot specially dilated and its upper margin is straight : the last twolegs terminate in a small curved claw, but the penultimate joint hasno terminal spiniform process. Colour (in spirit) greyish or cinereous.Length of carapace nearly ^ inch (19 millim.), breadth^ lines (18 millim).The females were obtained in Prince of Wales Channel, 7-9 fms.This species is distinguished from P. gramdatcf, 8timpson, thetype of the genus, from Kajosima, Japan, by the absence of a distinctsupraocular tooth, and by the non-cristated merus-joint of thethird pair of legs, &c. It cannot be confounded with any of theAustralian Dromice described by Mr. Haswell (Catal. pp. 139-141).

CKTJSTACEA. 261PARATYMOLUS, Miers.The affinity of Paratymolus, and partictQarly of the later describedspecies P. latipes, Haswell, and P. sexspinosus, Miers, with Telmessusis pointed out by Mr. Haswell, and is undeniable, notwithstandingthe very differently shaped carapace of Telmessus, and the fact thatin that genus the basal antenna! joint has its outer margin producedinto a broad triangulate lobe which enters the inner orbital hiatus.The affinities of Pamtymolas with Homola are also very evident,and I have already referred to them. In P. pubesccns and P. hituberculatusthe distal margin of the merus-joint of the outer maxillipedesis somewhat rounded as in certain Inachidse, to which familythis genus further approximates in its slender basal antennal joint.Whether the genus Pcwatymohis be associated with Telmessus or not,its affinities are, I think, with the Maioid Anomura, to which alsoHomola belongs, rather than with the Corystidte. I retain thisgenus therefore for the present near the Dromiidse, where alsoHaswell keeps it.3. Paratymolus bituberculatus, Haswell, var. gracilis.A male is in the collection, from Prince of Wales Channel,7-9 fms., which is thus designated with some hesitation. The principalcharacter distinguishing P. hituhcrculatus from P. puhescens isto be found in the subtriangulate chela, the upper distal end ofwhich is produced into a more or less prominent tooth ; the teeth onthe posterior margins of the merus and palm, which are verydistinctly indicated in Mr. Haswell's figure, exist in Dr. Coppinger sspecimen only as small tuberculiform setigerous prominences ; and,moreover, the spine in front of the principal hepatic spine, whichexists in the type specimens of P. puhescens and of P. bituberculatus,is wanting in the example from Prince of Wales Channel, whichshould not improbably be separated as a distinct species.A mutilated female, in which both chelipedes are deficient, fromThursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 177), greatly resembles the type ofP. puhescens, Miers *, from Matoya, in the form of the carapace andnumber and disposition of its spines and tubercles, differing only inthe somewhat less prominent rostrum, and may perhaps belong tothat species.4. Paratymolus sexspinosus. (Plate XXVII. fig. B.)This form is a near ally of the Paratymolus latipes described byMr. Haswell, but differs in the following particulars :—The lobes ofthe rostrum are blunter, and the median notch much smaller ; theantero-lateral margins of the carapace are armed with only threesynnes or teeth, including the praiocular spine, the postocular beingdeficient ; the chelipedes and ambulatory legs in tho specimensexamined (which, however, are females) are slenderer; tho merus-* Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 45, pi. ii. fig. G (1879).

;262 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.joints of the chelipedes have three or four granules or spinules onthe posterior, but none on the anterior margin, and the pahn iswithout either granules or spinules ; the ambulatory legs are muchless dilated and compressed than in Mr. Haswell's figure*.From Parati/molus puhescens and P. hituhercidatus this form isdistinguished not merely by the different shape and tuberculation ofthe carapace, but also by the shorter eye-peduncles and secondantennal joint, aud by the more dilated last joint of the peduncleof the autenufe, and the more distinctly operculiforra maxillipedes,which are altogether of the Maioid type, with nearly quadratemerus-joints (see fig. h). The legs also are more robust. Colour(in spirit) light yellowish brown. Length of carapace of an adultfemale with ova nearly 3| lines (7 millim.), greatest breadth nearly3 lines (6 millim.) ; length of chelipede about 3| lines (7 miUim,), ofsecond ambulatory leg about 5 lines (11 millim.).Three specimens (females) are in the collection from Priday Island,10 fms. (No. 153). The distinctions between the two forms aboveenumerated are, I think, too marked to be due to sex. The sex ofMr. Haswell's types from Port Denison and Port Jackson is notstated, but the figure of the postabdomen nearly resembles that ofour adult female P. sexspinosus.5. Diogenes rectimanus. (Plate XXYII. fig. C.)The carapace is depressed, with the sides in front of the branchialregions uneven and with a few hairs ; the lateral margins armedwith three or four spinules ; the frontal margin broadly sinuated,with scarcely any trace of a median prominence, but with distiactlateral spinules, situated between the bases of the eye-peduncles andantennae : the branchial regions are but little dilated ; the rostralscale is linear, acute, and reaches nearly to the apices of the ophthalmicscales, which are broadly ovate, with three or four minutedenticules at their distal ends. The postabdomen is clothed withlongish hairs, and has four filamentous appendages on its left side,its fifth and sixth segments are protected by dorsal calcareous platesthe terminal segment is slightly transverse, divided by a mediannotch into two rounded lobes, which are ciliated aud spinulose onthe margins. The eye-peduncles are nearly as long as the transversewidth of the frontal margin of the carapace, much shorter than theantennal peduncles, with the cornese not dilated. The penultimatejoint of the peduncle of the slender antennules reaches just beyondthe apex of the eye-peduncles ; the antepenultimate joint of thepeduncle of the antennae is prolonged into a spine, which reachesnearly to the apex of the following joint ; this spine is armed on itsinner margin with a series of sraaller spinules, and there is a smallerspine on its outer side at base ; the terminal peduncular joint reachesbeyond the eye-peduncles ; the joints of the fiagella are friugedbelow with long flexible hairs. The outer and lower margin of the* Anu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 303, pi. xvi. figs. 3-5 (1880).

—ORTJSTiCEA. 263trigonous meriis-joint of the larger (left) chelipede is armed withthree or four spinules at its distal extremity : the carpus is butlittle shorter than the palm and granulated externally, the graimleson the upper margin increasing in size to the distal end, where theyare spinuliform : the palm also is externally granulated and pubescent; the lower margin is in a straight line with the lower marginof the immobile finger, and is armed with several much larger acutespinules; a few somewhat large granules exist also at the base of thepalm, and others are arranged in a longitudinal series along the outersurface parallel to the upper margin, and also along the upper marginof the palm and of the dactyl, which is about as long as the palm, flattenedexternally, and fitting closely against v|;he lower finger, havingon its inner margin near the base a rounded lobe, which is receivedinto a corresponding cavity in the inner margin of the lower finger.The smaller chelipede has the slender wrist and hand clothed withyellowish hairs ; the wrist armed above with small spinules arrangedin two longitudinal series. The second and third ambulatory legs areslender and thinly pubescent, with the dactyli arcuated and ratherlonger than the foregoing joints. The fourth and fifth legs are subchelate,the small dactyl impinging against the broad spongy padwhich terminates the penultimate joint. The filamentary appendagesof the postabdomen are clothed with long hairs. The left uropod onlyis perfect ; it has the inner ramus larger than the outer. The colouris whitish, with faint indications of pink upon the legs. Length ofthe carapace about 4 lines (nearly 9 millim.), of the left chelipedeabout 9 lines (19 millim.), of the third ambulatorj leg about 11 lines(23 miUim.).The single example in Dr. Coppinger's collection is from Princeof Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 169).This species scarcely differs from B. spinulimanus, Miers, except inthe longer slenderer rostrum, denticulated ophthalmic scales, and inhaving the lower margin of the immobile finger in a straight linewith the lower margin of the palm (fig. c), whereas in the typicalD. spimdimanus the lower finger is bent downward and the ophthalmicscales subeutire. In D. penicillatus the eyes are muchshorter, there is a median rostral spine, and the left chela has adouble series of spinules above.It may be distinguished from the species of Diogenes included inMr. Haswell's Australian Catalogue (pp. 156, 157) as follows :From D. miles, Fabr., by the much less spinulose chelipedes andshorter tarsi of the ambulatory logs ; from I), custos, Fabr., by thenarrower, non-denticulated, rostriform appendage ; from D. granulatus,Miers, by the very different form and armature of the larger(left) chelipede, &c. ; and from D. sencx, Heller, by the shorterrostrum and eye-peduncles, which latter do not reach to the end ofthe peduncles of the antenna), the different spinulation of the palmsof the chelipedes, &c.

;264 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.6. Pagurus imbricatus, M.-Edtv.A specimen which I believe to be an adult male is referred herefrom Thursday Island, 3-4 fms. (No. 145), an adult female from thesame locality and depth (No. 175), and a smaller male from Prince ofWales Channel, 9 fms. (No. 157).Specimens also are in the British-Museum collection from SharkBay, W. Australia {Bcajner, H.M.S. Herald '').The smaller examples agree very well with Milne-Edwards's briefdescription*. As, however, the animal increases in size, smallgranules or prominences are developed upon the anterior margins ofthe flattened tubercles or scales of the outer surface of the leftchelipede, which in the male from I'hursday Island are large enoughto give it a uniformly granulated appearance.7. Pagurus hessii. (Plate XXVIII. fig. A.)Carapace depressed, with a few hairs on the sides near the front,the cervical suture distinctly defined; the branchial regions butmoderately dilated on the sides ; with no m.edian rostral tooth, butwith the lateral frontal teeth (situated just outside of the bases ofthe eye-peduncles) triangulate and subacute; lateral margins withoutspines. Ophthalmic segment, between the eyes, completelyuncovered. Terminal postabdominal segment divided by a mediannotch into two unequal rounded lobes. Eye-peduncles robust, inthe adult shorter than the width of the front, with the cornesBconsiderably dilated ; tlieir basal scales with a rounded lobe on theirouter margins, and with their apices subtruncated and armed withtwo or three spinules. The peduncles of the anteunules in the adultscarcely reach to the end of the eye-peduncles ; the antepenultimateand penultimate joints of the peduncles of the antenn£e each bear asmall spinu.le above, besides the longer acicidum which projects fromthe dorsal surface of the penultimate joint, which has one or twosmaller spinules on its inner margin; the joints of the antennalflagella are almost naked. The coxae of the outer maxillipedes andchelipedes are almost contiguous. The chelipedes are nearly equaland of moderate size ; the merus-joints trigonous, the margins (inthe adult) armed with a few spinules toward the distal extremityupper and outer surface of the wrists scantily hairy and spinulose,the spinules arranged in three longitudinal series; palms ratherturgid, about as long as the fingers, spinulose and hairy, the spinulessmaller and more crowded below, larger and more distinctly longitudinallyseriate on the upper and outer margins ; fingers spinuloseand hairy, with subexcavate dark corneous tips, and opening somewhatobliquely. The last three joints of the first and second ambulatorj'legsare hairy and spinulose above; the terminal joints slender,longer than the preceding, and externally longitudinally caualiculatedon the inner surface, bearing a series of oblique sulci which arebordered with hairs. Both the fourth and fifth legs are chelate* Ann. Fci. Nat. ser. 3, Zool. x. p. 61 (1848).

:CRUSTACEA. 265the dactyli well developed and impinging against the producedscabrous infero-distal lobe of the preceding joint. The postabdomen(in the female) has on its left side three appendages, articulatedwith as many membranaceous dorsal plates, and each terminatingin four filaments or tiagella, which are clothed with long hairs. Theuropods on one side are imperfect, their rami ê margined withrather long hairs ; the segment with which they are articulated hasa longitudinal groove on its dorsal surface. The coloration (whichis probably faded in both the specimens examined) is yellowish orwhitish, with very faint pink reticulations in the larger specimen ;the chelae are pink, the eye-peduncles bordered on the sides withbroad longitudinal bands' of brownish pink; the under and innersurfaces of the last two joints of the second and third legs are ofthe same colour. The length of the carapace (in the larger specimen)is about 1 inch 5 lines (37millim.), the length of the third(right) leg exceeds 3| inches (90 millim.) ; but the specimen beingdried, its exact dimensions cannot be given.Of this species a rather small adult female was taken in theArafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (No. 160). A much larger female, in mutilatedcondition, wanting the postabdomen, is among the Banksianspecimens in the British-Museum collection, from which the descriptionis mainly taken.This species resembles Clibanarius, and differs from most speciesof Fagurus in the subequal spinulose chelipedes ; in the structureof the ophthalmic segment of the eyes, the absence of a rostrum,and in other points it is a true Pagurus. In P. platytliorax, Stm., aspecies with equal chelipedes, the chelae and legs are not spinulose.The Pagurus minutus, Hess (vide Haswell, Cat. p. 156), fromSydney, is too briefly described for certain identification, but seemsto be distinguished from P. rubrovittatus by the shorter antennalappendages and tubercidated non-spinuliferous chelipedes.8. Clibanarius taeniatus.Pagairus clibanarius, Quoy ^- Gaimard in Voy. de VJJranie, Zoologie,Crust, p. 5:i9, pi. Ixxviii. fig. 1 (1824).Pagurus taeniatus, M.-Edwards, Ann. Sei. Nat. ser. 3, Zool. x. p. 62•* (1848).Clibauarius taeniatus, Sti^npson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 235(1858).A single male was obtained at Port Molle, inhabiting a shell of aspecies of Purpura. Another specimen, presenting a preciselysimilar system of coloration, is in the British-Museum collectionf om Shark ây {F. M. Pagner, H.M.S. Herald '').These specWens agree with the figure of Quoy and Gaimard, anddiff'er from the sjOimens referred to C. vulgaris in the collection ofthe British Museum, in having the carapace (as well as the ambulatorylegs) marked with longitudinal pale lines bordered with redin the specimens referred to P. vulgaris this coloration does not existupon the carapace; the eye-peduncles are somewhat longer and

266 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.slenderer, the chelae less swollen toward the base, and armed abovewith stronger spinules, which are Avhite, and contrast strongly withthe red ground-colour of the palms. It is possible, but I do notthink it probable, that this species is a variety of C. vulgaris ; thefigure of Quoy and Gaimard was originally cited by M.-Edwards assynonymous with that species ;nor can I be certain that the distinctionsmentioned exist in M.-Edwards's C. vulgaris, not having seenthe types.Another very small specimen of this genus is in the collection fromPort Molle (No. 118), which can scarcely be referred with certaintyto any species.9. Eupagurus compressipes. (Plate XXVIII. fig. B.)The carapace is nearly smooth, moderately dilated at the branchialregions, with the cervical suture very distinctly defined ; the frontalmargin between the eyes is very little prominent, and there is nomedian rostriform projection, and but two small triangular teethon the frontal margin, situate one on the outer side of each eyepeduncle.The eye-peduncles are shorter than the carapace is widein front, robust, and have the cornese somewhat dilated ; theirbasal scales are dilated at base, narrow, subacute, and entire atapex, with the margins ciliated but not denticulated. Antennularyflagella very short. The bases of the antennae bear a short spine ontheir outer margins, which docs not reach halfway to the apex of theeye-peduncles ; articulated with the dilated base of this is a longerspine, which is serrated on its inner margin, and prolonged abovethe bases of the antennae nearly to the end of the eye-peduncles, onthe inner side and at the base of which is a small spiuule. Thejoints of the flagella of the antennae are setose. The outer maxilLipedesare remote from one another at their bases, and the innermargins of the ischium-joiuts are denticulated. The legs are pubescent; the right chelipede is more robust, but little longer than theleft ; the outer margins of the merus-joints in both chelipedes arespinulose toward the distal extremities, the carpus spinuloso on itsinner margin and on its upper surface ; the hand in the largerchelipede is narrow-ovate, and very obscurely spinulose on themargins and in the middle of its outer surface, the spinules orgranules nearly concealed by the pubescence ; the fingers are rathershorter than the palm, denticulated on their inner margins, acute attheir apices, and have between them no hiatus when closed ; thesmaller (left) hand is similar, but slenderer. The first and secondambulatory legs have the joints, except the daetyli, somewhat dilatedand compressed, the merus-joints with a series of spinules on theiranterior margins ; the daetyli longer than the preceding joints,slender, somewhat compressed and curved, but not contorted. Theacute infero-distal angle of the penultimate joint of the fourth legs isproduced halfway along the inferior margin of the dactylus. Thefifth legs are subchelate, and the chelaj densely hairy. The malepostabdomen (as well as the female) bears several pairs of filiform

CRTTSTACEA. 267appendages ; the uropoda are asymmetrical ; the terminal segmentis rather deeply notched at its distal end, the lohes denticulated.Colour (in spirit) a very light orange-pink. Length of carapace ofmale about 3| lines (nearly 8 millim.), of right chelipede about 6|lines (14 millim.), of second ambulatory leg about 10 lines (21millim.).Two specimens were collected at Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 111).The larger is a male, the smaller a female with ova.E. compressives resembles E. triearinatus, Stimpson, from Japan,and E. acantholepis, Stm., from Port Jackson*, in the absence of arostrum, but is distinguished from both by the nearly smooth chel®and the more dilated joints of the first and second ambulatory lefs,and from the latter also by the somewhat dilated corneaB of the eyes,the non-canaliculate carpi of the chelipedes, &c.10. Eupagurus kirkii. (Plate XXVIII. fig. C.)In this little species the carapace is scantily hairy, with thebranchial regions moderately dilated, without any indication of arostrum, and without lateral teeth, and rounded off at the anterolateralangles. The terminal postabdominal segment has its marginsminutely spinulose, is rounded on the sides, and without a mediannotch. The eye-peduncles are slender, and about as long as thewidth of the frontal margin ; corneae small and not dilated ; ophthalmicscales small, entire, with subacute apices. The basalantennal joint is very short, aud has a very small spinulo on itsouter margin ; the dorsal aciculnm of the following joint is veryslender, and reaches very nearly to the apex of the eye-peduncles ;the flagella nearly naked. The merus-joints of the chelipedes havea small spinule at the distal ends of their upper margins ; the wristsare hairy, and spinulose above, with a series of more prominentspiuules along the inner and upper margins ; the larger (right) chelais ovate, scantily hairy, rather swollen within, externally nearly flat,with a series of small spinules along its upper and lower marginsand with some obscurely indicated granules on its outer surface : thefingers are shorter than the palm, and have between them a smallhiatus at base when closed ; the lower is granulated externally ; bothare spinulose on their outer, and toothed on their inner margins.The second and third legs are of moderate length, hairy and smoothwithout spines or tubercles ; the dactyli a trifle shorter than thepreceding joints ; the fourth legs are short and imperfectly subchclate(the infero-distal lobe of the penultimate joint being butlittle developed) ; the fifth legs apparently not subchelate, thedactyli clothed with long hairs. The uropoda are, as usual, asymmetrical; the rami with a scabrous pad on their outer surfaces.Colour (in spirit) pinkish white. Length of carapace about 3.) lines(about 7-5 millim.), of larger chelipede about Gh lines (13| millim.),of left ambulatory leg of first pair about 7 lines (15 millim.).A single male was obtained in the Arafura Sea (32-36 fms.).* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 251 (1858).

268 COllECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.From most of its congeners tliis species is distinguished by theabsence of a distinct rostrum, and the form and armature of thelarger chelipede ; the latter character will distinguish it from E.tricarinahis and E. acantholejpis, Stimpson, from Japan and PortJackson, species in which the rostrum is absent. From the foregoingspecies it is at once distinguished by the longer, slenderereye-peduncles with shorter basal scales, the form of the chelae,slenderer ambulatory legs, &c.11. Petrolisthes japonicus {De Haan), var. inermis, Haswell.Port MoUe (No. 103), several specimens obtained on the beachbetween tide-marks; Port Curtis, 7-11 fms. (jô. 85), severalspecimens.Other specimens are in the collection of the British Museum fromFaciug Island, Port Curtis (J. MacgiUivray, H.M.S. 'Rattlesnake');and a small example from Shark Bay, W. Australia {F. M. Rayner,H.M.S. 'Herald'), probably belongs here.This species is closely allied to the well-known New-ZealandP. elongatiis, M.-Edwards, but the chelipedes have a longer, slendererwrist, and the palm is slenderer and its outer margin is straight, notarcuated. The variety inermis is distinguished by Mr. Haswell byhaving two spines near the distal end of the posterior margin of thewrist, not three as in P. elongatus. De Haan in his description ofP. japonicus mentions three, but figures two only. The wrist is evenlonger and the palm more roughened above tlian in the Australianspecimens ; and the second pair of legs only has the merus-jointbispinulose at apex.The Japanese species Petrolisthes pidcliripes., designated by WhitePorcellana pulchripes (List Cr. Brit. Mus. p. 129, 18-17), of which thetype, from the Madjica-Sima group, is in the collection of the BritishMuseum, is closely allied to the foregoing ; but the chelipedes havea short thick carpus, which is much shorter than the cej^halothorax,and has three teeth on its posterior margin ; the distal end of themerus-joints of both second and third ambulatory legs is unarmed.12. Petrolisthes lamarckii {Leach).Here are referred several specimens found on the beach at FlindersIsland, and one obtained between tide-marks at Port MoUe (No. 103).These examples are of small size ; the front is triangulate, somewhatdeflexed, sinuated on the margins, concave in the middle line above,narrowed to the apex, which is rounded ; there is a very distinctpostocular s^jine on the lateral margins of the carapace ; the chelipedesare closely granulated above ; the arm has a blunt tooth at the distalend of its inner margin ; the inner margin of the wrist has threetriangular, not very distant teeth, which decrease in size from thefirst to the last ; at the distal end of the posterior margin are threesmall spines. Colour reddish or yellowish ; the first and . secondambulatory legs (where the coloration is best preserved) have the

CET7STACEA. 269carpus and penultimate joints alternately banded with yeUow andred.The type of Leach's P. lamarcl'ii (from Australia) in the Museumcollection has lost its chelipedes; hence the identification is notcertain ; but the carapace in all respects agrees with the specimensdescribed above, and there exists a distinct postocular spine on thelateral margins.The type specimens of P. asiatims, from the Mauritius, are oflarger size, but scarcely differ except in having the anterior marginsof the wrists armed with more distant, but relatively smaller teeth,and in having the distal ends of the merus-joints of the first andsecond ambulatory legs more distinctly denticulated. Specimensapparently belonging to this form are in the Miiseum collectionfrom various islands of the Pacific and Malaysian seas ; and I thinkit very probable that it should be united with P. lamarclii. Imay note here that the specimen recently figured by Eichters* asP. asiatims. Leach (and by him retained in the genus Porcellana),has a more distinctly truncated median frontal lobe, and only twoteeth on the posterior margin of the arm of the chelipede, and mayperhaps belong to a distinct species.V3. Petrolisthes liaswelli. (Plate XXIX. fig. A.)Carapace flattened, longer than broad, and marked with fainttransverse strife, which are bordered with short hairs ; the lateralmargins are cristated, the carinee extending from the outer orbitalangles to about the middle of the branchial regions ; the front issubtriangulate, with the apex rounded and concave above, themargins somewhat sinuated : the outer orbital angle is not veryprominent, behind it there is a spine on the hepatic region ; the upperorbital margins are entire. The eyes are short and thick. Thereis a prominent tooth or lobe i;pon the antepenultimate joint of thepeduncle of the antenna}, whose flagella are very long and naked.The chelipedes are moderately robust, the merus or arm very short,with a prominent lobe at the distal end of its inner margin : thecarpus is flattened above, its upper surface tuberculated, the tubercles,which in the middle line are generally larger, are flattened andbordered with short hairs ; its anterior margin armed with four orfive unequal teeth, whose margins are themselves generally denticulated; the posterior margin armed with three spines at its distalend ;palm and fingers closely tuberculated on their outer surface,the tiibercles bordered with short hairs, and merging toward theupper margin into longitudinal striae ; the lower margin of thepalm is straight and subcristated ;fingers shorter than the palm,meeting along their inner edges, and incurved at the tips. Ambulatorylegs slightly hairy, with the merus-joint moderately dilatedand compressed, without spinules or teeth, except one or two smalldenticles at the distal end of the lower margin ; the following joints* In Mobius, Beitr. ziir Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius &c., Decapoda,p. 159. pi. xvii. fig. 13 (1880).

270 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.are slender ; dactyli short, terminating in a small claw. Colour (inthe spirit-specimen) pale reddish yellow, punctulated with darkerred. Length nearly 7 lines (14 millim.), breadth a little over 6 lines(13 millim.) ; length of chelipede about 11 inch (34 millim.).An adult female is in the collection from Thursday Island, obtainedon the beach (No. 167).There is also in the Museum collection a female from Port Curtis,Facing Island, two examples from Torres Straits (./. B. Juices), andtwo from the Samarang ' ' collection, of which one is from Koo-Keang-San.The three distinct spines on the posterior margin of the arm seemto distinguish this form from the P. bellis of Heller, from theNicobars—a species, however, which is only briefly characterized.It is evidently very nearly allied to Petrolistlies ruf/osus (M.-Edwards), to which are referred specimens in the British-Museumcollection from Karachi (KaracJii Museum) and North Australia{Dr. J. M, Elseii), which species, however, has the carapace andchelipedes covered with well-defined pilifcrous crests, and the teethof the anterior margins of the wrists much more regular in formand disposition.14. Petrolisthes annulipes. (Plate XXIX. fig. B.)Petrolistlies auuulipes, White, List Crust, Brit. Miis. p. 63 (1847),deseript. nulla.Carapace moderately convex, scarcely longer than broad, its uppersurface and also that of the chelipedes transversely striated ; thestriae imbricated and fringed on the anterior margins with close-setshort setae ; the front is subtriangulate, moderately prominent,slightly concave above, with the apex rounded or subtruncated, andthe margins usually minutely spinulose ; there is a spine on theupper margin of the orbit just in front of the eye-peduncles ; thesides of the carapace are armed with about six spines, the first ofwhich (when present) is situated just posterior to the outer orbitalangle, the second a little behind it, the third a little within themargin on the front of the branchial region, and the other three onthe sides of the branchial region aud close to one another. Thefirst exposed joint of the antennae is armed with a spine (see fig. h).The ischium- and merus-joints of the outer maxillipedes are transverselystriated and setose, like the carapace ; the last three jointsfringed on their inner margins with very long hairs. The merusjointof the chelipedes is armed with a denticulated lobe at thedistal end of its inner margin ; the carpus or wrist has five denticulatedteeth on its anterior margin, and three or four spines on itsposterior margin ; the palm is armed with a series of minute spinuleson its outer or posterior margin ; the fingers meet along theirinner edges, and have their tips incurved and acute. The ambulatorylegs are somewhat hairy, the merus-joints in the first three pairstransversely striated aud setose, and armed with spinules on their

CETTSTACEA. 271anterior margins ;in the first two pairs there is also a small spinuleat the distal end of the posterior mai'gin. Ground-colour yellowish ;the transverse imbrications of the carapace and legs are red ; thecarpus- and merus-joints of the ambulatory legs are also banded withred. Length and breadth of the carapace of the largest specimen(a female with ova) a little over 4 lines (9 millim.), of chelipede,when extended, 9^ lines (20 millim.).Two adult females and three males (one very small) are in thefirst collection from Port Denisou, 4 fms. (Nos. Ill, 122), and asmall male from Port MoUe, 5-12 fms. (No. 118) ; in the secondcollection is an adult female from Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms.(No. 169), and two small specimens from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms,(No. 165).The description is taken from the largest female ; in the smallestspecimen the anterior margin of the front is minutely denticulated.There are in the British-Museum collection three specimens obtainedoff Cape Capricorn (15 fms.). White's typical specimen isfrom the Philippine Islands, Corregidor (Cuming).In the last consignment received from H.M.S. ' Alert ' are specimensfrom the Seychelles.This species cannot, I think, be confounded with any of thenumerous Oriental forms described by Milne-Edwards, Dana, Stimpson,and Heller.It is evidently nearly allied to P. scabrkula, Dana*, from theSooloo Sea, and to P. ']nilitaris, Heller f, from the Nicobars, in bothof which the spinulation of the carapace is different and the palmsof the chelipcdes externally pubescent. In P. scabricula the seriesof spines along the posterior margin of the wrist seem to extendalong its whole length ; and HeUer makes no mention of the prominentspine on the upper margin of the orbit in his description ofP. militaris, which in P. annulijjes seems to occupy the position ofthe obtuse-lateral frontal lobes mentioned in his description.Mr. Haswell (Catalogue, p. 146) refers certain specimens collectedat Port Denison to the Petrolisthes dentatus of M.-Edwards J ; but ashe only cites M,-Edwards's very short diagnosis and adds nothingrespecting the Australian specimens, I am unable to say whetherthey are distinguishable from the species I have designated P. haswellior from P. annulipcs. M.-Edwards's types were from Java, andseem to be distinguished from the Australian species by having theposterior margin of the carpus of the chelipedes " dentele en scie."15. Petrolisthes ? corallicola (Haswell)? (Plate XXIX. fig. C.)? Porcellana corallicola, Ilastvell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S, Wales, vi.p. 759 (1881) ;Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 150 (1882).Carapace much longer than broad, the gastric and hepatic regions* U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. Crust, i. p. 424, pi, xxvi. fig. 13 (1852).t Crust, in Reise der Novara, p. 75 (18(55).XHist. Nat. Crust, ii. p. 251 (1837).

272 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.defined by very distinct sulci, and the whole of its upper surface,except near the posterior margin, very uneven ; the front is deeplyconcave in the middle line, and its median interautennulary portionmuch deflexed, spiuulose, the spinules of unequal length ; its lateralmargin armed with about seven spinules, and the protogastric lobesalso spiuulose ; the peduncles of the antenna) are without spinules.The merus-joint of the outer maxillipedes fits into a deep notch inthe anterior margin of the preceding joint, and is itself excavatedat its distal end. The single chelipede present in the unique examplebefore me has a spiuulose lobe or tooth at the distal end ofthe inner margin of the arm ; the wrist and palm are flattened onthe upper surfece, which is armed with tubercles arranged in longitudinalseries, the tubercles themselves for the most part minutelyspiuulose ; the inner margin of the wrist is armed with three orfour spines at its base, and beyond with smaller spinules ; theposterior margin is armed with about seven spines ; there are twospines at the distal end of the inner margin of the palm, and itsouter margin is spiuulose and pubescent ; the fingers meet closelyalong their inner margins, which are entire, and their outer marginsare spiuulose. The first pair of ambulatory legs have the anteriormargins of the merus, carpus, and propus armed with a fewdistant spinules, which are almost wholly absent from the samejoints in the following legs. Colour whitish. The single specimenexamined is a female : the carapace measures nearly 3 lines (6 millim.)in length and 2| (5 millim.) in breadth ; the chelipede, whenextended as far as its conformation will aUow, about 5 lines (11millim.).The single specimen was obtained at Port Molle, between tidemarks(No. 103), with Fetrolisthcfi japonicus. The description givenabove will show that our specimen differs from Mr. Haswell's typein the more uneven carapace with more numerous lateral marginalspinules, non-pubescent posterior margin of the wrist of the chelipede,and in having two spines (not mentioned by Mr. Haswell) atthe distal end of the anterior margin of the palm (see fig. c).If distinct, I would propose to designate this species P. dorsalis.It seems, upon the whole, to have more aflSnity with the genusPetroUsthes than with Porcellaiia, on which account I refer it,although with some hesitation, to that genus.16. Polyonyx obesulus. (Plate XXIX. fig. D.)Porcellana obesula,White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 130 (1847), descript.nulla.I refer to this species, though somewhat doubtfully, a femaleobtained from Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 122), also one from Princeof Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 1(59), one from West Island, 7 fms.,and one from Port Darwin, 12 fms. These examples resemble thethree specimens in the British-Museum collection, and diff'er from

—;CRUSTACEA. 273Dana's description of his P. hiunguiculutus *, iu having a distinctlytrilobate front, the middle lobe of which is broad, subacute, orrounded, and not much more prominent than the lateral lobeswhereas in P. biuiu/uieulatus, to which species specimens from theGulf of Suez (R. MacAndreiv) appear to belong, the median lobe isvery prominent and acute and the lateral lobes obsolete. The specimensreferred to P. hiungtiicidatus also differ from P. obesulus inhaving the outer surface of the palms of the chelipedes much moreclosely punctulated. The cephalothorax is narrowest in the smallestsizedspecimens ; and in the female from Port Denison (which isone of the largest examples I have seen) is much broader than inthe others ; but I cannot regard this character by itself as of specificimportance.I am inclined to doubt whether the genus Polyonyx is distinctfrom Merjahhrachium. Stimpson merely distinguishes the latteron account of the absence of the prominent accessory claw, whichgives to the dactjli of the species of Polyonyx a biunguiculateappearance. The type of MeyaJohrucMum (31, yranuliferum, Stm.)is from the West Indies ; but Stimpson refers the P. macrochelii,Gibbes, from Carolina, to the genus Polyonyx. The other species ofthe latter genus are Oriental in habitat.Specimens are referred to P. hiunguiculatus by Mr. Haswell fromHolborn Island, Port Denison, by whom also this species is retainedin the genus Porcellana (vide Cat. p. 147).17. Pachycheles pulchellus (Haswell). (Plate XXX. fig. A.)Porcellana nulchella, Haswell. Proc. Linn. Sac. N. S. Wales, vi. p. 768(1881) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 148 (1882).As Mr. Haswell's description is very brief, I append the followingfrom specimens received from Dr. Coppinger :The carapace is smooth, rather convex, rounded on the sides, andhence somewhat orbiculate in outline, faintly striated on the sidesat the back of the branchial regions. The front is rather broad, andin a dorsal view its margin appears straight ;in an anterior view itis seen to be bisinuated, with a broadly rounded but verj' slightlyprominent median lobe. The orbital and lateral margins of thecarapace are entire. The first exposed joint of the peduncle of theantennae is shorter than the following joint, and has sometimes asmall blunt prominence on its inner margin ; the third joint isshort; the flagellum somewhat elongated, with the joints almostnaked. The ischium of the outer maxillipedes has a spine at itsouter distal angle ; the next joint has a prominent lobe on itsinner margin ; the three following joints are robust. The chelipedesare robust, but not so broadly dilated as in most species of thisgenus ; the merus or arm is verj' short ; wrist with broad low promiuencesdisposed in longitudinal series on its upper surface, and* Vide U.S. Explor. Exped. xiii., Ci-ust. i. p. 411, pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1852).X

274 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.with two or three strong triangular teeth on its inner margin ;palmabout as long as the wrist, and with the lower finger almost triangulatein shape ; the outer surface of the palm is divided by foursulci into five longitudinal, smooth, rounded ridges, including therather less prominent line or ridge along the lower margin of thepalm ; the fingers are smooth, scarcely denticulated on their innermargins, incurved at the tips, and have between them (when closed)a more or less distiuct hiatus ; the first to third ambulatory legshave the joints (except the last) armed with small tubercles orprominences on their upper margins ; the dactyli have severalspinules on their lower margins. The colour (of spirit-specimens)is white, faintly tinged or spotted with pink. Length 2^ lines(5 millim.) ; breadth a little over 2| lines (nearly 6 millim.).Two specimens (male and female) are in the first collection—oneobtained at Port MoUe, 5-12 fms. (No. 118), and the other atAlbany Island, 3-4 fms. In the second collection are eight specimens(male and female) obtained at Thursday Island in 3-4 fms.(No. 177), 4-5 fms. (No. 165). Mr. Hasvvell records it also fromHolborn Island.This species cannot be confounded with any of the species ofPacliyclieles mentioned by Dr. Stimpson in his very useful Synopsisof the Anomura * ; and in its slenderer chelipedes approaches Porcellana,to which genus Mr. Haswell refers it.Tn two specimens from Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (Nos.142, 169), which are probably not distinct, the chelipedes are moreunequal and smoother. One example has the left chelipede muchenlarged, the ridges on the palm separated by wide interspaces, andthe fingers strongly arcuated.18. Porcellana nitida, Haswell, var. rotundifrons.(Plate XXX. fig. B.)Carapace smooth, shining, everywhere striated ; the striae shortand interrupted. The front is rather prominent, transverse, andvery obscurely 3-lobed ; the median lobe very broad and rounded ;the lateral lobes (or inner orbital angles) also rounded and small.Behind the outer orbital angle, which is dentiform, is a second acutetooth, and behind this a rounded prominence ; there is a small toothon the subhepatic region. The basal joint of the antennae is veryshort, the second and third longer, and the fourth very short ; theflagellum naked ; the ischium-joint of the outer maxillipedes has aspine on its outer margin ; the inner margin of the merus is producedinto a thin lobe at base, the following joint is robust. Thechelipedes are robust and elongated, the joints are smooth ; thearm and wrist have their inner margins cristiform and acute andentire ; the arm is very short, the wrist somewhat longer ; thelarger palm (in an adult male) is robust and considerably elongated,its upper margin rounded ; the fingers are shorter than the palm,* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 225 (1858).

CRUSTACEA. 275curved at, tips, and having betvreen them a small hiatus whenclosed ; the upper or mobile finger is strongly arcuated, sometimeswith a strong blunt tooth at base ; the lower has its inner marginobscurely crenulated and sometimes toothed. The first three pairsof ambulatory legs are robust, the joints nearly naked and withoutdenticles or spinules, except on the inferior margins of the penultimatejoints, which have two or three spinules at or near the distalextremity ; the dactyli are short, robust, and appear biunguiculateon account of the considerable development of the accessory spine onthe inferior margin, behind which is another small denticle. Theground-colour (in spirit) is yellowish ; the carapace and chelipedesare blotched with pink or marked with irregular lines of the samecolour. Length of carapace of an adult male about 4 lines (8^millim.), breadth about ;3| lines (8 millim.) ; length of chelipede~,when fully extended, about 8| lines (20 millim.).Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. 122) : a considerable number of specimenswere obtained. Specimens were also received with thesecond collection from Friday Island, 10 fms. (No. 153), DundasStraits, 17 fms. (No. 161), Port Darwin, 12 fms., and others dredgedin the Arafura Sea at 82-36 fms. (No. 160).The description, except as regards coloration, is taken from anadult male ; the coloration is ])erfectly preserved in one specimenonly, a female with ova. The larger specimens possessing bothchelipedes are mostly of the female sex. In the females andsmaller-sized specimens the lateral lobes of the front arc often moreacute, the palms of the chelipedes relatively shorter, the fingersmeet along their inner edges when closed, and the upper finger hasnot the strong tooth at base, etc.In the robust and biunguiculate dactyli of the ambulatory legsthis form resembles the species of Folyonyx, but differs in the relativelylonger carapace, which resembles that of other species ofPorcellana.I refer it doubtfully to F. nitida *, which is very briefly described,and diff"ers apparently in the triangulate form of themedian frontal lobe, and in having an additional lateral marginalspine behind the outer angle of the orbit ; but as Haswell's typeswere from Port Denison, at which locality specimens of the formnow described were taken by Dr. Coppinger, I distinguish it merelyas a variety.10. Porcellana dispar, Stimpson. (Plate XXX. fig. C.)Four males and two females from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms. (No.104), are referred to this species, which Mr. Haswell (Cat. p. 149)observes is very common at this locality. He also records it fromPort Stc])heus.kStimpson's description agrees very well with the ad\ilt males, but* Vide Hiiswell, Catalogue, p. 148 (1882).t2

276 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.he does not notice that the outer margin of the smaller chelipedeis armed with a series of minute spinules, which are often concealedby the pubescence. The smaller chelipede in the adult male andboth chelipedes in the smaller specimens have the anterior marginof the wrist armed with two teeth, and in the smaller specimens(which j-et I cannot think belong to a distinct species) the frontaland upper orbital margins are very minutely spinnlose. There isdeveloped in both chelipedes a more or less distinct longitudinalmedian ridge on the upper surface of the wrist and palm, and theouter margin of the hand in both is armed with a series of smallspinules, so that these specimens in many points resemble Porcellanaornata, Stimpson, from Hong Kong.20. Porcellana quadrilohata. (Plate XXX. fig. D.)In the single male from Port Denison, 4 fms., thus designated, thecarapace is shaped nearly as in Porcellanella triloha, that is, it is muchlonger than broad, with the sides very slightly arcuated. The uppersurface, when viewed under a lens of sufficient power, is seen to bemarked with numerous rather closely-set transverse strife. The interantcnnularyportion of the front, which in P. triloba is entire, is in P.quadrilohata divided by a median triangular notch (which, however,is not so deep as the lateral notches), hence the front appears 4-lobed.The lobes are triangular and acute ; on the inner margin of each ofthe outer lobes is a small spiuule, and the inner margins of each ofthe inner lobes is minutely serrated. There is a very small tooth orspine at the outer orbital angle, and posterior to this the sides of thecarapace are armed with five spines, tlie three posterior of which areplaced near to one another and separated by a somewhat wider intervalfrom the preceding tooth. On the inferior surface of the carapace,below the inferior orbital margin, there is a strong spine. Theeyes are set on very short pedicels, and are nearly concealed withinthe orbits. The joints of the peduncles of the antennce are short (theflagella wanting in the single specimen examined). There is a spineat the distal end of the basus-joint of the outer maxillipedes ; theischium-joint is somewhat dilated, scarcely at all emarginate at itsdistal end, where it is articulated with the merus, which is excavatedat its distal extremity ; the three following joints are moderatelyrobust. The chelipedes are proportionately rather slender and elongated; the merus or arm is short, its inner margin somewhat cristiform,and terminating in a thin subacute lobe ; there is a spine alsoon the under surface of the merus ; the wrist is about as long as thepalm, and is armed with three spines or teeth on its inner margin :the hand is slightly contorted : the surface both of hand and wristfinely striated ; the fingers are rather shorter than the palm, meetalong their inner edges when closed and cross at the tips, which areincurved ; at the bases of the inner margins of the fingers is a patchof hair ; the lower margin of the lower finger is armed with a seriesof small spinules. The ambulatory legs are rather slender ; there area few short stiff sdce, or mobile spines, at the distal end of the

CEUSTACEA. 277slender penultimate joint of the first to third ambulatory legs ; theshort, curved dactyli are armed on their lower margins with a strongaccessory claw, posterior to which are one or two more small teeth.Colour (in spirit) yellowish. Length of carapace about 2| lines(5| millim.), breadth nearly 2 lines (4 millim.).This species is scarcely distinguished from the typical Porcellanalatifrons, Stimpson, except bj" the somewhat different deutieulation ofthe lobes of the front, and in the latter having, as it would seem, theposterior margin of the wrist armed, as well as the anterior, with threespines. The specimens described by Stimpson were from Hong Kong.Porcellana armata, Dana, has a much less prominent front.Porcellana streptocliiras of White*, from the Philippines, is, Ithink, a mere variety of this species.broader carapace, in having the frontal lobes armed with more numerousspinules, and in having the under surface of the merus of theIt differs only in the somewhatchelipedes armed with three or four spines in place of the singlespine in P. quadrilobata ; and these characters are possibly duo tothe greater age of the specimens.In one of AYhite's specimens the wrist is tridentate, in the other itissubentire.This species, in its elongated carapace and slender chelipedes,establishes a transition to the genus (or subgenus) Porcellanella, thespecies of which have a prominent and tridentate front. The generaof the Porccllanidca stand much in need of revision ; and I may addthat I doubt the constancy of the characters derived by Stimpsonfrom the size and number of the dcnticulations of the dactyli of theambulatory legs as generic distinctions.There are in the collection three small specimens from ThursdayIsland, 4-5 fms. (No. 165), which in many of their characters areclosely allied to P. serratifrons, Stimpson, yet are probably distinct,but to which, on account of their very imperfect condition, I willnot apply a specific designation. In one specimen the chelipede ispi'obably aborted, having the palm narrow and twisted and thefingers abnormally developed. These specimens are further distinguishedfj'om P. serratifrons by having three (not 1 or 2) spinules onthe sides of the branchial regions, six to eight spines on the anterior,and two on the posterior margin of the carpus of the chelipede, &c.In the single specimen (a young one) possessing both chelipedes thelower margins of both right and left palms are spinulose.21. Galathea australiensis, Stimpson. (Plate XXXI. fig. A.)Here are referred a male from Port Denison, 4 fms. (No. Ill),and another from Port Molle, 14 fms. (No. 93), in the first collection;also a series of seven sjêcimens from theArafuraSea, 32-36 fms.(No. 160), in the second collection, among which are both males andfemales. Stimpson's description was from a female. In the adultmales I have examined the palms are broader and the fingers havebetween them a hiatus when closed, and are strongly toothed on their* List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. Gl (1847), descript. nulla.

278 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.inner margins near the base (the teeth themselves generally appearingcrenulated when viewed with a lens of sufficient power), and thereare usually one or two spinules discernible on the hepatic region.There are specimens in the British-Museum collection obtainedbetween Cumberland Island and Slade Point, and from Port Jackson{J. Macr/illivray, H.M.S. llattlesnake • '), and others from FlindersIsland and Shark Bay, W.Australia (F.M.Rayner, H.M.S. ' Herald').The specimens from Flinders Island and Shark Bay have, however,the upper surface of the wrist and palm of the clielipedesmuch more strongly and distinctly spinulose, and may possibly proveto be distinct.Mr. Haswell (Cat. p. 162) notes the possible identity of G. australiensiswith G. spinosorostris, Dana, from the Sandwich Islands, aspecies somewhat insufficiently described. He has himself brieflycharacterized a form, the distinctive characters of which may perhapsnot be sufficient to separate it from G. austmliensis. G. corallicola,from Port Molle, scarcely differs from G. australiensis, exceptin the absence of the gastric spinules, for the form of the chelse andfingers is evidently a character liable to variation, according to thesex and age of the individual.I may note here that there is in the Museum collection a specimenfrom the Philippines perhaps belonging to the species brieflycharacterized by Haswell under the designation G. acideata.22. Galathea elegans.Galathea elegans, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1847), descript.nulla ;Crust, in Votj. H.M.S. ' Smnarang,'' pi. xii. fig. 7 (1848) ;Hasivell, Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 163 (1882).Here is referred, although with some hesitation, a specimenfrom Albany Island, 3-4 fms., first collection, and one fromPort Molle, 14 fms., second collection. They differ from White'stypes of this species in the British- Museum collection, from thePhilippines, Corregidor {Cuming), and Borneo, Unsang (H.M.S.'Samaning''), in the smaller, more inconspicuous spinules of thelateral margins of the rostrum. The chelipedes are somewhat moreelongated and slender than in a dried specimen which I take to bea female of White's species, the fingers relatively shorter, and thespinules of the carpus and penultimate joint smaller and well nighconcealed by the pubescence. The coloration, as depicted in thefigure cited, is of no value as a specific distinction, since not anytwo specimens agree exactly in their markings. In the Bornean examplesthey are much broader than in the Philippine specimens, fromone of which they are wholly absent. In the specimen from AlbanyIsland they are distinguishable only on the anterior part of the postabdomen.The ground-colour in nearly all is dull red.In the adult males of G. elegans (the type specimens of which havenever been described) the caraj)ace is strigose, the strigse ciliated, itslateral margins armed with 8 or i) prominent spinules; the rostrum iselongated, narrow-triangular, as long, or nearh' as long, as the cara-

CRUSTACEA. •279pace; its lateral margin armed with about 8 spinules; the joints of thechelipedes also spiuulose and hairj' ; fingers rather shorter than thepalm, minutely denticulated on their inner margins, not gaping whenclosed, with the tips incurved ; the merus- and carpus-joints of thefirst and second ambulatory legs are spinulose on their anterior marginsand one of the denticules of the inferior margin of the terminaljoint is more prominent than the others.If the Australian specimen does not belong to G. elef/ans, it maybe referable to G. lomprostris, Dana*, from the Fijis, which is veryincompletely known, which it resembles in the minute serrulatioa ofthe carapace and rostrum and the shorter fingers of the chelipedes,which are not, however, less than half the length of the palms, as inDana's description.In more than one of the specimens in the Museum collectionthe rostrum is slightly deflexed, and I think it probable that G. de-Jlexifrons, Haswell (Cat. p. 163), from Albany Passage (H.M.S.'Jlert'), should be regarded merely as a marked variety of G. elegans.23. Munida spinulifera. (Plate XXXI. fig. B.)This species is evidently nearly allied to Munida japonica, Stimpson; and it will suffice here to allude to the distinctive charactersand some other points not mentioned in Stimpson's description. Asin M. japonica, the anterior part of the gastric region is armed witha transverse series of thirteen spinules. On the sides of the carapace,at a short distance behind the spine at the outer orbital angle,is usually a single small spinule (whereas Stimpson, in his descriptiomof 31. jap)onic((, says, " Regie gastrica superficie utrinque trispinulosa").On the front of the branchial regions, just behind thecervical suture, is another small spinule not mentioned by Mr.Stimpson. The lateral margins of the carapace have about sevenspinules, inclusive of the outer orbital spine, which is ratherlong.The median spine of the rostrum (in the specimens I have examined)is considerably more than twice the length of the lateralspines, and is arcuated, with scarcely any trace of lateral denticulations.The second postabdominal segment has several spinules onits upper surface on the anterior margin. The merus, carpus,and penultimate joints of the ambulatory legs are spinulose ; thespinules on the penultimate joints usually developed only on theposterior (or inferior) margins.Three specimens, of which one (the only one having a chelipede)is a male, the two others females with ova, were obtained in theArafura Sea, 32-36 fms. (jSô. 16U).In the specimen of M. japonica from the Corean Straits, referredto in my <strong>Report</strong> on Capt. St. John's collection f, not only are thelateral frontal spines relatively much longer (half the length of the* Crust, in U.S. Explor. Exped. xiii. p. 482, pi. xxx. fig. 11 (1852).t Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 51 (1879).

280 COLLECTIOKS FROM MELANESIA.median spines, as in Stimpson's description), but the median spine isitself arcuated and very distinctly denticulated on the lateral marginsas well as on the dorsal surface, and there are two spines onthe front of tlie branchial regions. Nevertheless a sufficient series ofspecimens might perhaps hereafter show the Australian to be a merevariety of the Japanese form.In the absence of the supraocular spines these species resemblethe American genus (or subgenus) Galathodes, A. M.-Edwards *, butthe corneae of the eyes are considerably dilated, and the dactyli ofthe ambulatory legs (in M. spinulifera) are not strongly spinulose.Of all the numerous American species of Munida described by A.M.-Edwards {t. c. pp. 47-52) the nearest allies to M, spinulifera areapparently M. iris and M. irasa, from which M. spinulifera is distinguishedby having the first two segmeats of the postabdomenarmed with several spimxles &c.24. Mastigochirus quadrilobatus, Miers.Seven specimens were collected in Prince of Wales Channel,5-7 fms. (No. 150), which scarcely difter from the type from thePhilippines in the British-Museum collection except in having themedian frontal lobes generally somewhat more acute. A carefulcomparison of these specimens with the (previously) unique driedtype example shows that the number of joints in the terminal flagelliformportion of the anterior limbs (which are imperfectly seenon account of the hairs with which they are thickly clothed) wasunderstated in the original description ; instead of being ten ortwelve, they are usually twice as numerous.MACRUEA.1. Gebia carinicauda, Stimpson.Two females are in the collection from the beach at ThursdayIsland (No. 167). Another in the British Museum was collectedby Mr. MacFarlane on the shores of one of the islands in TorresStraits. Stimpson's ty])es were from Hong Kong. These specimensagree very well with Stimpson's description, except that the uppermargins of the dactyli of the anterior legs can scarcely be describedas carinatcd. The spinules of the front are almost completelyconcealed by the pubescence, but are distinctly visible in alateral view.In a smaller specimen, also a female and from thd same locality,the spinules mentioned by Stimpson as existing above the genitalapertures in the third pair of legs (and which are very distinct inthe larger examples in the ' Alert ' collection) are not developed.* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. p. 53 (1880).

;CRUSTACEA. 2810. carinicauda is nearly allied to, and may prove to be identicalwith, O. Urtifrons, White, which Mr. Haswell (Cat. p. 164) mentionsas commonly occurring in sponges at Port Jackson ; but in tholatter species the spine of the lower margin of the hand (which existsin adult examples of O. carinicauda) is absent. I may add that inthe type specimen of 0. hirtifrons the bases of the second, as well asof the third, pair of legs bear a spiuule.2. Gebiopsis darwinii. (Plate XXXII. fig. A.)The carapace is vertically deep and laterally compressed (as inQehiopsis nitidus, A. M.-Edw.) ; its sides converge very slightly tothe front, which has four median spines on its anterior margin, arrangednearly in a semicircle, and are equidistant, and behind thisthe lateral margins are denticulated. The carapace is denselypubescent above in front, and its dorsal surface is bordered anteriorlyby a suture, which is continued backward nearly as far as the cervicalsuture, which is deep and well defiued. The segments of tbepostabdomen are nearly smooth, but clothed with a few hairs ; theterminal segment slightly transverse, with the posterior marginstraight and unarmed. The eyes, which have very short and thickpeduncles, are well nigh concealed beneath the front in a dorsal view.The antennules are short, the peduncles scarcely reaching beyondthe front, and each bearing two subequalflagella. The antennae arelittle longer than the carapace ; the slender peduncles reach somewhatbeyond the front ; the peniiltimate and terminal joints areshort, and clothed above with long hairs ; the llagella of the antennaeterminate in a pencil of hairs, and the several joints also beara few seta*. The chelipedes are subequal and moderately robustthe merus-joints unarmed and somewhat hairy ; the hairs longestand most abundant along the inferior margins ; the wrists are short,thinly clothed with hair, and having a few minute spinules alongtheir upper margins, of which the anterior one is the most prominent; the palms longer than broad, somewhat turgid, rovmded aboveand below, and thinly clothed with hair, which is arranged iu distantlongitudinal lines ; the fingers are hairy, much shorter than thepalms, thickened at base, dentated on their inner margins, with theirapices slightly crossed when closed, the upper much curved. Thesecond legs have the under margins of the merus-joints denselyfringed with hair, and the last three joints are also hairy ; thepenultimate joint longer than tho preceding, moderately dilated andcompressed ;dactyli shorter than the preceding joint ; the third legsare similar to the second, but the merus is less hairy below, and thepropus is shorter ; the fourth and fifth legs are much shorter andslenderer than the foregoing, and tho last three joints are more orless hairy, the hairs thickest along the inferior margins of the propus.The rami of the uropoda are broad, with the distal marginsstraight : they about reach to the distal end of the terminal segmentof the postabdomen. Colour (in spirit) yellowish white. Thelength of the largest specimen does not exceed 9 lines (19 raillim.).

—;282 COLLECTIONS PKOM MELANESIA.Seven specimens were collected at Port Darwin at 12 fms (includingboth sexes) ; two or three are females with ova. In thelast collection from H.M.S. ' Alert ' specimens from Singaporeare apparently not specifically distinguishable, although presentingsome slight distinctions.From Oebiopsis nitidus, A. M.-Edwards *, from the Cape Verds(the type of the genus), this species is distinguished by the somewhatdifferent form of the rostrum, the existence of a spine on thecarpus of the chclipedes, the much shorter antennulary and antennalpeduncles, &g.A male from Freraantle, S.W. Australia {Dr. J. S. Bowerhanlc),differs in the form of the rostrum, which is anteriorly deflexed ; itsmargins armed with ten spines in front of the first of the denticulesof the sides of the head ; of these, four (of which two are longer) arearranged in a semicircle in front, and three, posterior to them, oneach side. I would propose to designate this, if specifically distinct,G. bowerbanJcii.The genus Gehiopsis scarcely differs from. Gebia, except in thegreater development of the lower finger of the chclipedes (whichthus are perfectly chelate), and is probably to be regarded as a sub-3. Axius plectrorhynclius, StraJd.I am somewhat uncertain of the identity of the specimen in the' Alert ' collection with Strahl's type from Luzon, and thereforesubjoin the following description :The carapace and postabdomen are somewhat membranaceous intexture, as in most species of the genus. The cephalothorax is verticallydeep and laterally compressed ; the carapace is smooth,without spines, and has the cervical suture distinctly marked. Therostrum is prominent and narrow, concave above between the eyesit is produced somewhat behind them, and is armed on the lateralmargins with five or six teeth ; at the base of the rostrum, in themedian dorsal line, the carapace rises into an abrupt prominenceboth the gastric and cardiac regions are distinctly defined. Thepostabdominal segments are smooth, the first very small, the restnearly of equal length ; the lateral margins of the second to sixthsegments are nearly straight, entire, and are not produced into spinesat either the antero-lateral or poster o -lateral angles ; the terminalsegment is quadrate, very little broader than long, a little broaderin its proximal than in its distal half, and has its posterior marginstraight. The eyes are of moderate length and thickness, and havedistinct black corneas ; the antennules are of moderate length, theirantepenultimate joints longer than the two following, which aresubequal ; the two flagella are of equal thickness, with naked joints.The antennae are shorter than the animal, the antepenultimate jointof the peduncle shorter than the following, and armed beneath witha small spinule ; the penultimate joint longer than the last joint ; the* NouT. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv. p. fi3, pi. xviii. figs. 4-7 (1868).

;CRUSTACEA. 283joints of the flagella almost naked. The scale at base of the antennaeis acuminate at its distal end, and between it and the peduncleis a strong spine, which is apparently. articulated with tlie antepenultimatepeduncular joint. The outer maxillipedes are subpediform,and the joints are hairy on their inner margins. The anteriorlegs are wanting in the single specimen I have seen ; the threefollowing legs have the joints somewhat compressed ; the merus andcarpus in the second legs are somewhat dilated and fringed belowwith loi]g hairs, the palm forming with the dactyl a perfect chela,the fingers of which are acute and meet along the inner edgesthe following legs are not subchelate ; the palm in the third pairis ovate, fringed with short stiff hairs below and on the sides,dactyl very short ; in the fourth pair the palm is somewhat slendererand more elongated, more thickly clothed towards its distalend with plumose hairs ; the fifth legs are shorter and comparativelyslender and feeble. The postabdominal appendages are biramose,the inner larger than the outer branch. The rami of the uropodaare somewhat indurated aud .considerably dilated ; their distal marginsare straight, ciliated, aud minutely spinulose, and they reachto the end of the terminal segment of the postabdomen. Colour(in spirit) whitish. Length about 1 inch 4^ lines (35 milHm.).The single example collected, which is, I think, a male, was obtainedon the beach between tide-marks at Port Molle (Xo. 103),and is in very imperfect condition.Although the anterior legs are wanting in this specimen, there can,I think, be no doubt of its generic position.4. Tlialassina anomala (Herhst).To this species probably belongs a female of rather small sizefrom Thursday Island, obtained in the mangrove-swamps (No. 124).In this specimen tlie chelipedes are of nearly equal size, and bothchelae are as slender and as much elongated as is the smaller chelain the adult T. aaomahi, and are strongly spinulose on their uppermargins.The examination of this specimen induces me to regard certain smallexamples (of both sexes) from Borneo, Singapore, and the IndianOcean which I formerly * referred to T. anomala, and which havea more broadly triangulate rostrum, and the upper margins of thewrists and hands of the chelipedes armed Avith much smaller spinulesalong their upper margins, as probably referable to a distinct species.White's T. talpa, however, is, as I have already stated, probably ayoung T. anomala.To the localities mentioned in my paper referred to above is to beadded Nicol Bay, N.W. Australia, whence the Museum possesses asmall mutilated example (31. du Boulay).Perhaps the species described by Hess t from Sydney as T. maximais to be regarded merely as a variety of T. anomala.* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, v. p. 377 (1880).t Arcliiv f. >;aturgesehichte, xxxi. p. 163, pi. \ii. fig. 18 (1865).

284 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAN-ESIA.5. Alpheus edwardsii.Atlianasus ed^yardsii, Audouin, Explic. 'planches de Savigny, Descript.de rEgypte, Atlas, pi. x. tig. 1 (1809).Alpheus heterochelis, Say, Juiirn. Acad. Nut. Sci. Philad. i. p. 243(1818) ;M.-Edô. Hist. Nat. Crust, ii. p. 356 (1837) ; De Kay,Crustacea in Zuol. Neiu York Fauna, p. 26 (1844) ; Gibbes, Proc.Amer. Assoc. Advanc. Sci. p. 196 (1850) ; Kingslcy, Bull. U.S.Geol. and Geogr. Survey, iv. (No. 1) p. 194 (1877) ; Smith, Trans.Conn. Acad. Sci. ii. pp. 23, 39 (1869) ; LocMngton, Ann. ^ Mag.Nat. Hist. ser. 5, i. p. 475 (1878).? Alpheus armillatus, M.-Ediv. Hist. Nat. Crust, ii. p. 475 (1837).Alplieus neptuuus, triton, rhode, and amphitrite, White, List Crust.Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1847), descr. nuM.Alpheus doris, White, t. c. p. 75 (1847), descr. nulla.Alpheus avarus, De Haan (nee Fabricius), Crust, in Fauna Japonica,p. 179, pi. xlv. fig. 3 (1849), Alpheus bisincisus on plate.Alpheus edwardsii, Dana {nee Milne-Edivards), Crust, in U.S. E.r-2)lor. Exped. xiii. p. 342, pi. xxxiv. tig. 2 (1852) ? ; Heller, Sitzungsb.der Akad. Wissensch. Wieri, math.-nat. Klasse, xliv. (i.) p. 267(1862) ;Norman, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 174 (1868) ;Miers, Cr. in Zool. Êrebus ' and 'Terror,' p. 4, pi. iv. tig. 3 (1874),A. neptunus on plate ; Hilgendorf, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, p. 830(1878).Alpheus edwardsii, var. leviusculus, Dana, t. c. p. 543, pi. xxxiv.tig. 3(1852).Alpheus strenuus, Dana, t. c. p. 545, pi. xxxiv. tig. 2 (1852) ;Miers,t. c. p. 5, pi. iv. tig. 2 (1874), A. doris on plate ;Monatsb. Akad,Berlin, p. 831 (1878).? Alpheus pacificus, Dana, t. c. p. 544, pi. xxxiv. fig. 5 (1852), var. ?Halopsyche lutaria, Saussure, Bev. Zool. p. 100 (1857).Alpheus kitarius, Saussure, Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve,xiv. p. 461, pi. iii. fig. 24 (1858) ; von Martens, Arch. f. Naturg.xxxviii. p. 139 (1872).Alpheus bisincisus {De Haan), Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,Philad. p. 30 (1860) ; Miers, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 53 (1879).Alpheus crassimanus, Heller, Reise der Novara, Crust, p. 107, pi. x.tig. 2 (1865), var. ?? Alpheus bispinosus. Streets, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 242(1878).Alpheus edwardsii and A. strenuus, De Man, Notes from the LeydenMuseum, xxi. p. 105 (1881).As the very common and widely distributed species which is herereferred to the Alpheus ediuardsii of Audouin has been designatedby many different specific names, it may be useful to point out itsmost salient characters, more especially as Savigny's excellent figure,by which alone the species may be easily identified, is not accompaniedby any description.The rostrum is short, acute, and arisesfrom the front margin of the carapace ; on either side of it, betweenthe front and supraocular arches, a longitudinal depression extendsback on the dorsal surface of the carapace for a short distance, sothat the dorsal surface is slightly carinatcd. The second (exposed)joint of the antennules is longer than the first. The basal scale ofthe outer antennae scarcely reaches beyond the peduncle, and is

CRUSTACEA. 285without or has only a rudimentary spine at base ; it narrows somewhatto its apex, which has a small spinule at its outer angle. Thelarger chelipede (which may be either the right or left) has a massivehand, which is rounded at its proximal end, notched above andtoothed below, just behind the bases of the fingers ; on the outerand inner surface of the palm, just below the incision in the uppermargin, is an irregular shallow depression, that on the inner surfacebeing somewhat of a triangulate and that on the outer surface of aquadrangula,te shape ; an impressed line, which forms the posteriormargin of the depression of the inner surface, passes obliquely downwardto the lower and proximal margin, and upward over therounded superior margin, whence it is prolonged in a nearly straightline along the upper and outer surface to the rounded base of theupper margin : this line is sometimes nearly obsolete ; the mobilefinger is rounded and subcarinated above, and is armed on its innermargin near the base with a very prominent rounded tooth or lobe,which fits into a deep pit in the lower (immobile) finger ; the smallerchela is slender (in the typical form), without notches, teeth, orsulci ; the second joint of the carpus of the second leg is usually alittle shorter than the first, the three last joints short, the fifth alittle longer than the fourth.In some specimens the lobe or tooth immediately behind thenotch on the upper and lower margins of the large chela is roundedor subacute, in others it is acute.Eight specimens (males and females) are in the first collectionfrom Port Curtis, 0-11 fms. (No. 92), one (male) from Port Mollebeach (Xo. 9o), and two females from Port Dcnison, 4 fms. (No. Ill);a small specimen (No. 123) is without special indication of locality.In the second collection are two small specimens from ThursdayIsland, 4-5 fms., a female from Dundas Straits, 17 fms. (No. 161),and an adult female from the beach at Port Darwin (No. 176).There are, besides, specimens in the British-Museum collectionfrom other localities as follows :—North Australia (Dr. J. R.Else]/), Port Essington and Rockhampton {Oodcffroy Museumas A. brevirostn's, M.-E.). Also from the lied Sea (Br. C.Heller); Gulf of Suez {JR. MacAndreiu) ; Egypt (J. Burton);Zanzibar {Dr. KirTc) ; Seychelles {Dr. E. P. Wright) ; Karachi{Karachi Miiseum) ; Ceylon {E. W. H. Holdsworth) ; Indian Ocean,Philippine Islands, Jiohol {Cuming) ; Japan, Katsura {Copt. U. C.St. John, li.N., the specimens I formerly designated A. hisincisus,De Haan) ; New Hebrides {J. MacgilUvray) ; Eiji Islands, Nairai{H.M.S. 'Hercdd'); Samoa Islands, Upolu {Eev. S. J. Whitmee): Tahiti {Mus. Godeffroy, as A. pacijicus, Dana) ; SandwichIslands {W. H. Pease). Specimens from the island of Trinidad{li. J. Lechmere Guppy) and the west coast of Central America{Capt. Dow) seem to be scarcely specifically distinguishable *.The males may be distinguished from the females by the form of* The series of specimens in tbe British-MuBeum coUeclion, extensive thoughit be, does not fully exhibit the ascertained range of this species. According to

286 COLLECTIONS TEOM MELANESIA.the smaller chela of the first pair of legs. In the females thefingers are slender, straight, and acute, and scantily pubescent ; in themales the dactyl is relatively broader, subspatulate in form ; towardthe distal extremity the lateral margins are closely and denselyfringed with hairs, which pass in an oblique line over the sides ofthis joint, and meet on its dorsal surface immediately behind itsacute apex. Among the males the form of this (the smaller) chelais subject to considerable variation ; sometimes (as in Dr. Heller'sKed-Sea specimen in the Museum collection) it is, as stated above,smooth and entire, without notches or sulci, but it often exhibits agradual approach in form to the larger chela in having the uppermargins more or less distinctly notched, and even occasionally inexhibiting traces of distinct depressions on the outer and inner surface.As the two varieties appear to pass into one another by almostinsensible gradations, I have not ventured to distinguish them byname. Of this latter form there are specimens from the Gulf ofSuez, Karachi, Samoa, and Shark Bay, West Australia (F. M.Rayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '), in the Museum collection. Among theShark-Bay specimens (preserved dry) in the Museum collectionone, which is apparently a female, has a slight indentation on thelower margin of the smaller chela.Specimens from China {Gm. Ha rdwicJce) in the Museum collectionare further distinguished by having a small spinule on either side ofthe mobile finger at the distal end of the upper margin of each chela.These have been designated by White A. chimgricus, M.-Edw.,whether rightly or not I cannot determine.In certain specimens I have observed that the interocular portionof the rostrum is somewhat elevated and subcarinated, as in the formfrom the Nicobars designated A. crassimanus by Heller*, wbich mayperhaps be a mere variety of A. ediuardsii. Dr. Heller notes a differencein the form of the smaller chelipede in A. crassimanus exactlyresembling that I have described above as occurring in A. echvardsii.This character, I may add, seems to be alluded to by Hilgendorf fin his remarks upon A. strenuus ; but if so, that author was notaware of its being a mere sexual distinction, but apparently supposedit to be a good specific character. It is also mentioned by DeMan, who, although regarding A. strenuus and A. crassimanus asdistinct species, regards the difference in the form of the smallerhand as probably sexual +.In the British-Museum collection are specimens of what appearsto be a distinct but closely-allied species from the Fiji Islands,Totoya {H.M.S. 'Herald '), and Sandwich Islands (W. H. Pease),S. I. Smith (t c.) it ranges from N. Carolina southward to the Abrolhos (Brazil),and Lockington mentions its occurrence on the Lower Califoruian coast and atRealejo on the west coast of Nicaragua (as A. hdcrochelis) ; Dr. F. Eichtersrecords it from the Maui'itius.* Reise der Novara, Crustacea, p. 107, pi. x. fig. 2 (1865).t Monatsber. der Akad. Wissenseh. Berhn, p. 831 (1878).J 'Notes from the Leyden Museum,' xxv. p. 105 (1881).

CKTJSTACEA, 287which is distingiiished hy having a small but well-developed spinuleon the outer side of the antennal scale at base, and the fingers ofthe smaller chelipede slender, arcuated, considerably longer thanthe palm, thickly clothed with long hair on their inner margins, andhaving between them an interspace when closed. In the adult thefingers are sometimes elongated to a remarkable degree, three timesas long as the palm in one specimen. This form I propose todesignate Alplwus rjracilidigitus.C'nmgon monopodium^ Bosc *, is very possibly this or an alliedspecies. As, however, it is impossible to identify that author's briefdescription and rude figiire as given in his second edition (1830) withany species with certainty, and as his designation has never beenadopted by any subsequent writer, I prefer to retain Audouin's nameA. edwarclsii, about which there is no uncertainty and which hasbeen used by several authors of repute. I have never seen the firstedition of Bosc's work.Both the Alplieus edwardsii, as described by Dana from Cape-Verd specimens, and the yi. pacificus, Dana, from the SandwichIslands, diff'er in having the second joint of the carpus of the secondpair of legs much shorter than the first joint, but are probably merevarieties of the typical A. edtvardsii.The species I described from the Samoa Islands as A. lineifer f isallied to A edwardsii, biit may be distinguished by the smootherchelipede and the existence of a well-developed spine on the outerside of the peduncles of the antennae. It may perhaps be the youngoi Alpheus imrvirostris, Dana, from the Balabac Straits ; but the firstjoint of the carpus of the second pair of logs is relatively shorter,and the large chela of the first pair relatively narrower and moreelongated than in Dana's figure.6. Alplieus ohesomanus, Dana.A small example from Port Molle, 5-12 fms. (No. 118), is referredto this species.Several small specimens are in the British-Museum collection fromOvalau, Fijis {H.M.S. ^Herald'). Dana's types were also from theFiji Islands. Dr. F. Eichters has recently recorded this speciesfrom the Mauritius (Isle des Fouquets).This species is remarkable on account of the turgid form of thelarger chelipede and the great elongation of the second carpal jointof the second pair of legs.7. Alplieus gracilipes, Stimpson.I thus designate a specimen from Port Molle, obtained on thebeach (No. U5), and another small example from Flinders Island,* Hist. Nat. Crust, ii. p. %, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (180l')-t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, xvi. p. 343 (1875).

288 COLLECTION'S FROM MELANESIA,which differ from the specimen doubtfully referred to A. ffracilipes,from Capt. St. John's Coreau collection, in the British Museum*only in having the inferior margins of the merus-joint of the largerchelipede distinctly serrated and its upper margin bluntly angulatedat the distal end, whereas in the Corean specimen the inferior marginsare nearly smooth and the upper margin ends in a distinctspine. A specimen from Ceylon (E. W. H. Holdsivorth) is somewhatintermediate in these characters. Nothing is said regarding theform of this joint by Stimpson in his original description. I mayadd that both the Japanese and Australian specimens differ fromStimpson's description, founded on examples from Tahiti, in havingthe first joint of the carpus a little shorter than the second.8. Alpheus minor, var. neptunus.Alpheus minus, Sen/, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. i. p. 245 (1818) ;M. -Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, ii. p. 356 (1834) ; l)e Kay, Zool.New York Fauna, Crust, p. 26 (1844) ;White, List Crust. Brit.Mils. p. 75 (1847) ; Oihhes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advanc. Sci. p. 196(1851); Kingsley, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, p. 190 (1878).? Alpheus formosus, Gibbcs, t.c. p. 196 (1851).Alpheus neptunus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. Cr. i. p. 553, pi. xxxv.tig. 5 (1852) ; Stimjison, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 31 (1860),var.Alpheus charon, Heller, Sitz. Akad, Wissensch. Wien, xliv. i. p. 272,pi. iii. figs. 21, 22 (1862) ; Crust, in Reise der Nomra, p. 107(1865), var.Alpheus minor, Lockinyton, Ann. ^ Maq. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, i. p. 472(1878).Three specimens, of which two are females with ova, were obtainedat Thursday Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165).A small specimen is in the British-Museum collection from PortJackson, between Bell's Head and Goat Island {J. Brazier).To this species also are referred specimens from the Gulf ofSuez {R. IlctcAndretv), Karachi (Karachi Museum), and Ceylon(E. W. U. Iloldsivortli), besides three specimens presented by T.Say, and therefore of typical value, from East Florida.Dana's types were from the Sooloo Sea, and Stimpson records itfrom Ousima and Hong Kong.I can find nothing, either in the descriptions of authors or in iihespecimens I have examined, to warrant the s])ecific separation of theOriental from the American species. The ocular spines and rostrumare, however, somewhat shorter and more triangulate in the Floridanexamples than in the Oriental form ; and as Kingsley notes a similardistinction between specimens occurring on the Eastern and WesternAmerican coasts, I retain Dana's name for the Oriental variety. Onthe American coasts it is recorded by Kingsley from North Carolinato the Bermudas on the east, and at Pearl Islands Bay, off Panama,on the west.* Vide Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 55 (1879).

—CRUSTACEA. 289y. Alpheus comatularum, Haswell.Since Mr. Haswell's description of this species is brief, it may boof service to subjoin the following, which was drawn up before his;Catalogue came to handThe body is smooth ; carapace with the sides nearly straight andthe antero-lateral angles appearing right angles in a dorsal view.The rostrum is very long, reaching nearly to the end of the pedunclesof the antennules, vertically compressed and acute ; it has a dorsalkeel, which is prolonged backward to the gastric region of thecarapace, which is rather convex ; the supraocular spines are long andacute, but not half as long as the rostrum. The lateral margins ofthe second to sixth segments of the postabdomen terminate in smallspines in the males ; in the females the third to sixth segments arelaterally acute ; in the males the first, and in the females the firstand second segments have their lateral margins broadly rounded.The terminal segment is about twice as long as broad, with fourspines on its upper surface (two on either side of the middle line)and four at its distal end (two on either side of a slightly prominentmedian lobe). The eyes are completely concealed beneath the carapace; the penultimate and antepenultimate joints of the antennularypeduncles are of about equal length, the last joint a little shorter ;the longer of the two flagella is about as long as the carapace, withciliated joints ; outside of the peduncles is a flattened spine, whichreaches to the middle of the penultimate peduncular joint. Theterminal joint of the peduncle of the antennae is much elongated,the preceding joint very short; the flagella robust and hardly aslong as the body ; the basal scale is shorter than the peduncle, bipartiteat its distal end, the outer lobe spiuiform and acute ; thereis a small external basal spine, below which is another larger spine.The larger chelepide (either the right or left) has a slender merusjoint,which is armed with a small spinule at the distal end of itsupper margin ; the carpus (in both) is extremely short, armed aboveand below with a strong spine ;palm subcylindrical, elongated,smooth, without notches, rounded above and below, with a smallspiniile at the distal end of its upper margin ; fingers each with ablunt rounded tooth on its inner margin, the upper dilated laterally,compressed and carinated above. In the smaller chelipede the palmis slender, the fingers incurved at the tips, the dactyl much longerthan the lower finger and strongly arcuated. In the second legsthe last joint of the carpus is slightly longer than the three precedingjoints (which are very short); the following legs are moderatelyrobust, and terminate in small curved claws. The rami ofthe uropoda are rounded, ciliated, and very minutely granulated atthe distal ends, the outer somewhat the larger ; their basal portionsare armed with a spine above. Colour (in spirit) yellowish orpinkish ; an adult female with ova is a deep brown-pink. Lengthof an adult female nearly ] inch iJ lines (30 millim.), of its largochelipede about Og lines (20 millim.) ; the males are somewhatsmaller.

290 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.Two females were obtained at Albanj- Island, 3-4 fms., whencealso it is recorded by Mr. Haswell, and a small male at WarriorReef (first collection) ; also an adult male from Prince of WalesChannel, 7-9 fms., and three from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165),from the second collection.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from Ceylon(£'. W. H. HoldswortJi), and I have also seen examples from Singapore(in the collection of A. 0. Walker, Esq.).The remarkable development of the rostrum and orbital spinesand the form of the antennal scale serve to distinguish this species.According to Mr. Haswell (Cat. p. 180), Avhose description ofthis and several other of his new species was based on specimensobtained by H.M.S. ' Alert,' it is invariably found clinging to thearms of a species of Comatulid, to which its markings give it ageneral resemblance. The carapace is marked with loiigitudinalstripes of brownish purple, with a narrow median white line, whichis continued on the first two postabdominal segments ; at the sidesare three short white markings, the abdomen has broad brownishpurpleand narrow white lines, bases of antennas purple, longitudinalstripes of purple on the ambulatory legs ; large hand marked withlongitudinal lines of light brown, bordered by narrow darkerbands.10. Alpheus villosus, M.-Edw.An adult example is in the collection from Warrior Reef (firstcollection), and two specimens (one of small size) from ThursdayIsland, 3-4 fms. (No. 177), in the second collection.A female with ova from the Australian coast (without specialindication of locality) is in the Museum from the collection of Dr.J. S. Bowerbank.To the characters given by Milne-Edwards I may add that thereexists a small spinule on the outer margin of the first exposed jointof the antennulary peduncles. The larger chela is vertically verydeep at its base, but narrows towards the fingers ; the smaller oneis pubescent, but without sulci or spiuules ; the fingers quite aslong as the palm.11. Pontonia (Conchodytes) tridacnae, Peters.A large series of specimens was obtained at Warrior Reef, atfrom 10-16 fms. (No. 137), together with specimens of PinnotheresviUosuTus, which inhabited " pearl-shells ;"• whether the Pontoniatridacncv had the same habitat is stated to be uncertain. By far thegreater number of the specimens collected were females with ova.In the full-sized examples the second pair of legs are very muchlarger and more robust than in the specimen figured by Dana (theonly one he had seen), having the palm robust and elongated,rounded above and below, and the fingers loss than half the lengthof the palm, the mobile finger strongly carinated above, with a tooth

CRUSTACEA. 291or lobe on its inner margin, which fits into a cavity between twosmaller teeth on the inner margin of the lower finger. These charactersare, however, less marked in specimens in which the secondlegs are less developed, and there are one or two examples in whichthe chelae scarcely difterin form and proportions from Dana's figure ;hence I have not ventured to regard the species as distinct.A specimen, dried and very imperfect, which probably belongs tothis species, is in the British-Museum collection from Keppel Island,Port Curtis, obtained within the shell of a live Pinna (j. MacgiUivrmj,H.M.S. 'Rattlesnake'), others from the collection of H.M.S.'Herald,' from the interior of Trklacna (without indication oflocality), and others from Matuka and Ngau (IT. M.S. 'Herald').In all the specimens from the ' Herald ' collection the second pairof chelipedes are less developed, as in Dana's figure of this species,which was based on a specimen from Tutuila, in the Samoan orNavigator group (Crust. U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. p. 571, pi. xxxvii.fig. 1, 1852).It appears very doubtful whether the P. maculata, Stimpson*,from Tridacno' obtained at Bonin, can be regarded as distinct fromP. tridacncp, from which it is only distinguished by Stimpson byits elongated form and slenderer rostrum ; the rostrum is, however,described as reaching only to the penultimate joint of theantennulary peduncles (and hence shorter than is usiial in P. tridacna')and truncated at apex.The genus ConcJiod.yfes, established for this species by Dr. Peters,can, I think, scarcely be regarded as generically distinct fromPontonia ; but the name may perhaps be conveniently retained as asubgeneric designation for P. trklacna' and the allied species. Dr.Hilgendorf, who had the opportunity of examining Dr. Peters'stype, distinguishes it from Pontonia merely by the shorter antennalflagellum t but the flagellum in P. macrophtJialma (which Dr. Peters;himself supposes to belong to Conchodytes) is represented as beingmuch longer. (See M.-Edwards, Atlas in Cuvier's Regno ' Animal,'Crustaces, pi. lii. fig. 3.)12. Harpilius inermis. (Plate XXXII. fig. B.)Body not compressed, smooth, and dorsally rounded, and withoutspines either on the carapace or postabdomen. Rostrum spiniform,rounded and smooth above, longer than the eye-peduncles, ratherbroad at base, appearing acute at apex in a dorsal view, withoutspinules or teeth on its upper or lower margins ; it is laterallysomewhat compressed, and in a lateral view its apex is rounded.The terminal postabdominal segment is rounded above, but narrowsconsiderably towards its distal end, which boars several set;e ; thelateral margins are unarmed. The eye-peduncles project laterallyand are of moderate size ;the antennulary peduncles project slightly* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. .38 (1800).t Sitzungsb. der Akad. Wiseensch. Berlin, p. 835 (1878).V2

;292 COLLECTIO^^S from. MELANESIA.beyond the rostrum and bear two flagella, whereof one is considerablythickened and is bipartite at its extremity ; the antennalpeduncles are short, with the last joint longer than the preceding ;their basal scales ovate, much longer than the peduncles, and withoutspinules ; rounded and ciliated at the distal ends ; the tlagellaare shorter than the animal, with the joints nearly naked ; the twolast joints of the outer maxillipcdes are slender, setose, and togetherlittle longer than the antepenultimate joint, which, like thepreceding, is moderately dilated. The anterior legs are slender, withthe wrist elongated and about twice as long as the palm and fingerstaken together ; the second chelipedes, although larger than the preceding,are yet slenderer than in many allied forms ; the joints arewithout spines ; the right leg a very little more robust than the leftthe merus or arm about as long as the ischium and little longerthan the carpus, which is rounded above and below and not half aslong as the palm ; the palm is smooth, rounded above and below,very slightly compressed ; the fingers rather more than half thelength of the palm, with thin inner edges, incurved and acute at thetips, and each armed with a tooth near the base on the inner margin,that of the dactyl being the larger ; in the left chelijêde the teethare not developed. The three following legs are slender, unarmed,and terminate in a small simple curved claw. The uropoda reach alittle beyond the distal end of the terminal postabdominal segmenttheir bases are armed above with a spine ; the rami are ovate andciliated, the outer a little broader than the inner. Colour (in spirit)light yellowish. Length of the single specimen (a female) about10 lines (21 millim.), of second chelipede about 7 lines (15 millim.).The secojid. specimen was found in the interior of a shell of aspecies of Finna, obtained on the coral-reefs at Port Molle, andbears ova.This species in its general appearance and in many details, as inthe edentulous rostrum, ovate antennal scales, and the form of thechelipedes, bears a striking resemblance to Anchistia awantiaca,Dana*, from the Fijis, but differs in the form of the outer maxillipcdesand of the dactyli of the ambulatory legs, in which it ratherresembles Hcnjnlius. As this is the only spirit-specimen, I havenot ventured to dissect the buccal organs to ascertain the absenceof a mandibular palpus ; but there can, I think, be little doubt thatthis species is rightly placed with HarpUius and Anchistia.There is in the British-Museum collection a dried example fromShark Bay, \y. Australia {F. M. Rapier, H.M.S. Herald ' '), whichprobably belongs here. This specimen also was found in the interiorof a Pin?ia-shel\.Another closely allied species exists in the Museum collection,represented by a single dried specimen from the interior of Tridaena(H.3I.S. 'Herald'), without precise indication of locality, whichdiffers in the form of the rostrum (which appears acute in a lateralview), and in having a spine on the anterior margin of the carapace* U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. Cr. i. p. 581, pi. sxxviii. fig. 2 (1852).

CRUSTACEA. 293above the scale of the external antennae, which is armed with aspinule at its autero-external angle. This I propose to designateH, spinuliferus.13. Anchistia petitthouarsi, Audouin ?The carapace, with its rostrum, is shaped nearly as in Palcnmon ;the terminal postabdominal segment is narrow, with four spines onits upper surface, placed close to the lateral margins, and terminatesin two long mobile spines and three smaller spines. There is asupraorbital spinule situated on each side of the rostrum, betweenit and the eyes and just behind the anterior margin of the carapace,also an antennal spine outside of the eyes, and one (the branchiostegal?) placed below the eyes and behind the anterior margin.The rostrum is longer than the peduncles of the antcnna3, nearlystraight, has six teeth on its upper and four on its lower margin,and is bidentate at apex ; the last tooth of the series is situated inthe median dorsal line of the carapace behind the auterior margin.The eyes are, as in Leander, of moderate size and project laterally.The antennules have the antepenultimate (?) joint of the pedunclesdilated, laminate, and vertically compressed, with a small spinuleat its antero-external angle ; the two following joints are short andslender and terminate in two flagella, of which the thicker is shortlybifid at its apex, the other is broken. The antennal scale is muchelongated, narrow, nearly reaching to the apex of the thicker antennularyflagellum, and completely concealing (in a dorsal view)the peduncles of the antennae ; it is ciliated on its inner margin andat its apex, and has a spinule at its antero-internal angle ; the antennalflagellum is about as long as the animal. Tlie outer maxillipcdesare subpediform, with the antepenultimate but little thickerthan the last two joints, the penultimate longer than the last joint.The anterior legs (or chelipedes) arc very slender, with the wrist aslong as the palm and fingers together ; the second legs are slender,but thicker than the preceding ; morus-joiut with a small spine atthe distal end of its inferior margin ; the wrist, which is littlelonger than the palm, is also armed with a spine at its distal extremity; the palm is very slender, nearly terete, and about as longas the fingers ; these latter are without teeth on the inner margins,and have the tips slightly incurved. The ambulatory legs areslender and clothed with a few distant hairs ; the penultimatejoints very long; the dactyli slender, styliform, nearly straight, andnot half a's long as the preceding joints. The bases of the uiôpodahave a small spinule at the distal end of the outer margin, and thereare two subterminal spinules on the outer margin of each outerramus ; the rami are subovate (as usual) and ciliated at the distalextremity and along the inner margins ; the outer somewhat broaderthan the" inner ramus. Colour (in spiritj whitish. Length nearly10 lines (21 milbm.).The unique specimen (a female with ova) was obtained at PortMollo ou the beach (No. 98).

;294 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.I regard the Ancliistia c/randis of Stimpson, from Ousima*, assynonymous with Anchistia petitthouarsi.The differences in the proportions of the second legs in our specimenand that described by Mr. Stimpson may perhaps be due toBex. Stimpson does not mention the number of the teeth (if any)on the inferior margin of the rostrum in his example ; but as hesays " A. ensifronti affinis," it may be presumed that, as in Dana'sspecies, there are three teeth on the inferior margin of the rostrum,and also that there is, as in that species, a supraocular spine.Anchistia inci'quimana of Heller is, according to Ivossmannf, also%yao^lyTSlo\^?.^\ih.A.'p€tittllOuars^.It is remarkable that neither inthe figure of Savigny, nor in Heller's long description of A. incpquimanain the ' BeitrJige zur Crustaceen-Fauna des rothen Meeres,'can I find any indication of the supraocular spine ; so that our specimenmay after all belong to a distinct species.14. Coralliocaris ? tridentata. (Plate XXXII. fig. C.)The body is rounded above and not compressed ; the anteriormargin of the carapace bears a strong spine outside of the eyepedunclesand above the basal anteunal scale. The rostrum is short,not reaching to the end of the peduncles, and has three spiniformteeth on its upper margin ; its lower margin is entire ; the apex curvesgently upward and is acute. The segments of the postabdomenare without spinules ; the terminal segment has four small mobilespinules on its upper surface near the lateral margins, and thesomewhat rounded apex is tipped with a few short setfe. The eyesare rather short, robust, and reach about halfway to the apex ofthe rostrum. The antepenultimate joint of the peduncles of theantennules is about as long as the two following taken togetherthese are short and of equal length ; the longer flagellum is broken.in the single specimen examined, the shorter is slightly bipartite atits distal end. The basal antennal scales are shorter than thepeduncles of the antennules, rounded and ciliated at the distal ends,and with a very small spinule on the outer margin. The antepenultimatejoint of the outer maxillipedes is very little longer andbroader than the penultimate joint, which about equals the terminaljoint in length. The anterior legs (the left only is perfect) are veryslender ; the wrist much exceeds the hand in length, the slender'palm about equals the fingers. Of the second legs also only theleft is perfect ; this limb has the joints smooth and unarmed, themerus longer than the carpus, which is less than half the length ofthe palm, which is much shrivelled, but its lower margin appears tohave been carinated ; the fingers are less than half the length ofthe palm, acute at their apices, and without teeth on their innermargins. The third legs are robust, with the merus and penultimatejoints compressed ; the dactyl minute, curved, and with aminute tooth on the lower margin. The following legs are imperfect.* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 39 (]8(>0).t Zool. Ergebn. Reis. roth. Meer. ii. p. 83 (1880).

CEXTSTACEA. 295The rami of the uropoda are somewhat longer than the terminalsegment, ovate, the outer somewhat broader than the inner. Colour(in spirit) purplish brown. Length about 7| lines (16 millim.).The single specimen, a female with ova, was obtained at Thursday-Island, 4-0 fms. (No. 130), and is in very imperfect condition, theright chelipede of the first and second pair and most of the ambulatorylegs being deficient. Nevertheless the species may be distinguishedfrom all described by Dana, Heller, or Stimpson by thedifi'erent dentition of the rostrum. On account of the minute dactylwith its inferior tooth I refer this species to Coraliiocaris ; but itdiffers from the typical species in the slenderer maxillipedes andshorter antenna! scales.15. Palsemon (Leander) intermedius, Stimi^son.Three specimens, two of which are females with ova, were obtainedat Port Jackson, 0-5 fms. (first collection). 8timpson's specimenswere also from Port Jackson.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from KingGeorge's Sound, S.W. Australia, and from Ovalau, Fiji group{F. M. Rayner, H.M.S. Herald ' '), and also from Tasmania.This species usually has eight teeth above and five below, exclusiveof the subapical tooth on the rostrum, and more rarely sevenabove and four below, as stated by Stimpson. The apex is usually,but not invariably, bidentate ; in one of the specimens from PortMoUe the subapical tooth is placed further back on the dorsalsurface of the rostrum, which thus appears simple at its apex.There is a small spine at the base of the antennal peduncles outsideof the antennal scale.I regard the Palcvmon (^Leander) serenus of Heller*, from Sydney,as very probably a mere variety of P. intermedius. Mr. Haswell(Cat. p. 195) retains the two species as distinct ; but he appears tohave seen no specimens, and his translated descriptions are inaccurateas regards the second pair of legs in both species.16. Sicyonia ocellata, Stimpson.A small specimen is in the second collection, from Thursday-Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165), which agrees with Stimpson's descriptionand the specimens in the British-Museum collection from Ceylonand Hong Kong. To this species also belongs, I think, the Sicyoniabriefiy characterized by Mr. Haswell, but without specific name,from Port Jackson (vide Cat. p. 205).17. Penaeus granulosus, Hasivell.A small male from Port Darwin, 12 fms. (first collection), belongshere, and also, I think, a male specimen from Thursday Island,* •Reise der Novara,' Crust, p. 110, pi. x. fig. 6 (1805).

;296 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELA-HESLA..4-6 fms., in Dr. Coppinger's second collection (No. 130), which hasthe terminal postabdominal segment broken.These specimens, although males, have a distinct dorsal carina onthe carapace, in this particular agreeing with Mr. Haswell's descriptionof the female and differing from the specimens he regards asthe males of this species.P. gramdosiis comes very near to P. monoceros, Fabricius, whichspecies, however, has no lateral spines on the margins of the terminalsegment.18. Penseus velutinus, Dcma.Here are referred two specimens (one of which is an adult male)from Port Darwin, 12 fms. ; a specimen from Albanj' Island, 3-4fms.; and a small example from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms.For remarks upon the specific characters and geographical rangeof this widely-distributed species, I may refer to my paper onCrustacea from the coast of Senegambia * and memoir on thePenseideaf.I may add that in P. velutinus there are present an antenualand hepatic spine, and a third spine (the branchiostegal ?) situatedon the anterior margin of the carapace below the eye-pedunclesalso usually a minute supraorbital spinule or denticle, or a notchindicative of its position, in the anterior margin.19. Penaeus batei. (Plate XXXII. fig. D.)The carapace and postabdomen are covered with a very shortclose pubescence as in P. velutinus. The carapace has scarcely anytraces of sulci, and has a well -developed antennal and a smallhepatic spine ; also a very small pterygostomian spine or spinule.The rostrum scarcely reaches beyond the ends of the peduncles ofthe antennules ; it is scarcely prolonged at all backward as a medianlongitudinal dorsal crest : its distal extremity curves slightly upwardand is acute ; its lower margin is entire ; its upper margin isarmed with two teeth placed just in front of the anterior margin ofthe carapace : behind these, on the gastric region of the carapace, isa rudimentary tooth. The third to sixth segments of the postabdomenare cariuated in the dorsal median line ; the carina on thesixth segment ends in a small spinule on the posterior margin ofthis segment. The terminal segment is slightly longer than thepreceding, narrow, longitudinally cariuated above, and terminates ina strong spine, on either side of which are three lateral spines, ofwhich those nearest to the distal extremity are smaller and placedimmediately above the preceding. The eyes are large, much moredilated than their short peduncles. The terminal joint of thepeduncles of the antennules is shorter than the preceding ; thetiagella subequal and very short, not so long as the peduncles. The* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, viii. p. 367 (1881).t Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 304 (1878).

CRUSTACEA. 297peduncles of the antennje are very short, completely concealedbeneath the large basal scales, which reach slightly beyond the antennalpeduncles, narrow to their apices, and have a small spinvdeat the distal ends of their outer margins. The outer maxillipedesare rather robust and elongated, reaching, when thrown forward,almost to the apices of the antennal scales. The first legs are muchshorter than the following, with the joints compressed, the dactyliacute, and the basus and ischium-joints have each a small spine atthe distal ends of their inner margins ; the second and third chelipedesare slender (the hasus-joint of the second legs bears a smallspine) ; the third are longer than the second ; the fourth legs areslender and rarely as long as the third ; the fifth are imperfect.The rami of the iiropoda are narrow, and reach about to the end ofthe terminal segment ; the outer has the lateral margins nearlyparallel ; in the inner ramus they converge very slightly to therounded extremity. Colour (in spirit) purplish beneath the cinereouspubescence. Length about 2 inches 10 lines (72 millim.).The unique example (a female) was obtained at Albany Island in3-4 fms.The palpi of the mandibles are two-jointed ; the joints flattened,dilated, and ciliated, as in Pencms.As the specimen is unique, I have not been able to make a completeexamination of the branchiae ; but I think (as in the trueFencei as restricted by Mr. Hpence Bate) no true podobranchiae arepresent, but merely the epipoditic appendages or " mastibranchise "as he denominates them *.There are, besides, in the collection from Port Denison a specimenclosely allied to Pasipluva and to LeptocJula, Stimpson ;andanother crustacean, perhaps belonging to the Penaîdea, which, beingin very mutilated condition, cannot be described in detail, andwhich I leave for the present iindetermined,* Vide Spence Bate " On the Peufcidea," Aim. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, viii.p. 174(1881).In this recent memoir on the Penseidea several new genera and not afew new species have been very briefly characterized, to none of which, Ibelieve, can our new form be referred. The descriptions, however, are insufBcient.From HemvpencBus, which this species resembles in its short and fewtoothedrostrum, it differs in the structure of the flagella of the antennules.Mr. Spence Bate includes in the very insufficiently defined genus PencBopsis theP. styliferus, M.-Edwards, with which he apparently considers P. dohsoni, Miers,to be identical. He has strangely overlooked an important distinction, twicementioned by me in my paper {vide Proc. Zool. See. 1878, pp. 305, 307),namely the absence of lateral marginal spinnles on the terminal postabdorainalsegment. They are absent, I may add, alike in the female and in Prof.Wood-Mason's small male. The existence of these in P. styliferus is mentionedby Milne-Edwards in his original description of that species, and tliey arepresent also in a specimen referred to P. styliferus in the British-Museumcollection.

II298 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.STOMATOPODA.1. Squilla nepa, Latr.A small male is in the collection from Port Darwin, 7-12 fms.(No. 173).For remarks on the geographical distribution, and an enumerationof localities whence the British-Museum collection possessesexamples of this common and widely-distributed species, I mayrefer to my revision of the group *.Since itspublication specimens have been added to the NationalCollection from W. Borneo t.2. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fahr.).Two small males are in tlie collection from Port Molle (beach,No. 98) in the fii'st collection, and one from the beach at ThursdayIsland (No. 167) in the second collection, of larger size.Since I referred to the distribution of G. cliiragra in 1880, specimensboth of this species and of G. (jraphurus have been added tothe collection from various Malayasian localities % ; and of G. chiragraalso from Ceylon {Dr. W. Ondaatje).Dr. Kossmann§ confidently identifies this very common specieswith the Cancer faJcatus of Porskal ||,whose name, having priorityover that of Fabricius, would displace the almost universallyadopted designation G. chiragra, if the identification be correct.But I am inclined to think that Forskal's description may not improbablyhave been based upon a specimen of the almost equallycommon G. grapliurus ; the words (used of the terminal segment)" in medio scuti gibbus, elatus, hemisphsericus,' carinis longitudinalibus,convexis, pone mucronatis numero quinque " will applybetter to the latter form, on the supposition that Porskal overlookedthe small outermost pair of lateral prominences ; in G. cliiragra butthree dorsal carinaB are distinctly developed, and these, in the adultat least, are not mucronate. Under these circumstances it will bebetter, perhaps, to retain the accepted designations than to run therisk of further unnecessarily complicating the synonyms by applyingForskal's doubtful name to either species.3. Gonodactylus graphurus, White (ined.), Miers.Specimens of this widely distributed species, which appears to bevery abundant on the N.E. Australian coasts, are in the collection* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. pp. 25, 118, 120 (1880).t Vide ' Annals,' t. c. pp. 458, 459.I Vide ' Annals,' t. c. p. 459.§ Malacostraca, in ' Zool. Ergebn. ciner Rcise in Kiistengeb. des roth. Meeres,'p 100 (1880).' Doscriptiones Animalium,' &c. p. 96 (1775).

—;CRUSTACEA. 299from Port MoUc, obtained on the beach (No. 92), at 5-15 fms.(No. 118), and 14 fms. (No. 93). Some of these (No. 95) are adultmales of large size. Also a small female from Port Denison,4 fms. (No. 111). All of the above are from Dr. Coppinger's firstcollection. Also a small male from Clairmont Island (No. 151),and two specimens from Thursday Island—a female from the beach(No. 167) and a male from a depth of 4-5 fms. (No. 165)—in thesecond collection.ISOPODA.1. Ligia gaudichaudii, var. australiensis, Dana?Here are somewhat doubtfully referred several specimens obtainedon the beach above high-water mark at Port Molle. Dana'sbrief diagnosis was based on imperfect specimens in which both theantenna; and uropoda are wanting; and as Mr. Haswell had seenno specimens of this species, and therefore adds nothing to ourknowledge about it in his Catalogue, the following description maybe useful :The body is oblong-oval, moderately convex, but little laterallydilated. The head is transverse, with its anterior margin convexlyrounded, without any median rostriform point, its upper surfacegranulated and transversely sulcated, one of the sulci runningparallel to the posterior margin, and others bordering the posteriormargin of the eyes. The segments of the thorax are rather indistinctlygranulated above ; the postero-latcral angles of the firstsegment are nearly right angles, those of the second and thirdslightly more acute, those of the fourth to seventh segments acute andposteriorly prolonged, yet not to so great a degree as in some speciesof the genus. The segments of the postabdomen are nearly smoothabove in the middle line, but granulated on the sides, and have asusual the postero-lateral angles acute and produced ; the posterolateralangles of the penultimate segment scarcely reach more thanhalfway to the apex of the corresponding angle of the terminalsegment. The terminal segment is longer than the precedingthe posterior margin has a very slight median prominence, and arather deep notch close to the postero-lateral spine ; the marginof the notch, although sometimes slightly sinuated, is not dentatedas in L. fjaudicliaudli; the postero-lateral spine is short and scarcelyreaches beyond the level of the posterior margin. The eyes arevery large, black. The minute antennules are not visible in a dorsalview. The antennae are shorter than the animal, and have thepenultimate and terminal joints of the antenna) slender and elongated,the terminal longer than the preceding joint ; the three precedingjoints are robust and much shorter ;the fiagellum composedof 26-30 joints ; the joints of the legs are clothed with short stiffsdce, which are most abundant on the inferior margins of the fourlast joints ; below the terminal claw is a second small subterminalone on all the legs. The terminal joint of the stem of the uropoda

300 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.is somewhat elongated, trigonous, and has a small spinule at itsdistal end ; the rami arc subequal and longer than the base, yet notgreatly elongated as in some species. The colour (in spirit) is yellowish,usually closely and somewhat irregularly punctulated withblack. Length of the largest example about 8 lines (17 millim.) ;breadth nearly 3^ lines (7 millim.).These specimens very nearly resemble examples referred to L.gaudichaudiifrom Madjica-Sima in the Museum collection ; but thebody is less distinctly granulated, and the granulations do not generallyextend over the median dorsal line of the postabdominal segments,and the notches of the terminal segment are not distinctlytoothed. In one specimen, however, I have observed a continuousline of granules bordering the posterior margins of the postabdominalsegments.In the uncertainty that exists regarding the true nomenclature ofnot a few species of this genus, I prefer to retain the name of australiensisas a designation for this variety. Mr. Thomson* has describeda species from Dunedin, New Zealand (L. quadrata), which isevidently nearly allied to the L. australiensis, but may, perhaps, bedistinguished by the less prominent postero-lateral angles of the lastostabdominal segment, which J is described as " subquadrate, withthe angles hardly projecting."2. Ceratothoa imbricata.Oniscus imbricatus, Fahr. Mantissa Insect, i. p. 241 (1787).Cymothoa imbricata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 503 (1793) ; Suppl. p. 304(1798).Cymothoa banksii, Leach, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii. p. 353 (1818) ;Desmarest,Cunsid. Crust, p. 309 (1825) ; M.-Fdwards, Hist. Nat.Crust, iii. p. 273 (1840) ;Heller, Feise der Nuvara, Crust, p. 148(1865).Cymothoa trigonocephala, M.-Edwards (nee Leach ?), Ann. Sci. Nat.ser. 2, iii. pi. xiv. tigs. 1, 2 (1835) ; Crust, in Cuv. Fegne Animal,pi Ixv. fig. 2 ; Hist. Nat. Crust, iii. p. 272 (1840), var.; Ouerin,Icon. Crust. Fegne Animal, pi. xxix. fig. 2 {after Milne-Edwards ).Ceratothoa trigonocephala, Heller, Nuvara Crust, p. 148 (1865) ;Thomso7i, Trans. Neio-Zeal. Inst. xi. p. 233 (1879), var. ; Hastvell,Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 282 (1882), after M.-Edwards.? Cymothoa approximans, White, t. c. p. 110 (1847).Ceratothoa bauksii, Miers, Cat. Neio-Zeal. Crust, p. 135 (1876).A small specimen, presenting no distinctive external sexual characters,is in the collection from Port Jackson, 0-5 fms. It is undoubtedlyidentical with a somewhat larger specimen from the samelocality in the British-Museum collection, taken " from the mouth of abream." The type example of C. hanlcsii (thus designated in the handwritingof Dr. Leach) is of larger size, and is said to have been obtainedin the New-Zealand seas ; it presents no distinctions which can beregarded as of specific importance, and the description which I have* Trans. New-Zeal. Inst. xi. p. 232 (1879).

'CRUSTACEA. 301already given of it in the ' Catalogue of New-Zealand Crustacea'will apply equally well to the smaller Australian examples, exceptthat iu these latter the eyes are distinct and dark-coloured, theantero-lateral prolongations of the first thoracic segment (in thesmallest specimen especially) somewhat narrower at base, and theposterior margin of the terminal postabdominal segment somewhatarcuated*.The type of Fabricius's Cymotlioa imhricata is also in the British-Museum collection (from the collection of Sir J. Banks), and I amenabled to identify Leach's species with it with tolerable certainty.The slight notch in the terminal segment mentioned by Fal)ricius is,I think, merely due to an accident. As White referred Fabricius'sCi/mothoa imhricata to the genus Nerocila, and the type, when myNew-Zealand Catalogue was published, had not been placed in thegeneral collection of the Museum, I did not then suspect its identitywith C. hanhsii. The species in the New-Zealand Catalogue (p. 107)which I designated, after White, Nerocila imhricata must be calledNerocila madeai/ii, White having previously nsed this name for it(vide Dieffenb. Voy. New Zealand, ii. p. 268, 1813).It is not improbable that the original C. trigonocepluda. Leach,must also be regarded as synonymous with this species ; nevertheless,as the type specimens (which are dried and without definitelocality) present certain slight distinctive characters, as {e. g.) thehead is narrower, more distinctly triangulate, with straight sides,and the anterior thoracic segment proportionately longer than isusual in C. imhricata, I keep tliem provisionally distinct {cf. Ann.& Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 4(33, 1880). To ascertain the truedistinctive characters of the species of this difiicult group, a carefulrevision of the whole subject is needed. Milne-Edwards's descriptionof C. tri(jonocephala in the Histoire natureUe ' des Crustacesseems to have been drawn up from specimens of a variety having amore obtuse front, and the anterior margin of the first thoracic segmentarmed with a median lobe or tooth. Specimens presentingthese characters are in the British-Museum collection from SharkBay. Mr. Haswell, in his Catalogue, and Thomson (t. c.) merelycopy ]k[.-Edwards's description.I refer specimens in the Museum collection to Ceratotlioa imhricatafrom Port Essington (Haslar Hospital) ; Sydney, Murray River{A. E. Craven, from the mouth of a salmon-trout) ; Shark Bay, W.Australia (from a species of Monacanthus) ; Calcutta (designated byWhite C. approximans) ; and various other specimens without specialindication of locality.3. Cirolana multidigitata, Dana.A small female from Albany Island belongs, I think, to thisspecies.* The posterior margin in Leach's typo is sliglitij rolled in througli the desiccationof the specimen ;it should not have been described as " nearly straight."

302 COLLECTIONS PBOM MELANESIA.The inner ramus of the uropoda is less distinctly triangulate thanin the specimens in the British-Museum collection from the Philippinesand Swan Kiver*. The median lobe of the front is not at allprominent.Reference to this species is omitted in Mr. Haswell's Catalogue.4. Cirolana scMbdtei. (Plate XXXIII. fig. A.)Body narrow- oblong, microscopically punctulated, convex andHead closely encased in the first segment ofsmooth, as in G. rossii.the body, transverse, with scarcely any indication of a median interantennularyrostral point, anteriorly bordered with a transverse grooverunning parallel to and just behind the anterior margin ; there is asimilar groove bordering the posterior margin of the eyes. Thefirst segment of the body is longer than the following ; the posterolateralangles of the first four segments are rounded, those of thefifth to seventh segments are right angles. Five or six postabdominalsegments are visible in a dorsal view ; the first five are veryshort, the lateral angles of the second to fourth curve backward andare much prolonged and acute or subacute ; the terminal segmentis widest at base, and beyond this subtriangulate, with the lateralmargins converging in a gentle curve to the distal extremity, which isacute or subacute ; the margins in their distal half are ciliated andminutely serrated. The eyes, seen laterally, are oblong (as in C.rossii) ; they each occupy rather less than one third of the totallength of the front margin of the head, and extend but a short distanceover its inferior surface. The antennules reach nearly to, oreven a little beyond, the posterior margin of the head ; the joints ofthe peduncle are short, the first two slightly more dilated than thethird, the fiagellum composed of a great number of very short joints.The interantennal plate (" lamina frontalis ") lies between the basesof the antennae, its sides diverge slightly from the base to a pointsituate between the antennules and antenna?, where it bears a strongtooth ; beyond this its distal extremity is acute, and lies between butdoes not completely separate the antennules. The antennae aboutreach to the posterior margins of the fifth body-segment. Thefirst two joints of the peduncles are very short, the third and fourthsomewhat longer and robust, the fifth yet longer, but slenderer thanthe preceding ; the fiagellum is composed of a great number of joints(50-65). Tlae three posterior epimera have their postero-lateralangles prolonged and acute. None of the legs of the body areancoral. The ischium- and merus-joints in the first three pairs aredilated and dorsally produced. The margins of the third to fifthjoints in all the legs are clothed with stiff" setae ; the dactyli in allare but slightly curved. The bases of the uropoda are prolongedat their inner and distal angles into a strong spine ; the rami areciliated on the margins and acute at their apices, the outer muchnarrower and a little shorter than the inner, which reach a little* Vide Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 511, pi. xxiv. figs. 6-11 (1878).

CEITSTACEA. 303beyond the distal extremity of the terminal segment. " Colour (inspirit) yellowish white. The length of Dr. Coj^pinger's largest specimenis little over 8| lines (18 millim.) ; but the largest examplein the British-Museum collection is of much greater size, measuringnot less than 1 inch 2| lines (31 millim.).Two specimens were dredged in the Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms.(No. 160).There are in the British-Museum collection several specimenscollected in Torres Straits (J. B. Jukes). AU of these appear to beof the male sex. The terminal segment (only) is slightly pubescentabove.The mandible closely resembles that of C. lurtlpes as figui'cd byMilne-Edwards*, in its truncated and strongly dentated apex, sensorialappendage, and triarticulate palpus ; the maxillipede is alsoformed on a precisely similar type to that of C. hirtijjes.The form of the interantennal plate, which somewhat resemblesthat of certain -^ga' (e.g. JEga siJom/iopJiila), and of the lateral prolongationsof the second to fourth segments of the postabdomen atonce distinguish this species from Cirolana hirtipes, M.-Edw., andC. rossii, Miers, and from Cirolana (Eurydice) swainsonii, Leach, aMediterranean and West-African form, to which C. schiodtei is verynearly allied, ^ga novizealandia;, Dana, and Cirolana latistylisand orientaUs, all of them forms somewhat insufficiently described,appear to be distinguished by the much more rounded and lesstriangulate terminal segment, &c. C. arabica, Kossmann, to judgefrom his figuresf, is distinguished by the form of the rostrum,terminal segment, and interantennal plate both from this and thefollowing species.5. Cirolana tenuistylis. (Plate XXXIII. fig. B.)As this species in many particulars nearly resembles the foregoing,it may sufiice here to point out its chief distinctive characters. Theinterantennal process is narrow-linear, as in C. rossii or C. hirtipes,but the eyes are subquadrate or somewhat rounded, with very largeocelli, and each occupy less than one fourth of the total length of thefront and lateral margins of the head, which has a more prominentmedian frontal process. The antennules have the first two joints ofthe peduncle more dilated, the second very short, the third robust,but less dilated than the preceding ; the last two joints of the peduncleof the antennae are shorter than in C. scMbdtei. The third andfourth joints of the ambulatory legs are considerably dilated andmargined with stiff setse. The inner ramus of the uropoda is muchnarrower than in C. schiodtei, with the sides parallel to near theextremity, which is subacute. The length of the largest specimenis about 7 lines (15 millim.).A single specimen, I think a male, is in the collection from Prince* Atlas in Eegne Animal de Cuvicr, Crust, pi. Ixvii. fig. 8.t Zool. Ergebu. Reis. roth. Mecr. ii. p. 114, pi. viii. figs. 7, 11 (1880).

304 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.of Wales Channel (7-9 fms.). The antennae are imperfect. Twospecimens, of unknown locality, are in the British Museum from thecollection of H.M.S. Herald.''The mandible, in its broad and strongly dentated apex, closely resemblesthat of C. schi'ddtei.Cirolana latisti/lis, Dana, from the Balabac Straits, is very imperfectlydescribed, but appears to be distinguished from this species bythe much broader inner ramus of the uropoda.(i Cirolana lata, HasweU, var. Integra.Three small specimens from Albany Island, 3-4 fms., are referredwith much hesitation to this species. In the broadly ovoid form ofthe body, with its longer first thoracic segment and short postabdomen,they resemble Mr. Haswell's figure and description* ; butthe terminal postabdominal segment is less acute than in the figure,and there is no tooth upon the inner edge of the inner ramus of theuropoda. I may add, in reference to some points that are notmentioned in Mr. Haswell's description, that the eyes are black andsubijuadrate, the median rostral point prominent and prolongedbetween the bases of the anteunules to or nearly to the apex ofthe interantennal plate, which is nearly of the same form as inC. scJiiodtei, but is without a superficial tooth ;the apex of themandible is broad and dentated as in other species of the genus ; thebasal joint of the antennules is large and considerably dilated ; thefiagellum of the antennae (which is short and scarcely reaches beyondthe posterior margin of the first body-segment, as in Haswell's figure)is 13-15-jointed.7. Rocinela orientalis, Schiddte 4' Meinert.A single female is referred here in Dr. Coppinger's collection fromPrince of AVales Channel, 7-9 fms., which has lost the inner ramusof both uropoda.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from MoretonBay.If a male and female from Ceylon {E. W. H. Holdsworth) anda male from the Gulf of Suez are correctly regarded as identicalwith this species (and they do not seem to differ markedly from theAustralian examples), this must be a widely distributed Orientalform. A large specimen from the West-African coast (withoutspecial indication of localitj') comes very near to this species, buthas a more acute and prolonged front and posterior epimera, anddiffers slightly in the proportionate length of the joints of theantennae and antennules, and may be distinct. Messrs. Schiodteand Meinert's types were from the Philippines and Calcutta.Mr. Haswell has described a species, Rocinela vigilavs, fromHolborn Island, near Port Denison {vide Cat. p. 285), which seems* Troc. Linn. Soe. N, S. Wales, vi. p. 192, pi. iv. fig. 1 (1881); Cat. p. 286(1882).

CRtrSTACEA. 305in some of its characters to conuect this genus with Cirolana ; it is atonce distinguished from R. orientalis by the form of the eyes, whichare confluent in the middle line of the head. Specimens are in theBritish-Museum collection from the north-eastern coast of Australia,but no special indication of locality remains, nor any record as tohow they were obtained.In Dr. Coppingcr's specimen, and in that from the Gulf of Suez,the front is somewhat more broadly rounded than in the figure ofSchiodte and Meinert- (Nat. Tidsskr. p. 395, pi. xiii. figs. 1-2, 1879).In the smaller specimens from Ceylon the antennae have a fewer(10-12) jointed flagellum. I doubt therefore the constancy of thenumber of the joints of the autennal flagellum as a character forseparating the species ; but not having examined specimens of severalof the new forms described by Schiodte and Meinert, I will notexpress myself upon this point with certainty.There is in the British-Museum collection a species of ^ga verynearly allied to ^c/a ci/chjjs, Haswell, from Port Jackson, but whichseems to be sufficiently distinguished by having the body very coarselypunctulatcd, the epimera of the fourth to seventh segments only subacuteand (the last excepted) scarcely prolonged beyond the posteriormargin of the segments ; and particularly bj' the form of the terminalpostabdominal segment, which is truncated, not rounded, at itsdistal extremity ; the outer ramus of the iiropoda is ovate but notacute, the inner squarely truncated at its distal extremity ; the distalprocess of the peduncle extends considerably beyond the middle ofthe inner ramus. This species, of which a single male is in the collectionfrom King George's Sound (i^. il/, i?ft?/}?er, H.M.S. Herald'),'I propose to designate ^f/a meinerti. In the confluent eyesand the form of the terminal segment it somewhat resemblesthe North-European and Arctic ^ga crenulata, Liitken, but theposterior prehensile limbs are without the cultriform process characteristicof that species and ^rja ivthhii.8. Cymodocea longistylis. (Plate XXXIII. fig. C.)Convex oblong-ovate, as usual in the genus. Head and first threesegments of the body indistinctly punctulated ; the fourth to seventhsegments granulated, the granules arranged in two transverse series,and most distinct on the two posterior segments. First segment ofthe postabdomen with a transverse line of granules (like those of thethoracic segments, but larger) and with other granules posterior toit, and with a prominence on either side of the middle line on itsposterior margin : terminal segment also very distinctly granulatedand somewhat hairy, and with two elevated prominences on itsupper surface, behind which, and near to the distal extremity, is amuch less elevated and more rounded prominence ; terminal notchquadrangular, and with an oblong distally truncated median lobe.The median frontal process is subtriangulate ; the postero-lateralangles of all the segments of the body are acute, except those of theX

—306 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.last segment, which arc broadly rounded. The eyes are borne onthe broadly rounded postero-lateral lobes of the head. The firstsegment of the peduncle of the autennules is about twice as long asbroad and considerably dilated ;the second joint, which is small butmoderately dilated, is received into a cavity at the distal end of thefirst joint ; the flagella about 14-jointed. The peduncular joints ofthe antennae are slender ; the flagella about 20-joiuted. The ambulatorylegs are very slender ; the merus, carpus, and propus or penultimatejoints margined inferiorly with short stiff hairs, and, as inother species of the genus, the dactyli bear a small subterminalaccessory claw. The rami of the uropoda are narrow, entire, nearlystraight, and rather densely hair}- ; the outer rather shorter than theinner ramus, and more acute at its distal extremity ; the inner long,projecting by about half its length beyond the terminal segment.,Colour (in spirit) yellowish white. Length a little over 4 lines(9 millim. ).A single mutilated specimen was obtained on the beach atThursday Island, Torres Straits, and is evidently a male, the ventralgenital stylets being very distinctly developed. Two males are inthe Museum collection without special locality (J. B. Jules), andsome specimens from Singapore received in the final consignment ofH.M.S. ' Alert.'I cannot identify it with any of the Australian species of thisgenus recently described by Mr. Haswell. lu the granulated segmentsof the body it resembles C. bidentata and C. coronata, Haswell,both obtained at Griffith's Point, Victoria, but differs in the armatureof the terminal post abdominal segment. There are specimensin the British-Museum collection from Bass Straits (J. Macgillivray,H.M.S. Rattlesnake ' ") which I refer to C. coronata, having thetubercles on the dorsal surface of the postabdomen disposed as inMr. Haswell's diagnosis, but differing in the acute inner ramus ofthe uropoda.C. hngist]/lrs is also very nearly allied to the European C. truncatn,Leach, but is distinguished bj' the much longer and slenderer innerramus of the uropoda. However, I am not sure that the examinationof a sufficient series would not necessitate uniting the two species.9. Cerceis bidentata, M.-Edw., var. aspericaudata.(Plate XXXTII. fig. D.)Thus is designated with much hesitation a specimen (male) fromPrince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 169). As Milne-Edwards'sdiagnosis is very brief, I subjoin the following description of theprincipal distinctive characters presented by the specimen beforeme:The body isconvex with the sides straight, and widens graduallyto the tail. Head subtriangulate, but with the anterior marginrounded ; the rostral lobe is inflexed, and lies between the bases ofthe autennules ; the postero-lateral lobes, which bear the small black

;CETISTACEA. 307eyes, are but little produced and rounded, and are received intorounded notches in the first segment of the body. The first bodysegmentis longer than the following ; its antero-lateral processesnarrow, acute, and prolonged forward along the sides of the headbeyond the eyes ; the postero-lateral angles of all the segments(the last excepted) are acute, those of the last body-segment arerounded. The postabdomen is divided into two portions, the anteriorof which is minutely punctulated and bears on each side twolateral sutures, indicative of coalescent segments ; the posterior(or terminal segment) is granulated, subtriangulate, with two lowrounded elevations on its upper surface ; its distal extremity has arather deep and narrow and somewhat triangulate notch. Thebasal joint of the peduncle of the autennules is much enlarged,longer than broad, its distal extremity is excavated, and its distaland inferior angle is prolonged into a spine which reaches nearly tothe extremity of the following joint, which is also dilated, butshorter than the preceding ; the very slender flagellum is 12-14-jointed ; the four exposed joints of the peduncle of the antennae areslender, but little more dilated than the joints of the flagellum,which are 14-16 in number. The fourth to sixth joints of theambulatory legs are slender and margined with very short hairs.The rami of the uropoda are rather large and dilated, reachingbeyond the distal end of the terminal segment, and with theexterior and distal angles acute and somewhat produced (especiallyin the outer ramus, w^hich is rather the larger) , Colour (in spirit)yellowish white, minutely speckled with black. Length nearly6 lines (12 millim.).Our specimen differs from Milne-Edwards's diagnosis in its punctulatedand granulated postabdomen and the narrower notch of theterminal segment ; the first-mentioned is a character which mightpossibly be overlooked on an examination with a lens of low powernevertheless this variety will perhaps prove a distinct species.The remarkable structure of the antennules serves, I think, todistinguish it generically from the typical species of Dynamene,which it resembles in the simply emarginate tail-segment ; but itmay be found convenient hereafter to separate generically thespecies with a tridentate terminal postabdominal segment fromthose in which this segment is simply notched, as has been done inthe analogous case of Cymodocea ; the examination, however, offurther material is required to determine this question. Certainspecies with a tridentate segment closely connect this genus withCymodocea. I may take this opportunity of noting that the Cymodoceagranuhta described by me in 1876* is probably not specificallydistinguishable from Cerceis trich'ntata, Milne-Edwards, whichspecies, however, is but very briefly characterized.* Vide 'Catalogue New-Zealand Crustacea,' p. 114, pi. iii. fig, 5 (1876).x2

—308 COLIECXIONS FROM MELANESIA.10. Cilicaea latreillei.Cilicsea latreillei, Leach, Did. Sci. Nat. xii. p. 342 (1818) ; Desmarest,Consid. Crust, p. 296, pi. xlviii. fig. 3 (1825).Nsesea bidentata, Gucrin, Icon. Crust. Regne Animal, Atlas, pi. xxx.fig. 2 (1829-44).Splieeroma pubescens, M.-Echvards, Hist. Nat. Crust, iii. p. 209(1840), $ PN^sea latreillei, M. -Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, iii. p. 218 (1840).Cymodocea piibesceus, Hasioell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, v.p. 473, pi. xvii. fig. 1 (1881) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 290 (1882).The following is a description of the principal distinctive charactersof this species, taken fi"om male examples bearing Leach's labelin the British-Museum collection :The segments of the body and uropoda are covered with a veryshort stiff pubescence. The head is transverse ; the eyes are borneon the rounded postero-lateral lobes, which are encased in notchesin the anterior margin of the first thoracic segment : the medianfrontal lobe is subacute and projects between the bases of theantennules. The first thoracic segment is slightly longer than thefollowing ; its antero-lateral processes are acute ; the postero-lateralrather blunt, with the posterior margins slightly hollowed out ; thesecond thoracic segment is rounded, but narrowed on the sides ; thethird and fourth subacute, the fifth less acute, and the sixth andseventh broader and rounded or subtruncated. The dorsal processof the penultimate postabdominal segment is simple, straight, itsapex scarcely acute ; it docs not project far beyond the distal endof the terminal segment, which is rather more distinctly granulatedand has on its upper surface two prominences, situated one on eachside of the dorsal process of the penultimate segment ; the notch inthe middle of the posterior margin is rather deep and as broad asdeep, and is divided by a median subtriangulate lobe. The basaljoint of the antennules is considerably dilated, longer than broad,and is slightly excavated at its distal extremity, where it is articulatedwith the next joint. The ambulatory legs are slender; andthe dactyli are armed below with a small accessory claw. The innerramus of the uropoda is represented by a blunt lobe or process of thebase ; the outer ramus is straight, not greatly longer than the base,and usually bears a small tooth on its outer margin. Length 5 lines(nearly 11 millim.).The female scarcely differs, except in wanting the posterior dorsalprocess of the penultimate postabdominal segment, and in the subequalrami of the uropoda, the inner or immobile ramus being moredeveloped, and the outer shorter in the adult, usually more acute atits distal extremity, and bearing, as in the male, a tooth on theouter margin. It presents all the appearance of a Cymoclocea.I have scarcely any doubt that the Cipnodocea (or Sphceroma)pubescens of Milne-Edwards and Haswell are the female of thisepecies. All the specimens in the considerable series before me,with the dorsal process of the postabdomen and rudimentary

-CRUSTACEA. 309inner ramus of the uropoda, have the external genital appendagesproper to the male sex, which are not to be found on any of thespecimens I regard as the females of this species, several of which,on the contrary, carry ova. In several instances I have found thetwo forms associated in the same phial in the Museum collection.I refer to this species the following females in the ' Alert ' collection,which may, however, belong to the variety crassicaudata,HaswellAn adult example from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms. (No. 104), whencealso Mr. Haswell records it as Cymodocea pubescens ; also one fromThursday Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165). These specimens have theouter ramus of the uropoda acute, with a strong tooth on its outermargin, and closely resemble S. jnibescens as described by Milne-Edwards.Smaller specimens are in the collection from Port Curtis, 7 fms.,and Albany Island, 3-4 fms., which have the body less pubescentand the postabdomen more distinctly granulated, the rami of theuropoda somewhat shorter, the outer ramus subacute or even obtuse,with the tooth on its outer margin very faintly defined or obsolete.The rounded elevations on the upper surface of the terminalsegment vary much in prominence in this species. In two femalesfrom King George's Sound, West Australia, which may belong to adistinct species, they are very prominent, conical, and subacute.An approach to this form is, however, exhibited in one of Leach'stypes (a male).A good series of both sexes of Ciliccea latreillei from the Australianseas is in the British Museum from the collection of the lateDr. J. S. Bowerbauk. Unfortunately the exact locality has not beenpreserved.Mr. Thomson * has described a species of this genus (as I think)from Dunedin, New Zealand, under the name of Nasea ccmicidata,which is allied to 0. latreillei, but distinguished by the broadlytruncated process of the first postabdominal segment.11. Cilicsea latreillei, var. crassicaudata (Haswell).A male and female are in the collection from the Arafura Sea,32-36 fms. (No. 160), and also a male and two females withoutspecial indication of locality (No. 123).This form comes extremely near to Ciliccjea latreillei, Leach, andmust, I think, be considered a mere variety of it. It is distinguishedby the longer, less conical median process of the penultimate postabdominalsegment, and the much longer outer ramus of the uropoda,which is not toothed on its outer margin,I have observed males of the typical form in which the tooth onthe outer margin of the outer uropod is obsolete.There is in the British-Museum collection a specimen from Bass* Trans. New-Zeal. Inst. xi. p. 234, pi. x. fig. A 7 (1879).

310 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Straits which appears to merit separation at least as a variety, whichhas the segments of the body, the postabdominal process, and theuropoda covered with a dense golden-brown pubescence ; the processof the penultimate postabdominal segment very long, reaching nearlyto the extremity of the outer ramus of the uropoda, and obscurelyemarginato at its distal extremity ; the outer ramus straight, subacute,and entire, the inner represented by a short but distinctprocess of the base ; the notch in the terminal segment deep, with aprominent triangulate median process. This I wiU designateC. latreiJlei, var. longisphia. I have observed specimens of thepreceding variety which nearly resemble this in the form of theterminal notch with its median lobe. From Ciliccea tenuicaudataand C. crassa, Haswell, which this form resembles in the greatlyelongated postabdominal process, it is distinguished by wanting thetwo prominences of the terminal segment, and by the entire longerramus of the uropoda.Ciliccea antennalis *, from Swan lliver, is nearly allied toCiliccealatreillei, but may be distinguished by the nearly smooth body, theform of the thoracic segments, which are subtruncated on the sides,the much wider, shallower, transverse notch of the terminal segment,which has a very small median prominence, and the form ofthe process of the penultimate segment, which projects far beyondthe distal end of the last segment, is vertically compressed, roundedat the distal end, and marked with a longitudinal median groove ;the median froutal process, which is iiiflexed and lies betweenthe bases of the antcnnules, is truncated at its distal end, whereit is applied to the anterior margin of the labrum ; the basal jointof the antennules is considerably enlarged, more than twice aslong as broad, with a small tubercle at the distal end of its uppermargin ; the next joint, which is about half as long, terminatesin two spines below the point of articulation with the slenderthird joint : ambulatory legs very slender ; apices of the uropodasubtruncated and recurved. The type (a male) measures 10 lines(21 millim.) from the front of the head to the end of the postabdominalprocess.The genus (or subgenus) Ciliccea, I may note in conclusion, isnearly allied to Ncesa, Leach, and Campecopea, Leach ; but thetypical species of Na;sa have the last segment of the postabdomensimply notched (without a median process), and the penultimate segmentarmed with two or three dorsal processes or spines, and in thetypical species of Campecopea the terminal segment is entire. Thedistinctions between the sexes in this group are so marked that aconsiderable series is necessary and a careful examination, ordistinctions which are merely sexual may easily be taken to be indicativeof distinct species or even genera.* NcBsa antennalis, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 105 (1847) (ined.).

—CETJSTACEA. 31112. Haswellia carnea (Haswell).Calyptura carnea, Hasioell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, v. p. 476,pi. xvii. fig. 4 (1881) ;Cat. Austr. Crust, p. .302 (1882), nomenffenericiwi 2}>'csuccupatmn.A single specimen of this remarkable genus and species is in thecollection from Port Jackson.The name Gahjptura having been preoccupied in 1843 by Swainson(in tlic Class Aves), I am obliged to adopt a new generic designationfor this species, and would propose to associate Mr. Haswell'sname with a typo which is certainly one of the most interesting ofthe many new forms described by him.The coloration, which is described as crimson by Mr. Haswell,has completely disappeared in the specimen in the Alert ' ' collection*.ANISOPODA.1. Paranthura australis, Hasivell.A single specimen, I think a male, is in the collection fromDundas Straits (17 fms.).I may add the following to Mr. Haswell's brief description :The anterior margin of the front is bisinuated on either side of themedian lobe. The terminal segment is longer than broad, andnarrows to its rounded apex. Of the antennules four, and of theantennae five, joints are visible, besides the rudimentary flagellum.The carpus in all (?) the legs is produced below the inferior marginof the propus or penultimate joint in the form of a blunt lobe or tooth.These characters, which are not indicated in Mr. Haswell's descriptionand figure, render it possible that this specimen may belongtoa distinct species.AMPHIPODA.In the determination of the Amphipoda of the ' Alert ' collectionI have generally followed Mr. Haswell in using Mr. Spence Bate'scl'issification t, rather than that more recently proposed by the lateAxel Boeck J, since the latter author was concerned exclusivelywith north-temperate and Arctic species, and the characters of the* In passing from this notice of the Australian Isopods, I may observe thatthe Idotea caudacuia, Haswell, and /. excavata, Haswell (Cat. pp. 276, 277), areprobably identical, the former with Idotea peronii, Milne-Edwards, and thelatter with /. ungulata, Pallas, as characterized in my recent revision of thegroup (Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvi. p. 1, 1881).t Vide ' Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea in the British Museum,' Svo(1862).IDe Skandinaviske og Arktiske Amphipoder ' ' (Christiania, 1872).

'812 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.numerous generic divisions proposed by him would doubtless requireconsiderable modification in any general systematic arrangement ofthe group. Of the numerous Australian additions to this Orderdescribed by Haswell, but few are in the collections received fromDr. Coppinger,1. EpMppiphora kroyeri, White.Several small specimens from Dundas Straits, 17 fms. (No. 161),one from Prince of AVales Channel, 7-9 fms., and one from PortDenison, 4 fms. (No. 122), are referred to this species. They agreewith White's much larger types in the form of the body, the coxaeof the thoracic legs, and particularly in the great development of thepostero-lateral lobes of the fourth coxae, in the broadly roundedbasus-joints and somewhat dilated ischia of the three posterior legs,and in other points. White's examples (from Tasmania) are dried,and the first and second legs are now l)roken, as also the terminalsegment in both specimens. In the specimens from the ' Alertcollection the terminal segment is elongated, narrowing slightlyto the distal extremit)-, with the sides straight, and is divided bya narrow median fissure ; the imperfect terminal segments inWhite's types seem to show a similar structure ; in this particularthey differ from L. nitens, Haswell, from Port Jackson. L. australiensis,Haswell, has a very close resemblance to L. kroi/eri, and Ishould have considered it identical with it, were it not for the probabledifference in the form of the terminal segment, since L. australensisis only distinguished by Haswell from L. nitens by the formof the eyes and the palms and fingers of the second legs.In the present uncertainty as to the true limits of the genera ofthis group, I refer to this species under White's original designationEjphijypiphora. By Boeck this genus is doubtfully considered to beidentical with his Socarnes, first described in 1870.Mr. Thomson* i-ecords the species from Dunedin, New Zealand(as Lysianassa tcroi/eri) ; but as he says nothing of the form of thetelson or terminal segment, I am not sure of the identity of hisspecimens with the true kroyeri.2, Leucothoe spinicarpa, var. commensalis.Gammarus spiuicarpus, Ahildffaarrl, Zool. Danica, iii. p. 66, pi. cxix.figs. 1-4 (1789).Cancer (Gammarus) articulosus, Montagu, Trans. lAnn. Soc. vii.p. 70, pi. iv. fig. 6 (1804).Leucothoe articulosa, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 358 (1815),et auctorum.Leucothoe spinicarpa, A. Boeck, Skandinaviske og Arktiske Amphipoder,p. 507, pi. xvi. fig. 5 (1876), ubi synon.* Trans. New-Zealand Institute, xi. p. 237 (1879).

;CRUSTACEA. 313Leucothoe ? crassimana, Kossinann, Zool. Ergehn. einer Reise rothenMeeres, Malacostraca, p. 131, pi. xiii. figs. 9, 10 (1880).Leucothoe commensalis, Hasioell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv.p. 201, pi. X. tig. 3 (1880) ; Cat. Austr. Crust, p. 248 (1882), var.I refer to this species a single specimen from Port Jackson, 0-5fms. It differs oiily in the greater length of the superior antennaefrom Mr. Haswell's description of L. commensalis, these exceedingin length the head and first four segments of the body. It rangesalong the whole eastern coast of Australia, from Thursday Island inthe north to Western Port in the south.Mr.Haswell describes this as being one of the commonest Amphipodaof Port Jackson, where it is found within the pharynx of acommon large tunicate, in the cavities of large sponges, and in othersimilar situations. A mutilated specimen is in the Museum collectionfrom this localit}', received from J. Brazier, Esq.It is not without much hesitation that I unite L. commensaliswith the European L. articulosa, yet upon comparison of theAustralian specimens of L. covunensalls with the specimens fromGreat Britain and Norway in the British-Museum collection I candetect no difference of specific importance. In one English specimenthe eyes are reddish, in another Australian example reddishblack, and in others scarcely any trace of the pigment remains.There are variations in the length of the antennae and in the formof the antero-lateral processes of the first segment of the body, andalso in the degree of acuteness of the apex of the carpal process ofthe second pair of legs, which, however, I cannot connect with thegeographical habitat of the individuals examined. As, however, theseries the Museum possesses is but small, and there are in thenational collection no specimens from localities intermediate betweenGreat Britain and Australia, it may be well to consider Mr. Haswell'sspecies as a variety, sincethere may be distinctive charactersdiscoverable in the colour of the eyes, or in other minor particulars.The eyes in Abildgaard's original description are described asblack.Kossmann's species {L. crassimana), from the Red Sea, is onlybriefly characterized, but the details figured would seem to showthat this species is also identical with or very nearly allied toL. articulosa.3. Leucothoe brevidigitata. (Plate XXXIV. fig. A.)The body is smooth, dorsally rounded and laterally compressedthe coxae of the first four legs deep, as in allied forms. Head small,with a very small median rostral lobe, its antero-lateral anglesrounded and not much produced. The coxae of the fourth legs arebut little longer than the preceding, without any distinct posterolaterallobe ; they are slightly overlapped by the much shorter coxaeof the fifth legs. There is a very small acute tooth at the posterolateralangles of the first tail-segment ; these angles in the second

;:314 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.segment are slightly acute, and in the third segment nearly a rightangle ; the terminal segment or telson is subtriangulate, entire,longer than broad, with the apex subacute. Tho eyes are black,somewhat ovate in shape. The antennules scarcely equal in lengththe head and first two segments of the pereion ; they have threejoints of the peduncle exposed, the first and second subequal inlength, but the first somewhat thicker ; the third joint sleudererthan the second and about half its length ; fiagellum 13- or 14-jointed. The antenna? have tho first joint (which is only partiallyvisible in a lateral view) short, subspherical, the second very shortand not more dilated than the third and fourth, which are elongated; the fourth a little shorter than the second ; fiagellum about8-jointed. The first pair of legs (gnathopoda) have their basusjointsmoderately dilated, with the posterior margins thin-edgedand hairy ; ischium and merus very short ; carpus considerably dilated,and produced at its posterior and distal angle into a spine,which extends along the posterior margin of the propus and reachesto its distal extremity. The jDropus or penultimate joint is ovate,the dactyl minute and articulated with it at its distal extremity.In the second legs the carpus is very short, and produced alongthe posterior margin of tho propus for less than half its lengththe propus is subovate and large ; its posterior margin is armedin its distal half with a series of small granuliform teeth, againstwhich the well-developed dactyl impinges. The third and fourthlegs are small and present nothing remarkable ; the fifth to sevent.hhave the coxae small, the basus-joint moderately enlarged androunded posteriorly ; tho following joints slender and nearly nalcedthe fourth and fifth slightly produced at the posterior and distalangles. The three posterior pairs of tail-appendages are biramose,the rami lanceolate and acute ; in the posterior pair the outer is alittle shorter than the inner ramus. Colour (in spirit) whitish.Length about 7^ lines (16 millim.).A single specimen was obtained at Thursday Island, 4-5 fms.(No. 165).This species is distinguished from L. sjoinicarpa, var. commeoisalis,Haswell, and the closely allied species or varieties L. diemenensisand L. gracilis, Haswell, by the broader, more ovate propus or palmand shorter dactyl of the first legs, and the more regularly andevenly toothed palm of the legs of the second pair. The terminalsegment is shorter, less acute, and broader-triangulate than in thespecimen I refer to L. commensalis.L. nova'-JioUcoidice, Haswell, from Port Jackson, is at once distinguishedby the broad truncated palm and the absence of a dactylto the anterior legs, by the shorter carpal process of the second legs,and by other characters. Our species may be regarded as in somesense intermediate between the first three and the last-mentionedspecies.There are mutilated specimens both of L. novce-Jiollandice andL. hrevidigitata in the Museum collection from Vaucluse Point,Port Jackson {J. Brazier).

CRTJSTAC'EA. 3154. Melita australis, HasvelhA male is in the collection from Port Jackson, 0-5 fms., alocality where, according to Mr. Haswell, it is very common.In this specimen the three anterior postabdominal segments havetheir posterior dorsal margin armed with six spines ; the fourth withtwo spines, outside of which on each side is a small spinule ;thefifth is armed as the fourth, but the median spines are smaller ;thetelson is divided nearly to its base, with the lobes acute.The species is very nearly allied to the Mdita setipes, Dana, fromSingapore ; but in the absence of specimens for comparison, I donot venture to unite the two forms. M. setipes has, according toDana, but two teeth or lobes on the distal margin of the larger handof the second legs ; M. australis has three, but tlie one nearest thedactylus is very small in the specimen I have examined.5. Mcera ramsayi, Haswell.A male specimen is referred to this species from Port Jackson,0-5 fms., whence also Mr. Haswell records it ; and also one fromPrince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (No. 109). The minute teeth orspines on the posterior margins of the first and second segments ofthe postabdomen do not extend to the postero-lateral lobes ; in thethird segment the posterior margins are armed with spinules to oreven beyond the postero-lateral angles. There are several smallspinules on each side of the median dorsal spine on the posteriormargin of the fourth and fifth segments. There is a small notchin the anterior margin of the palm of the smaller leg of the secondpair, besides the small defining tooth at the postero-distal angle.These points, which are not mentioned in Mr. Haswell's description,render it possible that this specimen should be regarded as belongingto a distinct variety or species.6, Mcera ruhromaculata (Stimpson).To this species are referred two imperfect specimens obtained atPort Molle, 5-12 fms. (No. 118), and one from Dundas Straits,17 fms. Mr. Haswell also records it from Ports Denison, Stephens,and Jackson. As in these specimens the superior antennae are imperfectand the posterior uropoda are wanting, their identificationwith Stimpson's species must remain somewhat uncertain. Accordinglyit may be useful to append a description of the specimens,with special reference to some points which are not mentioned inthe descriptions already given of this species.The body is slender ; the head not produced at its antero-lateralangles ; the coxte of the first segment of the body have their anterolateralangles acute and produced somewhat beneath the head. Theposterior margins of the five anterior postabdominal segments arearmed with a series of minute spinules, which in the first and second

;316 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.segments and fourth and fifth segments exist only on the dorsalsurface, but on the third extend down to the rounded postero-lateralangles ; in the second segment the posterior margin above therounded postero-lateral angles is obscurely dentated. The lobes ofthe terminal segment arc subconical and tipped with one or twosetse. The eyes are oval, but very obscurely seen. The penultimatejoint of the peduncles of the superior antcnnaj is slightly longerand slenderer than the preceding ; the third joint, with which theshort accessory flagellum is articulated, is verj- short ; the flagellaare themselves imperfect ; the accessory flagella about 6-jointed.Tbe inferior antennae are much shorter than the superior ; the firstpeduncular joint little more than half as long as the second, whichis about as long as the third; the flagella 12-14-jointed. The firstlegs are slender and feeble ; the merus-joints very small, with posterioracute lobe and tooth ; the carpus resembles the propus orpalm, having the posterior margin convex, rounded, and hairy; thedactyl is a little more than half as long as the palm. The secondlegs have the carpus very short, propus considerably enlarged, longerthan broad, its distal margin oblique, slightly arcuated, and definedby a small tooth ; dactyl slightly arcuated, and closing against thedistal margin of the propus. The three posterior legs are slenderthe margins of the fourth to sixth joints with a few stiff hairs.The uropoda are biramose, the rami in the penultimate and antepenultimatepairs subequal ; the last pair are wanting in the threespecimens I have examined.Another specimen from Port Jackson, 0-5 fms., which I referdoubtfully to this genus (it having lost the head), and which I cannotidentify with any known Siîecies, has the body smooth and unarmed,the first three postabdominal segments with a small spinuleat their postero-lateral angles ; the terminal segment has the lobesflattened and subacute distally. The first legs are small, with thecarpus and propus posteriorly arcuated, the carpus little shorterthan the propus. The second legs have the merus-joint short, butlittle produced at its postero-distal angle ; carpus transverse, dilatedin its distal half, which equals the width of the palm at base ;palmlonger than broad, narrower distally, with the distal margin veryoblique, not acute, but presenting a broad surface, against whichthe strong arcuate dactyl closes, and armed with four spines or lobesas follows—one defining the postero-distal angle, a pair of smallspines in front of this, and a rounded lobe below the articulation ofthe palm with the dactyl. The three posterior legs are ratherrobust, with the basus-joints not serrated ; the merus produced at itsanterior and distal angle. The outer ramus of the penultimate andantepenultimate uropoda is slightly shorter than the inner ramusthe rami of the last pair subequal, broader and slightly shorter thanthe preceding.This species, which may be designated provisionally M. crassimana,is apparently well distinguished by the form and dentition of thepalms of the second pair of legs.There is also in the collection a specimen which may belong to

CRTTSTACEA. 317this genus or to Megamoera, from Port Jackson, 5-7 fms. (No. 104),but which, having lost both pairs of antennae and the terminal segment,cannot be referred to any genus with cei'tainty. It is distinguishedfrom the various species described by Mr. Haswell by thegreat length of the first legs, which exceed the legs of the secondpair in length, and have the merus considerably produced at thepostero-distal angle, the carpus about twice as long as the propusand truncated at its distal end, propus posteriorly arcuated, dactylabout half as long as the propus : the legs of the second pair have themerus short, carpus more than half as long as the palm and truncatedat its distal extremity ;palm or propus considerably enlarged,its distal margin oblique and nearly straight, defined at the posterodistalangle by a small spine, and with a truncated lobe or toothnearer the base of the dactylus, which is strongly arcuated anddoes not reach quite to the postero-distal angle of the palm. Thecoxae of the four anterior legs are deeper than the segments withwhich they are articulated. The three posterior legs slender, withthe basus-joints little dilated and posteriorly entire, the merusjointsnot distally produced into lobes or teeth. The uropoda arebiramose, the rami subequal, those of the posterior pair very small,not foliaceous. The segments of the body are without teeth, spines,or spinules. The coloration (in spirit) whitish, the body coveredwith numerous small black dots.In the form of the anterior legs and in the coloration it resemblesAmphithoe setosa, Haswell, from Botany Bay, but diff'ers in the formof the palm of the second leg, and, I suppose, of the posterioruropoda.7. Megamcera suensis, Haswell ?As Mr. Haswell's description is very short and our specimens differslightly from his figure in the form of the second legs, I append thefollowing description:—Body rather robust; head with a smalllateral tooth behind the antero-lateral angles. Coxne of the firstfour thoracic limbs deeper than their respective body-segments, thefirst pair not much prolonged at the antero-lateral angles, which arerounded or subacute. The last thoracic segment and the first andsecond postabdominal segments have their posterior margins armedwith two small dorsal spines ; the thii'd is dorsally eraarginate butwithout spines ; the fourth has its posterior and dorsal marginsarmed with two strong triangulate acute lobes or teeth. The firstand second postabdominal segments have a small spinule at theirpostero-lateral angles ; the third segment has its postero-lateralangles truncated and armed witli three to five teeth ; the lobes ofthe terminal segment, which are subcylindrical, are tipped with afew setae. The eyes are oval, black. The antennae are somewhathairy ; the superior antennae are broken, but exceed the head andthoracic segments in length ; the basal peduncular joints are thickerand somewhat shorter than the second joints ; the third joints veryshort ; the slender accessory flagellum is composed of three rather

318 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,long joints, and is tipped with a pencil of hairs. The inferior antennaeslightly exceed in length the head and first five segments ofthe body ; the basal pednncular joint is very short, the second isslightly longer than the third joint. The first legs (gnathopoda)are very slender and feeble ; the merus short, unarmed ; the carpus,like the propus, convexly arcuated posteriorly and fringed vrithhairs ; dactyl rather less than half the length of the propus. Thesecond legs have the small and slender merus armed with a posteriorspine ; the carpus very short, transverse, and equalling the proximalend of the propus or palm in width ; the palms, in three specimensexamined, are large, similar, and subequal, longer than broad,rounded at base, very slightly broader at the distal extremity ; thedistal margin, against which the strong arcuate dactyl closes, has awide shallow notch above the postero-distal angle of the palm, andabove this three or four very obscure indications of teeth ; theinfero-distal angle is not defined by a tooth or spine. The third andfourth legs are very slender, with the dactyli about as long as thepreceding joints ; the three posterior legs are robust, with the basusjointsposteriorly serrated ; the fourth to sixth joints margined withlong hairs ; the merus-joints widening to the distal margin, which ispi'olonged into an anterior and posterior spine, the posterior spinebeing very large ; dactyli less than half the length of the precedingjoints. The fourth and fifth pairs of uropoda have the slender ramimargined with short stiff hairs ; the sixth pair have the rami subfoliaceous,rather narrow-ovate and not greatly elongated. Colour(in spirit) light brownish pink. Length (without antennae) a littleover 4 lines (9 millim.).Two specimens are in the collection from Albany Island, 3-4 fms.,and two from Port Denison, 4 fms. (jSTo. 122).In the dorsally bispinose postabdominal segments this speciesresembles McgcmKvra diemeiiensis, Haswell, from Tasmania, but difi"ersfrom this and all of the other Australian species of Moera and Megamceradescribed by that author (as it appears) in the form of thepalms of the second legs, not to speak of other characters. If ourspecimens should prove to be distinct from Megamoera suensis,which is only known to me by Mr. Haswell's very short diagnosis,I would propose to designate them ill. hasweUi.Mr. Thomson* has recently described a species, Megamoera fasciculata,from Dunedin Harbour and Christchurch, New Zealand, whichis distinguished from both this and the following species by thenon-emarginate unarmed palms of the first and second legs, the firstpair being " quite transverse,"

CRUSTACEA. 319notches, but the posterior and lateral margins of the third segmentof the postabdomen are armed with a series of small spinules whichdo not extend over the dorsal surface, but reach downward to thepostero-lateral angles ; there are also one or two small spinules orteeth at and near the postero-lateral angles of the first and secondpostabdominal segments ; the eyes are much narrower and (transversely)longer than in M. suensis, the first peduncular joint of theinferior antennae is somewhat longer and slenderer ; the wrist andpalm of the first legs (gnathopoda) are much more hairy ; the spineon the posterior surface of the merus-joint of the second legs ismuch shorter, the wrist longer, and the palm perhaps rather moreslender and hairy, with a less distinctly defined distal notch, behindas well as in front of which are one or two small teeth ; the threeposterior legs are slenderer, with the distal angles of the merusjointsacute but not prolonged into spines ; the rami of the posterioruropoda are subequal, but much longer than in Megamcera suensisand less acute. Colour (in spirit) light yellowish brown. Lengthabout 5 lines (11 millim.).A single specimen was obtained at Albany Island, 4-5 fms., withthe preceding species ; also two from Prince of Wales Channel,7-9 fms. ; and one from Thursday Island, 4-5 fms. (No. 165).In the long rami of the posterior uropoda this sjiecies somewhatresembles 31. mastersii, Haswell, from Port Jackson ; from which,however, it is distinguished by the larger narrow eyes and thesomewhat excavated and less distinctly toothed distal margins ofthe palms of the second legs ; nor does Mr. Haswell mention thespinules of the third postabdominal segment, &c.From Mcera rubromacuktta, Stimpson, it is distinguished by theentire non-pectinated postero-dorsal margins of the postabdominalsegments, the narrow eyes, and the non-defined distal margin of thepalms of the second legs.It is also apparently very nearly allied to the British Megamcerasemiserratu and M. hrevicaudata, Spence Bate, and may be only avariety of one of these species ; but in M. semiserrata the eyes arerepresented as less narrow and elongated, and the dactyli of the legsof the second pair are serrated upon the inner distal half, and inM. brevicaudata the palm has the inferior margin loss distinctlydefined and more convex in its distal portion *.I may note, in conclusion, that Kossmann has described f twospecies, Mcera erythra-a and M. massavensis, from the Red Sea,which appear to be distinguished from all the foregoing species ofMcera and Megamcera by the form of the palms of the second legs.9. Podocerus australis, Haswell.Five male specimens were obtained at Port Jackson from weedon the ship's bottom.* M. semiserrafa is one of several Anipbipoda which it would seem are inaccurately marked in Mr. Spence Bate's Catalogue as represented in tlie Museum.t Zool. Ergebn. einer Reise im roth. Meeres, pp. 132, 133, pi. xirfigs. 1-11 (1880).

320 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.This species is very nearly allied to the British Podocerus falcatus,Montagu (of which the male is figured by Sp. Bate and Westwood asP. pidcheUiis), and also to P. validtis (Dana), from Rio de Janeiro,in the form of the legs of the second pair. I have not been able tocompare it with specimens of the last-mentioned species. EromP. falcatus it is apparently distinguished by the inferior antennae,whose flagellum (in the specimens of P. aiistralis I have examined)has a very long stout basal joint which much exceeds the unitedlength of the remaining joints of the flagellum ; these are two orthree in number, very short, and diminish successively in length.10. Caprella aequilibra (Sat/).A good series of specimens were obtained from weed on the ship'sbottom at Port Jackson with Podocen's australis. -;.,Mr. Haswell's examples (designated C. obesa) were from ClarkIsland in the same harbour.All appear to be males. A conical spine, not mentioned by Mr.Haswell, exists on the ventral surface of the body, between thesecond pair of legs (gnathopoda).A female obtained with the foregoing, and which probably belongsto the same species, has the joints of the peduncle of the siiperiorantennas less dilated and the flagellum more elongated ; the basusjointsof the second gnathopoda are less dilated ; but one of thedistal teeth of the inferior margin of the palm is developed, andthis is very indistinct.I may refer to Dr. Paul Mayer's recently published fine monographof the Caprellidse * for the synonyms of this very widely distributedspecies. There can be no doubt of the correctness of hisidentification of C. obesa, Haswell, with C. a'qnilibra (Say), Say'sspecimen in the British-Museum collection, although dried and in asomewhat shrivelled condition, does not differ appreciably from ourAustralian examples, nor from a specimen from the Mediterranean(Ilennah), and the dried one from Hong Kong (Harrington) in theMuseum collection, which was identified with C. crqiiilihra by Mr.Spence Bate. Out of three (presumably) British examples in spiritin the Museum collection, designated C. o'quilibra by Mr. Sp. Bate,one only belongs to this species, and this also does not differ fromthe Australian examples.11. Caprella attenuata, Dana? (Plate XXXIV, fig. C.)I refer here with much hesitation a male obtained at Port Jacksonwith Caprella o'quilibra. It diflfers from C, attenuata as figuredby Dana and by Dr. Mayer (t. c. p. 67) in the much more robust* In ' Fauna unci Flora des Golfes von Neapel,' vi. p. 45, pi. i. fig. 7, pi. ii.%. 1-11, pi. iv. figs. 20-25, pi. r. figs. 16-18 (1882).

CRirSTACKA. 321and shorter segments of the body and peduncular joints of thesuperior antennae, relatively longer inferior antenna), &c., as a comparisonof the figures will show ; but as Mayer refers to this species(founded upon types from Rio de Janeiro) specimens sent to him byMr, Haswell from Port Jackson, and our specimen agrees with Dana'sfigures of the male in the denticulation of the palms of the secondlegs and in other characteristic points, T do not venture to regard itas distinct.CapreUa novce-zecdandioi of Kirk * comes very near this species,but differs in the form of the non-ciliated joints of the flagellum ofthe superior antenna3, and the penultimate joint of the second legs isarmed (apparently) with but two teeth. Both C novce-zealandiasand Protdla austruUs, which greatly resemble this species, have aspine or tooth on the penultimate joint of the three posterior legs, ofwhich scarcely any indications exist in the specimens I refer toC. attenuata.Two other very small Caprellce, also obtained at Port Jackson,are in the collection, which I am unable to identify with certainty,but do not think it desirable to designate by a distinct specificname.OSTRACODA.The few Ostracoda collected were submitted to Dr. G. S. Bradyfor determination, who referred them to the following species :—1. Cypridina albo-maculata, Baird.The specimens collected were from Port Darwin, 12 fms., andDundas Straits, 17 fms. (No. 161). The original types were fromWestern Australia, Swan River.CIRRIPEDIA.1. Balanus trigonus, Darwin.Numerous specimens (mostly small) were obtainedat Port Jackson,0-5 fms. (No. 90). Darwin records it from Sydney, andmentions its distribution through the Malaysian seas and its occurrenceat New Zealand and also on the W. coast of the Americancontinent.2. Balanus amaryllis, Danvin.A specimen from the beach at Port Darwin (No. 176), andseveral small specimens from Albany Island, 3-4 fms., attachedto a shell, appear to belong to this species. In the two largestspecimens, however, whose opercula I have examined, the scuta* Trans. New-Zeal. Inst. xii. p. 393 (1879).

322 COLLECTIONS FKOJl MELANESIA.have the articular ridges somewhat reflexed. Por its distributionsee Darwin's monograph (p. 279), by whom it is recorded fromMoreton Bay.3. Acasta sulcata, LamarcJc, var.A single specimen in the collection from Albany Island, 3-4 fms.,is very doubtfully referred to this species. It agrees generally inits external characters with Mr. Darvvin's description, and also inthe broader spur of the tergum of the operculum. In the remarkablereduction of the width of the parietes of the carino-lateral compartmentsit altogether resembles a specimen from Sydney in Mr.Cuming's collection (now in the British Museum) specially referredto by Mr. Darwin * ; but it differs very remarkably in the externalarmature of the parietes of the other compartments, which arearmed with strong, outwardly-projecting, bluntly-triangulate lobesor teeth, one such tooth being situate on each compartment, notvery far below the apex, except on the carina, where there are twoteeth ; thus there are five in all. The cup-shaped basis of the shellis pinkish ; the epidermis, which remains upon the basal half of thecompartments, bright yellow.Mr, Darwin (t.c. p. 311) mentions some remarkable variations inthe external armature of this species, but none which at all resemblethe specimen now described. In the very closely allied A. spongitesthe calcareous projections of the shell are often of considerablesize, yet not nearly so large as the teeth in the specimen fromAlbany Island, and much more numerous and irregularly distributed.In the specimen of A. sulcata from Sydney, with narrow-linearcarino-lateral compartments, the walls of the shell are externallysmooth.* Monograph of Cirripeclia, Ealauidte, p. 310 (1854).

—323PYCNOGONIDA.E. J. MIERS.1. Achelia laevis, var. australiensis. (Plate XXXV. fig. A.)Body and legs moderately robust, the body disciform, the legbearingprocesses being closely approximated. Proboscis stout, subcylindrical,tapering toward its distal extremity, slightly deflexed.Mandibles rudimentary, 2-jointed, the terminal joint very small.Palpi 8-jointed?; ovigerous legs 10-jointed. Legs without spines,but with a short, blunt, conical process at the distal end of thefourth joint, and with two auxiliary claws beside the normal claw.As Mr. Hodge's description of Achelia lavis (from Polperro, Cornwall)is very insufficient, I append the following from the singleAustralian example I have examined :The body is robust and disciform, with the leg-bearing processesenlarging distally and closely approximated. The cephalothoraeicsegment (viewed from above) is as long as the three following andis elevated on its dorsal surface, which bears the rounded oculiferoustubercle ; the three following segments (in a dorsal view) short andtransverse ; the first the shortest, almost transversely liuear. Theproboscis is about as long as the body without the abdomen, obliquelydeflexed, and is of a narrow ovoid shape, tapering to thedistal extremity. The abdomen about as long as the three precedingsegments of the body, and very slender. The mandibles are rudimentary,2-jointed, the terminal joint about half the length ofthe preceding. The palpi are apparently 8-jointed (on one sideevidently broken) ; the second and fourth joints subequal and ratherlong ; the first and third and the four last very short. The ovigerouslegs 10-jointed ; the first joint ver\' short, the second and thirdlonger and subequal, the fourth and fifth yet longer and of aboutequal length, the sixth to ninth very short, and the terminal jointminiite. The first to third joints of the legs are short, the second avery little longer than the first or third; the fourth, fifth, and sixthjoints longer and of about equal length ; the fourth joint somewhatmore dilated than either of the following, and with a sliglit bluntprocess at the distal end of its upper margin ;the upper surface ofthe fifth and sixth joints is slightly uneven, but can scarcely bet2

324 COLLECTIONS FEOM MFXANESIA.described as tuberculated ; the seventh joint is very short ; theeighth slightly curved and nearly as long as the sixth, the terminalclaw about half as long as the eighth joint ; the two auxiliary clawsplaced, as usual, above the base of the principal claw. The bodyand limbs are clothed with a very short, close pubescence, and thejoints of the limbs with scattered longer hairs ; the last three jointsof the ovigerous legs have some rather stronger simple setae, andthe eighth joints of the legs have each a series of three or fourspine-like bristles on the under surface near the base.The single specimen, which is in very imperfect condition, isfrom Port Jackson. As no traces of the ovary could be seen, Ithink it is a male.This specimen resembles the British form designated A. hispidaby Hodge * (which is probably a mere variety of A. I(evis) ratherthan the typical A. lavis, as represented in that author's figures, inthe form of the rostrum and abdomen, but the leg-bearing processesof the segments of the body are more closely approximatedand the animal more densely pubescent than in either form. I donot observe the "circlet of little spines" at the extremity of thefirst joint of the mandibles mentioned by Hodge in his diagnosis ofA. hispida. Bohm f refers s])ecimens from Kerguelen Island tothis species ; but his figure of the palpus differs markedly from thesame limb as figured by Hodge in A. la vis.There are in the British-Museum collection two specimens ofuncertain British locality, probably referable to A. la'vis; but theyare in a verj- bad state of preservation, being gummed iipon cardboard,and can scarcely be identified with certainty.It is to be regretted that during the transference of the specimenfrom spirit to the slide on which it is mounted for the microscope,the eiglith joint of the only perfect leg was lost; but the figure,which was outlined while the specimen was yet in spirit, representswith sufficitnt accuracy the form of this joint.This species is referable to the genus Achelia as limited by Dr.Hoek in his recent Classification of the PycnogonidaJ.Dr. Anton Dohrn § has united this genus (with several others)with AmmotJiea, and the distinctions separating these t^cuera arecertainly very slight. I think it better, however, having only twospecies under consideration, to refer them to the genera as characterizedby Hoek, his being a complete synopsis of the knowngenera and sjêcies of the group.2. Phoxichilidiuin hoekii. (Plate XXXV. fig. B.)Body robust, with narrow intervals between the leg-bearingprocesses at base. Proboscis cylindrical, increasing slightly in thicknessto its distal extremity, inserted ventrally between the bases of* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xiii. p. 11.5, pi. xiii. fig. 11 (18fi4ly Monatsb. der Al (1881 ).I'§ ' Die Pantopoden de.s Golfes von Neapel,' p. ]PA (1881).

;PYCNOGONIDA. 325the ovigerous legs, Maudibles 2-jointed, the chelate terminal jointinserted not laterally, but at the distal extremity of the precedingjoint. Ovigerous legs 10- jointed. The legs (but not the mandibles)are armed with strong conical spines, and bear two long axixiliaryclaws besides the normal claw.Length of the rostrum, a little over2 millim.Length of the body (without rostrum and abdomen)nearly 3 ,,Length of the abdomen about 1"5 „Length of leg of the first pair about 21 ,,The body is moderately robust (as in P. Jluminense), with the legbearingprocesses nearly in contact at their bases ; the articulationsof the segments of the bodj^ are discernible only ou the ventralsurface. The cephalothoracic segment is about as long as the threefollowing segments taken together, and of these latter the first is alittle shorter than the second or third. The proboscis, as in P.insir/iie, is inserted ventrally, far back between the bases of the twoovigerous le s, and, as in that species, is very slightly swollen at thebase, in the middle, and at the distal extremity ; the mouth is smalland triangulate, and is margined by three slight protuberances.The abdomen is slender, longer than in P. insigne, and directedupwards.The oculiferous tubercle is conical, subacute, with four dark eyes.Immediately behind it the cephalothoracic segment is marked by amedian longitudinal depression, extending along nearly its wholelength. The basal joints of ttie mandibles are but slightly divergentand extend considerably beyond the front of the proboscis ; theyhave no indication of the acute process characteristic of P. insigneand bear the second joints, which are about half as long as thefirst, at their distal extremities ; the pincers are smooth on theirinner surfaces. The basal joints are nearly glabrous. The secondjoints and the pincers at base are clothed with fine hairs, whichare most abundant on the under surface of the second joint.The ovigerous legs are inserted on either side of the base of theproboscis and are 10-jointed ; the first and third joints are short,the second a little longer, the fourth and fifth still longer and of nearlyequal length, but the fourth is somewhat thickened, the sixth aboutas long as the second, the seventh to tenth small, the tenth minutethe last five joints are clothed with fine hairs.The first joint of the legs is small, nearly as long as the lateralprocess, the second more than twice as long as the first, the thirdabout half as long as the second ; the fourth is about as long as thethree preceding joints taken together ; the fifth slenderer and alittle longer than the fourth ;the sixth also slenderer and about aslong as the fourth ;the seventh is very short ; the eighth slightlycurved and longer than the first, but not as long as the second joint.The first joint of the leg bears, at the distal extremity of its uppersurface, one or two small conical spinulcs or protuberances, and at the

326 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.distal extremity of its fourth and fifth joints five protuberances,of which the two outerinost are small, and the three inner longer, strongand subacute ; near the middle of the ventral surface of the fourthjoint is a small process (as in F. Jluminense), and a series of minutespinules or protuberances along the upper margin of the fifth joint;the joints also, except perhaps the eighth, are marked with longitudinalimpressed lines ; the eighth has a series of spinules on itsinferior surface ; besides the terminal claw there are, as alreadynoted, two strong accessory claws. The first to third joints of thelegs are scantily clothed with very short hair ; the distal protuberancesof the fourth joint and the fifth joints are more thicklyclothed with longer hair, and the sixth to eighth joints again with amuch finer, more scanty pubescence.Three specimens are in the collection, obtained respectively atDuudas Straits, 17 fms. (No. 161), Thursday Island, 4-5 fms. (Xo.165), and in Prince of Wales Channel, 7 fms. (IN'o. 169). As inthese specimens the thigh-joints are not specially dilated and thegeiiital pores are small, I believe them to be males.Tliis species resembles Phoxichilklium insir/ne, Hoek (t. c. p. 82,5-7), from Bahia, in the curious distal protuberances ofpi. xiv. figs.the fourth and fifth joints of the legs, but these are absent fromthe second and third joints in P. hoekii, and our species differs inmany other most important points, as(e.g.) in the closely approximatedleg-bearing processes of the body, the terminally-placed secondjoints of the mandibles, and the more robust body and appendages.The first-mentioned of these characters will also separatethis species from P. Jluminense, Kroyer (see Hock, t. c. p. 81,pi. xiv. figs. 1-4), from which it is also distinguished by thedistal protuberances of the leg-joints &c. The existence of theseprotuberances separates this species from those other species ofPlioxicliUidiimi described by Dr. Hoek in which the leg-bearingprocesses are more or less approximated, and from the two Australspecies described by White* as Nymphon pJiasma and N.johnstonianum,which Dr. Hoek has shown belong to Phoxichilidmm. The"points" mentioned by White as occurring at the end of the ointsin N. johnstonianum are, I may add, only short stiff sefce.* Proc. Zool. Soc. XV. p. 125 (1847).

327ALCYONARIA.BYSTUART 0.RIDLEY.Considerable light has already been thrown from four sources uponthe zoology of the Alcyonaria of the northern and eastern parts ofAustralia—the districts which receive illustration from the presentfine collection. I refer to the collection mad6 hy Mr. F. M. Raynerin the Herald,' that made by Mr. ' J. B. Jukes in the ' Fly, ' in thoseof the Antarctic Expedition under Sir James Ross and the presentSir J. Hooker, and that by the German circumnavigatory expeditionof the ' Gazelle.' In the case of the three British expeditions,the Alcyonaria of chief interest were described by Dr. J. E. Grayin the Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society of London '*, in the'Annals and Magazine of Natural History 't, and in his 'Catalogueof the Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collection of the BritishMuseum ' (Loudon, 8vo, 1870). The specimens collected by the' Gazelle'were described by Prof. T. Studer in the Monatsbcricht'der Akademie der Wisscnschaften zu Berlin 'J. Studer's is thelargest single contribution to the subject, and describes twenty-fourspecies from Australia, but only from western and north-westernlocalities. The information given by the older writers Lamarck,Lamouroux, Milne-Edwards and Haime is almost all open to thegreat objection of indefiniteness as to locality ; the single speciesdefinitely described by MM. Quoy and Gaimard as collected by the' Astrolabe'in Australia is from the south.The present collection contains thirty-eight species, and may beregarded as giving a good general insight into the character of thoAlcyonarian fauna of the shallow waters of the north-east coast ofAustralia (coast of Queensland, up to and including Torres Straits),and as adding in a most important manner to our knowledge of thesame fauna in the north-western part of this continent. I haveinserted notes on specimens already in the collection where thelocalities were known with certainty; in particxilar a series recentlyobtained by exchange from the Australian Museum, Sydney, andcollected near Port Jackson and on the Queensland coast, has beenof service.Distribution.—The number of localities investigated, and the* 1862, pp. 27, 31, 34 ; 1872, p. 744.t Ser. 3, vol. v. p. 20; ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 441, iii. p. 21.t 1878, p. 633.

328 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.number of stations dredged and searched in the north-eastern district,together with the known ability of the distinguished collector,Dr. 11. W. Coppinger, give an assurance that from shallow water inthis quarter but few novelties are likely to bo received in future.The results obtained from the northern region (from Torres Straitswestward as far as the 130th parallel of E. longitude) are the mostinteresting, but the number of localities and stations searched hereis relatively smaller than on the eastern side. The small numberof Pennatulida3 is partly explained by the fact that the depthsreached by the dredge did not exceed 30 fms. in any locality butone, viz. Arafura Sea, where 32-36 fms. are recorded. One of themosr important results is the acquisition of definite localities forsome interesting forms whose exact origin was hitherto unknown(see Leucoella cervicormis, Mopsella textiformis). Several, however,described by Lamarck, Lamouroux, and Gray, probably coming fromthis region, still remain undetermined as to exact locality. Theknown range of some species has been greatly extended by this Expedition,e. g. NeplitJiya julcesi, Muricea umbraticoides, Siphonogorgiamirabilis, Acaharia japonica, whose previously known habitats wererespectively— i. Philippine Islands ; ii. N."W.Australia; iii. EedSea;iv. Japan.In all, excluding the two Pennatulids as visitors from the deeperwater, the shallow waters in the districts examined yielded altogether36 species, of which 12, or one third, appear to be new toscience, and are, with one exception (EcJiinoninricea indo-malaccensis),according to present knowledge, peculiar to these districts. Of theremaining species, two (EUisella calamus and Leucoella cervicornis)are not known out of Australian (N.AV., N., or N.E.) seas ; whileMuricea umbraticoides and Mojisella textiformis are known onlyfrom N.E. Australia and Dirk Hartog Island (W. Australia).Studer gives 22 other species from West and N^.W. Australia(Dampier Island and Dirk Hartog Island), and Gray 2 other speciesfrom localities within these limits. Of these 24, 12 are not knownelsewhere ; so we have a total of 23 species not as yet certainly knownoutside Australia north of the 30th parallel of latitude.Of the species not confined to Australia, Spongodes florida, Ecliinogorgiafiabellum, Ctenocella pectinata, Jvncella elongata, and Suberogorgiasidjerosa are generally distributed in the Indian Ocean-;Spongodes spinosa and Solenoccmlum tortuostim extend, as at jDresentdetermined, only to New Guinea; Telesto smitlii to the sea off Timor;Neplithya julcesi goes further, to the Philippine Islands. One species,Acabaria japonica, extends to Japan ; two, Siphonogorgia ynirabilisand Juncella gemmacea, to the Eed Sea ; and two, those termedprovisionally Leptogorgia fi^^xilis and Plexaura miniacea, possibly tothe Western American coast.The systematic list which follows will show sufficiently the distributionof the species within Australian waters. I have adoptedthe same classification of the localities as in the case of the Sponges.The list shows that the greater number of species (23) wereobtained on the Queensland coast to the south-east of Torres Straits,

'ALCYONARIA. 329while that more tropical locality only furnishes 1 1 species, of which4 occur also in the former district.Australian Distrihution of Alci/onaria collected bt/ H.M.S. ' Alerton the Australian Coasts.

330 COLLECTIONa FROM MELANESIA.Australian Distributwn of Alcijonaria (continued).

—ALCTONARIA, 331Tcuconomii.—The results of the collection in this respect are notless interesting than are those of the distrihution. In the case of onefamily (the Melitha3id;), a structural character has for the first timecome to light, which illustrates the existence of a similar characterin other families of this natural but very manifold Order : I refer tothe occurrence of two kinds of zooids. In one case (in the samefamily) it has been found desirable to establish a new genus, and thenumber of new species is relatively large. The Melithteidte show aremarkable development here. A remarkable member of the usuallyrare family Briareida3 has been assigned by me to the genus Icili-(jorgia, hitherto known only from the West Indies. The number ofspecies of this family found here is relatively large, and includessome rare and very strange forms {Solenocdulum, Leucoella). Twopoints of general importance for the family Gorgoniidae may be consideredto have been decided by a study of the series which representsthe new species, Lepto(jorgia australiensis, in this collection1. That colour alone cannot be taken as a character of specific importance.2. That characters derived from the shape, depth, partialpresence or absence of superficial grooves in the cortex, or theirpartial rej^lacement by raised lines, as seen in dry specimens, arenot of specific, much less of family value, as held by Dr. Gray forsome Gorgoniidae (see Catalogue Lithoph, Brit. Mus., p. 24, Elliselladce).Measurements and Terms employed.—The measurements of spiculesare those of average greatest specimens of each form of spicule. Ihave adopted Yerrill's term verruca to signify that specialized partof the cortex which contains the retracted zooid. When describingthem I have applied the term longitudinal to the radiating spiculesof the verruca, and liorizontal to those which are circularly arrangedwith regard to its centre.Classification.—I have followed in the main the arrangementadopted by Kolliker in his Icones 'Histiologicae.'ALCYO:ÎIDJE.Alctoniin^.The absence of both Sarcophytum and Alcyonium from the collectionis perhaps due to the absence of in-shore reefs in the areaexamined. An Alcyonium was described from Port King George inSouthern Australia by Q,uoy and Gaimard from the ' Astrolabe 'voyage ; but Lamarck's A. 2^'"'tridosu7n, from that locality, I haveascertained to be a siliceous Sponge.

332 COLLKCTIONS FROM MELANESIA,Ainmothea, Lamarck.NEPHTHYA, Audouin ap. Savigny.1. Nephthya (Ammothea) jukesi, var.Lemnalia jukesii, Gray, Ann. i^- May. N. II. (4) ii. p. 442, fig. 1.The two specimens in this collection differ from the type specimenof the species in having the spicules about one sixth as large again inall dimensions, and in the infundibular, and not merely irregularlyramose arrangement of the crown of lobes. It is apparently notgenerically distinct from Ammothea (this generic name is forestalledby Leach in Pycnogonida), but nearly related to A. imhricata (M.-Edwards and Haime) and A. ramosa (iid.). The spicules have neverbeen figured, and Dr. Gray's description seems, perhaps iinintentionally,to suggest that none are likely to be found in the superficialparts of the animal.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, between tide-marks.2. Spongodes florida.Alcyonium floridum, Esper, Pflanzenthiere, iii. p. 49, pi. xvi.Spoggodes florida, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 27, pi. ix. figs. 1-4.Two young specimens. Shark Bay, S.W. Australia, is apparentlythe only other Australian locality recorded. It also extendsto the Philippine Islands (Gray),Hub. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.3, Spongodes hemprichi.? Klunzinyer, Kor. roth. Meer. p. 36, pi. iii. fig. 1.A young dry specimen, which does not show its characters withsufficient distinctness to justify a positive decision as to its identitj'.It has, however, the general external aspect of the above species ;the stem and main axis are white, the zooids clustered on thesurface-lobules crimson ; the spicules are fusiform, and thicklycovered with coarse, prominent tubercles.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms.4. Spongodes spinosa, var.Spoggodes spinosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 27, pi. iv. figs. 5-7.A small portion of a colony, in spirit, possibly specifically distinctfrom Gray's species. The stem and branches have a dullpurple-grey colour, which belongs almost solely to the soft i)arts,affecting the spicules but slightly. Tlie spicules reach a length of

ALCYONARIA. 3333 to 4 millim., those of the type specimen of the species 5 millim,Studer (l. c. p. G36) assigns to this form a species from New Guineawith orano:e-red polype-heads and spicules 2-5 millim. in maximumlength, which appears to be specifically distinct from it. The darkcolour of the stem of the present specimen is perhaps simply a caseof local variation, but may perhaps be the normal condition, lost in theoriginal spirit-specimen. Another point of divergence is the usuallysingle spicule projecting above the polype-cell at one side ; inthe type specimen there are usually two spicules here.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 3-4 fms. ; bottom, sand androck.5. Spongodes studeri. (Plate XXXVII. figs. A, A', «-«".)Spongodes spiuosa, Studer, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 6o6 ; iiecSpoggodes spinosa, Gra;/.Head relatively large, laterally com])ressed, sharply demarcatedfrom the pedicle. Oroatest diameter of head at least three timesthat of pedicle. Pedicle cylindrical, weak to moderately strong.Common axis of head dividing into from (J to 12 strong lobes, ofvarying distinctness in different specimens ; lobes dividing almostimmediately into a large number of lobules, slightly horizontallyexpanded at their free end. Terminal lobules each presenting amass of from 4 to 9 small round polype-heads, closely aggregated.Each polype usually accompanied by one stout projecting spicule onits external aspect, but the lobule usually has but two or threereally prominent spicules, which form a kind of calyx to the lobule ;the remaining ones, being shorter, are inconspicuous, as a rule.The largest spicules project from 1 to 2 millim. beyond theirpolypes. Colour of stem dirty white, sometimes crimson, thatof surface of axis of the head and its subdivisions white or palepinkish, of polypes (where not removed by the action of the spirit)either claret-colour or deep fiery orange-red (in one case thepolypes are Avhite, but the lobules are tipped with orange-red).Spicules of general axis of head mostly more or less longitudinallyarranged: —(i.) Fusiform, undulating, rather bluntly terminated,beset with monticular tubercles, usually terminally roughened ordivided, about -02 to 'OS-S millim. in height, often arranged in approximatelyannular series round the spicule, about 5 in numberin the semidiameter of the middle of the spicule ; size about 3 by '3millim. Also (ii.), as (i.) but smaller, with tubercles crowded towardsends and usually smaller than in (i.), simple (not rough) or almostso ; size about 1-5 by -15 millim. Spicules of lobules :—(iii.) Large" main " s])icule fusiform, almost straight, fairly sharp at each end,covered with low tubercles (not exceeding -IS millim. in height),about 4 to a semidiameter in the middle of the spicule ; tuberclessimple and monticular towards the middle, sharj) and directed forwardnear the external end, where tliey gradually diminish insize, becoming usually very scanty in numbers, or reduced to mere

334 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.linear ridges, at the ver}' point; size about 2*6 by -21 milliin.(iv.) Smaller spicules, as (iii.), but generally more curved ; tlietubercles at the outer end are strongly developed and project forward,often giving quite a feathered appearance to the point ; sizeabout -04 by "053 to '07 millim. A variety, which may be distinguishedas var. Icevior, represented by two young specimens,has the tubercles on the larger spicules smaller, usually simple,and fewer in number.Hab. (Typical form) Port Darwin, Percy Island, and Port Molle,Queensland, depths 0-14 fms., bottom various; also McClure Gulf.New Guinea (Sfuder). Var. Icevior occurs in the Arafura Sea, offN.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms., and Dundas Straits, 17 fms.,bottom various.Obs. The aggregation of lobules at the surface, thougli close, isnot so close as in the type specimen of S. spinosa, Gray, in which,moreover, the spicules are much larger and the shape of the colonyas a whole more horizontal than here ;the two species, however, areclosely allied. Several specimens occur in the collection. Of thosespecies which are the best known and described hitherto, viz. theRed-Sea forms described by Kluuzinger, S. hemprichi appears to bethe most nearly allied ; it has, however, the spicule-tubercles considerablylarger in proportion, and the spicules of the stem tend tobe blunt instead of fusiform, and instead of being longitudinally,they are more or less transversely arranged.T E LEBTIN ^.6. Telesto smithi.Telesco smithii, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H, (4) iii. p. 21, fig.Alexella smithii, id. ibid. p. 22.A considerable quantity, in masses, in conjunction with Spongesand articulate Polyzoa, from the Arafura Sea. It was originallydescribed from Sydney, Xew South Wales.Hab. Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. ; Port MoUe, Queensland, 12-20fms.PENNATULID.E.7. Pteroides javanica.Bleeker, Naftmrkund . Tijdsch. Batav. xx. p. 402 ; Kolliker, Anat.-syst. Beschreib. Alcyon., Pennat. p. 104.A very young specimen in spirit. It agrees in its chief charactersand general facies with this species, though it has only 10-12leaves on each side, and the largest leaves have only 4-6 chief rays ;these low proportions, however, are perhaps due to youth. Thestem is surrounded by a dark band opposite the lowest leaves, andby another about halfway up that part of the axis on which the

ALCYONARIA. 335leaves are inserted.Total length 26 millim., length of leaf-bearingportion 12 millim., greatest diameter 8 millim. Bleeker's specimenswere collected at Java.Uab. Arafura Sea off N.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms.8. Vir^laria, sp.A specimen in a very imperfect condition, but evidently representinga delicate species with large, partially separate zooids,whose centre is occupied by a broad dark-purple band, the proximaland distal ends being pale yellowish (in spirit). The leaves have avery oblique direction on the stem, and leave bare a wide dorsalarea : they are subalternate and just overlap each other in front.The axis is only about '9 millim. in diameter.Hah. Arafura Sea, N.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms.GORGONIIDÊ.Primnoace^,9. Mnricella tenera. (Plate XXXVI. figs. E, E', e, e'.)Corallum erect, branching approximately in a plane ; after one ortwo, or without any, dichotomous divisions the branching becomespinnate, the pinnae approximately alternate, the ultimate pinnae varyingfrom 15 to 45 millim. in length. Stem and branches somewhatflattened from front to back, the stem about 1*5 millim., the tips ofthe branches about 1 millim. thick in the broadest place (excludingverrucse). Cortex thin, paper-like, level but slightly rough, owiugto the large size of the spicules which lie in it, side by side, withoutprojecting: colour in dry state white, in spirit semitransparent,appearing dirty white, owing to the axis, which is black, beingpartially seen through it. Verrucse in two lateral series, alternate,and alternately directed more or less towards the front and theback (this latter character most strongly marked towards the endsof the branches). In the closed state the verrucse are conical, prominent(about 1 millim. high); in the expanded state the cone istruncate and not so high. Colour of polypes in dry state a palebrown. Cortical spicules fusiform, generally slightly curved, taper--ing gradually from centre to moderately sharp ends, covered withmostly distinct, but closely-set, prominent, cylindrical tubercles, theends of which are blunt (occasionally rather pointed) and stronglyroughened ; average size about 1 millim. by •111 millim. Verrucaspiculesof same characters, but either about 1*5 millim. long by•28 millim. , or '9 by '14 millim. Spicules of polype itself withsmaller tubercles, but of same general characters ; size about -35by -07 millim.Hah. Port MoUo, Queensland, 14-20 fms. ; bottom rock or coral.

336 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Ohs. This species belongs to the section of Muricea, s. lat., whichVerrill has named Murkclla (Trans. Conn. Acad. i. p. 450). Itappears to be most nearly related to MuriceUa jiexuosa, Verrill, ofdescribed species, but the verrucas appear to be larger than in anyspecies yet known ;perhaps the systematic position of the species isnot far from Nicella, Gray.10. Muricea umbraticoides.Studer, MB. Ah. Berlin, 1878, p. GoO, pi. iii. fig. 16.Studer's description and figures of his species (obtained fromDirk Hartog Island, on the west coast of Australia, about 26° S. lat.,in 45 fms.) are most characteristic, with the exception that the"halbseitig warzig" character of the spicules appears hardly toexist, and the ti;bercles should be rough and more distinct fromeach other than his otherwise good figure 166 would signifj^. Twodry and several spirit specimens are in the collection, 185 millim.(7| inches) in height.Hab. Port Curtis, Queensland, 5-11 fms., bottom sand and shells ;also Port Molle, 14 fms. (from Australian Museum).ECHINOMURICEA, rerrill.Acanthogorgia, Johnston, pars, nee Gray.The type species of the genus is E. {Nephthya, Stimpson) coccinea,Stimpson, which I have wrongly retained in Nephthya (Ann. and Mag.N. H. (5) ix. p. 184), having overlooked Verrill's later remarks uponthe species. The tj'pe species of Acanthogo7-(/ia (A. hirsuta, Gray)appears to me quite distinct gcnerically from the two (A. grayi andA. atlantica) assigned to it by Johnston. The latter agree withEcJunomnricea. A new siêcies of the genus occurs in the collection.11. Echinomuricea indo-malaccensis.(Plate XXXVI. figs. B, B' ; Plate XXXVIII. figs, d-d'".)Corallum erect, branching almost exclusively in one plane atangles of about 75°. Branching fundamentally dichotomous, accompaniedby unilateral pin nation. Branches given off at intervals ofnot more than 20 or less than 6 millim., as a rule. Branches nearmiddle of colony comparatively short, viz. 15 to 40 millim., thosenear the periphery tend to become very long (e.g. up to 160 millim.) ;cylindrical, slightly clavate, being about 2 to 3 millim. in diameterat their commencement, and about 3 to 4 millim, at apex in largespecimens, 1-5 to 2 in small ones. Axis very tough and flexible, verydark brown at base, paler at ends of branches. Cortex thin, arenaceousin appearance, red. Verrucae crowded over all parts of cortex,leaving but small intervals, prominent but truncate, resembling lowturrets ; in expanded condition about "3 millim. high and 1 millim.

;ALCTONARIA. 337broad ; the rim is beset with scattered spine-like spicula withbranched bases, about two deep ; the points project directly upwardsin the expanded state.Spicules of general cortex :—(i.) Conical, with rounded broad endtapering to moderately sharp smaller end, the whole thickly coveredwith very coarse ])lunt tubercles; size '32 to '35 by "123 to '177millim. (ii.) Conical to fusiform, with prominent proliferatingtubercles ; size about -38 by -1 to •14 millim. (iii.) Tri- to quadriradiate,the arms stout or slender, pointed, covered with roughabout '53 millim. in maximum length andtubercles like those of (ii.) ;•07 to ^14 millim. in maxinium diameter of the arms, (iv.) Verrucaspiculeswith expanded ramifying basal portion, whose branchesare lobose and marginally denticulate and bear low scattered spines ;the upright projecting portion or spine which helps to form thefringe on the rim of the verructe is smooth, approximately^ straight,and tapers from its base to a sharp point ; total length of spicule•035 to •OS millim., total breadth •177 to •46 millim. ;projectingspine alone •25 to ^37 by ^053 to •087 millim. (basal diameter).Also less developed forms of the same type as (iv.). The zooidsthemselves contain long curved fusiform spicules with smooth ends,JJab. Port Curtis, Queensland, 5-11 fms., bottom sand and shells;Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms., bottom rock and coralWarrior Ileef, Torres Straits, bottom pearl-shells.Obs. This species is perhaps more nearly allied to E. atJantlca andE. grcnii than to E. coccinea, Stimpson, from which it differs in thenon-tubei'culation of the spine of the large verruca-spicule. Verrill'sspecimens were unbranched, but this maj^ have been due to youth.The long-spiued marginal spicule of the verruca of AcanthogorgiaatJantka is exactly like that of this species ; but that species differsfrom the present iu having the verrucae less distinctly marked outby a spicular crown and by the dark brown colour. The newspecies is represented in the present collection by three dry specimensand one in spirit ; the largest measures 230 millim. (9 inches)in maximum height, and 130 millim. (5 inches) iu maximum breadth.Specimens occur in the British Museum from Hongkong {coll.Dr. Harlan).ECHINOGORGIA, Kdlliler.In the following descriptions I have not thought it necessary todescribe the spicules of the verrucoe in all cases, as they appear toexhibit the same main characters throughout these species of Ecliinogorgiaand Plexaura.12. Echinogorgia flabellum,Autipatbes flabellum, Esper, Pjianzentldere, ii. p. 18"), Antipath.Gorgonia pseudo-antipathes, ul. op. cit. Fortsetz. ii. p. 32, pi. liv.(nee Gorgonella pseudo-antipathes, Kolliker, Icon. Histiol. p. 140,pi. xviii. tig. 42).? Gorgouia cancellata, Dana, Zooph. U. S. Expl. Erp. p. 058.z

338 COILKCTIONS FROM MELANESIA.? Rliipidogorgia cancellata, M.-Edô. Sf Ilaime, Hist. Cor. i. p. 179.? Paramuricea cancellata, Sti(der, MB. Ah. Berlin, 1878, p. 653.EcMnogorgia, sp., Verrill, Americcm Journ. Set. (2) xlvi. p. 143.The affinities of this long-kuown species have been so frequentlymisunderstood that I fully describe its spicules to justify ihe course Ihave taken in placing it in the genus Echinocjor(]ia, The spicules ofthe general cortex, which is thick, are :—(i.) fusiform, pointed at eachend and generallj^ curved, with scattered prominent, usually simi)le,tubercles, often of large size ; length about "21 to -42 millim. by -OSSto "OST miUim. broad (including tubercles), (ii.) Larger fusiform,thickly covered with blunt, simple or compound tubercles on oneside ; on the other bearing a few large, prominent, moderately sharpdog-tooth-like tubercles, '035 to '07 millim. long. The spicule itselfhas blunt ends and is usually but slightly curved ; it measures about•56 by '177 to -25 millim. (iii.) Irregular tri- to sesradiate, withlow, blunt, generally rough tubercles ; maximum diameter of spicule•177 to -25 millim., of single arms -035 to -OoS. (iv.) A form of" Blattkcule " with very variously developed shaft, generally consistingof several arms, covered with low, blunt, rough tubercles. Thefoliar portion consists of two to four angular dog-tooth-like projections,arranged in one plane, more or less flattened in this plane (asare the arms of the shaft), and their bases covered with similar butless prominent tubercles ; length of teeth 'OoS to •14 millim., basaldiameter about ^07 millim. ; size of spicule variable, from •25 to•35 millim. in length and breadth. The spicules of the verructe aresimple, fusiform, slightly tubcrculatc.The tooth-like spines of spicules (ii.) and (iv.) are directed outwardsin the natural position of the parts and produce the minuteroughening of the surface of the coenenchyma, which may be felt,and is to be seen under a lens ; the small fusiform (i.) and the form(iii.) lie beneath, next to the horny axis.A large series of dry specimens occurs in this collection ; they areusually more extended laterally than the specimen figured by Esper.Most of them have a smaller general habit, the branches havinga mean diameter of •! to 1^5 millim. in all specimens but one(from Port Curtis), which has the 2 millim. characteristic of Esper'sspecimens and of examples from Torres Straits &c. already in theMuseum. The fundamental colour appears to be always a lightyellowish brown ; but mjiny of the specimens have acquired a duskycoloration, apparently subsequent to death. In some young specimensfrom the Straits of Malacca (BoiverhanJc coll.) and Queenslandanastomosis is wholly wanting.Hab. Port Molle,' (iueensland, 12-20 fms. ; Port Curtis, ditto,5-11 fms.Obs. Edilnogorgia of KoUiker is nearly allied to Plexaura*, andis perhaps connected with it by E. cerea and furfuracea and the* I regret having placed Xlunzinger's species P. forfa (from the Eed Sea) inthe widely distinct genus Villogorgia, in a communication to the 'Annals andMagazine of Natural History ' (ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 191) ; its thick cortex separatesit from that genus, at any rate, though whether it can be maintained in

ALCTONARIA. 339present species. In habit these three species are closely similar.A specimen in the Museum, which is appareutlj^ the type of Bovellaramulosa, (jtray (Aun. & Mag. jSTat. Hist. (4) v. p. 407), is closelyallied to E. Jiabcllum, and should stand as EcJiinogorr/ia ramulosa,EuNICEACEiE.13. Plexaura praelonga, sp. n., var. typica. (Plate XXXVI. fig. F,and Plate XXXVIII. figs, r/, g'.)Common stem ex-Growth upright, approximately in one plane.tremely short. Branching dichotomous ; branches few, almoststraight : terminal branches 150 millim. (6 inches) and upwards inlength in adult specimens. Stem and branches cylindrical, eithernearly of the same diameter throughout in both cases, viz. about2-5 millim., or ranging from 6 millim. at base to 3 millim. at end ofbranches in adult specimens. Cortex approximately smooth, even,rather friable. Colour in dry state pale red-brown or dark tawnybrown. Verrucse small, not projecting from surface, equally distributedover all parts, 5 to 1 millim. apart. Axis tough, flexible,black. Cortical spicules :—(i.) Long fusiform, aj^proximately straight,tapering to sharp points, with few, scattered, tapering, sharp, simpletubercles ; size about -35 by -07 millim. (ii.) Stout fusiform-cylindrical,covered with low, blunt, compound tubercles ; size about -3 by1 millim. (iii.) Irregular tri- to sexradiate, arms cjlindrical, taperingto sharp points, with numerous but distinct, prominent, simpleor compound, pointed tubercles ; maximum diameter of spicule -25to -52 millim., thickness of arms '042 to -1 millim. (iv.) Blattkeule ;shaft with one or two distinct arms uniting in a moderately stoutneck, often themselves bearing secondary arms ; the whole shaft iscovered densely with very prominent, tapering, compound tubercles.Foliar portion flattened in one plane, variable, cither approximately oblongwith rounded angles, or much drawn out latei'ally, forming anglesat tliis point, and with a point below, or with the lower edge brokenup into small lobes ; edges sharp, aiinutely scalloped. From theshaft descend on to the foliar portion, sometimes more than halfwaydown its face, one or more narrow, more or less prominent ridges,tajiering so as gradually to disappear ; or the place of each ridge istaken by one or more rounded prominences ; both ridges and prominencesare smooth ; length of spicule about "5 millim., breadth ofBlatt -3 millim.Hah. Port Curtis, 5-11 fms., bottom sand and shells ; Port Denison,4 fms., bottom rock.Obs. Two dry specimens, the one from which the larger externalmeasurements were taken being largely decorticated, occur, alsoPlexaura ma}- be open to doubt ; in its spiciiliitiou it agrees with Plexaurella aslimited by Verrill (Proc. Ess. Inst. vi. p. 42) ; but L)r. Khinzinger does notstate explicitly whether the axis is simply horny or wlidher it contains tliecarbonate of lime, by the presence of wliich Kolliker distinguishes the genusfrom Plexaura.z2

;340 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,somo small bad specimens ; they are respectively 200 and 220millim. (8 and 9 inches) long, extreme lateral extension in the naturalstate probably about 70 millim. (3 inches). This variety is remarkablefor its varia])ility in external characters, for the great relativelength of the terminal branches, and the early stage at which branchingcommences, and by the ridged character of the face of the Blattkeulespicule ; in most other respects it closely approaches thefollowing variety.Plexaura prselonga, var. cinerea. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. h.)Growth upright, in one plane. Stem long. Branching approximatelydichotomous ; branches few, flexuous : terminal branches 100to 150 millim. (4 to 6 inches) long ; stem and branches cylindrical,approximately of one diameter, viz. aboiit 2*3 millim., throughout.Cortex minutely rough, even, fairly tenacious. Colour in drystate dark dirty grey. Verrucoe small, slightly projecting from thesurface as low mounds, their openings extended in direction of lengthof branch; about 1 millim. distant from each other, equally distributedall over cortex. Axis tough, flexible, glossy dark brown.Cortical spicules (i.) :— Long fnsiform, approximately straight,tapering to sharp points, with scattered, tapering, sharp, simpletubercles ; size -21 to -35 by -07 millim. (ii.) Stout fusiform-cylindrical,curved, rather thickly covered with low compound tubercles,often extended in direction of circumference of spicule, with pointedends ; size about -3 by -12 miUim. (iii.) Irregular tri- to sexradiate,the arms cylindrical, blunt, covered with few and scattered,mostly low and blunt tubercles ; maximum diameter of spicule•18 to -21 millim., thickness of arms -042 to -053 millim. (iv.)Blattkeule, extremely variable, in form ; shaft provided with verystout neck, generally branching into two (occasionally three) stoutarms ; the latter are well covered with compound, rather angulartubercles, the neck and proximal part of foliar portion bearingbroader, more fungiform tubercles ; the foliar portion is flattenedin one plane, and either transversely oblong with four roundedangles, or cordate with sharp lancet-like extremity, or with thelower extremity prolonged into several long teeth ; the edges arethin and always more or less dentate, at any rate at the outerextremity, with small teeth ; the proximal part of the face carries,as already mentioned, a few large, fungoid, compound tuberclesone variety which has the edges much dentate has also a numberof small tubercles extended almost as far outwards as the edges.Size of spicule about -35 long by -35 millim. broad.Ilab. Port Curtis, Queensland, 5-10 fms. ; bottom sand andshells.This variety is represented by a single dry specimen, measuring230 and 180 millim. (9 and 7 inches) in extreme height and diameterrespectively. It differs from var. tyjîca chiefly in the tubercnlaterather than ridged character of the faces of the "Blatt" of theBlattkeule spicule.

;ALCYONAKIA. 341With regard to the relation of this to other species, perhaps theChilian forms described by Philippi(Arch. fiir Naturg. 18(50, p. IIG)are the closest allies ; their growth is similar to that oiP.jtrcelonga ;their spiculation is not, however, described.14. Plexaura miniacea.PPlexaura miuiacea, Ehrenberg, Cor. roth. Meer. p. 141.I assign to this species with great doubt a very small Gorgoniidof bright crimson colour, branching frequently and dichotomouslyin one plane, and thus forming what in an older specimen wouldprobably be a reticulate corallum. The branches are slightly flattenedfrom front to back ; the terminal ones are short (not exceeding10 millim.) ; maximum diameter of stem about 2-5 millim., of tipsof branches (which are somewhat clavate) 1'25 to 1*75 millim.Cortex compact, minutely rough. Verrucae slightly prominent,orbicular. Axis flexible, glabrous, greenish to amber-brown.Blattkeule spicule of cortex very like that of Echinogonjia cerea,Esper, as flgured by Kdlliker*, with shaft composed of one median,slender pointed, and two shorter alar rays with scattered, rounded,simple or compound tubercles ; foliar portion consisting of wedgeshapedprocesses, the middle one the longest, edges minutely scalloped,faces rendered uneven by longitudinal stride or angular ridgessize about "35 by '14 millim. The cortical radiate and slenderfusiform spicules resemble in character those of P. cinerea (supra),but they are only about half the maximum size of those of thatspecies. I have not observed a stout cyliudro-fusiform. Ehrenbergdoes not assign any locality to his species.Hah. Port Darwin, north coast of Australia, 8-12 fms., bottommud and sand ; also Hammond Island, Torres Straits {coll. hij F. M.Eai/ner, in Brit. Mus.).Obs. The specimen last referred to shows decided anastomosis ofthe branches.GORGONIACE^.15. Leptogorgia flexilis.? Litigorgia flexilis, Verrill, Tram. Conn. Acad. iv. p. 400 (edition 1);and Amer. Journ. Sci. (2j xlviii. p. 42.? Leptogorgia flexilis, id. I. c. edit. 2.I refer to this species with some doubt a single dry specimen,broken off below, consisting of a cylindrical main axis, 10 inches(250 millim.) long, and diminishing in diameter from 2*25 millim.at base to 1*25 in greatest diameter of the somewhat flattened apex,bent over (perhaps accidentally), so that the apex points downwards; two branches, 3(5 and 32 millim. respectively in length,decidedly flattened, and having an apical diameter of 1-25 and 2-0millim. respectively, are given off at angles of about 45'^ and at an* Icon. IlisLiol. pi. xvii. fig. l7.

;342 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.interval of 145 millim., in planes which are at right angles withOlio another. The hard axis is tough and flexible ; its colour isthat of whalebone at the basal end, where it is 1-5 millim, in diameter; it is about '6 millim. thick at the apex of the stouter branch.The cortex is firm, roughened by the slight projection of the verrucse,which usually form three alternating rows on each side of a slightmedian bare space. The verructe, which are open, are oval elevations,just sufficiently raised to render the surface of the cortexuneven ; their loug axis follows that of the stem or branch, and isabout '6 millim. long ; they are not swollen wart-like, but ratherresemble the reverse side of holes made in paper by thrusts with asharp point, whereby a thin rim of broken paper is made to extrudeat the opposite side to that from which the hole is made. Betweenthe verrucas the cortex is smooth or even glabrous. Colour dullcrimson. Cortical spicules fusiform, with two main whorls, distinctfrom each other, of distinct, low, rough tubercles ; a fewlarger ones have two smaller subterminal whorls, distinct fromthe median ones, of similar character, and beyond them the apexis formed by a pointed or irregular, more or less tuberculate endbut in most cases the outer pair of whorls practically terminatethe spicule ; size -OST to -lUG by -053 millim. ; colour deep crimson.Hah. Port Deuison, Queensland, 4 fms. ; bottom rock.Obs. The only points in which I find this species to differ fi'omVerrill's description are the slightly inferior diameter of the spicules,the absence of longitudinal grooves to the stem &c., the crimsonredcolour, the branching not being confined to one plane.If this species should prove to be identical with Verrill's it willbe a remarkable case of distribution, as the latter was obtainedfrom the Bay of Panama ; but it must be remembered that thespecimen is single and imperfect.16. Leptogorgia aiistraliensis. (Plate XXXYI. figs. C, C, c, c.)Corallum flabelliform, branching in one plane. A small number(two or three) of main branches are given off b}^ the shortcommon stem, and are pinnate at short intervals with loug simplepinnte or branchlets, generally alternate, diminishing in lengthtowards the ends of the branches ; a few pinna3 may be themselvespinnate. Base thin, small. Main stem cylindrical. The mainbranches are almost straight, the pinnoD curve upwards ; bothbranches and piiinaj are much flattened out laterally, tapering toslender, slightly hastate apices. Main stem in large adult specimensabout (j millim. in diameter, main branches 5 millim. at base : pinnaeranging in size from 15 centim. in length by 2| millim. in greatestdiameter to 6 centim. by 1 millim., in exceptional cases 20 centim.(8 inches) long. Surface almost smooth, but for the polype-cellsand some grooves and raised lines. The main stem is marked bya few shallow longitudinal furrows ; the branches are provided onboth the anterior and posterior faces with a more or less distinctfurrow, slightly undulating (sometimes very tortuous, much inter-

——ALCYONARIA. 343rupted, and accompanied by raised margins); near their originsome of the chief pinnoe show similar furrows at their bases, extendingsome distance upwards in those which have themselvesbecome pinnate. These grooves may be replaced in parts of thespecimen* by irregular raised lines. Verrucas distributed with moreor less regularity in two alternating rows down each lateral faceof the branches and the pinnse (often uniserial in young specimens),in number from 18 to 3G to an inch on each side; they appearas low, gradually elevated pi'ominences, often barely elevated, butmost so near the tips of the pinna3 ; the mouth is formed by alongitudinal slit extended in the direction of the long axis of thebranch. Cortex about "6 millim. thick on main stem. Axis blackin stem, filiform, transparent, and pale brown at tips of pinnae.Spicules fusiform, long or short, beset with prominent tuberclesarranged in whorls in the median portion of the spicule, massedtogether at the ends ; whorls separated by more or less distinctbare spaces ; about S whorls in long fusiform spicules, 4 in stoutones ; tubercles fungiform, consisting of a cyliudrical base with anexpanded and roughened apex. Spicules either lemon-yellow,chrome-yellow, deep crimson, or (rarely) partly crimson and partlyyellow or colourless. Dimensions (average maximum f) :—millim.millim.i. Long fusiform spicules . . 452 by "038 to "177 by -038 to -044.ii. Stout fusiform spicules . . -108 by -05 to -127 by -041.iii.Verruca-spicules (fusiform) -139 by -031 to '140 by '032.Xo other forms of spicule observed.Two forms of this species may be distinguished :(1) Var. Jlavotincta. Stem, main branches, and bases of pinnteof pale brownish-yellow colour, inclining to crimson-red in theneighboui'hood of the cells ; the latter colour characterizes the remainingparts of the pinnae and becomes deeper towards their apices;the paler tints are due to the intermixture of crimson and yellowspicules ; the ends of the pinnse possess crimson spicules only. Thespicules measure —(i.) long fusiforms '177 by -038;(ii.) stoutfusiforms -127 by '041 ; (iii.) verruca-spicules "142 by -038 millim.(2) Var. perjlava. Whole corallum bright yellow, being lemonvellowin one specimen and chrome-yellow in another. The spiculesare almost all of a bright yellow colour, some of a darker tintthan others ; a crimson one is occasionally to be found. Dimensions(average greatest) :Chrome-yellow specimen.millim.Lemon-yellow Bpecimen.millim.i. Long fusiform -165 by -044. -152 by -038.ii. Stout fusiform -12 by -05. -108 by -05.iii. Verruca-spicule .. -140 by -032. -139 by -031.* Perhaps due, as also the variations in the grooves, to wrinkling of thecortex during the process of drying.t The endeavour has bi^'cn to arrive at the size of the adult spicule in eachcase, by a series of comparative measurements; the variations here given arethose occurring in different specimens.

344 COLLECTIONS rROM MELANESIA.H(ih. Warrior Eeef and Prince of Walos Channel, Torres Straits ;in the latter case from 7 to 9 fms., bottom sand (actually attachedto a stone).This is a very beautiful and attractive species, the mode ofbranching and the proportions of the branches being gracefuland the colours very vivid.Of the three dry specimens obtained (i.) deep yellow, is 550 millim.(22 inches) high by 325 millim. (13 inches) in extreme diameter ;(ii.) lemon-yellow specimen, 475 by 275 millim. (19 by 11 inches) ;(iii.) reddish specimen, 475 by 387 millim. (19 by \^\ inches). Ayoung specimen preserved in spirit of the same colour as (i.), andmeasuring 145 millim. high by 30 millim. maximum lateral expanse,is distinguished by slenderer habit.Of the doul)le-headed spicules which Verrill has found in manyLeptor/orgice I have seen none here, though sometimes almost deceivedby pieces of broken fusiform spicules, consisting of a smoothmedian portion and a whorl of tubercles left at each end of it. Ihave no doubt as to the specific identity of the above specimens.In the main external features of the corallum, and the forms andproportions of the different kinds of spicules, they agree substantiallywith one another, as may be seen by the few differences bywhich it has been found possible to distinguish the two varieties ;the colour is the only serious difficulty in the way of uniting thesetwo varieties, and is shown not to be of specific importance in thiscase by the fact that red spicules do occur in the cortex of bothspecimens of the yellow variety, and that in that of the mainbranches of the red form there are almost, if not quite, as manyyellow as there are red spicules, some individual spicules beingtransitional in colour.In its manner of branching the species belongs to one of theless common types of this large genus. Of other Australian speciesL. divergens, Studor (MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 655, pi. iv. fig. 21),from N.W. Australia, is a very different form, if it be a Leptogorgiaat all ; its polype-spicules are very large and the mode of branchingdichotomous. Sydella austmlis, Gray (P. Z. S. 1872, p. 747, pi. Ixiii.figs. 8, 9), from Sydney, only known from a drawing, is perhapsanother Australian Leptogorgia distinguished by a long terminationto the branchlcts bare of cells.c .,„^^ ^ '/ PSAMMOGORGIA, r^rnZ?.17. Psammogorgia rectangularis. (Plate XXXVI. figs. A, a, «''.)Corallum erect, branching in one plane ; the main branches pinnateon one side with short claviform twigs, projected almost atright angles to branches, at intervals of 8 to 20 millim.Stem cylindrical, about 1*25 millim. in diameter. Branchesrather compressed from front to back ; average diameter from sideto side 2 millim. ; diameter of small branches at origin 1 millim., at

ALCYONARIA. 345clavate apex 2 millim. Axis flexible—at base black, 1 millim. indiameter ; near apices dark brown, filiform. Cortex compact, about•3 millim. thick on branches, dirty white in colour, finely granulatedby the surface-spicules. Verrucas equally scattered over all sidesof the stem and branches, though absent at the lower end of thestem, about '5 millim. high ; monticular, with small apical opening.Cortical spicules (i.):— Fusiform, with moderately sharp ends, andcovered with large, transversely extended, rough, blunt tubercles, withdistinct spaces between them, irregularly scattered or sometimesapproaching a whorled arraugement ; size '24 by -087 millim. (ii.)Cylindro-fusiform, with less pointed ends, and covered with small,low, cylindrical tubercles of approximately imiform size, except atthe end, where they become smaller and almost disappear ; size '3Sby •14 millim. (iii.) Pcgtop- shaped, with the broader end slightlypointed itself; tubcrculatcd in same way as (i.); size '28 by "14millim.Hab. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. ; bottom mud and sand (growingon a Gorgouellid stem).The height of the single dry specimen is 7G millim. (3 inches),the extreme width -23 millim.The spicules of this species have tubercles of a somewhat differentcharacter from those figured by Verrill for most of his species,being low and rough, like those of the fusiforms of Leptogorgia ; butin general shape th(j spicules appear to agree with those of thespecies on which he forms the genus. In external appearance thespecies very closely resembles P. arhuscala, var. j^fMlda, but is palereven than that form ; the cortical spiculatiou of that form differsfrom that of our species in having the spicules more acutely tuberculate,i. e. with tlie tubercles longer in proportion to the diameter ofthe shaft and more pointed ; the spicules are also, as a ride, farsmaller aU over, the largest sizes given by Verrill for either thevariety or the typical form being "264 millim, length and '108 millim.breadth.GoRGONELLACEiE.18. Juncella juncea, Pallas.Gorgonia j uncea, Pallas, Elcnch. Zooph. p. 180 ; Esper, P/lanzenth.Fortsetz. ii. p. 26, pi. Iii.Juncella juncea, KiiUiker, Icon. Histiol. p. 140, pi. xviii. figs. 45, 46;? Valenciennes, Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 14 ; Y M.-Edô. 8f Haime,Hist. Cor. i. p. 186 ;Gray, Cat. Litlwph. p. 25 ; Studer, MB. Ak.Berlin, 1878, p. 659.A single fine specimen of typical characters. Neither Milne-Edwards and Haimc nor Valenciennes give details full enough toenable the student to identify their species satisfactorily with thatof Pallas and Esper. In the ' Alert ' s])ecimen and that figured byEsper ( referred to by M. -Edwards and Haime) the verruca) are closely

346 COLLECTTONS FROM MELANESIA.packed over the cortex. In our specimen, which is about 46 inches(1150 millim.) long by 6 millim. thick at the present (broken) base,and 3| millim. thick at tip, the basal end is almost smooth, the verrucsebeing either level with the surface or depressed below it;towards the middle of the length thej^ gradually become projecting,until they reach a height of about 1-25 millim. ; they are thenappresscd against the surface of the cortex. A distinct mediangroove is to bo traced along most of the stem. Studer has alreadyrecorded it from Australia (north and north-west), 45-50 fms.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms.19. Juncella gemmacea.Verrucella gemmacea, M.-Edtvards ^' Haime, Hist. Cor. p. 185,pi. B 2. fig. 7.Juncella gemmacea, KnlUker, Icon. Hidiol. p. 141, Avoodcut 19, fig. 1.? Juncella flexihs, Studer, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 059.The spicules of this species appear to be hardly distinguishablefrom those of J. juncea, Pallas, judging by a comparison of thoseobtained from the present Australian specimen with those figuredby KoUiker (?. c). The present collection contains (partlj^ dry,partly iu spirit) five si)ccimens, besides fragments ; they exhibitprecisely the range of variation in colour which is described byStuder (MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. (359) in his specimens from 80fms. ofi' North-west Australia. They are mostlj' flexil>le and somewhatslender as compared with M .-Edwards and Haime's figure,for the maximum diameter of the stem in most is not more than(including the verruca3) 2-5 millim., only in one case attaining3 millim.Hah. Percy Island, 0-5 fms.; Port Molle, 12-20 fms. andbetween tide-marks ; Port Denison, 4 fms. ; Pitzroy Islaud, 11 fms.(all in Queensland).Ohs. The absence of this wide-ranging species from the TorresStraits captiires seems to be accidental.seems hardly distinct from it.Studer's species, J.Jiexilis,20. Juncella elongata, var.Gorgnnia elongata, Pallas, Elcnch. Zooph. p. 179.Juncella elongata, KoUiker, Icon. Ilistiol. p. 138.A spirit-specimen measuring 125 millim. (5 inches) in height and90 millim. (3^ inches) in extreme present diameter ; it diff'ers fromthe typical form of this species mainly in its slender habit, indistinctindication of posterior bare space and depressed line, and palepinkish-yellow colour. The spicules agree perfectly with those ofthe species. The branching is dichotomous. The largest perfectterminal branch measures 03 millim. in length ; some other veryshort ones appear to have been broken during life, the cortex

ALCYONARIA. 347having covered the ends again ; the same thing, curiously enough,appears to have occurred with tlie hasc itself, so that the specimenmust have been living unattached at the time of capture. The stemand branches are slightl}^ flattened from front to back, and tliegreatest diameter of the proximal end of the base is 3 millim., ofthe tips of the branches 1 to 1-25 millim. The verruca; are veryprominent (about -G millim, long), and appressed against the branchitself at ends of branches, less prominent towards the base. Thestem and branches are but slightly flexible, and could not be bent atan angle of more than 45° without risk of breakage.Hah. N.E. coast of Australia (exact locality unfortunately lost).Ohs. If the spicular characters of this genus are to be considered,as seems almost necessary, as often (from their very slight tendencyto variation) insufficient to distinguish species, this form might beseparated from the species to which I have doubtfully assigned it onthe score of the external points of difference which I have indicated.These may, however, be considered insufficient for this jiurpose, aconclusion wliich has in its favour the consideration that this is evidentlya young and somewhat imperfect specimen, and, having beenkept in spirit, may have lost much of its original colour. Thespecies has hitherto been recorded only from the West Indies andMediterranean. Tliat this is not an impossible case for an Alcyonarianappears from the analogous instance of the (nearly allied)CtenocdJa pectuiata^ Pallas, which I record from Cuba in this <strong>Report</strong>,its only other recorded habitat being the Indo-Pacific area. Indeedthis identification receives further confirmation from the presencein the Museum of a sjieciraen labelled as from Formosa, whichdiff'ers from the typical J. elongata only in the less distinct and moreappressed character of its verrucae, a point which may be largely dueto some peculiarity in the manner in which the specimen has beendried.In some points (as the colour and ])rominence of the verrucse) ourAustralian species approaches J. (/emmacea ; but I have identifiedwitli that species a form wliich is in this district more deeply colouredand has a very flexible stem.21. Juncella fragilis. (Plate XXXVI. fig. D.)Stem long (unbranchcd ?), diminishing very slowly in diametertowards apex, which may be either clavate or sharp-pointed ; flexible,easily broken ;diameter at base about 5 millim., at apex 3 to 4millim,, except when the apex consists of a sharp point. Cortexthick, cream-white in dried state, soft, but not very friable ; notrace of lateral naked line in the upper three fourths of length.Verruca) small, viz. about I millim. high, clavate, closely appressedagainst cortex ;crowded over all parts of the latter. Axis veryslender, viz, about 1 millim, in diameter near base and hair-like atapex ; near base hard, pale olive-brown, and beset with regularlongitudinal stria).

348 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Cortical spicules :—(i.) Clubs almost cxactl)^ as iu Jancella gemmacea,M.-Edwards and Haime (sec Kiilliker, Icon. Histiol. p. 122,woodcut 10, 1); length -087 millim. (ii.) Double stars, with shortmedian bare shaft, and swollen but rather unequal heads, coveredwith three or four series of moderately sharp tubercles, closely aggregated; length of spicule "087 millim.Hub. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms. ; bottom rock.Ohs. The two dry specimens which represent this species have,unfortunately, neither of them retained their original base, but thelarger one was broken off at a point probably not far above it. Thelength of the specimens respectively is 18| inches (330 millim.) and8 1 inches (170 millim.). They are more or less bent irregularlyand are very flexible.In its small crowded verruca), iu the absence of lateral lines, inits pale colour, and in the abundant tuberculation of the heads ofthe double-stellate spicule this species differs from J. gemmacea, M.-Edw. and Haime, which seems to be the nearest described species.ELLISELLA.EUisella, Grmf, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 287 ;Stiider, MB. Ak. Berlin,1878, p. 059.Juncella (pars), Kolliher, Icoti. Ilistiol. p. 140;(pars) Khoizinyer,Kur. rotli. Mcer. p. 55.Verrucella (pars), Kolliker, I. c.Studer, I. c. p. 660, pi. v. fig. 28.22. EUisella calamus.A specimen 9 inches (225 miUim.) long in its present imperfectcondition aj)pears to represent this species ; but the fusiform spiculesare from -07 to '1 millim. long, and the colour is dark brick-red.Studer gives '06 as the length of these spicules, and does not mentionthe colour. His specimens were from N.W. Australia.Hah. Port Denison, (Queensland, 4 fms.23. Ctenocella pectinata.Gorgonia pectinata, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. p. 179.A fine and extremely weU-preserved specimen of unusual symmetry; it has the form of the conventional lyre, being V-shaped,with the upper lateral branches curved inwards. Colour palesalmon.The front and back faces of the two main (outer) branches are bareof polyps for from one third to half their length from their origin ;the verrucic are but slightly prominent on the outer branches ;the

ALCYONAKIA. 349spicules agree with those of specimens already in the Nationalcollection.Hah. Warrior Reef, Torres Straits, 12 fms. ; off North-west Cape,W. Australia, 3-4 fms. {Stnder).The known distribution is :—Indian Ocean (Pallas), Seas of theMoluccas {Lamard-}, India and China {Gray), Cuba (il/«s. Brit.,coll. H. Christy).The occurrence of this species off Cuba is a remarkable ease ofdistribution, but must be taken to be correct, as I can, aftercareful examination, find no grounds for separating the specimenfrom the above and other undoubted specimens of pectinata. Indeedit agrees with the Torres-Straits specimen more closely thanwith other, probably Indian Ocean, examples ; the verruca-spicules,which are neither figured nor fully described by Kcilliker (' IconesHistiologica3 '), show a modification of the same type as those ofthe general cortex, being only more elongated than those, andbearing two and sometimes three distinct whorls of tubercles, besidesa few median terminal ones on each half of the spicule ; the twoinner whorls almost meet in the middle, so as to obliterate the medianbare zone which is characteristic of the cortical spicules.SCLEEOGORGIACEiE.SUBEROGORGIA.Suberogorgia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 159.Pterogorgia (pars), Dana, Zoupk. p. 647 ;M.-Eihrards Sf Haime,Hist. Cor. p. 107 (1857).Sclei-ogorgia, Kolliker, Icon. Histiol. ii. Abth. pp. 142, 144 (1865),24. Suherogorgia suberosa.Gorgonia suberosa, Pallas, Ek-nch. Zooph. p. 191 ; Esper, Pflanzenth.Fortsetz. i. p. 170, pi. xlix.One magnificent specimen, attaining a height of 87'5 centim. (35inches) and a maximum lateral expansion of 50 centim. (20 inches),also several smaller ones, all dry, and two small examples in spirit.Pallas says that it often reaches the height of 3 feet.Studer records it from the north-west coast of Axistralia at 50fms. It appears not to have been recorded until now from TorresStraits or any locality in the Pacific Ocean.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms. ; Alert Island and WestIsland, Torres Straits, 7 fms.BRIAREID^.25. Briareum, ? sp.A crumbling spirit-specimen of what is, perhaps, a species of this

;350 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.genus. It hag a strong bi'oad base, and tapers rapidly to a pointin view, however, of its bad condition, I reserve further details untilbetter specimens are obtained.Hah. Torres Straits, 10 fms.26. Callipodium australiense.Incrustation very thin, viz. '25 to -5 millim., smooth, varyingfrom dark flesh-colour to dull crimson. Forming either elongatedflattened stolons, 3 to 6 millim. broad, or more concentrated in form,Verrucse 2 to 3 millim. apart ; they may be contracted so much asto present mere monticular swellings "5 millim. high, shoAviiig notrace of octoradiate segmentation, or they may form subcylindricalcolumns 1 to 1"5 millim. high, the octoradiate star occupying theirextremities, the walls of the columns being decidedly grooved longitudinallyalong the lines of the segments. Basal diameter of fullycontracted verrucae '6 to 1*0 millim., of the more expanded formsjust described I'O to 1-25 millim. ; apical diameter of the latterabout 1 millim. Spicules of stolon (i.) :—Fusiform, generally taperingto somewhat slender ends, beset with numerous ( about ten)whorls of prominent tubercles with rounded and minutely tuberculateextremities, the maximum height of the tubercles being about•03 millim., diameter -018 millim. ; five to six tubercles in each ofthe central whorls : average maximum size of spicules "42 by '1millim. (including tubercles), (ii.) Fusiform, tuberculate, the tubei'clesplaced mainly on two opposite sides (i. e. in one plane) ; theends of the spicules are blunt and strongly tuberculate ; the tuberclesare about ten in number down each side of the spicule (some muchsmaller ones on the other faces completing the whorls), but are -042by '035 to -042 millim. in average maximum height and breadthrespectively ; rough and often branched ; average maximum size ofspicule -52 by •]4 millim. (including tubercles), (iii.) Branchedspicules, quadri- to multiradiate, the rays either pointed and smoothat ends, or expanding into fungiform terminations ; a few smalltubercles on sides of arms ; average maximum extension of armsabout '35 millim., diameter of thickest arms or shaft (where present)•04 to -00 miUim.[The larger of these last forms (iii.) are evidently merely exaggeratedforms of (ii,), and these are but unequally developed representativesof (i.).]Hab. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottomsand.Obs. This species occurs incrusting a sponge. It differs fromVerrill's species C. pacificum and aureuin in the superior size andmore elongate form of the fusiform spicules and tlie smaller relativesize of their tubercles. No " club " or slender " head " spiculesobserved, as in those species.

—ALCTONARIA. 35127. Solanderia, ? sp.An apparently dead and bleached specimen of considerable sizeseems to belong to this gonns, and is decidedly distinct from theSouth-African species called by Gray Homophyton (jatti/ce ; but Iprefer to await better specimens before describing it, as members ofthis family appear to rapidly lose their natural characters whendying in the sea.Ilab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms.ICILIGORGIA.Drichassainq de Fo)ihressin, Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires dcsAntilles (Paris, 1870), p. 13.Central spicular axis dense, imperforate. Longitudinal canalsforming a circumaxial zone. Erect, branched ; stem and branchesantero-laterally compressed, with knife-like lateral edges. Zooidswholly retractile, arranged in single series along each edge of thebranches ; no external verruca?.To this hitherto exclusively AYest-Indian genus appears to belongthe following species :28. Iciligorgia orientalis. (Plate XXXYII. figs. F-F",and Plate XXXVIII. fig. e.)Stem long, slender, transverselj" expanded, with a median roundedridge running down each of the anterior and posterior faces ; thelateral margins forming two even knife-like edges, in grooves inv.'hich the zooids lie. Branching ai:)parently normally dichotomous,in same plaiie as the long diameter of the stem. Branches oval, transverselyexpanded, like the stem, but without the median roundedridge possessed by the stem, except near the origins of the mainbranches. The transverse diameter of both stem and branches is tothe antero-posterior as 2 : 1. Surface even, feeling shghtly rough tothe finger. Zooids uniserially arranged, about -5 millim. in diameter,"5 millim. apart, set in a narrow continuous lateral groove ofthe stem and branches. Colour of stem in spirit pinkish yellow, ofbranches cream-colour.In transverse section the stem and branches are seen to consist ofa cylindrical central (" medullary ") spicular axis of closely aggregatedbut distinct spicula, occupying from four fifths (at the base ofthe stem) to one half (at the apex of the branches) of the entirethickness. The cortical layer is similarly constituted ; it is separatedfrom the medulla by a single annular series of four to sixcircular or oval longitudinal canals, varying in diameter from about•15 millim. near the terminations of the branches to -3 millim. atthe base of the stem. Spicules of medulla, chief forms :—(i.) Roughlyfusiform, with fewirregularly scattered, mostly fungiform, compoundtubercles : size about -28 to -45 by -087 millim., the largest tuberclesabout -024 millim. in height, (ii.) Elongated, cylindrical, rounded

;;352 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.at the ends ; a few small low tubercles at the ends and here andthere on the body of the spicule ; size "18 by -03 millim, (near apexof branches only about '018 millim, broad and with longer sharptubercles). Spicules of cortex (iii.) short, fusiform, with ridge-like,transversely elongated tubercles, much roughened ; ends of spiculesirregular in shape ; size about "018 to -022 by •! millim.Hah. Torres Straits, 10 fms. ; bottom sand.Ohs. This species appears to belong to the genus established byDuchassaing de Fonbressin {I. o.), but differs from the description ofthe single species, /. schrammi, there described (from Guadaloupe) inthe verruca) not projecting from the general level of the cortex. Theheight of the single specimen is 250 millim. (10 inches), greatest diameterat basal cud 9 millim., least diameter at same place 4^ millim.greatest diameter at apex of branches 4| millim. ; common stem100 millim. long ; longest branch 150 millim. ; it branches onlyonce, but oue other (aborted) branch is indicated on one edge of thestem of another of the branches.SIPHONOGORGIA.Kdlliker^ Festschrift phys.-med. Ges. Wiirzhurg, 1874, p. 18.Three species of this highly interesting and but recently discoveredtype are already known, viz. S. (lodeffroyi, Kolliker (Z, c),from the Pelew Islands ; S. mirabilis, Klunzinger, from the lied Seaand S. sqaarrosa, Studer, from N.W. Australia. A species occursin the present collection which though differing more or less fromall these either in its spicules or external characters, yet agreessuflficieully closely in its sjiicular characters and general form withKlunzinger's species for me to record it under the name29. Siphonogorgia mirabilis, var. flava.Siphonogorgia mirabilis, Khmzinger, Kor. roth. Mecr. i. p. 40 pi. iii.fig. 9.Two groups growing on tubular masses of sponge or worm-tube,and consisting of a creeping, thin, adherent stolon, 1-0 to 5 millim.broad, bearing the monticular closed verrucae, 1 to 1-5 millim. indiameter, and sending up vertical shoots at intervals of from 6 to10 millim. ; these are unbranched, from 9 to 34 millim. in heightand from 1-5 to 2-5 millim. in their greatest by 1 millim. in theirleast diameter, being somewhat flattened, knifcOike ; they haveslightly swollen but pointed apices. The colour in spirit is a lightyellowish brown throughout. The verrucae are closed, but thepolypes are seen by sections to have a yellow colour.The parenchyma-spicules agree in their general characters withthose described by Klunzinger; but I find(i.) those of the cortical layerhaving cither the characters exhibited in the lowest of the figuresmarked (/ in his fig. 9. pi. iii (/. o.), viz. stout fusiform with rather distinctbroad minutely tuberculate tubercles, size -21 by -085 millim. to

;ALCYONABIA. 353•4 by •! rnillim., or else longer and pro]wrtioualIy more slender, withmore distant and simple tubercles, -4 ))y "OS millim. Those (ii.) ofthe denser axial substance are shoit, very boldly tuberculate forms,very irregularly modified from the fusiform types, but with thetubercles somewhat scattered ; size •J4 by -042 to "IS by '07 millim.intermixed with these are some of the stouter and longer formswhich compose the outer layer. The spicules are either devoid ofany colour or very faintly yellow.Hah. Arafura ISca. off N.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms.bottom—sand, mud, and shell.Ohs. The only differences which distinguish these specimens fromKlunzinger s are the pale brown instead of red colour of the corallumas a whole, its unbranched condition, and the want of a decidedcoloration of the spicules themselves.A specimen of this species also occurs, in an exclusively repentform, upon an elongated sponge in the dry state ;it extends 120millim. (5 inches) horizontally, exclusive of branches. It exactlyresembles the horizontal parts of the specimen just described, butsends up no vertical axes, and might thus have been taken for aCallipodium had the radiate spicules assigned to this type by KoUikerand Verrill been present. This resemblance of the young stage ofa typical liriareacean to that genus perhaps supports Kolliker's viewsas t« the genus properly finding its place among the Briareaceae.SOLENOCAULUM.Solenocaulon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 34, figs. p. 36H. (3) X. p. 147 (1862).; Ann. ^ Mag. N.? Ccelogorgia, M.-Eclwards and Haime, Hist. Corall. i. p. 191 (1857).Solenogorgia, Genth, Zeitsch. loiss. Zool. xvii. p. 429 (1867).30. Solenocaulum tortuosum.Solenocaulon tortuosum, Gray, II. cc.A single (dry) specimen of this very remarkable form came upwith the tangles from a dredging of from 12 to 20 fms. off PortMolle, Queensland ; it is about 5 inches long, or rather less thanhalf the length of the type specimen. It is of a pale orange colour,in which, as in its other external as well as in its microscopic characters,it agrees with the original type of the species. The stemis solid, as is that of a spirit-specimen already in the collection, andas (so far as I have been able to ascertain with safety) that of thetype specimen, and affords another point of agreement between thisgenus and Solenocjorgia of Genth, and adds one more reason to thosegiven by Studer (MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 669) for uniting thetwo genera under the older name conferred by Gray, a proceedingwhich is obviously necessary.Another specimen, from the Arafura Sea, fortunately preservedin spirit and practically complete, although two apical portionsare detached, differs somewhat from the typical form. It has astem 55 millim. long, of which the lower end, to the length of about

354 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.32 millim., consists of a strongly flattened, rather undulating portion,with a midrib 1 to 2 millim. thick running longitudinally down itsmiddle, on each side of which the edges are drawn out so as toform a double-edged knife-like ending, with a maximum breadth of7 millim. ; above, this is united to the hollowed, zooid-bearing partby a cylindrical portion, 20 millim. long and 3 millim. in maximumthickness, apparently solid. Only 10 millim. from the commencementof the zooid-bearing part, a strong tubular branch is given off,and another on the same side only 4 millim. further up the terminaltube, which is considerably bent to one side, and constituteswith the last mentioned branch a true bifurcation, which thus takesplace at only 14 millim. from the commencement of the functionallyactive section of the colony.The colony is thus manifestly young, for the stem is 65 millim.long, Avhile the zooid-bearing part is only 40 millim. long and carriesnear the end of each of its branches one or more narrow spatularor grooved processes from 8 to 15 millim. in length, recalling thosewhich attain so great a development (up to 10 centim. long, Studer)in S. r/rai/i, Studer, and in S. {Solmogorgia) tuhulosa, Genth. Themaximum antero-posterior diameter of the tubular part of the colonyis only 8 millim. The verrucas form a single row on each side ofthe tubes and spatulate processes. The colour differs from that ofthe type specimen of the species in being a dull pale orange, withdark purplish verructe, whereas in that specimen it is for the mostpart (in its present dry condition) a dull umber-brown with a tintof red, with a reddish lateral band including the verrucoe. Thelength of the spatulate processes does not appear to me sufficient toshow any close connection with S. f/rciyi ; and as the spicules agreeessentially with those of the type of iS. tortiiosum, I retain that namefor this specimen as well.As Studer's account of the spiculation of the species appearserroneous in some points, I give herewith the results of an examinationof the type specimen. Cortical spicules :—(i.) Clavate orexcentrically fusiform, covered with coarse, prominent, cylindricaltubercles, often roughened terminally ; size of spicule •21 to -39 by•06 to "12. (ii.) Superficial, short, broad, cj'lindrical, with about 3rude whorls of very prominent ragged tubercles ; size of spicule about•14 by '07 millim. [this spicule is not figured by Studer for the species,but a very similar form is given by him as the axial spicule of yS^. grayi,uader which species is also figured one which differs from (ii.) mainlyin having simpler tubercles]. The white chalky axial mass consistsmainly, if not exclusively, of (iii.) long cylindricals with roundedends, bearing sharp-pointed tubercles at considerable intervals ; sizeof spicule about -38 by -035 millim. The external longitudinalverrucfe-spicules (iv.) are irregularly fusiform or cylindrical, stronglyroughened by prominent closely-set tubercles, and measure about•18 by "07 millim. ; towards the mouth of the verruca these passinto irregular flattened or styliform bodies about -14 millim. longby "017 millim. broad, (v.) The horizontal spicules of the verrucoeare fusiform, tapering gracefully to rounded points, more or lesscurved ; they bear numerous small, smooth, and rounded tubercles

ALCrONAEIA. 355and measure "4 to '6 bj'' '035 to '06 millim. [Comparing Studer'sspecies S. gratji with this species, it appears to correspond closelywith it, but is perhaps distinct by virtue of the smaller size of thespicules and the simple character of their tubercles, as stated above.]Eah. Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms., bottom rocks andcoral ; Arafura Sea, off N.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms., bottomsand, mud, and shells. Also Mei'maid Strait, N.W.Australia (Stiider).Ohs. It is interesting to note that it is the specimen which comesfrom a roclcy bottom which has the simple, moderately long, cylindricalstem resembling that of the type specimen, while that whichcame from a loose bottom (sand &c.) has a long spatulate termination,well adapted for maintaining the colony in an upright positionin this less stable material.It seems extremely probable from the account given by Messrs.Milne-Edwards and Haime (?. c.) of the external characters of theirCoiloriorri'ia pahnosa ,\h.?ii it is generically identical with /SoênocrtM^wjii;but hnding a very different spiculation indicated in a Paris slidein this Museum, which professes to belong to the species, I preferto follow Studcr in leaving the question for future investigation.31. Leucoella cervicornis.Leucoella cervicornis, Gray, A7in. 8) Mag. N. H, (4) v, p. 408.A Briareacean intermediate in its characters between Suheria,Studer (ME. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 666), and Solenocaulum, Gray.Its most striking external feature is the broad posterior space devoidof polypes and (in the dry state, at any rate) indented by a widegroove. In the type specimens in the British Museum the verrucsemostly have rounded blunt terminations, about 1 millim. in maximumheight ; in a specimen, however, contained in the presentcollection they are mostly pointed and very prominent, viz, 2 millim.high in some cases. Whereas also in the type specimen the colouris somewhat pale umber-brown, in the present specimen the colour isvery dark umber-brown, becoming almost black at the tips of the verrucfe;in this specimen the anterior aspects of the tips of the branchesare almost devoid of verruca} and usually much flattened, while theverrucas on the anterior and lateral faces of the other parts are placedat distinct intervals; the latter are closely set in about equal proportionsover all parts of the anterior and lateral surfaces of thestem and branches. The axial spicules (i.) in both specimens arecylindrical, pointed at the ends, and covered with small sharptubercles ; size -35 to "42 by '024 to "027 millim. The cortical spiculesare either (ii.) fine, long, fusiform, tapering to points at both ends,provided with numerous, but distinct prominent tubercles, "28 to -42millim. by "053 to '08 millim., or (iii.) squat fusiform, with the endsmore rounded than in (ii.), with the tubercles stouter and blunterbut crowded together ; size '14 to -28 by -053 to -07 millim. Thisspecimen furnishes us with a locality for the species, that of theoriginal specimen not being known.Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms. ; bottom rock.2a2

356 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,Obs. The differences between this specimen and the types in theform of the verrucae appear to be due to their more expanded conditionat time of death in this than in the type specimens. Unfortunatelyno spirit-specimens have as yet reached the Museum.MELITHÎD^.Melithfeacete, Kollikei-, Icones Histiol. p. 142.Melitbseadfe, Mopselladis, and Elliselladae, Gray, Cat. Lithoph. Brit.Mus. (1870) pp. 3, 5; 24.The two first-named of Dr. Gray's families cannot possibly bemaintained distinct from each other, as of the genera which he hasplaced iu the first, McJitlum (Melitodes) includes, as is shown by acareful study of the spicular characters, Anicella, which he has placedin the second ; the only distinctive character by which the Melithaiadffiare alleged to be separated from the Mopsellidai, viz. theperforation by the longitudinal coenenchymal canals of the lowerioints of the hard axis, is exhibited also by four out of the five"genera which make up the latter family ; this may readily be ascertainedby examination of adult specimens representing these genera.For this reason I have been obliged to relinquish this character inthe separation of the genera, except in the case of Clathraria andthe new genus Ps'dacaharia, and have in this Eeport reconsideredthe genera and species involved, and after comparing them with therich collection already iu the national museum, embracing almostevery known species, arranged them mainly according to spicularcharacters, thus following the plan which has been adopted withsuch success iu other groups of the Alcyonaria by KoUiker andVerrill, The Elliselladse, Gray, include a Melithseid (Wrightella).The family thus constituted is represented in the present collectionby the proportionally large number of six species, of whichfour are jiew, one appearing to be generically distinct from all otherknown forms, and remarkable further for its pure white colour andslight habit, unexampled in the family. The existence of a dimorphismof the zooids, long known to obtain in the Pennatulida, andtreated of in the Alcyouiidoe (Beteroxenia, Kolliker ; Sarcophytum,Moseley, <strong>Report</strong> etc. 'Challenger,' vol. i. p. 118), and by Prof.Moseleyin the Coralliidse (Quart. Journ. Micr. Science, n. s. vol. xxii. p. 396),and stated by Hickson ((iuart. Journ. Sci. 1883, Oct., p. 574) to occurin the Briareidae (Paragorgia), a fact which I am able to confirmfrom specimens in the British Museum, was also pointed out for thefirst time in the present family by Mr. Hickson, from information withwhich I furnished him, viz. in a new species (J\I. alhitineta) of thegenus Melitodes. In this species, the only one of between 20 and 30species of the family in which I have observed it, this phenomenonoccurs in a somewhat remarkable manner, partly owing to which Ihad at first overlooked it ; but on my attention being called by theartist, Mr. Highley, to certain projections on some of the branches,larger than the ordinary verrucse, I examined the corallum more

;ALCrOXAEIA. 357carefully and found that, in the proportion of about 1 to 30 of theordinary verrucas, or about one to each internode, some large verrucseoccurred, about twipe the diameter of the usual forms ; this was thecase only on the medium-sized and larger branches. Unfortunatelyno spirit-specimens of the species were obtained ; but the examinationof the open verrucas shows 8 short spiculate tentacle-lobes,converging like the segments of an orange, within both the smallerand larger verrucas. This is therefore a case of dimorphism muchless strongly marked than and of a different character from that ofthe Penuatulida, and of CoralUum and SarcopJit/tum, where theasexual zooids have no tentacles. Possibly, when spirit-specimensare examined, it will be found that these two kinds of tentaculateindividuals represent the two kinds of "polypes" (viz. rudimentarysexual and perfect asexual) which occur in Hcdisceptrum (Kolliker,• Pennatulidcu,' p. 161) in addition to the sexual " zooids."In my descriptions I have employed the term " internode " forthe hard joints, and " soft joints " for the intermediate ones, as beingmore appropriate and more conformable to the botanical usage thanthe "joint" and "internode" employed by Gray (I.e.) to designatethese parts respectively.The new genus Psilacaharla presents an exception to the usuallystrongly marked bilateral symmetry in the arrangement of theexternal parts of the corallum in this family.MELITODES.Melitsea, Lamarck, Mem. du Miis. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 410 (1815).Melitodes, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. p. 38 (1863).Axis, both hard and soft joints, traversed by longitudinal canalscortical spicules of two kinds, viz. larger, fusiform, verrucose, andsmaller, nodular, iis above stated, the first of these characters onlydistinguishes Melitodes from Glathraria and Psilacaharia amongMelithseidse.32. Melitodes albitincta.(Plate XXXVII. figs. C-C" ; Plate XXXVIII. figs. 6, h' .)Corallum slight, branching in one plane. Stem slender, internodescircular in section ;joints oval, little thicker than the internodes andabout half their length. Branchlets slender, undulating, almost allanastomosing, forming chiefly elongate meshes. Diameter of internodesof the larger main branches 3 millim., of terminal branchlets1 millim. Colour of general cortex in dry state white, beautifullyspeckled with vermilion, that of verruc;ie and the contained polypesorange-yellow. Cortex very smooth, thin on stem, on terminalbranchlets forming about two thirds of the thickness of the branch.Verrucoe broad, slightly prominent, arranged in two alternating rowson each side of the brunches, but generally absent from the anteriorand posterior faces ; they are of two sizes, viz. :—(i.) abundant, low,about '4 millim. in diameter at their base ;(ii.) about one to eachinternode on an average, more prominent than (i.), measuring about

358 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.1 millim. in diameter at its base, placed oa the larger and mediumsizedbranches. Axis of soft joints firm, brick-red in colour; thatof interuodes crimson, traversed by numerous longitudinal canals inthe stem and larger branches, in the small branches deeply channelledby longitudinal forrows.Spicules of general cortex :—(i.) Largei', fusiform, the ends ratherblunt, the shaft stout, beset with numerous strong and prominenttubercles, their ends strongly microtuberculate, irregularly distributed'jver the spicule; size •21 by •0()2 millim. (ii.) Smaller, subcubical,looking as if formed by an aggregation of tubercles like thoseof (i.) ; diameter •07 millim. Spicules of verrucoe (iii.) :— Longitudinal,fusiform, with blunt ends, provided with numerous and strongtubercles of a length equal to half the diameter of the shaft of thespicule ; size ^21 by •035 millim. (iv.) Horizontal, fusiform, taperingto sharp points, tubercles numerous but small and sharp ; size as (iii.\Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms.Two dry specimens represent this beautiful species. The commonstem of the largest is 31 millim. long, its total height 130 millim.(5 inches), its maximum width 76 millim. (3 inches). The speciesdiffers from M. ocliracea externally by the presence oftwo kinds ofzooids, by the sleudcrness of the stem, and the slight difference inthickness between the main and the lesser branches, by the greaterrelative length of the internodes and the rounded outline of the joints,the almost complete anastomosis of the branches, and the whitishground-colour of the cortex ; in its minute characters it is distinguishedby the long cortical spicules being stouter and about halfas long again as in M. ocliracea.^ and by the stronger tuberculationof those of the verrucse. Although, as in the cases of Alcyoniumand Sarcophutum, Xenia and Heteroxenia, two otherwise nearlyrelated qenera have been shown to be distinguished by the characterof dimorphism in the polypes of one of the i)air, I do not knowanj- other case in which, as here, a species is referable on all othergrounds but this one character to the same genus as other specieswhich do not exhibit it.MOPSELLA.Mopsella, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 284.Melitella, Graij, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 485.Both hard and soft axis perforated by longitudinal canals whereverstout enough to carry them. Cortical spicules of two kinds, fusiformand foliated (" Blattkcule," IvoUiker). The presence of this foliatedspicule distinguishes the genus from Melitodes and Acaban'a ; this, inconjunction with the perforation of the hard axis, from Clathraria.33. Mopsella textiformis,Melitsea textiformis, Lamarck, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 412Lamouroiix, Polyp. Jlexibles, p. 4l!4, pi. xix. fig. 1.Melithaea textiformis, M.-Edicards ^ Haime, Uist._ Cor. i. p. 201.

ALCrONARIA. 359? Mt5litê ochracê, De Blainville, 3Ian. Actinol. p. 604, pi. Ixxxvi.fig. 3.P Mopsella retifera, Studer, MB. Ah. Berlin, 1878, p. 666.Lamarck's species seems not to have been clearly identified bymodern writers, with, perhaps, the exception of Verrill (Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool. Camb. i. p, 38) ; I have, however, little doubt of itsidentity with a form which occurs somewhat abundantly in thiscollection from Port Molle, Queensland, &o. I have thought it wellto describe this form fully, in order to clear up the uncertainty whichhas hitherto prevailed as to the correct name of the species.It branches strictly in one plane and has elongated meshes ; thestem and main branches are slight and break up almost immediatehjinto a reticulum of undulating thin branchlets, which almost allanastomose ; the terminal branchlets are only, about 1 millim. indiameter. The internodes are long ; the joints are small, short, andsquarish. The cortex is rough, rather dull scarlet ; the zooidverructeof the same colour ; the expanded zooids, scarlet in onespecimen, yellow in another, are equal and small, but distinctly prominent,abundant over the front and sides of the branches. Axisof joints firm, bright red, that of basal internodes longitudinallychannelled, deep red ; of distal internodes faintly striated, but otthe same tint, and penetrated bj^ the longitudinal canals.Spicules of general cortex Fusiform, sharply pointed at both:—(i.)ends, as a rule, and covered with irregularly scattered tabercles,which are large and blunt at the middle of the spicule, minuteat the ends ; dimensions '18 by '035 millim. (ii.) " Blattkeulen,"large, either with long cylindrical shaft, strongly tuberculate, withlarge compound tubei'cles and two " leaves " which are broad,rounded, the edges divided into blunt teeth, or with the shaft moreor less aborted : dimensions of spicule '21 by '105 millim., length ofcylindrical shaft alone about •! millim. Spicules of verrucoe :—(iii.)Longitudinal, curved, fusiform, tapering gracefully to sharp points,with rather few tubercles, prominent and sharp at middle, disappearingtowards ends ; dimensions -24 by •035 millim. (iv.) Horizontal,very regularly fusiform, curved, pointed rather bluntly,covered with very closely set, low, blunt tubercles ; dimensions '28by '041 millim.Bah. Port Curtis, 5-7 fms. ; Port Molle, 12-20 fms. ; ThursdayIsland and Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 4-7 fms. Also,perhaps. Dirk Hartog Island, W. Australia, and N.W. AustraliaIStnder).This is a delicate and graceful species ; it is represented in thiscollection by two nearly perfect specimens and a number of fragmentsin the dry state, and by a specimen and fragments in spirit. Thelargest specimen measures 193 millim. (nearly 8 inches) in height,by 140 millim. (6 inches) in maximum breadth; the thickness ofthe base is—^joints 6 millim., internodes 4 millim. Lamarck's andLamouroux's descriptions suit the species very well, and the remarkof the latter to the effect that it is " peu rameuse ; se divisant subitementeu ramuscules tros-menus, filiformes, verruqucux, anastomoses,"

3G0COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.may be considered characteristic of its habit ; his figure, thoughtaken apparently from a rather stunted specimen, is fair, but thejoints are too long. Lamarck, too, notices the short stem and itssudden division into slender branches, which are its best externaldistinguisliing characters. In its minute structure it is characterizedby its tine Blattkeule with dentate edges and graceful longitudinalverruca-spicuje. Dry specimens are apt to turn white ; perhaps thewhite variety mentioned by Lamarck (l. c.) is an instance of thisphenomenon. A variety occurs from Torres Straits with grey cortex,black verrucse, white internodes, red joints.The species figured by De Blainville {I. c.) differs from ordinaryspecimens of M. texUformis in its yellow soft joints. It is possiblya variety of M. coccinea.34. Mopsella clavigera.(Plate XXXVII. fig. B ; Plate XXXVIII. figs. «-«".)? Mopsella elongata, Studer, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 666.Corallum branching strictly in one plane :branches almost invariablyanastomosing in adult at the soft joints, proportionately less,according to age, in the younger specimens ; the meshes thus formedare either longitudinally elongated or irregularly polygonal ; thefrond may be either about as broad as it is high, or the height maybe double the breadth. Stem short, moderately developed or weak.Internodes undulating or seldom straight, compressed, the anteroposteriordiameter having the proportion with regard to the sidediameter of about 3:2; penetrated towards base by longitudinalcanals. Soft joints distinct, but not large, elongated near base ofmain branches, only just perceptible in younger parts. Verrucsenumerovis, scattered over sides and back (or front) of corallum, butleaving a bare space down the middle of its posterior aspect ; tubercularin shape, slightly prominent. Cortex thin, white and almostcolourless. Axis of internodes rough, white or pale pink (generallyonly so in young specimens). Soft joints bright red. pink, or almostcolourless. Verrucue dirty brownish to white in colour.Spicules of general (i.) cortex:— Coarsely tuberculated, ratherbluntly pointed, fusiform, of various sizes, the larger ones somewhatswollen, tapering and sometimes terminated by a small " Blatt "at the other extremity ; average maximum dimensions 17 to "21by -07 millim. (ii.) Blattkeule, compound, with about two lancetshapedlaminae, as a rule, and these mainly flattened in one plane,with a short conical to almost obsoleteshaft, covered with smallishtubercles often deeply dentate ; average maximum dimensions -14by '07 millim. Spicules of verruca long, slender, curved and pointed,fusiform, with tubercles fewer and less prominent than those of thecortical spicules and less numerous near the ends : average maximumdimensions -20 by -026 to -285 by '044 millim.lfa}>. Port Curtis, Queenslanrl, 5-1 1 fms., bottom sand and shells ;Port MoUe, 14 fms., bottom rock ; Thursday Island, Torres Straits,

ALCYONAEIA. 3614-6 fms., bottom rock and sand. Studer's species was obtained atDirk Hartog Island, AVêst Australia.Obs. Three young, one older fresh specimen in spirit, one large adultdry, and one large adult dead and blackened specimen, and numerousfresh fragments dry and in spirit represent the species. The largestspecimen, which has lost its terminal twigs, measures 400 millim. inheight by 275 in maximum breadth.This well-marked species is very well represented in the collectionby specimens showing differences due to age and other causes,constituting variations of no inconsiderable extent. The internodesof none of the branches, except the few primary divisions of the base,attain a greater lateral diameter than 2^ millim. or a greater anteroposteriorone tlian 3| millim. ; it is further distinguished by theconstant club-shaped character of the stouter fusiform tuberculatespicules of the general cortex and by the oblong transverse section ofthe internodes.The tendency to vary in colour is very remarkable ; the axis of thejoints ranges from white to brick-red, that of the internodes fromwhite to crimson. The pink colour of the internode-axes is exhibitedby all the young sj)ecimens and lost externally in most ofthe adult colonies ; but these generally exhibit a trace of theirearlier condition by the pink tint of the centre of the hard joint,may bo seen by breaking it across ; on the other hand, the colourmay persist in its fullest intensity in the adult, as is shown by afragment of a good-sized specimen which occurs with crimson internodes.The dependence of the amount of anastomosis on the age ofthe specimen is another very interesting feature of the species. Ofthe two youngest complete specimens (one 40 millim., the otherupwards of 50 millim. long), one has but one case of anastomosisamong its numerous branches, while the other has seven suchcases.ACABARIA.Graj/, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. (4) ii. p. 444.This genus has the general habit of Mopsella (viz. slender stemand branches, the latter given off at acute angles), but has fusiforminstead of Blattkeule spicules in the cortex, replacing the smallnodular spicules of Melitodes.as35. Acabaria japonica.Mopsella japouica, Verrill, Proc. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 199, vi. p. 80.? Melitiea tenella, Dana, U. S. Expl. E.ip. Zooph. p. 683.A fine dry specimen which I cannot distinguish specifically fromthe above species ;it measures about 110 millim. in extreme verticaland 30 millim. in extreme lateral extent.The terminal branches have the extremely slight thickness of•5 millim. (excluding verrucse) ; the colour of the general cortex ispale scarlet, that of the verrucae, which are prominent and rounded.

362 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.lemon-yellow. The species has to be referred to Acaharia, as itwants the foliated spicules (Blattkeulen) characteristic of Mopsella.Hab. Port Darwin, Australia, 8-15 fms. ; bottom mud.Ohs. The distribution of this specie^, hitherto known only fromJapan, is not by any means unparalleled (cf. Echinomuricea inclomalaccensis,p. 336, extending from China to jST.E. Australia) ; thespecies has not hitherto been recorded from anj^ point betweenAustralia and Japan.Dana's species (v. supra), from the Sandwich Islands, is probablynearly allied if not identical with this, but the original description isinsufficient to decide the point.36. Acabaria serrata.(Plate XXXVII. figs. E, E' ; Plate XXXVIII. figs, c-c".)Corallum erect, branching dichotomously at angles of 30° to 40°,strictly in one plane ; anastomosis absent or rare. Base ? Main stemslender, not exceeding 2-5 millim. in diameter. Internodes slender,slightly flexuous, 8-10 millim. long as a rule, compressed fromfront to back, decreasing slightly in diameter towards periphery,viz. from about 1-5 millim. lateral diameter near base to -75 millim.at tips of branches (exclusive of tubercles) ; antero-posterior diameteronly about half as great as the lateral diameter. Internodescompact, apparently imperforate throughout ; axis deep crimsonred.Soft joints distinct, spherical, nearly twice the diameter(taken laterally) of the adjacent internodes, except near periphery,where they are no thicker than the internodes ; substance compact,deep crimson.Cortex very thin, but compact, smooth, deep crimson (in spirit) inadult, white to pale scarlet in young specimens. Verrucse usuallyforming a strictly single row down each lateral margin of thebranches ; in closed state rounded and but slightly prominent ; inopen state truncate-conical, about "5 millim. in height, serrating theedges of the branches in a manner peculiar to this species in its genus ;their bases are just free from each other; colour (in spirit) pale yellow.Spicules of cortex (i.):— Fusiform or subclavate, curved, tuberculato,one end usually well pointed, the other more or less obscured at oneside by projection of large tubercles ; tubercles distinct from eachother, but not arranged in whorls, long, pointed, rather ragged ;those of the convex side very prominent towards the larger endand inclined towards this end ; size -21 by -062 millim. (ii.) Smaller,shorter, blunt or almost so, with thick shaft and two median whorlsof tubercles, low, rough, transversely elongated, forming almostcontinuous ridges round the spicule, and a whorl of incipient tuberclessurrounding each blunt end ; size '088 to '12 by -053 millim.Spicules of verrucae (iii-) :— Horizontal, fusiform, curved, taperingmore or less, the middle beset with few, low, and rounded tubercles,more or less roughened towards the ends ; size "21 to '2o by '024to -030 millim. (iv.) Longitudinal spicules, apparently almost the

;ALCTONARIA. 363same as (i.), but with the tubercles fewer and smaller at largeend.Hab. Port Darwin, N. coast of Australia, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sandand mad.Ohs. A young specimen of what appears to be this species isalmost white (in spirit). Several specimens preserved in spitit andone drj' (the latter probably from the same locality as the rest). Theserrated appearance imparted to the branches by the regularlyuniserial and rigidly lateral arrangement and the prominence of theverrucas is the most striking external point distinguishing thisfrom other species of the genus. In spiculation, as in the externalcharacters of most young specimens, it approaches A. (IJopsella)japonica, but has the tubercles of the large ends of the corticalfusiform spicules much less prominent, the spicules on the wholesmaller than in that species, in which, moreover, the small corticalspicule is elongate, and has the whorls of tubercles at some distanceapart. Older specimens much resemble Mopsella textifonnis in theproportions and arrangement of the branches :but the tint incliningto crimson rather than to scarlet and the strictly marginal positionon them of most of the verrucse serve to distinguish A, serratasuperlicially. The specimens are mostly more or less imperfectthe tallest measures 80 millim. in height.PSILACABARIA *, g. n.Melithseidae without foliate spicules (Blattkeulen) ; branchesgiven off from soft joints at approximately right angles ; spiculesfusiform, the tubercles of the large cortical spicules tending tocoalesce into ring-like ridges ; verrucas spirally arranged.This genus is at once distinguished by the wide angles formed bythe branches ; those of other species of MelithEeidie rarely, if ever,exceed 45°. The arrangement of the branches and of the verrucseupon them is less bilaterally symmetrical than in any other Melithteidexcept Clathraria rubrinodis, Gray {Mopsella hicolor, Ivolliker)hence, perhaps, this is an older form, allied to the Coralliidfe or toother Alcyonaria with imperfect bilateral symmetry. The ridge-liketuberculation of the larger cortical spicule is not elsewhere found,though the smaller cortical spicule oi Mclkodes ochracea has two similarbut usually continuous ring-like ridges. These spicules are unusuallylarge in the single species assigned to this genus ; in it, too, thebranches are remarkably slender and the intcrnodes relatively verylong ; their pure white colour is a iinique character among normaladult specimens of known Melithseaceae ; although in the rare generaTrinella and P((risis, which appear to me to be best ranked in thisfamily, as representing a distinct subfamily, the white colour reappears.This, however, is perhaps of superficial importance. Inall other respects it agrees with Acabaria, Gray.* From »//(X6s, slender, and Acabaria a genus of Melithaeidse (derivation"Accabaar," Malay name of Melitodes ochracea).

—;364 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,37. Psilacal)aria gracillima.(Plate XXXVII. figs. D-D" ; Plate XXXVIII. figs./-/".)Corallum extremely delicate, erect, branching dichotomously,approximately in one plane, and at approximately right angles.Apparently no anastomosis. Internodcs 12-16 millim. long, diameter•3 to '7 millim., cylindrical, slightly flexuous. Soft joints inconspicuous,not broader than the adjacent internodes. Axis of internodeshard, white, not striated.Cortex about one quarter the thickness of the whole branch, roughenedby the large spicules. Verrucee arranged in spiral series, withbases almost in contact on larger branches, rather distant and onopposite sides on the smaller ones ; triangular and flattened in theformer, low, rounded, and tubercular in the latter ; basal diameterand height 1 millim. in the large to "5 millim. in the small branches.Colour of cortex white, of tips of verrucas pale yellow.Spicules of general (i.) cortex:— Large cylindro-fusiform to subclavate,with thick axis, slightly tapering to round-pointed ends, wellprovided with strong tubercles about '03 millim. high, either subsphericalor forming low roughened ridges often extending round asmuch as one quarter of the circumference of the spicule (appai'entlyrepresenting tubercular whorls of those spicules of other Melithseidaewhich possess them) ; size -28 to '31 by '087 millim. ; tuberclescommonly more abundant and larger near one end than the other,(ii.) Smaller, fusiform, with sharply pointed ends and prominentpointed and roughened tubercles, more or less curved, scatteredabundantly all over ; size -21 to '25 by -OoS to "071 millim. (also atbase of verrucee) [probably young forms of (i.)]. Spicules of verrucae :(iii.) Similar to (i.), but with less broad and ridge-like tubercles,measuring as much as '3 by "087 millim. ; on exterior of the verrucae,except just at the apex, (iv.) Subclavate, tapering from a broad toa sharp-pointed end, well covered with irregularly scattered, prominent,pointed tubercles, which become larger towards the broadend, where they project forwards beyond and in the direction ofthe axis of the spicule ; on the inner wall of the verrucae, thusresembling the subapical verruca-spicules of Acaharia divaricata.(v.) Smaller, fusiform, with fewer tubercles, pointed, scatteredequally all over, two or three terminal ones at one end prolongedmuch as in (iv.) ; size "21 to '25 by "035 to '044 millim. ; on apex ofverrucae [probably young forms of (iv.)]. (vi.) Intermediate formsbetween (i.) and (ii.), with tubercles more distinct and smaller thanin (i.) ; size '31 by "07 millim. ; on general body of zooid.Of all these six forms I only distinguish 3 distinct types, viz. :(i.) [including iii. and vi.] representing the large cortical fusiform ofother Mclithaeidae, but found also on the verruca, from the fact ofthe latter being covered more or less with what represents thegeneral cortex ;(ii.) representing the smaller cortical fusiform andperhaps also the horizontal verruca-spicule of other Melithoeidae(iii.) [including v.] representing the longitudinal verruca-spicule,

ALCYONARIA. 365and approaching the forms of this which are found in Acahariajaponica and anstrulis.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, 12-20 fms. ; bottom consisting ofrock and coral. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. ; bottom sand, mud, andshells. Also East Australia, 42 fms. {coll, F. M.Rayner in Mas. Brit.).Ohs. This is the most delicate of all known Melithreidse. Fromtheir extreme fragility, the specimens, which are all dry, are allimperfect ; the longest piece is 40 millim. high ; but probably noneof the specimens exceeded 60 millim. in height and greatest widthrespectively. Perhaps half a dozen original specimens are represented.It is remarkable that the length of the internodes and the sizeof the large cortical spicule vary inversely to the stoutness of theinternodes.TUBIPORID^.38. Tuhipora hemprichi.Ehrenberg, Cor. roth. Meer. p. 55.A single dry mass.Hah. North-east coast of Australia.Ohs. Klunzinger identifies a species from near Timor as T. rubeola,Quoy and Gaimard, and it does not appear that he met with thisspecies on the coast of Australia. T. rubeola, however, resemblesT. hemjyrichi considerably in the rather widely separated tubes andthe length of tube between the horizontal (external) diaphragms ; butin the latter point it exceeds T. hemprichi, and must be regarded asquite distinct from it, owing to the red colour assigned to its polypes,those of T. hemprichi being grey.

;366SPONGIIDA.BYSTUART 0. EIDLET.The published information relating to the marine Sponges ofAustralia is very limited, both as compared -with that relating toother groups of the Animal Kingdom, and as compared with theattention which has been paid to them by collectors. Large quantitiesof Sponges have been sent to England from this coast, and thenational collection of France possesses a large number evidently ofsimilar origin : but notwithstanding this fact, the number of intelligiblydescribed species is surprisingly small. Dr. Bowerbank,who obtained very large supplies of material, chiefly from S.W.Australia, only described* 14 species which may be said to haveprobablj^ come from this continent ; these are chiefly Silicea.Mr. Carter has described f 8 species from Bass's Straits, and somo25 from other localities (almost entirely southern and southwestern);of these 33, about one half are Silicea, and most of theremainder are Ceratosa. ' Prof. Hackel J: describes 16 species ofCalcarea from the south and east coasts; A. Hyatt § records 8Ceratosa from South and East Australia ; Prof. Selenka |!shortlydescribes and figures 5 Sponges from Melbourne and Bass's Straitsand W. Marshall 5[, Gray**, and some other writers add a fewspecies to the list; Polejaeffff adds 11 Calcarea to the fauna.Dr. Gray describes a remarkable form, Xenosponr/in , from TorresStraits, the only Siliceous species which I can find hitherto describedas definitely obtained from jS'orth Australia.The older writers by no means neglected the Sponges of Australia ;and in particular Lamarck J J described 53 species from "MorsAustrales," collected by Messrs. Peron and Lesueur, of which, aswe shall see below, there is considerable reason to believe thatmany were obtained off the more northern parts of the continent ; afew are certainly from the south (King Island and Francis andKang iroo Islands). There is, however, the very serious difficultyconnected with these descriptions of Lamarck that they are ex-* Chiefly in Proc, Zool. Soc. 1872-76.t In Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1873-84. J Die Kalkschwamme.§ Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. ||Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xvii.% Zeit.sch. wiss. Zool. xxxv.** Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G9.tt Zoology H.M.S. Challenger,' part xxiv.'II Ann. Mils. Hist. Nat. xx. (besides an uncertain number, as Alcyo7iia, inM6m. Mus. Nat. Hist. i.).

SPONGIIDA. 367tremcly short, and deal almost invariably with the mere externalcharacters of the forms to which they refer, and thus, owing to thewell-known variability and comparatively slight diagnostic importanceof these characters in the Spongiida, are almost useless, per se,even for the identification of species.Thus we have in all some 90 species (allowing for synonyms},more or less fully described, of Sponges chiefly from the southern,south-eastern, and south-western coasts of Australia, and some 60species described in the barest manner, probably (but not certainly)in most cases from the northern coasts, and a few from the south.The present collection comprises upwards of 300 specimens, representing110 species, besides 7 distinct varieties, of which more thanhalf are well preserved in spirit and the remainder are dry. Thedistricts searched consist of:— 1. Port Jackson, N.S.Wales; 2.Several points on the north-east coast of Queensland ; 3. Variousislands and spots in Torres Straits ; 4. The Arafura Sea, betweenCape York and Port Darwin; 5. Port Darwin, N.W. Australia.The depths range from between tide-mai'ks to 36 fms. (Arafura Sea),but most dredgings did not exceed 20 fms. in depth.It is perhaps not surprising, after what has been stated as to theprevious work which has been done among the Australian Sponges,to find that a large proportion (42 out of 110, or 38 per cent.) ofthe species are certainly new to science, and that a considerablenumber more may possibly prove to be so, having been assigned onlydoubtfully to described species. However, the distribution of thelittoral species (when these are properly defined and limited) ofSponges appears usually to be but moderately wide, and perhapsless so than the shallow-water Alcyonaria ; both this and anotherfact must be adduced to account for this large number of new species,viz. that the sponge-faunas of the neighbouring and moderatelydistant seas are even less known than that of Australia itself ; thiswill be seen clearly from a statement of what has been done toelucidate the fauna of the Indian Ocean which I have made underthe heading Geographical Distribution. I have in this dearth ofinformation taken pains to describe every form which warranteddescription. I have been careful not to assign a new name wherethe sponge might possibly have been already described, in order notto run the risk of adding to the overburdened synonymy, but havegenerally given a full description in such cases, so that no doubtmight remain as to the characters of that species, at any rate, withwhich I have had to deal.Taxonomy of the Collection.—Of the 1 10 species obtained, 20 (ormore than one sixth) are Ceratosa, a number which is illustrative ofthe largely tropical character of the localities from which they aredrawn ; the Dysideidsc include two new species and a most interestingvariety of a most important form, Psammopemma densum,Marshall, whose nature receives hereby confirmation and elucidation; the number of new Ceratosa (4) is not great, as most of thespecies seem to have a wide range.The Silicea, as usual, far outnumber the other groups ; the

368 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.Chalinidae are especially abundant (16 species, 5 new). No essentiallynew types occur; but of two new genera, one (Toxochcdma)is formed in recognition of a character, hitherto overlooked, connectingthis family with the Desmacidinidae. Seventeen Kenieridse (5new) occur, which are chiefly remarkable for their close resemblanceto European forms, all the genera and three species being alreadyknown from Europe. The Desmacidinidoe have 19 species, andinclude 9 now forms, and a species for which I have established anew genus, Gelliodes, which appears to be an extreme developmentof the well-known European GelVius (Desmacodes, Schmidt), alsotwo species for which a genus (lotrochota) is formed, in tardyrecognition of their great distinctness ; it is probably related ratherto the deep-sea genera Chondrodadia and Cladorrhiza than to anylittoral genera, except Monanchora, Carter, and is remarkable asbeing a persistent littoral representative of what was probably oneof the earliest types of Desmacidines, viz. that in which the auchoratespicule was symmetrical. Such old types usually survive only inthe deep sea or fresh water ; we have already seen that the deep seaproduces examples of it, and probably the Spongillidte with birotulatespicules are also modern representatives of this type, which(or whose ancestors) have taken refuge in fresh water. Eemai'kableas are the outward forms assumed by the species of Rliizochalinahere described, they will not surprise those who have studiedthe paper in which Mr. Carter recently described (under the namePMceodictyon) a number of species belonging to this genus fromvarious parts of the world ;perhaps, however, Torres Straits willprove to be more prolific in this respect than any other locality.The Ectyonidae are remarkably rich in new forms (10 species outof 17). Cktthria, which is small in growth and not very rich inspecies even in the Mediterranean, here assumes a great developmentin size and number of species. The distribution of the Axinellidaeis as much bathybial as littoral, in accordance with whichfact we only have three species here. Of the 8 species of Suberitidae,4 are new.The suborder Tetractinellida is, in conformity with the fondnessfor greater depths and the relative scarcity of individuals which itsmembers commonly exhibit, represented by only 7 species, of whichfour are new, and all belong to the Choristidae (Sollas).The Calcarea are poorly represented (3 species), and afford nothingof great interest from a taxonomic point of view.I have given further details, where necessary, of the more remarkablesystematic points under the different groups themselves, and aclassified list of the species is inserted in the account of the GeographicalDistribution.Anatomy and Histolor/y of Soft Parts.—Want of time has preventedme from thoroughly investigating these subjects at present,interesting and important in the extreme as they are, and favourablein many cases for the purpose as is the material contained in thecollection. A few notes relating specially to the histology willbe found scattered throughout the <strong>Report</strong> (see especially Aplysina,

SPONGIIDA. 369Di/sidea, Fotrochota, Rhaj)hidophli(s, AcantJiella). In the systematicdescriptions of the genera and species I have employed the oldexpression " sarcode " for the soft tissues generally, as being^ intelligible,comprehensive, and as having the advantage of involving nospecial theory or view with regard to the homologies of the partsreferred to ; the greater part of the tissues included under the termare, however, the " mesoderm " of F. E. Schulze, together with theciliated chambers and the walls of the canal-system which itencloses.IiuUvidiml Variation.—A few remarks on this subject are suggestedby the study of this large collection. First, variation in thesize of spicules is an almost invariable occurrence in different specimensof the same species, as it is in individual spicules in the samespecimen ; in the one ease, however, it rightly falls under the head ofvariation, in the latter chiefly under that of gruivth. In the descriptionsbelow will be found statements which show the range of thisform of variation within the limits of a species to be frequentlywide, see especially Lencophloeus fenestratus, Echinodictijum (thespined spicule), and Stelletta purpurea. The Ectyonida3 exhibit,as a rule, surprisingly little variation of this kind, and little use isto be made of characters based on size in distinguishing even speciesin this group. Chalinida? and Desmacidinidse are also very fairlyconstant as a rule. Secondly, variation in the form of spicules isless common. The Suberitidas exhibit variation of the head of theskeleton-spicule from sub-acuate to spinulate (Suberites). Modificationsof the form of the ends of acerate spicules are certainly notoften to be noticed ; but this collection shows that in Pellina muricatathe ends of the acerate vary from being gradually sharply pointedto being rounded off almost as thoroughly as in the usual " cylindrical; " and in Cladocludina nuda the ends may taper garduallyfrom about four diameters from end of spicule, or else from withinabout 1| diameters (var. ahruptispicula , mihi), producing a verydifferent appearance. Thirdly, as to variation in the e.vtemal formof the Sponge within the limits of the same species, striking examplesare afforded by the series oi lotrochota, purpurea and Clathriareimvardti (where a multi-personal origin appears to explain the mostremarkable case). The number of vents present has been used as ageneric character in the Tetractinellida by Prof. Sollas [Geodia,hops). In one of the species of Stelletta here described this seemsto be constant, in the other not ; in the species of Geodia describedbelow it is doubtful whether absence of vents (" lipostomy," HdcJcel)is constant.''Person"-tJieory.—The individuality of those parts of a Spongewhich enclose a single cloacal cavity seems to be regarded as a factby Marshall, who speaks (Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxv. p. 98 &c.) ofspecies of Dysideidaj as being "monozoisch" or " polyzoiseh." It isdifficult to see how the different cloacal tubes which are formedduring adult life by folding-over of a flat wall, as appears to be thecase in the species named below , Siphonochalina Jndlata and Dysideasemicanalis, can be said to constitute individuals.It seems possible2b

370 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.that in other species as well the distinct cloacal systems may proveto be formed in the same manner. In his latest work (Spong.Meerbus. Mexico) Schmidt says (p. 16) :— " Individuell beginnendiibernehmen in vielen Spongien die anfanglich neutralcii oder gemeiuschaftlichenGebietc die Tlolle der Individuen, aber der sich ndlirendeund fortpJlanzendeKorper ist iveder Individuum nocli ein Stocic,auch der blosse Vergleich mit Individuum und Stock passt nicht aufihn." (The italics are Prof. Schmidt's.) This view would seem tohold well, at any rate in the cases I have referred to.Parasitism.—An instance of an Oscillatorian Alga parasitic withinthe tissues of a Sponge is described under Stelletta clavosa ; a similarcircumstance has been recorded in Halisarca and /S/jo;ir/t-Z?rt (Schulze)and in a Suberite (Carter). Two examples are to be noted of theconverse case, viz. that of a Sponge constantly employing an Alga forsupport by mingling with its structures, as already noticed by Semperin Sjjongia eartilaginea, Esper, These cases are—(1) Gellius cymifonnis(v. infra), where the Sponge, though probably less in bulkthan the Alga, seems to draw the latter into its own form ; and(2) a Renierid (probably Reniera s. str.) from Port Molle, Q.uc"ensland,which coats and penetrates between the superficial fibres oftwo specimens of a species of erect arborescent Alga, giving it theappearance of the British Sponge Halicliondria albescens.A few examjiles of Sjiowiiophaga (Carter) were noticed in thebasal part of a spirit-specimen of a llhaphidopldus {R. procera) fromPort Darwin : the heads measured -005 to "01 millim., the fibreabout '001 millim. in diameter. This parasite has already beenrecorded from the Siliceous genera AxiaeUa, Gellius, Esperia, Vioa(Carter, Ann. cfeMag. N. H. (5) ii. p. 167). It also occurs in the Ceratosaof the collection ; the skeleton of a Hircinia from Torres Straitsis almost replaced by it.Geographical Distribution.1. Relations of Australia to other Districts.In attempting to compare the Australian Sponge-fauna with thefaunas of other districts, we are met by a great difficulty, caused by thevery imperfect manner in which the Ceratose and Siliceous Spongesof any given marine region, except the Northern and EquatorialAtlantic and Mediterranean, are as yet known. A paper by Prof.Sclenka (Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 467) and one by myself(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 107)give accounts of about 30 species iromthe South Atlantic; Esper, Carter, and Vosmaer describe species fromthe Cape. The Sponges of the Pacific are almost wholly unknown*.Thanks almost exclusively to Mr. Carter's and Dr. Bowerbauk's exertions,we have a better knowledge of the Indian-Ocean fauna ; buteven this is extremely imperfect. Our more exact knowledge of thisarea (excluding Australia, for which see above, p. 366) is basedchiefly on :—* But soe Carter's (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.) and Bowerbank's (Proc. Zool.Soc.) writings for sundry species from the " South Seas;" and Doderlein (Zeitsch.wiss. Zool. xl. p. G2) tor ibur new Lithistidffl from Japan.

SPONGIIPA. 371a. Papers, describing about 70 species from Ceylon, by Carter(' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' ser. 5, vol. vi. pp. 35,129, viii. p. 361, xi. p. 353); one by Eblers (Die EsperschenSpongien &c.), redescribing 4 species from Ceylon and South India;and one by Uowerbank, describing a few from Ceylon (Proceedingsof the Zoological Society of London, 1873, p. 25).b. A paper, describing 4 or 5 species from Mauritius, by Carter(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. iii. pp. 284, 343).c. Descriptions of 3 species from the lied Sea, by Carter (torn,cit. p. 298) and Bowerbank (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 630).d. Papers by Bowerbank, describing 17 species from the Straitsof Malacca (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 325 ; 1875, p. 281).e. A paper by the same author, describing 3 species from thenorth of jNew Guinea (op. cit. 1877, p. 450)./. A paper by Carter (Philosoph. Transactions Eoyal Society,vol. 1 68. p. 286), describing 8 species from Kerguelen Island.The Calcarea of this region have received considerable attentionfrom Prof. Hiickel in his famous monograph ; and a pupil of his(Schuffner) has described (Jenaische Zeitsch. 1878) some speciescollected at Mauritius. The 'Challenger' collection (Z. c. p. 366) produced6 species from the Indian Ocean.I propose here only to notice some of the most salient facts of thedistribution, the known distribution of the species being given belowunder each.Of the 110 species described below, only 27 species (25 per cent.)are known with certainty to occur outside the Australian seas.Of these :—a. One, Leucetta prirnigenia, is almost cosmopolitan.h. Four, viz. Beniera mdistincta, Gidlixs coiichi, Suherites carnosus,Hymeniacidon canineula, occur in the British seas.c. Five, viz. Euspongia ojjicinalis, Cacospongia moUior, Renieraaqnaxluctus, Tedania digitata., Oellius Jjhidatus, occur in the Mediterranean,the last also on the Portuguese coast.d. Three, viz. Gladocludina armigera, Acervoclialina Jimthna, Tedaniadigitata, in the West Indies.e. One, viz. Cladoclialina pergamentacea, near the Brazilian coast.f. One, viz. Siplionochaliaa tubulosa, is known from the Cape ofGood Hope.g. Three, viz. Tuhidodigitus communis, Spirastrella vagahunda,Geodia glohostellifera, from Ceylon ; the first also from Kurrachee.h. Fourteen (comprising 4 Ceratosa, 1 or 2 each of Calcarea,Tetractinellida, and of each family of the Monactinellida except theSuberitidae) from the tropical parts of the Western Indian Ocean(see Part II. of this Boport).^. Six, viz. Toxochalina folioides, Gellius cmichi, G. variiis, RliizocJudinas-ingaporensis, Iotrochotapurpurea,Glatlina frondifera, hom.the Straits of Malacca.j. One, viz. To.vocJifdina folioides, from New (Tuinoa.It should be noticed that the most widely ranging forms belonginmost cases to very generalized types, such as might bo expected topossess considerable antiquity, and hence a wide distribution. Another'2b 2

'372 COLLECTIOlfS FROM MELANESIA.explanation seems, however, to suggest itself as possibly applicableto some cases of extremely generalized and indefinite types (e. g.Reniera indisiincta and Ht/meniacidon caruncida, which are commonto the British and Australian seas), viz. an independent origin ofthe same species, or of what to a zoologist's eye is the same species,at two different localities. The number of points by which it ispossible to distinguish species of (e. g.) Reniera, Hi/meniacidon, Amorpliina,and Suberites from odo another is so small, and these pointsare so variable and so relative in their character, that it is quitepossible that the same end (^. e. the same specific characters) maybe attained by development in the same direction of two distinctspecies, the result being a zoological but not a natural species, or, inother words, of species which are distinct from each other but whichcannot be shown to be so.2. Distribution of '•Alert ' Species within Australian Seas.List of the Species collected on the Australian coasts, or in the ArafuraSea,by H.M.S. 'Alert,' 1881, with their known distributionin those waters. [The localities for Southern and "WesternAustralia, and in one or two cases for Port Jackson, are givenfrom previous writings ; the rest are those due to the ' Alertinvestigations.]Note.—Where the distribution of a varieiy of a species is given, the distributionof the typical form is also given (when Australian) opposite the name ofthe species. The stars opposite the name of the variety refer exclusively to thevariety.O"^8.5MOrder CARNOSA (not represented).Order CERATOSA.Family SPONGIID^.1. Cacospongia mollior, Schmidtofficinalis, Linne, yar. cavernosa,uov4. septosa (Zamarc/i:?)5. Hippospongia derasa, n. sp(). IStelospongus excavatus, n. sp7. iiuplexus, n. sp

.8P0NGIIDA. 373go oJ5 O9. Carterispongia otahitica, Esper.10. lamellosa, Esper1 1 . fissiirata, Lamarck*?Family HIECINIID.E.12. Hircinia liorrens, Selenka13. spFamily DYSIDEID^.14. Dysidea favosa, Marshall15. fasca (CWrz'er ?)1 (i.— — digitifera, n. sp17. semicanalis, n. sp18. Psammopemma densum, MarshallFamily APLYSINID^., Tar. subfibrosa, uov. ..19. Aplysina membranosa, PaUas20. lanthella flabelliformis, PallasOrder SILICEA.Suborder M o n a c t i .n e l l i d a.Family CHALINID.E.21.22.23!24.Cbalina monilata, n. spCladochalina armigera, Duch. i^- Mich.sp.nuda, n. sp, var. abruptispicula25. subarmigei-a, n. sp26. pergamentacea, Eidlci/27. Acervochalina fiuitima, Schmidt28. Tuba bullata {Lamarck ?)29. confocderata {Lamarck?)30. Siphonocbalina tubulosa, Esper, var.31. Tubulodiiîtus coHiiuunis, Career —32. Toxochalina folioides, Bowerbank . . .33. robusta, n. sp ,t Tasmania.

.. ^..,374 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.O'OD.

9U. Axinella ecbidnasa {Lamarck ?) .8P0NGIIDA. 3750-02(S o

—376 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA.2 aôH3 cc3 sSuborder T e t ii a c t i n e l l i d a.Family CHORISTID^.101. Stelletta purpurea, n. sp, Tar. retroflexa102. clavosa, n. sp10.3., 81)104. Stellettinopsis carteri, n. sp105. Tethyopsis dissimilis, u. S))10(i. Geodia globostellil'era, Carter107. Placospongia carinata, BowerbankFamily LITHISTID.E (not represented).Suborder IIexactinellida(not rejjresented ).Order CALCAREA.Family ASCONID^ (not repre.sented).Family LEUOONID.E.108. Leucetta primigenia, i/«c.i'f^, var. microrrhaphis, Hdckel109. Leucaltis bathybia, HdckeL, var. australieusis, nov. ...I *110. Leuconia sacebarata, i/ac/te^,*»tFamily SYCONIDÊ (not represented).Family TICHONID^ (not represented).Tt is at once apparent from this Table that by far the largestnumber of species ((J4 in all) have been obtained from Torres Straits ;that is, no doubt, partly due to the large number of dredgings takenThe Renieridseand the number of minor localities investigated here.are the only family of Silicea or Ceratosa which are not stronglyrepresented. The forms most abundant here axclotrochota purpurea.t It is uncertain to which variety the locality given by Hackel refers.

.6P0NGI1DA. 377Gelliodes Jibulata, lihizochalina sin'japorensis, var., and Clathriareinwardti, var. subcijUndrica. Ectyonidic and Tctractinellida arerelatively the most rich in species in this siibequatorial region, 12out of the 17 species collected of the first and 7 out of the 8 of thelatter group being obtained hero. It is remarkable that the onlySiliceous species hitherto recorded with certainty from the locality,so far as I am aware (XenosjJOHgia patellifonnis, (iray, P. Z. S. 1858,p. 229, pi. 12), has not appeared ou this occasion ; it was, however,perhaps obtained from deep water, as its apparent affinity to Hallcnemia,Bowcrbank, of the Eritish seas would suggest, and no specimenswere obtained on this occasion from deep water (if such exists)in Torres Straits.Of the other localities, Port Darwin on the north-west and theeastern Queensland coast ou the east have been the most productive.As might have been expected from the wide extent of moderatelydeep sea which separates Port Darwin from Torres Straits, there arevery considerable differences between their Sponge-faunas, althougha larger number of dredgings made at the former would probablyhave reduced these differences. We find, however, the lotrocliota{purpurea) so common at Torres Straits replaced by another species,/. bacuUfera; OelUodes fifndata and lihizocludina singaporensisdo not even appear ; the Ectyonida;, so far from being common, havebut a single species here ; and the llenieridaj, so poorly representedat Torres Straits, have here 10 species. Onlj^ a few species are hereshown to extend across the Gulf of Carpentaria {Toxoclialina folioides,Rluzocludina cancdis, Stelletta purpurea')The Arafura Sea represents a somewhat deeper area, but, as mighthave been expected, shows affinities with Torres Straits on the onehand and Port Darwin ou the other ; 3 species of lihizochalina and2 Stellettai are its chief representatives in the collection.The Queensland coast does not appear to be so rich in Sponges asin Alcyonaria ; in particular, the absence of Tctractinellida andalmost total absence of Suberitidse characterizes the collectionsobtained from this region. The occurrence either here or in TorresStraits of the whole of the 12 species assigned to species describedby Lamarck is evidence in favour of the view that it was here that aconsiderable proportion of the Sponges described by him as collectedby MM. Peron and Lesueur in the Mers Australes ' ' were obtained.Port Jackson shows iieculiarities connected with its southern latitude,producing two British Suberitidaj besides South-Australianspecies of Leuconia and Ilircinia ; still, it has some species incommon with Torres Straits. Six species range from the south tothe north of Australia.Classification.—I have followed no one author in this matter.The subject is in a state of transition, and I have adopted thosedivisions which seemed most in accordance with the present stateof our knowledge, llcmarks on the characters of the different groupswill be found under their names ; in some cases (especially Chali-7iidce, Desmacidinidce) important modifications in scope or charactersseem required by the results of the present collection.

;378 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Terms emphyed.—These are essentially those used by Mr. Carter,as in my Eeport on the ' Alert ' collections from the South-Americancoast (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881). The measurements given for spiculesare the average maximum measurements ; the diameter of aspicule is its greatest diameter ; spines are not included in spiculemeasurements.CERATOSA.Ceraospongise, Schmidt, Sijong. Adr. Meer. and Atl.Geh.SPONGIIDiE.Bibulida, and Ilircirdda, pars, Carter, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. (4) xvi.p. l-i-2.Schmidt, Adr. Meer. p. 27.1. Cacospongia moUior.A specimen in spirit, pedicellate, consisting of one prominent lobeand a lower broader portion, and a fragmentary skeleton. The apicesof the conuli are about iJ millim. apart ; the consistence is firm butcompressible and elastic, the dermis black and glabrous, the sarcoderather opaque yellowish brown ; the primary fibres long, straight,and with -very rare foreign bodies, diameter 1 millim. ; the secondariesmaking very various angles with the primaries, and formingnumerous irregular meshes of variable size and angular shajiediameter of fibre 'Oyo to "07 millim. ; fibre of both kinds coarselylaminated.The specimen is GS millim. (2| inches) high, 25 millim. in greatestbreadth, 12 millim. in greatest thickness, and seems to agree in themain wnth Schmidt's species, although the network of the fibre isless regular and close.Hah. Prince of AVales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms.Distribution. Adriatic (Schmidt).2. Euspongia foliacea.? Spongia foliacea, Usper, Pjlanzenthiere, Fortsetz. i. p. 201, pi. Ivi.? Platychalioa foliacea, Thiers, Die Espersch. Spong. p. 21.It is with much regret that I have to express a doubt whetherthe sponge for which that careful observer, Prof. Ehlers, establishedthe above genus is, as he asserts, a Chalinid. My reasons are asfoUows :—Prom H.M.S. ' Alert ' there has been obtained a sponge,in fine preservation although dry, agreeing minutely with Esper'sfigure and description, except that the " pores " are smaller and morescattered and numerous, and not placed on the back, but on thefront. With the exception of a very few fragments of spicules ofdifferent thicknesses, found singly and rarely in a few fibres, thereare no spicules at all, and the sponge is evidently a Ceratose species,ditt'eriiig from the common species of Euspongia only in its flattenedform. The fibres of tlie main skeleton agree in their consistency

SPONGIIDA. 379and non-rectangular arrangement with those of Euspongia,, and, asstated already, foreign bodies are the exception even in the surfacetufts; the diameter of the fibres is "4 to -7 millim. (Ehlcrs gives -5to '8), except in the delicate Ditela-netw ork of the surface and interstices,where it is •0085 to '022 millim. Ehlers says that thefibres contain " in der Axe vereinzelte sehr diinne spitz-spitzeNadcln (0-1 mm. lang, -006 mm. breit) welche nur in den kegelformigenZuspitzungen an der Oberfiiiche des Schwammes etwasdichter gehiiuft sind." Their occurrence singly (" vereinzelte ") andnot in longitudinal series, if that is what is implied, is not the usualmode of occurrence of spicules in the fibres of Chalinidas (though itoccurs occasionally in some fibres of Cl(idochalina'), nor is theirgreater abundance in the surface-tufts, so far as I know, usual inthis family. These statements appear to me to point towards thetrue explanation of the nature of these spicules, viz. that they areforeign, and taken in (as is usually the case in Easjyongki) as foreignbodies in small quantities into the surface-tufts. A re-examinationof the original specimen is desirable. If Esper's species is a Chalinid,then the present species is a Easpongia-\sovLioY])\\ oi a Chalinid form,like the Chalinopsid representatives of Siphoiwchalina and Pachi/cha-T-ina which Schmidt (Spong. Meerbusen Mexico, p. 80) has describedas SiphonoGlialinopsis and Puchijchaliiiopsis.I have satisfied myself that another explanation which might besuggested, viz. the dissolution of the spicules from the fibre of theSponge (as in Carter's Aplijîna chalinoides, afterwards found tobe a true Chalinid), cannot apply to this case. I have studiedthe fibre very carefully, with and without the aid of potash, and canassert that it never possessed "proper" spicules.The respective localities (Cape and Torres Straits) perhaps constituterelative objections to the specific identity of the present withEsper's species.Bab. West Island, Torres Straits.Distribution. Esper's species is from the Cape of Good Hope.3. Euspongia officinalis, Linne, var. cavernosa. (Plate XLI. fig. g.)From a depth of 10 fathoms in Torres Straits we have a smallturnip-like sponge, unfortunately preserved only in the dry state,which to the unaided eye presents the general appearance of a RhizocJmlijia JistuJosa, with several tubular processes, 10 to 35 millim.long and 8 to 10 millim. in greatest median diameter, on its uppersurface ; these processes are, however, ragged in outline at theirdistal ends, and evidently in life opened through the fringed aperture,now obscured by the falling together of the sides ; their sides arein some cases fenesti'ate. The body of the sponge is rudely globular,and is drawn iip above into monticular elevations, which are terminatedby the tubes just described ; the base is somewhat flattened,and has apparently been attached at three points to rock or gravel atthe sea-bottom, portions of which are still left imbedded in the sponge.The chief horizontal diameters of the sponge-body are 45 and 55

380 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.millim. respectively ;the vertical height, viz. to base of uppermosttube, is 30 millim. The surface is darkish umber-brown iu colour,that of the body has a slightly irregularly wrinkled parchment-likeappearance, that of the tubes is somewhat wrinkled in the directionof their length, and one of them presents further a somewhatshagreen-like surface, as if beset with very short conuli (scarcely 1millim. high). On dissection it is found that whereas the tubes arechiefly (in the dry state) composed of a horny skeleton, 1-2 millim.thick, the bodj^ is a very cavernous mass whose bulk is largelyoccupied by large canals or chambers, 7-10 millim. wide, openingdirectly into the bases of the similarly wide tubes, the skeleton ofthe body thus consisting of trabecuhe with smooth, rounded surfaces ;the subglobular appearance of the body is produced by the bridgingover of the spaces between these trabeculse by a brown paper-likemembrane, which is found on microscopic examination to containno horny elements, but may or may not enclose a certain quantityof minute foreign bodies (sponge-spicules, &c. ).Examining the skeleton of the body with the microscope, I findfrom vertical sections that it consists of a close reticulation of solid:— cylindrical horny fibres, distinguishable as (1) primary, stouter,approximately straight and parallel to each other, about •07-'04millim. apart, more or less vertical to the surface, according toposition, thickness about •03-"04 millim. ; and (2) secondary, similarto primary, and more or less vertical to them, but often very obliquelyplaced, thickness about -OlS-'OS millim.; distance apart veryvariable, from -14 millim. upwards. Colour of fibre, pale to mediumamber-colour. Although single primary fibres do not appear toproject in the u ay strikingly exhibited in the more typical forms ofEaspongia officinalis, where they project well above the general surface,and where distinct " conuli " are formed by the dermis aroundtheir bases, yet the sections show an aggregation and projection ofthe general skeleton at certain points, apparently representing conuli,but not (in the present state of the sponge) finding expression onthe outer surface in the conical eminences which usually occur herein Easpongia. On the tubes the dermis (immediately below a membranoussubstance containing a few foreign bodies) is formed bya very close and regular horny network, composed of primaryand secondary fibres, like the main skeleton, but arranged parallel,instead of vertically, to the surface. The proportions of the fibresare about the same, respectively, as those of the main skeleton, butthe primaries are only -OS-'l millim. apart. All the skeletonfibresare devoid of sand-core, but are coated (in parts strongly) bythe minute strongly refractive brown globules which Prof. F. E.Schulze has considered to be probably of Cryptogamous affinities.In two points is this sponge of especial interest, viz. (1) in thealmost complete subordination of the general arrangement of theskeletal framework to the largely developed excretory canals ; (2)in the almost total suppression of the "conuli." A further pointis the absence of sand-cored fibres. I was at first inclined to separateit generically from Euspongia, as having the large maeandrine

SPONGnDA. 381excretory chambers, separated by comparatively narrow and sheetlikeskeletal trabeculse, with even surfaces, which distinguish Hippospomjia; but on looking at the brief description given by Prof. F.E. Schulze (Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. (520) of the Adriatic formwhich he has placed under Easponri'ia ojjicinalis, as var. tulmlosa,I saw that he had had a closely similar form before him. It agreeswith our specimen in the long tubes (of much less diameter, however,in the Adriatic tuhulosa than here) and in the absence of sandcoredfibres ; but it appears to want the following striking peculiaritiesof our form :—(1) subglobular form (incrusting in Schulze'sspecimens) ; (2) trabecular structure of main body ; (3) absence ofconuli (they are stated bj' Schulze to occur on the general body ofthe sponge, but in a very well-preserved specimen in absolute alcoholwhich he has liberally presented to the National Collection, I findthem only on some small digitate lobes which spring from the body ;those possibly occurring upon one of the tubes in var. cavernosa areevidently only exceptional) ; (4) approximate equality in stoutnessof fibres throughout (in var. tnhulosa those near the siirface aresaid to be thinner than elsewhere).In a preparation made from Prof. Schulze's specimen I do notnotice a special thinness of the fibres at the surface, but thej' seemto have a slightly greater diameter throughout than in our form.Considering the dry state of this single specimen and the evidentplasticity of form in E. ojjicinalis, I think it best to associate thisform provisionally with that termed by Prof. Schulze var. tnhulosa,feeling that it may be only a mere extreme variation of the speciesin the same direction as that variety, deferring (as I feel bound todo on a question which Prof. Schulze has made so eminently hisown) to Prof. Schulze's judgment in specifically uniting aberrantforms like these with those familiarly known as E. ojjicinalis ; I am,however, induced, from the points of divergence from tuhulosa notedabove, to assign to it a distinct varietal designation.Hah. Torres Straits, 10 fms.Distrihution (of species). Mediterranean (Schulze, &c.).4. Euspongia septosa.? Spongia septosa, Lamarck, Ann. Mtis. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 373.It is possible that Lamarck's species, of which I have access tothe description only, is a Dendrospomiia (H5'att), as its somewhathoneycomb-like surface renders not impossible ; but it seems toresemble a species in this collection, represented by two small specimensin spii'it, of a dark grey colour, each attached to two or morestones, over which they form horizontally expanded lamina? whichrise into subcylindrical lobes 5 to 7 millim. in diameter. The surfaceis broken up by a number of sharp prominent ridges and points1 to 3 millim. high ; the intermediate surface is rough. Primaryskeleton-fibres set approximately at right angles to surfice, thicknessabout •00 millim. ; secondaries approximatelj' vertical to primaries,about •035 to -053 millim. in thickness, forming with some connecting

382 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.fibres rounded-angled meshes, "14 to -21 millim. in diameter, betweenthe primaries, which are about •i2 millim. apart. Skeleton-fibresamber-yellow in colour, usually homogeneous in appearance throughout.Primaries cored to some little distance from surface by ausuallj' single series of small foreign bodies : secondaries uncored.Sarcode dull pale brown, subtransparent. Texture of sponge inspirit very tough and elastic.Hah. Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms.[^Distribution. " Australian Seas " {LcunarcJc) ?]HIPPOSPONGIA.Sclmhe, Zeitsch. luiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 614.Under this head, owing to the sheet-like aggregation of theskeleton-fibres on the different surfaces, and the large tubular cavitiesformed by the excretory canals, I am for the present includingthose Spongiidae with maeaudrine main excretory canals, as Cacospongiacavernosa., Esper, and Spongia intestinalis, Lamarck, as asubdivision of the genus. Characters may, perhaps, in the futurebe discovered in their soft parts to justify their separation fromthat genus. The following is a third species referable to this sectionof Hippospongia.5. Hippospongia derasa*. (Plate XLI. fig. A.)Sponge subglobose ; surface and interior of skeleton honeycombedby meeandering and branching excretory canals 2 to 3 millim. indiameter at the surface, opening into larger s])aces at a short distancewithin the sponge. Texture of sponge firm, but elastic, in drystate ; colour buff, becoming ochreous in parts.Skeleton at surface between openings of canals smooth and compact,as if pared by a knife ; walls of canals smooth. Primary fibressimple, straight, either ( ) cored and set at right angles to surface, but1not projecting beyond it, diameter, where not distended by foreignbodies, -05 millim. ; or (2) not cored by foreign bodies, set a2:)proximatelyat right angles to cored primaiies, diameter about '035millim. Secondaries forming either subrectangular or irregularmeshes between the primaries ; diameter -018 to '022 millim.Diameter of the ultimate meshes -07 to -14 millim. ; distance betweenprimary fibres "IS millim. Fibre dense, homogeneous, elastic ;colour pale amber-yellow.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits (washed up).The single dry specimen is subhemisphcrical, and measures 60millim. (2|- inches) in length by 35 millim. {l\ inch) in height.The species is most nearly allied to H. (Sjjongia) intestinalis, Lamarck,but has the fibres only about two thirds the stoutness ofthose of that species, and it is subglobose instead of being elongatedand tubular. The texture of intestinalis is coarser and harsherthan that of this species, partly owing to the thickness of the fibres* Drrado, to rub down, in allusion to the smootbiiess and compact textureof the Burf'ace.

;SPONGIIDA. 383and the greater number of cored primaries. Sponr/ia cavernosa,Esper, differs from both iu having the surface between the canalsechinated with tufts.The pecuharly smooth and unbroken character of the surface ofthe skeleton between the openings of the excretory canals appearsto be due mainly to the remarkable modification of the usual positionof the uncored primary fibres, by which, instead of running parallelto the cored primaries, and so meeting the general surface at rightangles and (as is usually the case) by a superficial projection, theyrun approximately at right angles to the very scanty cored fibres,and so parallel to the general surface of the sponge ; the very closeinterstitial network further adds to its density and evenness of thetexture.STELOSPONGUS.Stelospongos, Schmidt, Atl. Geb. p. 29 ; Hyatt, Mem. Bost. Soc. ii.pt. 3, p. 528.Polyfibrospongia, BouvrbcDiJi, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 459.Stelospongia, F. E. Schnlzc, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 613.Stellospongia, Marshall, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxv. pp. 90, 118.I cannot see any sufficient reason for Marshall's mode of writingthe name of this genus. The first part of the word appears to bebased on (rrz/'X/j, a column, from the frequency with which Schmidtalludes to the columns (" Siiulen ") formed by the main fibres of theskeleton.6. Stelospongus excavatus. (Plate XXXIX. fig. A.)A small spirit- specimen, obtained at Port MoUe, Queensland, hasa head which arises from a short pedicel, is broad and semitruncateabove, and cup-like, being excavated on its upper surface by fourpits, the deepest occupying a great part of the thickness of the spongeeach pit contains a vent ; the vents vaiy in size from about '25 to 3millim. The colour in spirit is greyish white (putty colour) ; thedermis conceals all the skeleton but the ends of the primary fibres,which appear as low points over the whole of the outer surfaceand just inside the margins of the pits.The skeleton-liues measure about "38 millim. in diameter, theindividual fibres of primary lines from "018 to •028 millim. indiameter, those of the large secondary lines -07 millim. lioth thesecondary and primary fibres enclose more or less foreign matter,which also occurs on the outside of the primary fibres and dermis,forming a kind of mosaic. Greatest height and breadth of thesingle specimen 31 and 25 millim. respectively. Several large nucleatedand unsegmented ova are discernible in the tissues, scatteredor aggregated in groups of two or three ; the diameter of the largestis about -06 millim. ; one was also observed which had apparentlydivided into four segments.A fine dry specimen, 300 millim. in gross height by 95 iu the maximumdiameter of the cup, provided with a slender pedicel 150 millim.long, breaking up below into a number of long stringy rooting

384 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.fibres, was also obtained. So far as the vents can be made out,they are numerous, and occur in a zone just inside the margin of thecup. The primary fibres are very stout at the margin of cup, viz.about '5 to '7 millim. in diameter, exclusive of their sandy coating.Hah. Port Molle, Uuecnsland, between tide-marks ; Arafura Sea,off north coast of Australia, 32-36 fms. (the larger specimen).The external position of the sand on the fibres recalls Manricea,Carter (xinn. & Mag. N. H. (4) xx. p. 174), for which see below(Carterisponr/ia). In this point, and in the arrangement, proportions,and other characters of the skeleton-fibres, the species stronglyresembles Bowerhank's PolyJihro.

;8P0NGIIDA. 3858. Stelospongus intertextus.? Hyatt, Mem. Bosf. Soc. ii. p. o.")2.A fragment of what was probably either a cup-shaped or flabellatespecimen is, perhaps, referable to this species : the structure ofthe skeleton agrees fairly with Hyatt's description ; at some littledistance below the surface the primary skeleton-lines are very stout,viz. -14 millim. and upwards in diameter, and mostly cored, notcoated, by foreign material ; the skeleton is elastic and very compressible.Hah. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Distribution. Mauritius? (l/i/att)?CARTEEISPONGIA.Halispongia, Bowerbmik, Mon. Brit. Spoiu/. i. p. 207 (nee De Blaitiville).Carteriospongia, Hyatt, Mem. Bast. Sac. ii. p. 540.Mauricea, Carter, Ann. 8j- Mag. N. H. (4) xx. p. 174.De Elainville founded the genus tLdispomjia (Man. Actinol.p. 532) to contain a number of sponges, of which the first is Sponqiajiapillaris, Grant (=HaUcJi.ondria panieea, Johnston), and whichare stated in the generic diagnosis to contain siliceous spiculestherefore Bowerbank is clearly wrong when he describes and figures(Mon. Brit, Spong, i. pp. 207, 278) an obviously horny sponge astypical of the genus. The sponges which he has referred by name tothis genus {H. cJioanoides, mantelli, ventriculoides, stellifera) appearto be all in accordance with his, but not with De Blainville's ideaof the genus. Hyatt formed the genus Carteriospongia nominallyfor a species called by him otaliitica, Esper, which is, however,apparently lamelJosa, Esper, to the plate of which he refers. Thissjjecies differs in outward form from the cup- shaped or palmateHaiispomjia' of Bowerbank, but agrees with them in the skeleton-"structure, while some Haiispomjia' agree in possessing the cabbagelikegrowth which characterizes Hyatt's typical Carteriospongice.So many species (Halinpongia ventriculoides, Spongia Jissurata,Lamk., &c.), which appear to agree in all other points with Hyatt'sconception of the genus, have, nevertheless, the secondary fibressand-cored, that I venture to omit the character " absence of foreignmatter from the secondary or connecting fibres," which he attributesnot only to the genus, but to the entire family Phyllospongiadsein which he ])laces it. Schulzc (Z. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 013) upholdsthis genus as a true member of the family Spongiidae as revised byhimself. In the second part of this work I shall explain the reasonswhy I cannot admit Mauricea as a distinct genus.9. Carterispongia otaliitica.Spongia otulutica, Esper, Pjiaiizenth. Fortsetz. i. p. 209, pi. Ixi.figs. 7, 8.Halispongia ventriculoides, Boiccrhank, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 301, pl. xlvii.figs. 1, 2.2c

386 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.PCacospongia poculum, Selenka, Z. wiss. Zool. xvii. p. 567, pL.xxxv.tig. 7.The specimens agree well with Esper's figure 7 and Bowerbank'sspecimens.Bab. Bird Island, N.E. Australia (from coral-reef).Distribution. N.E. Australia {B.M. coll.) ;[Melbourne {Selen7ca)?'\ ;Otaheite (Ellis).10. Carterispongia lamellosa.Spongia lamellosa, Espei-, Pflanzenth. ii. p. 270, pi. xliv.Cacospongia lamellosa, Ehlers, Espersc/i. Spong. p. 15.P Carteriospongia otahitica, Hyatt, Mem. East. Soc. ii. p. 541.Fine dry examples showing the cabbage-like growth characteristicof Hj'att's genus. Also specimens with single stem (showing, however,traces of being composed of two or more united axes) andsimply flabellar, with more or less prominent longitudinal ridges onone side, sometimes forming secondary flabellate expansions. Thespecimens, being still invested with dried sarcode, have an umberbrowncolour and a stiffness, which contrasts strongly with thevery pale colour and the flexibility of washed-out specimens.I cannot agree with Prof. Ehlers in placing this sponge, with itsclose network, under Cacospomjia, which is distinguished by theloose wide meshes formed by the fibres.Hab. Port Molle, Queensland, and '' North-east coast of Australia."Distribution. Uncertain.,11. Carterispongia fissurata.Spongia fissurata, Lamarck, Ann, Mus. Hist. Kat. xx. p. 382.Carteriospongia veruiifera, Hyatt, Mem. East. Soc. p. 543.Cabbage-like heads formed of flabelliform expansions, which foldround at their lateral extremities, which then may, or may not,unite with similar fronds which arise parallel to each other fromthe multi])le- stalked base or from the surfaces of other fronds. Thesurface of the skeleton is even, without projecting ridges, buthoneycombed with small longitudinal, coimected by short horizontal,demi-canals, between which intervene small, usually longitudinallyelongate ridges, which all lie on one level. The fibresshow very distinct lamination of the ceratinous material ; both primaryand secondary fibres are sand-cored, but the sand is oftenwanting over certain areas of the skeleton. Represented by dryspecimens.Hab. Thursday Island and Channel Ilock, Torres Straits.Distribution. " Australian seas " (Lamarck) ; Phillip's Island,probably near Melbourne (Hyatt).

6P0NGITDA. 387HIRCINIIDJE.Schulze, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 594.12. Hircinia horrens.? Spongelia horrens, Selenha, Zeiisch. wiss. Zool. xvii. p. 5G6.Differs from Selcnka's description in the pale colonr (dull yellowor putty-colour) of the spougo as a whole and the pale brownishcolour of the sarcode ; the former is perhaps duo to the absence fromthe dermis of the dark bodies described as nuclei. The fibres areclosely reticulate in the conuli and in parts of the dermis ; in otherparts the latter is homogeneous, but of a ceratinous appearance ; thediameter of the fibres is •042 to '088 millim. (Selenka gives "07 to•15). The conuli are, as in Selenka's specimen, about 5 to 10 millim.apart, but not so prominent as most of those in that specimen. Thespecimen is an irregular lobate mass growing over some bottom material,and is itself much overgrown by a sponge (lotrochota), a DidemnidAscidian, and a creeping Alcyonarian {CaUipodium). This lattertact may account for the pale colour, which is perhaps owing to asickly condition produced by the growth of other animals obscuringthe pores ; and indeed an orange colour in one part of the spongeitself seems likely to be due to local death. It is possible thatSelenka's species may prove to be an Aphjsina. The specimen ispreserved in spirit.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms.Distribution. Bass's Strait (Selenka) ?13. Hircinia, sp.Three specimens in spirit, iucrusting in growth ; colour fleshtint.Tlie primary fibres are almost full of foreign bodies in theTorres-Straits specimen, less often so in the Port-Jackson one, andare about -18 millim. in diameter ; the secondaries at acute angles tothe primaries, generally free from foreign bodies, and about •OGmillim. in diameter.I had referred this to a species of Selenka's which I now see hasbeen referred to AplysiUa by Prof. F. E. Schulze. I hope to describeit more fully at a future time.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 511.Gray appears toDYSIDEID^.have been the first to give a distinctive name tothis family, although Bowerbank (Mon. Brit. Spong. i. p. 211), in1864, makes Dysidea the type of a distinct suborder, to which hegives no name. Marshall (" Ueber Dysideidcn und Phoriospongien,"Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxv. p. 92) employs the same name ; and as hi3arguments for the retention of the f/eneric term Di/sidea instead ofSpongelia appear to mo to be valid, it seems desirable to retain theold familv name, which is derived from it, in preference to Spon-2c2

388 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.gelidfe, which Vosmaer has recently (Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, iv.pp. 444, 445) employed. On the geographical distribution of themembers of the Family see the subsequent <strong>Report</strong> on the Collectionsmade in the Western Indian Ocean.14. Dysidea favosa.Marshall, Zeitsch. loiss. Zool. xxxv. p. 98, pi. vi. figs. 6-11.Fragments ; exhibiting, however, the secondary pouches in thewall of the tube, into which the excretory canals open, as describedby Marshall. Here also, as in Marshall's specimens, the foreigncontents of the fibres are chiefly sponge-spicules, but linear siliceousforms seem to prevail.Hah. Port Darwin, between tide-marks.Distribution. Bass's Strait {Marshall).15. Dysidea fusca.? Hircinia fusca, Carter, Ann. c^- 3Iaff. N. H. (o) vi. p. 36.One specimen is composed of two anastomosing lobes, somewhatcompressed, 9-17 millim. in diameter, one being pointed and45 millim. high, the other shorter and blunt. Vents few, scatteredbetween conuli ; tubercular, about 1 millim. across. Couuli 2-3millim. apart, about 1 millim. high, apex often ridge-like; intermediatesurfaces concave, depressed, glabrous. Texture in spirit fairlytough ; colour dark reddish brown. Mr. Carter speaks of the fibrebeing " covered " with foreign material. In this specimen it is verycoarse, viz. "07 to -25 millim. thick, and has the structure of that ofDysidea (i. e. is filled with coarse foreign bodies). Sarcode dense, reddishbrown, granular. Main skeleton somewhat irregular, primaryfibres plainly distinguishable only near surface; secondary fibresstout, irregular in direction. Dermal skeleton chiefly composed ofcoarse fibres, -25 millim. broad, radiating from conuli. The fibres ofthe main skeleton contain a distinct yellow horny substance, and are•occasionally devoid of foreign bodies for a short distance.It seems possible that this may be Mr. Carter's species, but hisdescription is too short to decide the matter. In a second specimen,which covers the upper surfaces of the body and limbs of a crab,throwing up short lobose projections at intervals, the conuli aresmaller, pointed, and only 1 millim. apart, and the colour is a dullreddish brown.Hah, Prince of Wales Channel, Thursday Island, Torres Straits,3-4 and 7 or 9 fms. *Distrihution. Ceylon ( Carter) ?Histolofpj. The cortex and subjacent tissues contain large quantitiesof granular reddish-brown cells, with circular outline, apparentlythose of the ectoderm (tSchuhe) lining the excretory cavities,which give the sjionge its peculiar colour. In some parts of thepaler-coloured sponge they are still distinguishable, but in othersthey are scarcely demarcated from the general transparent sur-

;SPONGIIDA. 389rounding tissues. The paler colour, to the natural eye, of the lattersponge appears to be due to the greater concentration of the pigmentwithin the cells : a similar effect is produced by a similar cause insome Cephalopoda {Loligo).IG. Dysidea digitifera. (Plate XLI. fig. C.)Curved and anastomosing cylindrical digitations, about 3 millira.in diameter, arising from the upper aspect of an erect, compressed,irregular basal mass, and tapering gradually to pointed ends. Surfaceeven, minutely roughened by the presence in the dermis of acoarse, reticulate, horizontal skeleton. Yents few, scattered on mainmass of sponge, subcircular, leading deeply into sponge. Textnre(in spirit) very friable ; colour pale greyish brown. Main skeletoncomposed of large foreign bodies, united by a thin, almost colourlessmembrane (not visible unless the fibre is broken) ;primary* fibresrunning approximately at right angles to surface ; secondaries{tertiunj of Marshall) approximately parallel to surface, very shortmeshes narrow, about -07 to -09 millim. broad, rounded ;fibres -019to -Oo millim. thick. Dermal skeleton formed of fibre similar tothat of the main skeleton, about -025 to -055 millim. thick, formingcircular or oval meshes, -032 to "09 millim. broad. Sarcode palegreyish brown, rather granular.Bah. Albany Island, Torres Straits, 8 fms.This is a delicate species, distinguished from all other describedspecies by its closed digitate processes (those of D. callosa. Marshall,bear vents) ; in being devoid of connli it differs from most species,but seems to agree with Diisklea lirl-ii, Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H.(5) vii. p. 374), ? Bowerbank.Height of sponge 40 millim. (1^ inch) ;greatest lateral extension25 millim. (1 inch) : longest individual digitation, 20 millim.(4 inch). The sponge has grown up amongst and over some specimensof Eudendriam.17. Dysidea semicanalis. (Plate XLT. fig. B.)A hollow flattened vertical common stem, giving rise to severalvertical cloacal tubes, some of which are open on one side (evidentlyformed in some cases by the folding over of surface-ridges),united more or less by their projecting knife-like adjacent edges. Tubesabout GO millim. {2^ inches) in greatest length ; mean internal diameterabout G millim. ; contracted at mouth, their walls 3 to 4 millim.in greatest thickness ; inner surface provided with a few shallowpits. Outer surface bearing a few long, but not prominent, ridgesrunning from near base to near the upper end; surface between ridgeseven, minutely honeycombed in dry state by small, longitudinallyelongated spaces, separated by fibres of dermal skeleton, and about 5millim. in their smaller diameter. Texture, in dry state, rather harshto the touch, firm but elastic, compressible and somewhat tough.Colour pale yellowish brown.* Secondary of Marshall, primary of Hyatt, vertical of Carter.

390 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Main skeleton forming rectangular meshes ;primary fibres strong,running at right angles to surface, exhibiting horny margins (whichmay form as much as one third of total thickness of fibre), about•2y to '35 millim. apart, "1 to -18 millim, thick. Secondary fibresvertical to primaries, at about the same intervals, either withoutforeign bodies or with only about half to two thirds of the thicknessoccupied by them ; in the former case -035 to "043 millim. thick, iathe latter •053 to '1 millim. thick. Longitudinal fibres {^primanj ofMarshall) of same structure as primaries, but less horny, '18 to '28millim, apart, -14 to -21 millim. thick, running upwards and spreadicgout somewhat from each other. Dermal skeleton composed oflong compound fibres, the primaries running parallel to each otherand to the long axis of the sponge, '35 to -43 millim. apart ; thesecondaries extended between them at considerable intervals ;primaries-14 to -28 millim. broad, secondaries -1 to '14 millim., thehorny matter of the former usually, of the latter often, obscured bythe foreign bodies, which often project much from the fibre. Hornysubstance amber -yellow. Sarcode amber-yellow, transparent.Foreign bodies of fibres small, chiefiy sand.Ilab. North-east coast of Australia.The single specimen is 105 millim. (41 inches) high by 65 millim.greatest width. In its even compact surface it differs from all otherDysidece except D. favosa, Marshal], with which it also agrees inthe large development of the tubular form which it exhibits. Thestrongly horny character of the secondary fibre, however, distinguishesit from this (as from most, if not all other) species, andallies it to Hircinia. These striking characters, and the good preservationof the specimen, seem to warrant its description.18. Psammopemma densum, Marshall, var. subfibrosa.(Plate XLI. fig. 7t.)Psammopemma densum, 3Iarshall, Zeitsch, tviss, Zool. xxxv. p. 113.Agreeing closely in size and external characters with Marshall'saccount of this strange form is a specimen in spirit in the presentcollection. It has the size and almost the shape of a horse-bean,and is of a grey colour. The dermal membrane contains numerousforeign bodies, but is in parts transparent, though fibrillatcd. Owingto an inferior amount of contained sand, a distinct network of whollysandy fibres is to be made out, which Marshall did not find in his specimens; the meshes are round, about -3 millim. in diameter, in thenatural state almost filled up with sarcode containing foreign bodies.Sarcode very pale brown, subtransparcut. The radiating tubes indicatedin Mai'shall's figure (0) appear to me possibly to representspaces between primary fibres; but those fibres in the present specimenare not straight, but bend right and left to meet the short secondarylines ;thus a vertical section of the sponge exhibits a somewhathoneycomb-like appearance. No trace of horny matter was observed.Hab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms.Distrihittion. Tasmania (Marshall).

BPONGIIDA. 391APLTSINID^.Aplysinida, Carter, Ann. S^- Mag. N. II. (o) xvi. p. 132.This name is used in a wider sense than that to which Vosmaer(Mitth. Zool. Neapel, iv. p. 444) limits it.19. Aplysina membranosa.Spongia membranosa, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. p. 398.Spongia membranacea, Esper, Pflanzentlt. ii. p. 2-")G, pi. xxxiv.? lauthella conceiitvica, Hijatt, Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 407.? Aplysina purpurea, Carter, Ann. i^- 3Iaff. iV. H. (o) \i. p. 36.A very fine species, fortunately preserved in spirit as well as in thedry state. It forms a cylindrical mass, which has the same generalform as that given in Esper s figure (/. c.) ; the base of the wetspecimen is about 40 millim. (l-|iuch) in diameter. The dry specimen,which is much the largest of the two, is 580 millim. (22^ inches)high, and the maximum diameter, which is at about 5 inches abovethe base, is about 40 millim. (13- inch). At 77 millim. (3 inches)above the base a branch is given off, 22 millim. (g inch) in maximumdiameter and 145 millim. (9| inches) in length, and on the sameside, about 30 millim. higher up, a smaller branch, 12 millim.(^ inch) in maximum diameter and 75 millim. (3 inches) in height.The skeleton consists of a very open and irregular network of fibres,1*5 to 2 millim. in thickness, which arise at the base of the sponge,and take a longitudinal but somewhat sinuous course along the interiorof the cylindrical column of which the sponge consists. Theythrow out branches somewhat freely from their sides, and subdivideterminally into ramifying branches ; the resulting twigs anastomosefreely, the superficial ones end in outwardly and upwardly directedpoints, usually bi- or tri-furcate, which are just covered by thetough dermis ;the apices are -18 to '28 millim. in diameter. Thedermis and the internal membranes consist of a tough membraneof a puce or dull purple colour in spirit, almost black in the dry state.The membrane is seen with the naked eye to be marked with numerousraised thickened lines, which radiate from the projecting apicesof the dermal conuli (formed by the tension of the dermis over thepoints of the skeleton, as mentioned above), and branch and anastomoseon the membranes. Under the microscope they are seen not tobe special fibre-structures, but to consist simply of thickened membrane.The membrane is coloured by purplish cells, which are about•03 millim. in diameter, and are crowded with scmiopaque granules,to which they owe their colour. The fibres of the skeleton have awide central cavity, occupying about half their diameter, and filled,or almost so, witli a transparent substance coloured diftusely of apurplish-red colour. The walls of the fibre are composed of laminaewhich separate readily, and may then be seen to consist of a darkBubstance, rather readily torn, thickly set with fine dark purple-red

392 COLLECTIONS PROM MELANESIA.granules, lying in a diffusely stained subtransparent matrix of thesame colour, but paler. A transparent membrane, consisting of analmost colourless matrix, containing few purple granules, appears toinvest the fibre,Hab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms. ; bottom sand, orsand and rock.Distribution. " Indian Ocean " (Pallas).Obs, In many particulars this species recalls Aplysina purpurea ofCarter, but appears to differ fundamentally in the distinctness, largesize, and non-multiplicity of the fibres ; whereas in that species theaxes of the conuli and the skeleton generally consist of aggregatedmasses of fine fibrils. If Hyatt's species is really like lantheUaJiomei, with which he compares it, it cannot be this sponge, as itwould be of flattened growth ; but he appears to be uncertain onthe point.If one of the dermal cones, with the surrounding membranes, istreated with a strong solution of caustic potash, a dark brownishyellowcolouring-matter is dissolved out, thereby differing fromthat of lantheUa, which is said to be violet iinder similar circumstances(Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 50) ; nothing of the tissuesis left but a branched fibre or two and some flocculent matter ;therefore the only truly fibrous structures here are the terminaltwigs of the skeleton.The wall of the main skeleton-fibre of this species is much thickerthan in most ApJijsina', and its axial substance is not granular.20. lanthella flabelliformis.Spongia flabelliformis, Pallas, Blench. Zooph. p. 380.lauthella flabelliformis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 50.A specimen in spirit, somewhat imperfect, and not showing anyof those exfoliations of the lateral surfaces which specimens commonlyexhibit.Hab. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand.Distribution. Indian Ocean (Pallas); " Australia " (G-'ra^/).CHALINID^.In this family must now be included some forms with minuteflesh-spicules. Homoeoclictya, Ehlers, is the earliest discovered caseof this combination ; and I am able to add another, in a new genus,Toxochalina, which possesses fine tricurvates scattered in the sarcode.I have relegated lilnzoclialina to the Desraacidinida3 for reasons givenbelow (family Desmacidinidse). I have also given reasons for abelief that Platyclmlina, Ehlers, is a Ceratoso sponge (see Euspongia,supra).The fact cannot be ignored that the genus Toxochalina, characterizedbelow, runs counter to the plan of classification hitherto

SPONGIIDA. 393usually adopted in the family Chalinidae, viz. that by llie externalform, in which both Carter and Schmidt agree, 80 long as, in theremaining features of their organization, the different members ofthe family did not present any sufficiently distinctive characters, itwas impossible to do otherwise than arrange them by this character,which, indeed, appears to possess, from its approximate constancy inthe species, more importance than in some other families of Monactinellida.Now, however, that two mai'kedly distinct types of tteshspiculeshave been found to occur (cf. the ancliorate in Homieodlctija(Chalina, Carter) 2^

394 COLLECTIONS FROM IIELAN'ESIA.21. Chalina monilata*. (Plate XLI. fig. Jc.)Erect, dichotomously branched ; branches circular in transversesection, round at the ends, solid, 4 to 6 millim. in diameter, swellingout gently, necklace-like, about every 8 or 10 millim. of theirlength ;terminal ones 35 to 85 millim. long, generally broad andcompressed at point of bifurcation. Stem short, no stouter thanmost of the branches. Surface smooth, glabrous. Vents circular,edges flush with the surface, diameter about 2 millim., few, scatteredirregularly on surface. Texture in spirit compressible, elastic, moderatelytough ; dermis tough, parchment-like ; colour opaque yellowishbrown.Main skeleton irregularly rectangular, fibres very flexible, paleamber-yellow ;primaries about '042 millim. in diameter, spicules3- to 4-serial ; secondaries about '035 millim. in diameter, spicules1- to 3-serial ;primaries -35 to '53 millim. apart at surface,secondaries -14 to -35 millim. Dermal skeleton—a wide-meshed,irregular polygonal network of strong fibre, -035 to '07 millim.thick; spicules numerous, 3- to 8-serial; within its meshes a denseand regular, usually rectangular, network of very pale horny fibre,•006 to '042 millim. in diameter; meshes "05 to ! millim. in diameter;spicules of fibre usually 1-serial : fibres of characters transitionalbetween these two kinds also occur. Sarcode very pale brown,slightly granular. Spicules smooth, acerate, usually tapering graduallyto fine points, size -1 by "0017 millim. ; more rarely taperingslightly from centre to about two diameters from ends, and then suddenlyto sharp points ; size -OSS by -0021 millim.Hah. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Several specimens in spirit, the largest 175 millim. (7 inches) inheight. This species has the general habit of Chalina oculata,Pallas ; but the vents are less numerous and regular, the dermis istough, instead of being soft and velvet-like, and the branches aremoniliform, not strictly cylindrical, and the slender acerate spiculesare very different from the stout fusiform ones of C. ocidata. I amunable to assign this species to anj' of the numerous probable Chalinidsewhich Lamarck has described under his section " Massesrameuscs," &c.t The tough outer layer, the spiculation, or the habitdistinguish it alike from these and all other Chalime with which Iam acquainted.22. Cladochalina armigera.Tuba armigera, Duch. de Fvnhressin S)- Michelotti.Two dry specimens and one in spirit. Agree well in externalcharacters with the original figure (Spong. Mer Caraib. pi. viii. fig. 3)and in the characters of the fibre, except that the spicules are farmore abundant (6 to 8 series in the primary and proportionally* From Lat. monile n ecklace.t Ann. Miie. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 44'i.

BPO'GIIDA. 395more in the secondary fibres) than is the case with the mountingwhich the Museum possesses from Prof. Schmidt. The spicules arechietly acerate, tapering gradually to sliarp points, characters whichI have already described iu those of Schmidt's specimen (P. Z, S.1881, p. 114); but here I find also a considerable number ofcylindricals, in some places with well-rounded extremities ; the sizeof both kinds is "OS by -0025 millim., which is almost exactly thesize I gave for those of Schmidt's slide (I. c. p. 114). On re-examinationof the latter, I find a few of the cylindricals present therealso, and the position of the spicules in the fibre is normally axialon the whole, and not superficial only, as I stated in the paper referredto : I was misled as to these points by the scantiness and badly preservedcondition of the small mounting which represents the species.Thus, with the exception of the more strongly spicular characterof the fibre, the present specimens do not difter essentially fromWest Indian specimens of the species. The diameter of the stem variesfrom 5 to 9 millim. (exclusive of the spines), and the spines are strong,viz. 2 to 3 millim. high. Vents at intervals of 6 to 12 millim.along the stem.Hah. Thursday and Alert Islands, Torres Straits, 3-7 fms. ; PortDenison, Queensland, 4 fms.Distribidion. Caribbean Sea (Dach. 4' J-^^'/i.) ; Florida, 9 fms.(Schmidt).It is interesting to have such a well authenticated case of identityof a "West-Indian and an Australian sponge.23. Cladochalina, sp.A spirit-specimen, of sub-erect habit, with stout amber-yellowhorny fibre and fusiform acerates, uni- or biserial, measuring '28 by•OIG millim. Stem subcylindrical, about 12 millim. thick, withoutsurface aculeations. I prefer to await more perfect specimens ratherthan risk an incorrect determination and description.Hab. Prince of "Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms. ; bottomsand and shells.24. Cladochalina nuda. (Plate XLI. fig. /.)Decumbent. Stems solid, slender, tortuous (branches? ; none occurin the specimens), irregularly cylindrical, more or less compressedfrom above in places, especially at points at which large vents occur;generally buUately swollen out laterally at the same points ; diameterirregular, 2 to 7, or 5 to 9 millim. in diflerent specimens. Surfaceeven, minutely rough to the touch, with occasional low pointed projections.Vents uniscrial, approximately confined to upper surface,6 to 12 millim. apart, circular, opening level with the surface, oroccasionally with edges drawn up, 1 to 3 millim. in diameter, 1 to3 millim. deep; walls cavernous, perforated by numerous excretorvcanal-openings. Texture in spirit compressible, but resistent, vervelastic ; outer wall parchment-like, tough ; colour pale umber-browii.

396 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Main skeleton strictly rectangular ;primary fibres '28 to -3;")millim. apart at surface, secondaries -24 to '28 millim. ;primaries•053 to '07 millim. in diameter, spicules 2- or 3-serial : secondaries•035 to •OT millim. in diameter, spicules uniserial ; horny matterstrong, pale amber-yellow, composing two thirds of the fibrein the primary, and five sixths in the secondary fibres. Dermalskeleton a strong, usually quadrangular network, tending to berectangular, of similar composition to the main skeleton ; betweenits meshes is intercalated a close angular network of finer andjmler uniserially spiculate fibre, •OlS to ^024 millim. in diameter, themeshes ^053 to -14: millim. in diameter. Sarcode pale umberbrown,granular. Spicule slightly bent, smooth acerate, taperinggradually to sharp points from three or four diameters from ends ;size -llo by •OOT millim.Hab. Alert and West Islands, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottomsand.Three good and some more or less fragmentary specimens inspirit. The two largest are 120 and 115 millim. (4|- and 4|inches) in length. The largest is composed of two stems, a2)parentlyof independent origin, but one of them attached to and united withthe other at two points by broad masses of common substance. Thespecies is nearly allied to C. subarmic/era, and hardly differs at allexteriorly from the smooth form of that species except in its apparentlyslight tendency to form branches, but has the spicules ofabout twice the diameter, and much fewer in number in proportionto the horny matter, and the network of the main skeleton closer.It resembles Ohalina moataf/ui, Bowerbank (? Fleming) (GreatBritain), in the general form and the size and shape of tlie spicules ;but the fibre in that s])ecies is less horny and stout, and has but oneor two series of spicules.It is a curious fact that at one of the points of union between thetwo stems, as above described, a vent, originally belonging to one ofthe stems, seems to have come into communication with the canalsystemof the other stem.Cladochalina nuda, var. abruptispicula.(Plate XLI. fig. j.)Repent?, with single series of vents on one surface about 2 millim.in diameter, from 15 millim. and upwards apart, margins levelwith surface. Stem 8 to 12 millim. in diameter, slightly compressed,unbranched ; surface even. Colour, in dry state, brown. Texturetough, elastic. Main skeleton rectangular. Fibre strong, paleamber-yellow ; primary fibres about -088 millim. thick, spiculesaxial, about 3-serial, ^35 to -5 millim. apart, with a margin ofhorny matter ; secondary fibres, as primaries, but ^044 to "088 millim.thick, spicules somewhat loosely aggi'ogated, 1- to 3-serial. Dermalskeleton as in the typical form, but with stouter main fibres.Sarcode pale yellow-brown, transparent. Spicules smooth acerate,straight or almost so, coming abruptly to sharp i)oints within 1|diameter from ends ; size '107 bv -0063 millim.

;spoNGnDA. 397Eah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits.The abrupt termination of the spicules and the stouter fibre distinguishthis form of C. nuda. A single dry specimen, X05 millim.(44- inches) long.25. Cladochalina subarmigera.(Plate XXXIX. fig. H ; Plate XLI. figs. Z, I'.)Repent, tortuous, solid, subcylindrical ; stems 4 to 8 millim. indiameter (2 to 4 in a dwarf form), branching dichotomously atrather long intervals, somewhat fiattened above. Branches of samegeneral character as stems, often increasing somewhat in diametertowards apices, maximum length about 45 millim., attached atvarious points of lower surface. A few sharp points 1 to 2 millim.long project from sides ofstem and branches here and there, especiallyin the neighbourhood of the larger vents ; absent in somespecimens ; surface otherwise even. Vents numerous, in a singleseries, 2 to 6 millim. apart, along upper surfaces of stem andbranches, circular, 1 to 2 millim. deep, 1 to 2*5 millim. in diameterlumen cylindrical ; margins level with the flattened upper surfaceof the sponge. Texture in spirit compressible, elastic, tough ;surface somewhat harsh to the touch ; colour umber-brown.Main skeleton strictly rectangular in arrangement, rather variablein siz.e of meshes and diameter of fibres in diiferent specimens ;thus the distance between primaries is '28 to '77 millim., betweensecondaries "042 to -28 millim. ; diameter of primaries -053 to '09millim., of secondaries "035 to -053 millim. (in dwarf form, primaries-035 to -053, secondaries '023 to -035 millim.) ; fibre almostentirely spicular, a very narrow horny margin alone being usuallydiscernible (rarely in the dwarf specimen) ; spicules 6- to polyserialin primaries, 3- to 5-serial in secondaries (in the dwarf form,4- to 8-serial in the former, 2- to 4- in the latter). Dermal skeletonof irregular wide meshes, composed of fibres of the same structureas those of the main skeleton ; between these a close angular networkof fine unisijiciilar fibre, meshes -053 to '08 millim. in diameter.Horny matter of fibres amber-yellow. Sarcode rich yellowish brown,finely granular. Spicules smooth acerate, slender, almost cylindricalto within three diameters of ends, whence they taper to sharp points ;size -08 by -0032 millim., '09 by -0032, -095 by -002, to -12 by•002 (in diflêrent specimens).Hah. Warrior Ilecf, Alert Island, Thursday Island, Prince ofWales Channel, Torres Straits, 4-7 fms., &c. ; bottom pearl-shellsor sand, &c. Albany Island, X. coast of Australia, 3-4 fms. ; bottommud (dwarf form).A few spirit-specimens represent the larger form of the species,one of them is 105 millim, (4| inches) in maximum extent. A smallspecimen, 25 millim. long, is the dwarf form above mentioned.The species is perhaps most closely allied to Cladochalina armiqera,Duch. & Mich., of described species ; the surface-spines, however,which are the most striking external feature of C. anjn(/era, are

398 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANKSIA.here few in number and reduced in dimensions : the primary fibresare more slender and much more strongly spicular, and I have notobserved here the cylindrical form of spicule which accompanies theacerate in G. armigera ; the vents are more abundant and the growthis repent, instead of suberect. Still I believe the species to be notremotely allied ; and this near relation between two species, one ofwhich has an aculeated surface and an erect growth, while theother is decumbent and scarcely at all aculeated, shows how littlevalue for the group-distinction of the Chalinidfe such characters maypossess. The variation shown by different specimens (see description)is somewhat wide.26. Cladoclialiiia pergamentacea.Cladochalina armigera, var. pergamentacea *, Ridley, P. Z. S. 1881,p. 112, pi. X. %. 4.A young specimen of compressed form, smooth surface, and witha row of vents along each margin, with the fibre as in C. armigera,and spicules measuring "09 by -0016 millim. and shaped like thoseof C. armigera, seems to belong to the above form.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms. (on Retepora).Distribution. Hotspur Bank, off S.E. Brazil (Hidley).ACERYOCHALINA, g. n.Chalina, Schmidt, Suppl. ii. Adr. Meer. p. 10 (iiec Botverbank').Massive, sessile Chalinidae. Fibre strongly ceratinous, containingaxially or diff'usely arranged slender acerate spicules, which do notexceed in bulk the horny material of the fibre which contains them.Vents distinct, ranged along upper surface.Type Chalina limbata, Bowerbank (Mou. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 373 ;? Montagu).This genus appears to be most closely allied to Cladochalina, byits strong relative development of keratose, its fine acerate spicules,and its serial vents. Mr. Carter indicated the distinctness of suchforms as long ago as 1875, when (Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xvi. pp. 142,162) he established the family Acervochalinida, making his firstgroup of the family Solida, in which Acervochalina would come.He himself suggested the name which I have adopted, and hassent me a specimen illustrating his view of the species which shouldbe assigned to the genus. The constancy in form of both this andthe following species, and their agreement in other points, show themto be no mere dwarfed forms of erect Chalinidte.Schmidt has on reconsideration (Atl. Geb. p. 38) referred Chalinalimbata to Chalinula ; but that genus is equivalent to Chalina,* This so-called variety seems, by the constancy of the peculiarities of itsexternal form, tIz. knife-like shape, two marginal rows of vents, and smoothsurface, to differ specifically from C. armigera, and may therefore stand asCladochalina pergamentacea.

SPONGIIDA. 399and besides being primarily based on an erect species, requires thespicules to form the greater part of the skeleton-fibre, which hereconciles with the structure of G. limhata by stating that thehorny matter in this species shrivels when dried,27. Acervochalina finitima.Chalina finitima, Schmidt, Atl. Geh. p. 33.Several specimens agreeing with this Atlantic species. Theyhave the general habit of Glathria oroides, Schmidt, which from alow massive body throws out blunt spurs. On the spurs are placednumerous small vents, 1-4 millim. in diameter, biserially or irregularlyarranged. Texture in spirit very soft and elastic ; colour paleyellowish brown. Skeleton network close, rectangular ; fibres stout,pale yellow or colourless ; spicules multiserial in primary, biserialor uniserial in secondary fibres. Sjiicules smooth, gradually andsharply pointed ;size about -1 by '0018 millim. {i. e. a little thinnerthan in West-Indian specimens).Hah. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms., Percy Island, Queensland, 0-5fms. ; Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms.Distrihution. Florida, Antilles (Schmidt).A. finitima differs from the British species limbata in its generalshape, that of limhata being globular to lobate.The specimens measure about 50 millim. (2 inches) in greatestdiameter, and 25 millim. in height.28. TubabuUata.? Spongia buUata, Lamarch, Ann. Mvs. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 43 {neevar. ^) nee Siphonochalina hullata, Schmidt.;Spongia aculeata, Linne, pars, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1297."Wide-mouthed tubes, 50 to 200 millim. high (2 to 8 inches),rising from a common horizontal lamina, from which they appearto bo formed by the reversion and curling of its edges. Tubesirregular in lumen, 35 to 125 millim. (11 to 5 inches) in maximumdiameter. Surface asperated by a network of low sharp ridges, besotwith numerous sharp points, 1 to 3 millim. high. Mouth of tubessomewhat constricted, inner surface smooth. The surface-tufts areseen on examination generally to proceed from narrow superficialridges which run over the surface in different directions. The prolongationof the margin spoken of by Lamarck is not to be madeout distinctly.Skeleton of narrow rectangular meslies. Primary fibres about '1to '14 millim., secondary '42 to '7 millim. in diameter, both full(in most places) of the acerate spicules, though these are somewhatclosely aggregated. Spicules (i.) fusiform, tapering to sharp pointsfrom within about two diametersof the apices, -IS by 0095 millim. ;also (ii.), probably a variety of (i.), acuatc, about -14 by -0003 millim.This species appears to be widely distributed between Japan and

;400 COLM'.CTIONB FKOM MELANESIA.Ausf ralia. I havo, al any rate, soon pieces of a sponge closely alliedto, if not. idonlical willi, lliis substituted for tho orij;inal sponge ofJhialoiwma s'uholdi, ])rol)ably belonging to the species alluded to asoccurring in this connexion in .lajtan by L. Diiderlein (Arch, fiirNaturg. xlix. ]). Id I), iindiM- the name of JSi/)Jtonocha!iitd papjiracea ;it is in liny case not referable to that species, but possibly to Tulminer/asfoma, Duch. & ^lich., or 7'. {IS/wiipia) hiirsaria, Lamarck.Linne seems to have conl'ounded two or more species under thename acidcdid.Ildh. I'oit Molle and J'ort t'urlis, Queensland (from coral-reef,Diftirihniion.Australian seas {LiUiuirck).1*!). Tuba confcederata.? Spongia confaHlenita, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 4^8.Croups of erect, straight, laterally united tubes, each about 25millim. (1 inch) in greatest internal diameter in the present (dryand somewhat compressed) state, the surface covered with numeroussharp but low aculeations, about 2 to 3 millim. high and 3 to 5millim. apart, seem to mo to possibly represent this species. 1 am,however, doubtful whether 8eba's figure to which Lamarck refers(viz. Thesaurus, iii. \i\. xcvii. iig. 2) professes to reju'esent thesurface aculeations which I have described ; in that figure tlie tubesare shorter in proportion to their diameter than here. In this specimenthe surface between tlie aculeations is smooth, and the tubesdecrease but slightly in diameter towards the mouth, wliich is fringedM'ith a row of small, tlexible, tag-like acidtvitions 2 to millim. long.',\The tubes are \)o to 120 millim. long, and have evidently been tornfrom a connnon hollow horizontal base (as is shown by another,very battered specimen, whicli also shows the real length of the tubesto be approximately as stated above for the detached tubes) ; theyare united up to their summits or to within a very short distance ofthem. The walls are 1 to 3 millim. thick. Vents numerous, small,•") to 1 millim. in diameter, on the inner (otherwise smooth) surface oftlie tubes. The colour is pale brown.The main skelcton-fil)re is tough, flexible, amber-yellow ; tliespiciUes of the primary fibres form about 3 or 4 series in axis of fibre,of which they occupy about one fourth of the total breadth, Miiichis "07 to -1 millim. ; the spicules of the secondary fibres are in twoor three axial series, diameter of fibre about -07 millim. Secondaryfibres generally long, not far apart, approximately vertical to tlioprimaries. Dt-rmal skeleton consisting of stout main fibres about•14 millim. in diameter, internuMliate fibres •03") to "1 millim. broadfibres usually spiculnr, witli little or no visible horny matter. Barcodewanting. Spicules smooth acerate, tapering to sharp pointsfrom about three dian\eters from ends; size -1 by '00(53 to '0075millim.Represented by three more or less washed dry specimens.Hab. West Island, Torres Straits (from beach).

8P0NGIIDA, 401Tliis species hafl a great resemblance to the West-Indian Tuhasororia of iJiachassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, but differsfrom the West-Indian species included by Schmidt in his SiphonocTujIirMpapifracm, of which T. sororia is one, in having the spicuk-s•OUO'i millim. and upwards thick, instead of only -002 to -0042, asstated by Schmidt for those species.SIPHONOCHALINA, Schmidt.Although afiparently published (Sjjong. Kiist. Alg, p. 7) as distinctfrom Tvl,a of iJuch. de Fonbr. and Michelotti, it seems to becoextensive with that (older) genus, I have, however, provisionallyretained the name for convenience, for a few forms with narrow,thick-waUed tubes, like those of the type species S. c/rriacea (I. c).30, Siphonochalina tabulosa, var.Spongia tubulosa, Exper, I'flMnzfnf.h. IWrtielz. i. p. 190, pi, liv.Siphonochalina tubulo-ia, Ehlern, iJie Efpernch. Spony. p. 19,f" Spongia bullata var. ^, Lamarck, Ann. Muh. Hint. Nat. xx, p. 4-37.Small colonies, some agreeing well with Esper's figure, some withthe tubes scarcely rising above the general surface. The skeletonspiculesare rather longer and more slender than is indicated byEhlers's measurements, viz. '17 by -000 millim, (Ehlers gives -11 to•13 by '012 miUim,) ; the smaller ones mentioned by him areobviously young.Several specimens, dr}' and in spirit.Hah. Thursday Island, Channel Eock, Torres Straits, depth ? ;Port Molle, Queensland, " beach,"Distribution, Cape of Good Hope (Esper).31, Tuhulodigitus communis.Carter, Ann. 4" yJay. N. II. (i>) ix. p. 307,The present specimens, preserved in spirit, agree sufficiently withMr. Carters description as regards external characters. The colour(in spirit) is chiefly a dark earthy brown, which may very probablyhave been altered from the purj>le described by Mr, Carter, Thefibre is strongly homy, slender, and very flexible, -OS-d to '042millim, in diameter in the case of the primaries, -028 to -OSo inthe secondaries; spicules 1- to 3- (rarely 4-) serial in the primaries,1- or 2-serial in the secondaries. In Mr, Carter's specimens thespicules appear to be relatively somewhat more abundant. Colourpale amber-yellow. Although I have not observed in these specimensa constant difference in size between the axial and peripheralspicules of the fibre, such as that which Mr. Carter notices (I.e.), thereis, nevertheless, a very marked dimorfjhism in the spicules. Betweenthose of the commoner, slender acerate form, gradually sharp-pointed,size '1 by -OO.^ millim., are intercalated in various places stouterones of similar shape, but in size -14 by "0063 millim., and theysometimes occur by the side of the slenderer form. From the2j)

'402 COLLEGTIUNS FROM MELANESIA.resemblance in external characters and in this remarkable structuralpoint between Mr. Carter's species and the present specimens, Iassign the latter with little doubt to that species, although Mr.Carter has not given the measurements of the spicules.Hah. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Distrihution. Ceylon {Carter) ; Kurrachee {coll. Mus. Brit.).The absence of this species from the hauls made in the tropicalwaters of Northern Australia perhaps indicates that its naturalhabitat is in subtropical seas, like those of Northern India and PortJackson.TOXOCHALINA*, g. n.Clialinidae with well-developed horny fibre arranged rectangularly.Spicules, a skeleton acerate and a tricurvate acerate (" Bogen,"German) flesh-spicule.Obs. The tricurvate flesh-spicule distinguishes this genus from allother Chalinidse; the only parallels for the occurrence of a fleshspiculein this group with which I am acquainted are found in thespecies Halichondria palmata of Johnston, lately (Ann. & Mag. Nat.Hist. (5) X. p. 109) redescribed and assigned by Mr. Carter to thegenus CJialina, and Spongia {Desmacidon, Ehlers) compressa., Esper,also referred {I. c. p. 112) by Mr. Carter to Chalina, and in a speciesdescribed by 0. Schmidt (' Meerbus. Mexico,' p. 70) as Rhizochalina?Jibidata, which has bihamates. The fact of an intimate connexion,which seems to have been thus already discovered, between theChalinida) and Desmacidinidae, appears to receive confirmation fromthe present cases of the occurrence of a tricurvate flesh-spicule inmembers of the former family.32. Toxochalina folioides. (Plate XLI. figs, m-m".)Desmacidon folioides, Boiverbank, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 295.In one Bowerbankian specimen from New Guinea and one ' Alertspecimen from Australia the form is vallate, produced by the lateralunion of a series of tubes ; the other ' Alert ' specimens agree withthe type (see Bowerbank, /. c.) in its external form, and the formerspecimens may be termed var. vallata. This is a true Chalinid,although the amount of horny material in the fibre is no more thanenough to unite the spicules into a tough and elastic mass, and isnot visible outside the spicules. I have detected in the type specimenof this species small, smooth, finely-pointed, tricurvate acerates,about -04 by "001 millim. in size, in the dermal membrane ; I havenot yet detected them in the subjacent tissues, tliough this has beendone for another specimen of the species in the Bowerbankian collection(from New Guinea). The skeleton-spicules vary from rathertapering cylindrical, with rounded ends, to tapering acerate, withsharp ends, size about -11 by '0042 millim. in the typical, and "16by '0085 millim. in the Port Darwin specimens. The New-Guinea* From Gi". t6%ov, a bow ;and xaXtvos, a tbong.

SPONGIIDA. 403and Australian specimens have rather thicker branches than thosefrom the Straits of Malacca, viz. 12 to 25 millim. as against about10 millim.Hub. Prince of Wales Channel and Thursday Island, Torres'Straits, beach and 7-9 fms. ; Port Darwin, 7-12 fms.Distribution. Straits of Malacca {Boiuerbanlc) ; New Guinea(^BowcrbanJc coll.).33. Toxochalina rohiista. (Plate XXXIX. fig. G ;Plate XLI, figs, n, n .)Eepent, branching, attached usually by the lower surface of themain stem or branches. Stem and branches subcylindrical, unevenin places, subnodular, varying in diameter within short distances ;solid, not tubular. Branches given off at intervals of 1 to 2inches, at angles of from about 30° to 80°, sometimes anastomosing.Stem and main branches usually 10 to 18 millim. in greatestdiameter, some small branches descend to 4 and 5 millim. Ventsfew, approximately one to the space between each two branches,the margins usually sharp and projecting somewhat ; diameter3 to G millim. ; excretory canals penetrating straight and deeplyinto the substance of the sponge. Sponge, in spirit, tough, butyielding and pliable (almost as much so as ChaJina oculata, Pallas).Internal fibres soft and elastic, forming a close network. Dermalmembrane firmer, parchment-like, even, glabrous, slightly markedby the apices of the primary skeleton-fibres and the dermal skeletonnetwork.Colour of sponge in spirit pale brown, inclined to yellow.Main skeleton consisting of straight, stout, bright amber-yellow,horny primary fibres, "05 to "075 millim. thick, and about -5 to "7millim. apart at surface, meeting the siu'face at right angles, andsometimes projecting slightly ;their apices are, however, connectedby a system of fine horizontal fibre-network ; sjiicules closely aggregated,confined to the axis of fibre, forming a band there of about6 to 8 spicules broad, and occupying, near the surface of the sponge,only about one third of the total thickness of the fibre. Secondaryfibres at right angles to primaries, of paler yellow horny fibre, about•035 to -05 millim. in diameter and -28 to -35 millim. apart;spicules of axis in a unispicular series (occasionally two spiculesbroad), often interrupted altogether or wholly wanting. Dermalskeleton formed by a few very stout, dark yellow fibres, "05 to •!millim. thick and 1 to 1*4 millim. apart, enclosing angular spacesfilled by a close subrectangular network of paler, mostly non-spiculatefibres from -009 to •045 millim. in diameter. Sarcode very paleyellow, transparent, with numerous small dark granules.Skeleton- spicule acerate, tapering abruptly from within about 1|diameters of ends to very sharp points ; size •I by ^0032 to -0042millim. Flcsh-spicule tricurvate acerate, curves moderately bold,tapering gradually to sharp points from centre ; size ^05 to •063 by•0017 to ^0021 millim. ; found in superficial and deeper parts of thesponge, fairly abundant.Hab. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.2d2

;404 COLLECIIOMS FROM MELANESIA,The maximum lateral extent of the largest of the specimensappears to have been about 270 millim. (10| inches), anothermeasures 250 millira. (10 inches) across the branches, while individualbranches may attain a length of 90 millim. (3| inches). Inhabitus the species differs from T. folioides mainly in having thegeneral surface approximately even, and not asperated by projectingpoints ;in the structure of the fibre, the horny element shows a fargreater development, and the tricurvate is much stouter than in thatspecies.34. Toxochalina murata*.Low, broad, wall-like masses, enclosing a series of vertical tubes,5 to 8 millim. in diameter, which rise straight from near the base ofthe mass, and are separated by 8 to 10 millim. of sponge-substancethe mouths of the tubes may project slightly, but are rather contracted.General surface of sponge asperated with low, sharp,monticular elevations 3 to 7 millim. apart, 1 to 2 millim. high, oftenconnected by low ridges ; surface between ridges and elevationssmooth in dry state. Texture in dry state elastic but firm ; colourpale yellowish brown. Pibre very tough.Main skeleton—meshes chiefly very wide, rectangular, formed byprimary and secondary fibres of approximately equal diameter ; atintervals a less regular network of smaller secondary fibres combinedwith the straight primaries ; larger fibres '022 millim. broad, smaller•0095 to -016 millim. ;primaries cored by 1 to 4 series of axiallyplaced acerate spicules, sometimes wanting ; secondaries by 1 to 2series, often wanting altogotlier. Colour of fibre pale yellow-brown.Spicules—(1) skeleton acerate, straight, smooth, tapering to verysharp points from about two diameters from ends, size •! by "005millim. ; (2) tricurvate acerate of sarcode, smooth, curves gentle,tapering gradually to fine points, size -063 by -0016 millim.Hab. Port MoUe, Queensland, 12-20 fms.The average greatest height of the single (dry) specimen is 30 millim.(1| inch), the total length (from side to side) 140 millim. (5| inches).This species has very much the external habit of T. folioides, var.vallata, but the points on the surface are less prominent than inthat species ; the very strongly horny character of the fibre separatesit more decidedly, so that it is imjjossible to confound the twospecies under the microscope. In the case of T. robusta, mihi, therepent habit, the solid and smooth branches, and the slighter and morestrongly spiculate fibre constitute ample means of difi'erentiation.35. Pachyclialina lobata, var.? Spongia lobata, Espcr, Pflanzenth. ii. p. 273, pi. xlvi.I have thought it best to assign, with doubt, to the above species(as a variety) a form with strong, rudely cylindrical main axis andbranches, which was ajiparently semideciimbent in life, and which* From Lat. muratus, wallod.

;SPONGIIDA. 405has a slightly but regularly uneven surface, the tissue covering itbeing, however, almost smooth. Vents with thin everted marginsabout -5 millim. high, abundant, irregularly uniserial, 1 to 3 millim.in diameter on one (presumably the upper) side of the stem andbranches, less abundant and generally smaller on the opposite side.Branching dichotomous, at angles of 50° to 60° ; the branches ratherflexuous ; branches and stem 8 to 18 millim. in diameter. Texturein spirit firm, but flexible, tough ; colour dark dull grey. Mainskeleton composed of tough, flexible primary fibres of closely packedspicules, about 6- to i2-serial, running approximately at rightangles to surface (no horny uuiting-matter visible), the fibresnearly approximated to each other ; and of irregular and often loosecrossing secondary tracts of spicules 2 to -i spicules broad, not strictlyat right angles to primaries. Dermal skeleton a closely-set coat ofsubparallel spiculo-fibres about 8 spicules broad. Barcode darkbrownish, granular. Spicules accrate, slightly but sharply bent,tapering slightly from middle, and rather suddenly from withinabout two diameters of ends, to moderately sharp points ; size -2 by•0128 milhm.Hah. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom mud and sand.Distribution. East-Indian seas {Esper)'!The only specimen measures 150 millim. (6 inches) in extremelength. The species is at any rate distinct from Spongia arhoresceyisof Lamarck, who gives S. lobata, Esper, as a sj'nouym of his species.It stands on the borderland between Pacinichalina and the branchedand large-vented Renieridoe. I assign it to the former, as its fibresare evidently formed in part by a flexible horny material. It differsfrom the described specimens of S.'lohata in having approximatelycylindrical branches and bearrng some vents on both sides.36. Pachyclialina macrodactyla. (Plate XL. figs. B, B';Plate XLI. fig. o.)Spongia macrodactyla, Lamarck^ Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 457.Guided only by the short and superficial description given byLamarck, and by the locality (" probably Indian Ocean ") assignedby him, I refer to his species some dry fragments of an exquisitePachychalina, possibly originally belonging to one specimen. ItLas some external resemblance to Spongia asparagus, Lamarck, ofwhich I have seen a specimen ; but the branches in the latter arecylindrical, the vents open on the level of the general surface,and the fibre-structure is that of Chalina rather than PachgcJudina.I will proceed to supplement the original incomplete descrijjtion bya fuller one.The stem and branches are flattened out, somewhat knife-like, inmost places, the edges being sometimes quite sharp ; the lateraldiameter is here about twice the antero-posterior one (viz. about 13millim. at largest part of stem, millim. just below apex of branches)the stem near the base appears to be normally cylindrical, about 6millim. in diameter. Branches (in present specimens) given off" pin-

406 COLLECTIONS FKOM MELANESIA.nately from one side of the main stem at very acute angles, soonbecoming almost parallel with the stem itself ; their length variesfrom 60 to 120 millim. (2g to 4| inches). The vents are numerous,•5 to 1 millim. in diameter, circular, with sharp, prominent margins,about '5 to 1 millim. above the general surface ; ranged in a singlerow down each margin of the stem and branches, and also scattered(more sparsely) on their anterior and posterior faces ; they are 2 to5 millim. apart on the margins. General surface of sponge level,only rendered a little uneven by the slight elevations which carrythe vents, composed of a close mesliwork ; meshes •25 wide, *25 to•5 millim. apart. Texture firm, incompressible in stem, elastic,somewhat compressible towards ends of branches, brittle ; the surfaceand internal fibre soft, like leather. Colour in dry state— surfacepale grey ; interior brownish yellow in present specimens, owing to aparasitic microphyte of some kind. Sarcode apparently transparent,almost colourless.Main skeleton—meshes strictly rectangular, very close ;primaryfibres about '11 millim., secondaries about '14 millim. apart nearsurface ; horny material uniting fibres only visible distinctly at somedepth in the sponge ;primary fibres 3 or 4 spicules broad, secondaries2 or 8 spicules broad. Dermal skeleton composed of meshesof various sizes and a varying number of angles, formed by the projectingends of the primary main-skeleton fibres and the uppermostsecondary fibres. Horny matter almost colourless. Spicules— (1)skeleton acerate, smooth, slightly curved, tapering to sharp pointsfrom near middle ; size -16 by -0063 millim.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits.Distribution. " Probably Indian Ocean" {Lamarclc).Parasite. The horny matter of the fibres is covered with immensenumbers of a small, strongly refractive globular body about. -0015millim. in diameter, similar to that which gives a rust-brown colour^to the fibres of many Euspongice^ recently stated by Prof. F. E.Schulze (•' Der Badeschwamm," Westermann's Illustr. Deutsch.Monatshefte, 1882, pp. 188-210) to be probably of parasitic nature.Certainly, judging by the friable character of these and other similarlyaffected specimens, these bodies would appear to have exercisedsome distinctly deteriorating influence.EENIERID.^.Reiiierida, Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. (4) xvi. p. 133.Under this heading I include only those Monactinellida which havemerely acerate spicules not enclosed in a distinct horny fibre. Thegenus Reniera very commonly has strong indications of a hornymaterial uniting the ends of the spicules, and thus approachesChalina and PacJij/cJudina, where, however, the horny element isdistinct enough to bear the name of a fibre ; but there is no sharp linebetween the llenierida3 and Chalinidae. In several cases, where thespecimens have been imperfect, T have preferred to give no specific

SPONGIIDA. 407name, for waut of characters by which to identify species withothers which I know merely by descriptions ; I have, however, givendescriptions in these cases, in order that the species may be identified(if possible) by future comparisons with specimens of species towhich I have not access at present.RENIERA, Nardo.This genus is distinguished by the regularity of its main skeleton,the small size of its spicules, and the want of an evident distinctdermal skeleton. The latter point, however, is not very satisfactorilyindicated in all the species which seem otherwise referable to thogenus.37. Reniera indistincta, var.Isodictya indistincta, Botoerbank, Mon. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 290, iii.pi. li. figs. 1-4, iv. p. 119.A small specimen in spirit, incrustiug stones. The surfaceis smooth, formed of a thin but strong membrane, of grey colour(in spirit), penetrated by moderately numerous round perforations,•5 millim. across. Vents few, occasionally slightly elevated, 2 to 3millim. in diameter. Main skeleton agreeing fairly with the typicalspecimen of the species ; a dermal network, uni- to bispicular (inthe tyije specimen it appears to exist, although Bowerbank deniesit, but it is somewhat irregular there). Barcode yellowish brown,slightly granular (it is more yellow in the type). Spicules : shapeas in type ; size -16 by "0063 millim., the same as in the type. Thevents are ratlier smaller in the type, and the colour in the dry stateis reddish brown ; but the agreement in the characters on the wholeis so close that I have little hesitation in making this identification.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7-9 fms.Distribution. British Islands and Guernsey (Bowerbanh).A specimen without distinct vents, but with a curious system ofbranching grooves on the surface, and of a dark greenish colour,appears to be also referable to this form.Hub. Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms.38. Eeniera scyphonoides.Spongia scyphonoides, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 437.An elegant, slightly tortuous, tubular Reniera, 45 millim. high,tapering from its subcylindrical basal portion, which is 3-4 millim.thick, to an elliptical, slightly bullate summit, preceded immediatelyby a more decidedly flattened portion, the two diameters of whichare respectively 4 and 8 millim. Long and short diameters of mouthTwo small vents, 1 millim. inof tube 2i and 4 millim. respectively.diameter, open on one margin of the compressed part of the sponge,and one of about "4 millim. diameter on the opposite margin.

403 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Surface even, very slightly roughened by the projecting primaryskeleton-lines, which form a fine velvet-like pile. Texture in spiritsoft, compressible, elastic ; colour pale brown, with a slight (possiblyaccidental) tinge of purple. Main skeleton—network rectangular ;fibre to the eye wholly composed of spicules loosely aggregated,especially in the secondary fibres ;primary fibres running at rightangles to surface, spicules 3- to 5-serial ; secondary fibres, spicules1- to 3-serial ; intervals between primaries about -IT millim., andthe same between secondaries. No special dermal skeleton. Sarcodedark umber-brown. Spicules smooth acerate, slightly and graduallycurved, tapering gradually to sharp points from near centre ; size•21 by -on millim.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottom mud andcoral.Distribution. St. Peter and St. Francis Islands, Australia(^Lamarck),The "leviter incrustaj fibrge " and the " 2- seu 3-fidi tubuli " ofLamarck's description are the only points not quite in agreementwith our specimen ; but it is evidently young, and might havebranched when older ; and the " incrustaj " apparently alludes to theearcode, which here, as in Lamarck's var. Jidis snhnudis, has not allbeen retained ; his specimens were 18-25 centimetres (7-10 inches)in length. Schmidt's Rniiera aiha (Adr. Meer. p. 73), from thoAdriatic, seems to resemble the species, but a wniserial network isfigured for its skeleton.39. Reniera ferula.Isodictya ferula, Boicerbank, Man. Brit. Spong. iv. p. 116, pi. viii.figs. 1-3.A small specimen of the size and shape of a hazel-nut, with fewvents about -8 millim. in diameter ; colour (in spirit) dull brown.It docs not bear the interesting handle-like process on whichDr. Bowerbank lays so much weight as a " caudal appendage,"which is (as the type specimens appear to have been young) perhaps aform of a stolon, like that described by Mereschkowsky in an Esperiafrom the White Sea (Mem. Acad. Petersb. xxvi. no. 7, p. 22, pis. i.& iii. figs.), but which, as being apparently sessile by its wholelength, as a stolon would normally be. Dr. Bowerbank cannot be rightin comparing (Z. c. p. 117) with the erect digitate processes whichdistinguish the genus Foh/mastia. The absence of this lobe doesnot appear to be of sufficient importance to separate this speciesfrom Bowerbank's. The spicules measiire -21 by '0079 millim.,whereas those of Bowerbank's type specimen are -19 by '01 millim.,and arc thus decidedly stouter ; the arrangement of the skeleton isessentially the same in both species. The specimen is attached towhat seems to be a Hydroid stem.Hab. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand and mud.Distrihvtion. Ireland {BowcrbcDik).

;SrONGIIDA. 40940. Reniera aquaeductiis.Reniera aqufeductus, Schmidt, Spong. Adr. Meer. p. 73, pi. vii. figs.(), Ga, (Sb.Tvro specimens, 65 and 70 millim. (2| and 2| inches) long,branched, forming very thick-walled tubes which open at the extremitiesof the branches, appear to represent this species. Thebranches and stem are somewhat irregular in outline, and decidedlycompressed antero-posteriorly ; their surface is rendered uneven byvery low, almost obsolete ridges or eminences, though it is smoothbetween these ; maximum diameter of stem and branches 7 to 12millim., that of lumen of tube 3 to 4 millim. Texture in spiritfirm, slightly compressible, moderately tough ; normal colour apparentlya pale brownish grey. Main skeleton—a rather irregularnetwork of primary and secondary spiculo-fibres, about 4 to 6spicules broad, with much interstitial 1- or 2-serial spicular network;dermal skeleton composed of long compact spiculo-fibres, 6 to 12spicules broad. 8arcode pale yellowish, slightly granular. Spiculeschiefly smooth acerate, curved, tapering gradually to sharppoints from about four diameters from ends, or subacuate, taperingsomewhat to the rounded end, or strictly acuate with well-roundedhead; size *17 to '19 by •Oil millim.Hah. Port Darwin, between tide-marks.Distribution. Adriatic (Schmidt); Black Sea (Czeniiavsly).The Adriatic form has a decided tough uniting material betweentjie ends of the spicules, and the tube is relatively wider in the specimenfigured by Schmidt, otherwise the two forms appear to agree.I find the spicules in a slide obtained from Prof. Schmidt to measure•19 by -0095 millim. in average maximum dimensions ; he himselfgives (Atl. Geb. p. 40) •16852 millim. for the length."Reniera, yellow" of Carter (Ann. N. H. (5) vi. p. 48, pi. v.fig. 17), from Ceylon, is probably not far from this species, but thespicule appears to be about half as stout again as here.41. Eeniera testudinaria. (Pla.te XXXIX. fig. DPlate XLI. figs. t(, u'.)Alcyoniimi testudinarium, Lamarck, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 1G7.One of the present specimens originally formed part of a muchlarger one, probably as much as 6 inches long by 6 broad by 2hthick, covered with prominent jagged ridges ; the other is a finecup-shaped form, with wide mouth, thin edges, the ridges onl}' appearingnear the base. The skeleton-fibre is stout, strong, polyspicular,and of the Renierid type ; it is composed of stout, smooth,cylindrical spicules, rounded at each end, sometimes tapering somewhatto the ends, and of a small number of smaller acerate forms,tapering suddenly to their points ; average maximum size about -32by •OIG millim.The species belongs to that group of l{enierida> which Îr. Carter,in his "Xotes Introductory to the Study and Classification of the

410 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.8pongida" (xlnu. & Mag. N. H. (4) xvi. p. 178) calls Crassa ; in itscup-shaped form and cylindrical spicules it is evidently nearly alliedto R. cratera, Schmidt (A-dr. Meer. p. 73). It was described byLamarck in 1815, and has not been since identified as a sponge orredescribed. The present specimen agrees well with the description,and with the specimen which represents the species in the Museum,in both the larger and the minuter characters. It is certainly not,as Lamarck suggests {I. c), the Spongia cristata of Ellis andSolauder.Bab. Port Denison, Queensland, 4 fms.Distribution. Lamarck's conjecture as to the locality, viz. "Seas ofEurope, " can hardly be correct.42. Eeniera, sp.Wall-like. A small specimen attached to a filamentous Alga.It is erect, broad, laterally compressed ; maximum thickness 6millim., length 25 millim., height 19 millim. On the sloping andnarrow upper margin is placed one blind rounded eminence and thesuborbicular opening, 4-5 millim. wide, of a deep cloacal cavity,which rises from near the base of the sponge. The skeleton-fibreshave 1- or 2-serially ai'ranged spicules ; the latter are short, smooth,curved acerates, tapering to sharp points from within about threediameters of ends, size -11 by '006 millim. Texture of sponge inspirit soft, brittle ; colour dull pinkish grey. Surface even, glabrous.Hub. Port Darwin, between tide-marks ; bottom mud and rock.43. Eeniera, sp.Laminar. Some fragments of a laminar Eeniera (s. str.) of erecthabit occur in the collection. The lamina is 1 to 2 millim. thick,and exhibits curves in some pieces, perhaps indicating that theoriginal form was cup- shaped ; its free edge is quite thin; bothsurfaces are quite even and of a texture I'esembling fine cloth,exhibiting very minute apertures, closely set, all over. Texture ofsponge in spirit very soft and compressible, subelastic, but veryreadily torn ; colour dull pale yellowish brown. Main skeleton veryregular ;primary lines biserinl, running parallel or obliquely tolateral surfaces in centre of lamina, but curving out towards thesurface of the sponge, which they meet at right angles ; these linesscarcely one spicule's length apart ; secondary lines uuiserial, thesingle spicules usually crossing obliquely the spaces between, theprimaries. Sarcode dull brown, rather granular. Spicules smoothacerate, very slightly curved, tapering graduUy to sharp points fromabout five diameters from ends ; size -175 by •0079 millim.The specimen when entire must have been two or threeinches high and as many wide. It strongly resembles Isodictifdinfundibuliformis, Bowerbank, in growth, texture, and surface-characters,but its spicules are less stout and do not include acuateforms. It is a striking species, and should be recognized from theabove description when met with in a perfect state ; until that

SPONGIIDA. 411time I forbear to assign a specific name ; it appears not to havebeen described before. It also resembles Spom/ia plancella, Lamarck(a Chalinid with strong fibre and smaller spicules), externally.Future researches will, no doubt, prove this to be adistinct species, to which the name Reniera infundibularis may begiven.Hab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-6 fms. ;rock.44. Reniera, sp.bottom sand andHoneycombed. An imperfect specimen. From an incrustingbase arise narrow trabeculaj, which meet above and enclose meanderingchannels, 3 to 5 millim. in diameter. The aspect of the massis that of a piece of wood almost reduced to fragments by someboring animal, or of a much folded piece of chamois-leather. Textureof sponge in spirit compact, brittle ; colour very pale bufi\Surface (apart from the large ridges and canals) even, smooth. Mainskeleton — general arrangement rectangular near surface, irregularnear base ; spicules of fibre very loosely aggregated ; both primaryand secondary fibres bi- to nmltispicular, primary fibres '14 to -18millim. apart. Lines of growth very apparent. Dermal skeleton a1- to 2-serial network of spicixles, with triangular polygonal meshes.Sarcode very pale buff, opaque. Spicules smooth acerate, slightlycurved, tapering to sharp points from about three diameters fromends ; size '2 by •0085 millim.I can find no such species described from Australia, and I knowof no European form like it.Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms,PELLINA.Schmidt, Sponr/. Atl. Geh. p. 41.The want of regularity and definiteness in the structure andarrangement of the fibres, and the large size of the spicules, appearto me to be more distinctive attributes of Pellina than Schmidt'scharacter, viz. the possession of a distinct dermis ; but it is to speciescombining a reticular dermis with these two characters that I hereapply the name.45. Pellina muricata. (Plate XXXIX. fig. J ;Plate XLI. fig. v' .)Aggregations of irregularly united short parallel tubes, 6 to 10millim. in diameter, lumen 3 to 7 millim. across ; tubes cylindrical,summit usually widely open. Surface asperated with sharp monticularpoints, 1 to 2 millim. high ;glabrous between and over bases of points.Texture in spirit firm, slightly compressible, but somewhat brittle.Surface harsh to touch ; normal colour apparently pale brown.Main skeleton composed of compact spiculo-fibre, the spiculesunited by a colourless transparent substance : the primary fibres

412 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESLV.wide apart, vertical to surface, 3 to 8 spicules broad ; secondariesat less intervals, 3 to 6 spicules broad ; the interstices occupied bymuch irregular 1- or 2- serial network. Dermal skeleton of stoutspiculo-fibre, similar to that of main skeleton ; the spicules 3- to8-serial, forming a network of subrectangular meshes, '4 to •? millim.wide, enclosing detached or loosely aggregated spicules. Sarcode verypale yellowish brown, slightly granular. Spicules smooth acerate,slightly and gradually curved, tapering to sharp points from aboutthree diameters from ends (varieties occur having one end taperingmoreor less to a blunt rounded extremity, or with one end roundedand as stout as the middle of the spicule, thus becoming trulyacuatc) ; size '2 by •0127 millim.Bah. Port Darwin, 7 fms. ; bottom sand.This species is perhaps allied to Reniera aquceduchts. It differsfrom that species in the anastomosing and externally spinous tubesand in the superior diameter of the spicule, which does not exceed•0095 millim. in that species. The specimen forms a low hedge-likeseries of anastomosing tubes, which are almost horizontal at theirlower ends ; maximum height of colony 55 millim. (2Jl inches),It has a remarkablemaximum lateral extent 100 millim. (4 inches).external resemblance to a form of the Chalinid, Tuba ac^qjulcensis,Carter.46. Pellina aliformis. (Plate XXXIX. fig. ;Plate XLI. fig. «-.)Erect, with slender pedicle ; expanding into one or more wing-likelobes, 4 to 6 millim. thick, 14 to 20 millim. in greatest width ; thefree edges looking upwards and downwards respectively and the apexdirected horizontally. Surface more or less roughened (especiallyon the flat surface of the lobes) by the conuli, about •G millim.apart, which enclose the ends of the primary skeleton-fibres ; themargins of the lobes, and sometimes their sides, are covered by aglabrous semitransparent membrane. Vents few, suboval, 2 millim.in greatest diameter, with thin membranous margins, generallyplaced on the edges of the lobes; their cavity oblique, entered bynumerous excretory canals. Texture in spirit brittle, slightlyelastic ; colour very pale brown.Main skeleton— spiculo-fibres loose, no perceptible horny unitingsubstance ;primary fibres approximately vertical to surface, '6 to•85 millim. apart, 8 to 10 spicules broad ; secondary fibres atvarious angles to primaries, at some distance apart, about 5 spiculesbroad. Dermal skeleton thick, formed of very loose spicular tractsof various sizes, crossing each other at various angles, leaving smallspaces between them. Sarcode rather granular, pale brown. Spiculessmooth acerate, slightly curved, tapering to sharp points from nearcentre ; size ^5 by ^025 millim.JIab. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. ; bottom sand and mud.lleprescntcd by one whole specimen and one fragment, in spirit.The former 33 millim. high by about the same wide, and formed

;SPONGIIBA. 413by a short narrow pedicle, which rises broadening and flattening,and producing two broad expansions, about 25 millim. long, whichbend to one side, where they meet and unite by their apices.The fragment consists of a similar wing-like expansion ; so thatthis character is j)robably more or less constant in the species.The large size of the spicules and the coarse, though vague, dermalskeleton seem to justify the generic position I have assigned to thesponge. Pellina bibula, Schmidt (Baltic), resembles it in form, buthas no apparent vents, and the spicules measure only 'IS to '24 millim.in length.47. Pellina, sp.Tubular. Part of a specimen, consisting of a detached subcylindricaltube, 30 millim. long, 10 millim. in extreme diameter, wall2*5 millim. in greatest thickness; tube contracted towards mouth,which is 4 mOlim. across and has a thin margin. Consistence firm,brittle ; colour dull brown. Skeleton irregular ; tracts loose. Spiculessmooth acerate, slightly curved, tapering very gradually tosharp points ; size "6 by '02 millim.The spicules are larger than in the European species of the genus ;but I do not assign a specific name, as the specimen is imperfect.Hah. Port Curtis, Queensland, 11 fms.Some very small, massive, rounded specimens from Port Darwin,between tide-marks, with spicules measuring -8 by -02 miUim., areperhaps young forms of a variety of this species.48. Pellina, sp.Massive. Nearly allied to " Beniem, yellow" of Carter (Ann. &Mag. N. H. (5) vi. p. 48), from the Gulf of Manaar, and possibly identicalwith it, although that form seems to be paler in colour, and itsspicule as described would be about -24 by •02 millim. in size. It seemsto consist normally of a massive base, which sends up digitate processes,suboval in transverse section and about 15 millim. in greatestbasal and 5 millim. in greatest apical diameter respectively. Consistencein spirit firm, brittle ; colour dull brown. Surface even,covered by thin glabrous dermal membrane. Vents few, scatteredusually on the narrow margin of the sponge, receiving the largerexcretory canals at a slight distance below surface, oblong, maximumgreater and less diameters usually 3 and 1-5 to 2 millim. respectively.Main skeleton composed of loose spiculo-fibro 1 to 2 spiculesbroad ; the primaries only approximately vertical to surface ; thesecondaries irregular in direction. Dermal skeleton reticulatefibre usually 2-3-serial, very loose. Sarcode reddish brown, somewhatgranular. Spicules smooth acerate, tapering to sharp pointsfrom about four diameters from ends; size '38 by "0127 millim.Specimens fragmentary.Another compressed specimen, terminating in an angle above, andwith a single orbicular vent about 3 millim. wide, leading deeply

;414 COLLECTIONS FKOM ilEL.VNESIA.into the sponge, agrees fairly with this species. Sponge 30 millim.long, 20 millim. high, 10 millim. in greatest thickness. Themain-skeleton lines are somewhat more abundantly spicular.Eah. The first specimen, Port Curtis, Queensland, 11 fms. ; thelatter specimen. Port Darwin.49. Pellina eusiphonia. (Plate XLI. fig. x.)Massive, sessile, horizontal in growth. Surface even, smooth.Yents formed by prominent thin-walled tubes, 3 to 4 millim. indiameter, ranging in length up to 12 millim., numerous, aggregatedon upper surface of sponge, anastomosing with each other ; thicknessof wall about '2 millim. Texture in spirit—basal portion firm, ratherbrittle ; of vents soft, very yielding ; colour in spirit dull pinkishbrown. Main skeleton—no visible horny matter, spicules looselyaggregated in fibres ;primary fibres vertical to surface, '28 to•42 millim. apart, 3 to 5 spicules broad ; secondary fibres approximatelyvertical to primaries, about '2'6 to '42 millim. apart, 2 to 5spicules broad. Dermal skeleton composed of long subparallelspiculo-fibres, rather compact, without visible horny material, 3 to10 spicules broad, '53 to '7 millim. apart ; the intermediate spacesare occupied by an irregular 1-2-spicular network. Subjacentsarcode transparent, pale brown; that of dermis almost colourless,pinkish. Spicules smooth acerate, tapering to moderately sharppoints from within about two diameters of ends ; size -33 by '0125to -019 millim.Hab. Port Darwin, between tide-marks ; bottom rock andsand.The specimen is an irregularly flattened mass, 75 millim. (3 inches)long, 35 millim. broad, 20 millim. in greatest thickness, and involvesseveral stones in its substance. The peculiar arrangement of theexcretory tubes distinguishes it from any species which I canfind described. In the allied form Pdlina semituhulosa, Lieberklihn(Schmidt, Adr. Meer. p. 75 ; Atl. Geb. p. 41), perhaps themost nearly related described species, the spicules taper very graduallyto sharp points, as in Amorpluna paiiicea, Johnston, andmeasure "38 to '44 by -01 millim., and no true vent-tubes seem tobe formed either in this or in the other species referred to Pellinaby Schmidt.50. Protoschmidtia hispidula. (Plate XLI. figs. ^,p'.)Erect, lobose, nodular, the subcylindrical lobes have a slighttendency to branch sideways and a strong tendency to anastomoselobes about 4 to 6 millim. in diameter. Growth bushy (i. e. inmore than one plane). Surface beset with a velvet-like pile of finehair-like points, -5 to 1 millim. apart and about "25 to -75 millim.high ; between points, leathery and glabrous. Vents '? Texturein spirit elastic and fairly compressible, tough ; colour dark reddishbrown. Main skeleton consisting of spiculo-fibre 4 to 6 spiculesbroad, closely but not firmly united ; numerous short parallel

Sl'ONGIIDA, 415primary fibres run vertically to surface, mostly into the surfacepoints; these are connected below by long secondary fibres, approximatelyat right angles to them ; internal skeleton consisting chiefly oflong more or less curved spiculo-fibrcs and membranous expansions,containing non-aggregated spicules, surrounding rounded spaces.Dermal skeleton formed by the projection of the ends of the primarymain-skeleton lines ; the spaces between these are occupied bynumerous spicules irregularly scattered over the membrane whichcovers the surface, occasionally aggregated into irregular loose paucispiculartracts. Sarcode of interior reddish brown (darkest aroundthe fibres), rather granular, of conuli very dark opaque red-brownSpicules smooth acerate, very slightly curved, tapering to sharppoints from about three diameters from ends ; size -14 by "0063millim.Ilah. Albany Island, Northern Australia, 3-4 fms. ; bottommud.A specimen and a fragment, both in spirit, the former 45 millim.(14. inch) high by 40 millim. across ; a 8cr])ida is imbedded in thelower part, which forms (from anastomosis) almost one continuousmass, and small specimens of Serialaria are growing on it. Thetenacity of the internal fibres and membranes shows the presence ofa stronger element than ordinary sarcode ; but horny outlines arenot to be distinguished on the fibres, although the sarcode is darkerhere.It is nearly allied to Hymcniaeidon brctti and tJiomasi, Bowerbank(British seas) ; but the spicules of these species are far longer thanthose here, and the surface-roughness does not extend to the productionof the characteristic hair-like points found here, whichresemble those of Easpongia. Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1867, p. 518)retains these species in lieniern, with most of the acerate-spiculedspecies of Hymenlacidon described by Bowerbank ; Schmidt (Atl.Geb. p. 76) assigns them to Amorphina. Protoschmidtia foraminosa,Czerniavsky (Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1879, p. 98), Black Sea, agreesin the proportions and forms of its spicules, in colour, &c., diff"eringmainly in its much less rough surface and distinct vents ; so I placethis species in the same genus in preference to Amorpliina, which,if Ilalichondna panicea is to be regarded as typical of its structure,should include forms with a distinctly reticulate dermalskeleton and absence of tough and deeply coloured sarcode from thefibres.51 . Schmidtia variabilis. (Plate XXXIX. fig. N ;Plate XLI. fig. t.)Decumbent ; consisting of elongated horizontal (sometimes verticallyflattened-out) lobes of very irregular, more or less angularoutline, sometimes branching and anastomosing ; the upper marginrises at intervals into low elevations, which consist of thick-walled,wide, rounded tubes, 3 to 7 millim. in diameter at the mouth,within which the true vents unite at about 6 millim. below mouth ;

416 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,or the tubes are almofet level with the edge of a wall-like ridgewhich terminates the sponge above ; margin of tubes simple.Surface of sponge between the coarse inequalities smooth, imperforateto naked eye. Texture in spirit firm but brittle ; colourdull and pale umber-brown.Main skeleton—very loose primary lines of spicules, about threespicules broad, running irregularly towards surface, crossed bysecondary tracts of similar character, 2 or 3 spicules broad, at rightangles to the primaries and about '4 millim. apart. Dermalskeleton—extremely loose tracts of irregularly parallel spicules,3 or 4 spicules broad, surrounding roundish or polygonal areasfrom 'IS to '28 millim. in diameter. Sarcode dense, granular,yellowish brown, containing much foreign material. Spiculessmooth acerate, slighly curved, tapering to fairly sharp points fromcentre, more rapidly towards the ends than near the centre ; size•4 by -019 minim.Nab. Port Darwin, N. coast of Australia, 7-12 fms. ; bottomsand and mud.The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the irregular lobes bothvary from about 12 to 22 millim. The specimens are all broken ;the greatest length represented among the pieces is 60 millim.(2^ inches). By the very slight extent to which the tubes whichchiefly characterize the genus are developed, the species is distinguishedfrom S. dura, Schmidt ; by the large size of the skeletonspicules,from S. aulopora. It has somewhat the general habit of thespecimen figure^ by Schmidt (Atl. Geb. pi. v. fig. 8) for the latterspecies, and of Thalysias suhtnanyidaris, Duch. de Foubressin andMichelotti ; but has a more contort character than the latter, andthe spicules are far larger than those of the former. It is also quitedistinct in habit and spiculation from the form termed Thahjsiastriangularis by Carter (Phil. Trans, clxviii. JD. 287), from KerguelenIsland, the spicules in this being (as I have ascertained from theoriginal specimens, now in the Museum) only '19 to '2 by '014 to•016 millim. in dimensions. In Schmidtia (Isodictya, Bowerbank)mirabilis, Bowerbank, another Indo-Pacific species, the spicules areonly about half the size of the present species, although the habit issimilar.It is perhaps nearly allied to JS. clavata (Balsamo-Crivelli),Esper, by its general habit and large sti'ong spicules ; but those ofthat species, as figured by Balsamo-Crivelli (Atti Soc. Ital. v. pi. iv.fig. 12), are considerably stouter than those of S. variahiUs.52. Amorphina megalorrhaphis.Carter, Ann. 8f May. N. H. (5) vii. p. 368.A remarkable small specimen, which at first sight appears to bepedicillate, with a fusiform head, but is in reality horizontal ingrowth. It is a subfusiform mass, which tapers rapidly to a bluntpoint at one end, runs out as a long narrow cylindrical lobe at theother, and is attached by one side of its thickest part, so that the twoends mentioned project horizontally outwards to right and left of tho

SPONGnDA. 417point of attachment ; the length (horizontal) is 39 millim. (1^ inch),greatest (vertical) thickness 8 millim., average thickness of narrowlobe 2 millim. Colour (in spirit) white ; texture rather firm, harsh(Carter says " tender "). A small aperture, about -3 millim. in diameter,at the end of the shorter lobe is the only perceptible vent.Surface obscurely wrinkled. Spicules as in yi. panicea^ measuring•8 to 1 millim. by -012 to -018 millim.This specimen agrees well in size and in its general and spicularcharacters with those described by Mr. Carter from Ceylon.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms.Distribution. Basse Rocks, Ceylon, Kerguelen Island (Carter),(Atlantic ?, Carter, I. c).53. Tedania digitata, varr.Reniera digitata, Schmidt, Adr. Meer. p. 7o, pi. vii. fig. 11.Reniera ambigua, id. Adr. Meer. Suppl. p. 39, pi. iv. fig. 8.Reuiera muggiana, id. Spontj. Akf. p. 28.Tedania digitata et muggiaua. Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 520.Tedania nigrescens, Schmidt, Adr. Meer. p. 74, is probably notdistinct from the above species ; but, as it was not intelligibly describeduntil after T. digitata, the latter name in any case takesprecedence.From a comparison of the specimens and slides of these differentspecies in the Museum infer se and with Schmidt's descriptions, Icome to very much the same conclusion as Schmidt (Atl. Geb. p. 43),viz. that they are all mere varieties. Schmidt's expression is thatit is merely a matter of taste whether thej' are called species orvarieties. The differences in outward form have caused him hisgreatest doubts as to their identity ;and it is true that, while somespecimens bear large lobate elevations, others are massive, andthat whereas some have large vents, in others they are all smalland scattered. But I find that all agree in a more or less massivehabit, cavernous structure, and strongly ridged or papillose surface;whereas the Atlantic form, T. suctoria, Schmidt, and the ChilianT. tenuicajntata , mihi, have an almost even surface.The forms of the spicules are practically the same in all cases, andthe micro-spination of the heads of the cylindrical " tibiella " isundoubted throughout, whereas in the two specified species the headsare quite smooth.The Port-Darwin specimens differ decidedly in the proportions ofthe acuato spicule, as will be seen below, from the rest. None ofthe varieties pointed out seem to stand out with sufficient distinctnessfrom the rest to receive distinct varietal names. A specimen latelyreceived from Kurrachee agrees essentially with all the above specimens,the spicules being only rather stnall ; the surface is brokenup into a dense mass of slender, almost filiform processes andlamellar ridges, from 1 to 5 or 6 millim. high.

—.418 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIAI append a Table showing the chiefvariations in the proportionsof the spicules :Proportions of Spicules (in millim.).

SPONGTIDA. 419DESMACIDINID^ (Schmidt, 1870).If all those sponges which contain hooked or bow-like fleshspiculeswere, in accordance with Vosmaer's views, as expressedin his vei'y useful llevision (Notes lioy. Mus, Netherl. ii. p, 99),included in this family, it would not only be the largest, in all probability,of the families of Siliceous S])onges, but it would leavesome of the remaining ones mere skeletons. Judged by the factsDOW known, the boundary region between the Desmacidinidae andChalinida? is now narrow, but not in reality so narrow as it wouldbe if the above definition is insisted on. Whatever may be theaffinities of Homoeodicti/a, with its anchorate flesh- spicules (referredby Mr. Carter to the Chalinidae), those of Toxoclialhia, mihi (seeChalinidfe, supra), are undoubtedly with that group ;yet it hasa bow-like flesh-spicule in conjunction with a Chalinid acerateskeleton-spicule, horny fibre, and digitate habit. Until the homologiesof the fiesh-spicules are better understood than they are atpresent, I believe that cases such as those just mentioned willhave to be considered separately on their individual merits as theyarise, having special regard to the direction in which the greaterassemblage of affinities point. It seems probable that this familywill only prove a fresh illustration of the maxim " Natura nonfacit saltum." Besides To.vochalina I here exclude from the familythose genera (e. g. C'lathria, Acarnns, Ecliinonema) in which anyof the spicules project laterally from the fibre ; such forms as theseseem to pass by gradations {Echinodictyum, Raspailia) almost intoAxineUa and PhaccUla, by losing, in the first case, the fieshspicules,and in the second {Axinclla &c.) the spined echinatingcylindricals. RMzocludina, on the other hand, seems linked to thefamily by its occasionally horny fibres, and by its ally Oceanapiawith its bihamate flesh-spicule ;and I have ranged it (although onlyprovisionally) here as a degraded Desmacidine. It probably owesits peculiar form to its mud-loving habits. Two new generic types,Gelliodes and lotrochnfa, are described below.RHIZOCHALINA.Schmidt, Atl. Geb. p. 3o.Phloeodictyon, Carter, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, x. p. 122.This form is so aberrant in itscoarser anatomy that I think therecan be little doubt that Carter has done right {I. c.) in making it the typeof a distinct group, although we have as yet no satisfactory informationabout the arrangement and structure of the soft parts. Although Ican see no sufficient reason why the name Oceanapia, Norman, shouldgive way to the above names for such species as Desmacidon jeffrcysi,Bowerbank, whose spicnlation includes a bihamate, yet it seemsnot undesirable to retain the older of the two for those which havesimply an acerate spicule. With regard to the question of svste-2e2

420 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.matic position, which Carter (I.e.) is inclined to regard as amongthe RenieridiB, I notice that Rhizochalina oleracea, at any rate, hasa true Chalinid fibre ; 1)ut Bowerbank's and Carter's species neverapproach this condition more closely than by producing a fewscattered compact fibres, wholly composed of spicules, like those ofsome Pachychdlince : but the greater part of the organization isReuierid, and it appears to approach 8chmidtia, Balsamo-Crevelli.On the other hand, Oceanapia, which seems to be nearly allied, hasthe bihamate spicule. Taking this fact in conjunction with thehorny fibre of Rh. oleracea, it seems to me best to place the twogenera in the Desmacidiuidae.54. Rhizochalina fistulosa, Bowerhank\ var, infradensata, nov.? Alcyonium putridosum, Lamarck, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 168.DesDiacidon fistulosa, Bowerbank, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 19, pi. iv. figs. 7, 8.Two more or less imperfect specimens in spirit, the largest about25 millim. (1 inch) across the body, and some detached dry tubes.An arrangement here found, which 1 have not seen described inthis species, is that of a dense layer of the skeleton-spicules, packedside by side, at right angles to and about "25 to "8 millira. below thesurface of the sponge—below, that is to say, the superficial Isodictyal,or rather Halichondrioid (in Bowerbank's sense) network containingthe subcortical crypts and other cavities. This layer recalls the verticallayer of small subspinulates of Binalda uberrima, Schmidt, onlythat it is not, as there, placed at the surface. It is represented inthe type specimen of the species by a layer in which the sjjicules areset obliquely to the surface at various angles. As both the presentspecimens present this peculiarity, I think it well to establish forthem a distinct variety.Oue of the specimens exhibits the small crateriform eminencesfigured on the outside of Bowerbank's specimen, but the other doesnot ; hence they probably have no systematic, and but little physiologicalimportance. The spicules agree closely in proportions withthose of the type.Arafura Sea,Arafura Sea,Type specimen. Spec. no. 1. Spec. no. li.Acerate spicule. . -27 by -01 1 to -0127 -20 by -Oil -25 by -012 mm.Hah. Arafura Sea, N,W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms.-; bottommud, sand, and shells.Distrihiition. Fremantle, W. Australia (Botuerbaiik) (the typicalform).The dermal membrane of one of the specimens contains a largenumber of smooth acerate spicules of about half the length andbreadth of the proper spicules ; they do not occur below the membrane,nor, apparently, in the other specimen. A similar circumstanceoccurs in R. siac/aporensis described below ; in that case anumber of short blunt cylindrical spicules occur of the normal, oralmost the normal thickness, but only one half to two thirds thelength of the adult form.

SPONGIIDA. 42165. Rhizochalina singaporensis, Carter, ysit. (Plate XLI. fig. s.)Pliloeodictyon siugaporeuse, Carter, Ann. ^ Max). N. H. (1883) xii.p. 326, pi. xiii. tig. 17."With this species I identify a series of specimens which usuallyhave tlie outward habit of 2i.Jistulo.sa, but in winch a large proportionof the (usually acerate) spicules have both ends more or lessrounded. In the most perfect specimen the cortex is glabrous,chestnut to purplish-brown in colour, thin ; the fistuhe are wantingon one, presumably the lower, surface. A smaller specimen consistsof a barrel-shaped mass adherent by its lower surface to two othersponges, and giving off from one lateral extremity one, from theother two fistulie and no others. A detached fistula exhibitsfurcation, dividing into two unequal branches at an angle of about3U° to each other. In one remarkable specimen the central part ofthe body is elongate, slightly compressed, and measures 110 millim.(4|- inches) in its present length, while its diameter does not exceed12 millim. anywhere ; in its other characters it agrees well withthe above specimens. A fragment of the bulbous part of a largespecimen shows that part of this specimen, when perfect, to havepossessed a diameter of about 75 millim. (3 inches).The ends of the spicules show almost every stage between amerely blunted point and a rounded end like that of the base of anordinary acuate spicule : some thin, completely acerate forms, whichoccur mixed with the blunt forms in the subcortical tissues, areperhaps the young of the latter, indicating the typical shape fromwhich the adult spicules have diverged. The largest adult spiculeshave nearly the same size as the acerates of the typical form ofR.Jistidosa, viz. -3 by "0127 millim., but they vary immensely inlenr/th; the thin acerates measure "28 by -004 millim. In Carter'sspecimen the acerates measure "3 by -017, the blunt forms •04-"08by -004 millim.Three fistulse retain their ends, and these are finger-like andclosed.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel, West and Alert Islands, TorresStraits, 7 fms.Distribution. Singapore (Carter).I may explain that I had at first distinguished this form as avariety of R.Jistiilosa;but as Mr. Carter has, since then, publisheda description of it as a distinct species, and as T had already feltthat it should perhaps be so described, I assign the name proposedby him to the Australian specimens.56. Rhizochalina spathulifera.(Plate XXXIX. fig. E ; Plate XLI. fig. q.)Main body elongated, flexuous, cylindrical or somewhat compressed,12-17 millim. in greatest diameter. External portion (cortex) in drystate even, hard and dense on the stem, where it is about -7 millim,thick; rather uneven, porous atid compressible on the brandies;

422 Collections from Melanesia.rather brittle, white, marked (at any rate on the stem) on its innersurface by closely-sefc elongate or reticulate ridges ; covered by athin, wrinkled, paper-like, pale yellow-brown membrane. Branchesgiven off' towards end of stem, in succession, in one plane ;7-8millim. in diameter at bases, slightly less towards apices, 25 to 60millim. (1 to 2j inches) long; cylindrical at base, becoming compressedat apex into flattened subcircular or knife-like expansions, about10 to 12 millim. in width and l-o millim. in thickness ; the free endsoften (if not always) imperforate. Skeleton of cortex a rather closeHalichondrioid network, with meshes "OT-'l-l millim. wide, fibre3 to (i or 7 spicules broad. Main skeleton below cortex coarselyreticulate with immense aggregations of spicules into coarse spiculonbre.Sarcode in axial tissues brown, transparent, in cortexalmost colourless. Spicules smooth acerate, tapering gradually tosharp points from about seven diameters from ends ; size '22 by 'OOQSmillim.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms. ; bottom mud.A single specimen, 175 millim, (7 inches) long, composed of twolaterally fused specimens. One end is broken across, and shows theinterior to be filled with flocculent spiculo-tissue ; it is thus doubtfulwhether this end bore any tubes. This species differs, in its verydrawn-out form, from all the described species except, perhaps,Phlceodictyon liondurasense , which is known only from a tubularfragment ; but the spicules of that species are considerably smallerthan those of this form, viz. only -16 by '008 millim.No Chalinoid or even Esperia-\\kQ fibre appears to occur in anypart of the sponge.57. Rhizochalina canalis.(Plate XXXIX. fig. F ; Plate XLI. fig. r.)Simple, unbranched, cylindrical tubes, straight or slightly bent nearmiddle. Diameter at middle about 10 millim. (in large specimens),gradually (sometimes very slightly) decreasing towards ends ; endsfinger-like, closed, 3 to 4 millim. broad. Surface somewhat uneven.Vents apparently represented by circular perforations of cortex,•5 to "8 millim. wide, few, scattered. Cortex in dry state hard, ratherbrittle, slightly compressible towards ends, dense ; colour greyish ;thickness about '7 millim. ; outer layer hard, about '2 millim. thick ;inner layer bast-like, closely reticulate, about -3 millim. thick. Axialsubstance ? Skeleton of cortex composed of very strong verticalspiculo-fibres 5-12 spicules broad, interlacing closely at the surfaceto form the hard outer layer ; they are about '14 to -18 millim. apartand about "7 millim. long at the thickest part of the cortex, beingmet at their inner extremities by a strong secondary fibre (parallelto the surface) about 10 spicules broad. Sarcode pale brown, transparent.Spicules smooth acerate, becoming rounded off (rather thantapering) to sharp points from about four diameters from ends ; size•27 by -014 millim.

8P0NGI1DA. 423Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms., bottom sand, mud, &c. ; ArafuraSea, 32-36 fms., bottom sand, mud, and shells ; Torres Straits.Several dry, more or less imperfect specimens, all somewhat overgrownby Polyzoa, Hydroids, or other Sponges ; and one in spirit,showing the only at all complete extremity. The largest measures155 millim. (6:j inches) in present length, and was probably quite250 millim. (12 inches) long when perfect. The species is an extremeform of the same elongate type as R, spathuJ-ifera, but does notbranch, and there is no indication in the present specimens offlattened extremities like those of that species ; the spicule is stouter,longer, and more approaching a cylindrical form than in that species.GELLIUS.Grm/, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 538.Asychis, id. I. c. p. 539.Desmacodes, Schmidt, Sponff. Atl. Geb. p. 54 ;Vosmaer, Notes Roy.3Ius. Netherl. ii. p. 101.Fibularia, Carter, Ann. ^ Ma;/. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 282.The identity of Schmidt's genus with Gray's might appear to bequestionable, as Schmidt, besides the acerate and bihamate spiculeson which Gray bases his definition, describes also a spinulate andcylindrical one (" Stift "); but I fail to find these forms on the slide ofthe type species which the Museum possesses from Prof. Schmidt.The genus, which maybe defined as "consisting of massive or erectforms, with loose brittle texture, and a skeleton smooth acerate, anda flesh bihamate spicule," is widely distributed ; the proportions ofthe sjncules vary little, and the external form has chiefly to be reliedupon in distinguishing the species. It is unfortunate that Dr. Gray'sgenus, which, like many others made by him, is suflSciently characterized,and is prior to names assigned to the genus by otherauthors, has not come into general use, since many synonyms havebeen thereby created. Sollas(Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 427)upholds Gray's genus Thenea against aU comers in a similar way,and is supported by Norman {apud Bowerbank, Monograph Brit.Sponges, iv. p. 29).Horny matter is not usually to be detected in the skeleton.58. Gellius conchi, Boiverbanlc, var. ceratina, nov.Halichondria couchi, Bowerbank, Man. Brit. Spang, iii. p. 203,pi. Ixxxi. fiiis. 12-15.Halichondria elegantia, id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 286.As Vosmaer (I. c.) has suspected, the above two species are bothcongeneric with Desmacodes Jibulatus (Schmidt, sp.) aTid agree withit in having a spiculation composed of an acerate and bihamate.Bower1)imk's type specimen of //. couchi, which I have examined,contains plenty of the latter spicule ; and his own statement tothe contrary (P. Z. S. 1875, p. 286) is obviously an error, as hehimself describes and figures these spicules from this species (Mon.

——424 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Brit. Spong. iii. p. 204, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 15); Vosmaer notes thisdiscrepancy.The British form of Gellius couclii has external characters similarto those of Halicliondria elegantia, and differs from it but slightly inthe sjjiculation. In the present collection occurs a specimen withvery similar spiculation, but the acerate is thinner and the fibre isvery distinct, the spicules being united by a yellow substance whichappears beyond the spicules on each side of the fibre. It has grownover a Sertularian Hydroid, to which circumstance it probably owesits elongate cylindrical form (that of G. couclii is usually massive,compact, and the spiculo-fibre is loose). The vents are scattered onthe surface, and measure only about - millim. in diameter.It may bedistinguished as var. ceratina. The following table gives the proportionsof the spicules in the type specimens of each of the threeforms here united :Acerate.Bihamate.millim.millim.Hal. couchi, Bowerbank . . -24 by -Oil -02 by -0016Hal elegantia, id -2 by -01 -025 by -016G. couchi, var. ceratina. ... -23 by •0063--0079 '025 by -0016Hab. Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms.Distribution. Straits of Malacca {Bowerbank); Cornwall {Boiverhank).59. Gellius varius.Halichondria varia, Bowerbank, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 292.Isodictya virgata, id. I. c. p. 294.The above two species must be united.The erect cylindrical formof well-grown specimens forms a good external distinctive specificcharacter, while the superior diameter (see below) of the skeletonspiculereadily distinguishes it under the microscope. Two fragments,exhibiting a cylindrical erect habit, occur ; the skeleton-fibreis rigid and brittle, even in spirit-specimens, and agrees sufficientlywith that of the typical specimens ; the proportions of the spiculesare as follows :Acerate.Bihamate,millim.millim.Hal. varia (type) -22 by -016 -025 to -032 by -0016Isodictya virgata (type) . . -22 by -014 -025 by -^21G. varia (from Pt. Darwin) -25 by -015 -019 by 0015Hab. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms.Distribution.Straits of Malacca (Bowerbank).60, Gellius fibulatus.Reniera fibulata, Schnndt, Adr. Meer. (1862), p. 73 : Atl. Geh. (1870),p. 40.? Isodictya iugosa, Bowerbank, Mon. Brit. Spvny. ii. p. 206, iii. pi. 2.tigs. 11-14.

—;SPONGIIDA. 425Schmidt's Portuguese specimen differs from the specimen whichwas originally described bj* him (and which was from Triest) in itsmore massive habit and in the much larger size of its bihamate,which (as I find in the slide in the British Museum) measures "04to -07 millim. in length, or '0337 ('337 millim, seems to be a misprint),as he himself states at p. 40 of the ' Spong. Atl. Geb.'Isodktya ju(josa agrees closely with this form in the proportionsof its spicules, but was based on a very young specimen, so that itsexternal characters can hardly be appealed to ; it differs from thespecimens described below in its rough surface.Several specimens have lately been added to the National collectionfrom the neighbourhood of Ivurrachee (Hindostan), whichconsist usually of stout, horizontally spreading and anastomosinglobes, with a row of vents of various sizes, about 10 millim. or lessin diameter, ranged along their upper margins. The surface ofthe sponge is quite smooth in most places, and the texture softand brittle. The spiculation closely resembles that of RenieraJib idata.Lastly, in the present collection occur: —(i.) a small but massivesoft specimen from Torres Straits, with a few oscula on its summitit has a somewhat pyriform shape, apparently owing to its havinggrown upon the stem of what seems to be a filamentous Hydroid ;(ii.) a fragmentary specimen, which apparently had when perfect thesame general habit as the Kurrachee specimens just referred to ; thespiculation is similar. I propose to unite all these forms exceptI.Jugosa under the name Jihulata ; I give the spiculations of all forcomparison :

426 COLLECTIONS PEOM MELANESIA.and the fibre appears to agree with Ehlers's account of the species,but I do not find the acuate spicules mentioned by hira as occurriugless abundantly than the acerates ; the size of the latter in the presentspecimens is -15 to '16 by "0055 to "007 millim. (Ehlers gives•17 millim. for the length) ; and I find (what Ehlers does not mention)fine bihamates measuring -02 by •001 to -0016 millim. But a moreextraordinary fact connected with the species is that the spongetissueis almost entirely replaced (this seems to bo the true explanationof the facts) by a ramifying and anastomosing algal fibre,•1 to •IS millim in diameter, of a semitransparent appearance andtough elastic texture in the dry state, like that of dry isinglass : thecomponent cells are about ^007 millim. in their smallest diameter.It appears to be the same species as that which forms the substratumof the mass described by Bowerbank (P. Z. S. 1876, p. 771,pi. Ixxx.) as Oplditaspongia facoich's, which is nothing more thana coating Suberitid Sponge running over the fibrous filaments ofthis same alga, which Bowerbank has taken, though not withouthesitation (see p. 772, I. c.) for the horny fibre of an OpJditispongia,although ho has identified isolated portions as alga. Inthis case also it is not until examined with the microscope that thealgal nature of most of the structure is identified with certainty.This form of s>/mhiosis has been lately noticed by Prof. K. Semperin ' Die natiirlichen Existenz-Bedingungen ' ('Animal Life,' InternationalScientific Series), where Spongia carfilaginen, Esper, is usedin illustration ; it is probably of not uncommon occurrence in theSpongida. A Formosa specimen agrees closely in the charactersboth of the sponge and alga with those from Australia. Mr. Carter(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, ii. p. 163) descril)es exactly the samecircumstance in an allied species from Hong Kong, and adds othersimilar instances. Several specimens, dry and in spirit.Hub. Thursday Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits,7-9 fms. ; Port Molle, Queensland, coral-reef.Distribution. Ceylon (Esper) ; Formosa (coll. Brit. Mas.).This species has a similar habit to G. varius, if the form may beregarded as that of the sponge and not of the alga ; but its aceratespicules are not so long and scarcely half as thick as those of thatspecies.GELLIODES, g. n.Desmacidinidoe of erect habit and well-defined form, fibre distinctand compact ; outer surface of sponge beset with pointed eminences.Spicules smooth skeleton acerate and bihamate.This genus unites the habit of Echinonemata with the fibre ofDesmacidinidfe and the spiculation of OcUius {Desmacodcs). Mr.Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 288) has referred his speciesjLros Jibnlata to the genus Phorbas, Duch. and Mich., togetherwith his Axos ancliorata, which can hardly be generically identicalwith it, as its spiculation is an acerate and an anchorate, whilePhorbas nmftrrinthus, the second species of the genus, has oidy an

SPONGIIDA, 427acerate. Judging by the present specimens, A. fihulata wants alsothe purple colour of FJiorbas, on which Mr. Carter lays so muchweight ; so that I see nothing but the general external form bywhich to connect this species with Phorbas, and this cannot suiBcefor a point of affinity in the Spongiida,62. GeUiodes fihulata.(Plate XXXIX. fig. I ; Plate XLI. figs, bb-bb".)? Spongia rubispina, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 450.? Axos fibulata, Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1881, vii. p. 383, pi. xviii.fig. 4.Long cylindrical stems, given off from a common base, but notin a plane, irregularly curved, anastomosing at points of contact,aculeated at intervals of about 2 to 5 millim. by strong but slendersharp spines 2 to 3 millim. long ; intermediate surface more or lesscavernous, the spaces more or less tympanized by membrane whichis semitrausparent in spirit, transparent in the dried state. Skeletonfibrevery compact, but exhibiting no horny material ; main fibresgoing direct to surface, "18 to -28 millim. thick; secondaries givenoff" at various angles from primaries and at intervals of '43 millim.and upwards, "088 to "18 millim. thick. Sarcode transparent, withonly the faintest tint of yellow. Spicules :—(1) Acerate, smooth,tapering gradually to sharp points from near middle, slightly andgradually curved ; size -25 by •00G3 millim. ; forming the fibres.(2) Bihamate, smooth, slender, with fine points, well curved ; size•016 by '001 millim. Texture of sponge in dry state firm, veryharsh to touch, slightly flexible : colour pale or darkish brown.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel and Thursday Island, TorresStraits, 3-10 fms. Abundant.Distribution. Bass's Straits {Carter)!Single branches attain a length of about 100 millim. (4 inches),and the largest colony is IGO millim. (6|^ inches) high. The speciesdifi'ers from Lamarck's description of S. rubispina in wanting thewhite incrustation, and in not being branched in a fan-like manner;it is doubtful what he means by an " encroutement coriace." Aspecimen in the Lamarckian collection named Spongia licheniformishaving apparently formed part of a turbinate or flattened mass,even on one side and beset with low but sharp distant monticulareminences on the other, has an almost identical spiculation, but thefibres are less stout and are decidedly loose in their structure. Itseems to me that we have here a small natural assemblage of formsrepresenting a more primitive type of Desmacidinidae than the formswith anchorate spicules.AMPHILECTUS.Vosmaer, Family Desmacidi7ii(l(P , Notes Roy. Mus. Netherl. ii. p. 109.Although this genus as defined by Vosmaer appears to have

;428 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.somewhat too wide a scope, it is at the same time true that a restingplace or places must be found for those numerous and varied specieswhich are intermediate between the more plainly marked generaDesmacidon, Esperia, and MyxiUa. For some of these forms oldergenera may be employed, e.g. Dirrhopalum^Plocamia) for A. coriaceusand microcionides (as I have endeavoured to show in a paper " Onthe Genus Plocamia &c.," Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xv. pp. 481, 482).For some such species (ahyssi, pldnctenoides) Mr. Carter employsthe old term Jlaliehondria ; but the type of Fleming's genus Ha-Ikliondria is Sponc/ia papillaris^ Pallas, which appears to be asynonym of Halicliondria {Amorphina^ Schmidt) ^?a«?'o^rt, viz. aEenierid and not a Desmaeidine, and so the genus Halichondria, ifmaintained, should be restricted to Renieridse.AmpJiiJectus, it seems to me, may be kept with advantage forforms with dentate or navicular equianchorate flesh-spicules, withsmooth skeleton-spicules and absence of anv echinating spicules : thetype of the genus is Isodictya gracilis of Bowerbank. It may beperhaps necessary to admit forms in which the tibiella (when present)is slightly spined, as in Desmacidon anceps, Schmidt. Vosmaer'slimitation of Desmacidon to species with horny fibre is not justifiedby the species he has assigned to it.63. AmpMlectus tibiellifer. (Plate XLII. figs, t-t" .)Erect, massive, sessile by broad base ; sponge broader than highand higher than it is thick, decreasing in thickness towards uppermargin, which presents a narrow edge. Sponge-mass honeycombedby a system of tortuous, anastomosing spaces, 3 millim. and upwardsin diameter, separated in most cases merely by trabeculte of substance.Surface perforated by the closely-set openings of the abovementionedspaces ; surface of sponge and of the trabecuLie betweenopenings even, slightly villous in spirit. Texture of sponge inspirit firm, subelastic, tough ; colour dark reddish umber-brown.Sarcode pale reddish brown, rather soft. Main skeleton consistingof compact spiculo-fibre formed of spicule no. 1, sliowing nohorny uniting substance, about 3 to 6 spicules broad, irregularsome only of the primary fibres go straight to surface, the secondaryfibres usually meet the primaries at acute angles ;primariesabout "5 millim. apart. Dermal skeleton consisting of a networkof spiculo-fibre 2 to 4 spicules broad, the spicules mostly looselyaggregated ;meshes of network about '35 millim. apart.Spicules :—(1) Skeleton acuate, strong, smooth, straight or slightlycurved ; base rather squarely rounded, shaft cylindrical, taperingto point from about three diameters from end; size -38 by -014millim. (2) Tibiella, slender, almost straight ; shaft smooth, ofsame diameter throughout, passing gradually into an oval smoothhead about half as thick again as sh;ift; size -25 by -0042 millim.(thickness of head) : abundant in dermal membrane and interior.(3) Equianchorate, navicular or shuttle-shaped, with palms rather

G;8P0NGIIDA. 429longer than broad, inner margins truncate, as seen from front,tubercle distinct; shaft slightly and gradually curved; size -01millim. long : abundant, especially in dermal membraue. (4) Tricurvate,smooth, strong, the curves bold, the points sharp ; size -15by "OuG millim.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottomsand.A specimen and a fragment in spirit, the former SO millim.broad by 75 high by 40 thick at present base ; it is almost semicircularin outline, the round margin uppermost ; it appears to havebeen torn from a rather larger specimen.The presence of a tibiella with smooth ends distinguishes it fromall allied species of Desmacidon (Schmidt) but D. emj^hysema, Schmidt(JB. Comm. Unters. deutsch. Meer. ii.-iii. p. 118), and B. physa (id./. c), the latter of which, however, has the surface of the spongeeven and the sponge itself flask-shaped ; in the former the sponge iscovered with bubble-like elevations. Desmacidon arciferum, Schmidt,which has a similar tibiella, appears to be an OphJitisponijia, fromthe strong horny fibre and the echinating arrangement of some ofits acuates. D. diance, id., has, besides, the tridentate anchoratcs ofMl/.villa and a strongly horny fibre ; and both it and B. anceps,id., possess the forcipiform spicules which occur in Haliclwndriaforcij.ns, Bk.64. Ampliilectus hispidulus.(Plate XL. tig. C ; Plate XLI. tigs, y-y".)Erect, clathrous ; formed of a number of irregularly branchingand anastomosing masses, their surface more or less covered withlow cylindrical or ridge-like elevations. Vents ? Surface hispid withclosely set, hair-like terminations of the primary skeleton-fibres.Texture of sponge in dry state firm, elastic, but readily torn, inspirit soft, elastic ; colour dull pale brown in dry state, in spiritpale pinkish brown.Main skeleton of the type known as " isodictyal," viz. consistingof primary lines running straight to the surface, at right angles toit, connected by numerous transverse secondary lines set at rightangles to the piimaries; distance between primaries at surfaceabout "25 millim., between secondaries '17 millim., length of thesurface processes of primaries about -3 millim. Fibres formed ofpale yellow horny material, cored by the axial spicules (no. 1) tothe extent of about one third of their total thickness in the case ofthe secondary fibres, about three quarters in the primaries ; marginsof horny material clearly seen outside the spicules, except in thesurface-tufts of the primaries, which arc opaque and dark-colouredspicules in series of 3. or 4 in the primary, of 2 in the secondaryfibres, of about 6 in the dermal tufts of the primaries. Dermalskeleton consisting of an irregular reticulation with polygonalmeshes made up of fibres, some of which resemble the primaries,

430 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.others the secondaries of the main skeleton. Sarcode very palebrownish yellow, thin and transparent.Spicules :—^(1) Skeleton acuate, smooth, straight or slightly curved,with rounded base slightly smaller than the middle of the shaft,which tapers gradually to a fine point from near the middle of thespicule ; size of spicule '18 to -2 by -046 to "0063 millim. : inmiddle of fibre. (2) Flesh-spicule, equianchorate, navicular, shaftgradually curved, slender ; length of spicule •013 to 'OlO millim.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-6 fms. (on bivalve shelland Hydroid).Ptcpresented by a dry specimen and by one in spirit ; the largerone is 50 millim. high by 55 in extreme diameter. The speciesis distinguished by its regularly rectangular main skeleton andwell-developed homy fibre.65. Myxilla arborescens.(Plate XL. fig. G; Plate XLII. figs, a-ci' .)? Halichondria plumosa, Carter, Phil. Trans, -vol. 168, p. 287 (?2ecSpougia plumosa, Montagu^ Wern. Mem. ii. p. 116).Erect, pedicellate, branched, branching not confined to one plane,forming "heads" by the aggregation and partial anastomosis ofmany different pedicellate branched growths arising from one ormore common stems ; mode of branching dieho- to pollacitomous *.Stems, both primary and secondary, slender, of angulated outline,owing to the lateral projection from them of a number of prominent,jagged, longitudinal ridges. Branches palmate, the edges sharp, theflat surfaces covered with longitudinal, very prominent ridges andupwardly projecting points, the tips of the branches subtruncate.Thickness of secondary stems, exclusive of surface-projections, about1-5 millim., of palmate parts of branches •25 to '5 millim. Minuteappearance of surface in spirit granulated (?'. e. covered with minuterounded elevations, which are smooth and glabrous in spirit).Texture in spirit tough, very pliable, of very imperfect elasticity.Vents apparently represented by round or oblong apertures, '25to 1 millim. in maximum diameter, numerous, placed betweenprominences of surface of branches. Colour in spii'it dull palebrown. Sarcode rather granular, pale yellow-brown, soft. Skeletonconsisting of longitudinal lines of loosely aggregated spicules (nos.1 and 2), about 8 to 10 spicules broad, surrounded by some loosespicules of the same kind and echinated by spicule no. 1 ; thelines run approximately parallel with each other, occasionallybranching and anastomosing at acute angles ; at the surface theseprimary lines either become loose and form loose tracts of skeletonspiculesrunning along the surface, or they remain compact andproject as surface-tufts.Skeleton-spicules :—(1) Spined acuate, tapering gradually fromrounded head to sharp point, generally somewhat curved ; spines* i. e. dividing many times at one point ; from ttoWukis.

—;BPONGIIDA. 431straight, sharp, slender, about -002 millim. long at head, wherethey are closely aggregated, gradually decreasing in size andnumbers towards point, where they cease entirely ; size of spicule•1 to -17 by -0063 to -0079 millim. (2) Hastate cylindrical orsubacerate, smooth, of almost uniform diameter from centre towithin two diameters of ends, whence it tapers to a sharp pointsize "2 by -0042 millim. Flesh-spicule, (3) Equianchorate ; tridentate,with stout, strongly backwardly curved shaft -0026 millim.in diameter ; lateral arms of heads subtriangular, about '0063millim. long, the middle of the margin of the arm conspicuouslyfolded inwards ; the middle arm narrow, oblong, about '0032 millim.long ; length of spicule -025 milHm.Hah. Port Jackson, to 5 fms.The entire " stock " or head, of which the single well-preservedspirit-specimen consists, is 42 milhm. (1| inch) in height by 40in greatest diameter ; the individual branches may be as much as9 millim. in diameter at their broadest palmate part. I am underthe impression that this is the species alluded to by Mr. Carter(Z. c.) as Halklinndria j'ltimosa, from Kerguelen Island. It differs,however, in spiculation from the typical form of that British speciesin having the shaft of the anehorate about twice as thick andin the longer and slenderer hastate spicule ; the difference betweenthe anchorates is perceptible even under a low magnifying-power.It is, however, nearly allied to both it and Myxilla fictitia ofBowerbank, and to some Mediterranean Myxillce of Schmidt.I add the measurements of the spicules of what is probably thetype specimen oi UaJichondria (Microciona, Hk.) 2îumosa, Mont,, forcomparison :1. Spined acuate, '16 by -0063 millim.2. Hastate acerate (hastate only at one end), -17 by -0063millim.3. Equianchorate, -016 millim. long, shaft "0013 millim. indiameter.Mr. Carter places species of this nature in a new Group, calledPlumohalichondvhvi (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 144, and1880, vi. p. 39), as being distinguished by their habit and their angulated,not " naviculiform " anehorate ; but his genus Pluniohalichondria{op.cit.1876, xviii. p. 236) must be carefully distinguishedfr(»m this similarly named Group, for it is described as possessing anaviculiform anehorate.CRELLA.Crella, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 521.Cribrella, ISchmidt, Adr. Meer. p. 69.Schmidt's generic name was already in use for a genus ofAsteridean Echinodermata (L. Agassiz, 1835, Mem. Soc. iSci. Neufchatel,i. p. 191). Dr. Gray therefore very properly altered it.The present species, although the first assigned to the genua from

;432 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.the Indo-Pacific region, agrees well with the typical form of thegenus, only presenting its peculiarities, both external and internal,under a decidedly more striking form than in the Atlantic andMediterranean species. Halichondria hifreqmns, Carter, differs fromit in having the spined acerate skeletou-spicule which occurs insome of the Atlantic species, but agrees with it in having a bihamate; its external characters are unknown, but it will almostcertainly prove to be a Crella.66. Crella schmidti. (Plate XLI. fig. a a.)Massive, sending up moderately thick lobes pierced by passages1 to 4 millira. in diameter, lined by smooth surfaces bearing thepores. General surface covered with narrow longitudinal ridgesabout 1 millim. broad, 5 millim. high, and 1 millim. apart, rough ;dermal membrane between ridges smooth, transparent. Vents few,in depressions 1 to 3 millim. deep. Texture in spirit like crumb ofbread ; colour dirty yellowish white. Main skeleton somewhat irregular,spiculo-fibre devoid of horny matter ; in deep parts spicules1- or 2-serial, fibres very irregular in direction; towards the peripheryprimary fibres, with spicules 2- to 4-serial, run towards the surface,generally at an obtuse angle to it ; they terminate between theintermarginal chambers in tufts of the tibiella spicule, 12 to 15spicules broad, the distal ends of the tibiellas spreading out upon thedermal membrane and forming its only skeleton. Sarcode pale'brown, rather granular. Spicules:— (1) Skeleton acerate, smooth,straight or slightly curved, tapering to sharp points from nearcentre ; size -22 by '0063 millim. (2) Tibiella of dermal tufts,straight, smooth, heads of same thickness as centre of shaft ; shafttapering to necks below heads, necks tapering gradually to the ovalheads ; size '22 by •0063 millim. (3) Equiauchorate of flesh, tridentate,the shaft stout, strongly . curved ; the teeth strong, wellcurved inwards, sharp, the two lateral ones united to shaft by falcateexpansions ; length of spicule '037 millim., that of each head "013millim., thickness of shaft -0044 millim. [(4) Bihamate of flesh,contort, curve moderate, ends bent sharply inwards ;size -037 by•0()21 millim. Possibly foreign to the sponge, but not uncommonin both the deeper and superficial parts of the sarcode.]Hub. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.The only specimen is in spirit and well preserved, but smallthe external characters peculiar to the genus are, however, wellmarked. Whereas the head of the tibiella is scarcely defined assuch in any of Schmidt's species (of which two are fz'oni the Adriaticand two from the West-Indian seas), here it is quite a strikingfeature of the dermal membrane when seen in section ; in HaUchondriainfrequent, Carter, above referred to, the head of the tibiella issimilarly well defined. The spicules are generally stouter thanthose of Schmidt's species, and none of the skeleton forms are spined,as appears to be the case in C. elegans and pajjillosa, if not in ho'^pitalis.I associate this species with the name of the distinguished

6P0NGIIDA. 433spoagologist to whose keen eye for generic characters we owe thisvery distinct and constant genus.lOTROCHOTA *, g. n.Halickondria, pars, Higgin, Boioerhank, Carter.Desmacidinidne with smooth linear skeleton-spicules and minutebirotulate llesh-spicules with straight shafts, both the heads being ofthe same size, circular, and symmetrical ; sarcode purple.This genus is formed to include Ualichondria hirotulata, Higgin(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, xix. p. 296) and Halicliondria purpureri^Bowerbank (P. Z. S. 1875, p. 293). HaUchondria s. str. isbased on a Reaiorid. The peculiar tlesh-spicule of this genus is oneform of the flesh-spicule which usually appears in the Hesmacidinidteunder the form of an " anchorate," equi- or inequi-anchorate.The latter forms apparently originate by exeentric flexion of theshaft of a birotulate form like the present, and suppression of therays which lie on that side towards which the shaft is bent ; the thinexpansions unitiug the arms in the birotulate apparently becomethe " falces " which unite the arms of the anchorate (see Carter,Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1874, xiv. p. 207). An intermediate stageis seen in Chrondrodadia—viz. C. virgnta, Wyville Thomson, andC. {Halicliondria) abi/ssi, Carter (Vosmaer),— the shaft of the bii'otulatebeing bent and the arm of that side almost aborted as in a normalanchorate (see Carter, torn. cit. p. 218), Cliondrodadia differs furtherfrom lotrochota in being accompanied by a bihamate or tricurvateflesh-spicule. Cladorrhiza, 8ars (C. ahi/ssicola, id. Some Hemark.Forms &c. i. p. Go, pi. vi. figs. lG-34), is an allied form, but notonly has the shaft of the birotulate bent, and the symmetry of thehead impaired by the almost total reduction of that arm of the headwhich thus comes into contact with the curve of the shaft, but it isineqai-hirotulate, and corresponds in the birotulate series to the inequianchorateform of the anchorates of the common types of Desmacidinid;e; it differs from lotrochota in the possession of a bihamateflesh-spicule in addition to the birotulate.It is noteworthy that those species of this genus hitherto knownare from shallow water (littoral, see below), while all other knownallied forms except Axos ancJiorata, Carter, for which the depth isnot given, are from the deep sea.From an unusually well-preserved specimen of the green varietyof I. purpurea from the Amirante Islands (see Pt. II. of this Eeport),I am able to make out that the ciliated chambers are oval, the endsbeing well rounded, and measure -032 by '025 millim. They arecrowded along the sides and in the parenchyma, lying between whatap])ear to be secondary and tertiary canals of the excretory system,and also (though this may perhaps be merely apparent) upon the* From lov. a violet, and T-pnyos, a wheel, in allusion to the purple colour andthe birotulate flesh-spicules.2ir

434 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.primary skeleton- fibres ; the canals I have mentioned range in diameterfrom about •07 to -14 millim. This opening of a considerableproportion of the ciliated chambers directly into moderately widecanals agrees with what Vosmaer finds to be the arrangement inmany forms of the other Mouactinellid families Ileuierida3 and Suberitidte,as well as in a few other forms, viz. his third type (' Anteekeningenover Leucandra aspcra, H.,' Leyden, 1880, and TijdscbriftNederl. Dierk. Vereen. v. p. 144 et seq.).67. lotrochota purpurea.(Plate XXXIX. fig. L ; Plate XLII. figs, e-e"".)Halichondria purpurea, Boiverbank, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 293.Dr. Bowerbank's specimen (from the Straits of Malacca) is evidentlyquite young ; the present fine series of specimens, both dryand in spirit (numbering upwards of twenty), gives a better idea ofthe charactei's of the species.The external form is usually that of a cylindrical column, narrow,diminishing gradually in thickness towards apex, viz. from about 15millim. at base to 4 millim. at apex in adult specimens, dividingtowards the apex into two or three subequal branches ; it is sometimesflattened irregularly near the base ; it occasionally forms abroad palmate frond or irregular erect expansion, or an irregularlyhoneycombed horizontal mass which may attain a diameter of 65millim. (2| inches). The surface is broken up into a forest ofpointed or ridge-like monticular elevations, 1-3 millim. apart, 1-3millim. high. In the typical specimen (dry) the surface aculeationsare only -5 to 1 millim. apart and the same in height. Texture inspirit rather firm, but soft on surface, tough and flexible ; in drystate harsh on surface, rather brittle : colour in spirit very deeppurple, in drj- state dark green or pale purple. 8kcleton rectangular,consisting of stout compact primary spiculo-fibres devoid of visiblehorny material, 10 to iiO spicules broad, and of similar secondaryfibres 1 to 3 spicules broad. Skeleton -spicules smooth, acuate,rather squarely rounded at base, tapering to a sharp point from aboutfive diameters from end; size chiefly -26 by -0063 millim., a fewin the interior of the primary fibres '18 by -005 to -OOi'o millim. (inthe type the prevailing size is '16 by •0127 millim. and the spiculefrequently increases in diameter from the base towards the centre).Flesh-spicule birotulate (not eqnianchorate, as stated by Bowerbank),shatt verj' slender ; rotulse small, umbrella-shaped, with four equalcurved teeth ; length of spicule "016 to ^019 millim. Sarcode inspirit dark purple, granular ;in dry state either dark purple or darkgreenish. Large specimens attain a height of about 150 millim.(6 inches).Hab. Torres Straits, various localities down to 10 fms, ; AlbanyIsland, 3-4 fms. ; Port Molle, coral-reef.DistrUnitlon. Straits of Malacca (Bowerbank).The specimens referred to as being greenish in colour are all dry.

SPONGIIDA. 435and four of the five agree further in being the only ones of theseries which present an irregular erect expansion or horizontal mass ;a specimen of the erect slender type also shows this colour ; neitherdo I find any thing peculiar in the spicnlation of greenish specimens.Two of them are the only specimens received from PortMolle, the rest are from Torres Straits. But as two flattened specimensfrom the Amirante Islands, in spirit, also possess a decidedolivaceous green coloration, I conclude it to represent a variety,uniting green colour with expanded habit of growth. Possibly thecolours may depend on sexual characters, or reproductive condition,as noted by Keller in Chal'unda feriiUs.The general form and surface characters resemble strongly thoseof the species named by Mr. Carter Axos ancliorata, from Pass'sStraits, except that this is not branched ; in this the colour is givenas brown ; the equianchorate appears to be a modified birotulate,but the skeleton-spicule is acerate. It is perhaps referable toChondrocladia, Wyville Thomson, although, unlike the hitherto describedspecies of that genus, it has no second form of flesh-spicule.68. lotrochota baculifera.(Plate XXXIX. fig. M ; Plate XLII. fig. /.)Erect, formed of subcylindrical lobes, terminating bluntly ; diameterof lobes about 12 millim. Surface chiefly rough, owing tothe projection from it, at intervals of -5 to 1 millim., of bluntmeandering ridges or conical blunt processes, "5 to 1 millim. high ;dermis between eminences smooth, glabrous (in parts smooth patchesof some extent). Texture in spirit soft to touch, but very slightlycompressible and elastic ; colour very dark crimson (almost black).Main skeleton forming somewhat irregular and wide meshes ("4to '(j millim. across) ; consisting of stout compact primary spicularfibres running approximately at right angles to the surface, about12 to 15 spicules broad, and of similar secondary fibres, vertical tothe former in general direction, often meeting them in curves, about10 spicules broad. Sarcode purple, stained diffusely and alsocoloured by the presence of very abundant dark purple cells. Dermalskeleton formed by summits of primary and by uppermostsecondary fibres, and by long compact tracts of cylindrical spiculeswhich traverse the intervening spaces.Spicules :—(1) Smooth aciuite, rather suddenly curved, base wellrounded, tapering to a sharp point from about four diameters fromapex, or to blunt point from about 1| diameters from the apex;size -2 by -0095 to "0127 millim. : forms the main skeleton-fibre.(2) Smooth, cylindrical, straight, ends well rounded ; size -22 to *28by '0063 millim. : lies loose in dermis. (3) Pirotulate, shaft slender,heads about •003 millim. across; teeth four in number, bent inwards,umbrella-like ; length -016 millim.Ilah. Port Darwin, between tide-marks ; bottom mud and rock.The specimen consists of an irregular horizontal mass about 40 by2f2

—;436 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.15 millim, in greatest and least thicknesses respeetiTOly, spreadingover and uniting three detached stones, from which arise two chiefand a few incipient lobes, the largest respectively 12 and 25 millim.in height. The species differs from the Torres-Straits and Malaccaspecies (/. jmrpurea) in the presence of the cylindrical dermalspicule, in the stouter stem, and the much more finely roughenedsurface; it is more nearly allied to D. {Ilaruhomlria) hirotnlifera,Higgin (from the West Indies), which it resembles in stoutnessof habit ; but the cylindrical and acuate spicules are both twice thediameter of the corresponding spicules of that form.69. Esperia parishi.Rapliiodesma parisbii, Boiverhank, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 283.Amphilectus parisbii, Vosmaer, Notes Roy. Mus. Netherl. ii. p. 119.An indubitable Esperia. Dr. Bowerbank's description of thespicnlation of this species is defective and misleading ;he omits tonotice the sheaves of " trichites''which I find in his preparationsthey are, as usual, local in their occurrence, and, from their delicateproportions, not easy to find ; the slender bihamates describedmay be traced by intermediate stages up to the large bihamates,which are perhaps the most striking feature of the spiculationthey are thus merely the young of these latter forms : the allegedspincd acuates and tricurvates obviously belong to a Myxilla overwhich the Esperia has grown, as they occur in abundance together,but not all over the " basal membrane." (Some navicular equianchorateswhich occur seem to be also foreign, being found onlydetached and in small numbers, and but local in their distribution.)I am inclined to consider the small " palraato-inequianchorates " asyoung forms of the normal large one.The following are the proportions of the different spicules properto the sponge ; they agree fairly in both the Malacca and Australianspecimens :1. Smooth, subspinulate acuate, with slight elongate head; basalend slenderer than middle of shaft : ''i'd by '013 millim.2. Large inequiauchorate ; large end comparatively short, itstubercle long and narrow^ : -057 millim. long.3. Navicular equianchorate: -013 millim. long.4. Bihamate, smooth, contort : -095 by -008 millim.5. Trichite spicules in bunches of two to four or five :-032 to -16by -0018 millim.Some thin fragments agreeing well in all respects with the typicalpecimen occur in the present collection.Hah. Port Darwin, between tide-marks.Distrihntion. Straits of Malacca {BorverhavTc).This si)ecies appears to be absent from Torres Straits, judgingfrom the results of the numerous dredgings taken there ; its presenceat Port Darwin is therefore probably to be accounted for by directtransit across the western end of the Arafura Sea by way of Timorand the neighbouring islands.

:SPONGIIUA. 43770. Esperia pellucida.(Plate XL. fig. K ; Plate XLII. fig. h.)Growth horizontal, spreading over and between stones &c., risingat certain points into slender lobes. Surface even, glabrous. Consistencerather firm and brittle. Vents? Colour in spirit palepink or dirty white, subtransparent. Dermal membrane gelatinous,transparent, subelastic, firm ; internal structures soft. Mainskeleton formed of delicate, widely inosculating fibres 4 to 6 spiculesbroad, soft, branching at obtuse angles. Dermal skeletonconsisting of angular meshes formed by distinct straight tracts ofspicules, 2 to 4 spicules broad.SjHCules :—(1) Skeleton subspinulate ; straight or slightly curved ;head marked by a slight and gradual enlargement a little belowbase ; head round and blunt, diameter less than maximum diameterof shaft : shaft tapering gradually to sharp point from within about2 to 6 diameters of apex ; size -42 by -0095 millim. (2) Largeinequianchorate ; shaft strong, slightly bent, of same diameterthroughout except near the two ends. Large end forming aboutone third of total length of spicule, diameter about the same as itslength. Lateral palms, as seen from front, broad, truncate below,inferior angle projecting slightly ;outer margin slightly revertedthroughout ; median ])a!m oval, small ; tubercle distinct, small,pear-shaped ; small end almost truncate above as seen from front,but with the supero-lateral angles sharp, slightly produced upwards,outer margins reverted throughout ; tubercle relatively large, anvilshaped; the small end of the s]iicule is truncate below and abouthalf the diameter of the large end ; length of spicule '1 millim,(3) Small inequianchorate ; shaft slender, gradually curved ; largeend forming about two fifths of total length of spicule ; lateral palmswith sharp inferior angles, being excavated on inner side, outermargin reverted throughout; tubercle narrow, elongate; smaller endabout half the length of upper (larger) end ; outer margin revertedthroughout ; tviberele subterminal, s(|uarish ; end truncate belowlength of spicule -032 millim. (4) Bihamate, contort, slender, withwide curve , size 'Go? by '0032 millim. (5) Trichites, in bundlesof from 20 to 30, with tine points ; size of individual spicules -06by -0015 minim.Hah. Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottom sand.The anchorate of this spicule belongs to the more common of thetypes occurring in Atlantic and Mediterranean Esperia' ; it is, however,larger than most, if not all, and the presence of a second formof inequianchorate is another unusual point. The single specimenis in spirit and runs over and between a number of lor so andattached calcareous fragments, i. e. shells &c. The upright lobes areabout 16 millim. long and somewhat flattened.

—'438 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,71. Esperia obscura,? Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, ix. p. 299, pi. xi. fifj. 18.? Mycale grandis. Gray, P. Z. S. 18157, p. 58.3 = " Eine indische Esperie,"Schmidt, Suppl. Spong. Adr. Meer. p. 34, pi. iii. fig. 11.Mr. Carter assigned the above name to a massive specimen fromFreemantle, S.W. Australia, of which he says (l. c.) it has " all thecharacters of Esperia, viz. lace-like dermal layer, rigid interior fibre,and acuate (sub-pinlike) form of skeletal spicule, but with an ineijuianchoratcabout 5-OOOUths " (of an inch) " long so transparent inits detail that all I can give of it are the representations (pi. xi.fig. 18), in the hope that it might be thus recognized and finallyillustrated." In the present collection made by H.M.8. ' Alertoccur two small imperfect specimens of an Esperia which has (besidesa larger one) a small inequianchorate spicule which strongly resemblesMr. Carter's figures above referred to, and does not contradict inany point the other parts of the short description which was allthat Mr. Cai'ter was able to give of his species. I therefore proposeto refer the present specimens to that species provisionallyuntil other specimens are obtained from Freemantle or its neighbourhoodwhich may clear up the question of identity. The followingis a description of the ' Alert ' species ;it may be taken as characteristic,so far as the more minute characters go, the tissues beingin a good state of preservation :Sponge massive, enclosing detached (and perhaps fixed) foreignbodies. Texture firm, rather brittle. Surface gently undulating,glabrous. Vents numerous, oval, 1 to 2*5 millim. in greatest diameter,scattered on general surface ; margins thin, sometimes projectingsomewhat ; main excretory canals rising from a distancebelow the surface. Dermal membrane thin, glabrous, semitransparent,firm. Colour in spirit pale dull brown.Main skeleton—spiculo-fibre moderately well defined, delicate,branching at various angles, from 5 to 10 spicules broad. Dermalskeleton diffuse, the spicules scarcely ever arranged into definitetracts, but loosely matted. Sarcode thin, very pale yellow-brown,slightly granular.Spicules: — (1) Skeleton subspinulate, straight or slightly curved,head elongate, subterminal, slight, gradually passing into a bluntlyroundednarrower extremity on the one hand, and into the shaft onthe other ; diameter of head decidedly less than that of shaft ; shafttapering gradually to within about three diameters of apex and thenrapidly to a sharp point; size -8 by •014miUim. (2) Large inequianchorate; shaft slightly curved, stout ; larger end of spicule of samelongitudinal and horizontal diameter, viz. one third as much as totallength of spicule ; lateral palms finely curved, ending below insharp inwardly-curved points and reduced to narrow falciform processeswith a narrow reverted rim as seen from front ; anterior palmoblong, with rounded angles as seen from front ; tubercle distinct,oval ; smaller end of spicule with abrupt square upper margin ;

SPONGllDA. 439lateral margins reverted at upper end ; tubercle strong, ovaJ ; breadthand length of small end about half those of larger end ; length ofspicule -llJ millira. (3) Small inequianchorate ; shaft slender, sharplybent at about middle ; larger end about three fourths of total lengthof spicule in length and about half that amount in breadth ; the lateralarms as seen from front finely curved and forming long wing- likeprocesses, pointed below and excavated on their inferior and inneraspects, reaching almost to the upper edge of the smaller end of thespicule ; their curve coincides with that of the lower end : smallerend like that of the large inequianchorate, but truncate at its distalextremity ; length of spicule -032 millim. (4) Eihamate, contort,slender, curve wide, points sharp ; size •057 by '0032 millim.(5) Trichites, in sheaves of 10 to 20 or 30 : finely pointed, apparentlystraight, each about -032 long by -00 16 millim. thick ; veryabundant in some parts of dermal membrane.Hub. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-6 fms. ; bottom rock andsand.Distribatioa. Freemantle, S.W. Australia {Carter) '1 ; IndianOcean (ScJimidf) ?The larger piece is 43 millim. (1| inch) long, by 20 millim. (| inch)broad, by 10 millim. thick ; it is uncertiiin whether it ever had anindependent stem or whether it depended for attachment on the fragmentsof shells etc. which it involves in its substance, or on fixedforeign bodies ; the smaller piece is similar in its relations, andperhaps both originally formed part of one specimen.The large anchorate strongly resembles that figured by Schmidt(?. c. supra) as belonging to " eine indische Esperie," named Mycalef/randis by Gray (I.e.), in the form of its larger end, although theanterior palm is relatively larger than in that form, while the middlepalm of the lower end is far smaller relatively to the spicule andto the lateral palms than in Schmidt's anchorate ; but it seems likelyfrom its appearance that the lower end of the spicule was imperfectlydeveloped in the example figured by Schmidt. The spiculewas even larger than that of our species, viz. "145 millim. long,according to Schmidt's measurement, Gray's species is based simplyon that author's description of the spicule.PHOmOSPONGIA.Marshall, Zeitschr. iviss. Zool. xxxv. p. 122.The striking structural character on which this genus wasfounded receives confirmation and illustration from the followingspecies: I have referred to it as occurring in Clathria (Microciona)tuberosa, Bowerbank (see p. 444). FUmlaria anchorata. Carter, fromAntigua (Ann, & Mag. N, H, 1882, ix, p. 283), is perhaps a Phoriosponrjia.72. Phoriospongia fibrosa. (Plate XLII. fig. ^.)Massive, sessile, irregularly shaped; surface uneven, with irregular

:;440 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.shallow depressions, covered by a glabrous semitransparent membrane,rendered rough by the projection of the low ends of theprimary fibres, •25 to '5 millim, apart (many smooth patches occur) ;texture in spirit brittle, compressible (specimen No. 1), rather tough,elastic (specimen No. 2); colour pale greyish (specimen No. 1) orreddish brown (specimen No. 2). Internal structure cavernous,loose. Vents numerous, scattered, circular or oval, leading deeplyinto sponge ; diameter 1-5 to 3 millim.Main skeleton regular, rectangular ia arrangement ;primaryfibres set at right angles to surface, '18 to '35 millim. apart, OlSto '03 millim. thick ; secondary fibres at right angles to primaries,•18 to ^35 millim. or upwards ajjart, similar to primaries in proportions; fibres wholly composed of foreign bodies united by an almostcolourless, not dense, substance. Dermal skeleton formed by smallforeign bodies scattered abundantly over the dermis, tending toaggregate into slightly denser anastomosing tracts about "14 millim.broad, enclosing rounded meshes about ^18 to ^53 millim. in diameter,and by the cylindrical spicules of the sponge, which by looseaggregation form tracts, about 4 to 6 spicules broad, below theskeleton of foreign bodies, the tracts branching and anastomosingnot unfrequently, and ending freely on the surface in slightlyexpanding tufts ; sarcode subtransparent, granular, colour a warmbrown (slightly in specimen No. 1 , strongly in specimen No. 2, inwhich it is more dense. Spicules:—(1) Slender acerate, smooth, withvery slightly enlarged subpyriform basal end, the other end ratherbluntly pointed ; size about •IG to •lO by •0021 by ^0032 millim.forming part of dermal skeleton and scattered over main skeletonfibres.(2) Contort bihamate, smooth, curve moderately strong,points sharp, suddenly and sharply bent inwards ; size ^032 by ^002millim. : abundant in subjacent tissues. (3) Tridentate equiauchorate,shaft well curved, about "0016 millim. thick ; teeth slender,sharp, curved inwards, about "008 millim. long ; spicule ^022 millim.long. Foreign bodies small in specimen No. 1 ; large, for the mostpart, in specimen No. 2.Hab. Specimen No. 1 : Prince of "Wales Channel, Torres Straits,7-9 fms. ; bottom sand. Specimen No. 2 : Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Two specimens in spirit. No. 1 has apparently been torn from alarger mass ; it is much penetrated by some thin Algas, on which itseems to have grown much as Amorphina panicea grows over weedit measures 60 millim. by 22 millim. in its two chief dimensions.No. 2 is somewhat compressed on one side, and measures 36 by19 by 12 millim. The anchorate spicule is scarce in one of thespecimens (that from Port Jackson), while it is abundant in theother.The variability in colour and texture, and i)erhaps in the secondaryfibres, is considerable, but not surprising, considering thedistance between the stations at which the specimens were obtained ;in other points the agreement is close. The species is a very distinctone, differing from both Marshall's species in the presence ofa well-defined reticulate skeleton and of an anchorate flesh-spicule.

SPONGIIDA. 441in the slenderness of the bihamate spicules, and the almost absoluteabsence of a head to the very slender linear spicule ; the resemblancein spiculation seems conclusive as to the generic identity of thethree forms, in spite of the remarkable differences in the skeleton.The mulberry-like bodies described by Marshall in P. solida I cannotsee in the present species; when treated with hydrochloric acidthe superficial layer of the dermis parts with all hard elementsexcept the spicules and some amorphous transparent fragments.Marshall himself does not mention these bodies in P. reticulum, sothat they cannot be of more than specific or individual importance.The spiculation of Phoriospongia is perhaps nearer to that ofAmjjhihctus than of any other genus. Thus, besides Clathria (seeC. tnherosa, p. 444), we have a second genus of Siliceous Spongeswhich may normally exhibit the phenomenon of intussusceptionof sand into the fibre. It seems to me that intussusception is themost probable hypothesis on which to account for the presence ofthe sand in this genus, althougli Marshall, whom I understand todescribe Phonospom/ia as penetrating and spinning up masses ofsand (" durchziehen und umspinnen Sandraassen, sic zu Klumpenvereinigend "), may be right in this inteqjretation of the origin ofthe sand in the genus Phoriospou[/ia ; however, in P. fibrosa wefind a real system of fibres which does not appear to occur in P. solidaand although I have not been able to detect a hornyand reticulum ;material, like that of Di/sidea, uniting the sand grains, which might,as held by Bowerbank and Marshall, pick them up, it seems to methat, remembering the readiness with which Siliceous Sponges,whether possessing a homy fibre or not, take up foreign bodies,there is no reason why the sand of PJioriosponr/ia should not betaken up, and not be due to the penetration of masses of sand bythe sponge. This view is supported by the spiculation, which isnot Suberitid like that of Vioa, but, as above remarked, Desmacidinc; the presence of the spinulate spicule is common to it andmany Desmacidines ; while the absence of the remarkable eversiblefunnel which distinguishes the termination of the excretory canalsystemin Vioa seems to indicate a different affinity. Reniera fihulata,Schmidt, to which Marshall refers in support of his view thatbihamates occur in sponges other than Desmacidinidoe, has beenplaced by Yosmaer in that group under the genus Desmacodes,Schmidt, apparent!}' not without reason ; and Schmidt (Spong. Atl.Geb. p. 40) himself inclines to the view of its Desmacidine affinities ;but the presence of bihamates in Suberitidse is hitherto unknown.ECTYONID.^.Ectyonida, Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 133.Schmidt (Spong. Atl. Geb. 1870, p. 133) grouped Chaliuopsia(^=Ectijon) and its allies, with A.vinella, Phacdlia, &c., under theheading Chalinopsidintc ( = Echinonemata, Carter, I. c). Mr. Carter

-;442 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.has, however, done good service in pointing out an essential differencebetween the two groups into which he divides the Chalinopsidinae,viz. in the way in which their echinating spicules areattached.It must, however, be remarked ihnt Echinodict>jum, mihi,as now understood, approaches Axinella decidedly in this point.The presence of spined echinating spicules is not (see liaspailia,infra) distinctive of the family as here constituted.The absence or slightly pronounced tendency to difference in sizeand form between the corresponding spicules of allied species, whenthe outward form of the sponge differs unmistakably, is a mostcharacteristic feature of this family, and is especially well exhibitedin the genera Echinonema, Clathria, Echinodicti/um, and liaspailia(s. str.), whereas in Axinellid;e the relative thickness of the spiculesusually gives good characters (see Acanthella, sp., p. 463, where theexternal form differs little from A. ohtusum).OPHLITISPONGIA.Ophlitaspongia, Boioerbank, Mon. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 14.Vosmaer (Family Desmacid. p. 107) places 0. seriata, Bowerbank,the typical species of this genus, under Bc'smacodes, and says [1. c.p. 155) of 0. papilla, id., which seems to me not to be specificallydistinct from it, that it is probably a Clathria, but that no anchoratespicules have been described in it ; I have examined theoriginal slides (Bowerbankian) without finding anchors. The spongewhich I am about to describe from the present collection agi-eeswith these British O^Mitisiionijia' (but not with the foreign ones) ofBowerbank in their fibre and spiculation, except that the fibre iscored by a cylindrical spicule which is wanting in 0. seriata andpainlla. I am inclined to believe that we have here a naturalgenus, differing from Clathria mainly in the absence of anchoratespicules. I do not see how these species can be placed underDesmacodes, when they have echinating spicules, but no skeletonacerates (except tricurvates) and no bihamates.73. Oplilitispongia australiensis. (Plate XLII. figs, c, c'.)Habit of Clathria frondifera ; spiculation of C. coralloidcs andallied species. Massive ; structure cellular, i. e. interior and surfacebroken up into angular cells by walls of tough denser spongesubstance, projecting at surface in low ridges and slight points ;between them are extended thin membranous expansions. Texturein dry state firm, tough, subelastic ;colour pale dirty brown.Main skeleton—meshes rounded, narrow ;primary fibres stout,amber-yellow, cored with about one third their thickness of spicules,proceeding straight to surface, diameter about -1 to -14 millim.secondary fibres abundant, irregular in direction, amber-yellow.

;SPONGIIDA. 443diameter about -07 millim. ; one or two axial series of spiculesboth sets of fibres echinated sparsely with the echinating spicule.Dermal skeleton formed by undulating, very pale yellow hornyfibres containing two or three series of spicules, about '053 millim.broad, and of loose tracts of spicules. Sarcode pale amber-yellow,transparent.Spicules: — (1) Skeleton cylindrical, smooth, straight, taperingslightly from middle towards well-rounded ends ; size about -2 by•0042 millim. (2) Echinating acerate, smooth, straight, taperingdecidedly from middle towards the base, which is thus thinner thanthe middle of the shaft, but is well rounded, and tapering frommiddle to sharp point at apex ; size about 'IS by -0095. (3) Tricurvateacerate, smooth, curves slight, ends finely pointed ; sizeabout -042 by "0021 ; in sarcode.Hab. Port Molle, Queensland, 12 fms. ; bottom rock and coral.In general appearance this sponge resembles Clathria frondifera,but has the intervals between the trabecula) of the clathrous structuremore or less filled with membranous expansions. The spiculationis not quite so simple as that of the British species, but has, inaddition to their echinating acerate and tricurvate, a cylindricalskeleton form. I know of no other near allies. A small but wellpreserveddry specimen represents this species.74. Clathria aculeata.(Plate XL. fig. I ; Plate XLII. fig. k.)Erect, with single, slender stem, dividing into branches at somedistance from base ; branches given off in various planes and atacute angles, occasionally connected by bars of sponge-substance ;secondary branches occur, formed in the same manner as the primarybranches. Stem cylindrical, 4-5 millim. in diameter in presentspecimens ; surface even, with the exception of a few prominentbut blunt aculcations shortly below the commencement of thebranches ; branches well covered by long, more or less pointedaculeations, 2 to 5 millim. high. Texture of stem, both in spiritand in the dry state, woody, incompressible ; that of the brancheselastic, but more or less incompressible until near the apices, whichare firm but compressible. Colour, in spirit, dark amber-brown ; indry state pale brown, the branches having a whitish incrustedap])earance. Surface of branches, in spirit, minutely uneven, thatof stem glabrous.Main skeleton composed of very strong amber-yellow horny fibre,tortuous and anastomosing, not showing distinct separation intoprimary and secondary fibres, but forming oval meshes ; diameter offibre at base of branches varying from "Oo to -2 millim., the shortdiameter of the meshes formed by it at the same spot from -18 to•8 millim. : fibre cored by a tract of slender spinulate spicules, 3or 4 spicules broad, and echinated everywhere abundantly by thespined acerate spicule. Dermal skeleton similar to main skeleton,

:;4-i4 COLLECXIONS FROM MELANESIA,but fibre more constantly stout ; thickness from -07 to 2 millim.meshes narrower, viz. "09 to '7 millim. in smaller diameter, andbearing short bhint processes at intervals, echiuated by thick tuftsof the smooth subspinulate spicule on its upper surface, Sarcodevery dark yellowish brown, granular and opaque.Spicules:— (1) Stouter, smooth, subspinulate acuate, straight,with very slight constriction marking off a short head, which isless in diameter than the middle of the shaft ; shaft taperinggradually to sharp point from about centre ; size '2'3 by "0127 millim,in tufts on dermal skeleton. (2) Slender, smooth, spinulate,with slight oval head, nearly straight ; tapering to sharp pointfrom near centre ; size 'So by -0085 millim. : forming axis ofskeleton-fibres. (3) Subspinulate spined acuate, with small globularhead, and tapering to a fine point from about centre ; spinesnumerous, sharp, projecting at right angles to long axis of spicule,prominent on middle of spicule and sometimes on head, becomingobsolescent in the other parts ; size -09 by -0079 millim, : echinatingthe skeleton-fibres. (4) Tricurvate acerate of sarcode, smooth, sharppointed; curves gentle ; size about '063 by -0015 millim, (5) Navicularequianchorate ; shaft slender, slightly curved ; length about•Jl27 millim.Hab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms., bottom sand ;also same locality, probably from beach.Two specimens, agreeing closely in their characters, represent thespecies ; heights 70 and 85 millim. (24 and 3|- inches) respectively ;expanse of branches 30 and 20 millim. respectively. It agreesclosely in character of spiculation with C. ulmus, Vosmaer (JNTotesRoy, Mus. Netherl, ii. p. 151), of which the locality is not stated ;but the stem is single and not ramified as stated by Vosmaer, whodoes not mention the most striking external characteristic of thisspecies, viz. its strong aculeation by long pointed processes.of no other species which approaches it at all closely.I know75. Clathria tuberosa. (Plate XLII. fig, d.)Microciona tuberosa, Botverhank, P. Z. S. 1875, p. :?81.The specimens are finer than those in the Bowerbankian collection; the largest measures 70 millim. (2f inches) in greatest diameter,and 5U millim. (2 inches) in greatest height ; the individuallobes may measure as much as 14 millim. in greatest diameter.The "skeleton columns" {Bovjerhanh) are even more stronglyarenated than in the type specimen, and resemble those of a Dysidea,the projecting ends of the spined and fine smooth acuate being theonly point of difference which appears at first sight. The proportionsof the spicules differ slightly from those of the Malacca specimensas given by me (P. Z. S. 1881, p. 121 )*, viz. :—* The lenglli of the equianc-horate should have been stated there as 01 fimillirti., and the base of the slender smooth acuate described as slightly inflated.

SPOXGIIDA. 4451. Slender acuate (slightlyinflated basally)2. Stout long acuate (veryTorres Straits specimen.-25 to -31 by -0042 to -005 millim.scarce) About -19 by -0095.3. Spined echinating acuate-085 by -0044.4. Equianchorate -014 to -016 long.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Thursday Island, &c., TorresStraits, 4-10 fms. ; bottom sand &c. ; common.From stiidy of the present series of specimens, with the lightaiforded by W. Marshall's important paper, " Untersuchungen iiberD3sideiden und Phoriospongien" (Zeitsch.wiss. Zoo], xxxv. p. 122),I am now convinced that Bowerbank was right in describing thearenaceous material which is so plentifully present in this spongeas the normal substratum of the skeleton-lines, and that it does not,as I formerly considered (P.Z.S. 1881, p. 122), consist of the tubesof an arenaceous Foraminifer. That being so, the character assumesa fresh importance when it is seen not to stand alone among theSiliceous Sponges. PAorzospom/m, Marshall {l.c.\ is described ashaving a spiculation consisting of acei'ate and (or) spinulate andbihamate spicules in combination with a large quantity of sand, thelatter, however, not aggregated into definite fibres. With regard toClatliria tuberosa, though it diff'ers from other Clathrice in thisremarkable point, its spiculation is distinctly that of the genus towhich I propose to refer it.76. Clathria coppingeri.(Plate XL. figs. F, F' ; Plate XLII. figs, i, i' .)Erect, palmate, clathrous, groAving in only one plane. A fewmain branches are given off from the common base or rudimentarystem, each dividing furcately once or twice at acute angles ; theterminal branches are traceable to within about two thirds of thedistance from the base to the periphery of the sponge. All thebranches intimately united by a close reticulation, consisting of barsof sponge-substance, suboblong in transverse section, the longestdiameter being the antero-postcrior one, the anterior and posteriorsurface of the bars either flat or coming to an angle in front orbehind or on both aspects ; the surface of the sponge thus presentsa series of subquadrangular, polygonal, or suboval cells, havinga maximum diameter of 3 to 10 millim. Main branches suboblongin transverse section, the antero-posterior diameter being longerthan the lateral one : slightly marked by longitudinal furrows, theanterior and posterior faces flat or angular ; the branches (especiallythe larger ones) project above the level of the intermediatereticulation, owing to their superior antero-posterior thickness, whichattains a maximum of 20 millim., the lateral diameter a maximumof 10 millim. Surface of intermediate reticulation, sides of main

446 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.brandies, and the entire surface of smaller branches uneven andcovered with small deep vents, about "5 millim. in diameter and '5 to1 millim. apart. Texture of sponge in dry state and in spirit firm,the peripheral portions and the reticulation generally elastic, somewhatcompressible and flexible, like cork ; the main stems in drystate hard, woody ; reticulation and lesser brandies rather brittle.Surface between pits composed of an incrustation, which is whitishwhen dry, dull umber to pinkish in spirit ; colour of subjacent tissuepale brown in dry state, pinkish and subtransparent in spirit.Main skeleton irregular, consisting of a close reticulation ofjDrimary and secondary fibres, which are curved, and form roundedmeshes from -IS to -25 millim. wide ;primaries •044 to '07 millim.,secondaries about "035 millim. in diameter. Dermal skeletonformed of similar, rather narrower meshes ; fibres '053 to '07 millim.in diameter.Spicules: — (1) Smooth acuate, tapering gradually to sharp pointsand also to base, which is slightly narrower than middle of shaft ;size '2 by '015 millim. : in axis of fibres and projecting from ends ofprimaries. (2) Subspinulate acuate, slightly curved, tapering graduallyto sharp point ; head formed by a slight constriction just abovebase, which is microspined ; size '34 by -015 millim. : in axis ofand projecting from ends of primary fibres. (3) Smooth, straight,slender spinulate, with oval head slightly stouter than shaft, taperinggradually to sharp point; size -25 by "005 millim. to -15 by•0063 millim. : in the sarcode, especially at the surface (probablyyoung forms of 'No. 2). (4) Spined acuate, with slight constrictionjust above base, spined all over with small, sharp, straight spines ;size •Oil by '0003 : scattered, echinating the different fibres atright or acute angles. (5) E(]uianchorate, navicular, with slendershaft and slightly elongate palms with truncate proximal margins,as seen from in front ; -017 millim. long : abundant in sarcode.ffab. Albany Island, north coast of Australia, 3 to 8 fms. ;bottom sand and mud.A very fine dry specimen, 455 millim. (18:j inches) by 450millim. (18 inches) in extreme height and diameter respectively,together with a portion in spirit of what must have been also a largespecimen, represent this species. The rcmai'kable external charactersare not accompanied by any thing striking in the spiculation ;indeed this is remarkable, if for any thing, for its simplicity, theequianchorate being the onlj- flesh-spicule present. I have greatpleasure in associating with what is perhaps the finest new spongeof this collection, and the finest known species of its genus, thename of the indefatigable and successful collector who obtained it.77. Clathria reinwardti, var. subcylindrica.Clathria reinwardti, Vosm., Notes Hoy. Mus. Netherl. ii. p. 152.I have little doubt of the identity with Vosmaer's species of asponge which occurs abundantly in Torres Straits. The generalexternal resemblance to Axinella cannabina is very striking and the

—SPONGIIUA. 447specimens recall strongly, from their habit and size, the figure of thisspecies given by Esper (Pflanzcnth. ii. \A. xlv.), with which Yosmaer'sspecimen was at first erroneously identified.The following are the leading points in the external characters :The specimens are abundantly branched, the stems and branchesare cither roughly cylindrical below (usually flattened at theends), greatest diameter about 9 millim. in the cylindrical, 12 to14 millim. in the compressed parts. Anastomosis frequent, producedby lateral adhesion of branches, sometimes forming broadexpansions of sponge-substance. Surface entirely broken up by asystem of anastomosing, more or less sharp, usually jagged ridges,2 to 3 millim. high, often drawn up into prominent detached points.Texture in dry state subelastic, firm, harsh to touch. Maximumextent of largest specimen 180 millim. (7^ inches). Skeleton : indicationsof horny matter in fibres slight and infrequent ; fibres usuallywholly composed of the smooth skeleton-spicule, about 8 spiculesbroad, and sparingly echinated by the spined cylindrical form.Spicules : I cannot find any spinulates, those which Vosmaer describesare perhaps young forms of the smooth acuate ; nor do I findthe smooth cylindrical which he places Avithin brackets,(1) The skeleton smooth acuate, has a well-rounded head and tapersgradually to a sharp point ; size -25 by -0127 to -28 by -0095 millim,(2) Smooth acuate, occasionally echinating, measures -22 by•0127 millim.(3) The spined echinating cylindrical tapers to the smaller bluntend; the spines project directly outwards from the shaft and areabout equally distributed over the whole spicules ;size -070 by -OOGBmillim.(4) Equianchorate, -019 millim. long.Colour, in dry state, grey or very pale brown.Yosmaer's description being short and merely preliminary, 1 havethought it well to give the chief details (although I hope he willhimself figure or further describe his species) to obviate any futureuncertainty as to the identity of the present form.Hah. Thursday Island, Prince of AYules Channel, Torres Straits,3-7 fms. ; common.Distribution. Moluccas ( Vosmaer).Vosmaer states that his specimen is unbranched.Clathria reinwardti,Vosmaer, var. palmata.It is not surprising to find Clathria exhibiting individual variationin its external form of a character similar to that which occurs inthe nearly allied genus Echinonema. As in that genus the samespecies may be either cylindrical or semipalmate, so here. In thiscollection occur two specimens from one locality, which, though differinggreatly in form from each other, have the same colour, asurface of similar character, and agree closely in spiculation.The one arises from a stout, laterally compressed, short pedicle,and expands rapidly into a fan-shaped but rather thick expansion.

448 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.apparently partly formed by upgrowths from short stems placedbeside it, which, though now single, appears to have been originallycompound also ; one surface of this expansion is almost level, buthoneycombed densely with openings with rounded edges, varyingfrom 1 to 4 millira. iu diameter ; the other surface is broken up intoseven more or less pronounced vertical ridges, irregular and frequentlyinterrupted, 3 to 10 millim. in height ; this surface and itsridges are also strongly honeycombed, and between the openingsusually project points and ridges of sponge-tissue. It measures130 millim. (5g inches) in breath, 120 millim. (4^ inches) in height.The second specimen is strap-shaped, 24 to 30 millim. across, somewhatabruptly bent at one point, and terminated by two smaU lobes ;like the other specimen, one surface is comparatively level and ishoneycombed rather minutely (openings "3 to -5 millim. in diameter),while the other is rugose, from the presence of several demi-canals,about 2 to 4 millim. across, which run from the middle to the marginof the frond ; the surface between them is minutely honeycombed anddrawn up into a few sharp points and ridges. The colour is darkishgrey, varying to greenish iu both specimens. The spiculation isessentially that of the above-mentioned form of C. reinivardti, butthe skeleton smooth acuate is only '0003 to '0079 millim. in diameter,and the short, stouter, smooth acuate is wanting ; this slightdifference in spiculation appears to justify the separation of thisform under a distinct varietal name. It is perhaps as nearly relatedto the original form as the first-mentioned specimens. The remarkablefan-shaped specimen appears (having regard to the multiplecharacter of its base) to be made up of several " persons " whichhave united to form a single symmetrical-frond.Ilab. Bird Island, N.E. Australia, coral-reef.78. Clathria frondifera.(Plate XLII. fig. i ; and Part II. of this Ileport, Plate LIII. fig. J.)Halichondria frondifera, Boiverbcuik, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 2S8.Amphilectus froudifer, Vosmaer, Notes Roy. Mus. Netherl. ii. p. 115.A very common species, especially in Torres Straits. At firstI was inclined to separate the specimens from Bowerbank'sspecies on account of the greater development of ceratinous substanceinvesting the lines of skeleton-spicules. In the Australianspecimens this occupies from half to two thirds of the diameter ofthe fibres, while in the type specimen from the Straits of Malaccaits place is often almost entirely taken by spicules, and extends tohalf the diameter of the fibre only in some cases. The consistencyof the sponge is hence much tougher and more elastic in theAustralian specimens. The main skeleton-spicules are much stouterin the Malacca specimens.Dr. Bowerbank has omitted to describe a very fine tricurvate fleshspiculowhich occurs both in his specimens and in the present ones.His description is also misleading in not stating, what his own typespecimen satisfactorily exhibits, and what the Australian examples

8P0NGIIDA. 449show to greater advantage, that the stag's-horn-like branches anastomoseand inosculate very freely with each other, forming a numberof deep angular cells, open above and below, and more or less at thesides also, owing to the fenestne left between the branches. TheAustralian specimens mostly exceed Bowerbank's type in theirdimensions: the largest measures 110 millim. (4|^ inches) by 115millim. (44- inches) in extreme height and breadth respectively ; it isformed of three main lobes which arise from a common base andunite towards the summit of the sponge.The measurements of the spicules are given, as Bowerbank hftsnot figured them :—

;;;450 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.79. Rhaphidophlus arbor escens, (Plate XL. fig. LPlate XLII. tigs. «, n .)Sponge stipitate, mucli branched, bush-like ; branches angularrather than cylindrical ; surface nodular, connected by frequenthorizontal trabeculaj at right angles to the erect branches. Theaverage diameter of the stem and its branches is 4-5 millim. Thecortical incrustation of spicules consists of a layer about '5 millim.thick, the outer part of which consists of loose fascicles of thesmooth spinulate spicule, with the pointed ends placed outermostthe spicules are closely approximated to each other below thesurface, between the intermarginal canals, but their distal endsdiverge and spread out somewhat at the surface, and betweenthem appear to be placed the pores ; the intermarginal canals,as stated, lie between the bases of these fascicles. The deeperpart of this layer consists of Halichondrioid spiculo-fibre, about 6-8spicules broad, with small roundish or polygonal meshes, which seemto have enclosed small canals (probably the afferent canals leadingfrom the intermarginal cavities to the ciliated chambers). Nohorny matter is to be seen in this part of the skeleton, the extremefragility of which forbids the idea that any such occurs here [onthe contrary, the compressibility and readiness with which thespicules and fibres must be able to move upon each other in life,owing to the manner of their aggregation, point to a probable greatpower of contractility and expansion in the dermal membrane, withimportant consequences to the pores, intermarginal cavities, andinhalent canals which it contains ; and I should anticipate that goodspirit-specimens would show the strong development here of musclecells,such as has been shown by Prof. Sollas in Tetilla (Ann. &Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 155)]. The fibres of the skeleton are irregular; their course is winding, and the distinction between primaryand secondary fibres not clear, except at the surface ; here the endsof the primary fibres, which stand out for some distance bej'ond thegeneral reticulum and support the dermal crust, are absolutely concealedby the enormous abundance of points of the spined spiculeswhich project :— from them.Spicules (1) Slightly spinulate, smooth acuate, -34 by -0063(2) Spined acuate, slightly constricted basally, -08 by -0044(3) Delicate equianchorate, palms proximally square, -012 millim.long.Hah. Friday Island, Torres Straits.The specimen, which is dry, measures 125 millim. (5 inches) inheight and 60 miUim. (2^ inches) in maximum diameter.Vosmaer's ClatJiria ulmns (Notes Hoy. Mus. Netherl. ii. p. 151)resembles this species, but is stated to have a bihamate fleshspicule,and no dermal crust is described. The species differs fromR. cratitiiis, Esper, in the well-branched habit and in minor points in

;SPONGIIBA. 451the proportions of the spicule. Ehlers (Espersch. Spoug.) assignsa bihamate to that species *.80. Ehaphidophlus procerus. (Plate XXXIX. fig. KPlate XLII. figs, o-o" .)Erect, cylindrical, or very slightly compressed. Stem tapering toa point above, commencing with a cylindrical approximately smoothbasal portion, about millim. in diameter; it gradually increases indiameter towards the middle, where the antero-posterior diameteris 7, the lateral diameter 8 millim. ; the lateral surfaces show atendency to develop a succession of low upwardly-projecting eminences; the anterior and posterior surfaces of this (middle) divisionof the sponge are covered with closely-set rounded papillse, 1-2millim. apart, 1 millim. broad by '5 to 1 millim. high ; the upperfourth tapers gradually to the apex and is approximately smooth,the papillae of the median part becoming gradually obsolete here.No true branches (only two small cylindrical processes on oneside close together, near the middle). Base formed by severalbranched roots, 3 to 5 millim. in diameter. Surface smooth betweenand over eminences, compact, soft and velvet-like to the touch ; novents visible to the naked eye. Texture in spirit firm, very slightlycompressible, flexible, very tough ; colour pale grey.Main skeleton consisting of a close network of amber-colouredhorny or dull subopaque yellow horny sarcodic fibre, the primarylines of which are about "2 millim. apart and are placed verticallyto the surface, the secondaries also about "2 millim apart, crossingthe intervals between the primaries at approximately right angles ;to the fibres are attached by their bases large numbers of the largersmooth spinulate spicule, whose points project outwards and upwardsat acute angles to the fibre. Dermal skeleton formed of a singlethickness of distinct, but overlapping, dense tufts of the smallersmooth spinulate spicule, one or more of the spined acuate spiculesoccupying the centre of each tuft ; the spicid.es are attached bytheir blunt ends, and the points radiate outwards over the dermis.Sarcode pale yellowish brown, somewhat granular.Spicules :—(1) Smooth spinulate ; head distinct, suboval, rathernarrower than middle of shaft ; shaft tapering gradually to sharppoint from about middle; size "36 by '0127 millim: in fibre ofmain skeleton. (2) As (1), but measuring •28 by '0079 millim.;forming tufts in dermis. (3) Spined acuate, with well-rounded, undilatedbase, tapering to sharp point from base ; spines usuallyabsent from the apex and just above base, stout, sharp, those ofmedian portion of spicule more or less recurvate towards base ; size•11 by '0127: in centre of dermal tufts and sparingly in main-skeleton* Spongia cactiformis, Lamarck (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 440), is also aEhaphidophlus, differing from R. arborcscens, so far as the material at my dieposalshows, mainly in the non-spinulation of the smooth acuate.2g2

—;452 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAXE.SIA.fibre. (4) Equianchorate ; navicular, shaft almost straight, pointedat each end ; length "OIG-'OIS millim.Hah. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand, mud, and shells.The above diagnosis is based on a large specimen. A smallspecimen (which is perhaps the apes of a larger one), 36 millim.high, also occurs from the same place and same depth, differingfrom it in having no perceptible horny fibre, in being, in consequence,soft and fiaccid, and in having the spined acuate confined to acentral axis which contains a large quantity of sand ; it is probablyidentical with the large specimen, its diff'erences being partly individual,partly due to youth ; it contains the parasite Spongiophagus,Carter. This very fine species appears to be referable toRliaplikloplilus by possessing a distinct dermal crust composed mainlyof smooth spinulate spicules with their points projected outwards,but adds to this the presence in this crust of the spined echinatingspicules, a feature in which it resembles Dlrrhopalum. The crustis thin, but appears to represent the correspondingly situated structurein R. cratitius, Esper (Ehlers). Its root-like base recalls thehorizontal meshwork figured by Esper, and here, as there, the erectportion appears to have no real tendency to form branches ; but,besides the differences in the dermis, the skeleton and echinatingspicules are both much longer than in the type and hitherto onlyrecognized species of the genus. The height of the perfect andwell-preserved spirit-specimen is 470 millim. (18^ inches). Thearborescent form, the strongly horny fibre, the slenderness of theskeletal and echinating spicules, the replacement of the spinulatefor the most part by the spined acuate in the main-skeleton fibre,and the thickness of the dermal crust, distinguish R. arborescens fromR, procerus.81. RhaphidopMus, sp.The following appears to be distinct from all known species ofthe genus, but more material is necessary for full description :A small dry specimen of subramose cylindrical growth, 45 millim.long by 12 millim. in greatest diameter, the surface proliferatinginto ridges and processes 2-3 millim. high, giving it a fiocculentappearance. Colour pale dusky brown. Skeleton UTCgularly rectangularin arrangement ; spicules united in the fibre by a smallamount of very pale horny substance, which is only occasionallyseen outside the spicules ;primary fibres about 8 to 10, secondary6 to 8 spicules broad. Dermal skeleton a single layer of smoothsubspinulates in tufts radiating outwards.Spicules :—(1) Smooth acuate, tapering gradually to sharp pointsize -23 by -0095 to -0127 millim. : in fibre. (2) Smooth subspinulate,forming dermal layer ; head very slight, larger than shafttapering gradually to sharp point ; size -25 by '0095 to -0127 millim,(3) Spined cylindrical, tapering gradually from well-rounded, veryslightly dilated base to rounded apex, which is about one thirdthe diameter of the base; spines prominent, sharp, distal ones

SPONGIIDA. 453strongly recurvate ; size of spicule '07 by -0095 millim. : veryabundant on the fibre. (4) Navicular equianchorate of sarcode,shaft slender, almost straight ; length of spicule 'OlS millim.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms.Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 544.ACARNUS.Acarnia is used as a generic name in an earlier part (torn.cit. p. 515) of the same paper as that in which Dr. Gray describedAcarnus; but it has not come into general use, otherwise theessential agreement in form between the two words would necessitatethe suppression, on that ground, of the later one. A carefulcomparison of the grapucl-spicule, which characterizes the genus,with the spined cyliudricals of Clathria and EcliinoclicUjum showsthat the affinity of the sponge is with these genera rather than withthe "Tethyadaj" of Dr. Gray, as held by him, or with the " Espcriadse,"as supposed by Mr. Carter (Ann. & Mag. Xat. Hist. 1871, vii. p. 274).A. innominatus. Gray* (I. c), besides the remarkable 4-hookedgrapnel-like spicule and the acuato (not cylindrical, as stated byGray, I.e.) form wbich characterize the main skeleton, possesses—as Ihave been able to ascertain by an examination of a mounting madeby Dr. Bowerbank, who was the first to figure and describe thesespicules (Mon. Brit. Spong. i. figs. 73-76, 292), which Dr. Gray afterwardsembodied in his description of the species—also a tricurvate(figured by Bowerbank) and an equianchorate flesh-spicule ; theformer about "13 by '0042 millim. in dimensions, the latter •OK) to•024 millim. long ; also a tibiella, measuring about '28 by -0045(shaft) or -0063 (head) millim.82. Acarnus ternatus. (Plate XLII. figs. 6, b'.)From a mounting which the Museum owes to the liberality of Dr.John Millar, and from the spirit-specimen inthe present collection,we learn that in this new species the acuate spicules are imbeddedin a reticulate horny skeleton of a pale salmon-red colour, and not,as usual, yellow. The grapnel has but three hooks, and the tibiellaThe other spicules agree withhas the shaft only -003 millim. thick.those of A. innominatus. The largest of the present specimens isabout 65 by 25 millim. (2| inches by 1 inch), and forms a clathrousstructure of round soft anastomosing trabeculoe which are about3 millim. in diameter. Colour in spirit reddish brown. Severalspecimens occur in the present collection.Hab. West Island and Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits,7 fms. ; bottom sand and coral.Distribution. Bombay? (coll. Brit. Mus.).* Mr. Carter gives reasons (l. c.) for bis supposition that the West Indiesare the home of this species; the specimen, however, to which he appeals insupport of this view, viz. that attached to the base of a specimen of the West-

—454 COLLECTIONS FROM MELAHESIA,ECHINODICTYUM.Echinodictyum, Ridlcfj, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xv. p. 493.Dictjocylindrus, Carter, pars, nee Boicerbanh.There can be no doubt that Schmidt is right in identifying his(Nardo's) genus Easpailia with Dictyocylindrus of Bowerbank, andin superseding the latter name on grounds of priority (the dates are,Nardo, 1833, Schmidt, 1862, Bowerbank, 1864). The spiculation,outward form, and skeleton-arrangement of the type species of thetwo genera (-K. vimiaalis, Schmidt, and B. liispidus, Montagu) agreeessentially, Bowerbank has placed in his genus, besides typicalRaspailuf, species of Axos {D. dentatus) and Axinella (D. sctosus).Carter has placed in the genus species (D. Ictciniatus and pylcei) of anerect branching habit, somewhat like some Kasjxtilice, but with aspiued cf/Iindrical instead of a spined aeuate echinating spicule, asin EcMnodictyum, which is thus further approximated to Raspailia.A slight enlargement of this genus, by admitting species which havethe setaceous aeuate, will, I believe, meet the requirements : it willthen be distinguished from Raspailia only by a more robust habitand by having the fibre exclusively composed of acerate spicules :EcHiNODiCTTrM, diagn. emend. Sponges erect, cup-shaped orramose. Skeleton formed of spicules united into distinct fibres.From the fibres project at right angles short, strongly spined,cylindrical spicules, tapering from their attached ends ; long,slender, smooth aeuate (single-pointed) spicules may also be insertedupon the fibre, projecting from it at acute angles. Spicules composingfibre exclusively smooth, acerate (doubly pointed). Nospecial flesh-spicules.Distribution. Indo-Pacific region.Echinonema vasiplicatum, Carter, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, ix.p. 114, S.W. Australia, and iJictyocylindrus laciniatus and p?/^-a, id.,must be referred to this genus.83. EcMnodictyum bilamellatum.Spongia bilamellata, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 434.Echinodictyum bilamellatum, Ridley, Journ. Linn. 8oc., Zool. xv.p. 493, pi. xxviii. figs. 1-6.A dry specimen, very closely resembling in its external charactersthe one which I described {I. c.) from N.AV. Australia, but not so wellpreserved. It diff'ers somewhat from previously known specimensin the proportions, though not in the form, of its spicules, viz. :Larger acerate, about -35 by "018 millim.; smaller acerate, about•17 to -24 by '0095 millim. ; spined echinating cylindrical, -099 toIndian species Ectyon sjjarsus, appears to me to be specifically distinct both fromDr. Gray's and the present species for two reasons, viz. (1) the presence in itof a smaller grapnel-spicule with spined shaft ; and (2) the apparent absenceof the tibiella. I propose the name Acarnus cartcri for the West-Indian form.

;8P0NG1IDA. 455•11 by -0095 millim. ; and thus gives a wider range to the possiblevariation in the sizes of spicules within the limits of a species.The only locality hitherto known with certainty was N.W.Australia.Ilah. Port Curtis, Queensland (apparently from beach).Distribution. N.W. Australia (liidleij).Obs. This specimen most forcibly illustrates some remarks whichI published in the Journal ' of the Linnean Society ' (Zool. xv.p. 149), on the possible intrusion of extraneous spicules into sponges.The dermis contains, in fascicles and scattered, large numbers of aslender acuate form, which is wholly alien to the sponge, but whoseappearance and position are so natural that I found it difficult toestabhsh this fact. Ee-examination of the slide referred to by me(I.e. supra, p. 495) as representing a specimen of this species, probablyfrom Freemantle, !S.W. Australia, has satisfied me that it isnot referable to the species, but to one of those Ecliinodictya whichpossess fine acuate spicules in addition to the skeleton acerate (seeabove) ; the fine acuates M'ere at first regarded by me as adventitious.84. Echinodictyum costiferum. (Platb XLII. fig. r.)? Spongia costifera, Lamarck, Ann. Mtis. Hist, Nat. xx. p. 432.Normally probably turbinate, forming an open cup ; wall about 3to 8 millim, thick, undulating. Inner surface uneven, beset at intervalsof about 5 millim. with pointed monticular eminences, about3 millim. high ; outer surface proliferating into subdivided ridgelikeor monticular eminences, each beset with several sharp pointsthese eminences are about 5 to 8 millim. high. Surface betweeneminences on both sides cancellated and more or less cavernous indry state. Texture in dry state very harsh to touch, hard, brittle ;colour pale buff'-yellow. Main skeleton :—spiculo-fibre compact,no horny matter apparent, but surrounded by yellow sarcode ; allfibres echinated by the spined spicules ;consists of (i.) a longitudinalseries of stout branching fibres, -032 to -095 millim. thick, runningtowards the free edge of the sponge, and outwards into its surfaceeminences,where they form the sharp points referred to above, and(ii.) an intermediate network composed of meshes varying in shapefrom subrectangular (square or oblong) to oval and round, the anglesalways more or less rounded off, greatest diameter from •00 to•15 millim. ; the deeper fibres bear the slender acuate spicule(No. 2) laid along the surface or projecting at very acute anglesfrom it, sparingly. Dermal skeleton as main skeleton, but spiculeNo. 2 apparently absent.Spicules :—(1)Smooth acerate, slightly bent, tapering to more orless sharp points from about 3 to 5 diameters from ends ; size "22 to ^28by -0079 to.-0095 millim. : forms the skeleton- fibre. (2) Smoothacuate, with weU-rounded base, tapering gradually to fine pointsize ^44 by •005 millim, : on surface of deeper skeleton-fibres.(3) Spined cylindrical, tapering gradually from rounded base to therather coarsely spined free end ; spines distributed all over spicule,

;;456 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA,numerous, low, sharp, those of distal half recurvate towards basesize of spicule -1 to -14 by -0079 millirn.Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, from coral-reef.Both in its external form and in the structure of its fibre thisspecies much resembles E. hiJameUatum ; the form, however, is lessdefinite here, and the presence of the fine acuate effectually distinguishesthis species. Its turbinate form separates it from E. pyhei andlaciniatiim, and its rough outer and inner surface from E. vasiplicatum,although it agrees with these three in possessing the fineacuate spicule.The dry specimen which represents it is not completely turbinate,but forms about three fifths of an open cup, not stipitate, atany rate in its present condition. There is little doubt that whenfully grown it would be turbinate, as E. hihimeUatnm shows tracesof an originally non-cup-shaped condition (and ef. varieties ofPhacellia ventilabrum). The height is 50 millim. (2 inches), theextreme breadth of the cup 70 millim. (2| inches).85. EcMnodictyuin glomeratum. (Plate XL. fig. A ;Plate XLII. fig. p.)Erect, stipitate ; base spreading ; stem short, branching frequentlyat acute angles and in an arborescent manner. Branchesangular, more or less flattened, showing strong tendency to unite bytheir edges, forming a dense head, from which the rounded ends ofthe branches project to a short distance ; maximum diameter ofprimary bi'anches 7 to 10 millim., of terminal twigs 3 to 6 miJlim.Surface (in present dry state) even, but honeycombed by the spacesbetween the superficial skeleton-fibres ; these bear small inconspicuoussharp points, '25 to 1"0 millim. high, at intervals of about1-5 millim. Vents ? Texture in dry state harsh to touch, hard,incompressible, and almost inflexible ; colour probably dull pjirplein natu.ral state.Main skeleton composed of compact spiculo-fibre ; no horny matterapparent outside the spicules ; spicules about 10- to 12-serial ; arrangementnon-rectangular, the meshes rounded, and the primary andsecondary fibres not traceable as distinct fibres beyond one or twoconsecutive junction-nodes ; meshes -28 to "5 millim. in greatestwidth ; both primary and secondary fibres echiuated at right anglesby an abundance of the echinating spicule. Dermal skeleton composedof fibre similar in structure to that of skeleton, but rangingfrom 5 to about 20 spicules broad ; meshes rounded, from '25 toabout '7 millim. in width, echinated in same way as the primariesthe fibre composing the projecting vertical lines is similar in constitutionto that of the main skeleton. Sarcode pale yellow, transparentor purplish brown, subopaque.Spicules: — (1) Long setaceous acerate, sparse, echinating;smooth, tapering to sharp points ; size about 2*0 by '0127 millim.(2) Skeleton acerate smooth, slightly but rather suddenly bent in%\\G middle, tapering to sharp points from about two diameters from

—SPONGIIDA. 457each end ; size -19 by -0079 to -25 by -0095 millim. (3) Echinatingspined cylindrical ; base with slight globular inflation ; taperinggradually to blunt distal end ; spines short (the longest about •0016millim. long), thorn-like, sharp, shortest at apex, those of distalhalf more or less recurvate towards base, distributed equally overwhole of spicule; size of spicule '095 to '106 by '01 millim, (apexof spicule about '005 millim. thick).Hub. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms. ; bottom sand.A single dry specimen, 70 millim. (2| inches) high by GO millim.(2f inches) in greatest width. The arborescent growth distinguishesit at once from the turbinate E. bilamellatnm, vasiplicatumând costiferum, and the palmate, branched E. nervosum^ mihi(Lamarck), the only species hitherto recognized ; in fibre-structure itclosely resembles E. hilconellutian, although the spicules are somewhatsmaller. The much smaller smooth acuate and accrate distinguishesit from E. laciniatum and jii/hei.Echinodictyum glomeratum, var. subglobosum.Two dry specimens, consisting of an obsolescent stem, rising atonce into a globular clathrous or honeycombed head, formed byrapid branching at subacute angles and free anastomosis ; thebranches appear to end bluntly on the surface in rough points, atabout the same level (this, however, is perhaps partly due to abrasionon the shore). Texture rigid, harsh ; colour pale brown inmacerated, dark purplish in non-macerated specimen. Sjucules :(1) Long setaceous acuate, with well-rounded head, tapering to sharppoint; size about 2-0 by -00127 millim. : apparently echinating thebases of the primary fibres. (2) Smooth acerate of fibre, slightlycurved, tapering gradually to sharp points ; size "25 by -0085 millim,to '33 by -0127 millim. (3) Spined echinating cylindrical, withslightly indicated head and apex almost coming to a point ; spinesnumerous, fine, sharp, straight at middle, recurvate at distal end ofspicule; size '106 to -IG by "OOSS to -0095 millim. Skeleton-fibresstout, compact, almost straight, sometimes with yellow transparentmargins ; secondary fibres given off at right, or more usually acute,angles from primaries.Hub. Torres Straits, 5-10 fms, ; bottom sand and coral.A well-marked variety. The outward form and the almost pointedspined spicule distinguish this froni the typical form. One specimenmeasures 40 millim., the other 75 millim. (3 inches) in bothgreatest height and diameter.86. Echinodictyum cancellatum. (Plate XL. fig. D ;Plate XLII, fig. q.)? Spongia caucellata, Lamarck, Ann. Mas. Mist. Nat. xx. p, 456,The short description of Lamarck agrees so closely, so far as itgoes, with the external character of this sponge, that in default ofinformation as to the minute characters of the old species, I assign

458 COLLECTION'S FROM MELANESIA,the present form provisionally to that species, with which it agreesmuch better than the form which I named E. nervosum (Journ. Linn.Soc, Zool. XV. p. 496). As to the locality at which S. cancellatawas obtained, we have no more particular knowledge than that itwas obtained bj' MM. Peron and Lesueur. As these travellers seemto have collected, among other places, on the north coast of Australia,this fact supports, if any thing, the above view as to its identity withthe present species. In any case it will be best to describe the latterfully :—Erect, flabellato, clathrous. A short main stem gives riseto a clathrous reticulation lying in one plane, in which the originalbranches are only distinguishable near the base, lleticulation close,regular ; meshes oval, the longest diameter lying in direction oflong axis of sponge, about 10 by 5 millim. in average dimensions ;the meshes form deep cells, occasionally closed by a septum ofsponge-substance. The stem, branches, and the bars which completethe reticulation are oblong in transverse section, with roundedmargins ; hence the lateral surfaces are flat and the antero-posteriorones are rounded. Antero-posterior diameter of stem 32 millim.,lateral diameter 18 millim. ; antero-posterior diameter of the barswhich form the ultimate reticulation about 10 millim., lateral diameterabout G millim. A slight tendency to proliferation so as toform expansions parallel to the main plane of the sponge is shownby formation of a few meshes on the surfaces of the frond. Terminationsof branches either united by connecting bars or projectingslightly as rounded lobose ends. Surface in dry (macerated) statequite even, appearing minutely reticulate. Texture firm, that ofstem woody ; substance of branches and reticulation rather brittle,slightly compressible ; colour, in macerated condition, very paleyellow-brown.Main skeleton rectangular in arrangement; primary fibres only projectingfrom surface by the tuft of echinating spicules which terminatesthem, compact, about 8 to 10 spicules broad; distance betweenthem at surface about -4 millim. ; echinated sparsely in interior,abundantly near surface of sponge, with the echinating spicule :secondary fibres compact, about 3 to 6 spicules broad, about•3 millim, apart, echinated abundantly with the echinating spicule.Dermal skeleton consisting of an irregular network with rectangularmeshes, the meshes generally not exceeding -55 millim. in diameter;fibre compact, about 10 spicules broad, well echinated with theechinating spicule. Horny uniting material occasionally distinguishableoutside fibre as a pale yellow transparent substance.Sarcode? (absent). Spicules:—(1) Skeleton acerate, smooth, slightlycurved, tapering to sharp points from within about four diameters ofthe ends ; size '22 by '0127 millim. (2) Echinating cylindrical,epined ; both ends well rounded ; spicule tapering slightly frombase to apex ; the apex about half the diameter of the base ; spinesdistributed all over the spicule, rather more abundantly at baseand near apex than elsewhere ; those of the proximal half or onethird of the spicule rather small, straight, sharp, the remainderlonger, curved towards base ; size of spicule -15 by "01 millim. : scat-

;;sroNGiiDA. 459tered over surface of fibres, and aggregated into tufts at the ends ofthe primary fibres.Hah. Warrior lieef, Torres Straits (apparently from beach).A single dry specimen ; extreme height 410 millim. (16t inches),extreme diameter 480 millim. (I'JA inches). This species resemblesE. bilamellatum in the regularity of its skeleton and the compactnessof its fibre. In outward appearance in the macerated condition,however, it has more the aspect of the Arabian form nervosum ;but in this species the frond is only incipicntly reticulate and thebranches are much stouter. It diff'ers markedly from both in thegreat length of the echiuating spicule, almost half as long again asin those species.87. Raspailia bifurcata. (Plate XL. fig. JPlate XLII. figs. I, I'.)Erect, arborescent ; stem short, 3-4 millim. thick, branching dichotomouslyand frequently, in planes usually at right angles toeach other and at angles of 30° to 40^; terminal branches pointed,tapering to points from a thickness at origin of 1 to 1*25 millim.Stem and branches approximately cylindrical. Surface minutelyhispid with sliarp filiform points, abotit "3 millim. high and the samedistance apart. Texture (in spirit) of stem and branches hard,woody, that of the tips of terminal branches soft and flexiblecolour of stem and lower branches purple, of terminal branches"white. Main skeleton composed of longitudinally arranged, subparallelloose bundles of the long acuates, accompanied l)y about thesame amount of the acerate, covered and united by a considerableamount of pale purple tenacious material ; the bundles anastomosefreely by convergence at small angles ; diameter ranging from about•28 millim. in stem to -05 millim. in tips of branches ; surfacesparsely covered by the spined acuate scattered over it. Xo distinctdermis ; the surface is eehinated at right angles by tufts, each composedof one or more long acuates : spicules projecting from a conicalmass of purple tenacious substance. Sarcode very pale purphsh,transparent. Spicules :—(1) Skeleton acuate, smooth, base wellrounded, tapering gradually to sharp points (more rapidly near end);size about 1-2 by -0127 millim. (2) Skeleton acerate, smooth,slightly curved, tapering to sharp points from about six diametersfrom ends ;size about '5 to -7 by -0095 millim. (3) Echinatingacuate of dermal tufts, as (1), but measuring -022 millim. in thickness.(4) Spined cylindrical, tapering gradually from well-roundedbase to blunt distal end, thickly and equably spined ; spines fine,sharp, those of distal part of spicule recurvate ; size -09 by '0079.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms. ; bottom,shells and sand.The specimen on which the species is based is 53 millim. (2 inches)high and 24 millim. across. The species much resembles DictijocyUndruspikei, Carter, from Mauritius, in form, but, as we haveseen, that species is referable to Echinodicti/uin.

;460 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.The general form, the large development of acuate spicules, andthe echination by the long acuate spicules ally the species moreclosely to RaspaiUa (Bicti/oc)/Undnis) than to EcMnoclictijum ; thecylindrical form of the spined spicule agrees with the latter genusbut the share taken by the acuate spicule in the formation of thefibre is conclusive as to its belonging to RaspaiUa.Subgenus Syeingella, Schmidt.In the description, in the Spong.Kiiste Algier., at p. 10, of a speciesfrom Algiers, named by him RaspaiUa syriiir/ella, Prof. Schmidt saysthat it diverges remarkably from the type of RaspaiUa, having butone form of spicule (spinulate) and (in the case of one specimen) awell-marked vent ; he does not definitely form a new genus to containit, but suggests that if the two characters referred to should,with further material, prove constant, a genus should be formedfor the species, and named Syringella. Fresh material has nowappeared, from which I describe the two following species. Althoughthe spicular character of Schmidt's species is (essentially) reproducedin them, that of the presence of a vent is not ; therefore, although Iconsider the group for which Prof. Schmidt provisionally proposedthe name Si/rinr/ella to be of suhgeneric value, I do not feel justifiedin separating it generically from RaspaiUa. The group may bedefined as differing from RaspaiUa in the absence of the spinedacuate spicule. In the following species the skeleton-spicule hasusually lost the head, which R. syringella retains well developed.It is interesting to find this suhgeneric type so widely distributed.88. RaspaiUa (Syringella) australiensis.(Plate XLII. figs. m,m'.)Erect, unbranched, consisting of a single, slender, cylindricalcolumn, tapering very gradually from about two thirds of theheight to the base on the one hand and to the rounded freeextremity on the other ; diameter at base and summit about halfthat of the thickest portion of the stem. Surface in spirit semigelatinousin appearance under lens, and minutely pilose and velvetlike; it is corrugated by closely set, irregularly interrupted, longitudinalridges. The sponge is, as a whole, tough and elastic ; thecorrugated superficial layer loose and fragile, its greatest thicknessabout 1 raillim. Colour in spirit dirty white. The stem is formedby a dense flexible rod of a dull yellow colour and smooth surface.Vents not perceptible to naked eye or lens. Skeleton of axis consistingof a close network of tracts of skeleton-spicules, the tractsmostly arranged longitudinally, and connected by smaller tracts setat oblique angles to them (as in Axinella, Schmidt, but much closertogether) ; tracts often confluent, at most only -15 milHm. apart ; nosoft substance is apparent uniting the spicules. Skeleton of corticalsoft layer consisting of fascicles of skeleton - spicules, radiating

spoNGiroA. 461horizontally from the axis, about '4 millim. apart, each about 10 to20 spicules broad ; the spicules appear to be simply imbedded inthe dense, dull yellow sarcode which forms the chief part of thecortex, and they project about '4 millim,, diverging somewhat,from its surface. Sarcode dull yellow, subtransparent, no distinctgranules visible. Spicules :—(1) Skeleton acuate, long and slender,tapering gradually to basal rounded end from about ten diametersfrom base, and very gradually to the sharp point (the basal portionis thus little more than half the maximum diameter of the spicule) ;size about "7 by "013 millim. (2) Smaller acuate ; as (1), but sizeabout '5 by '004 millim.Hah. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand and mud.This fine species is represented by two good specimens in spirit,of which the largest measures 160 millim. (6| inches) in height by4 millim. in greatest thickness. Near the base the axis is verytough, and consists almost entirely of continuous colourless or paleamber horny matter and of the imbedded spicules. As the skeletonspiculesare simply acuate, not spinulate, the distinction between thisspecies and li. siji-inr/eUa is seen to be well marked.89. Raspailia (Syringella) clathrata.(Plate XLI. fig. F.)Erect, branched approximately in one plane ; mode of branchingessentially dichotomous, at angles of about 45°, anastomosis frequent.Stem rudely cylindrical, 5 millim. in greatest diameter ; branchesflattened out laterally, lateral margins sharp ; lateral diameter oflargest branches 5 millim., of terminal branches 1 to 1-5 miUim. Novents observed. Surface, in spirit, covered with low obsolescentridges, running into each other. Texture of branches in spirit tough,elastic ; the terminal branches compressible, the larger ones hard,the stem almost rigid ; colour pale dirty grey.Skeleton consisting of the skeleton- spicule traversing longitudinallythe branches and stem, about equally distributed throughout theirthickness, and of horizontal bundles of the same radiating towardsthe surface, about 3 or 4 bundles in the circumference, about 10-12spicules broad. No distinct dermis. Sarcode pale yellow, subtransparent.In the base the reticulum of spiculo-fibre is backed by somehorizontal (circular) horny fibres, amber-yellow, "9 millim. and upwardsin thickness ; the bases of the radiating tufts and the generalreticulum of spicules is more or less sheathed in horny fibre (whichis quite pale in this place). Spicules smooth acuate, with wellroundedheads, tapering gradually to fine points ; size about "6by 'Oil millim. in the horizontal bundles, from •& by -0032 to "Gby -0095 millim. in the longitudinal series.Hab. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand.The specimen which furnishes the above description is lOSmiUim.(4| inches) high and 80 millim. (3i inches) across the broadest part.It is remarkable for having several small stones and shells attachedto some of the outer branches, which perhaps indicates that the

462 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.frond, though only curved somewhat to one side in the plane ofexpansion, was in life decumbent, so that the terminal brancheswere then in contact with the sea-bottom. The species differs fromR. australlensis in the branching and anastomosing habit and theflattened knife-edged branches, and in having the longitudinallyarranged spicules not confined to the axis, but extending to thecortex. From R. syringella, Schmidt, it also differs in its growth(though Schmidt mentions that the branches of R. sj/ringella sometimesunite) and in the absence of heads to the acuate spicules.AXINELLID^.Axinellida, Carter, An7i. ^ Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 133.This family differs from the Ectyonida) in the much greaterimportance of size of spicule as a factor of specific distinction. Therelations of the two families, however, require readjustment onmore satisfactory bases than at present.90. Axinella echidnsea. (Plate XLIII. fig. a.)? Spongia echidnaja, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 448.It seems likely that this will prove to be Lamarck's species.That author refers (?. c.) to Seba (Thesaurus, iii. pi. xcix. fig. 7) inillustration of his sponge. This figure has a strong resemblance tothe present species, but does not show the same tendency to lateraljunction between the branches, and has most of the latter somewhatenlarged at the tips, whereas in these specimens they usually, thoughnot invariably, are either of about the same diameter throughoutor else taper to points. The dark reddish-brown colour of thesespecimens and the peculiar echination of their surface by angularwedge- or knife-shape processes about 2 to 4 millim. high, projectingoutwards and somewhat upwards, are decidedly indicated in thefigure. In texture the specimens are tough, elastic, harsh to thetouch in the dry state ; the surface- processes are flexible, almostsoft, in spirit. In structure it is a true Axinella, and thus doesnot support Lamarck's surmise that it might be identical withSpongia muricata of Esper (Pallas, sp.), which is Tricentrium muricatumof Ehlers. The main skeleton exhibits the usual longitudinallyelongated meshes of loose spiculo-fibre, which in the stem iscomposed in part of a transparent and almost colourless horny unitingmaterial, which seems to be wanting in the surface-tufts ; distancebetween longitudinal lines of axis "07 to "1 millim. Surface coveredwith a fuscous-brown subopaque pigment, which penetrates to aslight distance below. Sarcode transparent, almost colourless, verypale reddish brown. Spicules :—(1) Smooth, slightly curved acerate,tapering gradually to sharp points, or more or less blunted atone or both ends ; size -3 by '0095 to -44 by •0127 millim. : these

;SPONGIIDA, 463forms compose the main bulk of the skeleton. (2) Long smoothacuate, generally slightly curved, tai")cring gradually to a lino pointsize about 1-1 by -0127 millim. : forming part of longitudinalskoletou-lines of surface-tufts.Hah. Thursday Island and Prince of Wales Channel, TorresStraits, 4-7 fms.Distrihuiion. " African coasts ? " (^Lamarck).As pointed out in speaking of the characters of the ends of thebranches, this form shows considerable variability : as a rule thespecimens are chiefly branched in one plane (fan-like), but in twospecimens branches project from both faces, but they then tend toform fan-shaped fronds parallel to the main frond. The largestspecimen measures 160 millim. (6| inches) high by 160 millim.wide ; the average maximum diameter of the distinct branches(which are cylindrical or somewhat compressed), not that of thel3roade8t but obviously compound branches (which occur commonly),is about 10-12 millim. Five specimens occurred.91. Acanthella, sp.Externally resembling Spongia cardims, Lamarck (Ann. Mus.Hist. Nat. XX. p. 381). When guided by the description alone,1 had referred the present specimen to this species with more confidencethan usual ; but on mounting sections of the probable typespecimen at Paris, I saw that it was a different species. Thepoints in which the description does not quite suit this form are" pedicule cylindrace, tres-dur," the stem having apparently beenflatfish, and, though stiff", not inflexible ; and " coulour d'un blancgrisatre," whereas this (in spirit) is flesh- colour. The ridges runlongitudinally up and down the sponge, and are 1 to 3 millim. high,and their free edge is beset with sharp (in spirit flexible) points atintervals of one or two millimetres. Texture tough and flexible,substance compact, surface between inequalities glabrous. It is atrue Acanthella. The spiculation is as follows :—(1) Smooth acuate,slightly curved, tapering gradually to sharp point, about -4 to '6millim. by -0095 millim. (2) Smooth undulating cylindrical withrounded ends, length about -7 millim., diameter just •0063 millim.The species differs from the Adriatic forms A. acuta and obtusa,Schmidt, in the broad explanate form and in the smaller size ofthe spicules, the cylindrical being much shorter and thinner, theacuate much shorter than in those species. The skeleton formsa loose-fibred AxineUa-likG network of spicules, imbedded in adense, transparent, almost colourless mass of caoutchouc-like consistency,containing nucleoid bodies about -007 to '008 miUim. indiameter.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms.A single specimen in spirit, 35 miUim. (If inch) high by 29miUim. across.

.colour;464 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.LEUCOPHL(EUS.Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. II. 1883, xii. p. 323.92. Leucophloeus fenestratus. (Tlate XLII. fig. s.)Massive, suberect, terminating above in thin edges, on each,sideof which open wide pouch-like vent-cavities, which also open to thosurface laterally by rounded apertures. Surface minutely undulating,but glabrous. Texture in spirit rather tough, compressible, softdull greyish brown. Main skeleton composed of irregular, veryloose tracts of spicules, 3 to 10 spicules broad, extending in variousdirections and lying at various angles ; the dermis is supportedby some closely set subvertical tracts of similar character lyingbetween the subcortical crypts. Dermal skeleton composed of veryloose and irregular tracts or aggregated masses of spicules intercrossingso as to form an almost continuous sheet, in the intervalsof which are placed the pores, Sarcode pale brown, subtransparent.Spicule smooth straight, or almost straight acuate, tapering graduallyfrom centre to moderately sharp point, and from centregradually to well-rounded undilated base, which has, however, onlyabout half the diameter of the centre of the shaft ; size of spicule•5 to -8 by -019 to -022 miUim.Hah. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. ; bottom sand and mud.The height of the single specimen is 38 millim., greatest diameter(at base) 20 millim. ; it forms an irregular, elongated i^yramid, withthe apex flattened out and somewhat twisted. In size and shapeof the spicules the species resembles Ihjinenkicidon crustula. Bowerbank(Mon. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 185), from the British Seas, which is,however, massive or mammillated and, owing to the inferior diameter(•012 millim.) of the spicule, shows the slenderness of the basal endmuch less distinctly. It is nearly related to L. massalis, Carter(I. c), from ^y. Australia, but is darker in colour, is less distinctlypenicillate, and has the spicule rather larger.Leucophloeus fenestratus, var.(Plate XLIII. fig. g.)A dry, upright, flattened specimen, which has grown around aHydroid bush, appears closely allied to the above species. It appearsto have formed part of a long wall-liko mass,' 70 millim. (2^ inches)high and 15-20 millim. thick. Like it, it is surmounted Ijy pyramidalprocesses, and is traversed from the upper surface downwardsby large cloacal spaces. Colour white, with a tinge of green. Thespicules differ from those of the tjqiical form in measuring•9 by '032 millim. : as, however, a small series of specimens of thisspecies from the western part of the Indian Ocean (see Part II.of this work) includes within itself as great a variation in thisrespect as is shown by these two Australian specimens, I do notassign distinct varietal names to these two, at first sight, verydistinct Australian specimens,Hab. Arafura Sea, 32-36 fms. ; bottom sand, mud, and shells.

;8P0NGIIBA. 465SUBERITID^.Suberitida, Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 133.No strikingly new form occurs in this group. It is remarkablethat from so large an Australian collection Tethi/a is altogetherabsent, though Dr. Bowerbank long since showed that it is wellestablished in these seas.93. Suljerites carnosus.Halichondria carnosa, Johnston, Brit. Spong. p. 146, pi. xiii. figa.7 &8.Two specimens undistinguishable from British specimens of thiscommon species. Mr. Carter has recorded its occurrence at KerguelenIsland (Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 287). The present specimensare greenish white in spirit and irregularly lobate in shapeone appears to have been attached by the base, the others tohave been quite unattached. The spicules have a suboval head,the free end projecting slightly beyond the actual enlargementof the head, and measure '28 to '57 by "0063 millim. (the spiculesof the Johnstonian type measure '45 by '0063 miUim., andhave a similarly formed head). The arrangement of the skeletonfasciclesis also closely similar, the greater distance between themin the present specimens being probably due to the more naturalconditions retained by preservation in spirit.Hah, Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Distribution.British Islands (Boiverbank).94. Suherites epiphytum.Alcyonium epiphytum, Lamarck, Mem. Mtis. Hist. Nat. i. p. 163.Lamarck's species, as I have ascertained from the original specimenin the Museum at the Jardin des Plantes, is a Suberites coatinga fucus with a thin lamina of sponge (in which are imbedded anumber of spinulate spicules whose heads rest for the most partalmost directly on the supporting fucus, while their points projectfreely to the exterior). There is no flesh-spicule. The spinulateskeleton-spicule is generally curved, and gradually tapers to a sharppoint ; the head is transversely elongated, the side at which it isattached to the shaft being flat, and the free end curved, but moregradually than the lateral parts (in fact the shape is nearly that ofthe head of the spicule of Caidosponyia., Kent, which Mr. Carter hasgraphically compared to a door-handle) ; the head is not unfrequentlysurmounted by a slight prominence (marking the abortedsecond ray, if the spinulate spicule is to be regarded as a uniaxial,biradiate spicule, with one ray aborted). In the type specimenthere is some dark granular matter between the spicules. The2ii

466 COLLECTIONS PROM MELANESIA.spirit-specimen in the present collection is in reality entirely incrusting,though apparently in part erect and cylindrical, owing to itsgrowing along the stem of a Tubularian Hydroid, which is plantedon the back of the crab on which the sponge-growth commenced.In the thicker parts of the sponge the s])icules form long tracts,about 6 spicules in breadth, connected by interdigitation, or byloose, irregularly crossing spicular tracts. The sarcode is subtransparent,somewhat granular, diffusely stained of a reddish-browncolour. The spicules in both the type and the present specimenmeasure about '25 milhm. in length by "0063 millim. in thediameter of the shaft.Hah. Port Curtis, Queensland, 7 fms.Distrihution. " Probably the seas of America " (LamarcJc).HYMENIACIDON.Botverbank, Mon. Brit. Spong. i. p. 191.It appears to me that Bowerbank's genus should be retained forthose sponges with spiculo-fibrous skeleton without horny matter,but in which primary lines are distinguishable, breaking up at thesurface and more or less within the sponge into tufts (thus formingtracts which represent the secondary fibres of llenieridiB), and inwhich there is but one form of spicule, a slender skeleton acuatewith or without indications of incipient spinulation. Such are thecharacters derived from H. canincida, Bowerbank, the specieswhich that author (I. c.) has named as the type of his genus. Itdiffers from Suberites in the absence of distinct spinulation of theskeleton-spicule. Schmidt refers this sponge to Amorphina (Spong.Atl. Geb. p. 76), although he assigns in his diagnosis {op. cit.p. 40) acerate spicules to that genus, which belongs to the familyRenicridfe, whereas Hymeniacidon s. str. is decidedly a Suberitid,closely allied to Stiberites.05. Hymeniacidon caruncula, Bowerhanl-.A broad, horizontally extended specimen from a crab's back ; itpresents a few short mamillfe on its free surface. The form of thespicules and arrangement of the skeleton are fully in accordancewith the type specimens of this British species. The spicules measure-23 to -29 by -0063 to -OOS millim. ; those of the type specimenfrom Tenby, -19 to -32 by -0063 to -008 millim.Ifah. Port Jackson, 5-7 fms.Distribidion.British seas (Bowerhanl-).96. Hymeniacidon agminata.(Plate XLI. fig. E ; Plate XLIII. figs. /, /.)Aggregations of erect, flexuous, more or less compressed stems,8 to 10 millim. in longest diameter, anastomosing; subdividing in a

SPONGIIDA. 467cymose manner into branches. Branches in part subcylindrical, inpart compressed like the stems, of same diameters as stems ; theydivide and subdivide and anastomose irregularly, and frequentlyterminate in short vermiform tips about 10 millim. long by 2 millim.thick. Surface of sponge even, smooth. Texture in spirit rathertough, but dough-like, somewhat elastic. Internal structure subcompact,excretory canals small. Vents small, few, oval, 1 millim.in greatest diameter, with thin collapsing margins ; near ends ofbranches. Colour in spirit pale greenish white.Main skeleton consisting, beneath surface, of very loose spiculartracts confusedly arranged ; at the surface they are set regularly atright angles to it, and are about 8 to 10 spicules broad, with intervalsof "07 to '14 millim. between the tracts. Dermal skeletonformed by the points of the vertical tracts just mentioned, which donot project from the surface, and by a single thin layer of spiculesscattered horizontally on the surface. Surcode very pale, transpareni'.Spicules smooth, subspinulate, straight or slightly curved ; headmerely a slight enlargement of shaft, only slightly larger thanadjacent part ; shaft tapering to sharp point from near base ; size2S by -0063 millim.Hub. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.A single spirit-specimen, 90 millim. (Sg inches) high, 55 millim.(2| inches) in diameter. This species recalls in colour and consistencySuherites carnosus, which, however, differs in its compact formand in the basal protuberance on the head of its spicule. Thehabit of growth is more that of Suherites antarcticus, C:;.rter(Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 350) ; but in that species thecolour is dark brown, and the spicule much larger and providedwith a large spherical head. It is near B. cartmcuJa, only the spiculesare of a rather smaller average size, and the head is sKghtlymore pronounced ; but the chief differences are the erect branchedgrowth as opposed to the horizontal, merely mammillated habit ofH. caruncula, and the pale whitish, not brown or yellow, colour.97. Hymeniacidon, ep.A small incrusting specimen of a dull dark crimson colour, inspirit; the margins glabrous, the centre of the surface roughenedby small conuli about -5 millim. high and '5 to 1 millim. apart.Primary skeleton-lines compact, about 10 spicules broad. Spiculessmooth acuate, tapering gradually to fine points ; size '16 to '22 by•0042 millim.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms.SPIRASTRELLA, Schmidt.In accordance with the rules of zoological nomenclature, thegeneric designation Suherites (Nardo) should be retained for thosespecies only which are generically identical with the type of Nardo'g2u 2

408 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA,genus. The first species, Suberites typus, Nardo, does not appear tohave been recognized by authors ; the nest is Alcyonium domunculaof Olivi, the Rpneniacidon suberea of Bowerbank, the spiculation ofwhich consists of a simple spinulate. Even if we include in the genusthe third species, Suberites Jlcus, Nardo (probably the HymeniacidonJicus of Bowerbank), which possesses, in addition to the spinulate, acylindrical flcsh-spicule with a central inflation, those free compactSuberitidae, with skeleton spinulate, whose flesh-spiculc is a modifiedstellate ("spinispirula,"' Carter), cannotbe admitted to the same fellowship,and Schmidt's genus SpirastreUa must receive all such. BesidesSpirastrella cunctatrix and vidua, Schmidt, Hymeniacidon angidafa,Bowerbank, Alcyonium purptireum, Lamarck, and several otherspecies enumerated by Mr. Carter in his valuable " List of Suberites "lately published (Ann, & Mag, N. H. 1882, ix, p, 349 and followingpages) must be included in the genus. To any one who has noticedthe practical identity in spiculation between typical S])irastrellce andnumerous species of Vioa (e. g, jolinstoni, Schmidt, and several describedby Hancock as Cliome), it must be a matter for seriousconsideration whether the boring habit and that general arrangementof their tissues which is expressed by Mr, Carter by the termLaxa, which he has applied to the group in which he places Cliona andVioa, are of sufficient importance to justify their being kept distinctfrom their non-boring allies, the SpirastreUce. To me it seems verypossible that they may some day be demonstrated to possess a freestate, corresponding to PainUina suberea, Schmidt {=^Bhaphyrusyriffithsii, Bowerbank), which Mr. Carter has found to be merelythe free condition of Vioa ( Cliona) celaia ; such a fi'ee state shouldbe carefully watched for,98, Spirastrella vagabunda. (Plate XLIII. figs, e, e.)" Suberites, ? sp. undesciibed. Trincomalee."* Carter, Ann. 8,- Mag.N. H. 1882, ix. p. 352.Massive, attached by broad base, tending to grow up into largenodular elevations, which may bear one or more vents. Generalsurface slightly verrucose (in spirit), more so in large dry specimens,smooth over and between inequalities of surface. Colour (in drystate) pale to dark yellowish brown, in spirit olive greenish brown.Vents of two kinds :—(1) At summit of the large elevations ofsurface, one or more (sometimes 5 to 8) on each ; opening level withsurface ; suboval in uncontracted state, 2 to 10 millim. in greatestdiameter, leading into wide and deep excretory canals, (2) Ongeneral surface of sponge, usually between the lesser inequalities ofthe surface, subcircular, with thickened margins, about -8 millim. inaverage diameter,* In the Trincomalee specimen described by Mr, Carter the vents are notplaced at the apices of the lobes of the sponge, the adult spicule is scarcelyspinulate at all, and measures only "0127 millim. in diameter, and the spinispirulseappear to be scarce. For these reasons it appears desirable to distinguishit under the name S. vagabunda, var. trincomaliensis.

;8P0NGIIDA.4G9lufcernal structure rendered cavernous by the wide canals of theexcretory system ; texture of internal structures moderately tough,luternal skeleton formed of trabeculas and sheet-like expansionssome larger trabecular formed of crossed skeleton-spicules strengthenedby dense sarcode proceed from the interior and support thecortex ; they are from --1 to -S millim. in diameter. A strong cortex,about -8 millim. thick, tough, formed chiefly by the skeleton-spiculesmuch intercrossed, and united by a somewhat dense, brownish, subtransparentsarcode (becoming less visible when the specimen isdried). Spicules:— (1) Skeleton spinulate, strong, slightly curved ;head oblong, almost oval ; shaft gradually diminishing to about twothirds of its full diameter towards head, and tapering gradually tosharp distal point ; average maximum size -6 by "02 millim. (2)Spiuispirular, delicate, composed of about three rather sharp bends,with about 4 to 8 rather blunt spines, -0021 millim. long, to eachbend ; shaft of equal diameter in all parts ; average maximum size•032 by -0016 millim. (exclusive of spines).Hnb. Thursday and West Islands, Torres Straits, 4-7 fms.bottom sand or coral.Distribution. Trincomalee (Carter); Galle coast, Ceylon (coll.Dr. Oiidaatje).Mus. Brit., ex coll.The external appearance of this fine species is more characteristicand constant than is usual in the Suberitidae. Mr. Carter hasshortly described it, but without name. The largest specimenknown to me is one brought by Dr. Ondaatje, Colonial Surgeon,from Ceylon, which measures 225 millim. by 13(J millim. (9 by 5inches), by GO millim. (2| inches) in greatest thickness ; it wasobtained at or near low-water mark.The species is nearly allied to Hymeniacidon angulata of Bowerbank(Madeira), but has a skeleton-spicule of twice the diameter ofthe spinulate found in that species.The spicules show no striking variation in size ; the length of thespinulate varies from -55 to '63 millim. in different specimens ; itsbreadth and the size of the flesh-spicule are almost constant.Colour. This is produced by a number of globular or suboval cellsof olive-green colour throughout, provided with a large nucleus of adarker colour ; they measure about -0095 millim. in diameter, andhave a well-defined outline ; they appear to be confined to thomesoderm.99. Spirastrella congenera. (Plate XLIII. figs, d, d'.)Massive, attached by broad base, tending to rise into pyramidal orcylindrical lobes, each terminated by the vent. General surfaceeven, smooth (in dry state). Colour (in dry state) pale fawn. Vent(in the single dry specimen) oval, 8 millim. in greatest diameter,leading deeply into the body of the sponge, the margin level withthe general surface (in the single specimen a tongue-like process,8 millim. high, stands at one side of it). Internal structure cavernous,with wide spaces ; texture of internal structures moderately touo'h.

470 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.Internal skeleton formed by a coarse network of loose spiculo-fibre,the subcortical ends of the fibres rising up so as to support thecortex. A strong cortex composed of a zone of chiefly subhorizontalskeleton-spicules united by sarcodic substance, and about -45 millim.in thickness.Spicules :—(1) Skeleton spinulate, very large, decidedly curved,tapering gradually to a sharp point ; head oval, shaft taperingslightly towards it, forming a decided but slight neck ; size '8by "035 millim. (2) Spinispirular, either delicate, long, composedof about three bends, which are gradual, so that no part of the wholespicule lies much out of the straight line ; size '05 to -OoG by -0016millim. ; or, rather stouter and shorter, with only two bends, size•032 by "0022 millim.; in either case about 10 spines to a bend;spines slender, sharp-pointed, '0022 to -0032 millim. long.Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms.The, unfortunately, single and dry specimen measures 35 millim.(1;? inch) high by 25 millim. (1 inch) in extreme breadth.The species has in the dry state the colour and much of theappearance of >S'. var/abiinda ; both forms of spicule, however, areconsiderably larger than in that form and the angulation of theflesh-spicule is less abrupt. It is, however, undoubtedly nearlyrelated to it.100, Spirastrella decumbens. (Plate XLIII. fig. c.)Incrusting, thin ('5 to 10 millim. thick). General surface level(except where affected by the inequalities of the substance to whichit is attached), glabrous. Colour in sjnrit grey, slightly tingedwith pink. Vents not made out with certainty. Texture toughand leathery. Internal structure very compact ; no large spacesseen, as a rule, in vertical sections. Sarcode dull greenish, subtransparent,coloured diffusely. Skeleton consisting of loose spiculartracts, about 6 to 10 spicules broad, running obliquely or at rightangles to the surface, and occasionally forming slight prominences,protected by the cortex, and of loose skeleton-spicules lying in alldirections between them. Cortex consisting of a layer, two or threespicules deep, of the flesh-spicule, lying in almost colourless sarcode.Spicules :—(1) Skeleton spinulate, slender, tapering very graduallyto a sharp point, and very gradually also to the head, below whichthe shaft forms a decided and well-defined neck ; head oval, ratherpointed at free end, of about the same diameter as the middle of theshaft, viz. '0095 millim. ; length of sincule "35 millim. (2) Spinispirular,moderately stout to stout, consisting of two bends, about12 spines to a bend ; spines strong, tapering from broad bases tosharp points, length about '0045 millim. ; length of spicule "025millim., thickness (excluding spines) '0032 to '0063 millim.Hab. Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms. (growing over a tubularRetejjora).This species appears to be more nearly allied in its spiculation toS. {Alcyonium) purpurea, Lamarck, than to any other Indo-Pacificspecies, but it differs from it in wanting the magnificent crimson colour

—SPONGIIDA. 471of that form, in its incrusting habit (purpurea being massive), inthe inferior diameter of the shaft of the spinulate and the superiorlength of the spinispirular spicule (in p>urpurea these dimensionsare respectively "OlS and '016 raillim.), the latter usually consistingin purpurea of only one to one and a half bends.The single spirit-specimen measures 32 millim. {\\ inch) inheight by 30 millim. in longest diameter, by 10 millim. (g inch)in greatest thickness.TETRA CTINELLIDA.The family Lithistidce is not represented. This is not surprisingif it is remembered that the depths investigated did not exceed 40fms. Mr. Carter's better fortune with collections from Ceylon is inpart due to the greater depth at which the specimens were obtained.CHORISTID^.Sollas, Ann. ^ 3Ia(j. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 1G4.Prof. Sollas has since proposed a diflfcrent arrangement of theTetractinellida, but the division into Choristidae and Lithistida)appears a natural and convenient one. Tlie species obtained,though few in number, are of remarkable interest, and all new tothe Australian seas.STELLETTA, Sclimidt.This genus, as at present constituted, is decidedly heterogeneous.Some of Schmidt's and Carter's species appear referable either toOeodia, or some genus intermediate between Geodia and Stelletta(by virtue of the transitional character of their ball-steUate spicule),while S. eaastrum appears distinct by virtue of its dlslcs. The moretypical forms appear to be divisible into subgroups which coincideroughly with their geographical distribution. Thus the Atlanticspecies mostly have medium-sized stellates, with numerous rathercoarse, pointed rays ; the Indo-Pacific ones have few-rayed stellates,usually minute ; of the latter, the Fijian and two of the Ceylonforms agree in having a small surface bacillate or acerate spicule,while one Ceylon form (^S'. tetlujopsis) and all the Australian onesknown at present agree in having only minute delicate rayedstellates.The Indo-Pacific species of Stelletta, s. str., may be divided intotwo groups :Group 1.With bacillar or acerate flesh-spicule.1. S. (Ecionemia) acervus, Bowerbank, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 322,pi. XXX. figs. 1-6. Fiji Islands.2. S. (Ecionemia) densa, id. Z. c. p. 322, pi. xxx. figs. 7-14. FijiIslands.3. S. (Tisiphonia) nana. Carter, Ann. & Mag. N. H, 1880, v.p. 138, pi. vii. fig. 43. Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon.

472 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.4. S. crassicula, id. ibid. p. 371. Basse Eocks, Ceylon.5. S. aiistraliensis, id. op. cit. 1883, xi. p. 350, pi. xiv. fig. 2.W. Australia.6. S. bacillifera, var. robusta, id. loc. cit. p. 351, pi. xiv. fig. 3,S. Australia.Group 2.Without baciUar or acerate flesh-spicule.7. S. tethyopsis, Carter, Ann. & Mag. N. H, 1880, v. p. 137, pi.vi. figs. 39, 40. Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon.8. S. glohostellata, id. op. cit. 1883, xi. p. 353, pi. xiv. fig. 5.Galle, Ceylon.9. S. hacca, Selenka, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xvii. p. 569, pi. xxxv.figs. 14, 15. Samoa Islands.10. S. purpurea, sp. n. N. coast of Australia.11. S. clavosa, sp. n. N. coast of Australia*.In no Atlantic Stellettce which I have seen do the minute or anystellates possess capitate rays, except in a MS. species of Schmidt'sfrom Florida, which has minute drawn-out stellates (i. e. incipientspinispirular spicules) with very slight heads to the slender rays ; alarger stellate is, however, present in addition to these, and has notheads to its rays ; the large stellate of S. intermedia, Schmidt,from Algiers, has the ends of the rays roughly tuberculated by prominentgroups of tubercles, but the spicule itself seems to be homologouswith the " balls " of Geodia, and not with the small stars ofStelletfa, which are present as well. The Indo-Pacific species moreoften have the head. In Stelletta (Ecionemia) densa, Bowk., fromthe Fiji Islands, the tuberculation of the rays is sometimes rathercoarser at their apices than on the remaining part, and in Ecionemiaacervus the rays of the delicate stellate are very fine and slightlycapitate. Carter does not describe or figure any heads on the raysof the stellates of his species from this region exee])t S. glohostellata.Selenka's species has no heads.The two species from Australia to be first described agree witheach other and with Ecionemia acervus in having small heads to thestellates, although they differ from it, and agree with Stelletta tethyopsis,in the probably more important character of the absence ofa flesh acerate or bacillar spicule ; the character of the apex ofthe ray of the stellate in the latter species has not been described.The Samoa-Islands species has no surface linear spicule assigned toit by its describer, but it differs fundamentally from our species inits large, noncapitate-rayed stellate.* S. euasifrum of Carter (? Schmidt) described (Ann. & Mcag. Nat. Hist. 1882,V. pp. 135, 13G, pi. vii. figs. 41, 42) from the Gulf of Manaar and Australia,includes two distinct species, of which the first at any rate is distinct fromSchmidt's species ; they belong to a remarkable group of forms which connectStelletta with Geodia : the surface-disk forms a character of sufficient importanceto distinguish the species which possess it from Stelletta s. str. S. nvx of11-13), from the S.amoaSelenka (Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xvii. p. 569, pi. xxxv. figs.Islands, is probably a Tethya s. str., as its stellate agrees with the large stellateof that genus, and its " forks " are rare and probably foreign to the sponge.

8P0NGIIDA. 473101. Stelletta purpurea.(Plate XL. fig. E ; Plate XLIII. figs, j, /.)Free, subspherical or suboval. A single circular vent (about 2millim. in diameter in moderate-sized specimens) often present ; itleads deeply into the sponge. Surface subpapillose, i. e. embossedwith small semiglobular elevations, visible most readily under alateral light. Colour purple in spirit, when well preserved. Adistinct cortical layer with sarcode of the same consistency as thatof the central part of the sponge, about '7 millim. broad, containingthe subcortical crypts, and formed (in adult specimens) by the spaceintervening between the heads of the superficial zoue-spicules ;a subcortical zone of anchors and smaller zone-spicules. Deepsarcode transparent, brownish yellow ; that of surface purplishred, rather granular.Spicules:— (1) Zone-spicule ; shaft stout, tapering gradually tosharp point, 1'4 to 1-6 by -045 to -06 millim. ; arms strong,tapering gradually to sharp points, projectiug somewhat forwardat the commencement, and then curving backwards slightly, "27by -043 to '06 millim. in length and breadth respectively, (2)Anchor, long, tapering to sharp point ; head almost flat above ;arms turning rather abruptly back to form an angle of about 45°with shaft, tapering to sharp points ; expanse of arms at theirpoints •! millim. ; diameter of shaft about •035 millim. : length ofshaft about 2 millim., of arms about '07 millim. Head usually lyingbelow the zone of " chones. " (3) Body acerate, long, slender,tapering very gradually from centre to sharp points ;size about 1*5to 2 by -037 millim. (4) Minute stellate of flesh; about 7 to10 arms ; no percex^tible body ; arms straight, very slender, viz.about -0008 millim. in diameter, apparently smooth, terminatedby minute head ; diameter of spicule across arms -02 to -025millim. : distributed throughout all parts of the sarcode.JIab. Prince of Wales Channel, Thursday Island, and WestIsland, Torres Straits, 4-9 fms. ; bottom sand or sand and coral.Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. ; bottom sand and mud. Arafura Sea oflfN.W. coast of Australia, 32-36 fms. ; sand, mud, and shells.Specimens not abundant at any of the stations. The singlespecimen from West Island is remarkable for being half coveredby specimens of lotrocliota purpurea, RMzocJialina sinr/aj)orensis,Cladochalina niida, and a coralline.Stelletta purpurea, var. retroflexa. (Plate XLIII. fig. h.)This name may be appliedto a specimen which has the expanseof the arms of the zone-spicule somewhat greater than in the typicalform, while their diameter is less, and one or more of the armsgenerally has the point bent backwards abruptly, so as to form anangle of about 135° with the rest of the arm. The specimen isglobular, and has a vent about 1-5 millim. in diameter. The bend

—474 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.in the arm. is not quite constant in its position. The rest of thecharacters agree with those of the typical form.Hah. West Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottom sand.Variations. This sponge varies, as has been seen, in shape (ovalor subspherical) and in the presence or absence of a vent. A thirdvariation may be noted, viz. in the length, stoutness, and amountof curve in the arms, and in stoutness of the shaft of the zonespicule; thus in a specimen from the Arafura Sea the diameter ofthe shaft falls to '045 millim., that of the arms to '043 millim., thelength of the arm remaining -25 millim., while the backward bend ofthe arm, though gradual, is very decided.The variations in this spicule, which is the only one which seemsto differ much in different specimens, are as follows :Diam. ofshaft.1. Port - Darwin specimen2. Thursday Island specimen3. Arafura -Sea specimen4. Var, retroflexa (WestIsland, Torres Straits)

SPONGIIDA. 475simply grey. A distinct cortical layer, containing the subcorticalcrypts, and formed in adult specimens by the space between theheads of the zonc-spicules and those of the anchors, diameter about7 millim. ; sarcode here of same consistency as in rest of sponge.Sponge-sarcode below surface rather dark yellow-brown, rathergranular; that of surface (in well-preserved specimens) reddishbrown, granular.Spicules :—(1) Zone-spicule, with long shaft tapering graduallyfrom head to sharp point ; head composed of three bifid arms ; theproximal third of each arm projects forward at an angle of about120° to the shaft, and then bifurcates in a plane parallel to that ofthe surface of the sponge, so that the ultimate divisions are parallelwith this surface ;the ultimate divisions taper gradually to sharppoints from the point of bifurcation ; shaft about 3 millim. long by•035 millim. in diameter ; total length of single arm '32 millim., ofproximal (simple) part •! millim. ; diameter of proximal partthroughout •028-"032 millim., of base of ultimate divisions aboutthe same. (2) Anchor, with long shaft tapering gradually fromhead to sharp point, and head composed of three arms taperinggradually to sharp points, curved backwards to form angles of about45° with shalt (the angles vary slightly in different specimens) ; shaftabout 2-1 millim. by '022 to -024 millim. ; expanse of arms -ll to•12 millim., diameter of arm at base about -02 millim. (3) Bodyacerate, long and slender, smooth, tapering gradually to sharppoints from the centre ; size about 3 by '025 millim. (4) Fleshspicule,composed of about 7 to 12 straight arms, radiating from acentre which does not show any perceptible inflation ; arms veryslender (about -0008 millim. in diameter), terminated by heads ofabout twice their own diameter ; spicule '01 to 'OlS millim. indiameter across the arms : distributed generally in sarcode.Hab. Prince of Wales Channel and West Island, Torres Straits,7-9 fms. ; bottom sand and coral. Arafura Sea, off N.W. coast ofAustralia, 32-30 fms. ; bottom sand, mud, and shells.This appears to be a small species, none of the specimens exceeding13 millim. in their longest diameter. It exhibits, as comparedwith aS'. pm-purea^ a remarkable constancy in its form andin the occurrence of a vent, and the spicules vary but slightly inform and dimensions (the only variations observed are incorporatedwith the description above). In Torres Straits very fewspecimens were obtained ; but in the Arafura Sea a considerablenumber of small specimens occurred. Stelletta clavosa differsfrom all nearly allied forms excej)t S. tethyopsis^ Carter, in thebifurcation of the arms of the zone-spicule, and from the latterspecies by the absence of " anchors " and of an external as distinguishedfrom an internal form of stellate. The arms of the zonespiculeare much longer in proportion to their thickness than inCarter's species.Parasite. In the superficial sarcode (probably just beneath theectoderm) of one specimen occur a large number of a chain-hkeAlga, resembling Nostoc, usually coiled, with very distinct cells.

476 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.103. Stelletta, sp.Some fragments of a large specimen which has grown oversome coils of Vermetus, not sufficiently complete to be safelydescribedin full. The stellates are minute, and resemble those ofS. purpurea and clavosa, but the arms are somewhat stouter and arenot provided with heads.Hah. Torres Straits, 5-7 fms.STELLETTINOPSIS.Carter, Ann. ^ May. N. H. 1879, iii. p. 348.This genus resembles Tetliyopsis, Stewart, in that the two typicalspecies have a minute bacillar flesh-spicule just such as that of thenew species of Tethyopsis described below ; and if it be, as seemsprobable, a tetractinellid which has undergone abortion of two arms(as in Placina monolophn^ Schulze) of the main spicule, it resemblesTethyopsis further in this tendency to lose the arms of its skeletonspicule(see description of Tethyopsis dissimilis, supra). Eeductionof the triradiate of the latter species by loss of a single arm wouldmake the spiculation (apart from the skeleton-arrangement) essentiallythat of l^tellettinopsis, if the bacillar spicule is regarded asan elongate stellate. The new species is assigned here to Stellettinopsisbecause it differs only from the typical species in the absenceof the bacillar,-—not a point of great importance, if the variationin Geodia as to presence and absence of one or other of the minutespicules is considered.I dedicate this new species to Mr. H. J. Carter, to whom is duethe credit of establishing this genus, and to whom I owe a greatdebt in his constant and ready help.104. Stellettinopsis carteri. (Plate XLIII. figs, n, n.)Pedicellate, on a short cylindrical stalk, passing gradually intoa massive, somewhat flattened upper portion, which shows semidetachedlobes. Surface of upper portion dimjiled and corrugated(somewhat like the Mammalian cerebrum). No visible vents. Texturein spirit soft, but elastic ; colour in spirit dirty white. Surfacebetween the undulations even, but minutely rough. Sarcodecontinuous, without many cavities ; soft, very pale yellow in colour.Main and dermal skeletons consisting of a confused interlacementof the skeleton acerate spicules, not aggregated into fibres or tracts.Spicules:—(1) Skeleton acerate, taperiug to sharp points fromnear the middle ; size 1-0 by -02 millim. (2) Stellate, with veryslight body, and five to ten straight blunt arms of uniform diameter(about -0017 millim.) throughout ; microspined with fine sharppoints, which are most prominent at the tips ; size -05 millim.across arms.Hah. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms. ; bottomsand and shells.

—SPONOIIDA.Of the two species assigned by Mr. Carter (I. c.) to the genus,S. simplex, recorded from Freemantle, Australia, and Hayti, is themost closely allied to the present, but differs from it in the possessionof the bacillar tuberculate flesh-spicule. Mr. Carter, however,described in the same paper as that in which he foundedSteUeUinopsis (torn. cit. p. 344), a species which even more nearlyapproaches the present : this is AmorpJiina stellifera from SouthAustralia, which differs from the present form only in its amorphous,non-pedicellate growth and the proportions of its spicules,which I now give, reduced to metric measurements :1. Acerate, -7 by '017 millim.2. Stellate (stated to have no central inflation ; that in S. carteriis hardly worth the name), -017 millira. in diameter.Thus the acerate is one fourth and the stellate two thirds smallerthan in our species, and hence the two species are, in my view, sufficientlydistinct. Amorphina stdlifera should, however, stand asSteUeUinopsis stellifera.TETHYOPSIS.Steivart, Quart. Journ. 3Iicr. Sci. n. s. x. (1870) p. 281 (nee Zittel,Abh. buyer. Ak. xiii., ii. (1879) p. 9).To this remarkable genus I propose to assign a species whichhas, as described recent allies, the species T. columnifera, from the PhilippineIslands, on which the genus was based, and Tribrachion (um)schmidti, from the Gulf of Mexico. Like the latter, the presentform exhibits a singular divergence from the more normal Tetractinellidtypes, in that its chief spicule has lost one of its arms, andis only triactiuellid. The genus appears to be allied to JStelletta,the peculiar development of its large tetractinellid spicule beingapparently caused by the erect growth aiid non-corticate characterof the sponge.(Plate XL. fig. H ;105. Tethyopsis dissimilis.Plate XLIII. figs. l~l"""".)Sponge elongated, slender, cylindrical or suboblong, taperingto the free extremity, which is pointed ; attached by a narrow basewhich throws out a thin horizontal expansion outside the spongeitself. Flexible ; surface formed by a thin and delicate dermal membraneof a dark grey colour in spirit. Yent ? Pores •04--08 indiameter, crowded in the interfascicular spaces of the dermis.Skeleton formed by a number of narrow Ijands of aggregated spiculeshafts(spicule Xo. 1) running longitudinally down the interior of thesponge; the bands are united laterally (see fig. V") by means of thearms of the triradiate spicule, are clothed with the soft tissues,and serve to break up the space within the sponge into 8 or 9elongated cavities running from the base towards the apex of thesponge, viz. (1) anterior, (2) posterior, (i3 and 4) lateral, (5 and 6)antero-lateral, (7 and 8) postero-lateral, and in one case (9) axial (seefigs. I and I'). Subdermal skeleton formed by similar longitudinal

;478 C0LLECII0N8 FROM MELANESIA.fascicles of spicule-shafts, a ray proceeding from the head of each ofthe latter, extending along the membrane and supporting it (seefig. I") ; in some parts stout acerate spicules (No. 2) take part inthe formation of the dermal skeleton. Sarcode transparent, ofvery pale brown colour ; rendered subopaque, when seen in themass, by immense numbers of small elongate stellate spicules.Spicules :—(1) Triradiate of axis and dermal skeleton, consistingof a straight shaft and two arms, one tapering to a sharp point andboldly recurvate, the other ending abortively in a rounded extremityshortly after its origin ; the arms are set at right angles to theshaft and at angles of about 160° to each other, but lie in differentplanes. Length of shaft and long arm probably variable, and dependingon the position of the spicule ; the former attains a length of 5*5millim., the latter of 2 millim. ; diameter about '05 millim. It isthe shaft of this spicule which forms the longitudinal skeleton-bands.(2) Large acerate of dermal skeleton, slightly curved, tapering fromcentre to sharp points ; size about 1"8 by •05--075 millim. (3)Minute elongate stellate flesh-spicule, consisting of a straight oroccasionally curved or sinuous cylindrical shaft, beset with numerousirregular blunt processes, about 20 to the spicule, varying in lengthfrom -001 to -002 millim., thickness about -001 millim. ; length ofspicule about -0095 millim., thickness of shaft alone -001 millim.Crowded over all parts of the soft tissues.Hab. Port Darwin, 7-12 fms., bottom sand and mud ; TorresStraits, 10 fms., bottom sand.Of the two specimens from Port Darwin the larger is 74 millim.(3 inches) long in its present state, viz. without its original baseand with the apex somewhat abraded: it probably did not muchexceed this length when perfect ; its longest diameter (it is suboblongin transverse section) is 8 millim., its shortest 5 millim., atthe present base. The smaller specimen has the base attached, buthas lost the apex ; it is almost cylindrical, and has a diameter ofabout 3-5 millim. throughout. In the dermis of the larger specimenno acerates have been found, but in the smaller one theyappear to replace the triradiates in this place ; it is in this specimenthat an axial canal traverses the sponge. The specimen from TorresStraits is a fragment, forming the base of a specimen almostcertainly belonging to the same species, but very imperfect. Itsacerate differs from that of the typical form by having a diameter of•075 instead of Oo millim. ; the flesh-spicule shows no divergence.The species differs very markedly from Stewart's—(1) outwardly,in having the surface level instead of bearing sharp points ; (2)inwardly, in the presence of an cuvial cavity, in having tri- insteadof quadriradiate body-spicules, and in having a dermal aceratethe stellates of T. columnifera, further, are normal globostellatesand not elongate, as here ; in the general arrangement of theskeleton this species differs by possessing a number of longitudinallines, instead of the condensed central mass of that species.The species is obviously nearly related to a form named TrihradiionSchinidtii, well described and illustrated as the type of

;SPONGIIDA. 479a new genus by W. Weltner ('Beitr. zur Kenntniss d, Spongien,'Inaugural Dissertation, Freiburg-in-Ereisgau, 8vo, 1882, p. 30,pi. iii. figs. 29-41, 43), from Prof. Agassiz's dredgings in 1879off the Morro Light, Gulf of Mexico, in 250-500 fathoms. Inpoint of fact Weltner's species, which differs from T. dissimilis principallyin the possession of a fully developed triradiate "anchor,"occupies a position almost exactly intermediate between T. dissimilisand Stewart's species. I gather from Weltner's paper that he hasnot seen Stewart's description ; had he done so he would, I feelsure, have at any rate mentioned the close affinity of his speciesto that of Stewart, from which it differs chiefly by the elongateform of the flesh -stellate and by the suppression of the third lateralarm of the skeleton-spicule, a suppression already foreshadowed inStewart's species by the great reduction of two out of the threelateral ai'ms in some of these sjjiciiles (see fig. 75, I. c). I do notthink that TribracJiium can be upheld as distinct from Tetliyopsis ;the gradation of forms between T. columnifera and T. dissimilis,by which (1) the quadriradiate spicule of T. columnifera is reducedto a triradiate in Tribrachium, and to (a) a biradiate with abortedthird ray and {b) an acerate in T. dissimilis, together with the generalagreement between the minute spicules, the skeletal structure,and the general form of the sponge, appear to mark these threespecies out as belonging to a natural though highly plastic circleof forms com])arable to the Tetractiuellid genus Placina, Schulze,of which the species (P. inonolopha, dilopha, and trilopJia, Schulze)each include hi-, tri-, and quadriradiate forms of the fundamentalquadriradiate type ;they are comparable also to many genera ofthe Calcarea, where the fundamental (probably triradiate) type exhibitsgreat modifications, even within the limits of a single species.Besides possessing three complete arms and the large skeletonspicule,Tribrachium schmidti is distinguished from Tethi/opsis dissimilisby :—(2) the exterior being unmarked by horizontal ridges ;(3) the inferior length of the lateral arm of the triradiate spicule(4) the apparent absence of the long acerate spicule ; (5) the moregenerally elongate form of the flesh-spicule and the superior numberof its lateral whorls of tubercles.Weltner's comparison of the form of the minute flesh-spiculeswith the similarly dendritic skeleton-spicules of the IlhizomorineLithistids is invalidated by the fact that the two classes of spiculesare not homologous with each other, the flesh-spicules o^Trihrachiumbeing represented in the Lithistid series only by the minute bihamatesand other flesh-spicules of Corallistes &c.A striking analogy with the arrangement of the skeleton ofthe Lyssakiue Hexactinellida is aftbrded by the manner in whichthe arms and shafts of the large skeleton-spicules are employed inTetliyopsis (incl. Tribrachium) to form coherent rectangular meshes.Weltner's discovery is of great interest, apart from the ])eculiaritiesof the type described, in the fact that his species, though living inthe West Indies, is clearly intermediate between two types foundnear the confines of the Indo-Australian region.

•;480 COLLECTIONS FROM MELANESIA.106. Geodia globostellifera. (Plate XLIII. fig. b.)Carter, Ann. >Sf Mag. N. H. 1880, vi. p. 134, pi. vi. fig. 38.I have been able conclusively to determine the true relations ofthe globostellate spicule to the sponge, which Mr. Carter appearsnot to have felt quite safe in regarding as really belonging toit. As, however, I find it to occur not only in the cortex of differentparts of the same sponge and in different specimens, butsometimes also in the sarcode beneath the crust of balls, it must beregarded as truly a production of, and thus proper to, the spongeitself. I find, what Mr. Carter does not describe, a small aceratespicule which forms small tufts on the surface, generally accompaniedby the globostellate, and probably related specially to theorifices of the canal-system. Like Mr. Carter, I have been unableto find any " anchors."My measurements of the spicules do not quite correspond with thosegiven by Mr. Carter ; but as these do not quite agree with his figures,I do not attach much importance to the discrepancy. In his descriptionthe globostellate has the same diameter (viz. j^^^ inch) assignedto it asto the shafts of the zone-spicule and body acerate, whereasin the plate, where it is figured (at fig. /) as on the same scale(" scale D," magnified 32 diameters) as those spicules, it appears asonly about one third of their diameter.The following are the chief spicular measurements from the presentspecimens :•—1. Zone-spicule (the arms of which are simple, as in Mr. Carter'sfigure, not trifid) : diameter of shaft -07 millim., of arm at baseabout '048 millim. ; expanse of any two arms together about•58 millim.2. Body acerate, 3"0 millim. long by "038 thick.3. Fork (the only one seen) : diameter of arms and shaft•016 millim. ; length of arm 1 millim.4. Geodia-ball, long diameter -09 millim.5. Globostellate, diameter -028 millim.6. "External" stellate (forming, with the globostellate, the outerpellicle, but, like it, also occurring sparingly in the subcorticalsarcode), •0063 millim. in diameter. Its arms are numerous andappear to end bluntly.7. " Internal " stellate (the arms are few in number and areusually curved), -038 millim. in diameter.8. Surface acerate; about '16 millim. long by -005 millim. indiameter.The largest specimen is about 80 millim. (3-i inches) in its greatestdiameter ; and the two specimens (which are preserved in spirit) aretinged with crimson in places, as if this was their colour during life.Hah. Port Darwin, north coast of Australia, near tide-marksbottom sand and rock.Distribution. Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon {Carter).The great interest of this species has induced me to devote some

;SPONGIIDA. 481space to its description. The complexity of its spiculation and thecurious occurrence of the globostellate and of the surface acerateall combine to render it reaiarkable. Possibly it may have in thefuture to be separated from Oeodia s. str. It is noteworthy that,while one of the specimens (the larger) exhibits nothing like a vent,the other has a circular opening leading obliquely and deeply intothe sponge, lined with a soft wall, and about 4 millim. in diameter ;its margin is slightly raised at one point. It is possible that it ismerely an opening formed by growth over some cylindrical foreignbody which has since disappeared; if a vent, its absence in theother specimen is remarkable. Mr. Carter does not mention anyvents in his specimens.107. Placospongia carinata.Geodia carinata, Botcerbank, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 298, pi. xlvi. figs. 1-5.This species differs from P. melohesiokles, Gray, the typical speciesof the genus, in having a spinispirular and a globostellate fleshspicule,the latter with furcate rays. Taking this difference intoconsideration, it is impossible any longer to regard the two speciesas identical. Some fine specimens were most fortunately obtainedin spirit.Ilab. Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 7 fms. ; bottom sand.Distrihufion. Dr. Bowerbank's specimen is said to have been obtainedin the " South Sea."CALCAREA.As with the collections made by the 'Alert' on the Patagoniancoasts, so with those from the north and north-east of Australia, avery small number of Calcisponges have to be recorded, and nospecies new to science. Perhaps this is in part to be connected withthe fact that but few Algje (which so commonly afford a resting-placeto these Sponges) occurred among the collections sent to the BritishMuseum. But Hiickel says (' Kalkschwiimme,' i. p. 42(3) of Calcarea,"Aufsandigem oder schlammigem Grunde wachsen nur sehr weuigeArten ;" hence, as the abundant details given by Dr. Coppinger ofthe nature of the bottom on the coasts more particularly investigatedby the Alert ' ' show that it is chiefly composed of sand ormud or loose shells, this group of Sponges was likely to be found tobe but poorly represented on the actual coast-line of this districtthe coral-reef might be expected to produce more.Judging from the collections in the British Museum, from Hiickel'sTables of Distribution (cyj. cit. i. pp. 430-432), and fromDr. Polejaeff''8Keport, the south coast of Australia appears to be considerably moreproductive,I know of oidy two species from the western coast of the continentbut that district has been but imperfectly investigated hitherto.From the east coast Hiickel records but six species, Polejaeff addsfifteen or sixteen species being known from this region.eight, and the present collection two. None of the species now to2i

482 COLLECTION a from MELANESIA.be mentioned appear to have occurred in the Australian collectionsof the ' Challenger,' the Eeport on which unfortunately only appearedwhile this <strong>Report</strong> was passing through the press.108. Leucetta primigenia, Ildclel, var. microrrhaphis, id.KalkscMciimme, ii. p. 118, pi, xxi.A small bean-shaped specimen, of the Lipostomella form.Hah. Alert Island, Torres Straits, 7 fms.Bistrihution (the species). Mediterranean, Atlantic, Cape of GoodHope, Eed Sea, Indian Ocean, South Australia, Fiji Islands, Chili{H'dckel) ; Kerguelen and Heard Islands {PoJejaeff).109. Leucaltis bathybia, Hddel, var. australiensis, nov.(Plate XLIII. fig. m.)Leucaltis bathybia, Hdckel, Kalksclncdmme, ii. p. 156, pi. xxviii.fig. 2.A small, low, massive specimen, with a small lateral unarmed ventand very reduced cloacal cavity. The quadriradiates are sagittal,those of the outer surface very large ; diameter of rays about•04 millim., the facial angle nearly 1S0°, the apical ray in the sameplane as the laterals; the deep quadriradiates have a somewhatsmaller facial angle and more slender rays, and the apical ray oitenprojects well forward ; rays almost straight. The triradiates forma thin layer on the inner wall, where their rays measure onlyabout "01 millim. in diameter ;they have a facial angle of about160° ; in the deep parts they are subregular, sparsely scatteredamongst the quadriradiates, and the rays measure about -02 (sometimes-025) millim. in diameter; rays approximately straight.Colour (in spirit) white.This form differs from vars. perimina and arahica of Hackel (Z. c.)in the massive shape of the sponge, and in the larger size, as comparedwith the quadriradiates, of the deep triradiates. In the comparativestraightness of the rays it agrees with var. arahica andvar. mascarenka, mihi (see this Eeport, "Western Indian Oceandistrict) ; but differs from the latter in the smaller diameter of therays of the large cpiadriradiates, in the apparent smoothness of thecloacal surface, and the massive form.Hah. Port Jackson.Bistrihution of species.Red Sea (HdcJcel).110. Leuconia saccharata, Hddel.Leucandra saccbarata, Ilachel, Kalkschuiimme, ii. p. 228, pi. xxxiii.fig. 3, pi. xxxviii. figs. 7-14.A fine specimen, GO millim. across, of the Amplioriscus type, andfragments. One cloacal fistula measures upwards of 30 millim. inlength.Hah. Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Bistrihution. Bass Straits (Hdckel).

483PART II.COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.BIRDS.BYR. BOWDLER SHARPE.From the Amirante Group.1. Foudia madagascariensis (L.),Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 212.a. S ad. He des Roches, Amirante group, March 1882. Iriadark ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet reddish brown.Identical with Madagascar specimens.Hartl. t. c. p. 418.2. Crithagra chrysopyga, Swains.a. c?. He des Roches, Amirante group, March 1882. Iris dark ;bill horn-colour ; legs and feet brown.Doubtless introduced. It is a common African species.3. Francolinus ponticerianus (Gm.).Hard. /. c. p. 282.a. 2 • Eagle Island, Amirante group, March 17, 1882. Iria dark;bill horn-colour, black at tip ; logs and feet red.Also introduced.2i2

484 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.;4. Sterna melanauchen, T.Gould, B. Austr. ii. p. 400.a. S- African Island, Amirante group, March 16, 1882. Irisdark ; bill, legs, and feet black.Writing on this species in the Fiji Islands, Mr. E. L. Layard observesthat he procured Anaus cinereus on the coral-reefs north-eastof Madagascar twenty years ago. Dr. Hartlaub, in his Yogel Madagascars,'very properly remarks that this statement requires confir-'mation in the highest degree, an observation I thoroughly indorse.Can it have been the present species {S. melanauchen) which Mr.Layard intended to write about ? Anyhow, the range of the latterspecies is now greatly extended.From the Glorioso Islands.5. Zosterops madagascariensis {L.).Hartl. t. c. p. 102.a. 5 Glorioso Islands, May 1882. Iris dark . ; bill black ; legsand feet grey.6. Corvus scapulatus, Daud.Hartl. t. c. p. 201.a. S Glorioso Islands, May 1882. Iris dark • ; bill, legs, and feetblack.7. Turtur coppingeri, sp. n.T. similis T. aldahrano, sed tergo brunneo et pileo fuscescentibruuneo,fronte tantum pallide vinacea, et siibcaudalibus cinereolavatis distinguendus. Long. tot. 12 poll., culm. 0-7, aloe G'45,caudae 4*15, tarsi 1-0.a. $ Glorioso Islands, May 1882. Iris orange-red . ; bill darklegs and feet dark red.This species appears to bo allied to T. aldahramis, Sclater (P. Z. S.1871, p. 092, pi. Ixxiii.) ; but the white on the belly, which is shownin the plate, and referred to in Dr. Sclater's description, does notappear so prominently in the skins of the type specimens kindlylent to mc by Prof. Newton. The Glorioso Turtle-Dove differs fromT. aldahramis in its browner upper surface, by the bluish-grey"wash on the under tail-coverts, and especially in the pale vinousforehead, which contrasts somewhat with the dusky ash-colour ofthe head.Hartl. t. c. p. 293.8. Strepsilas interpres (L.).a. $. Glorioso Islands, May 1882. Iris dark ; bill horn-colour;legs and feet yellow.Still in immature plumage, but showing a trace of the approachingrufous dress.

BIEDS. 485From the Seychelles.9. Ardea atricapilla, Afzel.Ilartl. t. c. p. 308.a. Seychelles, March 1882. Iris reddish brown ; upper mandibleblack, lower one yellow ; legs and feet yellow.Hortl. t. c. p. 302.10. Ardea bubulcus, Sav.(I. (5 Bird Island, Seychelles, March 4, 1882. Iris light yellow • ;bill reddish yellow ; legs and feet greenish yellow.b. J• Bird Island. Legs and feet greenish grey.11. Strepsilas interpres (L.).Hartl. t. c. p. 293.a. (S. Bird Island, Seychelles, March 4, 1882. Iris dark; billhorn-colour ; legs and feet orangeIn interesting plumage. Evidently a young bird of the previousseason, commencing to put on the rufous dress of the adult bird.12. Puffinus chlororhynchus, Less.Hartl. t. c. p. 369.a. J juv. Bird Island, Seychelles, March 11, 1882. Iris dark;bill dark horn-colour ; legs and feet fleshy grey.13. Sterna anzestheta {Scop.).Saunders, P. Z. S. 187G, p. 664.Haliplana panayensis {Gm.), Ilartl. t. c. p. 388.a. No particulars attached,14. Gygis alba {Sârrm.).Hartl. t. c. p. 389.a. S Seychelles, March 1882. Iris dark • ;bill, legs, and feetblack.15, Anous stolidus {L.).Hartl. ^. c. p.391.a. S- Bird Island, Seychelles, Feb. 4, 1882. Iris dark; bill,legs, and feet Idack.

486REPTILIA.ALBEET GUNTHER.Two Eepiiles only were obtained, viz. the widely-spread Hemidactylusfrenatus, on Eagle Island, Amirantes ; and Gerrhonotusmadagascariensis, on Glorioso Island.

487MOLLUSCA.EDGAH A. SMITH.The following list may be regarded as an appendix to E. vonMartens's work on the Mollusca of the Mauritius and the Seychelles,forming part of Mobius's ' Beitriige zur Meeresfauna der InselMauritius und der Seychellen.'Of the 121 species here recorded, between forty and fifty donot occur in the above work ; and the majority of them, as mightbe expected, are well-known forms.I. GASTROPODA.1. Conus arenatus, Hwass.He des Roches, Amirantes ;sand.and Cerf Island, Mascareues, 10 fms.,2. Conus hebrsBus, Linn.Darros Island, Amirantes, on the shore.3. Conus turriculatus.Sorcerhy, Thesaun(s,i.QA^-'i-, Weinkauff',Conch.-Cab.\>\.69.hgsA0, 11.Conus ucutangukxs, Kiaier (non Chemnitz), Coq. Viv. pi. 72. fig, 1 ;Sotverhy, I. c. fig. 356.Juv. = Conus gemmulatus, Soioerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, pi. 22.fig. 8.Providence Eeef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms. ; sand and coral bottom.A single specimen from this locality is of the same pale colour,faintly tinged with yellow, as tho type in the British Museum,purchased from tho " Taylor Collection." The original example ofC. gemmulatus is also in the national collection, and proves on comparisonto be merely the young state of the same species.Kiencr and Sowerby are wrong apparently in their identification

488 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.of C. acutanqulus of Chemnitz. The shell descrihed and figured bythat author (Couch.-Cab. vol. xi. p. 59, pi. 182. figs. 1772-3) is verymuch more slender than the form referred to it by the two abovementionedwriters, and has simple non-coronated margins to thewhorls of the spire.The C. acutangulus of Kiener difi'ers from the typical form ofC. turrk'ulatus merely in being more brightly coloured.The G. acutangidus, Eeeve (Conch. Icon. pi. 37. fig. 200), appearsto be a third species, and although agreeing with Kiener s shellas regards form, diflPers in having a smooth non-tuberculated spire.4. Conus miliaris, Ilwass.Mozambique, between tide-marks.5. Coims literatus, Linn.Mozambique, between tide-marks.6. Conus millepunctatus, Lamarck.Glorioso Islands, between tide-marks.7. Conus flavidus, Lamarck:Darros Island, Amirantes, and Mozambique.8. Conus tessellatus, Bom.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms. ; and African Island,Amirantes, beach.9. Conus striatus, Linn.He des Roches, Amirantes, beach.C.forich'.s, Sowerby, Thesaurus, frontispiece, f. 558, is unquestionablymerely a slight variety of this well-known species, andbears no relationship whatever to C. tulipa, with which it iserroneously united by Weinkauff (Conch.-Cab. p. 180, and Jahrbiich.deutsch. mal, Gesellsch. 1874, p. 285).10. Conus martensi. (Plate XLIV. fig. A.)Shell small, turbinate, much narrowed towards the base or front,of an orange colour, rather paler upon the spire. Whorls about10, flat^topped and a little sloping, raised somewhat above oneanother, concentrically three-grooved, separated by a deepish suture.Last whorl subacutely angled above, then a trifle convex at thesides, and being much attenuated anteriorly has a somewhat pj'riformappearance ; it is sculptured with fine lines of growth andtransverse indistinct striae or shallow grooves, which around the

MOLLUSCA. 489base are much deeper. The aperture is very narrow, the outerlip being thin and moderately sinuated above the angle. The spireis short, gradated, with rectilinear outlines. Length 24 millim.,diameter 12|,Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.I have named this species in honour of Prof. E. von Martens,from whose work on the Mollusca of the Mascarenes I have obtainedmuch information and assistance. It is distinguished by thenarrowness of the aperture, its somewhat pyriform shape, and theuniform orange tint of its colouring. The spire is paler, except atthe deepish suture, which is likewise orange.11. Conus articulatus. (Plate XLIV. fig. B.)Sotcerby, Proc. Zoul. Soc. 1873, p. 146, pi. xv. ^^. 3.Shellshortly fusiform, brownish pink, encircled near the middleof the body-whorl with a white zone interrupted with blotches of adeeper tint than the general ground-colour of the shell, everywhereornamented with transverse rows of minute reddish dots, which areinvisible to the naked eye. Spire white, terminating in a pinkapex, dotted with reddish brown upon the angle of the whorls, andblotched with the same colour upon their upper surface. Volutions9, slowly enlarging ; three apical smooth, glossy, convex ; the restin steps one above the other, sloping above, faintly grooved immediatelybeneath the suture, the furrow being broad, occupying halfthe upper surfacs of the whorls, but very shallow, not spirallystriated, exhibiting only fine arcuate lines of growth. The lastwhorl is acutely carinate above, very faintly convex at the sides,and contracted towards the front ; it is smooth at the upper half,and rather coarsely sulcated across beueath, a few of the interveningridges at the base and two passing through the subcentral whiteband being rather more distinctly dotted than the rest of the surface.Aperture narrow, and outer lip thin and slightly sinuatedbehind. Length 12 millim., diameter 6.Providence lleef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.This species is represented in Weinkauff's monograph of thisgenus (Conch.-Cab. pi. .50. figs. 1 & 4) under the name of C. anabatram.C. anabatJirum of Crosse is, however, perfectly distinctfrom the species here described, but is regarded by myself as avariety of C. japonictts, Hwass.The locality " Mauritius " quoted by Weinkauff is confirmatory ofthe conclusion arrived at that his shell belongs to the same speciesas that from Providence Reef, and the figure, although representinga larger specimen, is fairly characteristic.12. Pleurotoma (Defrancia ?) grisea. (Plate XLIV. fig. C.)Shell very small, subfusiformly ovate, grey or dirty white, sometimesspotted with brown below the suture, or exhiliiting one ortwo pale or whitish spiral linos. Whorls 8 ; first 4-J white, smooth,

490 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.glossy, convex, non-peri)endicular with the axis of the shell ; therest granosely finely costate and transversely lirate, slightly convexat the sides, Costae about eighteen in number on a whorl, hardlyas broad as the interstices. Line finer than the ribs, six on theupper whorls and about twenty on the last. Aperture small, narrow,terminating anteriorly in a short, oblique, recurved canal.Columella covered with a callus bearing two small tubercles justbelow the middle. Labrum externally thickened with a broadishvarix, faintly siiiuated above near the suture, armed within withseven strongish lirse. Length 5 millim., diam. 1|; aperture 1| long,^ broad.Etoile Island, Amirantes, in 13 fms.There is a little group of species with which that now describedshould be placed, and which does not quite come under any one ofthe as yet named subgenera of Pleurotoma. They are small shellswith cancellated sculpture, having smooth apical whorls, an indistinctlabral sinus, and lirae or denticles within the outer lip.Columbella monilifera, Sowb. (^=Pleurot. fHSColineata, C. B. Adams,= P. sealpta, Eeeve), P. pygmcea, C. B. Ad., P. maculata, C. B. Ad.,P. minor, C. B. Ad., P. piperata, Smith, and P. trifilosa, Smith, allbelong to this section.The present species is remarkable on account of the proportionallylarge size of the smooth nucleus, consisting of four and a halfvolutions.13. Terehra habylonica, Lamarck.Marie-Louise Island, Amirantes, 20 fms.14. Terelbra cerithina.{Lamarck) Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 11. fig. 25 ; Soôerhy, T/iesatirns, vol. i.pi. 43. fig. 68 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xii. figs. 38 a, h.Var. ? = Terebra eburnea, Hinds, Thesaurus, vol. i. pi. 45. fig. 123.Juv. = Terebra pulcbra, Hinds, I. c. fig. 129 ; Reeve, I. c sp. 155.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, 24 fms.In the Museum there are specimens from the Seychelles andPhilippine Islands, N.E. Australia, Timor, Marquesas and SocietyIslands.15. Terebra dimidiata, juv.Cerf Island, Mascarenes, 10 fms.16. Terebra bruguieri.Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 297 ;Reeve, Conch, Icon. vol. xii.Terebra hindsii, Deshayes, Journ. de Conch, vol. vi. pi. 5. fig. 5.He des Roches, Amirantes, 13 fms.Other localities for this species are China (Deshayes) and SeychelleIslands {E. P. Wright, in Brit. Mus.).

MOLLIJSCA. 49117. Terebra (Hastula) casta.Hinds, Sotverbys Thesaurus, vol. i. pi. 44. fig. S4._Terebra hastata (part.), lieeve, Couch. Icon. vol. xii. fig. 81 h.Var. = Terebra albula, Hinds (non Menke), I. c. pi. 45. fig. 12(5.Var. = Terebra incolor, Deshayes, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 283.Var. = Terebra bipartita, Desh. I. c. p. 284.Var. = Terebra mera, Hinds, I. c. pi. 45. fig. 108.Cerf Island, Mascarenes, 10 fms., sand {Copiyhujcr) ; Philippines,Lizard Island, Swan liiver, Seychelles, and Sandwich Islands {Brit.Museum).Reeve is wrong in confusing the West-Indian T. Imstata wath thisspecies. That is a more robust form, with much stouter ribletsextending from suture to suture.18. Murex (Chicoreus) adustus, Lamarcl:Sej'chelle Islands, 4-12 fms., sand and coral.19, Murex (Ocinehra) piimilus. (Plate XLIV. fig. D.)Murex pumilus, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 70 ; Sowerby,Thesaurus, vol. iv. pi. 400. fig. 200 (enlarged).Darros Island, Amirantes, in 22 fms., on a broken-coral bottom ;China Sea (Adams).This charming little species consists of seven whorls, three apicalsmooth and convex, and four normal. It is of a pink or almostscarlet colour, has six rounded costie on the body-whorl and sevenon the upper volutions ; these are crossed by scabrous spiral ridges,of which there are two to three principal ones on the upper whorls,more slender ones intervening between them and the suture, andabout seven on the last. The entire surface is beautifully ornamentedby raised lines of growth, so that the transverse ridges arevery prettily squamose. The aperture is small, ovate, and contractedanteriorly into a narrow but not closed canal. The labrum is wellthickened exteriorly by the last varix, crenulated at the thin margin,and finely Urate within. Sowerby mentions an orange-colouredvariety of this species : but this is unknown to me. His figure isvery coarsely executed, magnified to more than twice the actuallength of the shell, and shows only four costa? on the whorls, whilstfive are always visible frona any point of view.20. Murex (Ocinebra; infans. (Plate XLIV. fig. E.)Shell small, ovately fusiform, whitish, stained with brown behindthe longitudinal ribs. Whorls 7, three apical smooth, convex ;thorest obliquely sloping ebove, the slightest concave, then sharplyangled, straight below the angle and sloping inwards a little tothe suture beneath ; they are strcnglhencd with moderately stronglongitudinal costa;, crossed by stout spiral ridges and finer lira?.

492 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.The costa3 are seven in number on the last volution, and eight ornine on the upper ones. There are two principal transverse ridgeson the latter, with a smaller one between them, the uppermostbeing situated at the angle about the middle of the whorls, and thelowermost at the suture below. The body-whorl has three stoutridges round the middle part, and two rather more slender onesbelow, in addition to the raised squamous ridge around the cauda orextremity. On crossing the costae these ridges are considerablyproduced into prickly hollow scales, and are everywhere crossed byvery fine elevated lines of growth. The aperture is lilac, not greatlycontracted anteriorly, and, together with the canal, occupies abouthalf the entire length of the shell. The outer lip is armed withinwith about six short lirje ; and the columella exhibits a tiibercleat the upper part and one or two below the middle. The canal isshort, open, and recurved. Length 8 millim., greatest width 4^.Etoile Island, Amirantes, in 13 fms., coral.21. Murex (Ocinebra) darrosensis. (Plate XLIV. fig. F.)Shell small, fusiformly ovate, white, spotted upon and between theribs with pale and dark brown. Whorls 7, the apical smooth,convex ; the rest subconcavely sloping above, angulated near themiddle, straightish at the sides, longitudinally costate and spirallyridged. Costa) moderately strong, about nine on a whorl, producedinto angular prominences where crossed by the chief transverselirte ; the latter are three in number on the upper volutions, allon their lower half, and five or six on the last. In addition tothese, the surface is ornamented with several finer intervening lira?and very fine lines of growth. The aperture is rather open, ovate,contracted into a short, open, oblique, recurved canal, and somewhatstained with yellow. The labrum has a broad varix exteriorly, andabout eight fine lirse within. The columella is arcuate above,yellowish, and bears a small tubercle or two below the middle.Length 11 millim., greatest width 6.Darros Island, Amirantes, 22 fms. ; broken-coral bottom.This species closely resembles M. tiitens, A. Adams, but issmaller, has the upper part of the whorls more concave, and morenumerous longitudinal costae.Barros Island, Amirantes.22, Pisania ignea, Gmclin.23. Pisania (Tritonidea) uiidosa, Linne.Darros Island, Amirantes.24. Columbella turturina, Laniard:African and Eagle Islands, Amirantes, 10-12 fms.

MOLLUSCA. 49325. ColumlDella nympha, Kiener.Providence Reef, Masearenes, 24 frns.26. Columbella seychellensis. (Plate XLIV. fig. G.)Shell small, narrow, ovate-fusiform, opaque white, irregularlyblotched with brown. Whorls 9, three apical smooth, concave ;the rest only very slightly concave, separated by a linear suture,above which revolves a white line dotted with brown, which alsopasses round the middle of the last whorl ; this is not much contractedat the lower part, around which there are about half-adozenoblique grooves. The aperture is long and narrow, togetherwith the oblique basal canal occiqjying rather less than the wholelength of the shell. The outer lip is thickened externally by abroadish white varix. The columella is nearly perpendicular at themiddle, and covered with a thin callosity. Length 8 millim.,greatest width 3.Sej'chelle Islands, 4-12 fms.This curious little species is somewhat chrj-saloid in form. Theoutlines of the spire are just a little concave below the apex, andgradually become slightly convex lower down. The outer lip in thesingle specimen at hand is smooth within, having been inhabited bya minute Pagurus ; but it is very probable that fine lirae wiU be metwith in other specimens.27. Columbella moleculina.Dticlos, Monogr. Columbc4la, pi. 9. figs. 1 & 2 ; id. in ChemCs Illustr.Conch, pi. 9. figs. 1 & 2.Etoile Island, Amirantes, 13 fms. {Oojjpinger) • Marquesas(Pease, in Brit. Miis.) ; Malvcira Harbour, San Christoval, SolomonIslands (J. Brazier, in Brit. Mus.).This species, although characteristically figured in the above unfinishedmonographs, has not, I believe, been as yet described. Itis small, ovately fusiform, glossy, white, covered with a network orconnected circles of a yellowish-brown colour, varied with twointerrupted dark-brown transverse lines, one at the upper part ofthe whorls a little below the suture, where the ground-colour is attimes opaque snowy white, and the other, consisting of less elongatespots, round the base of the body-whorl. Volutions 8, smooth,three apical convex, the rest nearly flat at the sides, very fiiintlygradated ; the last rounded at the middle, contracted beneath, andstrongly transversely grooved at the extremity. Aperture small, contractedinto a short oblique canal in front. Outer lip strengthenedwith a remarkably broad external varix, distinctly sinuated a littlebelow the suture and armed within with six small denticles, ofwhich the second and third below the sinus are usually the largest.Columella covered with a callus bearing throe or four elongatetransverse tubercles at the lower part. Length 6 millim., width 2^.

494 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.This pretty little species must not be confounded with C. galaxias.Reeve (Conch. Icon. figs. 229 «, b). The latter has a similar interruptedline at the upper part of the whorls, and an indication of asecond towards the base of the last, but is nevertheless quite distinct,being destitute of the roundly meshed network, and more elongatein form.It has an opaque-white dotted line immediately above thesuture falling round the middle of the body-whorl, and consists oftwo more normal volutions than C. moleculma.28. Columbella cincinnata. (Plate XLIV. fig. H.)Martens, Moll. Mminthis, p. 248, pi. 20. fig. 14.Eagle Island, Amirantes, 12 fms. ('Alert'); Mauritius (Martens).Of this little species I have several examples before me in adultcondition. In these I count five normal whorls and three nuclear,the former being nearly straight at the sides and the latter convex.The labrum is but very little thickened, has a shallow sinuation aboveand a few denticles within. The columella is subperpendiciLlar,covered with a thin callus, having a prominent free margin.29. Columbella rufopiperata. (Plate XLIV. fig. I.)Shell minute, ovate-fusiform, flesh-coloured, everywhere minutelydotted with red and marked with an indistinct pale liue around themiddle of the body-whorl. Volutions 7, three apical smooth,convex ; the rest somewhat gradated, flat at the sides, very stronglylongitudinally costate. Eibs about twelve in number, continuousup the spire, rounded, thick, having the upper end crossed bj'â shallow groove, giving the whorls a margined appearance. Thebody-whorl is convex at the middle, somewhat contracted below,transversely grooved at the base, with the costoe less strongly developedas the labrum is approached. Aperture very small andnarrow, only slightly contracted into a short oblique canal ; theouter Up is distinctly sinuated below the suture and thickenedwithin. The columella is rounded, prominent at the middle, andcovered with a callus. Length 3 millim., width 1^.Etoile Island, Amirantes, 13 fms.This minute species to the naked eye appears to be of a pinkishbrowncolour, but on examination with a lens is seen to be minutelydotted with red upon a pale flesh-coloured ground. The ribs arevery strong for so small a shell.30. Columbella amirantium. (Plate XLIV. fig. K.)Shell small, broad, ovate-fusiform, subpellucid, with the upperpart of the whorls whitish and pale pink bene'ath, ornamented withsome opaque white spots below the suture and a band of small dotsof the same colour round the middle of the body-whorl, the basalextremity of which is dark pink or black dotted with white.

;M0LLXJ8CA. 495"Whorls 8; five nuclear convex, pink, finely , longitudinally liratethe rest strongly costate and rather convex at the sides. The ribsare thick, rounded, about sixteen in number on the penultimatewhorl, subobsolete behind the labrum. The last volution is broadabove, contracted inferiorh', the extremity being crossed by severalcoarsish grooves and ridges. Aperture narrow, only a little narrowedanteriorly into a slightly oblicjue open canal. Outer lipmuch thickened by a strong exteriial white varix, marked with twobrownish-pink spots, one above and the other below the middle ; itis also internally thickened, armed with eight denticles, and subsinuatedat the upper end. The columella is covered with a callusbearing about five small tubercles near the middle. Length 5|millim., width 3,Eagle Island, Amirautes, 12fms. ; sand and coral bottom.This is a very pretty little species, having the same form as thetypical group of the genus.31. Coluiubella conspersa.Gaskoin ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. xi. fig. 99.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, 24 fms. ; and He des Neufs, Amirautes,in 15 fms.Reeve's figure is fairly good in respect of form but misleading asregards the colour of this species. It is a whitish or pinkish-whiteshell, having the upper and lower parts of the whorls edged withopaque white, and a narrow zone of the same colour round the middleof the body-whorl. It is also blotched with olive-yellow and dottedwith that tint upon the opaque bands. The labrum and columellaare tinged with lilac-pink, the former being armed with seven oreight denticles and the latter with about six transverse tuberclesupon a prominent callosity.32. Columbella albocaudata. (Plate XLIY. fig. L.)Shell small, ovate -fusiform, pale pink, paler at the apex and whiteat the extremity of the body-whorl, bordered above with a fewspots of a reddish colour. AVhorls 8 ; four apical glossy, excentric,convex ; the rest less swollen, separated by a moderately deepsuture ; last whorl scarcely angled at the middle, contractedtowards the anterior end, which is transversely grooved and ridged,the ridges being about twelve in number. Aperture small, contractedanteriorly into a short open oblique canal. Labrum thin atthe edge, strengthened with a varix at a little distance from themargin, which is distinctly sinuated towards the upper part, andfurnished within with about five denticles. Columella perpendicular,arcuate at the middle, covered with a thin callus supporting aboutfour cross tubercles. Length 6 millim., width 2g.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.; bottom sand andcoral.

496 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.This species to the naked eye appears to he almost uniformlylight pink ; by the aid of a lens, however, it is seen to be colouredas described above, and in addition there are two or three whitedots placed at distant intervals upon the upper margin of thewhorls.33. Nassa arcularia, Linne,Mozambique, between tide-marks.34. Nassa granifera, Kiencr.Cerf Island, Mascarenes, in 10 fms.35. Nassa gaudiosa.Hinds; Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. fig. 48.Mozambique, between tide-marksThe specimen from this locality is shorter than that figured byEeeve, and almost as stout as N. mucronata, A. Adams, which isvery closely allied.36. Nassa stigmaria, var.A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 90 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.figs. 42 a, b.Var. =N. deusigranata, A. Adams; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 181.Marie-Louise Island, Amirantes, 16-17 fms. {Coppinger).The little shell from the above island resembles in every particularN. densigranata, said to have been originally found at the PhilijipineIslands, and which T think should be regarded as a dwarf form ofN. stir/maria. This species I have elsewhere quoted from the KoreanStraits.37. Phos nodicostatus, var.A. Adams ; Sowerln/s Thesaurus, vol. iii. p. 93, pi. 222. fig. 47.Darros Island and Poivre Island, Amirantes, 20-22 fms. ; alsoCerf Island and Providence Ileef, Mascarenes, in 10-24 fms.The same shell, regarded by Martens as a variety (r-hodostoma) ofP. tewtvs of Gmelin (Moll. Mauritius, p. 241, pi. 20. f. 7), wasdredged by Prof. Mcibius at five fathoms depth at the Seychelles,The sculpture is of a more delicate character than obtains inP. textas, and the spire is more graceful.African Island, Amirantes.38. Purpura hippocastanum.39. Purpura (Jopas) sertum, Brxguiere.Darros Island, Amirantes.

MOLLTJSCA. .497Darros Island, Amirantes.40. Sistrum ricinus, Linne.41. Coralliophila madreporarum, Sowerhy.Etoile Island, Amirantes, and Seychellc Islands, in 4-13 fms.42, Coralliophila amirantium. (Plate XLIV. fig. M.)Shell minute, pyramidally ovate-fusiform, pale pinkish yellow.Whorls 8 ; three apical convex, smooth, the rest also convex, dividedby a deep suture, longitudinally ribbed and transversely ridged.Costfe somewhat oblique, rounded, broader than the interstices,about twelve in number on the penultimate volution, rather obsoletetowards the lower part of the last. Spiral liroe well raised,squamose, generally four in number on the upper whorls, aud abouteleven on the last, alternating with more slender ones in the interstices.Last whorl rounded above, contracted below the middle,with a conspicuous scaled ridge around the cauda. Aperture lightjiink, ovate-subpyriform, contracted anteriorly intp a narrow, oblique,short, recurved caual. Columella subperpendicular, very littlearcuated, coated with a thin pinkish callus. Outer lip not muchthickened, crenulated at the edge, and armed within with aboutten fine lirse, which run far within the aperture, but do not reachthe margin of the labrum. Length 11^ millim., greatest width 6i.Marie-Louise, African, and Eagle Islands, Amirantes, 10 to17 fms.This species belongs to the same genus as another form describedby myself as Fiisus ? ahnormis. On further consideration I am ofopinion that they would be more correctly placed in the genusCoralUopliila. The present species is smaller and more coarselysculptured than C. abnormis from the Andamans.43. Leptoconchus rostratus.Magilus rostratus, A. Adams ;Soiverhy, Conch. Icon. vol. xviii.figs. 15 rt, h.Darros Island, Amirantes, in 22 fms. ;bottom broken coral.44. Pasciolaria filamentosa, Lamarck.Darros Island, on the shore.45. Latirus (Peristernia) nassatula, Lamarclc.Seychelles, 4-12 fms.46. Oliva episcopalis, Lamarel:Glorioso Islands.2k

;498 COLLECTIOKS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Darros Island, on the shore,47. Harpa minor, Lamarcl-.48. Mitra episcopalis, Linne.Mozambique.49. Mitra coronata, Chemnitz.Darros Island, in 22 fms.50. Mitra luctuosa.A. Adams ; So^cerby, Thesaurus Conch, vol. iv. Cg. 229.Darros Island, in 22 fms.This species is of a dark olive-brown colour, having a singleyellow line around the upper part of the whorls. It is spirallypunctate-striate throughout, consists of ten whorls, and has fiveplaits on the columella, of which the lowermost is insignificant.51 . Mitra tenuis. (Plate XLIV. fig. K.)Sowerby, Thesaurus., vol. iv. p. 6, fig. 327.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms.The locality of this species has hitherto been unrecorded.It is athin, narrow shell, of a light yellowish-brown colour, having a palezone at the upper part of the whorls, another around the middle ofthe last, and a third less distinct one towards the base. Whorls 10five apical escentric, smooth, convex, pale, the rest normal, almostflat at the sides, separated by an oblique suture, sculj)tured throughoutwith spiral striae and lines of growth. The aperture is verymuch narrowed above and widens considerably below. The columellais oblique and armed with four plaits. Length 12imillim.,diameter 3^, aperture 5^ long.Sowerby's figure of the type, now in the British Museum, is considerablyenlarged, and represents the aperture a little too long inproportion to the spire, and only two plaits on the columella areindicated, whilst no mention whatever is made of this character inthe text. The " light fulvous band " is not at the upper part ofthe whorls as stated, this portion being pale and the baud fallinglowerdown.52. Turricnla (Callithea) exasperata, Chemnitz.Seychelles, 4-12 fms.53. Turricula (Callithea) mucronata.]\Jitra mucronata, Swainson; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 125; Sowerby,Thes. Conch, tig. 379.Mitra echinata, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 138.Cerf Island, Mascarenes, in 10 fms.

;MOLLUSCA. 499M. concentrica, Reeve, which is regarded by some authors as avariety of this species, is, I think, sufficiently distinct. The spireis rather more acuminate, the whorls are not angular, the costaemore numerous and not acutely noduled.54. Turricula (Callithea) modesta, Reeve.Darros Island, in 22 fms. ; also Mauritius (Sowerhy ^ Lienard) ;Philippines ( Cumiwj).55. Turricula (Callithea) bipartita. (Plate XLIV. fig, 0.)Shell small, fusiformly ovate, having the spire and the upperhalf of the body-whorl white, and the lower half stained with adirty pale flesh-coloured band beneath and pinkish white at theextremity. Whorls 8 ; three apical smooth, convex, the rest a littleconvex at the sides, longitudinally costate and spirally grooved.Costae about 14 in number on the penultimate whorl, attenuatedinferiorly on the last, and not quite cut across by the transversesulci ; these are deepish, not quite so broad as the interstices,numbering from 6 to 7 on tho penultimate volution and about 16on the last. The aperture is small, occupying less tlian half thelength of the shell. The columella is pale pink, covered with athin callus bearing four oblique plaits. The outer lip is thin, andarmed within with about eight thread-like lirae. Length 6 millim.,diam. 2^,Providence Eeef and Cerf Island, Mascareues, in 10-24 fms.This is a very small species, but probably adult, as the morecrowded character of the costse behind the labrum indicates. Thedirty fleshy zone around the middle of the body-whorl is sometimesslightly visible upon the spire just above the suture.50. Marginalia picturata. (Plate XLIV. fig. P.)MargineUa ( Glabella) picturata, G. ^ H. Nevill, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,1874, vol. xliii. pt. 1>, p. 23, vol. xliv. pi. 8. f. 89; copied by Weinkaitff,Couch.-Cab. pi. 22. tigs. 13, 14.Poivre Island, Amirantes, in 20 fms. ; Mauritius (Nevill).A very pretty specimen from Poivre Island is somewhat differentlypainted, the spots upon the white zones being curved oralmost arrowhead-shaped, and in four series upon the body- whorltwo of these, namely one a little below the suture and the otherjust beneath the middle, are less distinct than the others, whichfall above and below tho lower more indistinct one. Tho outer liphas a fourth red spot at the upper extremity, and the anterior endof the columella is tinged with the same colour.57. Dolium (Malea) pomum, Limif}.Olorioso Islands, on reefs, dead.2 k 2

500 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.58. Ranella pusilla, var.Sej'chclles, 4-12 fms. ; also Darros Island, in 22 fms.The variety from the Seychelles is white, stained with purple onthe posterior side of the varices, and with pinkish brown at the topof the body-whorl at the suture. The last whorl has also a brightpink band low down on the dorsal side, a spot of the same colouron the middle of each lateral varix, and a black extremity. Themouth of the aperture is of a pretty purple-pink colour, armed withseven white tubercles on the outer lip, and four or five on theinner.59. Triton (Persona) cancellinus, Roissij.Var. = Triton decipiens, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 102.Providence Eeef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.60. Natica tessellata.Philippi, Conch.- Cab. ed. 2, p. 48, pi. 7. fig. 7.Mozambique, between tide-marks.The exact locality of this species has not, I believe, been hithertoknown.Gl.Cyprsea asellus, Linne.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms.African Island, Amirantes.62. Trivia scabriuscula, Graij.63. Erato corrugata, Hinds.Eagle Island, Amirantes, in 12 fms.I fail to discover any distinction between this species and E.nana, Duclos. It is of a greenish-yellow colour, having the anteriorextremity and sometimes the apex of the spire rose-tinted.The surface is granulated throughout, the granules being elongate,and down the dorsal surface there is a conspicuous deep groove.Reeve's figure (Conch. Icon. fig. 12) does not ai)parently represent thisspecies.Eagle Island, Amirantes.64. Littorina glabrata, PhiUppi.65. Cerithium echinatum, Lamarck.African and Darros Islands, on the shore.African Island.66. Cerithium columna, Soiverly.

MOLLUSCA. 50167. Cerithium albovaricosum. (Plate XLIV. fig. Q.)Ceritliium gracile, Pease (non Laniarck), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1800, p. 432.Shell thin, clongate-pyi'amidal, whitish or livid white, sparselyspotted between the costte Avith small narrow lines. Whorls about14, convex at the sides, separated by a deep, subcanaliculate suture,slowly increasing, longitudinally finely costate, and spirally lirate,exhibiting at irregular subdistant intervals larger snow-whitevarices. Costre about ten to fifteen on the upper whorls, andsomewhat nodulous through being crossed by the fine transverselirjB, of which there are about four principal ones, several finer intervening.Last whorl with a prominent varix at the left sideopposite the labrum, which is thinnish and somewhat expandedand grooved within. Aperture roundish ovate, oblique, contractedanteriorly into a narrow also oblique canal, sometimes (not always)stained with black. Columella well incurved, covered with a thincallosity bearing an elongate transverse tubercle at the upper part.Length 141 millim., diam. 44-.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms. ; Sandwich Islands{Pease).C. rostratmn of Sowerby is allied to this species, but may be distinguishedby its more angular whorls, different costa?, less deepsuture, and the different and more regular dotting between thenodules round the middle of the whorls. Specimens from the SandwichIslands of this species in the British Museum have not a blackanterior canal, and the costae are rather finer than in the Mascarenespecimen.68. Cerithium amirantium. (Plate XLIV. fig. R.)Shell small, elongate, light pink, faintly dotted with brown.Whorls about 1 2, slightly convex, nodulously costate, spirally lirate,exhibiting at distant intervals paler thickish varices. Costae about15 on trbe upper whorls, crossed by two principal transverse Hrae,which are nodulous upon the ribs, giving the whorls a biangulateappearance at the sides. In addition to these two there are several(about seven) finer lira), but which scarcely form nodules upon thecostae. The body-whorl has the usual varix on the left side welldeveloped, swoUen. The apci'ture is round-ovate, acuminate aboveand prolonged anteriorly into an oblique, short, recurved canal.Columella arcuate, coated with a rosy callus, oearing an elongatetransverse tubercle above. Labrum thickened by a smaU externalvarix. Length 15 millim., diam. 4^.Darros Island, Amirantes, in 22 fms.This pretty little sjiecies agrees with C. fenellam, Sowerby, incolour, but is narrower and differently sculptured.69. Ceritliium (Rhino clavis) acutinodulosum.(Plate XLIV. fig. S.)Shell elongate-pyramidal, white, spotted with l)rown between

502 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAX OCEAN.the nodules. Whorls 16, straight at the sides, encircled abore atthe suture with a prominent series of acute tubercles, and belowthese by two or three other rows, Avhich are much less elevated anddistinct ; they are also spirally striate-sulcate. The body-whorlhas a swelling (scarcely a varix) on the left side opposite the outerlip, terminates in a narrow and much recurved canal, and is sculpturedwith about ten narrow sulci. Columella bearing a conspicuouscallus reflesed over the cauda, and armed within with a single submedianplait. Aperture oblique, produced above into a short, naiTowchannel. Labrum only a very little thickened. Length 30 millim.,diam. 9.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms., and Cerf Island, Masearenes, in 10 fms.This species bears some resemblance to C. articulatum, Adamsand Eeeve, especially as regards the aperture. It may bo distinguishedby the prominent row of acute nodules just below thesuture, the corresponding series in C. articulatum being smaller, sothat the whorls at this part are narrower than below, whilst, on thecontrary, in the present species they are widest./70. CeritMum (RMnoclavis) kocM, PMlippi.Poivre Island and He des Roches, Amirantes, in 13-20 fms.71. Triphoris mirificus. (Plate XLIV. figs. T-T\)Beshmjes, Moll. Reunion, p. 104, pi. 11. figs. 32,33.Etoile Island, in 13 fms.This is a most curious species, on account of the prominent canalbehind the aperture. The apex of the spire in the single specimenat hand, consisting of four whorls, is yellowish brown and finelycancellated instead of noduled like the rest of the shell.72. Triphoris monilifer.Hinds, Vorj. ^ Sidphur; p. 30, pL 8. fig. 14.Etoile Island, in 13 fms. ;Straits of Malacca (Hinds).73. Triphoris elegans.Hindfs, Voy. * Sulphur,^ p. 29, pi. 8. fig. 1].Distribution the same as preceding species.74. Triphoris maxillaris.Hinds, Votj. ' Sulphur; p. 29, pi. 8. fig. 8.Darros Island, in 22 fms. ;also Straits of Malacca {Hinds).Marie-Louise Island.75. Strombus mauritianus, Lamarck.

MOLLUSCA. 5037(5. Strombus gibberulus, Linm.Seychelles, 4-1 2 fms.; He des Roches, Amirantes; and Mozambique.77. Strombus floridus, Lamarcl-.African Island and Darros Island, on the shore,Poivre Island, Amirantes.78. Strombus columba, Lamarcl:79. Pterocera aurantia, Lamarck.Providence Island, Mascarenes.80. CalyptraBa cicatricosa.Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 3 a, 3 h.Providence Reef, Mascarenes ;Philippines {Cuming).81. Nerita plexa, Chemnitz.Eagle Island, Amirantes.A specimen from this locality is of unusually large size, havingan extreme diameter of 56 millim.82. Nerita plicata, Chemnitz.Eagle Island and He des Roches, Amirantes.He des Roches.83. Nerita polita, LinnS.84. Nerita albicilla, Linne.Poivre and Darros Islands, Amirantes.85. Neritina (Smaragdia) rangiana, liecluz.Providence Reef, Mascarenes.86. Turbo Mstrio.Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. iv. fig. .'52 ;I'hilijyjn, Conch.- Cab, ^g, 78, pi. 18.fig. G ; ? Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 33. fig. 3.African and Darros Islands.The locality of this species has not, I believe, been previouslyrecorded. The type is a white shell broadly rayed above with a

504 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.rust-brown colour, being spotted and more irregularly stained withthe same tint below. The two Amirante specimens have the samestyle of markings, but of a greenish colour or green and brownmingled together. Both of these and one of the specimens in theCumingian collection have a distinct zone composed of irregulardark-coloured spots round the middle of the base.87. Turbo tursicus. (Plate XLIV. figs. U-U^.)Eeeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 60; Pldlippi, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 83, pi. ID.fig. 5.Daros Island; Philippine Islands {Cuming).This beautiful species is well characterized by its style of painting.It is whitish with broad scarlet rays, particularly distinct on thesloping upper surfaces of the whorls ; these are sometimes edgedwith black posteriorly, and the suture is more or less stained withthat colour. The lower part of the body-whorl is for the most partscarlet with a few narrow white streaks (sometimes black-spotted)radiating from the umbilical region. The operculum is white, thick,convex, and granose externally.88. Turbo (Marmorostoma) coronatus.Turbo coronatus, Gmelin, PhiUppi, C'oJic/(..-Crt6. ed. 2, p. 23, pi. G.11-13.figs.Zanzibar.This species has also been recorded from the Red Sea, theSeychelles, Madagascar, Natal, Malacca, Cochin China, and theMoluccas.89. Phasianella zethiopica, PkUippi.Bird Island, Seychelles, on the beach.90. Trocbus (Gibbula)? amirantium. (Plate XLIV. figs. V.-V.)Shell small, subglobose, perforate, spirally finely lirate and sulcate,white, the lirse being interruptedly pink. Whorls 4-5, convex,rapidly increasing ; last whorl rounded at the periphery, liratethroughout, the lirae being rather narrower than the interveninggrooves and crossed by the lines of growth. Aperture circular,occupying more than half the total height of the shell. Columellaarcuate, white, covered with a callus, which is considerably refiexedespecially at the lower part. Height 4 millim., greatest diameter4^ millim.Etoile Island, Amirantes, in 13 fms.The distinguishing feature of this little species is the refiexedcharacter of the columella. I have not the operculum, and cojisequcntlyam in doubt respecting the true generic position.

MOLIUSCA.5U591. Trochus (Monodonta) australis, Lamarch.Glorioso Islands, on the reefs.92. Trochus (Monodonta) laMo, Linne.Seychelles, on the beach.93. Cylichna protracta.Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nut. Hist. 1859, vol. vii. p. 140 ; Otia, p. 113.Cerf Island, Mascarenes, in 10 fms. ;coast of China (Gould).94. Tornatina voluta, Quoy ^ Oahnard.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.95, Pyramidella (Lonchaeus) maculosa, Lamarch.Poivre Island, in 20 fms.90. PyramideUa (Obeliscus) terebellum, Muller.African Island.97. Pyramidella (Obeliscus) sulcatus.Obeliscus sulcatus {Nuttcdl, MS.), A. Adams in Sowerby''s Thesaurus,vol. ii. p. 807, pi. 171. fig. 34 ; Soiverhy, Conch. Icon. vol. xv.figs. 12 a, b.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.This species was collected at the Sandwich Islands by Nuttall,and Tahiti is assigned to it as the locality by Mr. A. Adams.98. Chemnitzia coppingeri. (Plate XLIV. fig. W.)Shell elongate, subulate, pink, with large distant white varices.Whorls 18?; the 12 remaining are convex at the sides, separated bya deepish, slightly oblique suture, longitudinally finely ribbed andspirally lirate. Ribs twice as broad as the grooves between them,about 26 on the penultimate whorl, subnodose where they meet thetransverse lira3 ; these are about 1 1 in number on the penultimateand about 24 on the last whorl, those on the lower part rather finerthan those above. Varices large, almost one on every volution,transversely sulcated. Aperture subquadrate, nearly as wide aslong. Columella straight, subtruncate and uniplicate anteriorly.Labrum arcuate, externally variced. Length of twelve remainingwhorls 18 millims., diameter 4-j- millim.Providence Reef, Mascarenes, in 24 fms.

50GCOLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.99, Phyllidia varicosa, Lamarck.Mozambique, between tide-marks.For distribution of this species see Bergh in Semper's Reisen im'Arch. Philippineu,' Theil 2, Band 2, Heft x. p. 381.100. Doris (Platydoris) coriacea,Doris coriacea, Abraham, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 247, pi. 27.figs. 1-4.Platydoris coriacea, Bergh, in Semjjer^s 'Heisen im Arch. Thilippinen^Theil 2, Band 2, Suppl.-Heft i. p. 58.Mozambique, between tide-marks {Ooppinger) ; South Africa,Seychelles, and Sir C. Hardy's Island {Abraham).101. Doris (Asteronotus) mabilla.Doris mabilla {Bergh), Abraham, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 249, pi. 28.figs. 1-4.Asteronotus mabilla, Bergh, in Semper^s ' Rcisen im Arch. Philippinen^Theil 2, Baud 2, Suppl.-Heft i. p. 71, pi. xx. c. fig. 10.Seychelles and Samoa Islands {Ahraliam) ; Glorioso Islandsand Mozambique ( Cojypinger).In the specimens from the two latter localities the pale spots uponthe back with dark centres are symmetrical!}^ placed upon each sideof the central line, which is jâle and dark spotted at intervals.II.CONCHIFERA.1. Cytherea (Caryatis) obliquata, Hanley.Seychelles.A single right valve from this locality is of a rich brown colour,whitish towards the iimbones and ventral margin, radiately streakedwith white across the brown portion of the surface, having thelunule and posterior dorsal surface lineated with dark brown. Theinner surface is white, faintly tinted with pale rose towards thehinder extremity.Poivre Island.2. Circe (Crista) pectinata, Linne.3. Circe (Crista) gibbia, var.Seychelles.This specimen belongs to the variety named C. menJcei, Jonas.

M0LLTJ8CA. 5U /African Island, Amirantes.4. Tellina elegans, Wood.5. Tellina semilsevis.Martens; Romer, Conch.-Cah. p. 63, pi. 18. figs. 1-4.Tellina teuuilirata, Soiverhij, Conch. Icon. vol. xvii. pi. 43. fig-. 253.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms.Care must be taken not to confuse this with the second speciesdescribed by Mr. Sowerby under the same name {T. tenuilirata),and figured on plate 39. figs. 219 a-b of the same monograph.G. Tellina staurella, Lamarcl:Seychelles, in 4-12 fms.This species, according to Mcirch, is the T. cruciata, Spengler.Seychelles, on the beach.7. Tellina rugosa, Bom.8. Tellina scobinata, Linne.Eagle Island and Darros Island, on the shore.9. Tellina gratiosa.Jtdmer, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 170, pi. 34. figs. 10-12.He des Roches, Amirantes, in 13 fms. ;Indian Ocean (Eomer).10. Cardium (Ctenocardia) fornicatum.Cardium fornicatum, Soiverhy, Conch. III. fig. 50 ;Reeve, Conch. Icon.vol. ii. fig. 110.Providence Island, Mascarenes, in 19 fms.The locality of this very beautifully sculptured shell has not, Ibelieve, hitherto been recorded.11. Cardium (Papyridea) pulclirum, Reeve.Eagle Island, 12 fms.12. Gastrochaena mytiloides, LamarclcSeychelles, in 4—12 fms.13. Lucina (Codakia) exasperata, Reeve.Poivre Island and Darros Island.This species was originally described from a specimen collected at

508 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Honduras, according to Mr. Reeve. L. tigrina, Lamarck, has asimilar remarkable distribution (v/rfg Deshayes, Moll, de la lleunion,p. 19, and Martens, Moll. Mauritius, p. 321).14. Lucina (Codakia) punctata, Linne.African Island, Amirantes, on the beach.Mozambique, on the beach.15. Lucina clausa, PMUppi.Glorioso Islands.16. Lucina (Divaricella) cumingii, var.Poivre Island, Amirantes.17. Modiola auriculata, Krauss.18. Modiola elegans, Gray.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms.Eeeve quotes West Africa as the localitj- of this species ;and theBritish Museum received specimens from G. Clifton, Esq., found indeep water near Garden Island, West Australia.19. Area (Acar) divaricata, Sowerhy.Seychelles, in 4-12 fms., on a sand and coral bottom ; also Hedes Neufs, Amirantes, in 15 fms.20, Cucullaea concamerata, Chemnitz.Seychelles, at a depth of 12 fms.

509ECHINODERMATA.F. JEFFREY BELL.The greater number of the rather less than fifty species collectedbelong, as will be seen, to forms that are so thoroughly well knownto students of this group of animals, that it has not been thoughtnecessary to burden the text y/ith the ordinary bibliographicalreferences. The only object of especial interest is the remarkablenew Ophiurid.OPHIUROIDEA.ECHINOIDEA.1. Ophioplocus imbricatus.1. Cidaris metularia.2. Opbiarthrum elegans.2. Phyllacanthus baculosa.3. Ophiocoma brevipes.3. Diadema setosum.4. scolopendrina.4. Astropyga radiata.5. erinaceus.6. Salmacis (young).6. pica.6. Toxopneustes pileolus.7. scbcenleini.7. Tripneustes angiilosus.8. Opbiarachna incrassata.8. Echinometra lucuuter.9. Ophionereis dubia.10. Ophiothrix tribneata.11. propinqua.11. Metalia sternalis.12. longipeda.13. Ophiopsammium (?) sp.14. Neoplax ophiodes.ASTEROIDEA.HOLOTHUROIDEA.1. Echinaster purpureas.2. Linckia Isevigata.1. Cbirodota violacea.3. multiforis.2. Stichopus chloronotus.4. diplax.3. Muelleria mauritiana.5. Scytaster variolatus.4. varians (?).6. Oreaster lincki.5. Holothuria vagabunda.7. Culcita sclimideliana.6. impatiens.8. Gymnasterias carinifera.7. atra.9. Archaster tjîciis.8. maxima.10. Astropecten polyacanthus.9. amboinensis.9. Clypeaster scutiformis.10. Brissus unicolor.10. pardalis.11. pulla(?).12. lagcena.

——510 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN 0CK4.N.Prom Mozambique :Cidaris metularia.Astropyga radiata.Toxopueustes pileolus.Tripueustes angulosus.Ecliinometra lucuuter.Linckia Ifevigata.multiforis.diplax.Scj'taster variolatus.Oreaster lincki.Culcita schmideliana.From the Seycbelles* :—Diadema setosum.Astropyga radiata.Salmacis (? bicolor: youngToxopneustes pileolus.Clypeastpr scutiformis.Astropecten polyacanthus!Astropecten liempricliii (?).Ophioplocus imbricatus.Opbiocoma scolopendriua.scboenleini.Muelleria mauritiana.Holothuria impatiens.maxima.amboiuensis.—— pulla (?).lao-oena.Astropecten hempricbii (?).Archaster t^-picus.Opbiocoma erinaceus.Opbiotbrix trilineata.propinqua.lougipeda.From Darros Island :Cidaris metularia.Ecbinometra lucunter.Ecliinaster purpureusf.Gymnasterias cariuifera.Astropecten polyacautbus.Opbioplocus imbricatus.Opliiarthrum elegaus.Opliiocoma brevipes.scolopendriua.Opbiocoma erinaceus.pica.Opbiaracbna incrassata.Opbiouereis dubia.Opbiotbrix propinqua.Sticbopus cbloronotus.Muelleria mauritiana.Holotburia vagabuuda.atra.From one or more of the other islands of the Amirante group(African Island, Des Neufs, Eagle, Etoile, Marie-Louise, orPoivre) :Cidaris metularia.Brissus unicolor.Metalia sternalis.Opbiartbrum elegans.Opbiocoma brevipes.Opbiocoma pica.Opbiotbrix propinqua.Cbirodota violacea.Muelleria variaus (?).From Des ISTeufs and Marie Louise come a number of smallimmature specimens of an Actinometra, of the general formula* It is possible that some elegantly coloured forms from the Seychelles belongto an undescribed species of Ophwpsammiuiii ; it is, liowever, one of wbicliI have not seen any examples, and, at present, I find it impossible to come toany final conckision as to their generic position or the exact relations of thegenus Ophiopsammium.t The single specimen of Ecliinaster purpnrcus from Daros Island has amuch stouter liabit and stronger less numerous spines than examples frommore eastern localities ; but at the same time it is by the same points to bedistinguished from Savigny's figure.

——ECHINODEEMATA. 511b3 A' -, which seems to be new to science, but of which more maturespecimens must be obtained before the species can be named anddescribed.From the He des Roches, which is on a separate coral-bank fromthe other islands, came :Phj'llacanthus baculosus (13 fms.).At Providence Island, which is 240 miles S.W. by S. of theAmirante group, the only Echinoderm obtained wasOpbiothrix propinqua.This species seems to be somewhat variable in the details of itscoloration ; originally described by Lyman as having a blue marking,some specimens collected by the ' Challenger ' were reported bythat eminent authority as " red varieties," Such are most of thespecimens in the present collection.From Glorioso Islands come :Ophiocoma scolopendrina and flolothuria pardalis.In addition to the more or less well-known species of Ophiuridsthe names of which have just been given, the collection containsexamples of some very remarkable forms which, so far as I am ableto tell, have not yet received description at the hands of anynaturalist.In one case I feel justified in establishing a new genus, forwhich, as the term Hemiijlax is already in use, I propose that ofNeoi)lax.NEOPLAX.Disk covered with a rather thick skin, not richly granulated.radial shields ; the dorsal arm-platos present, but incompletelydeveloped and not touching one another. Arms long, slender,coiled on themselves, but not divided. A few mouth-papilla; and afew teeth, but no fringe of spines to either. A moderate number ofshort arm-spines, with their basal portions embedded in the skin.The tentacle-scale single and very small. The genital slits longand the scale large.This interesting genus appears to belong to Mr. Lyman's thirdgroup of Ophiurida3, or the Astrojihi/ton-Yike Ophiurans. Notwithstandingthe absence of radial shields, it does not seem to have anyspecial affinity to Opluomyces ;but, on the whole, to stand not veryfar from Opldomijxa, from which, however, it is to be distinguished(1) by the complete absence of radial shields, (2) the great reductionof the plates at the margin of the disk, (3) the twisted arms, and(4) the absence of the modified spines on the oral processes. .No

512 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Neoplax ophiodes. (Plate XLV. figs, a-e.)Disk pentagonal and small ; arms narrow, elongated, having tliogeneral appearance of being somewhat constricted between eachjoint, owing, probably, to the mode of attachment of the spines tothe edge of the side arm-plates. Granules on the disk rather large,sparse, scattered, sometimes almost glassy in appearance ; at the edgeof the disk thej- are more closely packed and form a pretty definite rowof bounding granules. Very few granules on the actinal surface.Mouth-plates oval, a good deal broader than long, the side mouthshieldslying across them, so as almost, or altogether, to meet in themiddle line. Five mouth-papillce, four close together, the fifthclose to its fellow of tho opposite sidel Three or four pretty strongteeth.Though the genital slits are ordinarily long, the bridge separatingthe fellows of a pair is of a fair breadth ;genital scale prominent.On the fourth or fifth joint from the disk there are six smallbut distinct lateral spines, attached to the edge of the lateral plateand further out there may be seven spines. The lowest;spine isthe longest and the most distinct. The upper arm-plates are widestalong their proximal edge, the sides slope inwards, and the distaledge is much narrower. The most distinctive character in thelower arm-plates appears to be the excavation on the distal edge.The tentacle-scale is single, small, and at times, indeed, appears tobe absent.Diam. of disk 11-5, 8. Length of arm (probable), 60, 40 millim.Coloration : the three specimens exhibit some ditferences, but areall brownish above and of a lighter hue below ; several arm-jointsare, here and there, darker than those just in front of or behindthem.All the three specimens were found at Darros Island, Amirantegroup, at a depth of 22 fms.

'513CRUSTACEA.BTE. J. MIEES.The collection of Crustacea made in the Indian Ocean, if lessnumerous in species and less interesting than those obtained on theAustralian coasts, contains a larger number of rare or uudescribedforms than might have been expected, when it is remembered thatthe localities are all included in a region whose Crustacean faunahas been repeatedly explored by the collector. Of the Islands,however, visited by Dr. Coppinger, the Amirante, Providence, andGlorioso groups have been hitherto terrcB inco(/nitce to the carcinologist,and but little has been hitherto reorded of the Crustaceanfauna of the Seychelles.It may be useful (as in the previous part of this <strong>Report</strong>) to mentionhere the principal memoirs which have appeared since thepublication of Mihie-Edwards's Histoire naturelle des Crustaces'(1834-40) which deal specially with the Crustacean fauna of theEast-African coast from the lied Sea to the Cape of Good Hope, andof the Mascarene Islands and other islands belonging to the samegeographical subrcgion.In 1843 appeared Dr. F. Krauss's valuable account of the South-African Crustacea*, containing a complete enumeration of the thenknown Podophthalmia and Edriophthalmia of the Cape Colony andKatal, a work which even now forms the standard of reference forall students of the South-African Crustacea. Since its publicationfew additions have, indeed, been made to our knowledge of theSouth-African marine and littoral Crustacea beyond the descriptionsof certain new species by Dr. W. Stimpsonf.In 1861-62 appeared Dr. C. Heller's standard work, " Beitriige zurCrnstaceen-Fauna des rothen Meeres"'+, which added largely to whatw as previously known from the writings of Milne-Edwards, Eiippell,* 'Die siidafrikanischen Crustacecn,' S^tuttgart (1843), 4to.t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiladelphia, 18fi7-t)0.* Sitzungsber. Akad. Wisscngchaft. Wien, xliii. (1) p. 297, xliv. (1) p. 241(I8()l-ti2).2l

'614 COLLECTIONS PROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.and others concerning the Podophthalmia and Edriophthalmia of theRed-Sea coasts. In the latter year also was published M. A. Milne-Edwards's enumeration (with descriptions of a few new species) ofthe Crustacea of Eeunion*.In 1868 M, A. Milne-Edwards published an account of theCrustacea collected by M. A, Grandidier at Zanzibar and Madagascar(Cape St, Marief) ; and in the following year, in the thirdvolume of Baron C. von der Dcckcn's Travels ' in East Africaappeared the careful account bj^ Dr. F. Hilgendorf of the Crustaceacollected in that Expedition, to which is appended a veryuseful and complete systematic list, by Dr. E. von Martens, ofall the known Crustaceans of the East- African coasts and islandsadjacent 4l.In 1874 a Eeport appeared by C. Tv. Hoffmann, entitled Sur ' lesCrustaccs et Echinodermes de Madagascar et de I'lle do la Reunion '§,based upon the extensive collections made by the author himself andby MM. Pollen and van Dam, wherein also numerous species areenumerated from the Mauritius.In 1878 the Crustacea of Mozambique were dealt with by Dr. F.Hilgendorf, in the very useful memoir entitled " Die von Hrn. "W.Peters in Mozambique gesammeltcn Crustaceen"|| ; a few speciesfrom the same locality had been previously enumerated by Prof. J.Rianconi in 1869^.In 1879, in the " <strong>Report</strong> of the Naturalists of the British Transitof-VenusExpedition," were enumerated the Crustaceans collectedat the island of Rodriguez, all, except Talitrus guUiveri, Podophthalmia,and nearly all common and widely distributed species**.In 1880 was published the excellent account, by Dr. F. Richters,of the Decapoda in Prof. Mobius's work on the marine fauna of theMauritius and Seychelles ft, to which frequent reference is made inthe following pages. Since the appearance of this work, I havegiven JJ an account of some new or remarkable species collected atthe Mauritius by M. V. de Robillard.In 1881 Drs. H. Lenz and F. Richters, in a memoir entitled"Beitrag zur Krustaceen-Fauna vou Madagascar "§§, enumerated a* Annexe F, Crustaces, in Maillard's Notes sur ' I'lle de la Eeunion.' Paris,8vo (1862).t NouTelles Archives du Museum, iv. p. GO (1868).I Vide Hilgendorf, Crustaceen in V. der Deckeu's Eeisen in Ost-Afrika, iii. (1)p. 1, and von Martens, ;". c. p. 104 (1869).'§ In F. Pollen & D. v. Dam, Eecherches sur la Faune de Madagascar,' &c.(5"' partie). Leyden (1874). 4to.IIMonatsber. der Akad. Wissenscli. Berlin, p. 782 (1878).^ " Specimina zoologica mosambicana," fasc. xvii., in Mem. dell' Accademiadi Bologna, ser. 2, ix. p. 20r> (1869).** Vide E. J. Miers, in Phil. Trans. Eoval Society, elxviii. p. 485 (1879).Mauritius und der Seychellen,' 4to, Berlin (1880).+t Proc. Zool. Soc. pp. 339, 538 (1882) ;p. 10 (1884).§§ Vide Abhandl. Senckenberg. naturf. Gesellsch. Bd. xii. p. 421 (1881).

CEtrSTACEA. 515certain number of Decapoda from Madagascar; among them arecertain sjjecies new to the Madagascar fauna.1 may refer, in conclusion, to Dr. 11. Kossmann's elaborate accountof the Malacostraca (Brachi/i(ra and Anomura) in the yet incompleteaccount of his' Exploration of the coasts of the lied Sea*,wherein the principle of uniting allied species is carried to a jêrhapsinconvenient degree, and some modifications in the classification ofgenera and species are projwsed which are of doubtful value to thesystematist, but which contains much important and useful matterrelating to the Crustacean fauna of the Eed Sea. In this workfrequent reference is made to a publication (in liussian, and withllussian title) by Dr. Paulson, which appeared at Kiew in 187o, butwhich 1 have never seenf, and which I believe has been quoted byno other carcinoloaist.List of the Localities.Seychelles.4-12 fms., coral and sand, March 1882 (No. 194).Bird Island, December 1881 (No. 210).Mahe Island, beach, March 1882 (No. 196).Amirante Group.African Island. Beach, December 1881 (No. 210).African or Eagle Islands. 10 fms., sand and coral, March 1882(No. 184).Eagle Island. Beach, December 1881 (No. 210).Darros Island. Beach, March 1882 (Nos. 199, 200) ;22 fms., sand andcoral, March 1882 (Nos. 185, 233).Poivre Island. Beach, March 1882 (No. 198).Poivre Island and lie des Roches. 13-20 fms., sand and mud, March1882 (No. 183).He des Koches. Beach, December 1881 (No. 210).Etoile Island. 13 fms., coral, April 1882 (No. 191).Marie-Louise Island. 17 fms., coral, April 1882 (Nos. 186, 190),He des Neufs. 15 fms., dead coral, April 1882 (No. 187).Providence Group.Providence Island. Beach, December 1881 (No. 210); 19 fms., coral,April 1882 (No. 217).Providence Reef. 24 fms., sand and dead coral, April 1882 (No. 215).Cerf Islands. 10 fms., sand, April 1882 (No. 232).* 'Zoologische Ergebnisse einer . . . Keise in die Kiistengebiete des rothenMeeres" (erste u. zweite Halftcn), 4to, Leipzig (1877 and 188U).t Tliis title, as translated for me by Mr. H. li. Wilson, lately of the Departmentof Printed Books in the British Miiseiiin, signifies " Eesearches uponthe Crustacea of the Ked Sea."2l2

;516 COLLECTIONS FROM THE AVESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Glorioso Islands. Beach and reef at low water, May 1882 (No. 220)7-10 fnis., sand and mud, May 1882 (No. 219).Mozambique. Beach, between tide-marks, May 1882 (Nos. 224, 22o,227) ;specimens found in the interior of Tridacna-sheWs (No. 237).In the systematic list of the species which follows, 104 speciesand varieties are enumerated from the African subregion, besides13 which were collected at Singapore and are not included inthis <strong>Report</strong>; of these, 16 species and 6 varieties are described asnew to science. 38 species and varieties are indicated as new tothe African subregion ; but several of the new varieties may notimprobably have been already recorded by previous writers under thetypical designation of the species.Little need be said with regard to the geographical distributionof the species, since the great majority, excejit in the groups Oxyrhynchaand Oxystomata (which arc richest in undescribed forms),are common in the Indo-Pacific region*, but confined, with fewexceptions, to that area of distribution. Such exceptions are Grapsusmacidafus, LiolopJius 2}^(i'nissimus, Alplieus edwardsii, and Gonoclitcti/Iuschiragra, which extend into the Atlantic region ; alsoTludamita Integra and Ccdappa gallus, var. hicornis (if the distributionof the variety be included in that of the ty])ical form). Itis not necessary to rejieat here what has been already noted on theaffinity of the Crustacean fauna of this subregion or district withthat of the West Indies f.List of the Species, shotuing theirGeograj^hiccd Range.[N.B. The species and varieties distinguished by an astensk are those whichI believe to be now recorded for the first time from the Mascarene subregionand the Eastern coast of Africa. The term "Oriental Eegion " denotes thatthe species ranges irom the African coast or islands adjacent eastward atPODOPHTHALMIA.D E C A P D A.BRACnriTRA.*Ac7icetts leeviocidis, sp. n. Seychelles.Camiioscia retusa, Latreille. Mozambique ;Oriental Region.least to one of the island-groups of the Pacific Ocean. At tlie end of tliis<strong>Report</strong> a table is appended, showing the distribution of the species on theEast-African coast and the islands belonging to the same geographical subregion.]* Prof. F. W. Hutton, in a recent article on Zoological Geography, adoptsthe terms Province and District for marine geographical divisions in contradistinctionto the terms Region and Subregion, which he restricts to the landdivisions {lide 'New Zciiland Journal of Science,' i. p. 190, footnote, 1882).t Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 539 (1882).

;CRUSTACEA. 517*JIueni(t paayica, W\crs. Seyf'lielles ; Fiji Islands.Mena'thius inonoceros (Latreille). Mozambique ; Seychelles ;UrientalKeg'ion.*Stilbo(/n(dhus martensii, sp. n. jNIarie-Louise Island ; Providence Island.*Para>ni/hrax (Chlorinoidt's) loiif/ispinus, De llaan, vav. hituherculatus, u.Darros Island ; Providence Island.*IIyastemts {C'horilia) oryx, A. M.-Ed\vards. Providence Island ; OrientalRegion.* ( ) ovatus (Dana), Poivre Island or He des lioclies;Hawaiian Islands.* ( ) ,var. tenuirostris, n. African or Eagle Islands.Naxia {Naxioides) petersii, Hilgeudorf. Marie-Louise Island ; Mozambique,*Eunjnome stimpsonii, sp. n. Providence Reef.llicippa thalia (Herbst), var. haani, Stimpson. Providence IslandMozambique;Pa-lchu-san ; seas of China and Japan.*Paramicippa aspcrimanus, sp. n. Seychelles ; Providence Island.*Eiitomonyx sjnnosus, gen. et sp. n. Providence Island and Pro\idenceReef.^Lambrus (Parthenopoides) calappuides, Ad. & White ? Sevchelles" Oriental Seas."*Euxanthus exsculptus, var. 7-uyosus, n. Darros Island ; Mad.igascar,Tamatave.Lophactcea semi(/ranosa (Heller). Etoile Island ; Red Sea.Lophozuzi/mus dodone {lievhstjY Mozambique; Ibo, Mauritius; "EastIndies " {Ilerbst).Liomera jmnctata (M. -Edwards). Darros Island ; Oriental Region.Adaa rufopunctata, M.-Edwards. Seychelles; Oriental Region.Ateryatopsis (p-anidatus, A. M.-Edwards. Marie-Louise Island ; Zanzibar;" Eastern Seas " ?Xanthodes laviarcldi (M.-Edwards). Seychelles ; Oriental Region.Carpilodes na/atus (M.-Edwards). Seychelles; Oriental Region.Actaodes tomentosus (M.-Edwards). Darros Island ;Oriental Region.Leptodius exaratus (M.-Edwards, var.). Darros Island ;Mahe Island;Oriental Region.*, var. gracilis (Dana). Mozambique ;Poivre Island ; OrientalRegion ?Phynwdiiis rugipes (Heller). Seychelles ; Red Sea.Chloroditis niyer (ForskSl). Seychelles; Oriental Region.* miliaris, A. M.-Edwards. Seychelles ; New Caledonia.*Chlorodopsis melayiodactyhts, A. M.-Edwards. Seychelle-' ; Africanor Eagle Islands ; Etoile Island ;New Caledonia; S.inioa Islands.flreo/ft/iis (]N[.-Edwards). Mozambique; Darros Island ; OrientalRegion.Etisodes electra, Herbst. Seychelles, 4-12 fms. ; Oriental Region.Cymo «//(//-eo.ssiV { Audouin). Seychelles; Oriental Region.Adwnmis setifer (De Haan). Seychelles ; He des Neufs ; ProvidenceIsland ; Oriental Region.EuriippeUia annidipes (Milne-Edwards). Poivre Island ; OrientiilRegion.Ozius (Epixanthus) frontalis, M.-Edwards. Mahe Island; OrientalRegion.Eriphia Icsvimfums, M.-Edwards. Darros Island; Glorioso Islands;Oriental Region.Iceviina/iiis, var. siiiithii, MacLeay. Mozanibique ;Glorioso Islands jOiieutal Region.

..618 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.JSnpJn'a scahricula, Dana. Mozambique; Darros Island ; OrientalliegiouTrapezia cymodoce (Ilerbst). Seychelles ; African or Eiigle, Darros,Etoile, Marie-Louise, des Neufs, and Glorioso Islands ; OrientalRegion.ferruf/inea, Latreille. Seychelles; Oriental Region.rufopunctata (Ti&\hs,i). Etoile Island ; Glorioso Islands; OrientalRegion.Tetralia cavimanus, Heller. Seychelles ;Etoile Island ;OrientalRegion.^Xiphonectes vigilans (Dana), var. ohtnsidentatus, n. Seychelles.Scylla serrata (ForskSl). Mozambique;Oriental Region.Achelous fp-amdatiis (M.-Edwai'ds). Seychelles; Oriental Region.Goniosoma Jiatator (Ilerbst). Poivre Island or He des Roches ;OrientalRegion (eastward, at least, to the Moluccas).Thalamita simn, M.-Edwards. Mozambique; Seychelles; PoivreIsland or He des Roches ; Glorioso Islands ;Oriental Region.* qitadrilohata, sp. n. Seychelles.inteyra, Dana. Oriental Region (Senegambia ; Canaries, var.).crenata, Riippell. Mozambique ;Oriental Region.jo{c

CRtrSTACEA. 519Anomutia,*Dromkria spongiosa, Stimpson, var. stimpsonii, n. Mozambique.*Dromia vulgaris, M. -Edwards. Providence Island ; European seasnorthward to the Uritish Channel; Indian and Indo-Malayanseas?*IIoviaIodromia coppingeri, gen. et sp. nov. Providence Reef.Birgus latro (Liuu.). Du Jîse Island; Oriental Region.Coenohita perlata, M.-Edwards. Eagie and African Islands ;OrientalRegion ? (eastward to Japan).Pagurus punctulatiis, M.-Edwards. Darros Island ; Oriental Region.guttcttus, Olivier. Seychelles ; Mascarenes ;Madagascar.Calcinus tihiccn (Ilerbst). Mozambique ; Oriental Region.*Petrolisthi's Idviarckii (Leach). Darros Island ;Oriental Region (eastwardto the Australian seas)., var. asiaticus (Leach). Darros Island Oriental Region.* annuUpes, White (ined.), Miers.;Seychelles; Oriental Region (toPhilippines and Australia).* maculatus, M.-Edwards. Mozambique;New Ireland.villosus (Richters) ? Darros Island ;Mauritius.*Polgonyx biunguicidatus (Dana). Seychelles ; Etoile Island ;Gulf ofSuez ;Oriental seas ?Galathea spinosirostris, Dana ? Marie-Louise Island ; ProvidenceIsland?; Oriental Region (Sandwich Islands).*Mu7iida edioardsii, sp. n. He des Neufs.Mackura.Alpheus oht'so-manus, Dana. Seychelles ;Oriental Region.edioardsii, A.wdiOmn. Seychelles; Oriental Region to California;Atlantic Region (Cape Verds ; American coast from Carolina toBrazil).tcevis, Randall. Seychelles; African or Eagle Islands; EtoileIsland ; Oriental Region.* collumianus, Stimpson ? African or Eagle Islands ; Bonin Island.minor, Say, var. 7ieptimtis, Dana. Darros Island ;He des Neufs;Glorioso Islands ;Oriental Region (to Bay of Panama).*Ponto)iia? hrevirodris, sp. n. Seychelles.*Corailiocari.i graminea (Dana). Seychelles ; Oriental Region.PencEus canaliculatus, Olivier. Poivre Island; Oriental Region (toNicaragua).* richtersil, sp. n. Cerf Island.Stomatopoda.Gonududghts chiragra (Yahr.). Mozambique; Seychelles; Darros Island;Etoile Island; Oriental Region (to American coast) ; AtlanticRegion (Mediterranean ;W.Indies; Brazil).graphurus, Miers. Seychelles; Oriental Region.* e/egans, sp. n. Providence Island or He des Roches ; ProvidenceReef.*Mara diversimanus, sp. n.Amphipoda.Seychelles.

520 COr-LECTfONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.DECAPODA.BRACHYURA.1. AcliseTis laevioculis. (Plate XLVI. fig. A.)I thus doubtfully designate a male specimen from the Seychelles,4-12 fms., which in many of its characters closely resembles A.lorina(Ad. & White*), from Mindanao and Borneo, but is distinguished bythe absence of the promiuent spines or tubercles on the gastric andcardiac regions of the carapace (which are here replaced by verysmall tubercles), the nearly terete eye-peduncles (which iu A. lorinaare armed with a spine or tubercle), and the much shorter ambulatorylegs, which are scarcely more than twice the length of thecarapace, and have the dactyli, even of the fifth pair, very littlefalcated, whereby this species may be at once distinguished fromA. crancliii and A. lacertosus. A. tuherculatus, Miers, has the carapacemuch less constricted behind the eyes, a prominent cardiac spine,&c. I should note that in specimens of A. lorina in the Museumcollection the spines of the carapace are much less prominent thanin the figure of Adams and White.2. Camposcia retusa, Latr.Two females of this common Oriental species were obtained onthe beach between tide-marks at Mozambi(]ue (No. 224), a localitywhence Dr. Hilgendorf has already recorded it, I have alreadyreferred to its distribution on p. 189.3. Huenia pacifica, Miers.A male from the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), closely resemblesthe type specimen of this species from the Eijis in the characteristicallylong and slender rostrum and in all other characters. Theoccurrence of H. pucijica at the Seychelles suggests the possibilityof this form being identical with H. c/randidieri, A. M.-Edwards,from Zanzibar, founded upon a female example only f. I have,however, already noted the distinctions which exist between M.-Edwards's figures of H. c/randidieri and the female from the Eijisin the Museum collection which 1 refer to H. jmcijica. With thelimited material available for comparison, the two forms certainlycannot be united ; but perhaps the examination of a sufiicient serieswould demonstrate the necessity of regarding both as mere varietiesof the long-known H. protens, with which they may be linked throughthe form designated by AVhite H. heraldica, which has been alreadycited in the first part of this <strong>Report</strong> as synonymous with M. proteus.* Zool.' Samaraug,' Crust, p. 3, pi. ii. fig. 2 (184S).t Ann. Soc. Entam. France, ser. 4, v. p. 143, pi. iv. fig. 2 (1865).

;CRUSTACEA. 5214, Menaetliius monoceros (Latr.).A scries of specimens of both sexes and various ages are in thecollection from the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194) ; also a smallfemale obtained on the beach at Mozambique (No. 224), which hasthe prominences or lobes of the antero-lateral margins spiniformand acute.I have already referred to this widely distributed and variablespecies on p. lUO.A small female specimen, which has unfortunately lost all thelegs, obtained at African or Eagle Islands, 10 fms. (No. 184), hasthe rostrum remarkably abbreviated, not equalling in length theinterocular width of the frontal region ofthe carapace, the greatestwidth at the branchial regions little exceeding the width at thefrontal region, and the basal antennal joint more dilated than in thetypical M. monoceros. It appears to merit distinction at least as avariety, since I have seen no specimen in the extensive Museumseries which closely resembles it, but I refrain for the present fromdesignating it as such.5. Stilbognathus martensii. (Plate XLVI. fig. B.)I propose thus to designate two males obtained at Marie-LouiseIsland, 17 fms. (No. 180), and a male from Providence Island, li)fms. (No. 217), which, although having the ischium-joint of theouter maxillipcdes longitudinally sulcated (and hence certainlybelonging to iStilbofjiiatJivs), differ from Stilhoynatlius erythraus, VonMartens*, from the Ued Sea, in the form of the merus-joint, whichhas its extero-distal angle produced and acute as in Stenocionopscervicornis, and which further differs from the known species bothof Stenocionops and iStilbogjutthus in having the notch on the innermargin (where the fourth joint articulates with it) provided with atooth or lobe (see fig. h).The carapace is constricted behind the orbits (as in S. cerviconiis) ;the gastric, cardiac, and front of the branchial regions are ratherconvex and more or less distinctly covered with small tubercles orgranules ; the posterior margin of the carapace is cristate and prolongedin the median line into, a tooth or lobe. The spines of therostrum are slender and curved at first outwards and then inwardsso as to meet at the apices, which are vertically refiexed as in IStenocionopscicrvirostm, A. M. -Edwards. There is a rounded prominenceupon each pterygostomian region. The supraocular spines of thecarapace are very long and straight ; the eye-peduncles even longerthe basal antennal joint is considerably dilated, and has a smallspine on its outer side near the base and another at its distal extremity.The longitudinal pit on the outer surface of the ischiumjointof the outer maxillipcdes is longer than in Stilhoynatlais erij-* Verbandl. zool.-bot. Gcscllsch. Wieu, xvi. p. 370, \. (1866).

;522 COLLECTIONS FROM THE "WESTERK INDIAN OCEAN.tJircetis as figured by Von Martens, reacliing to the distal end of theinner margin, wliicli is toothed as in S. eri/thrcens; tliis joint has aconvex shining prominence at its outer and distal angle. The merusjointis less deeply excavated where it is articulated with the ischiumthan in S. eri/thranis, and, as already stated, there is a tooth in thenotch on the inner margin Avhere the carpus-joint is articulatedwith it, and its extero-distal angle is produced and acute ; the lobeon the inner margin of the exognath is acute. The chelipedes (inthe male) are of moderate length ; merus and carpus granulatedpalm granulated above, and with a longitudinal series of gi-anuleson its outer and inner surface ; fingers arcuated and meeting (inthe adult) only toward the apices, where they are denticuUited.The ambulatory legs are slender and decrease in length from thefirst to the last, the first pair being much elongated. Colour (inspirit) yellowish or purplish. Length of carapace (without rostrum)9 lines (19 millim.).6. Paramithrax (Clilorinoides) longispinus, De Haan,var, bituberculatus.An adult but small male from Darros Island, 22 fms. (No. 185),and two small males and a female obtained at Providence Island,19 fms. (No. 217), are referred to this species, which has evidentlya wide Oriental distribution.They are distinguished from P. longispimis as figured by De Haanmerely by having the lower (immobile) finger as well as the dactylusarmed with a tooth or tubercle on its inner margin in the males,and the upper margin of the palm straight and entire, not dentated;the spines of the carapace and legs are small. The anterior praeorbitalspine is more or less recurved, as in De Haan's figure of theJapanese type.From P. copiviigeri, Haswell, referred to in the first part ofthis Eeport, this species is distinguished not merely by the form ofthe chelipedes, but by the less elongated carapace and ambulatorylegs.7. Hyastenus (Chorilia) oryx, A. M.-Edw.Two females and two small males are in the collection fromProvidence Island, 19 fms, (No. 217).These specimens are of interest as showing the wide Orientaldistribution of this species, which had not previously been recorded,I believe, from the AVastern division of the Indo-Pacific Region. Ithas already been noticed in the first part of this Heport (p. 195).8. Hyastenus (Chorilia) ovatus,Lahalna ovata, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. Sf Arts, ser. 2, xi. p. 2G9(1851) ; U.S. Expl Exped., Crust, i. p. 92, pi. ii/. tig. 1 (1853).A small but adult female is referred to this species from Poivro

;CRUSTACEA. 523Island, or lie des Roches, 13-20 fms. (No. 183), and a imall malefrom Darros Island, 22 fms. (No. 233).Dana's types were from tlie Hawaiian Islands ; hence this species,which was previously unrepresented in the Museum collection, isevidently distributed throughout the Oriental Kcgion.It appears to be very distinctly characterized by the slender andvery divaricate rostral horns, and the strong spiues of the pterygostomianregions and basal antennal joints. In the specimensbefore me, the carapace beneath the pubescence is obviously tuberculated,and it is not so broadly ovate as in Dana's figure ;as inthat figure, there are small lateral epibranchial and intcstiualspines.There is, I think, no sufficient reason for separating this form,even as a subgenus, from Chorilia.In a female from African or Eagle Islands, 10 fms. (No. 184), thecarapace is still narrower, less distinctly tuberculated, and hasscarcely any trace of the epibranchial and no intestinal spine ; thespines of the rostrum are longer, exceeding the carapace in lengththe spines of the basal antennal joints and pterygostomian regionsshorter (the latter subequal). This I wiU designate L,-ev^, var.tenuirostris. \^9. Naxia (Naxioides) petersii, Hihjendorf.A young specimen is in the collection, from Marie-Louise Island,17 fms. (No. 186).Two specimens of this species are in the British-Museum collectionwithout special locality {H.M.S. Samarang ' '). Dr. Hilgeudorf'sspecimen was from Mozambique.As I have elsewhere noted *, this species is very probably identicalwith the earlier described N. Jurta, A. M.-Edwards, from Zanzibar,10. Eurynome stimpsonii. (Plate XLVII. fig. A.)The carapace is of a rather narrow-pyriform shape ; the spines ofthe rostrum rather short, very slightly divergent, and shaped nearlyas in Eurynome aspera; there are usually two small spinules onthe front of the, gastric region, and always a strong spine on eachbranchial region. The surface of the carapace has besides severalbroadly dilated, laminate, fiattened expansions, which, when examinedwith a lens of sufficient power, are seen to be themselvesgranulated :— one (longitudinal) on the gastric, one (posteriorlyemarginate, and bearing a strong dorsal spine) on the cardiac, one(transverse) on the iutestinal, one on the hepatic, and four on thebranchial region grouped around the branchial spine ; also one onthe posterior margin of the caiapace their form will;bo best undei--stood by a reference to the figure. The postocular tooth or lobe isprominent and triangulate ;there is a small ridge or prominence on* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 341.

;524 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.the pterj-gostomian region ; the basal antennal joint is slender, butnot, as in E. aspera, longitudinally sulcated. The chelipedes in thesingle male examined (which is, however, of verj' small size) aresmall and slender ; the merus-joint armed with a longitudinal seriesof small spines and other spines irregularly disposed ; wrist andpalm also armed on the upper and outer surfaces with numerousirregular spines ;palm slender, about twice as long as the fingers,which are straight, not denticulated, and meet along their innermargins. The merus-joints of the ambulatory legs are armed abovewith a double longitudinal series of small spines, and there arespines also on the two following joints. Colour (in spirit) rosepink.Length of the body to the apex of one of the rostral horns inthe largest specimen (a female) rather over 5 lines (11 millim.)breadth nearly 3 lines (H millim.).There are in the collection four females and a small male, fromProvidence Eeef, 24 fms. (No. 215).This species is evidently nearly allied to E. Jongimanus, 8timpson,dredged with Gorgonice at 10 fms. off the Cape of Good Hope *,which is only known to me by the short Latin diagnosis of itsauthor ; but it is distinguished not merely by the much shorterrostral spines and chelipedes (which may vary with age), but alsoby the absence of teeth on the branchial regions and posterior marginof the carapace, and the non-carinated ambulatory legs. Nothing issaid by Stimpson of the form of the Qattcned pajyilhe of the cara])ace,nor does he mention the existence of the cardiac spine or of thespines on the wrist and palm of the chelipedes, &c. As in his species,the upper orbital fissure is closed in E. stimpsonii.Evrynome erosa,A. M. -Edwards f, from Samoa (Upolu), is a muchbroader species, with less distinctly spinose legs, and the flattenedprominences of the carapace are smaller and very diffierent in formand position.11. Micippa thalia, Ilerhst, var. haani, Stimpson.A small male collected at Providence Island, 19 fms. (No. 217),seems to belong here. An adult male, closely resembling De Haan'sfigure, is in the British-]\Iuseum collection from Mozambique {Prof.Bianconi), designated " J\Jidp2)a cornuta, Eiauconi," and a smallmale from Pa-tchu-San {H.M.tS. Samarang').'This variety (for I can scarcely regard it as specifically distinct)is mainly distinguished from the species designated 3/. thalia in theMuseum collection by having a prominent supraocular sjnne, andby the much greater prominence of the s])ines on the gastiic andbranchial regions and of the lateral margins in the adult ; in theyounger specimens, however, all except the supraocular spines arevery small. As the supraocular spines seem to be referred to inHerbst's original description of M. thalia, they cannot be cited as* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pliilad. p. 219 (1857).t Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, i. p. 78, pi. xii. fig. 1 (1873).

CRUSTACEA. 525distinctively characterizing the variety Jiaani, which is connectedwith M. thalia by insensible gradations.Specimens referred by Dr. F. llichters to M. thalia, De Haan,from Fouquets, may probably belong to this variety ; but the lengthof the supraocular spines is not mentioned.12. Paramicippa asperimanus.I thus designate a series of specimens from Providence Island,19 fms. (No. 217), and a small female from the Seychelles, 4-12fms. (No. 194).These specimens in all their characters so nearly approach thetypical Paramicippa platypcs, Eiippell, from the Red Sea, of whichthey may prove to be a variety, that a detailed description is scarcelyneeded. They scarcely differ except in the form of the rostrum,which is much less deeply emarginatc at its distal extremity, withthe terminal lobes less acute ; in the slenderer chelipedes of themale, whose merus-joint is longer, wrist minutely granulated onits inner and outer surface, and palm more elongated, granulatedon its inner surface and without the characteristic coloration ofM.p>latypes : and in having the distal extremity of the dilated basalantenual joint armed with a series of spinules, which are visible fromabove between the rostrum and the orbital cavity. In this lattercharacter this species approaches Micippa pliilyra, Herbst, fromwhich it is distinguished by the dilated palms and arcuated fingersof the chelipedes in the male and much more deeply emarginatefront. It seems, in fact, to occupy an intermediate position betweenthe two forms—wbich, however, can hardly be conspecific,since an adult male in the Museum collection of M. pthih/ra, withslender feeble chelipedes, is of larger size than the males with strongdilated chelipedes of P. platiipes and P. asperimanus. The specimenfigured by Eichters * as M. pthihjra, var. latifrons, seems to be anadult male Paramicippa platyp)es. I cannot identify P. a!

;526 COLLECTIONS FROM THE -WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.posed of two moderately divergent spines. Orbits deep, tubular,with a lateral aspect, and with two nearlj* closed fissures above.Basal antennal joint very much dilated, with a small distal spine.Chelipcdes (in the male) rather small and slender, fingers nearlystraight. Ambulatory legs slender, not spinose or nodose.This genus must, I think, be associated with Pericera in thefamily Pcricerida;, on account of the deep, well-defined, and tubularorbits, notwithstanding the two narrow fissures in their superiormargin. It is further distinguished from Pericera by the deflexedrostrum and the absence of a series of lateral spines. In Priororhyncliusthe rostrum is deflexed, but lamellate and merely notchedat its distal extremity.13. Entomonyx spinosus. (Plate XLVII. fig. B.)The carapace is moderately convex, subpyriform ; its surface unevenand granulated, with two spines in a longitudinal series on thegastric, two in a transverse series on the cardiac, and two on thebranchial regions near the postero-lateral margins. The spines ofthe rostrum are rather short, moderately divergent, broadest at base,and distally acute. The orbits are deep, tubular, project somewhatlaterally, and are bordered with short spiniform teeth ; in the uppermargin, near the postocular lobe or tooth, are two narrow fissures.The postabdomen (in the male) is narrow, with the segments alldistinct, the first the shortest. The pterygostomian regions aregranulated. The basal antennal joint is granulated and very muchenlarged, and has a short spine at its distal extremity beneath thebase of the next joint, besides two small spines which are situatedon the inferior margin of the orbit. The anterior legs or chelipcdesare of moderate length and rather slender; merus-joint or armgranulated, and with a scries of spines on the upper and lower surfaces; the wrist and palm also very closely granulated, the wristwith some longer tubercles or short spines on its outer surface nearbase ; the palm rather slender, nearly twice as long as the wristthe fingers nearly straight, acute at their apices, and regularly denticulatedalong their inner margins. The ambulatory legs are veryslender, and decrease regularly in length from the first to the lasttheir merus-joints are minutely spinulose above, and have a longerspine at the distal extremity. The carapace and ambulatory legs areclothed with short curled hairs, which are longest and most denseat the base of the rostrum. Colour (in spirit) pinkish. Length ofcarapace to base of rostrum nearly 5^ lines (11 millim.), greatestbreadth Ah lines (9*5 millim.) ; length of a chelipede about | inch(13 millim?).An adult female and small male were collected at ProvidenceReef, 24 fms. (No. 215), and three males and a female at ProvidenceIsland, 19 fms. (No. 217).The rostrum is more strongly deflexed in the females than in themales.

CRTT8TACEA. 52714. LamlDrus (Parthenopoides) calappoides, Adams 4' White ?Two small males are in the collection from the Seychelles, 4-12fms. (No. 194).They have the carapace relatively somewhat broader and flatterthan in the typical L. calappoides from the Philippines and EasternSeas, and are possibly distinct. The specimens of L. calap>poides inthe Museum collection are somewhat more strongly tuberculatcd, butvary between themselves as regards this character.15. Eiixanthus exsculptus, var. rugosus.This designation is proposed for a female specimen obtained onthe beach at Darros Island (No. 200), which ditfers from all thespecimens of Eiuvantlms eccsculpdus {E. mammUlatus) in the Museumcollection in having the elevations or bosses of the carapace verymuch more rugose and punctulated, so that it hassomething of theappearance of a specimen of Hypoccelus sculptus. A larger femaleis in the Museum collection from Tamatave, Madagascar [Rev,Deans Cowan), from which the figure is taken. As in the specimensof the typical form of E. ea-sculptus in the Museum collection,from Australia and the Philippines, the bosses of the carapace,althongh distinctly punctulated, are never rugose, I think this formmay prove to be specifically distinct. In E. huonii (referred to in theearlier part of this <strong>Report</strong> and in E. scidptUis) there is an additionalantero-lateral marginal tooth developed between the penultimateand last tooth. Euxanthus exscnlptns (Herbst) is referred to byHofi'mann {t. c. p. 38) as occurring at the Mauritius.16. Lophactaea semigranosa {Heller).Etoile Island, 13 fms. (a small male).This species, which is apparently well distinguished by the dispositionof the granulations of the carapace, which are absent fromthe mesogastric and cardiac regions, has been hitherto a desideratumin the Museum collection. The outer surface of the chelipedcs andthe margins of the ambulatory legs are clothed with hairs, and a fewsimilar hairs exist on the sides of the carapace near the anterolateralmargins. The coloration (in spirit) is pinkish or yellowish.is17. Lophozozymus dodone (fferhst) ?An adult male, obtained on the beach at Mozambique (No. 224),referred to this species.In this specimen the front is rather narrow and prominent, withscarcely any trace of a median emargination ; the teeth of theantero-lateral margins have some indications of having borne seta',as described by Hilj^êndorf. The merus of the chelipedcs is carinatedabove, the wrist has a cristated lobe on its inner surface ; the

528 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.palm is keeled along the distal half of its upper margin, and, aswell as the wrist, is very evenly punctulatcd.Dr. Hilgendorf has already recorded this species from Mozambiqueand Ibo and from the Mauritius.In two specimens in the British-Museum collection from the k>andwichIslands (IF. H. Pease), referred to L. intosus (Randall), withwhich species L. nitidus (Heller) is very probably identical, thecarapace is relatively broader, the front less prominent, and thepalms of the chelipedes much more rugose above. It may be that alarger series would demonstrate the necessity of uniting thesewith L. dodone, when it would prove to be a widely distributedIndo-Pacific species.18. Liomera punctata (M.-Ediu.).A small male from the beach at Darros Island (No. 200), in which,however, the red punctulation has comjiletely disappeared, is referredhere.Specimens of the same species are in the British-Museum collectionfrom the Seychelles (Dr. E, P. Wright) ; Madagascar, Tamatave(^liev. Deans Cowan) ; Red Sea, Daedalus Shoal (Lt.-Col. Playfair) ;Ceylon, Galle {Dr. W. Ondaatje).The types were from theMauritius, and A. Milne-Edwards recordsthis species from New Caledonia ; hence it has undoubtedly awide Oriental distribution.In the adult examples in the Museum collection the front is muchmore deeply incised than in the smaller ones.By M. A. Milne-Edwards this species is retained in the genusXaidho ; but it appears to me that it should be referred to the genusLiomera, which should include all those species in which the carapaceis markedly transverse, as in Carpilodes, with the two anteriorof the antero-lateral teeth obsolete and the two posterior rounded,the legs not cristated, the finger-tips not distinctly excavated, andthe basal antenual joint reaching to the subfrontal process, but notincluded within the inner orbital hiatus.19. Actsea rufopunctata (M.-Edw.).Seychelles, 4—12 fms., a small female (No. 194).Specimens of this widely distributed form are in the Museum collectionfrom the jSIauritius {Old Collection); Da3dalus Shoal, RedSea {Lt.-Col. Plai/fair); Ceylon, Galle (Dr. W. Ondaatje); Keehngor Cocos Island {Lt. Burnahy) ; Eijis {H.M.S. 'Herald'); andSamoa Islands {Rev. S. J. Whitmee) ; also pi'obably from the HotspurBank, S. Atlantic (the specimen referred to in the <strong>Report</strong> on Dr.Coppinger's collections in the Magellan Straits and S. Atlantic),and Madeira (Pev. P. Boog ]Vatson). The specimens from Madeirahave lost the characteristic coloration, but otherwise closely resembleOriental examples.

CRUSTACEA. 52920. Atergatopsis granulatus, A. M.-Edw.A small female from Marie-Louise Island, 17 fms. (Xo. 18G),belongs, I think, to this species. It has the carapace uniformlygranulated, as in A. Milne-Edwards's figure, based on specimensfrom Zanzibar.The specimens in. the British Museum (from the collection ofH.M.S. 'Samarang') designated by A. M.-Edwards A. granulatusare without special indication of locality ; they differ from his description,and resemble (as it would appear)^, lucasii, in having thecarapace granulated only towards the antero-lateral margins ; butthey have the strong compressed tooth on the lower (immobile)finger, which is deficient in A. Jucasi, but exists in A. gramdatus.They seem therefore to be intermediate between the two species ;but a larger series of the genus is needed to show whether or nothey should be regarded as specifically distinct.21. Xantliodes lamarckii {M.-Edw.).Darros Island, beach (No. 200); a small male and two females.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from Madagascar,Tamatave {Rev. Deans Coivan) ; Ce3lon, Galle (Dr. W. Ondaatje) ;Philippines (Cuming) ; and Eastern Seas, without special locality(11.21. StS. ''Samarang' and ^Herald'). It is distributed throughoutthe Oriental liegion eastward to the Pacific islands, since A. Milne-Edwards records it from New Caledonia.22. Carpilodes rugatus (M.-Edw.).Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194) ; an adult female.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the RedSea, Daedalus Shoal (Lt.-Gol. Flayfair), and Galle, Ceylon (Dr. W.Ondaatje).This species is widely distributed throughout the Oriental Region;it has been recorded from various localities eastward to New Caledonia.Specimens which are referred doubtfully to the nearly allied, but,as I think, distinct, C. vadlantianus (A. M.-Edwards*), are in theBritish-Museum collection from the Seychelles (Dr. E. P. Wright).In these specimens the lobes of the carapace are less prominent thanin C. rugatus, and the sulci of the branchial regions are shorter,not prolonged to those which define the cardiac region of thecarapace.* Auuexe F, Crustacea, p. 3, in Maillard, ' Ilo Euunion' (1SG2).2m

530 COLLECTIONS FROir THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.23. ActaBodes tomentosus (M.-Echu.).Darros Island, beach, an adult female (No. 200).Specimens of this very common Oriental species are in the British-Museum collection from the Mauritius {Lady F. Cole) ; liodriguez(Tmiviit-of- Venus Exped.) ; Seychelles {Dr. E. P. Wright); RedDuke of York Island {Rev.Sea, Daedalus Shoal {Lt.-Gol. Playfair) ;G. Brown); Sulu Islands {U.S. Exploring Exped.) ; Philippines{Cuming); Goto Islands {Capt. II. C. St. John); Port Essington,Minerva Eeef, and Fiji Islands {II. M.S. Herald ' ') ; Samoa Islands{Rev. S. J. Whitmee) ; and Sandwich Islands ( W. H. Pease).24. Leptodius exaratus {M.-Ediv.).A specimen from the beach at Darros Island (No. 200) and MahcIsland (No, 190) are referred to this species, and may perhaps bebest regarded as belonging to the variety sangidneus, M.-Edwards,which is said to be common at the Mauritius, although they havenot the additional tooth behind the last of the normal antero-lateralteeth which usually characterizes sanguineus. From the varietydesignated distinguendas by De Haan* they are scarcely distinguishable,except by their somewhat less convex and rugose carapace.I have referred to the uncertainty- of the specific distinctionsin this genus on p. 214.If, as Dr. Eichter surmises, the Xantho quinqnedentatns of Kraussis to be regarded as synonymous with this species. Natal must beadded to the recorded localities where L. exaratus occurs on theAfrican coast.25, Leptodius exaratus, var. gracilis {Dana).Mozambique, obtained between tide-marks (Nos. 225, 227), twomales ; Poivre Island, beach (No, 108), eight specimens, of bothsexes and different ages.In the typical condition of this form the carapace is depressed andnearly smooth in its median regions : there are four distinct anterolateralteeth (the one at the exterior orbital angle being usuallyobsolete) ; the first of the four is the smallest, with its apex obscurelydefined ; the three posterior are broad, triangulate, and very distinct.The chclipedes are nearly smooth, and have their fingers stronglyarcuated, the lower, and sometimes the upper, finger being stronglytoothed on its inner margin. On p, 214 I have referred to thelocalities whence the Museum possesses specimens of this variety,and to its apparent connexion with the typical L. exaratus ; neverthelessit is usually easily distinguishable by the characters mentionedabove,* Xantho diatingucndus, De Haan, Faim. Japon., Crust, p. 48, pi. xiii. fig. 7(18^5),

CRUSTACEA. 53126. Phymodius rugipes.Actaeodes rugipes, Heller, SitzmK/sher. tier Ahacl. Wissensch, Wien,xliii. (1) p. ;3;J0, pi. i. fig. 20 (1801).Sej'chelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), a small male.This species, originally described from the Red Sea, has beenhitherto a desideratum in the Museum collection. The coloration(in S2)irit) is a brilliant red, with whiter blotches, whereof thelargest is in the middle line of the carapace. It is distinguishedfrom the other species of Phymodius, to which genus I think itmust be referred on account of its strongly-lobulated carapace, whichis less transverse than in Carpilodes, where it is referred by A. Milne-Edwards (N. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 181, 1873), by the rugoseambulatory legs, whose merus-joints, in the specimen I have examined,are denticulated along their upper margins. The basal antennaljoint enters slightly within the inner orbital hiatus, but notmore so than is usual in Phymodius (P. unyulatus, P. monticulosus).27. Chlorodius niger (Forsl-al).Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194). an adult female.On p. 215 I have referred to the distribution of this species asexemplified in the series in the British-Museum collection.28. Chlorodius miliaris, A. M.-Edw.Two specimens, adult males, were collected at the Seychelles withthe preceding (No. 194).This fine species has been hitherto a desideratum in the British-Museum collection. The specimens before me merely differ fromM.-Edwards's description, based on specimens from New Caledonia,in the less elevated protogastric lobes, and in having the somewhatrounded frontal lobes separated by a rather deep median notch ; thethree posterior antcro-lateral teeth are spiniform. The black colorationof the cheloe covers the distal part of the outer surface of thepalms, where it forms a rectangular black patch.29. Chlorodopsis melanodactylus, A. M.-Edw.Etoile Island, 13 fms. (No. 191), four specimens; African orEagle Island, 10 fms. (No. 184), an adult male. Seychelles, 4-12 fms.(No. 194) ; several specimens of both sexes and different sizes.They agree in all essential characters with the description andfi-Ture of A. M.-Edwards, based on Now-Caledonian examples, andwith a specimen from the Oriental seas, without special locality, inthe Museum collection {H.M.S. HerakV).'Chlorodopsis liilumnoides of Adams and White* is a nearly* Crustacea of H.M.S. ' Samaraiig,' p. 41, pi. ix. flg 3 (184S).2m2

;532 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.allied species ; but in the adult male from Singapore in the British-Museum collection both carapace and chelipedes are much morespinulose, and the black coloration of the fingers extends over theinner and outer surface of the hand.31). CMorodopsis areolatus,Chlorodius areolatus, M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust, i. p. 400 (1834).Xaiitho dehaanii, Jvrauss, 8'udafrih. Crustaceen, p. 29, pL i. fig. 2(184o), nee Saricjny.? Chlorodius perlatus, McLeay, A)imdosa in S/)iith''s Zool. S. Africa,p. 5!) (1849).? Etisodes ccelatus, Dana, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. FhUad. p. 77 (1852)U.S. Expl. E.ip., Crust, xiii. p. 1.^8, pi. ix. fig. 4 (1852).Cblorodopsis areohitus, A. M.-Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. Mas. Hist.Nat. ix. p. 231, pi. \iii. fig. 8 (1873); Hilgendurf, Monatsb. Akad.Wissensch. Berlin, p. 790 (1878); Richters, Decapoda in MobilisesBeitriUje zur Mccresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychcllen,p. 148 (1880).A good scries of specimens was obtained on the beach at DarrosIsland (No. 199); also a female at Mozambique (No. 224).Sl^ccimcns are in the British -Museum collection from PortEssington and Fiji Islands (H.3I.S. 'Herald'), besides others withoutspecial locality.In the lobulation of the carapace and the form of the teeth of theantero-lateral margins, this species has much the aspect of a P%~modius, from which genus it is distinguished by the exclusion of theflagellum of the antennae from the inner orbital hiatus, the hiatus,however, usually remaining o])e\\.The description and figure of Xantlio dehaanii, Krauss, seem toapply very well to tliis species excejit in one i)articular only—thelegs are not very long as stated by Krauss. The coloration of thechelipede, as he represents it, is exactly what is usual in males Irefer to G. areolatus.31. Etisodes electra (Herbst).A good scries of specimens was obtained at the Seychelles, 4-12fms. (No. 194).The synonyms of this variable and widely-distributed specieshave been given on p. 217.32. Cymo andreossii (Audouin).A good series of specimens was collected at the Seychelles, 4-12fms. (No. 194). Two of these specimens only have the fingersnearly colourless, the remainder belonging to the variety melanodacti/lusof Do Haan, with dark-coloured fingers.In the llcport on the Crustacea collected by the naturalists of the

;CRUSTACEA. 533Transit-of-Yenxis Expedition at Eodriguez, I have already alluded tothe geographical distribution of this verj' variable species *.The specimens in the Museum collection are from Eodriguez{H. H. Slater) ; Eed Sea, El Tor (Major MacDonald), and Gulf ofSuez (R. J\IcAndrew and J. K. Lord) ; Eiji Islands {E.M.S.'Herald');Samoa Islands (Rev. S. J. Whitmee).The variety meJanodactylus is usually less pubescent than thetypical C. andreossii, and the lower part of the outer surface ofthe larger chelipede is usually, but not invariably, destitute ofgranules or tubercles.A male and female, from the Dcedalus Shoal, Red Sea (Lt.-Col.Pkujfair), which may be designated C. andreossii, var. quadrilohalHs,are distinguished from all other specimens of the genus Ihave seen by having the front armed with four very distinct equaland equidistant rounded lobes or teeth. In this variety the carapaceis very distinctly granulated on the protogastric and hepatic regions,and the chelae tuberculated on the whole of their outer surface, thetubercles being very hii'ge, rounded, and granulated on and near theupper margin ; the fingers were dark- coloured.In both specimens there is a red spot on the gastric, cardiac, andbranchial regions of the carapace. It may perhaps prove to bespecifically distinct.33. Actumnus setifer (De Haan).Of this species, upon whose synonymy and distribution I haveremarked on p. 225, a male and three females were collected at theSeychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), a small female at He des Neufs,15 fms. (No. 187), and two males and a female at Providence Island,17 fms. (No. 217).The length of the carapace of the smallest ova-bearing female isless than 3 lines (6 millim.).Actunmus miliaris, A. Milne-Edwards f, an allied species, also fromthe Sevchelles, seems to be well distiuguislied by the much less prominentand acute lobes of the antero-lateral margins, and by thedeflexed index or immobile finger of the larger chelipede.34. Eurtippellia annulipes.Riippellia annulipes, M.-Edicarcis, Hist. Nat. Crust, i. p. 422 (1834)I)ana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust, xiii. p. 24G, pi. xiv. fig. 4 (1852) ;Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hilad. p. 37 (1858) ;nom.genericumjjreeoc.A male and female were obtained on the beach at Poivre Island(No. 198).In the British-Museum collection is a male from the Eiji Islands,Totoya (U.M.S. ' Herald^). Specimens from the Keeling or CocoaIslands (Lt.-Col. Burnahy) possibly belong to a different species, asthey have the antero-lateral margins of ihe carapace less distinctly* Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 487 (1879).t Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Uist. Nat. i. p. 288, pi. xyiii. fig. 7 (1805).

534 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTEKN INDIAN OCEAN.dentated, and carapace and chelipedes less distinctly' granulated ; inother particulars, however, they closely resemble the other examplesin the British- Museum collection. In all the specimens I haveexamined there is a very large subbasal tooth or lobe on the innermargin of the mobile finger of the baud of the larger chelipede.Dana records this species from the Kingsmill and Society Islands,and Stimpson from Loo Choo. It is evidently a widely distributedOriental form.Since the designations Biippellia and Eadora have both been preoccupiedin zoology (the former by Wiedemann, in 1830, for a genusof dipterous insects, and the latter by Peron and Lesueur, in 1809,for a genus of Acale/Jid'), I have slightly modified the former name,which has so long been used by carciuologists for this species ofcrab.35. Ozius (Epixanthus) frontalis, M.-Ediu.Mahe Island, beach (No. 196); two males— one adult, the othervery small.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from Madagascar,Tamatave {Rev. Deans Coioan) ; Kicol Bay, N.W. Australia (jM. duBoulay); Fiji Islands, Ovalau (B.M.S. 'Herald') ; Samoa Islands{Bev. S. J. Whitmee).The genus Ep'uvanlhus can scarcely, I think, be regarded as genericallydistinct from Ozius ; but the name may be conveniently usedas a subgeueric designation for the species with broader, moredepressed, and flattened carapace {cf. A. M. -Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.Mus. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 240, 1873).Of the species designated by Adams and White Pr/«oj5fws/o)-m{o *,there are two specimens in the Museum collection. The smaller, fromLigitan, is not to be distinguished from normal specimens of 0. frontalis.The larger, which is an adult male, aud is apparently thespecimen figured, and therefore the type, has the carapace somewhatnarrower and more convex, and the first tooth of the anterolateralmargin shorter and more distinctly separated by a notchfrom the outer margin of the orbit, which is also notched. Onaccount of this latter character the species, as represented by thisspecimen, must, I think, bo retained, together with Epixanthusdentatus (Ad. & White), in the genus (or subgenus) Hettropanope,in which Stimpson long ago included it (Proc. Acad. Nat. ISci.Philad. p. 35, 1858).3G. Eriphia laevinianus (M.-Edw.)Two females from the beach at Darros Island (No. 200), and asmall male from the Glorioso Islands (No. 220), have been retainedfor the Collection.The series in the British Museum includes specimens from thoMauritius {Lady F. Cole) ; Madagascar {Dr. J. E. Gray) aud Tama-* Zoology of ' Samarang,' Crustacea, p. 4o, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1848).

;CRUSTACEA. 535tave {Rev. Deans Coivan) ; Seychelles {Dr. E. P. Wright) ; India,Hengal ; Malaysia {Dr. Blee/cer) ; Duke of York Island {licv. G.Brown) ; Aloreton Eay {ptirchased) ; West Hill, Queensland {J. B.Jukes); Canton River {purchased) ; Fiji Islands {II.M.8. 'Herald'and U.S. Exploring Exped.) ; Samoa Islands {Rev. S. J. Whitmee).The carapace and chelipedes (in dried and spirit-specimens) arevery prettily spotted with red ; but the coloration is often entirelyobliterated.37. Eriphia IsBviinanus, var. smithii, MacLeay.Glorioso Islands, from the beach and reef at low water, twofemales (No. 220) ; Mozambique, between tide-marks, a smallfemale (No. 227).I have already remarked upon the specimens of this variety inthe Museum collection *, which is found not only on the easterncoast of Africa and on the Mascarene Islands, but also in the Indianand Indo-Malaysian seas eastward, at least, to New Guinea, and,according to Hilgendorf, at the Tonga Islands.38. Eriphia scabricula, Dana.Mozambique, between tide-marks, a male (No. 225) ; DarroaIsland, beach, a male (No. 200).Specimens of this species (which is always distinguishable fromsmall examples of E. Jammanus by the narrower front and widerorbits, the triangulate and acute spines of the antero-lateral margins,and tlie pubescent and granulated chelipedes) are in the Museumcollection from the Mauritius, and Fiji Islands, Ovalan, Totoya(B.M.S. '•Herald'), besides others without special locality. Theambulatory legs are transversely banded with spotted reddish markings,which are not discernible in E. la;viinanus. The length of thecarapace in the largest specimen examined is only about 8 lines(17 millim.). Besides several Polynesian localities, it has been recordedfrom the Mauritius {A. 3I.-Edwards), Fouquets {Richters)^Madagascar {Lenz ^ Richters), the Sooloo Sea {Dana), and OusimuIsland {Stinpson).39. Trapezia cymodoce {Herhst).Of this very common species a large series of specimens was collectedat the following localities :—Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 104)African or Eagle Islands, 10 fms. (No. 184) ; Darros, 22 fms.(Nos. 185, 233); Etoile, 13 fms. (No. 191) ; Marie-Louise, 17 fms.(No. 186) Des Neufs, 15 fms. (No. 187) and the Glorioso Islands,; ;7-10 fms. (No. 219).In a former paper f I have remarked upon the synonymy anddistribution of this species, and have pointed out the characters by* Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, v. p. 227 (1S8U).t Ann. & Mag. IS'at. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 40S (1878).

538 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTEKN INDIAN OCEAN.which it may be distinguished from T. ferruginea , Latreille, i. e. bythe more acute lateral spines of the carapace, and the subcristate andhairy palms of the chclipedes, and these characters are remarkablyconstant in adult examples ; but young and half-grown specimenscan scarcely be distinguished except by the subcristate hands. Sincethe publication of that paper, a specimen has been added to theMuseum collection from Amboina (Br. P. BleeJcer).40. Trapezia ferruginea, Latreille.A few specimens are in the collection from the Seychelles, 4—12fms. (No. 194).Since 1878 specimens from Ceylon, Galle (Dr. W. Ondaatje), andHonolulu (found among fishes of the collection of H.M.S. ' Challenger') have been added to the Museum collection.41. Trapezia rufopunctata (Herbst).Etoile Island, 13 fms. (No. 191), ten specimens of varying agesand both sexes ; Glorioso Islands, 7-10 fms. (No. 219), an adultmale.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Mauritius ; Madagascar, Tamatave {Rev. Deans Cowan) ; liodriguez (if.Slater); lied Sea (Col. J. Burton); El Tor {Major MacDonald);Dasdalus Shoal {Lt.-Col. Play/air) ; Gulf of Suez {11. MacAndrciv) ;and Ceylon {E. W. H. Holdstuorth). It is distributed, as I havealready noted, throughout the Oriental Region.This species, as has been repeatedly observed, varies much in thesize and degree of acuteness of the frontal teeth, and in the size andnumber of the red spots with which the body is covered. Thespecimens from Etoile Island are mostly of tbe variety designatedby Dana T. maculata of MacLcay *, for which Riippell's nameT. guttata is an earlier and safer appellation t, characterized by theless prominent and acute frontal lobes and smaller spots on the bodyand legs. The latter is not a character dependent upon the age ofthe individual, since in the smallest example from Etoile, length ofcarapace only 2| lines (5 millim.), the spots are as large as in theadult and large example from the Glorioso group. Another specimenfrom Etoile exhibits an intermediate condition in its markings,since several small spots are intermingled with the larger ones.Dr. J. G. de Man, in the first of his papers on Crustacea collectedby M. J. A. Kruyt in the Red Sea near Djeddah J, regards T. rufopunctataand T. guttata as distinct species {t. c. ii. p. 170) §.* lu Smith's Zool. S. Africa, Annulosa, p. 67 (1849).t Beschreib. 24 kurzschwiinzigen Krabben des rothen Meeres, p. 27 (1830).I Vide Notes from the Leyden Museum,' toI. ' ii. p. 171 (1880), and iii. p. 93(1881).§ I subjoin here a description of a mutilated Crustacean from ProvidenceIsiaiid, 19 fuis. (No. 217), which I cannot certainly identify with any genus orspecies with which I am acquainted. As it is a female and wants the chelifi'

;CRXrSTACEA. 53742. Tetralia cavimanus, Heller.Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), nine specimens ; Etoile Island,13 fms. (No. 191), five specimens.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from Rodriguez{H. H. Slater) ; lied Sea, Gulf of Suez {11. MacAndrew) ; DaedalusShoal {Lt.-Col. Playfair) ; Tiji Islands, Ovalau, Totoya {H.M.8.^Herald''); and others without special locality. In some specimensthere is a very distinct transverse band of daiker colour on the frontin others it is scarcely, or not at all, discernible. The pit on theouter margin of the hand near the wrist, whereby Dr. Heller distinguishesthis species from T. glaherrima (Herbst), varies greatlyin depth : ordinarily, in well-grown and even in smaller examples,it is deep, well defined, and clothed with hair ; but in other rathersmall specimens it is so shallow as scarcely to be distinguishableand devoid of hairs. Ordinarily, in adult males, the lower finger ofthe larger chelipede is more or less strongly dentated on its innermargin, and there is scarcely any interspace between the fingerswhen closed ; but in two very dark-coloured males from theSeychelles, in the Alert ' ' collection, the fingers are scarcelydentated and are strongly arcuated, meeting only at the tips. Asimilar variation occurs in a male from the collection of H.M.S.' Herald,' which, on account of the entire absence of the palmarpit, is referred to T. c/laberrima.I think the T. heterodactyla of Heller is probably a mere varietyof T. cavimanus, to which species (if, indeed, it be distinct fromT. glaherrima) nearly all the specimens of this genus in the Museumcollection must be referred. Although several species of this genushave been described, of earlier date than T. cavimanus, by l)ana,Stimpson, and Lucas, by none of these authors, I believe, is anymention made of the subbasal pit on the palm of the chelipedewhich is so characteristic of T. cavimanus.pedes, I am not even sure whethei" it should be referred to the Cyclometopa orto the Catometopa. In most of its clmracters, however, it nearly resembles aspecies of Jrapcsia, differing mainly in the more elongated convex and regularlyhexagonal carapace and in the dactyli of the ambulatory legs. The carapaceis smooth and slightly but regularly convex ; the front is about half thegreatest width of the carapace, and is divided by three notches into four prominenttriangular teeth, the median notch being the deepest ; there is also a smallspinule or tooth at the inner supraocular angle, and a short spine at the widestpart of the carapace at the angle where the autero-lateral and postero-lateralmargins unite. The endostonie or palate has faintly indicated longitudinalridges. The postabdonien is shaped nearly as in Ira^jf^/a. As in 7V«êr/«, theinner and inferior margin of the orbit reaches to the front and excludes theantennte, and bears a strong spine; the basal peduncular joint of the antenna?is rather short, and the penultimate joint reaches to the frontal margin. Theouter maxillipedes present nothing remarkable, having a truncated merus-joint,and exognath reaching to its extero-distal angle. Of the legs only the third audfourth are present on each side ; tliese are rather longer and slenderer than inTrapesia, and the three terminal joints are somewhat hairy ; the dactyli arearmed on their inferior margin with about half-a-dozen spinules, which increasesuccessively in length. Colour (in spirit) yellowish white. Length of carapacenearly 4^ lines (9 iniilim.), breadth nearly 5 lines (10 millim.).

;538 COLLECTIONS PKOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.43. Xiphonectes vigilans (Dana), var, oMusidentatus.(Plate XL VIII. fig. A.)Thus is designated a female with ova, from the Seychelles, 4-12fms. (No. 194), which may be specifically distinct from Dana's types,which were collected at the Fijis. As, however, Dr. F. Ilichters *has recently recorded X. vigilans from the Seychelles, and notesimportant variations in the number of the antero-lateral marginalteeth, I do not at present venture to separate the specimen beforeme from this species. It is distinguished from X. vir/ihins andX. lonr/isjnnosus, as figured by Dana, and also from X. leptochelcs,A. M.-Edwards, by the form of the frontal lobes, which are nottriangulate and acute, but obtuse and broadly rounded, so that thetwo i)rominent submcdian lobes are semicircular in form. Thereare eight antero-lateral marginal teeth on one side and seven onthe other (including the outer orbital tooth, but excluding the longlateral spine) ; these teeth are very irregular and unequally developed.Specimens which I refer to X vigilans, Dana, are in the Eritish-Museum collection from the Eiji Islands, ^. e. Nairai, Ovalau, andMatuka (B.M.S. Herald ' '). These all have the submedian frontalteeth more triangulate than in the specimen from the Seychellesin the largest specimen, which is about as large as the example fromSeychelles, they are very prominent and acute. The antero-lateralmarginal teeth are much more regularly and evenly developed, andvary from five to nine in number; they are least numerous in thelargest example.44. Scylla serrata (ForsW).A small male is in the collection from Mozambique, between tidemarks(Xo. 227).As is usual in immature examples, this specimen has the teeth ofthe front very obscurely developed.Specimens of this very common species are in the Museum collectionfrom the Mauritius (Lady F. Cole) ; Port Natal ; S. Africa,at the mouth of the Swartkopfs Eiver (7)r. A. Smith); Dukhun(Col. Sylrs); Bali and W. Borneo (coll. Dr. Bleel-er); Philippines,Luzon (Cuming) ; Hong Kong, China (J. Reeves) ; Fijis, YanuaLevu and Bau (H.M.8. ' Herald ') ; and New Caledonia (J. Macgillivray).45. Achelous granulatus, M.-Ediu.Seychelles, 4-12 fms., a female with ova (No. li)4).The distribution of this species has been already noticed onp. 230.* In Mubius's ' Beitr. zur Meeresfauua der Mauritius uud der S'.'jchclleD,'Decapoda, p. 152 (1880).

;CRUSTACEA. 5394G. Goniosoma natator (Herbst).A female was collected at Poivro Island, or lie dcs rtoches, 13-20 fms. (No. 183).Specimens arc in the Britisli-llnseum collection from the folloAvinglocalities:—Port Natal; Indian Ocean {Gen. Hardwklce) ; Penang{Dr. Cantor); Philippines (C't

540 COLLECTION'S FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.fifth or last pair are sliorter than the preceding, the merus-joint isarmed with a spine near the distal end of its posterior margin, thepenultimate joint has its posterior margin armed with a series ofepiaules, the last joint ovate, of the form usual in the genus.Colour (in spirit) yellowish white ; chelipedes punctulated externallywith red, and fingers broadly banded with dark brown ; theambulatory legs are marked with dusky spots as in some otherThalainitce. Length of carapace nearly 1 inch 2 lines (29 millim.),breadth to apex of the fifth lateral spines about 1 inch 11 lines(47 millim.) ; length of chelipede nearly 2 inches 7 lines (Gomillim.).The single specimen (an adult male) was obtained at the Seychelles,4-12 fms. (No. 194).It is distinguished from all other Tlicdamitai known to me havingfour frontal lobes and the penultimate joint of the fifth ambulatorylegs denticulated, by the form of the lobes of the front, the longerfourth lateral marginal spine of the carapace, and the stronglyspinulose basal antennal joiut.49. Thalamita Integra, Dana.Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194) ; an adult male.Two very small specimens collected with this example belongeither to T. aclmete or T. savir/m/i, since the basal antennal joint isgranulated.Of T. Integra there are specimens in the British-Museum collectionfrom the Piji Islands, Nairai {H.M.S. 'Herald'), and SandwichIslands {U.ki. Exploring Expedition), and also specimens fromHonolulu in the same group [Lieut. Strickland), besides the specimensof the Atlantic variety of this species which I have recentlydesignated africana *.50. Thalamita crenata, RiippeU.Mozambique, between tide-marks (No. 227) ; three small specimens.For the geographical distribution of this species see p. 232. Oneof the three specimens from Mozambique (a male) approaches T.stimpisonii in the somewhat smaller fourth tooth of the lateralmargins, but there are no granulations upon the palms of thechelipedes as usual in that species,51. Thalamita picta, Stimpson.A small male from the beach, Darros Island (No. 200), is

:;CRrSTACEA. 54115 millim.), Tritliout exact locality (II.3I.S. Herald ' '), the carapacehas three brilliant jxatches of red—one on either side of the middleline on the frontal region, and one on the cardiac region reachingto the posterior margin. No trace of this coloration appears in thespecimen from Darros Island, but in other particulars they areclosely alike. This species, although rare, has a wide Oriental distribution.Stimpson's types were from the island of Ousima, andA. M.-Edwards records it from New Caledonia ; Hilgendorf (thoughdoubtfully) from Mozambique. By Kossmann {t. c. p. 47) thisspecies, as also T. crenata, is united with T. pripnna, Herbstpossibly therefore it occurs also on the coasts of the lied Sea, butthere is nothing to show whether Kossmann had among thq specimenshe refers to T. prymna any examples truly referable toT. picta, Stimpson.52. Lissocarcinus orbicularis, Dana.A small male from the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), seems tobe referable to this species ; it has the carapace very prettilymarked with circular spots of a dusky purplish colour with darkerborders. Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from tlioSamoa Islands {Rev. S. J. Whitmee) and Suwarrow Island (li.Hart). In these specimens, as in the one figured by Dana from theFijis, the purplish markings usually predomiiuite, so as sometimesnearly to cover the carapace.Of the type of the genus {L. polyhioidcs, Ad. & White), which hasa more elongated carapace with more prominent front and more distinctlydeveloped lateral frontal lobes, there are, besides the originalspecimens from Borneo, two examples from Ceylon {E. W. H.Holdsworth) in the Museum collection.53. Gelasimus annulipes, M.-Edw.A series of specimens was obtained on the beach at Mahe Island(No. 196).To the localities (whence the Museum possesses specimens) mentionedin 1879, in my <strong>Report</strong> on the Crustacea of the Transit-of-Venus Expedition, the following arc to be added :—Iliver Zambesi{H. War/horn) ; Port Natal, D'Urban Bay (Alfred E. Craven)Celebes {H.M.S. Samarang ' ') ; Batjan (coll. Dr. Bleel-er) ; andTimor Laut {H. 0. Forbes), received together with G. tetragonumand G. vocans.Kossmann (t. c. p. 53) records a variety (albhnamis) from the BedSea, which is apparently scarcely distinguishable from the typicalform of the species.54. Gelasimus dussumieri, M.-Edw.A specimen obtained at Mahc Island with the preceding speciesis referred here, although with some hesitation. G. dussumieri hasbeen hitherto a desideratum in the Museum collection.

;542 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTEKN INDIAN OCEAN.This example is a male of moderate size, and resembles the figureof Milne-Edwards *, but differs from those of Hilgendorf t and Hoffmann+, who record this species from Zanzibar and Kossi-Be, inhaving the fingers of the larger chelipede destitute of prominentteeth or denticles ; the fingers are, however, less elongated than in M.-Edwards's figure, based on specimens from Malabar and Samarangthe arm has but a single denticle near the distal end of its anteriormargin. Its recorded range extends eastward to New Caledonia.55. Ocypoda ceratophthalina (Pallas).He des Roches, beach (No. 210), an adult male.This species has been already referred to in the earlier part ofthis lieport (p. 2'37).56. Ocypoda cordimanus, Besmarest.Three adult males are in the collection, obtained respectively atBird Island, Seychelles, African Island, on the beach, and ProvidenceIsland ; also an adult female from the lie des Roches (No. 210).The specimen from Bird Island was found in the interior of theisland.For the distribution of this and the preceding species I mayrefer to my recent revision of the genus §,57. Macrophthalmus parvimanus, Latr. (ined.), M.-Ediu.Mahe Island, beach (No. 196) ; an adult male.This species, hitherto a desideratum in the Museum collection,is remarkable on account of the extreme smallness and slenderness ofthe chelipcdes in the male, which resemble those of the females inmany other species. In the specimen before me the fingers areslightly infiexed and concave on their inner surfaces, but scarcelyexcavated ; the palms have a patch of hair on their inner surface,but apparently no spine.Dr. Richters records this speciev=i (which was originally describedfrom supposed Mauritius examples) from the Eonquets, and M. A,Milne-Edwards from Reunion.58. Euplax (Chaenostoma) boscii (Audouin).Five males and a female lacking thechelipcdes, obtained on thebeach at Mozambique (Nos. 225, 227), are referred to this species,to which also belongs, as I think, a very small male from the RedSea, received from the Godcftroy Museum as Macroplitlialmus dejjressus,Riippeli (No. 16403).* Ann. Sci. JSTat. ser. 3, xviii. p. 148, pi. iv. %. 12 (1852).t Crust, in Van der Deeken's ' Reisen in Ost-Alrika,' p. 84, ]A. iv. fig-. 1(1807).'I In Pollen and Van Dam'spi. iii. iigs. 19-22 (1874).§ Ann. &Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. .5, x. p. 376 (1882).Rechercbes sur la Fauna de Madagascar,' p. 17,

;CRUSTACEA, 543In these specimens the catapace is very distinctly granulated overits upper surface ; the chclipcdes are hairy on their inner surface,but are not ciliated on their margins ; the palm is not carinated ;the upper (mobile) finger has the blunt or quadrate tooth on itsinner margin mentioned by lliippell as characteristic of the male ofMacrojphthalmus depressus ; the lower finger is slightly deflexed,so as to form an angle with the lower margin of the palm, I havealready referred to Euplax hoscii in the earlier part of this Eeport.The carapace is not quite so broad as in Riippell's figure of 31. depressus,based on a female specimen, and the upper orbital margin issinuated, not straight as in that figure ; so that I must regard M.de2»\'ssus as a distinct species.59, Dotilla fenestrata, Hilgendorf.Mozambique, between tide-marks {ô. 227), eleven specimens, allof them males.There is in the British-Museum collection a series of specimens ofboth sexes of the allied D. sulcata (Porskal), from the lied Sea.The distinctive characters pointed out by Hilgendorf are constant inthe two series.D. fenestrata has been hitherto a desideratum to the collection ofthe Museum. Hitherto it has apparently been recorded oidy fromthe east coast of Africa, where it ranges from Ibo to Natal, if (asHilgendorf notes, and as is doubtless correct) the specimens referredby Krauss to D. sulcata belong to D. fenestrata.GO. Carcinoplax Integra. (Plate XLVIII. fig, C)The body and limbs are everywhere clothed with a short closepubescence ; the autero-lateral margins of the carapace, the frontalregion above the anterior margin, and the chelipedes and limbs arefringed with longer hairs. Carapace transverse, with the anterolateralmargins entire and much shorter than the postero-lateral ;the front is about one third the greatest width of the body, somewhatdetlcxed; its anterior margin nearly straight, with a verysmall median notch ; the endostome without longitudinal ridgesthe orbital margins entire, without teeth or fissures. The postabdomen(in the young female) has none of the segments coalescent,at base it covers the whole width of the sternum. The eyepedunclesare pubescent, lie closely within the transverse orbits, andhave a distinct black cornea ; the basal (or actual second) joint isnarrow and slender, and does not quite attain the front. The outermaxillipedes have a nearly quadrate merus-Joint, with straightanterior margin and rounded, not excavated, antero-internal angle.The chelipedes are subequal and densely pubescent and hairy ; merusshort and trigonous, with a small blunt tooth or lobe near the distalend of the upper margin ; wrist somewhat angulatod, but nottoothed on its inner margin ;]jalm about as long as the wrist,rounded above and below ; fingers naked at the tips and meeting

'^—544 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.along their inner margins, which are strongly dentated. Ambulatorylegs very hairy and pubescent, with the merus-joiut slightly compressed,but not dilated ; dactyli unarmed on the inferior marginsand terminating in a small corneous claw. Colour (in spirit)jiinkish ;hairs yellowish white. Length of carapace nearly 2 lines(4 millim.), breadth about 2| lines (5 millim.) ; length of thirdambulatory leg 4 lines (nearly 9 millim.).The single female in the collection was obtained at the Seychelles(4-12 fms.).The species described by A. M.-Edwards as Carclnoplax setosa,from New Caledonia *, resembles this form in many of its characters,but has a narrower, more arcuate front, and doutated antero-lateralmargins. To it I refer a specimen from the Fijis, Totoya {H.M.S.HeralcV), and perhaps two from the Philippines, 13ohol {Cuming),in the British-Museum collection,Geratoplax arcaata, described in the earlier part of this <strong>Report</strong>, isat once distinguished by the very differently shaped carapace, acuteedgedeye-peduncles, &c.61, Grapsus maculatus {Cateshy).Two adult females of this very common and widely distributedspecies are in the collection from African Island (No. 210). Tothe localities mentioned in my lleport in 1879 on the Transit-of-Venus Crustacea (t. c. p. 489), the following are to be added :Canaries, Teneriffe {Old Collection); Lanzarote {Rev. li. T. Lowe);Madagascar, Tamatave {Rev. Deans Cowan) ; Amboina {coll. Dr.BleeJcer) ; and Loyalty Islands, Lifu {Rev. S. J. Whitmee).This species, as hitherto recorded, ranges throughout the OrientalRegion southward to the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand,eastward to the coasts of California and Peru, and occurs in theAtlantic Region at the Canary and Cape-Vcrd Islands and St.Helena, and on the American coasts and islands from Florida toPernambueo {cf. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 193, 1880,who has shown that Catesby's designation maculatus must be usedfor this species instead of pictus of Latreille). I have never seenthe edition of Catesby's work published in 1771. In the originaland pre-Linnean edition (1743) the figure and description are sobad as to be scarcely recognizable.62. Grapsus strigosus {Ilerhst).Mozambique, beach (No. 227) ; a small male.I refer to this common species, which is sometimes scarcely distinguishablefrom 6r. maculatus, specimens in the Museum collectionfrom the Red Sea, Egyptian coast {Sir J. Q. WilLinson) ; Gulfof Suez {B. MacAndrew) ; Port Natal {purchased) ; Karachi {theKarachi Museum) ; Duke of York Island {Rev. G. Brown) ; Timor* Nouvelles Archives du Musuum, ix. p. 2G7, pi. xii. fig. 2 (1873).

;CRUSTACEA. 545Laut {H. 0. Forhes) ; Keeling or Cocos Island {Lt. Burnahy) ; FijiIslands, Nairai (H.M.S. ' Ilerahl ') ; and Samoa Islands {Rev. S. J.Whitmee).From G. macuJatits this species seems to be best distinguishableby its usually broader, less abruptly deflexed front, with straightermargin, and by the more widely transverse, shorter epistoma.63. Geograpsus grayi (M.-Edw.).lie des Roches, two adult males ; Providence Island, an adultfemale (No. 210).The series in the Museum collection includes specimens fromEgypt (Sir J. G. Wilkinson) ; Mauritius ; Zanzibar (Si?' J. Kirk) ;Madagascar, Tamatave (Rev. Deans Cowan) ; Ceylon, Galle (Dr.W. Ondaatje) ; Loyalty Islands, Lifu (Rev. S. J. Whitmee)Mare (W. Wykeham Perry) ; and Fiji Islands, Matuka (H.M.S.'HeraUyMr. Kingsley has already (t. c. p. 196) noted the identity ofGeograpsus rubidu/f, Stimpson, under which name specimens fromEast Africa and Reunion are referred to by Hilgendorf and Hoffmann,with G. grayi.64. Metopograpsus messor (ForsJcal).Mahe Island, beach (Xo. 196) ; a male.The distribution of this common species has been referred to inthe preceding part of this <strong>Report</strong> (p. 245.) The specimen from MaheIsland appears to belong to the variety designated by M.-EdwardsM. intermedius, characterized by the larger markings of the carapace,the front is only very obscurely denticulated.Mr. J. S. Kingsley, in his recent revision of the Grapsidse*,places the Grapsus (Pachyr/rajisus) oithiopicus, Hilgendorf, as a distinctspecies in the genus Pachygrapsus, being apparently unawarethat Hilgendorf has himself admitted the correctness of Kossmann'sidentification of this species with M. messor f.65. Liolophus planissimus (Herhst).Thirteen specimens (among them but one adult male) wereobtained at Darros Island on the beach (No. 200), and a very smallmale at Etoile Island, 13fms. (No. 191).Since my revision of the genus in 1878 % specimens have beenadded to the Museum collection from Ascension Island (Staff-Surgeon T. C'onry) ; Vizagapatam (A. E. Craven) ; and the Koreanseas (Capt. H. St. John).* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 200 (1880).t Hilgendorf, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 808 (1878).I Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, i. p. 153 C187S). 2n

646 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.66. Xanthasia murigera, White.An adult female and small male from Mozambique, obtained onthe beach (No. 237), agree in all particulars with White's typicalspecimens in the British-Museum collection from the Philippines(Cuminc/), and with a series of specimens from the 'Herald' collection,without indication of locality, but labelled as " parasitic onTridaoia.'" Dana records this curious species from the Fijis (VanuaLevu), and A. Milne-Edwards from New Caledonia ; its occurrenceat the western limit of the Indo-Pacific Region is now, I believe,recorded for the first time.67. PMlyra rectangularis. (Plate XLIX. fig. A.)Carapace of somewhat rhomboidal form, depressed, about as broadas long, with the angles at the junction of the antero-lateral andpostero-lateral margins rounded ; its dorsal surface is everywhereuniformly and very distinctly punctated ; the front projects butlittle, and its anterior margin is slightly concave. The pterygostomianregions are slightly angulated ; the posterior margin of thecarapace projects somewhat and is perfectly straight, the posterolateralangles being right angles. The eyes project slightly fromthe orbits, whose tapper margins are marked with a fissure ; theexognath of the outer masillipedes is nearly as broad as the ischiumjointof the endognath, and reaches nearly to the acute distal endof the merus-joint. The chelipedes (in the female) are of moderatelength and slender ; the arm or merus-joint is granulated bothabove and below, but more thickly on its inferior surface ; its marginsare not distinctly angulated ; the palm and wrist are minutelypunctated on their iipper and lower surfaces, and are granulated ontheir outer (or posterior) margins ; the fingers are more than half aslong as the palms, straight, acute, and are not denticulated on theirinner margins ; the ambulatory legs small and slender, with thedactyli longer than the preceding joints. The colour (in spirit) islight yellowish brown, carapace and chelipedes being punctulatedwith dusky grey. Length of carapace (of the female) under 3 lines(nearly 6 millim.).A single female was collected at the Seychelles, 4-12 fms.(No. 194).The abdomen in this specimen has all the segments, except the firsttwo and the last, coalescent.This species is distinguished from nearly all of its congeners withwhich I am acquainted by the straight posterior margin of thecarapace, with its prominent postero-lateral angles. Phih/ra tu-Lercuhsa, 8timpson *, from Hong-Kong, which it resembles in thischaracter, has the branchial, post-gastric, and genital regions of thecarapace tuberculated. Philyra hevidorsalis, Miers, from Goree t,* Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad. p. 160 (1860).t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, viii. p. 264, pi. iv. fig. 2 (1881).

;CEUSTACEA. 547also has a straight posterior margin to the carapace, but the posterolateralangles are not prominent, and the chelipedes are of verydifferentform ; these characters will also apply to P. carmata. Bell,and another apparently undescribed species in the Museum collectionfrom Peuang (Dr. Cantor), which is allied to P. carmata, buthas a more granulated carapace, a distinctly tridentate front, thelateral margins of the carapace bounded by a sharp cristiform linemarked at intervals bj- small granuliform teeth, and much slendererchelipedes, the palms of which are not distinctly granulated. Thisspecies, which only differs from Pseudophilyra in its less prominentfront, I will designate as Pliilyra rudis.68, PsendopMlyra polita. (Plate XLIX. fig. B.)In this little species the carapace is subrhomboidal, but (with thefront) much longer than broad, slightly sinuated at the hepaticregions ; the posterior margin nearly straight, but without prominentpostero-lateral angles, the antero-lateral margins with a seriesof very distinct granules, which is continued for a short distancealong the postero-lateral margins ; the posterior margin is definedby a minutely granulated line ; the frontal or cephalic region is veryprominent, the front obscurely trilobate ;the median lobe distinctand slightly deflexed, but the lateral lobes nearly obsolete ; thedorsal surface is polished, and only very minutely punctulated.There is no distinct thoracic sinus, but one or two tubercles nearthe base of the chelipedes. The postabdomen (in the male) has allthe segments (except the first and last) coalescent ; the eyes arevery small and lie well within the nearly tubular orbits, whichhave an external fissure and an internal hiatus for the reception ofthe small antennee. The outer maxillipedes have the merus as longas or rather longer than the ischium-joint, acute at its distal extremity,near to which its margins are granulated ; the exognathbroad, with its outer margin somewhat arcuated and its distal endobtuse, the margins granulated, except towards the base. Thechelipedes are rather short and somewhat triquetrous, with themargins very strongly granulated, as are also the upper and theanterior faces toward the base ; on the inferior surface of thearm the granules are smaller and more crowded ;palm and wristnearly smooth ; the palm subcristato on its upper and granulatedon its lower margin ;fingers about as long as the palm, slightlyincurved at the tips, with a slight hiatus between them when closed.Ambulatory legs with the merus-joints more or less distinctlygranulated on their lower margins. Colour (in spirit) yellowishwhite. Length of the only specimen nearly 4 Hues (8 millim.)breadth rather over 3 lines (7 millim.), which is also the lengthof the chelipede when extended as far as its conformation willallow.A male is in the collection from Poivre Island or He des Roches,dredged in 13-20 fms. (No. 183).2n 2

;548 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTERN IXDIAN' OCEAX.This species is distiiig'uished from the three others of the genusb}^ its much less distinctly trilobate front. P. iridentata, Miers,which is its nearest ally in this genus, has a much more coarselypunctulated carapace, and differs in other characters.Three small male specimens of a species of Leucosia from theGulf of Suez (R. MacAndretv) in the Museum collection, which werenot described when I published my memoir on this group in 1877*,because I doubted if they presented the characters of the fully adult,bear a curious resemblance to this species. They are distinguishednot only by possessing a distinct, although shallow and imperfectlydefined thoracic sinus, but also by the absence of the lines ofgranules from the inferior margin of the palm of the chelipedesand from the margins of the outer maxillipedes.69. Nursilia dentata, Bell.A male was obtained at the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (jô. 194).The wide Oriental distribution of this species, which has beenalready noticed in the earlier part of this <strong>Report</strong> (p. 253), is evidencedby the acquisition of this specimen.70. Arcania undecimspinosa.Arcania uudecimspiuosa, De Haan, Faun. Japon, Crust, p. 135,pi. sxxiii. fig. 8 (1841) ;Bell, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 309 (1855)Cat. Leucos. Brit. Mus. p. 21 (1855).Arcania granulosa, Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. p. 240,pi. xxxviii. fig. 29 (1877) ;Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 44 (1879).Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (N'o. 194) ; an adult male.This specimen scarcely differs from De Haan's figure and thespecimên from Moreton Bay in the British-Museum collection, whichI formerly separated on insufficient grounds under the name ofA. (jranulosa, except in its somewhat less strongly granulatedcarapace and the slightly recurved lateral spines of the third pair.Unfortunately the three posterior spines of the carapace were (subsequentto its examination) ac

—CRTJSTACEA. 549the lobes but little prominent. The postabdomen has all the segments,except the last, coalescent. The inferior surface of thecarapace is closely granulated. The exognath of the outer maxillipedcsis rather narrow, with a straight outer margin, and does notreach to the distal end of the merus-joint of the endognath. Thechelipedes are rather small, and arm, wrist, and palm arc closelygranulated, but otherwise unarmed ; palm not twice as long as thewrist, rather turgid : fingers about as long as the palm, slender, andmeeting along their inner edges. Colour (in spirit) pinkish. Lengthof carapace barely 2 lines (4: millira.).This specimen is distinguished from all of the species of this genusAvith which I am acquainted by the evenly-granulated carapace andthe number and disposition of the spines of the lateral and posteriormargins. If the characters should prove constant, I would proposeto designate it as Arcania duodecims/iinosa.Arcania pulchdla *, from the Fijis, which is evidently verynearly allied to it, has the lateral margins armed (on each side)Avith about seven teeth, the front nearly straight, the regions of thecarapace strongly mammillated.71. Ebalia granulata {Rllppell)'^.Since the original diagnosis is very brief, I append the followingdescription :The body and legs are everywhere covered with numerous veryclose-set and crowded perliform granules, which are largest on thepostabdomen and on the merus-joints of the chelipedes ; the caraliaceis nearly circular in outline (not rhomboidal), but a littlebroader than long, moderately convex, the gastric and cardiacregions defined by faintly indicated lateral sulci. The front is slightlyconcave, and projects less than the buccal cavity, so that the outermaxillipedes are just visible in a dorsal view ;the hepatic regionsare prominent, the lateral margins are slightly sinuated, but notlobate or toothed. The postabdomen (of the female ") has all thejoints, except the first two and the last, coalescent. The eyes areclosely set in the nearly circular orbits ; the small antennte enterthe inner orbital hiatus ; the merus-joints of the outer maxillipedesare shorter than the ischium-joints ; the rather narrow exognathshave a straight outer margin, and do not reach to the distal endsof the merus-joints ; the chelipedes (in the female) are rather small,the merus-joint or arm has its inner distal angle somewhat producedand rounded, but is not toothed ; carpus small, rounded ; palmlittle longer than the carpus, rather turgid ; the fingers are longerthan the palm, meet along their inner edges, and are slightly incurvedat the tips. The ambulatory legs are very slender ; thedactyli bear a minute terrainal claw. Colour (in spirit) pinkish.Length of carapace about 2h lines (5 millim.) ; of chelipede (of thefemalej about Klines (nearly 7 millim.).* Ebalia pulchdla, Jouni. Ma?. Godeffror, iv. p. 8j, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (t87o).

550 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTER5 INDIAN 0CE4N,The single example was collected at Proyidence Island, 24 fms.(No. 215).It only differs from Eiippell's figure {t.c. p. 17, pi. iv. fig. 3) inthe somewhat broader carapace and shorter granulated chelipedes,and I do not venture, therefore, to separate it as a distinct species.Ehalia granulata has been hitherto a desideratum in the Museumcollection. Originally described by Iliippell as Nursia granulata*,it was retained as a doubtful member of that genus by Milne-Edwardst, who had seen no specimens. Prof. T. Bell, in his monographof the family J, makes no mention of the species; but it isincluded by Von Martens in his conspectus of the East-African Cru&-tacea§, who refers to it as Ehalia (jrairuJata.The nearest ally to this species with which I am acquainted isEbalia miliaris, A. M.-Edwards||, a species from Upolu, SamoaIslands, which is only very briefly characterized, but which differsin the shorter dactyli of the chelipedes and the much more robustambulatory legs. Elxdia orientalis, Kossmann^, from the Red Sea,differs altogether in the form of the carapace, which is subrhomboidal,with deep concavities behind the antero-lateral margins.72. Calappa hepatica (Linn.).Mozambique, beach (jNô. 224) ; an adult male.This very common species has been referred to in the precedingpart of this <strong>Report</strong> (p. 257).73. Calappa gallus (Merbst), var. hicornis.This variety is so nearly allied to the typical Calappa gallus(Herbst), with which I believe the "W. -Indian C. galloides, Stimpson,to be identical, that it will suffice here to point out the charactersby which the specimens in the Museum collection may always bedistinguished. The rostrum is not, as in the ordinary condition ofC. gallus, entire and obtuse or very slightly excavate at its distalend, but is deeply emarginate, so as to consist of two distinct lobesor spines, on the outer side of each of which there is a smallertooth, which tooth is, however, sometimes distinguishable in thetypical C. gallus ; the upper margins of the orbits are denticulated,not smooth as in the typical form, the tubercles of the carapace areusually more conical and acute. It may not improbably prove tobe a distinct species.* Beschreib. 24 kurzschw. Krabben des rotben Meeres, p. 17, pi. iv. fig. 3(1830).t Hist. Nat. des Crust, ii. p. 138 (1837).J Ti-ans. Linn. Soc. xxi. pp. 277-313 (1855).§ In Von der Deeken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii. (1) p. 110 (1869).Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, iv.IIp. 85, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (1873).^ Malacostraca, in Zoolog. Ergebn. rotb. Meeves, i. p. Go, pi. i. fit;. 6, pi. iii.fig. 16 (1877).

CRUSTACEA. 551A single female, in whicli the chelipedes are deficient, was obtainedat Providence Island, 19 fms. (No. 217).A specimen also of this variety is in the British-Museum collectionfrom the Indian Ocean, and others from the collection ofH.M.S. ' Samarang ' without special locality. Of the typical C. r/aUus,there are specimens in the collection from the Mauritius ; Ceylon(E. W. II. HoJdswortli), and others without special locality ; alsospecimens from the ^yest Indies ; and Garden Key, Tortugas(SmifJisonian Institution, designated C. gaUoides). Specimens fromthe Philippines ( Ciuninr/) and Eastern Seas {II.3I.S. Samarang ' '),which possibly belong to this species, have the tubercles of thecarapace larger, smoother, and more rounded than in the typicalC. galJus.A. Milne-Edwards has recently described a species, C. angusta*,from the West Indies, which is too briefly characterized to be idenfiedwith certainty, but with which C. gallus var. Licornis maypossibly be identical. The lateral margins of the carapace are,however, described as finely granulated, whereas in var. bicornisthey are distinctly deutated, as usual in the genus CaJappa.74. Cymopolia whitei. (Plate XLIX. fig. C.)The carapace is shaped nearly as in C. jalcesii. White, which thisspecies much resembles ; it is subquadrate, transverse, with theposterior margin slightly rounded ; the cervical and other sulci ofthe carapace are distinct and smooth, the dorsal surface betweenthem is everywhere granulated, but is without spines. The frontis moderately prominent, and is divided by a median fissure intotwo median lobes ; outside of which the frontal margin is sinuated,but not distinctly lobate ; the upper orbital margin is divided by twodeep fissures, the median lobe truncated, the outer orbital angle prominentand acute ; behind it on the lateral margin of the carapace are twosmaller teeth. The fourth to sixth segments of the postabdomen arepartially coalescent ; its sides are subparallel to about the middle of thepenultimate segment, whence they converge rapidly to the distal endof the terminal segment, which lies just between the bases of theouter maxillipedes, as in C. dentaia, A. M.-Edwards. The cristiformlobe on the anterior margin of the eye-peduncles has itsanterior margin regularly arcuated. The inner suborbital lobe issubacute and but little prominent ; there is a jjromincnt subquadratelobe on the outer side of the peduncles of the anteniia3, whoseflagella are about 14-jointed. The merus-joint of the outer maxillipedeshas an incurved tooth or lobe at its extero-distal angleas in C. julcesii. The chelipedes (in the small males I have examined)are rather small, slender, and of nearly equal size ; mornsand carpus unarmed ;palm about twice as long as the wrist,and smooth or very obscurely granulated ; fingers about half aslong as palm, acute, and somewhat deflexed, with their inner edges* Bull. Mu«. Coinp. Zool. \ii. p. 1^ (1S80).

552 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.not denticulated. Ambulatory legs with the joints unarmed ; themcrus-joints in the third and fourth pairs, although slightlj- dilated,much less so than in C. jul-esii, nor is their surface tuberculatedand their margins denticulated as in that species ; the penultimatejoints are also less dilated, the dactyli about as long as the precedingjoints. Colour (in spirit) yellowish or whitish. Length of carapaceof the largest specimen (a female) about 4 lines (nearly 9 millim,),length of leg of the third pair about 8 lines (17 millim.).Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194); an adult and smaller femaleand two small males.This species is nearly allied to C. jul-esii, White*, from Sir C.Hardy's Island, Australia, from which it is distinguished by thedifferent form of the cristiform lobe of the ocular peduncles, and themuch less dilated and non-denticulated merus-joint of the third andfoiirth ambulatory legs. Prom C. dmtata, A. Milne-Edwardsf,from the West Indies, to which it is also apparently nearly related,it is distinguished by the non-spinose or dentated merus-joints ofthe legs and by the smaller chelipedes of the male.ANOMURA.1 . Dromidia spongiosa, Stimpson, var. ? stimpsonii.(Plate L. fig. A.)A female from Mozambique, obtained between tide-marks (No,224), may perhaps bo referred to this species. It differs fromStimpson's description only in the form of the front, which, althoughdeeply longitudinally concave, is not at all bicuspidate, and in thecoloration, which (in spirit) is brownish, the fingers only beingred. This character and also the absence of orbital teeth will distinguishthis species from the Dromidia ? rotunda, M'LeayJ, alsofrom the Cape. From the Dromidia unidentata, Iliippell, whichBianconi§ records from Mozambique, it is apparently distinguishedby the much shorter pubescence of the carapace and legs, and bythe obsolescence of the lateral marginal tooth, as well as by the nonbicuspidatefront. If it be specifically distinct, I would propose thedesignation D. stimpsonii for this form, which when received wasdeeply ensconced in a species of tunicate Ascidian.A very small male is in the collection from Poivre Island or Hedes Roches, whose generic position (in the absence of specimens ofthe female sex) must remain uncertain, which is possibly referableto the D. rotmida, M'Leay. As in that species, the front is distinctlybicuspidate, and there is a tooth above the inner margin of theorbit. There is no tooth, but only a slight prominence, behind thelateral sutures of the carapace. The body and legs are clothed with* Appendix to Jukes's Voyage H.M.S. ' Fly,' p. 338, pi. ii. %. 1 (1847);Miers, Crust, in Zool. ' Erebus ' and ' Terror,' p. 3, pi. ill. figs. 4, 4« (1874).t Bull. Ivlus. Comp. Zool. viii. p. 28 (1880).X Anuulosain Smith's Zool. S. Africa, p. 71 (1849).§ Mem. Accad. Bologna, eer. 2, ix. p. 207 (1869).

)CRtrSTACEA, 553rather long whitish hairs, the chelipedes rather slender ; finger-tipswhite.By Kossmann (t. c. zweito Hiilfte, p. G7, 1880) D. unklcntata andD. rotunda are regarded as sj'iionyraons. The specimens collectedby Kossmann in the lied Sea are distinguished from D. spongiosavar. sthnpsonli b}' the prominent lateral teeth of the rostrum andthe existence of a distinct lateral marginal tooth behind the cervicalsuture.2. Dromia vulgaris, M.-Edw.Two very smaU specimens from Providence Island, 19 fms. (No.217), are perhaps referable to this species. They do not presentthe elongated tubercles on the sternal surface characteristic, as Hilgendorfhas shown, of D. rumj^hu*, to which species a specimenfrom the Mauritius (M. RohUlard), which I formerly designated asD. vulgaris, is to be referred, as the sternal tubercles are stronglydeveloped. A female, presumably from the Indian Ocean (GeneralHardwiclr), apparently belongs to B. vulgaris, since in this specimenthe sternal tubercles are absent ;yet it is to be noted that itpresents but slight indications of the secondary tubercle or spinebehind the base of the second antero-latcral marginal spine whichis generally characteristic of D. vulgaris. In the specimen fromMauritius also the secondary lateral spine is absent, but in anadult male Malayasian specimen from Dr. Bleeker's collection it isstrongly developed.HOMALODROMIA, gen. nov.Carapace flattened above, somewhat hexagonal in shape, almost asbroad as long. Front broad, consisting of two prominent lobes whichproject over and beyond the bases of the antennae, and are each excavatedat the distal extremity. Epistoma (or interantennulary septumtriangulate and united with the front. Palate with faintly definedlongitudinal ridges {collicuU). The sternal sidci in the female terminatein two strong tubercles, which are nearly in contact at theirbases, and are situated between the bases of the chelipedes, whichhave tlie apices of the fingers denticulated, corneous, and excavated.Ambulatory legs of the second and third pairs without spines ortubercles, with the merus-joint not dilated, the daetyli slightly curvedand armed on the inferior margin with two or three accessory spinules.Fourth legs more robust and much shorter than the fifthpair and scarcely prehensile, the penultimate joint being armed at itsdistal extremity with a very small spinule. Fifth legs slender andelongated (yet less elongated than in Pseadodrurnia), shorter thanthe second legs, prehensile, with the penultimate joint shorterthan the preceding, and its terminal spine slender, arcuate, andabout as long as the slender arcuate dactylus.This genus cannot be confounded with any known lo me. It* Monatsbc)-. Akad. \Vi:^s. Berlin, p. 813 (1878).

;:654 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN,seems to be most nearlj' allied to Pseudodromia, Stimpson *, of whichI have sceu no specimens, but is distinguished by the flattened carapace,the different form of the front, which joins the antennularyseptum, and the much shorter fifth ambulatory legs.3. Homalodromia coppingeri. (Plate L. fig. B.)Carapace (in the female) flattened above, with the frontal regionslightly deflexed, the sides convergent to the posterior margin fromthe hepatic regions. The front is about one-half of the greatestwidth of the carapace ; the two lobes of "which it is composed areseparated to their bases by a rather wide interspace, and each lobohas a wide and rather shallow excavation at its distal extremity,"with the antcro -lateral angles produced and spiniform. There is asmall spine or tooth at the exterior orbital angle, and one at theinner inferior orbital angle. The sternal tubercles are somewhatelongated and divergent from their bases. The eyes are deeply setin the small orbits. The second peduncular joint of the antennaeterminates in two spines, and thus appears furcated at its distal extremity; the antennal flagella are considerably elongated. Themerus-joiut of the outer maxillipedcs is about as long as theischium-joint, and widens somewhat to its distal extremity, whichis truncated ; it bears the next joint at the inner end of its distalmargin ; the narrow, straight exoguath reaches to the distal endof the merus. The chelipedes (in the female) are rather shorterand little more robust than the following joints, with the armand merus short and unarmed, wrist with two spines on itsouter surface near the distal extremitj^; palm about as long as fingers,rounded above and below, and without spines ; fingei's dentated ontheir inner margins and at the semi-excavated distal extremity ;the second and third legs are without spines or tubercles, with thedactyli slightly shorter than the penultimate joints, terminating ina corneous claw, and bearing, as already stated, two or three accessoryspinules ; in the fourth legs the strongly curved dactyl is unarmedand about equals the penultimate joint in length ; in the fifth legsthe merus is slender and elongated, longer than the following jointthe spiniform process of the penultimate joint is strongly curved andconstitutes with the dactyl a perfectly formed prehensile organ.Colour (in spirit) pinkish ; the body is everywhere closely pubescentIqnger hairs clothe the margins of the carapace at the hepaticregions and the margins of the postabdominal segments and legs.Length of the carapace of the single example (an adult female)to end of rostrum nearly Sg lines (7 millim.), breadth a little lesslength of first ambulatory leg about 4| lines (nearly 11 millim.); offifth leg 3|- lines (nearly 8 millim.).The single specimen wâs coUected at Providence lleef, 24 fms.(No. 215), and has the carapace somewhat crushed on the dorsalsurface and the fifth ambulatory legs detached.* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 225 (1858).

—CRUSTACEA. 5554. Birgus latro {Linn.).Du Lise Island, Glorioso Group ;beach, (an adult female).Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Mauritius{Lachj F. Cole), Malayasian seas {Dr. P. Bleelcers coll.), andFiji Islands, Nairai {H. M.S. ^ Herald'), besides others from the*Samarang ' and ' Herald ' collections without special indication oflocality.5, Ccenobita perlata, M.-Edw.Eagle and African Island, beach (No. 210). Five males arereferx'ed to this species, mostly inhabiting shells of the genusDolium.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Mauritius.In this species there is usually an oblique series of somewhat moreelongated tubercles on the upper surface of the palm, occupying theplace of the series of oblicjue ridges in C. riujosa. The basaljoint of the right fifth ambulatory leg is in the adult male furnishedwith an elongated curved styliform lobe, as noted by DeHaan ;this does not exist in a small male from Batjan {coll. Dr.Bleel-er) which I have designated C. perlata var. ? affinis, and whichmay belong to a distinct species.G. Pagurus punctulatus, M.-Ediu.Darros Island, beach (jN'o. 199) ; a small example in a shell ofVoluta geo(jrapliica (L.).Specimens of this very common species are in the Museum collectionfrom the Mauritius {Old Collection); Rodriguez ( 6r. Gulliver);Seychelles {Dr. E. P. Wright); Madagascar {Dr. J. E. Gray);Celebes, Batjan {Dr. BleeJcer) ; Borneo {L. Dilhvijn) ; PhilippineIslands (C'^jHiar/); Duke of York Island {Bev. G.Broiun) ; Australia,Bramble Key {J. B. Jukes) ; and othe.r Australian specimens withoutspecial locality; Fiji Islands, Ngau {E.M.S. 'Herald'); andSamoa Islands {Eev. S. J. WJiitmee).A. White* refers to this species under the designation of P. megisto(Herbst) ;but' on examination of his figure f I find that Milne-Edwards's citation of this as an imaginary (or manufactured) typeis correct; and therefore I retain the M&me P. punctnlatus, which.is usually adopted for the species {cf. Hilgendorf, Crust, in Von derDecken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii.(1) p. 95, 1869).7. Pagurus guttatus, Olivier 1As our specimen differs somewhat from the brief description published,I subjoin the following :The carapace is depressed, with the postfrontal, lateral, longi-* List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 60(1847).t Naturgesch. der Krabben u. Krebse, iii. p. 23, pi. Ixi. Cg. ] (1804).

;556 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.tudiual, and cervical sutures well defined ; there is no median rostrallobe, and the lateral lobes of the frontal margin (situate betweenthe e3'es and antennse) are obtuse and little prominent. Theselateral margins are armed with a few very small spinules at andbehind the antero-lateral angles ; the branchial regions are moderatelydilated. The sternum between the bases of the fourth pairof legs is of considerable width, and the coxse of this and of thethird pair widely remote from one another, but those of the firstand second pair are contiguous. The pOstabdomen (in the female)bears three triramose ciliated appendages, and in the middle of itsinferior surface a strong conical and somewhat hairy fleshy protuberance; above it is protected by membranaceous plates ; itsterminal segment is very small. The eye-peduncles are thickenedsomewhat distally, and are somewhat longer than the anteriormargin of the carapace ; their cornese are small and occupy about afifth of the total length ; their basal scales are as broad as long anddenticulated on the distal margins at and near the antero-internalangles. The peduncles of the antennae are rather shorter than theeye-peduncles; the antepenultimate joint is armed above with astrong setose spine, at base of which is a smaller spine ; the two lastpeduncular joints are slender; the joints of the flagella nearly naked.The larger (left) chelipede has a trigonous merus-joint, whose uppermargin is not toothed, but whose lower margin has about half adozen irregular spines and teeth ; the carpus is spinulose on all itsupper and outer surface ; the palm (nearly twice as long as thewrist) has its upper and half of its outer surface spinulose,but the lower half of its outer surface smooth, except at theinferior and proximal angle ; the lower margin, both of palmand immobile finger, is thin-edged, straight, and spinulose ; theinner surface of the palm has a few granules on its upper partthe mobile finger is spinulose above, near the base, and both fingershave their apices subacute, with only very small corneous tips. Inthe slender smaller chelipede both wrist and palm are spinulose andhairy on their upper and outer surface, the fingers are sub-excavateat apex, with corneous tips, the upper spinulose at base; the secondand third legs are slender and rather hairy, with the dactyli slender,arcuated, and much longer than the preceding joints ; on the leftside the second legs have the penultimate and last joints spinuloseabove, but nearly smooth on the outer surface ; the terminal jointexternally longitudinally canaliculated ; the third (left leg) has itspenultimate joint spinulose all over the outer surface ; its terminaljoint is broken, but was apparently externally longitudinally canaliculatedand strongly spinulose above ; in the fourth legs the penultimatejoint terminates as usual in a scabrous pad, and the dactjdis arcuate and denticulated on its inner margin ; the fifth legs areapparently more distinctly chelated, and are densely hairy at thedistal extremity. The chelipedes and ambulatory legs are ratherscantily clothed with hair. Coloration (in spirit) yellowish withreddish patches (interpunctulatcd with white) on the postfrontalregions of the carapace, chelipedes, second and third legs. Length

CRUSTACEA, 557of carapace, in the middle line, about 6k lines (14 milliiu.) ;length oflarger (left) chelipede nearly 11 lines (23 millim.) ; of second (left)ambulatory leg 1 inch 1-^ line (28 millim.).Seychelles, 4-12 fms. "(No. 194); an adult female.P. guttatus, Olivier, as described and figured, differs somewhat inthe spinulation of the chelipedes and two following legs and in thecoloration.In the form and spinulation of the larger chelipede it somewhatresembles P. varipes. Heller*; but that species is distinguished bymany important characters, as(^. (/.)by the shorter eye-peduncles,the existence of a strong tooth on the upper margin of the merusjointof the larger chelipede, and in the form and sculpture of theleft leg of the third pair {cf. Dr. Heller's figure, t. c. pi. ii. fig. 3).The type of P. (juttatns was from the Mauritius ; Lenz andKichters record this species from Madagascar.Dana refers specimens from Upolu (which may, however, bespecifically distinct) to this species.8. Calcinus tibicen (Herhst).Mozambique, between tide-marks (No. 225) ;a female.X. specimen from the same locality was presented to the BritishMuseum by the late Dr. Livingstone. Specimens are in the Museumcollection from llodriguez (//. H. Slater) ; Madagascar, Tamatave(Bev. B. Cotvan) ; Keeling or Cocos Islands {Lieut. Burnahy) ; PelewIslands {Br. G. L. Kincj) ; and Sandwich Islands ( TF. //. Pease) ;besides a series of specimens from the Herald ' ' collection withoutlocality.9. Petrolistlies lamarckii {Leach).Darros Island, beach (No. 200) ; an adult male and female.These specimens present the distinctive characters of the speciesreferred to in tlie preceding part of this <strong>Report</strong> (p. 268). The body(in spirit) is of a reddish colour, punctulated with yellow ; thecarpus and penultimate joints of the first and second ambulatorylegs alternately banded with yellow and red. In some specimensfrom Ceylon {Br. W. Ondaatje) the yellowish colour predominates,as in the following variety.10. Petrolisthes lamarckii, var. asiaticus, LeacJi.Of this variety, if it can be so styled, three specimens were collectedwith the typical P. lamarckii at Darros Island. In thesespecimens, and in almost all I have examined, except Leach's type,from the Mauritius, a longitudinal purplish line exists on the uppersurface of the palms of the chelipedes, and the outer (or posterior)margin of the palm and mobile finger is marked with a series of* Sitz. Akad. Wissenscli. Birliii, xliv. (1) p. 244, pi. i. fig. 1, and ul ii Am2, 3 (18(52). ^

—558 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN,spots of a similar colour, which are larger than those with whichthe hand is covered.To this variety are referred specimens from the Philippines, Corregidor{Cuming) ; the island of Ty-pin-san (H.M.S. Samarang ' ');Keeling or Cocos Islands {Lt. Biirnahy) ; and Fijis, Ovalau {H.M.S.'Herald ').11. Petrolisthes annulipes, White (med.), Miers.Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (IN'o. 194) ; an adult female and small male.The occurrence of this species (described in the preceding part ofthis <strong>Report</strong>) in the western limits of the Indo-Pacific region provesits wide geographical range, and it may be that it will prove to benot specifically distinguishable from its near allies P. scahrieula,Dana, from the Sooloo Sea, and P. militaris, Heller, from the Nicobars; but even if it should be necessary to unite the three forms,the distinctions referred to in my description of P. annulipes wouldapparently suffice to constitute it a very distinct variety, and I donot venture to unite them in the absence of types of the two firstmentionedspecies for comparison.A small specimen obtained at He des Neufs, 15 fms. (No. 187),more nearly resembles P. scahrieula in having the outer margin ofthe palm of the chelipedes pubescent, and a series of spinules extendingalong the whole length of the posterior margin of the wrist,but in this specimen the palms arc pubescent, but not transverselvstriated ; it is probably not fully grown, but 1 think belongs to adistinct species.12. Petrolisthes maculatus, M.-Eclw.Since I identify this species with the very short diagnosis ofP. maculatifs with much uncertainty, I append the following description:The carapace is rather convex, smooth, and polished, and verymuch longer than broad : the front is slightly deflexed, very prominent,of a rounded triangulate form, with a slight lateral sinusor dilatation above the inner orbital angle ; the outer orbital angleis obtuse ; there is a spinule on the lateral margins of the carapace,at some distance behind the outer orbital angle ; on the sides of thecarapace, below the lateral margins, is a longitudinal furrow. Thesecond joint of the peduncle of the antennae bears an acute lobe orspine. The chelipedes are smooth and naked ; the merus-joint isvery short, with a tooth or lobe at its antero-interual angle ; theanterior margin of the wrist is armed with a prominent acute subbasaltooth or lobe, followed by one or two very indistinct smallerteeth ; the posterior margin is entire ; the palm is flat and smoothabove, its anterior margin bordered by a raised line, its posteriormargin (and that of the immobile finger) cristiform and acute ; tho

;CRUSTACEA. 559fingers ai'e acute, slightly incurved at the tips, and have their innermargins thin-edged and entire ; the three following pairs of legshave the joints smooth, naked, and rounded ; the merus-joints butlittle thickened and -without spinules ; the penultimate joints havea small mobile spinule at the distal end of their posterior margindactylus with a single small accessory spinule. The whole of theupper and lateral surface of the carapace and the legs are closelypunctulated with small circular red spots ; the ground-colour isyellowish.Length of carapace nearly 6 lines (12 millim.).A single male was obtained on the beach at Mozambique, betweentide-marks (No. 224).There is scarcely any character mentioned in M. Milne-Edwards'svery short description, based on a specimen from New Ireland,that will not apply to the specimen from Mozambique, unless it bewhat relates to the spines of the wrist.13. Petrolisthes villosus ?? Porcellana villosa, Richters, Decapoda, in Mobius's Beitrdgc zurMeeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, p. IGO,pi. xvii. figs. 11, 12 (1880).A small male collected at Darros Island (No. 200) with P. lamarclciiis referred here. To Dr. liichters's short description I mayadd the following :—The median frontal lobe is prominent androunded, and more distinctly defined than in P. lamarclii, var.asiatica. There is apparently no spinule on the lateral margin ofthe carapace. There is a strong lobe or tooth at the distal end ofthe merus-joint of the chelipedes ; between the three prominentlobes or teeth of the anterior margin of the wrist are one or twosmaller teeth ; the posterior margin of the wrist is entire. Thedactyli of the first to third ambulatory legs have three small accessoryspinules. This species has been hitherto a desideratum to theMuseum collection.Several14. Polyonyx biunguiculatus (Dana).specimens from the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194), andEtoile Island, 13 fms. (No. 191), are referred to this species, which,as I have stated in the preceding part of this Eeport (p. 271), is distinguishedfrom P. ohcsulus by the much more prominent and acutemedian lobe of the front. I may add that the specimens I haveexamined, both from the ' Alert ' collection and from the Gulf ofSuez {R. IlacAndrew), have a prominent lobe at theinner and distalangle of the merus-joint of the chelipedes, which is not representedin Dana's figure of this species, and which is scarcely or not at alldeveloped in P. obesulus. This character will perhaps be foundsufficient to distinguish these specimens from P. binuf/uicnlatus,Dana, at least as a marked variety.

560 COLLECTIONS FROM THE AVESTERX INDIAN OCEAN.15. Galathea spinosirostris, Dana ?To this species are rather doubtfully referred female specimenscollected at Marie-Louise Islaud, 17 fms. (No. 186) ; He des Neufs,15 fms. (No. 187) ; aud Providence Island, 19 fms. (No. 187).These specimens differ from Stimpson's description of Galathealahidolepta *, based on specimens from, the Cape of Good Hope, andfrom a dried example (probably male) in the Museum collectionfrom Simon's Bay (J". MacgiUivray, H.M.S, ' Rattlesnake '), only inhaving the strigge of the carapace (in the adult) very scantilypubescent, the lateral margins of the carapace armed with ninespinules, and the palms of the chelipedes very slender and scarcelyscabrous above, but they are spinulose and setose nearly as inStimpson's description.Dana's G. spinosirostris is but briefly described, and he does notstate how many spinules there are on the lateral margins of thecarapace in his types, which were from the Sandwich Islands ; thedescription and figures, however, agree fairly well with our specimens.Dr. Richters refers to this species specimens from the Fouquets.Two small specimens from Darros Island, 22 fms. (No. 233), muchmore nearly resemble G. lahidolepta in the more distinctly strigoseand pubescent carapace, whose lateral margins are armed with sevenor eight spinules (including the infra-antennal spine). In one ofthese specimens (a male) the palm of the chelipede is more broadlydilated and the fingers relatively shorter than in the speciinen fromSimon's Bay referred to above.16. Munida edwardsii. (Plate LI. fig. A.)The carapace, as usual in the genus, is transversely strigose ; thestrigse ciliated ; the lateral spines of the rostrum are rather morethan half as long as the median spine ; outside of the lateral rostralspines there is a small supraocular spine. The front of the gastricregion is armed with a transverse series of about eight spinules ; onthe sides of the carapace, near to the lateral margins, are twospinules, situated one in front of and one behind the cervical suture;the antero-lateral angles of the carapace are bispinulose, and posteriorto these, on the lateral margins, are six spines ; the postabdomen iswithout spinules on the dorsal surface, and the lateral margins ofthe second to sixth segments are rounded. The corneae of the eyesare considerably dilated ; the terminal peduncular joints of theantennules are armed with four spinules, of which one is very long;the peduncular joints of the antenna? (except the last) are eacharmed with a spinule (the flagella, both of antennules and antennse,are wanting in the single specimen examined). The chelipedes (inthe male) are rather robust, the merus enlarging distally and armedwith superficial and marginal spinules at and toward its distal extremity; carpus spinulose above and on the margins ; hand some-* Vido Proc. Acad. ^'at. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 251 (1858).

CETTSTACEA.5G1what dilated, and vertically flattened and compressed; the marf!;ins,both of palm and fingers, spinulose, but the surface smooth, -withoutspines. But one ambulatory leg remains attached to the body (onthe left side) ; this is rather small and slender, and has the uppermargin of the merus, carpus, and penultimate joints spinulose, thedactyl obscurely denticulated below. Colour light brownish pinkor yellowish. Length of the body to end of rostrum nearly 6 lines(12millim.); of a chelipede about 6| lines (14 millim.).The single specimen (which is, I think, a male) was obtained atHe des Neufs, 15 fms. (No. 187), with Galathea spinosirostn's.The spinulation of the carapace, with the form of the chelipedes,distinguishes it from all the species with which I am acquainted.The presence of supraocular spines will at once separate it fromthe Oriental forms Munida gregaria (Fabr.) = i/. subna/osa, Dana,31. japonica, Stimpson, and also from M. sj)inulifera, described atp. 279 of this Keport.MACRUIIA.1. Alpheus olbesomanus, Dana.A specimen was obtained at the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194).It has been already noticed at p. 2b7 of this Eeport.2. Alpheus edwardsii (Audouiii).A specimen, in which the smaller chelipede is wanting, was obtainedat the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194). I have alreadyreferred to the distribution, sexual characteristics, and variability ofthis species at p. 284 of this <strong>Report</strong>.3. Alpheus laevis, Bandall.Of this widely distributed species specimens were collected at theSeychelles, 4-12 fms. (No. 194); African or Eagle Island, 10 fms.(No. 184) ; and Etoile Island, 13 fms. (No. 191) :most of these areova-bearing females.Specimens are in the British-Museum collection from the Red Sea,Gulf of Suez {R. MacAndrew); Gulf of Akaba {Major Burton);El Tor {Major MacDonald); Daedalus Shoal {Lt.-Gul. Pkn/fair);also Eed-Sea specimens received from the Godeffroy Museum, andwrongly designated A. tricuspidatus. Heller; also from Rodriguez{H. U. Slater) ;Ceylon, Galle {Br. W. Onduatje) ;Samoa Islands{Rev. S. J. WJiitmee) ; and Fiji Islands, Matuka {HJI.S. 'Herald').There is in the collection a specimen of Alpheus from African orEagle Island, 10 fms. (No. 184), which for the present I refrainfrom designating by a distinct specific name. It is evidently verynearly allied to Alpheus collumianus, Stimpson*, from the Bonin* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. riiilad. p. 31 (1860).2o

;;662 COLLECTIONS PEOM THE WESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.Islands, and may be identical with it ; but differs from his brief descriptionin some minor points, e.g. in the absence of the smaUspiuules at the base of the third and fourth legs.4. Alpheus minor, var. neptunus, Dana.Specimens of this species, whose synonyms and distribution havebeen referred to at p. 288 of this E-eport, are in the collection fromDarros Island, 22 fms. (No. 185), He des Noufs, 15 fms. (No. 187),and Glorioso Islands, 7-10 fms. (No. 219).5. Pontonia? brevirostris. (Plate LI. fig. B.)The body of this species is shaped nearly as in P. tridacnm (Peters).The rostrum is very small, not at all laterally compressed ; vieweddorsally it is triangular and acute, and scarcely prolonged beyondthe bases of the eye-peduncles ; the anterior margin of the carapace,near to the antero-lateral angles, is armed with a spine ; the lateralmargins of the second to fifth postabdominal segments are obtuselyrounded, those of the sixth segment posteriorly spiniform and acutethe terminal segment is subtriangulate, with the apex subacute(broader and more rounded in the adult female), and bears on itsdorsal surface two strong spines near to each lateral margin. Theeye-peduncles are subcylindrical, thick, and project laterally. Thefirst exposed joint of the anteunulary peduncles is flattened and considerablydilated, and has two spines on its outer margin, of whichone is at the extcro-distal angle of the joint ; the next joint is veryshort, the terminal joint longer ; the outermost of the two shortflagella is thickened and shortly bipartite. The antennie are insertedbeneath and outside of the antennnles, and their shortpeduncles in a dorsal view are hidden by the antennal scales, whichare large, ovate, and distally ciliated, and prolonged beyond thedistal end of the peduncles and the antennnles. The slender mandiblesarc without a palpus ; the outer maxillipedes are subpediform,with the antepenultimate joints but slightly thicker and a littlelonger than the two terminal joints taken together. The anteriorlegs are slender and unarmed, with merus and carpus of about equallength, and each about as long as the palm and fingers taken together ;the palm is not dilated, and the fingers are not denticulated on theirinner margins. The second legs (in the specimens examined) arebut moderately thickened and of nearly equal size ; ischium, merus,and carpus of about equal length, but the carpus somewhat thicker ;palm longer than the carpus, smooth and rounded, scarcely compressed; fingers about as long as palm, meeting along their innermargins, which are not denticulated. Ambulatory legs slender,with the penultimate joints about twice as long as the precedingdactyli styliform and acute. The rami of the uropoda are ovate andciliated, and the outermost has a small spinule near to the distal endof its outer margin. Colour (in spiritj reddish yellow. The exactdimensions of the larger specimen, owing to its imperfect condition,

CEITSTACEA. 563cannot be given ; but it is somewhat smaller than adult P. tridamcp.The chelipede of the second pair measures about 7 lines (15 millim.).Two specimens, of which one is an adult female with ova, wereobtained at the Sej-chelles (12 fms,), where they inhabited " clampshells " (bivalves ?).They arc distinguished from all the species with which I amacquainted, excei)t P. imidens, Kingsley, by the extremely shortrostrum, which is not laterally compressed, and from all by the formof the chelipcdes of the second pair. From the species of Coralllocaris,Stm. {(Edipus, Dana), they are distinguished, among othercharacters, by the form of the dactyli of the ambulatory legs.In P. unidens, Kingsley, from Florida*, not only is the form ofthe chelipedes different, but also the antcnnal scale is shorter, reachingonly to the end of the last joint of the peduncle.6, Coralliocaris graminea {Dana).Four specimens, of which two are adult females with ova, wereobtained at the Seychelles, 4-12 fms. (iSô. 194). Specimens fromthe same locality were presented to the Museum by Dr. E. P.Wright.These specimens agree with the description of Dana in all particularsexcept that no trace remains of the characteristic markingsof the carapace, the coloration in spirit being yellowish ; and themargins of the rostrum above the eyes are slightly convexly arcuated; the tooth on the inferior margin of the rostrum, or one ofthe teeth of the superior margin, is occasionally absent.Dana's specimens were from the Fijis. Dr. Stimpson recordsthis species from Hong Kong.Coralliocaris nndirostris (Heller), from the Red Sea, may possiblybe identical with this species ; but in the figure the dactyli of thechelipedes are of very different form (cf. Heller in Sitz. Wien.Akad. xliv. (1) p. 279, pi. iii. fig. 25, 1862).7. Penseus canaliculatus, Olivier.A small specimen, I think a male, was obtained at Poivi'c Island,on the beach (No. 198).Since reference was made to this species in my memoir on thegenus, in 1878t, specimens have been added to the collection fromRichmond River, N. S. Wales (A. P. Goodwin) ; there is also in theMuseum collection a small example, in bad condition, from SwanRiver (Drimj).Penmis hrevirostris, Kingsley i, is very nearly allied to, and maybe identical with, this species, but it has two teethon the inferior* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 422, pi. xiv. fig. 9 (1879).t Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 298 (1878).i Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 98 (1878).2o2

;564 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTEEK INDIAN OCEAN.margin of the rostrum, whereas in P. canaliculatus there is commonlybut one ; and it is not stated in the author's description whether theterminal segment of P. hrevirostris bears lateral marginal spinules.As the type was from Eealejo, on the west coast of Nicaragua, therange of P. canaliculatus (if it be identical with that species) seemsto extend eastward to the American coast.I may add here, that P. occidentalism Streets*, from the Isthmusof Panama, to which reference is not made in my paper above referredto, seems to be identical with P. sti/lirostris, Stimpson, whichI supposed (in 1878) to be synonymous with P. indicus ; but accordingto Mr. Spence Bate, who has since examined the types in theParis collection, not only P. indicus but also P. semisulcatus, De Haan,P. carinatus, Dana, P. tuhiteyisis, Heller, and P. escidentKS, Haswell,are varieties of P. monodon, Fabricius (vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist,ser. 5, vol. viii. p. 177. pi. xii. fig. 5, and p. 178, 1881). The designationP. stijlirostris has precedence by a few weeks only over P.occidentalis.8. PensDUS richtersii. (Plate LII. fig. A.)Carapace with the cervical region scantily clothed with a shortpubescence. Kostrum very short, reaching about halfway to theend of the eye-peduncles, ascending slightly, and laterally compressed; armed above with six teeth, of which the two posterior aresituated on the dorsal surface of the carapace, and behind these,but at no great distance, on the gastric region is another tooth ; thelower margin, iinder a low magnifying-power, appears entire, but isvery minutely denticulated ; the distal end is subacute, but not prolongedinto a spine. On the carapace is an antennal and hepaticspine, and also a small supraocular spine or tooth ; its dorsal surface,behind the gastric spine, is not distinctly carinated. The postabdomenis smooth and nearly glabrous ; its fifth and sixth segmentsare slightly dorsally carinated, but the carina does notterminate in a spine ; there is a very small spiniform tooth at thepostero-lateral angles of the sixth segment; the terminal segmentis narrow and acuminate at its distal extremity, dorsally caualiculatedin its proximal half, with three pairs of lateral mobile spines,of which the posterior pair are much longer and jointed in themiddle. The cyc-peduncles are shaped nearly as in P. velutinus,and scarcely reach to the distal end of the antepenultimate joint ofthe antennulary peduncles, the longer of whose flagella is shorterthan the carapace. The peduncle of the antennee is concealed, in adorsal view, by the much longer antennal scale, which reachesnearly to the distal end of the peduncle of the antennules ; the antennalflagellum is slender and nearly naked (broken in the specimendescribed) ; the outer maxillipedes are short, scarcely reachingto the end of the eyes. The legs present nothing remarkablethere is a small spine on the second and, I think, the third joint* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 242 (1871).

CRUSTACEA.,565of the legs of the first pair, but none on the second and thirdpairs of k>gs ; the fifth legs are scarcely longer than the fourth;and the dactyli, in both pairs, about eijiial the penultimate joint inlength. The rami of the uropoda are rather narrow ovate, and longerthan the terminal segment, slightly pubescent above and with longciliated margins. Length of the larger specimen (a male) about1 inch 2| lines (31 millim.).Cerf Island, 10 fms. (No. 232) ; two males.The description is taken from the largest specimen.This species is distinguished from most of its congeners by theform and extreme brevity of the rostrum, the armature of theterminal segment, &c.Prom P.'i podoplitludmus, Stimpson, from Hong Kong*, it is atonce distinguished by the length of the eye-peduncles and antennules.It is apparently allied to P. palmensis, Haswell, from Palm Island,which has, however, a longer rostrum with more numerous teeth,the second to sixth segments of the postabdomen carinated, &c.There are in the collection three small specimens of a species ofthis genus, also obtained at Cerf Island with P. riclitersii, which Irefrain at present from designating by a distinct specific name,although I cannot refer them to any described species. The bodyis everywhere covered with a short hispid pubescence. The rostrumis short and slender and acute, scarcely reaches beyond the eyes, andis armed above with five teeth, whereof the first is separated by awider interval and is placed on the gastric region, the second toothon the postfrontal region, just behind the anterior margin of thecarapace ; the second to sixth segments of the body are carinated(as in P. palmensis) ; on the sixth segment the carina terminates ina small spinule. Prom P. riclitersii they seem to be distinguishedby the much slenderer, more acute, and longer rostrum, and thelonger carina of the postabdomen ; and from P. palmensis, Haswell,with which, however, they may prove to be identical, by the fewerrostral teeth, &c.STOMATOPODA.1. Gonodactylus cMragra, Fabridns.An adult female is in the collection, from Mozambique, beach(No, 22-1), and small specimens from the Seychelles, 4-12 fms.(No. 194); Darros Island, 22 fms. (No. 185); and Etoile Island,13 fms. (No. 191).* This species cannot be included in Pcjkeus as recentlj defined by Mr.Spence Bate (Anu. & Mag. N. H. i. c. p. 173, 1881).

566 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.2. Gonodactylus graphurus, Iliers.A scries of specimens was obtained at the Seyclielles (No. 194)with the preceding species.Both G. chiragra and G. grajplmrus are referred to at p. 298 ofthis <strong>Report</strong>.3. Gonodactylus elegans. (Plate Lll. fig. B.)The body is smooth, not longitudinally costated ; carapace nearlyoblong, without spines at the autero-lateral angles. Rostral platosmooth and somewhat transverse, with its anterior margin regularlyarcuated, and the posterior margin straight, its distal extremity notacute. Antepenultimate and penultimate thoracic segments roundedon the sides, and the former but little laterally produced ; the lastthoracic segment is overlapped on the sides by the produced androunded autero-lateral lobes of the first postabdominal segment.The postero-lateral angles of the fourth to sixth postabdominal segmentsare acute ; the third to fifth segments have each on the dorsalsurface five small pits; the sixth segment has its posterior marginarmed with four small spines (including the produced and spiniformpostero-lateral angles); the terminal segment is about as long asbroad, dorsally nearly smooth, with an acute longitudinal mediancarina, which terminates posteriorly, behind the distal margin, in asmall spinule ; the posterior margin is armed with six strong spines,of which the submedian pair are tipped with a small mobile spinule,and have between them about twenty-six minute sjiinules ; betweenthe submedian aud the next large spines are two smaller teeth, andbetween the second and third larger spines one smaller tooth. Theeye-peduncles are robust, and about reach to the distal end of thepenultimate joint of the antennules, one of whose three flagella ismuch shorter than the others. The antenna) are about as long asthe antennules ; the antepenultimate peduncular joint is armed witha short spinule ; the basal scale is very much narrowed at base, androunded and ciliated at its distal extremity. The raptorial limbshave the merus-joints thickened through about two thirds of theirlength, and thence narrowing distally ; carpus and penultimatejoint slender and unarmed ; dactylus slender and but little ventricoseat base, armed on the proximal half of its inner margin with twoteeth, and with the distal extremity slender and acute. The appendageto the antepenultimate joint of the three posterior thoraciclimbs is styliform, slender, and very nearly as long as the penultimatejoint. The postabdominal uropoda are about as long as theterminal segment, their basal processes terminate in two strong andnearly equal spines, and there is a small spine above the outerramus, which latter is a little longer than the inner ramus, biarticulate,the basal joint armed on its outer margin with a series ofstrong spinules ; the inner ramus is ovate, ciliated, and unarmed.Length of the largest specimen about 11 lines (23 millim.).

;CEUSIACEA. 567A specimen was obtained at Providence Island or He des Roches,13-20 fms. (Xo. 183), and also one at Providence licet", 24 fms.(No, 215). Both are apparently females.The form of the rostrum, together with the armature of the terminalsegment, distinguish this species from all with which 1 amacquainted.Kossmann (t. c. zweite Iliilfte, p. 100) mentions a species of thisgenus, Gonodacfi/his hrevisiptamaius, Paulson, occurring in the PtcdSea, with which G. elegans may possibly be identical ; but as 1 havenever seen Paulson's work, I can say nothing of the true affinitiesof G. brevisquamatus.There is in the collection a small male from Providence Island,19 fms. (No. 217), which is allied in many points to the precedingbut the rostrum is transverse, with its distal extremity deflexed, sothat in a dorsal view it appears transversely oblong, with a straightanterior margin, which does not project beyond the anterior marginof the lateral divisions of the carapace. The penultimate postabdominalsegment is armed with six teeth, including those of thepostero-lateral angles. The terminal segment has a smaller longitudinalcarina on each side of the median longitudinal dorsal carina.The terminal joint of the large raptorial limbs (second maxillipcdes)is even less distinctly ventiicose at base, and its inner margin isarmed with about eight teeth. These characters may be peculiar tothe male sex ; but if the specimen should prove, on further study,to belong to a distinct species, I would propose to designate it G.hrevirostris (see Plate LII. fig. C).Psendosquilla eminisa (De Haan)* is perhaps the species mostnearly allied to our new Gonodactylus ; it has the transverse truncatedrostrum of the male above described, with the few-spineddactyl of the female ; it is distinguished not merely by the nonventricosedactyl of the raptorial limbs with its longer spines, butalso (if the figure be correct) by the distinctly costated sixth postabdominalsegment, the slightly divergent lateral dorsal carina) ofthe terminal segment, &c.AMPIIIPODA.1, Mcera diversimanus. (Plate LII. fig. D.)The body is slender, with the coxaD not so deep as their respectivesegments; the head is about as long as deep, witli a small triangularmedian rostral lobe, and with its antcro-lateral angles rounded ; tho00X03 of the first segment of the body have their antcro-lateral anglesacute and produced below the lateral margins of the head; in thesucceeding pairs the antcro-lateral angles are rounded. The first* Fauna Japouiea, Crust, p. 224, pi. li. fig. G (1849).

;568 COLLECTIONS FROTM THE AVESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.to third segments of the postabdomeii have their posterior marginsdorsally armed with a scries of minute sjjinules ; the first segmenthas a few spimiles on the postero-lateral margin above the posterolateralangle ; in the second segment the sijinnles are more numerous,and on the third they extend along nearly the whole length of thepostero-lateral margins and along part of the infero-lateral marginsand (in one specimen) are of very unequal length ; the fourth segmentis dorsally armed on its posterior margin with about fivealternately larger and smaller spinules ; there are a few minutespinules on the posterior margin of the fifth segment, and one at thepostero-lateral angles of the sixth segment. The telson is double,each of the lobes terminating in a spinule, above which are severalstiff' setae. The eyes are large, round, and black. The superiorantennae exceed the inferior in length ; the antepenultimate peduncularjoint is rather shorter and stouter than the next joint; thelast peduncular joint not longer and scarcely stouter than the firstjoint of the flagellum ; accessory flagellum about 5-jointed, flagellaimperfect. Tlie antepenultimate joint of the inferior antennae isabout half the length of the next joint ; second and third joints subequal; flagellum scarcely longer than the third joint. The first pairof legs (gnathopods) are comparatively slender and feeble ; wristand palm of about equal length and thickness, and palm with avery small and obscure notch in the middle of its distal margindactyl about half as long as palm. Second legs with the hands unequal; in the smaller (right) leg the wrist is dilated distally whereit is applied to the base of the palm, which is oblong-oval in form,with its very oblique distal margin obscurely crenulated and definedby an obscure lobe or tooth ; dactyl not half as long as palm. Thelarger (left) leg has the wrist posteriorly deeply excavated anddistally enlarged to the width of the palm, which is large, massive,nearly oblong in shape, with its distal margin deeply excavated, thenotch enclosing a small tooth and followed by a broad truncated anddenticulated lobe and by a spine defining the postero-distal anglethe dactyl is about as long as the distal margin of the palm, andhas a blunt subbasal lobe or tooth on its inner margin. The threeposterior pairs of legs have the second or basus-joints oblong-ovalin shape, and i)osteriorly produced at tho distal extremity into aprominent tooth or lobe, which in tho posterior pair is spiniform.The rami of tho first three pairs of postabdominal appendages areconsiderably elongated ; the fourth and fifth pairs are biramose, withthe rami subequal, styliform, and (like the bases) armed with stiffsetaj ; in the last pair the rami are subequal and foliaceous, with themargins serrated. Colour (in spirit) reddish. Length of the bodynearly 4 lines (8 millim.),Seychelles, 4-12 fms. ; two specimens.Both are somewhat mutilated ; the description was therefore takenpartly from one, partly from the other specimen.This species, in the form and dcnticulation of the hand of thelarger leg of the second pair^ somewhat resembles the Mediterranean

CRUSTACEA. 569Mcera truncatipes (Spinola) described by Mr. Spence Bate* ; but iathat species (and also, it would appear, in M. quadrimanns, Daua,from the Fijis, and in M. viridis, Haswell, from the East-Australiancoast) the hands are similar and the segments of the postabdomcusmooth. It is nearlj^ allied to M. rawsai/i, Haswell, referred to inthe earlier part of this lleport, which, however, differs in the formof the hands of the second pair of legs (which have not the deepnotch of 31. diversimanus, and are armed with three nearly equalteeth), and also in the larger posterior pleopoda, &c. ;yet it ispossible that a larger series of specimens would be found to offertransitional characters serving to unite the two forms. I may notehere that there is in the British-Museum collection a specimen fromthe Corean Seas {Capt. IL G. St. Johi) which cannot, I think, bedistinguished specifically from M. truncatipes (Spinola).* Catalogue of Ampbipoda iu British Museum, p. 189, pi. rxxir. fig, 4(1862).

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574 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.OEH. c: -- a; ^PhA^ P-Ci5-2"^ aS5h S d^ftjA^^':53 gH n3'So,3 m^3 pbo o3.5 03'o ;- n .2 p,3 ? « '-2 c3cu i oS 3 S .-3^4 -O aj^§^•5oftaK^ c«« 3 -OPi. s*O Ph

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;576COLEOPTERA.BYC. 0. WATERHOUSE.Dr. Coppinger obtained at Eagle Island, in the Amirante group,some Curculionidao belonging to the genus Cratopus, The speciesof this genus are found in the island of Johanna, in Bourbon, Mauritius,and Rodriguez. Species have also been described from Indiaand the Cape of Good Hope, which appear to belong to the genus.I have not yet seen any species from Madagascar.As the species from Eagle Island appears to be undescribed, Ipropose to call it Cratopus adsjjersus.Cratopus adspersus.Oblongo-ovatus, nigro-piceus, pube brevissima grisea vestitus, guttulisminutis cuprascentibus irregularibus adspersus ; thoraceantice fortiter, postice paulo angustato, lateribus rotundatisBcutello pube pallida dense vestito ; elytris ad apiccra modiceacuminatis, punctato-striatis, interstitiis fere planis ; femoribusanticis subtus ante apicem dente minuto instructis.Long. 41 lin., lat. 2 lin.Head finely granulose, with a very slight fovea between the eyes.The eyes not very prominent, nearly round, only very slightly oval.Antennte pitchy, not very long, moderately stout ; the first joint ofthe funiculus about three times as long as broad ; the second jointtwice as long as broad ; the following joints only a trifle longer thanbroad. Thorax convex, finely granulose, much narrowed in front,distinctly narrowed at the base, the sides much rounded ; thepubescence very fine and sparse, but closer at the posterior angles,where it forms a pale spot. Scutellum oblong, pale sandy white.Elytra distinctly broader than the thorax, rather ample, gradually(but not much) widened posteriorly for two thirds their length, notquite four times as long as the thorax, obliquely acuminate at tlieapex ; the apical margins finely serrate. Tlie strife are very distinct,the intervals flat and finely granulose ; the pubescence is fine (notsufiicient to cover entirely the under colour of the surface), but thereis an admixture of less fine slightly coppery pubescence, which givesthe elytra a speckled appearance.JIab. Eagle Island, Amirante Islands.This species resembles C. alhoscuteUatus, Bohem., in general form,but is a much shorter insect, and has the thorax more narrowed atthe base, &c.The only other Coleopterous Insects found in Eagle Island wereDermestes felinus, Eabr., and Opatrum micans, Germar, both commonand widely distributed species.

677LEPIDOPTERA.BYA. G. BUTLEE.The only Lepidoptoroiis insect worthy of special notice is a speciesof Moth of the family Litliosiida3 ; this moth is very distinct fromany species of the genus hitherto descrihed, being unusually freefrom the beautiful spotting peculiar to the group.Deiopeia lactea.Primaries above cream-coloured, in the female with two blackdots, one above the other, upon the discocellular veinlet ; a marginalseries of black spots, the largest of which is placed at the apex ; agreyish indication of an irregular discal belt seen through the wing.Secondaries pure pearly snow-white, the apex broadly black fromcostal margin to third median branch, with a conical white spot atthe apex ; two small depressed black marginal spots upon the medianinterspaces ; an extremely slender sordid brownish marginal linebetween the black spots and the anal angle. Thorax cream-coloured,with the usual black dots— that is to say, two on the collar and twoon each tegula ; a spot of pale ochreous on each shoulder. Abdomenpure white. Under surface pure white : the primaries slightly tintedwith cream-colour, strongly so on the costal border ; a more or lessinterrupted, externally irregularly dentated black band across thedisk, commencing upon the subcostal vein, and terminating in amore or less distinct furca near the external angle ; a more or lesacomplete marginal series of black spots as above, and, in the female,a black augulated bar across the end of the cell upon the discocellularveinlet ; two or three obliquely-placed rose-red subapicalspots : secondaries with a black spot at apex, an irregular blacksubapical oblique band, and from one to four marginal spots. Pectusslightly cream-tinted, with one or two minute lateral black dots.Proboscis pale ochreous. Anterior tibise and tarsi fuliginous greyin front. Venter with pale ochre-tinted anal segment ; female witha blackish spot on each side of the opening. Expanse of wings37 millim.One pair, Providence Island (Mascarenes), April 1882.The entire absence of the usual scarlet markings from the uppersurface of the wings in this species renders it conspicuously distinctfrom every Deiopeia hitherto described ; it bears more resemblanceto pale examples of D. pura (from Guatemala) than to any otherspecies.2p

578ALCYONARIA.STUART 0.RIDLEY.The series of Alcyonaria collected in this district is small, but -wouldno doubt, from what has been recorded from Mauritius by otherauthors (e. g. by Studer, Mobius, and myself), have been largely increasedhad time and apparatus for the investigation of depthsexceeding 30 fathoms been available. As will be seen below, theAmirantes and outlying Mascarene localities supply most of thespecies—a circumstance which is satisfactory, inasmuch as (with theexception of the Seychelles Islands, where Dr. E. P. Wright madecollections) the Alcyonaria of this part of the district have beenhitherto practically unknown. Two of the eight species recorded(viz. Sponrfodes studcri, n. sp., and JunceUa c/emmacea) were obtainedby the 'Alert ' in the Austi-alian seas as well ; of the remainder, thespecies of Wrightella are probably confined to the Red Sea and itsneighbourhood. The second new species {Muricea hifurcata) alsoexhibits Australian affinities.Distribution, within that area, of Alcyonaria obtained in the WesternIndian Ocean.,2, 1"! o _S g pFamily ALCYONIID^.1. SpongocTts unicolor, Gray2. studeri, n. sp., var. lisvior3. Nepbthya, sp4. , spFamily PEIMNOID^.5. Muricea hifurcata, n. sp.Family GOEGONELLID^.6. JunceUa gemmacea, M.-Edw. ^ Haime.Family MELITHÎDtE.7. Wrightella chrysan thus, Gray8. coccinea, Gray

ALCTONAEIA. 579ALCTONIID^.1. Spongodes unicolor.Spoggodes unicolor, Graij, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 29, figs. 1, 2,Varies in colour in the spirit-specimens of the present series frompale orange throughout to—stem pale orange, lobules dark orange ;or-—stem pale scarlet, lobules crimson. The spiciiles carry smallbut numerous tubercles.Hah. Marie Louise and Etoile Islands, Am irante group, 13-17 fms.Distribution. Eellona Reefs (Gray).2. Spongodes studeri, n. sp., var. laevior.See Part I. of this <strong>Report</strong>, p. 333.Some small specimens, agreeing closely in form with those describedby me from Australia : the stem and branches may be whiteand the heads deep scarlet, or the stem and branches pink, thelobules crimson, and the polypes themselves white; in one case thestem is stout, and about as long as the head. The tubercles of thelarger spicules are slightly larger and more numerous than in theAustralian specimens of the variety; but the clustered and forwardly-directedarrangement of the tubercles upon the superior endof the small lobule-spicule is less strongly marked than in those.JHah. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group ; Providence Island,Mascarenes, 16-19 fms.Distribution. See Part I. of this <strong>Report</strong>.3. Nephthya, sp.A very young specimen, in spirit. It is distinct from N. chabroli,the Red-Sea species.Hub. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group, 17 fms. (attachedto Spongodes).4. Nephthya, sp.A young specimen, distinct both from the former species andfrom N. chahroli. In neither case are the specimens old enoughto be positively identified with described species or to be describedas new.Hab. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms.PRIMNOID^.5. Muricea bifurcata.Branches distant, lying approximately in one plane, forming anglesof about 60° ; thickness of stem and main branches, exclusive ofverruca;, 1-5 millim. Verruca; broad and truncate above, in theretracted condition of the zooids; basal diameter about 1 millim.,2i'2

;580 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.apical diameter about "75 millim. ; anterior and posterior facesscarcely distinguishable ; verrucoe subserially arranged down thelateral margins, more sparingly on the anterior and posterior aspects,distance apart 1-1"5 millim. (the latter is the interval characteristicof the anterior and posterior sides of the branches ; this interval alsooccurs occasionally on the sides). Colour, in spirit, deep umberbrown,almost black. Surface between verrucse minutely granular.The spicules have their tubercles closely aggregated, prominent(•04--05 millim. high), broad (about •04-'05 millim.), and very richlyand minutely tuberculate and frequently compound (branching) ; thegeneral outline of the spicule is a rude oval, flattened parallel tothe long axis, with the ends broad, but one end tends to be subglobose,while the other is constricted, forming a kind of handlesize of spicules about 'lO by '14 millim.Hah. Providence Eeef, Mascarene Islands, 24 fms. ; bottom, sandand dead coral.This species is related not distantly to Miiricea wnhraticoides,Studer, from which it differs chiefly in its erect and more slenderhabit, in the shorter and less regularly formed spicules, and in theirlonger and more ragged tubercles.The height of the single specimen (which is preserved in spirit,divides three times, and has a slight spreading base) is 70 millim.(nearly 3 inches). As it is well preserved and apparently normalin growth, I have ventured to give it a distinctive name.M. perramosa, mihi (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, x. p. 128*),from Mauritius, the only other nearly allied form described from theAVestern Indian Ocean, is at once distinguished from it by the redcolour and much-branched habit.GORGONELLID^.6. Juncella gemmacea, Milne-Edwards Sf Haime.Several specimens, dry and in spirit, of the deep scarlet form,which was the most abundant in the North- Australian collectionsof the 'Alert.'Hah. Providence Island, Mascarene Islands, 19 fms.MELITHÎD^.Melithseadce and Mopselladte, Gray, Cat. Lithophyt. Brit. Mns.pp. 3-12.WRIGHTELLA.Gray, op. cit. p, 31.Mopsea (part.), Ehrenherg, Cor. roth. Meer. p. 131 ; Klunzinyer, Kor.roth. Meer. p. 57.This genus is closely allied to Mopsella, Gray, having " Blattkeule"* The branches as there described are much too slender ; the figure is,however, correct; tlie primary branches measure 7, the terminal twigs "76millim. in greatest diameter, excluding verruca.

ALCYONAEIA. 581spicules in the cortex, and the branches arising from the soft joints.It has no special connexion with Dr. Gray's group Ellisclladce, inwhich he placed it, and appears to have been overlooked by recentwriters. It is distinguished by the very massive form of the Blattkeulespicules and the swelling out of their " Blatt " into roundedbodies with scarcely perceptible edges.7. Wrightella chrysanthus.Wrightella chrysanthos, Gray, op. cit. p. 32.Both this and the following are small species, not known to exceed4 inches in height, and they are proportionally slender ; theydo not exhibit the lateral impression on the branches described byDr. Gray. They are nearly allied to each other, and Mopsea eri/thrceaof Ehrenberg {I. c), from the lied Sea, must be referred to the samegenus. A well-preserved spirit-specimen, 61 millim. (2^ inches)long, and some fragments represent IF. clirysanthus in this collection ;they are of the normal white colour with lemon-yellow zooids.A variety occurs in the British Museum in which the cortex also isyellow.Hah. Seychelles Islands, 4-12 fms.Gray, op, cit. p. 32.8. Wrightella coccinea.This species is distinguished from the former by its colour and bythe cortical spicules being somewhat smaller than in that species.Some fragmentary (but spirit) specimens occur here. Gray hasomitted to mention a fact which these and the original specimensshow, that the verrucae are usually yellow.Hah. Seychelles Islands, 4-12 fms.Both species were originally described from this locality, wherethey were collected by Prof. E. P. Wright. I am glad to have thisopportunity of pointing out the true affinities of these two beautifullittle species, which in their slender proportions probably approachthe beautiful Psilacaharia of the Australian collection more nearlythan any other described species.

582SPONGIIDA.BYSTUART 0. ETDLEY.The collections of Sponges made during the latter part of the ' Alert's 'voyage, although not so important from the number of species orthe interest attaching to the new forms as those made in Australianwaters, constitute nevertheless, considering the extent towhich these waters have been the subject of previous investigations(see Introduction to Melanesian <strong>Report</strong>, p. 371) and the somewhatless favourable circumstances under which Dr. Coppinger carried onhis collecting, an invaluable contribution to our knowledge of theSpongiida of the Indian Ocean. On the latter point :— Dr. Coppinger,in a letter dated Sheerness, Sept. 11, 1882, says " The latter partof the ' Alert's ' commission has been devoted to a hurried surveyof the Amirante Islands and of two other small groups Thetime at our disposal has been so short that we have had comparativelyfew opportunities of doing anything in the way of dredging.What little has been done in the localities has been accomplishedfrom the ship itself, by laying out a dredge from the stern at everyanchorage and giving it the benefit of the swing of the ship. AtSeychelles, where we stopped to take in coals &c., we dredged severaltimes from the boats ; but at all the other stations our dredgingoperationshave been limited to the swing of the ship about heranchor. I mention this to account for the scantiness of the collec--tion of dredged specimens from a region whose fauna is undoubtedlyso rich. I have, however, had plenty of occupation for my sparetime in exploring the beaches and reefs at times of low water, andhave therefore been al)le to accumulate a good number of marinespecimens from between tide-marks," In spite of difficulties, Dr. Coppingersent 56 species belonging to this group, including 21 speciesnot previously distinguished by naturalists. Many of the species arerepresented by fine series from various localities : and fortunately thegenus Carterispongia, hitherto so imperfectly known, comes underthis category, furnishing a most important contribution to thematerial available for the distinction of its species, and for the studyof the interesting question of polymorphism of Sponges, so wellillustrated by this genus.Distrihution.—This is perhaps the most important aspect underwhich this Collection is to be regarded, I have arranged the localitiesfor convenience under five heads, viz,:— 1. Mozambique Island (as

SPONGHDA. 583representing the African coast) ; 2. Glorioso Islands (as the mostsouthern investigated member of the outlying groups of islands ;3. Providence Island and lleef, still further north ; 4. AmiranteIslands, a further northward step in the direction of (5) theSej'chelles.The physical relations of these different localities and their coastsare ably described in Dr. Coppinger's Cruise of the Alert ' '; I haveadded to my descriptions of the species notes as to localities andnature of bottom, taken from his own notes accompanying thespecimens.Depth.—It will be seen that the depths investigated did notexceed 24 fms.Localltij.—Ahoni half the gatherings are from a bottom composedeither of sand, sand and coral, or broken coral ; in but two cases (in theAmirante Islands) is mud recorded ; the remaining localities are giveneither " beach," reef, or " between tide-marks." I know of no previousdescriptions of Sponges from Mozambicjue or any part of the Easterncoast of Africa nearer than Zanzibar, whence A. Hyatt* derived manyof theCeratose species referred to in his paper "Hevision of the North-American Poriferaj " &c. Prof. E. P. Wright has introduced us tothe Sponges of the Seychelle Islands in a paper t on Alemo seycJiellensis,collected with many other species by himself many years since.The Glorioso and Amirante Islands and Providence Reef and Islandare entirely new ground in this respect. Practically the only acquaintancewe have hitherto had with the Sponge-fauna of thisWestern part of the Indian Ocean is derived from papers by Mr. Carterdescribing a few Silicea from Mauritius (especially in Ann. & jMag.Nat. Hist. 1879, iii. p. 284, five species), and one by Schuffner(' Jenaische Zeitschrift,' xi. p. 403, pis. xxiv.-xxvi.) describing (5 newCalcarea from Mcibius's collections at Mauritius. Thus it may justlybe claimed that in magnitude and interest the present collection farexcels any collection hitherto described from these waters.Looking generally at the distribution of the fifty-six species heredescribed (see Table of Distribution, p. 586), and comparing it withthat of the species obtained at or near the eastern confines of thesame Ocean (this <strong>Report</strong>, Part I. p. 372), we find a similar resemblanceto the Atlantic fauna (including the Mediterranean) in bothareas : excluding doubtful cases we have here 7 out of 55 species asagainst 12 out of 106 species decidedly identical with Atlantic forms.We have the same number (3) of species recorded also from Ceylon.Some species (lotrochota purpurea, Clafhria frondifera) range to theStraits of Malacca, and hence, as we have seen above (p. 371), toAustralia; two extend across into mid-Pacific (Carterisjioiu/iaotahitica, StelJetta acervus). The almost cosmopolitan Australianspecies Leucetta primvjenia and Tedania digitata are found heroalso.Passing to the more direct relations of the Australian and Western* Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. pt. 4, nos. ii. & v.t Proc. R. Irish Academy, xxviii. p. 13, pi. i.

584 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Indian Oceau sliallow-water faunas, wo find 16 out of the 56 speciesobtained in the latter region to be identical with Australianspecies, a proportion to the whole of 2 : 7, or 28 per. cent. It isstill more remarkable to find that of these, three (viz. Carterispongiaotahitica, lotrocJiota purpurea^ Clathria frondifera) occur abundantlyin both places.Had Dr. Coppinger's researches enabled meto add more species to the list, I have little doubt that still greaterproofs would have been forthcoming of a former communicationbetween these two widely remote districts. As might almost havebeen expected, 14 of these identical species occur in tropical watersin Australia also (chiefiy from Torres Straits or N. Queeusland, butone third of the number from Port Darwin).Of the mutual relations of the different localities in the district atpresent under notice I have little to say, as the investigation of themmust be admitted not to be sufficient for a satisfactory comparison.In spite of its much more westerly longitude and of its separationfrom the other localities by much open sea and in part by that greatbody of land, the island of Madagascar, we find no decided difli'erencesbetween the fauna of Mozambique and that of the rest of thedistrict ;perhaps the Mozambique current partly accounts for this.On the other hand, we find that 7 out of the 13 species recordedfrom the Seychelles were not found in the other localities: probablythis is partly duo to the fact that here alone was dredging regularlycarried out. The Amirante Islands have the greatest number ofspecies (26).Taxonowy.—Of the strictly taxonomical aspects of this part ofthe collection little has to be said which has not been already said inthe Melanesian portion of this Ileport. I therefore refer those interestedin the subject to that part of the Ileport for most questionsrelating to the general zoology of the Group and to the bearing ofthese collections on classification and morphology. The full descriptionsof new species and genera which are represented also in theMelanesian collection will be found in the Ileport on that collection ;they are not noticed at length in this place. This collection fromthe Western Indian Ocean is remarkable for the large proportion(31 per cent, of the whole) which the Ceratose sponges bear to theremaining groups : this is no doubt largely due to the number of" beach specimens " included in the collection, representing, as suchspecimens naturally would, most chiefiy this less perishable order.This proportion probably more closely resembles that which wouldbe obtained in the South-west of Australia than that found by the' Alert ' in the Eastern and Northern parts of that continent (whichwas about 18 per cent.) ; but the species are smaller than the generalityof those which contribute so largely to the shore gatheringsat Freeman tie, West Australia.No species of the order Ceratosa call for special notice here.Of the MonactinelUd SUicea none of the Families are strongly represented,the RenieridDS, with 7 species, being the most abundant,and yet maintaining only about the same proportion (15 per cent.) tothe remainder of the Sponges as in the Melanesian collection.

,SPONGIIDA. 585Among Eetyonidie, EcJihioaema, abundant in South and South-westAustralia, but apparently wanting in the North and East, appearshere. Of the Tt'tractinelUda we have a fine new Geodine form{Êrylus cylindrir/erus), belonging, however, to a type found alreadyin Australian and in European seas. Calearea are relatively ratherabundant, at any rate in individuals, and the new species LeucortisciiKjainea is of somewhat unusually large growth.What strikes us in a survey of the species, both of this and theMelanesiau collection, is, notwithstanding the large proportion ofnew specific types, the comparative scarcity of forms showing markeddistinctive characters of generic importance which are not alsofound in the more familiar Atlantic fauna. It is true that Carterispongia,PhyllosjJonr/ia, lantliella, Toxochalina, FsammoiêmmaEcliinodictijum, and lihapliidopldus have not yet been recorded fromelsewhere than the Indo- Pacific area, and are probably most ofthem peculiar to it, but several of these are not distantlj^ relatedto Atlantic forms ; and within this wide Indo-Pacific region (ofwhich, it must be admitted, the Eastern part is very imperfectlyknown) the number of districts exhibiting at all peculiar shallowwatersponge-faunas is small. Certainly the Western part of theIndian Ocean is not one of these, and may be considered in thisrespect, as well as geographically, as transitional between Australia,South-west Asia, and the Mediterranean.

586 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.tow otn1

SPONGIIDA. 587S S

588 COLLECTION'S PROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.

Adriatic.Mauritius.Arabia.Islands.cosmopolitan.AlmostMauritius.SPONOnDA. 589Sea.S.E.FijiRed

590 COILECTIOKS FROM THE "WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.CERATOSA.This Order is well represented, viz. by 17 species (or 31 per cent.),as the tropical position of the localities would load one to expect.Carterisjjongia is the dominant type, and probably more abundanthere in species, and not less so in individuals, than in any other partof the world ; the two aberrant Hippospongice described are alsowonderfully abundant. A Mediterranean type, Oligoceras, is forthe first time recorded from the Indo-Pacific area.SPONGIIDJE.1. Cacospongia cavernosa.Schmidt, Sjiong. Adr. Meer. p. 28 ; F. E. Schulze, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool.xxxii. p. 653, pis. xxxiv. fig. 11, pi. xxxv. fig. 17, pi. xxxvii. figs. 7, 13.In spite of the remarkable geographical distribution which isinvolved by identifying the present specimens with a Mediterraneanspecies, the identity seems to me fairly certain. The charactersagree well with those given by Schmidt and with Schulze'sfigures. The conuli are 2-4 millim. high and about 5 millim.apart, in spirit ; the colour in spirit is dark grey ;the primaryfibres measure •18-*24 millim. in diameter. Vents numerous, 2-3millim. in diameter, grouped at summits of the lobes formed by thesponge. Eepresented here by semi-repent masses growing betweenand over stones or rocks, and sending up cylindrical lobes 18-25millim. in diameter, which tend to divide above and to attach foreignbodies to themselves. The skeleton shows an irregularly rectangulararrangement of the fibres similar to that figured by Schulze.Hab. Seychelles Islands, 4-12 fms.Distribution. Adriatic (Schmidt and Schulze) ;Algiers {Schmidt).2. Hippospongia intestinalis, var. (Plate LIII. fig. D.)Spongia intestiiiafis, Lnmarclc, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 434.Spongelia velata, Hyatt, Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 634, pi. xvii. fig. 8.The tortuous perforated tubes are sometimes single, but sometimesform confused reticulate masses (see fig. D, Plate LIII.), which, whenthe soft tissues are dried on them, have a very different appearance,and as such have been described under the above separate name byHyatt, whose figure well represents this state ; their diameter variesfrom about 5 to 20 millim. The surface is covered in fresh specimensby a delicate diteliform network, as stated by Hyatt, and as foundin our specimens ; the sarcodo in spirit is opaque pale brownishyellow. The species must be nearly related to Hircinia clathrata.Carter ; but that species would seem to assume a decidedly verticalgrowth, whereas this has the appearance of being subrepent.Mr. Carter's description of that form speaks of sand-cored fibre asonly occurring here and there, esjiecially near the surface, whereasin H. intestinalis long straight primary fibres cored with foreign

SPONGIIDA. 591bodies are constantly present, travex'sing the main mass of theskeleton ; these fibres are, however, much less abundant than inthe original specimen of Lamarck, and the wall of the sponge isthinner. Abundant.Hah. Providence and Cerf Islands, Mascarenes, and Amirantogroup ; beach to 24 fms.Distribution. " Mediterranean " (^Lamarck) ; Zanzibar (Hi/att).3. Hippospongia sinuosa.Spongia sinuosa, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. p. 394 ;Lamarck, Ann. Mus.Hist. Nat. XX. p. 371.p Spongia feuestrata, Lamarck, torn, cit, p. 374.Spongia lapidescens, subspecies mauritiana, Hyatt, Mem. Bost. Soc.ii. p. 528,Lamarck's and Pallas's S. sinuosa seem, by their descriptions, tobe referable to a Hipposijongia of which I describe two formsbelow. S. fenestrata, Lamarck, is probably a more sessile and incrustingform of the same species. The question of identity is besetwith great difficulties, owing to the want of authentic specimens ofthe different species for reference. A S2)ecimen long contained in theNational collection, and labelled S. ma'andriformis or mceandriniformis,differs from the form described below as var. mauritianamainlj' in its somewhat more slender fibre (•016-'045 millim. inthickness) ; but its history is unknown.AYith regard to Pallas's description, I would remark (1) that thedry skeleton of our specimens is not tender ("tenera"), but hardand almost incompressible ; (2) it attains a vertical thickness of35 millim. ; (3) the cavities meander and anastomose, and are notmerely " oblongte vel cotyloidese "; (4) the colour is a fine amberyellow; (5) in var. mauritiana the fibres are only approximatelyparallel and perpendicular, except at the very surface.The term " surface nivellee " used by Lamarck in his descriptionof IS. fenestrata well expresses the appearance which the spongehas of having been 'pared smooth, as in the sj)ccies i/. dcrasa. (seePart I., p. 382, of this Keport).It is easy to distinguish among the specimens two varieties, ofwhich one apparently corresponds to the more typical form of Hyatt'ssubspecies, and may therefore stand under that name, viz.Hippospongia sinuosa, var. mauritiana.The general form of the sponge is that of a low, horizontally extendedmass, apparently originally attached by one or more smallpoints ; it is about 35 millim. high, and throws out short subcylindrical,terminally-rounded lobes 25-35 millim. in diameter. Colour inmacerated state bright amber-yellow. Diameter of the meanderingcanals of the skeleton 2-5 to 5 millim.The skeleton consists of a strong horizontal system of long secondaryfibres lying parallel to the surface, and of sliort stout, primary

592 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAK.fibres, meeting the surface at various angles, and projecting slightlyaboveit, and of a system of crossing fibres connecting the two andforming approximately rectangular meshes, their direction beingroughly vertical to one or other of the above systems. The meshis very variable in diameter, viz. from -07 to -24 millim., the formerchiefly at the surface. The diameter of the main fibre is 'OSS-'O?millim., not including the ditelous network of fibres of small diameterwhich often surrounds the bases of the large primary fibres.Colour of fibre pale amber-yellow ; no foreign bodies imbedded inany part of the skeleton ; the fibre is homogeneous in appearance,with the occasional exception of a faint granular axial line. Sizeof sponge, 80-95 millim. (3-3| inches) in greatest diameter.Hah. African Island, Amirante group (gathered on beach).Distribution. "Indian Ocean?" (Pallas); Indian Ocean (Za???rtrfZ;);Mauritius (Hyatt).Hippospongia sinuosa, Pallas, var. decidua, Hi/ait.The other variety of the species is very distinct in its externalappearance, but on examination this is found to be due merely tomodifications of the same structural arrangements as those of var.mawitiana. The surface is entirely broken up into small isolatedtufts, or short meandrine ridges, llattened externally, about 1-2miUim. in diameter (the ridges of mauritiana being 3 or 4 millim.across), rising from a considerable depth, viz. 7-15 millim., andcommencing below by very narrow bases, and not expanding untilclose to the surface. By the juxtaposition of these tall walls andtufts, a number of freely intercommunicating, very narrow (2 to 2-5millim. wide) and deep channels are formed, very different in appearancefrom the subcjdindrical and semi-tubular canals which representthem in var. mauritiana. The outward form of the spongeis essentially similar to that of the other variety, but the specimensare much larger ; the largest, an example of incrusting growthabout 30 millim. in average vertical thickness, measures 275 millim.(11 inches) in greatest diameter; some smaller specimens attainabout twice the thickness. As in var. mauritiana, the tubular characterof the channels of the skeleton is much more strongly markedon the lower surface, where (as observed by Hyatt) connectinglaminae of horny fibre frequently bridge over the spaces between thesummits of the tufts and ridges. The colour of well-preservedskeletons is a rather pale aml}er-yellow ; those which have sufferedmuch washing on the beach are almost white.The general arrangement of the skeleton is similar to that of theother variety ; but the following important differences are to benoted :—(1) It is the primary and not the secondary fibres whichare the most distinct elements of the deep skeleton ; they foi mcontinuous, almost straight lines, •4--5 millim. apart, and areplaced vertically to the surface. The primary fibres of theouter surface form a decided pile of short projecting points, beingmuch more numerous than in var. mauritiana. (2) Owing to the

SPONGUDA. 593regularity and straightness of the primaries, the secondaries moreconstantly form right angles with them, and the meshes are morecommonly rectangular. (3) The primary fibres are more or less constantlysand-cored ; the core occupies about half the thickness of thefibre.In the characters of the purely horny fibre and the size of themeshes decidua agrees with mauritiana ; the diameter of the fibrevaries from -025 to -063 millim. in the specimen examined (i. e. aboutthe same range as in mauritiana).Hah. African Island, Amirante group, from beach.Distribution. Mauritius, Havana {Hijatt).It is possible that the forms which I have called varieties shouldrank as distinct species ; but until the arrangement of the soft partsis known I prefer to keep them under one specific heading. Youngerspecimens of var. decidua have shallower channels, and one hasbroader tufts and ridges than the rest, thus approaching var. mauritiana.The distinctness of the two forms, found at precisely thesame spot, shows that the diff'erences between them cannot be due tolocality.4. Phyllospongia papyracea.Spongia papyracea, £Jsper, Pflanzentli. Fortsetz. ii. p. 38, pi. Ixv.,pi. Ixv. A. tigs. 1 & 2.Phyllospougia papyracea, Ehlers, Espersch. Spong. p. 22 (? Hyatt,Metn. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 543, pi. xvii. fig. 31).A dry specimen, 195 millim. (7f inches) high by 155 millim.(6| in.) in greatest lateral extent. It is proliferous, a single basegiving rise to the main frond, which is irregularly flabelliform, andto a few smaller strip-like fronds, some of which unite with eachother by their edges at a short distance above the base ; main frondalso proliferating by giving off" at or near its margin, and in oneinstance from the face, a few small secondary fronds similar incharacter to the smaller fronds which arise from the base. Yentsfew, near margin on both front and back of large fronds, diameter1 millim. Primary fibres •035-*053 millim. in diameter ; secondaryfibres about "035 millim. thick; both devoid of foreign bodies. Someminute intermediate fibres or dense strands of sarcode are also present.Meshes of main skeleton about '15 miUim. wide, of dermalskeleton •18-*28 millim. A few scattered foreign bodies in thedermal fibres. In other respects it agrees with Espcr's figure, andhis and Ehlers's descriptions. The latter writer says of the fibresof the Esperian specimens that they are " homogeneous," which mayfairly be taken to imply that, as in this specimen, they contain noextraneous matter. Hyatt, however, assigns to this species specimens(from the Cape of Good Hope) which, from his description, Iunderstand to contain a large amount of foreign material in theprimary fibres.Hah. Mozambique.Distribution. Tranquebar {l^spcr).2ft

594 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE WESTEKN INDTAN OCEAN.5. Phyllospongia madagascarensis.Carteriospongia madagascarensis, Hyatt, Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 542.Extremely variable in external form, viz. from single flexiblecylindrical stems about 2 millim, in diameter to palmate frondsarising from similar stems, forming large compound growths ; thecylindrical form also occurs compound ; the same colony may showtransitions from the cylindrical to the palmate type. A spirit-specimenof the cylindrical form has a pale brownish-yellow colour, andits surface is seen under the lens to be very minutely hispid with theprojecting ends of the primary fibres. The primary fibres are mostlysomewhat, though slightly, sand-cored near the surface (much lessthan in C.pennatula) ; they measure about "04 millim. in diameter,the secondaries somewhat less ; fibres very pale yellow in spiritspecimens,colourless in dry skeletons. Surface-texture much finerthau in 0. jiennatula ; surface never broken up into the ridges andgrooves which distinguish macerated specimens of that species.Vents slightly projecting, and sparsely distributed up and down thecylindrical axes ; abundant, not projecting, on one side of the palmatefronds, diameter about "7 millim. Consistence in all casesvery soft and flexible in the macerated state. Owing to the unbrokencharacter of the surface, this species is best placed under Pliyllosj)ongia.I am indebted to Dr. Polcjaeff for pointing out theimportance of this character in Pliyllospoîgia.Hah. Amirante Islands, beach and 17 fms.Distribution. Madagascar {Hyatt).Phyllospongia madagascarensis, var. supraoculata, nov.(Plate LIII. figs. M, M'.)Some s])ecimens of firm texture, not readily compressible, withvery smooth dense surface ; form simi^le palmate, much and deeplydivided or multicaulate ; sometimes partly cylindrical. Vents verysmall, viz. about -4 millim. in diameter, on one side of the frond andalso on its free margin. Meshes of skeleton very close (^. e. primariesonly •! millim. apart at surface) ; sand-cores of primaryfibres extending a very short distance below the surface. Colour,in dry state (well preserved specimens), cream to pure white.Several small specimens, the greatest height and lateral expansionbeing about 70 millim. (2|- inches).Hah. Providence Island, Mascarene group ; African Island, Amirantegroup, beach.CARTERISPONGIA.Carteviosp:>ugia, Hyatt, Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 640.Mauricea, Carter, Amu Sf Mag. N. H. 1877, xx. p. 174.Curiously enough, these two generic terms were published withinfour months of each other {Carteriospongia, May, Mauricea, September,1877). As, however, the former, besides having this slight

SPONGHDA. 595priority, is accompanied by a diagnosis, while the characters of thelatter are merely hinted at, I believe the right course is to adoptthe former.6. Carterispongia otahitica.Spongia otaliitica, Esper, Pflanzenfh. Fortse(z. i. p. 209, pi. Ixi.figs. 7, 8.A flabelliform and two cup-shaped, internally proliferating specimens.The former exhibits signs of incipient formation of a cup,and thus shows Esper to have been right in uniting the two outwardlydifferent forms under one head. Two simple cup-shapedspecimens and an irregularly grown proliferating flabelliform onealso occur.Hah. Glorioso Islands, beach and between tide-marks ; AmiranteIslands, beach ; Seychelle Islands, 7 fms.Distribution. See Part I. of this <strong>Report</strong>, p. 386.7. Carterispongia mantelli.Halispongia mantelli, Boiverhanh, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 303, pi, xlviifigs. 3, 4.A small but deep regularly cup-shaped specimen, gross height45 millim., that of cup 35 millim., diameter of cup at margin32 miUim. The outside is marked by faint longitudinal ridges ; onthe inner surface the vents, about -5 miUim. in diameter, are arrangedin approximately concentric series round the cup, at intervals of3-4 millim. Bowerbank's description of the vents is unsatisfactory.The skeleton contains much less sand than Bowerbank's specimen,but agrees with it in the general characters of the skeleton, thedifferences being to some extent due to age. As stated in the<strong>Report</strong> on the Australian collections, this species agrees essentiallywith the characters of Carterispongia. The colour (in spirit) isgreyish brown outside", dirty white inside.Hah. Mozambique, between tide-marks.Distribution. " South Seas " (Boiverbank).8, Carterispongia pennatula.Spongia pennatula, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 440,Carteriospougia radiata, Hyatt (typical form and var. complexa),Mem. Bast. Soc. ii. pp. 541, 542.Mauricea lacinulosa, Carter, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1877, xx. p. 174,This species varies in outward form from contort flabellate, withsingle thick stem, to compound, multicaulate, anastomosing, withthin stems, the terminal fronds narrower or broader flabelliforfti.In much-washed specimens the surface has an eroded appearance,from the exposure of the ramifications of the canal-s5"stem, and suchspecimens arc usually of a pale brownish-yellow colour ; when thesarcode is presei-ved, the surface of dry specimens is white, and2q2

;596 COLLECTIONS FKOM THE AVE8TERN INDIAN OCEAN.appears as if covered by a dease fine incrustation ; the vents aresmall, "5 to 1 millim. across, placed on both sides of the fronds. Theprimary fibres are strongly sand- cored for some distance below thesurface, but little or no sand occurs in the centre of the frond.Var. complexa of Hyatt seems to be founded on fresh specimens,whereas his typical form seems to have sufi'ered from abrasion.Hah. Glorioso Islands, beach.Distribution. Australian seas {Lamarck) ; Mauritius ( Garter) ;Zanzibar {Hyatt).Ohs. I have had the advantage of being able to examine originalspecimens of Carter and Lamarck while making my identification.HIRCINIID^.9. Hircinia fusca.Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1880, vi. p. 36.Branched cylindrical solid stems, 8 millim. in mean diameter,becoming somewhat dilated at the ends ; conuli of skeleton onlyabout 1 millim. high. Central core of foreign bodies in primary andsecondary fibres not large, and sometimes absent here and therefibres also coated in places with foreign bodies ; diameter of primariesabout 'IS millim., of secondaries '1 millim. Mr. Carter'sdescription is extremely short, but seems to be sufiicient for thepurpose of the present identification. A skeleton occurs in thepresent collection.Hah. Boudeuse Island, Amirante group, 10 fms.Distribution. Ceylon {Garter).10. Hircinia byssoides.Spongia byssoides, Lamarck, Ann. Miis. Hist, Nat. xx. p, 375.Some small horizontally-spreading sessile specimens, about 4millim. in thickness and 30-40 millim. in greatest diameter. Texturein spirit, with sarcode attached, harsh, firm. Primary fibres coredat intervals with small core of foreign bodies, about -07 to -1 millim.wide ; all fibres strongly laminate, of light to dark amber-yellowcolour. Diameter of primary fibres '1 to '24 millim., of secondaries•1 to -14 miUim. There is also an intermediate system of narrowuncored fibres, -035 to "05 millim. wide. Colour (in spirit) black.Conuli about 1 millim. high, 2 millim. apart.This species agrees fairly well with Lamarck's species, of which Ihave examined a specimen, but the fibre is decidedly stouter. Theform is rather that of his var. p, which is described in the words" massis planulatis"; the original specimen of this in the ParisMuseum is firm and harsh to the touch, like the present specimen.Hah. Glorioso Islands, Seychelle Islands, 7-12 fms.Distribution. Southern Seas or Australia {Lamarch).

'SPONGIIDA. 59711. Hircinia, sp.The same species as the unnamed Hircinia mentioned in Part I.of this Eeport. p. 387.A flattened specimen. The secondary fihres are somewhat stouterand darker in colour than in the Australian specimen, and the primariescontain less sand.Hah. Seychelle Islands, 4-12 fms.Distribution. See Part I. of this <strong>Report</strong>, p. 387.DYSIDEIDJE.Difsidea has a remarkably wide range in latitude, its localitiesincluding (among others) Iceland and England in the NorthAtlantic, the West Indies in the tropical Atlantic, the Cape and SouthAustralia in the Southern Ocean, the Western Indian Ocean andthe North of Australia in the tropical parts of the Indo-Pacificarea. While, on the other hand, it is abundant in individuals intemperate waters (as is the case on the British coasts), it appears tobe more prolific in species in subtropical and tropical waters (Mediterraneanand Indian Ocean). Two species occur in the district atpresent under notice, and four others were obtained by the 'Alertoff the Australian coast. The other genera appear to be much morelimited in range : Psammopemma, Marshall, was but once obtained bythe ' Alert ' (viz. in Torres Straits). Psammoclema and Psammascus,id., have not been recognized in any of the ' Alert ' collections.12. Dysidea conica.Bowerbank, P. Z. S. 187-3, p. 26, pi. vi. fig. 1.To this species, so fuUy described by Bowerbank, I assign a fragmentaryDysideid closely resembling the top of the specimen figured byhim, also some skeletons. Although the mesoderm contains abundantforeign bodies, the species does not fall into either of the generaPsammascus and Psammoclema, which Marshall has formed forDysideidae exhibiting this character, as it has neither the tubularform of the one nor the smooth surface of the other, but agrees withDysidea in its well-developed conuli. The dermis is dark to thenaked eye, but is transparent under the microscope. It is infestedby a SpongiopJiaga (Carter), of large size, the head measuring about•012 and the filament about "009 millim. in diameter.Hah. Glorioso Islands, 7-10 fms.Distribution. N.W. Ceylon, 8 fms. {Bovwrbanl-).13. Dysidea gumminea. (Plate LIII. fig. C.)? Dysidea kirki, pars, Carter, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1881, vii. p. 374,nee Botoerbank.A species bearing a close external resemblance to D. conica.

598 COLLECTIONS FROM THE "WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Bowerbank, but differing in its very dense and opaque dermis, andthe strictly Dysidean distribution of its foreign bodies, viz. only inthe skeleton-fibres. The primary fibres arc either single or multiplein the same conulus, and range from about '07 to -36 millim. indiameter. The sponge forms low, longitudinally-extended masses,about 50 millim. (2 inches) in greatest length, 12 millim. in greatestvertical thickness, throwing out rounded lobes which are 15 millim.in greatest diameter. Vents round, few, placed near ends of lobes,1 to 2-5 millim. in diameter. Texture in spirit rather elastic, compressible.Conuli sharp-pointed, usually connected by radiatingridges with each other; height '75 to 1 millim., distance apart 1-2millim. Dermal membrane very dark grey, glabrous. Primaryfibres, as such, apparently existing only in the conuli, and not extendingbeneath them into the mass of the sponge ; secondary fibresalso very slightly developed, except in the ridges connecting theconuli, where they form a dense network of horizontal fibres, extendingto a depth of about 1 millim. below the surface. Skeletonfibres"05 to '18 millim. thick ;generally compact in structure,exhibiting no horny substance to view.Hab. Mozambique, between tide-marks (on back of crab) ; ProvidenceIsland, Mascarene group, 19 fms. (on rock).Carter's species D. Jcirki, from Mauritius, South Australia, andthe Cape of Good Hope, above cited, may possibly include this ; butas from his description and specimens it is evident that he groupsmore than one species together, and as the present form is decidedlydistinct from Bowerbank's D. Tcirli (from the far smaller diameterof the largest skeleton-fibres), it is not necessary to pursue thequestion further. The very tough and opaque dermal layer and theremarkable development of the secondary or horizontal fibre-system,which assists in producing it, distinguish this Dysklea from allintelligibly described species. Sponrielki elegans, Nardo, as describedby F. E. Schulze, appears to approach it in the fasciculated arrangementof the primary fibres, the proportions of the conuli, and thegeneral shape, but differs in its pale colour and in having the secondaryfibres more or less free from sand.OLIGOCERAS.Schulze, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxxiii, p. 34.This genus, introduced (and rightly, as it seems to me) by Marshallinto this family, is based on a species from the Adriatic,remarkable for a habit of attaching to itself foreign bodies of somesize. Prof. Schulze has expressed to me verbally a doubt as towhether the genus will prove to have been rightly established. If,however, this is due to the supposition that Oligoceras is a youngstage of a horny sponge, I think it may be set aside * by a consi-* Since writing the above, I have been assured by Di*. Polujaeff, whose <strong>Report</strong>on the ' Challenger ' Ceratosa is in the press, that he has found the skeleton of

SPONGHDA. 599deration of the large size of a specimen from Mauritius (probablyfrom deep water) in the National collection : this measures 170 by100 millim. in greatest length and breadth ; the primary fibresproject strongly from the paper-like dermis, and the conuli are 5-10millim. apart ; the fibre shows just the branching arrangementdescribed in 0. colhctrix. The species now to be described agreesremarkably in general characters with the same species, and is alsosufficiently large to be called adult.14. Oligoceras conulosum.Incrusting, strongly flattened from above downwards, forming aleathery crust, but occasionally throwing out flattened, pointed, freelobes from lateral margin ; strongly hirsute above with the veryprominent, slender, and pointed conuli, 1-2 millim. high, 2-4 millim.apart at tips ; terminated by the single or (more rarely) multipleends of primary fibres, which stand out about 1 millim, beyond thedermis. Surface between ends of conuli forming a series of slightlyconcave spaces (in spirit), smooth, glabrous, of leathery appearance.Colour in spirit dull putty-colour to pale grey ; consistence (whenoccupied by Spongiojyhaga) flexible, tough. Main skeleton— primaryfibre occasionally branched at apex, about '17 to "27 millim.in diameter ; axis composed of closely packed foreign bodies, occupyingfrom 1^ to y^^ of the entire diameter : secondary fibres apparentlyabsent. Dermal skeleton composed of irregularly arranged fibres,chiefly straight and parallel to each other, varying in compositionfrom an almost entirely horny to an almost entirely sandy state ;diameter about '14 to '35 millim., meshes about "35 millim. wide ; asmall quantity of free foreign bodies is to be found interspersed inthe intervals between the fibres. Tissues between fibres of mainskeleton also containing a considerable proportion (about one fourth)of free, small, foreign bodies. Horny matter of fibre normally paleamber-yellow, transparent. Parenclayma very pale brown, transparent.ffab. Glorioso Islands, 7-10 fms. ; bottom, sand and coral.A single specimen in spirit, 60 millim. in extreme diameter atbase, 8 millim. in greatest thickness of the same ; the lateral lobe(which seems to have been decumbent) is 30 millim. high, 14 by 4millim. in basal diameter. Tissues infested by a Sponglophaga(Carter)—head oval or subpyriform, long diameter '095 to '013millim., short diameter "006 to -0095 millim. ; filament, diameter•004 to "005 millim.—which has partly destroyed the horny matterof the fibre, and forms sheets in the mesoderm.The apparent total absence of secondary fibres is perhaps due toyouth or the ravages of the parasite : the arrangement of the skeletonis that ascribed by F. E. Schulze to Oligoceras colhctrix, Schulze, fromOligoceras to possess in parts the ordinary reticulate arrangement found inCacospongia, &c. This observation seriously militates against its genericdistinctness.

;600 COLLECTIONS FROM THE -WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN,the Adriatic. The conuli are more prominent and distant than inthat species, and the proportion of horny matter in the fibre isconsiderably greater.APLYSINID^.Althongh Pallas and Lamarck cite lantJiella JIabelliformts as fromthe Indian Ocean, I am not aware that the genus has been hithertoshown to occur on the western side of that ocean.15. Aplysina fusca.Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1880, vi. p. 36.A spirit-specimen, agreeing in its more slender fibre (maximumdiameter about -7 millim.), especially near the surface, and in itssmaller interconular spaces with the Ceylon specimen rather thanwith that from S.W. Australia, subsequently assigned to the samespecies by Carter (Ann, &Mag. N. H. 1881, viii. p. 107), which I haveseen. In this spirit-specimen the cells which are so numerouslycongregated in the surface-membrane are not colourless, as in thedry specimen from Australia, but are very granular and of brownishcolour; they measure '008 millim. in average diameter, whereas thoseof the Australian specimen measure about '013 millim. Having regardto these diiferenees, it seems to me not unlikely that the latterspecimen is specifically distinct. If the expression " hollow " of Mr,Carter's original description denotes fistulose, the present specimendiffers from the Ceylon form in being solid (with the exception ofthe usual spaces between the fibres).Hah. Seychelle Islands, 12 fms.Distribution. Ceylon, S.W. Australia? {Carter).16. Aplysina pallasi.? Spongia membranosa, pars, Pallas, Elcnch. Zoojih. p. 398.Columnar masses, generally less than an inch in diameter at theirbroadest part, and tending to bifurcate early and at acute anglesinto secondary lobes of a diameter inferior to that of the main bodyof the sponge ; the ends of the conuli are only about 5 millim. apart,except near the ends of the lobes, where they approach each othermore closely ; a single or bifurcate purple-black fibre projects about1 millim. from the end of almost every conulus, replacing the bluntcompound fibrillated mass which is characteristic of this part inA. membranosa (see Carter, also Part I. of this <strong>Report</strong>). Ventsoval, 2-4 millim. in diameter, few, at sides of terminal lobes. Consistenceelastic, very compressible.The skeleton-fibre is much branched and anastomoses frequently,and ranges in diameter from about "9 miUim, in main fibres to aslittle as "1 millim. in some subdermal twigs ; those which terminatethe conuli are about -3 millim. in average diameter ; the maindirection is upwards and outwards ; the fibre is firm, compact, tough

.PPONGIIDA, 601its wall about •05 millim. thick, of a fine transparent pnrple colour,and is composed of a transparent matrix containing closely packedsubglobiilar transparent cells -008 to -013 millim. in diameter, providedwith small opaque refringent nuclei ; the laminae composingthe wall of the fibre are readily separated. The dermal membraneis not, as in A. membranosa, traversed by raised thickenings whichradiate from the tij)S of the conuli, but is externally homogeneousand subtransparent ; it is pale purple in colour and quite thin ;under the microscope it is subtransparent, granular and speckledin parts with the less transparent and darker purple nuclei or condensedpigment-masses, about '005 millim. in diameter, which occupythe centres of large cells.Hah. Mario Louise Island, Amirante group, 16 and 17 fms. ; ProvidenceIsland, Mascarene group, 19 fms.The species appears to be most nearly related to A. carnosa,Schmidt (Spong. Adr. Meer. p. 26, pi. iii. fig. 3), from the Adriatic,and A. cauUformis, Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 270), fromthe West Indies ; but differs from the former in its far more looselyreticulate skeleton, and from the latter in not having the surfacenearly even. It is perhaps identical with the elongated specimensdescribed by Pallas (I. c.) under Spongia membranosa. It difterssuperficially from the tj^pical form of that species in the closerapproximation of the conuli, the more slender habit of the sponge,the smoothness of the dermal membrane, in its minute structure,and in the simple, not compound, character of the skeleton-fibre.The larger specimens are slightly compressed laterally, and bothmeasure about 60 millim. (2^ inches) in height ; four spirit-specimensform the series.17. lanthella flabelliformis.Spongia flabelliformis, Tallas, Elench. ZoojyJi. p. 380.A macerated fragment agreeing in outward form, so far as it goes,and in the proportions and character of its fibre with the abovespecies. The places in the fibres originally occupied by the purplecells are chiefly represented by vacant spaces, giving a honeycombedappearance to the skeleton-fibre in some parts.Hah. Providence Reef, Mascarene Islands, 24 fms.Distribution. See Part I., p. 392, of this <strong>Report</strong>.SILICEA.MONA CTINELLIDAThe great abundance of Ceratosa has for its complement a correspondingcomparative scarcity of Monactinellid Silicca ; this deficiencyis largely accounted for by the few Ectyoriida; collected hereas compared with the Northern Australian waters.

602 COLLECTIONS PKOM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.GUMMINID^.Gummineae, Schmidt, Sjjotiff. Kdst. Alg. p. 1.Gumminida, Carter, Ann. l^- Mag. N. H. 1881, viii. p. 248.I retain this group provisionally at the commencement of theSilicea, but believe it will ultimately have to be placed near theTetractinellida.18. Chondrilla mixta.? Chondrilla mixta, Schulze, Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. xxix. p. 116.Prof. Schulze's description of his species is scarcely sufficient formc to determine its relations to the present specimen, as he doesnot mention the size and exact form of the spicules. It agreeswith the present form in having two kinds of spicules, stellates andglobostellates, in having a fibrous outer layer about 1 millim. thick,and in the distribution of the spicules in the substance. On theother hand the sections of this (very young) specimen exhibit butscanty traces of the system of subcortical canals which appears tobe so well developed in the Red-Sea species, and the colour (inspirit) is pale brown or buff rather than " pale grey, speckled withbrown." The stellate spicules have rather coarse rays which oftenbifurcate, as in C. cmstraliensis, Carter ; they measure -025 millim.in diameter, the globostellates -032 millim. Having regard to thenearness of the two localities, and to the points of positive agreementbetween the present specimen and Schulze's species, I am disposedto consider them to be identical. The present specimen differs fromC australiensis in the relatively longer and more slender arms ofthe stellate (radiostellate of Carter), the greater abundance of thespicules in the subcortical tissues, and the larger size of both spicules(in 0. australiensis the globostellate measures •025, the stellateabout '02 millim.).A very small specimen, about 5 millim. across, on a N'uUiporewhich has been partly overgrown by a repent Ghalina.Hah. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group, 16-17 fms.Distribution. Red Sea {Schulze) ?CHALINID^.The percentage of species of Chalinidoe in this collection is smallfor the Tropics, viz. less than 8 per cent., that of the ChalinidDe inthe Australian collections being 15 per cent. This inferiority innumbers is duo in part to the absence of the tubular forms, whichare represented by Tuba, Siplionochalina, and Tubuhdigitus nearAustralia, and chiefly by Tuba in the West Indies. As, however,Siphonochalina occurs both at the Cape (Ehlers) and the Red Sea{British-Museum collection), it probably will be ultimately foundalso in the intervening district. If the wide-mouthed genus Tubais really absent here, the circumstance is of considerable importance,as it seems to be represented abundantly in the tropical partsof both sides of the American continent and in the Malay archi-

SPONGIIDA. 603pelago, but it has not yet, so far as I am aware, been recognized oneither coast of Africa.1 9. Chalina elongata.? Spongia elongata, Lamarck, Atvn. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 451.? Spongia lanuginosa; Usper, P/lanzenth. ii. p. 243, pi. xxiv.An erect Chalina, with short common stem and somewhat tortuousbranches, few, tapering to sharp points, uneven in diameterand shape, ranging from 2 (at the tips) te 8 millim. in thickness,cylindrical or compressed, simj^le, or bearing a short incipient orstunted branchlet here and there. Length of branches 20-55millim. Common stem 25 millim. long, compressed, greatest diameter11 millim. Vents? (perhaps -6 to 1 millim. in diameter,few). Mode of branching dichotomous, branches given off at anglesof about 50°. Surface rendered minutely pilose by the projectingends of the primary fibres. Consistence in spirit very soft, compressible,elastic (like that of the finest Turkey sponge) ; colour verypale brown (almost white). Main skeleton rectangular in arrangement;primary fibres "SS-'T miUim. apart, •035--043 millim. indiameter, containing 3-5 series of spicules, with a narrow hornymargin visible ; secondaries -024 millim. thick, with 1 (rarely 2)series of spicules, the fibres at intervals of '18 to -35 millim.Dermal skeleton as main skeleton, but primary fibres only about•14 to "28 millim. apart. Skeleton-fibre pale yellow. Sarcode transparent,almost colourless. Spicule smooth, acerate, straight, taperingfrom one or two diameters from ends to moderately sharp points ;size '13 by -0057 millim.Hub. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms. ; bottom, brokencoral.Two specimens, one 80 millim. (3i inches) high, the other quitelow, their bases growing among some branching Polyzoa. Thespecies agrees with Lamarck's description of his S. elongata so far asit goes, but it is too short to be decisive ; he gives " Mers Australes "as its locality. Esper's figure (Z. c.) strongly resembles it in colourand in the shape of the branches, but his specimen was fromBrittany. Possibly some of the specimens from other localities,which he mentions as belonging to his species, may be identicalwith the present.20. Chalina, sp.A small specimen of a tender repent species, the horny matter ofthe fibres being small in quantity and very pale and transparent.Colour in spirit a fine nut-brown ; consistency soft and very yielding.Surface even, rendered minutely pilose by the ends of the primaryfibres. Branches rather tortuous, subcylindrical, compressed hereand there: greatest diameter (where not aftccted by accidents ofgrowth) 2-0 millim. ; stem similar, diameter about 2*5 millim.Vents orbicular, -5 to 1-5 millim. in diameter, arranged in a serieson one side of sponge, at intervals of about 5 millim. Main

604 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.skeleton— primary fibres vertical to surface, about a spicule's lengthapart, containing 3 to 5 series of spicules ; secondaries at varioiisangles to primaries, spicules 1- or 2-serial. Sarcode rich brown,subtransparent. Spicules acerate, slightly curved, tapering to sharppoints from about 3 diameters from ends ; size -17 by '0085 millim.It branches once at an angle of about 35°, its total length is 50millim. (2 inches), and it has involved a mass of Polytrema, Nullipore,cfec, in its course ; the Nullipore bears the specimen which Ihave provisionally assigned to Chondrilla mixta, Schulze.In the character of the skeleton and the size of the spicules thisspecies resembles the British species IsocUctya simulans, Bowcrbank,and Chcdina montar/ui, Johnston ; but it has not the firm texture ofthe former, nor the tubular form of the latter, and I have not foundany more nearly allied species. In spite of its repent growth I haveassigned it to Clialina rather than to CladochaUna, the proportionsof the spicules and the character of the fibre agreeing with thoseof typical Ghalince (GhaUmda of Schmidt), and being in my viewfar superior as diagnostic characters to those taken only from theexternal habit.Hab. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group, 16-17 fms.ACERVOCHALINA, gen. n.See Part I., p. 398, of this <strong>Report</strong>.21. Acervochalina finitima, var.Ohalina finitima, Schmidt, Sponr/. Atl. Geb. p. 33.As on the North- Australianmargin of the Indian Ocean, so alsoin its North-western angle this otherwise West-Indian* speciesseems at home. Two specimens (the one 25 millim., the other 40millim. in extreme diameter) show the essential characters of thespecies ; the vents, however, unlike those of the Australian specimens,are placed on the margins rather than the upper surface ofthe sponge, and the spicules are slightly thicker than in both the Australianand W. -Indian forms, viz. '003 millim. as against '0018 inthe one and -0025 in the other.Bed). Seychelle Islands, 4-12 fms.Distributioti. See Part I., p. 399, of this <strong>Report</strong>.RENIERIDtE.Besides the probably almost cosmopolitan species Tedania digitata,I find that several of the representatives of this generalizedFamily type have quite a European fades, and I have identified twoof them {Beniera indistincta and rosea) with British species ; buttwo members of the same genus, now described for the first time,possess external characters of a definiteness and singularity unusual* Also British, if Chalina limhata, Bowerbank, is identified with it.

;SPONGHDA. 605in their genus and family. A fifth species, assigned also to Beniera,has affinities which find expression elsewhere, so far as my knowledgeextends, only in Indo-Pacific waters.22. Reniera indistincta, var.Isodictya indistincta, Bowerhank, Mon. Brit. Spong. ii. p. 290, &c.A specimen almost identical in form and size with that describedabove from the Australian collections (from Torres Straits) under thistitle : it has, however, a superficial rich umber-brown coloration,produced by a sarcode darker than that of the same parts in theAustralian specimen, the external colour of which is grey. Thedermal skeletou-fibres are also constantly, and not merely occasionally,biserially spiculate, and the spicules measure '19 by •008millim., instead of "IG by '0003 millim. The occurrence of this formon the western side of the Indian Ocean, together with the darkcoloration (resembling that of the British specimen), are confirmatoryof its identity with a British species.Hob. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms.Distributioji. See Part I., p. 407, of this Eeport.23. Reniera rosea.Isodictya rosea, Bowerbank, Mon. Brit. Spo)u/. ii. p. 282, iii. pi. xlix.figs. 12-14.Some small, sublobate, apparently subsessile, soft pale brownspecimens. Skeleton-fibre formed of uuiserially (rarely biserially)arranged spicules ; the rectangular arrangement is rather obscure.Spicules curved, acerate, tapering to fine points from about 4 diametersfrom ends ; size -IG by -006 millim. Vents about 1*5 millim.in diameter, placed at extremities of lobes. The agreement withthe British specimens is comparatively close ; the spicule in the typespecimen, which I have examined, is slightly shorter ; as depictedby Bowerhank, the spicule is made too stout.Hab. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group, 16 and 17 fms.Distribution. Tenby, Sark (Bowerbanh); Kerguelen Island (Carter).24, Reniera camerata*. (Plate LIII. figs. H, H'Plate LIV. fig. n.)Sponge generally subcyUndrical or subconical, perforated aboveby large irregular openings ;formed of thin compact lamellae 1-2millim. thick, thinuiug off into knife-like edges, and much foldedand anastomosing with each other within the sponge, so as to forma labyrinthine system of passages, 3-5 millim. in diameter, chiefiymore or less vertical in their direction. Outer surface of spongesmooth, gently undulating ; inner surface of passages very minutelypitted by the openings of the excretory canals.Consistency of spouge-waU, in spirit, very flexible and compres-* From camera, a chambei-, in allusion to the chambered interior.

606 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIA.N OCEAN.sible, readily torn. Colour pale brown;general appearance that ofsoft leather. Main skeleton composed of nmltispicular secondarytractsof loosely aggregated spicules, 8- to 15-serial, placed parallelto the surface at intervals of '2 to '3 millim,, and of primary linesrepresented by groups of 4 to 10 spicules crossing the intervals ofthe secondaries, ladder-like, at intervals of about '3 millim., thespicules composing these groups being so loosely associated as oftenhardly to be in contact ; they turn to one side at the points atwhich they come into contact with the secondaries, thus roundingoff the angles of the otherwise rectangular spaces of the meshwork.Dermal skeleton formed by the outward projection of slender primarytufts of spicules, 2 to 4 spicules broad. Sarcode pale brownishyellow, subtransparent. Spicules smooth acerate, slightly curved,tapering to sharp points from 2 or 3 diameters from ends ; size -ISby -007 millim.Hab. Seychelle Islands, 2 fms. ; Marie Louise Island, Amirantegroup, 16-17 fms. ; bottom coral.This species, by its polyspieular fibre and compact structure, differsfrom most species of Reniera. Indeed the former character wouldappear to ally it to Schmidtia ; but it is remarkable that, probablyin connexion with the thinness of the wall and consequent need ofresistance to lateral pressure, it is the secondary, and not the primary,fibres which are the stoutest ;possibly it is to the exigencies entailedby the peculiar external form that the whole of the internal peculiaritiesare due. The largest of the specimens, which are somewhatfragmentary, measures 30 millim. high by 18 miUim. in extremebreadth.25. Reniera cribriformis. (Plate LIII. fig. G Plate LIV. fig.;o.)Some fragments in spirit of a hollow cushion-shaped sponge seemworthy of a description, as it has characters by which it may berecognized. The wall is "5 to 3 millim. thick, compact, folded backat the margin so as to enclose a space below the surface. Surfacevery even and glabrous, perforated at intervals of 1-5 millim. bycircular vents, -5 to 2-5 millim. in diameter. Consistence elastic,rather firm ; colour pale dull brown. Primary fibres of main skeletonabout -18 millim. apart, vertical to surface, spicules 2-3-scrial;secondary fibre represented by separate spicules, traversing at variousangles the spaces between the primaries. Dermal skeleton a closemeshwork of irregularly disposed single spicules, not united to formfibres. Sarcode transparent, almost colourless. Spicule smooth, subcylindricalacerate, very slightly curved, tapering from near centreto points of various degrees of bluntness ; size -2 by '007 millim.Hab. Seychelle Islands, 12 fms. ; bottom coral.This species seems to approach R. testitdinaria, Lamarck (seeAustralian <strong>Report</strong>), in the tendency of its spiciiles to assume thecylindrical form.Carter's " Reniera, dark brown " from the Gulf of Manaar (Ann.& Mag. N. H. 1880, vi, p. 48), differs decidedly from this in its

SPONGIIDA, 607colour, and its cylindrical spicule is curved and apparently stouterthan that of this species,26. Reniera, sens, lat., allied to crateriformis, Carter.(Plate LIV. fig. i.)Some small dark-brown fragments of a species belonging to thegroup Crassa (lienieridae), Carter, to which the preceding species isrelated, and which is probably connected with Schmidtia. Thespicules arc smooth, slightly curved, subcylindrical, tapering somewhatto the well-rounded ends ; size '48 by •028 millim. Arrangementof skeleton as in Schmidtia, viz. massive fibre forming roundedmeshes (except near the surface). Species of this character areespecially abundant in the Malay Archipelago, whence B. crateriformisis obtained. Not knowing the external form of the sponge,I content myself with indicating the occurrence of this well-markedgroup in this region.Hab. Providence Island, Mascarene group, 19 fms.27. Pellina, sp.I have httlc doubt of the identity with the species from Australia,described at p. 413 (No. 48) of Part I. of this Eoport, of an erect,laterally compressed, suboblong specimen in spirit in this collection,45 millim. high, 30 millim. in greatest diameter, 14 millim. ingreatest thickness. It is squarely truncate above and diminishesslightly in diameter towards the broken lower end ; the surface israther uneven, but the dermal membrane is smooth, thin, and transparent.Vents chiefly at the margin ; round or suborbicular, deep,diameter 1-5 millim. Spicules -33 to '35 by '019 millim. Othercharacters essentially as in Australian specimen, from which it differschiefly in wanting the short lobes.Hab. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms.28. Tedania digitata, Schmidt.For synonyms and distribution see this <strong>Report</strong>, Part I. p. 417,A fine specimen from Mozambique, very different in externalcharacters from those described by me from Australia and Hindostan.In this case the vents are strongly developed, and the mass consistsof four superiorly distinct, more or less bullate tubes, with thin,smooth margins, 3-9 millim. in diameter at their mouths, arising outof a very irregularly shaped, massive, suberect base, the surface ofmost of which is broken up into closely-set pits and grooves, about1-5 miUim. in diameter, which are the external openings of theexcretory canals of this solid part of the sponge. The colour ispale, rather reddish, brown. The acuate measures '19 by •0095millim,, the tibiella -19 by -005 millim. While the outward form israther that of Mediterranean specimens, the proportions of thespicules agree more closely with examples from Kurrachee andQueensland than with Mediterranean or Port-Darwin specimens.The spicules of a small in crusting fragment from the Amirante

608 COLLECTIONS FBOM THE WESTEKN INDIAN OCEAN.Islands give the following measurements : acuato -2 to "25 by '007millim. ; tibiella -2 to -25 by -004 millim.Hah. Mozambique ; Marie Louise Island, Amirante group ; tidemarksto 17 fms.DESMACIDINID^.The occurrence of a true Desmacidon in the Indian Ocean is perhapsfor the first time indicated by the new species described below.The two species assigned to the genus by Ehlers (' Die EsperschenSpongien') appear to belong respectively to Ampliilectus and Clatliria.The wide range possessed by species of the new genus lotrocliota isshown also by the occurrence of our two new Australian species,one of them being abundant in both localities.RHIZOCHALINA.The scarcity of this genus, so common in the tropical waters ofAustralia, and well represented also in the south of that continent,is probably due to the absence of mud from the localities investigated; slightly deeper dredging, clear of the reefs, might be expectedto reveal more of this interesting genus, which had nothitherto been noted from any localities nearer than Ceylon (Carter,Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1880, vi. p. 37, under the name of Desmacidonjeffreysi).29. EMzochalina pellucida. (Plate LIV. fig. j.)Elongate, tapering gradually from base of sponge to summit offistula. Fistula single, straight. Surface even, glabrous. Consistencein spirit soft, brittle ;colour very pale brown ; appearancesemitransparent. Body of sponge oval, compressed ; includes foreignbodies.Main skeleton a somewhat confused mass of moderately closelyfelted and irregularly crossing spicules, traversed at intervals bytracts of compact spiculo-fibre, 4-8 spicules broad, running parallelto the surface. Dermal skeleton consisting of long, straight, compactspiculo-fibres, 4-20 spicules broad, branching at acute angles, andthus spreading over the surface ; the intervals occupied by a looseopen reticulation of single spicules or of fascicles two or three spiculesbroad, crossing at various angles. Sarcode pale yellowish brown,subtransparent. Spicule accrate, slightly curved, tapering graduallyto sharp points from about middle of spicule ; size '26 by -01 millim.Hab. Providence Island, Mascarene group, 19 fms, ; bottom coral.A single specimen, 87 millim. (3| inches) long, 12 miUim. ingreatest basal diameter ;greatest diameter of present end of fistula3 millim.In its svibtranspareucy, and in the great thinness of the dermallayer of the skeleton, as well as in its having been apparently sessileby a bulbous base, this differs from all described species of thegenus.

;SPONGIIDA. 60930. Desmacidon rimosa *. (Plate LIII. fig. F ; Plate LIV.figs, m-m".)Erect, stipitate ; stem and branches solid, more or less anteropostoriorlycompressed, except the extreme apices of the latter, whichare cylindrical and terminally rounded, finger-like. Branchingvery irregular, not confined to one plane, the first division approximatelydichotomous ; the resulting (secondary) axes are eitherflattened strongly (2-4 times as broad as they are long), with butshort subcylindrical marginal branchlets, or subcylindrical, givingoff several subcylindrical (tertiary) branches ; the largest of thesebranches may attain a length of 35 millim. ; diameter of tipsof branches, just before termination, 4-5 millim. Surface of stemand, to a less extent, of branches scored by winding furrows, 1-3millim. deep, 1-3 millim. wide, generally directed transversely whenon the fiat surface of the branch, more longitudinally when theyhave reached its margin ; they either vanish by becoming graduallyshallowerdistally, or end abruptly in an oscular opening. Vents•5 to 1-5 millim. in diameter, circular, deep, numerous, scatteredalong the above-mentioned grooves. Surface pilose, like coarsevelvet, owing to projection of primary skeleton-fibres to a height of•25 to 1 milUm., at distances of -25 to 1 millim. apart. Texturein spirit firm, tough, subelastic, the surface slightly harsh to thetouch ; colour in spirit normally brown, inclining to grey, andto rufous where skrinkage or abrasion of sarcode has more or lessexposed the skeleton.Main skeleton— primary fibres vertical to surface, about -07millim. thick, •28-'35 milhm. apart ; the secondaries vertical to theprimaries, about -05 millim. thick, •28--35 millim. apart: fibrescored by spicule no. 2, with a few of no. 1 near the centre of thesponge ;the horny fibre is almost wholly obscured by spiculesnear the surface a distinct clear pale brown transparent marginof about a quarter the thickness of the fibre is usually left.Dermal skeleton made up of triangular to polygonal meshes (•28-*8millim. wide) of spiculo-fibre, •035-*09 millim. thick, strengthenedby much pale brown transparent horny substance, which isseen outside the spicules in the narrower fibres ; the contained spiculesare chiefly no. 1 ;the stouter fibres contain also, superficially,no. 2. Sarcode transparent, pale yellowish brown.Spicules of skeleton:—(1) Acuate, smooth, slightly curved, taperinggradually, more rapidly towards apex, to moderately sharp point, anddiminishing slightly in diameter towards the rounded base ; lengthabout -yS milhm. ; diameter, base "Ol!), middle of shaft "022 millim.(most abundant in the fibre near surface, occasionally free in sarcode).(2) Acuate, approximately straight, tapering gradually from nearhead to sharp point ; the base occasionally provided with a smallnumber of minute spines ; size •23--33 by •005--01 millim. (sometimesloose in sarcode, especially in dermis).« Rimosus, full of furrows, referring to the appearance of the sui'face.2r

610 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Sarcode-spicules :—(3) Tricurvate acerate, smooth, tapering graduallyto fine points ; median curve rather sharp, forming angleof about 150° ; from this point arms almost straight, until justbefore tips, which turn up slightly ; size •19--22 by '006 millim.(4) Equianchorate, navicular, shaft slender, smooth, curve gradualand slight ;palms narrow, viz, about '08 long by '0055 millim. broad,tapering to sharp points at apex, square below ; tubercle slight,rather elongate, length -022 millim.Hah. Mozambique, between tide-marks.Two specimens and a fragment are in the coUeetion. The largestmeasures 110 millim. (4^ inches) in greatest height, 85 millim.(3^ inches) in greatest lateral expansion ; common stem 55 millim.long, 20 by 10 millim. in diameter at middle of its course, rathertortuous, deeply scored on one side by a main median longitudinaldepression. The second specimen has its branches more cylindricalthan those of the larger specimen : but it has grown abnormally, someof the branches being twisted back, and anastomosis occurs near thebase of the specimen. The description of Sponrjia palmata, Lamarck(Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 453), var. /3, recalls this sponge. Thetypical form of the species, which I have seen at Paris, resembles itmore closely than does the specimen on which this var. /3 was probablyfounded ; however, microscopic examination shows S. ])ahnatato be a Chalina. While the present species resembles Desmacidonfruticosa, Mont., in texture and in the structure of the skeleton, itis yet quite distinct on account of its solid branches, its acerateskeleton- and its tricurvate (not bihamate) flesh-spicules. D.arciferum,Schmidt (Algiers), appears to approach it the most nearly ofdescribed species, but an acerate spicule is mentioned in addition tothe tricurvate. D. frondosum (Ehlers), Esper, from " East Indies,"resembles this sponge in general appearance, but has echinatingspicules, some of which are strongly spined, and no tricurvate ismentioned ; hence it seems to be a Clatliria.31. lotrochota purpurea.Halichondria purpurea, Boiverhanh, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 293.See Part I., p. 434, of this <strong>Report</strong>.Fine specimens, chiefly of the usual cylindrical form, and withthe same coarsely roughened surface as in the Australian specimens.Like those specimens, too, they show a tendency to become flattened,and to vary in colour from dark purple to dark green. The spiculationis essentially the same as in the Australian specimens. Themaximum height is also just the same, viz. 150 millim. (6 inches).Hah. Etoile Island, Amirante group, 13 fms.Distribution. See Part I. p. 434.32. lotrochota baculifera.See Part I., p. 435, of this <strong>Report</strong>.Some smaU specimens, in spirit and in the dry state. In the

;SPONGIIDA. 611finely hispid surface aud the low irregularlj^ lobate form, togetherwith the spicular characters, they agree closely with the Australianspecimen, but the average diameter of the lobes is somewhat less(about 10 millim,).Hah. Providence Reef, Mascarene Islands, 24 fms.Distribution. Port Darwin.33. Esperia gelatinosa. (Plate LIY. figs./-/"".)Low incrusting masses, frequently involving foreign bodies,occasionally rising into slender lobes. Surface in spirit undulating,glabrous. Consistence tough, elastic, firm. Colour pale greenishgrey or pinkish brown ;general appearance gelatinous, semi-transparent.Main skeleton rather confused in the incrusting specimens ; thevertical lines near the surface being short, broad, loose, andclosely approximated ; in thicker specimens the ordinary Esperiandistinct spiculo-fibres appear at some distance below the surfaceprimaries crossed by more or less numerous detached skeletonspicules.Dermal skeleton composed of confusedly intercrossingspicules not arranged into spiculo-fibrous reticulation. Sarcode verypale yellow, transparent.Spicules: — (1) Skeleton subspinulate ; head oval, slightly butdistinctly demarcated from shaft, about two thirds the maximumdiameter of the latter ; shaft tapering rather abruptly to sharppoint ; size of spicule 'S by '016 millim. (2) Large inequianchorate ;large end moderately broad, about half the total length of the spicule,tubercle long, lower angles of outer palms slightly rounded ; smaUend subtriangular, rather small, pointed below, tubercle small,tongue-shaped, a small reverted margin extending as far as thetubercle in the middle ; size of spicule -06 by -0032 millim. (3) Smallinequianchorate, large end about three fifths the total length ofthe spicule; shaft aud arms weU but gradually curved, tubercleshort ; lesser end very small, not prolonged below into a point; lengthof spicule -019 millim. (4) Bihamate, contort, slender, well curved,sharp-pointed ; size -057 by -002 millim. (5) Trichites in oblongcompact bundles about '02 millim. long and "0063 to -0075 millim.in diameter ; spicules approximately straight. Extremely abundant.Hah. Providence Reef and Providence Island, Mascarene group,19-24 fms. ; bottom, sand or dead coral.The longest lobes are 20-30 millim. long and 3-6 millim. indiameter. In habit, spiculation, and arrangement of skeleton itmuch resembles E. IcBvis, Carter (Ann. & Mag, N. H. 1882, ix. p. 291,pi. xi. fig. 16), from Yenczuela, aud E. pellucida, mihi (Part I., p. 437,of this <strong>Report</strong>) ; but the small inequianchorate here has not theterminal point described by Carter, and the trichites are muchsmaller (-02 miUim. instead of '067 millim. long) ; from E.jiellucidait differs in the small, short, (quadrangular trichite-bundles, in thesmaller size of the anchorates, &c. The species is quite abundant,though no large specimens were found.2r2

612 COLLECTIONS PROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.ECTYONID^.Two of the six species obtained, viz. Clathria fro^rdifera andAcaryius ternatus, must now be regarded as characteristic of theequatorial parts of the Indian Ocean. As this ocean appears to bethe main focus of Clathria, it is not surprising to find this mostprolific genus further represented here by two new species.CLATHRIA.The three species found in this district contrast, by their decumbentor incrustiug habit, with the fine arborescent species whichprevail in AustraUa.34. Clathria frondifera, Boiverhanl. (Plate LIII. fig. J.)8ee Part I,, p. 448, of this <strong>Report</strong>.This species seems to be almost as abundant in this region as inthe North-Australian seas. The specimens agree well, both as tooutward form and size and in their fibre-characters, with thosedescribed by me (Part I. p. 448) from those seas. The only divergentpoints which they present are found in the spiculation, viz.the slightly greater diameter attained by the smooth deep-skeletonacuate in some of the specimens, and the wide range of dimensionsexhibited by this spicule : it ranges from '16 to '25 miUim. inlength and from '008 to *0l27 millim. in thickness ; the latterthickness is not reached by the Australian specimens, but is exhibitedby one from Gaspar Strait, and exceeded (-0158 millim.) bythe type specimen, from the Straits of Malacca.Hah. Providence Reef and Island, Mascarene group ; AmiranteIslands ; Seychelle Islands ; 12-24 fms.35. Clathria decumbens. (Plate LIII. fig. K ; Plate LIV.Sponge massive, sessile ; forming low, spreading masses, either(a) of submonticular form, i. e. highest in the middle and terminatinglaterally in a few short angular ends, or (6) commencing as a horizontalflattened cylinder, sessile by its lower side, terminated at eachend by rounded (sometimes free) extremities, and sometimes sendingoft' lateral lobes of similar character. Surface (in unmaceratedcondition) slightly undulating, either (in b) glabrous, formed by aparchment-Hke brown membrane which conceals the honeycombedmain mass of the sponge, or (in a) much grooved, having a wormeatenappearance, the surface between the grooves slightly andminutely pilose with the ends of the skeleton-fibres, the bottom ofthe grooves themselves smooth, membranous. Vents moderatelyabundant (7 or 8 in small specimen), scattered on all parts, round,suborbicular, or oval ; opening level with surface ;provided withthin membranous margins ; diameter 1-4 millim.Main mass of sponge composed of subcylindrical trabeculae, 5 to

—;SPOITGIIDA. 6132 millim. thick, which form the boundaries of cavities 1-2 millim.wide, extending parallel to the surface ; the intervals between thetrabeculte are more or less tympanized by thin transparent membranousexpansions. Consistency in spirit (a) of monticular specimensoft and elastic, like Turkey sponge; (6) of subcylindrical specimenstough, parchment-like. Colour — («) almost white, (h) dull putty- toreddish brown.Main skeleton— primary fibres approximately vertical to surface,•05 to '07 millim. thick, -18 to -35 millim. apart ; secondariesapproximately vortical to surface, but often curved ; size, asprimaries ; about '18 to -25 millim. apart. Dermal membrane in(«) based on fibre '035 to •! millim. thick, forming oval meshes -1 to•18 millim. in diameter ; in {h) fibre "03.5 to '088 millim. thick,meshes '14 to '3 millim. wide, oval or oblong. Fibre brown ofvarious shades, axially cored by one to four series of spicule no. 1,echinated abundantly by the spined acuate spicules.Spicules :—(1) Skeleton acuate, straight, tapering gradually fromnear centre to sharp point on the one hand and to rounded base onthe other ; base about two thirds the diameter of centre, and carryinga few very small spines ; size of spicule, -15 to -175 by '0055 millim.(2) Spined acuate, straight, tapering gradually from base to sharppoint, base rather rugose ; spines sharp, small to moderate-sized,those of proximal two thirds vertical to shaft, rather scanty, thoseof apical third numerous, recurvate ; size of spicule -075 by •0063to •OO by ^008 millim. (3) Equianchorate, navicular, shaft almoststraight, slender; palms as seen from front truncate below, subpyramidal,elongate (each more than one third the total length ofthe spicule) ; tubercle rather elongate ; size of spicule, -021 to -032millim. (4) Same as (3), but shaft more curved, and size of spiculeonly -Oil miUim.Hah. Boudeuse and Etoile Islands, Amirante group, 10-13 fms.bottom, sand or coral.The two externally very dififerent forms which I have indicatedin the description by {a) and {!>) agree so closely in their microscopiccharacters that I do not feel justified in separating them, evenvarietally ; the absence of a tough cortex from (a) is perhaps due tosome local circumstance.The greatest vertical thickness of the largest specimen is 23millim., the length 60 millim., the diameter of the lateral lobes 17millim. The brown specimens have a strong external resemblanceto small specimens of the Hippospongioi with meandrine canals,and especially to H. derasa, mihi (see Part I., p. 382, of this <strong>Report</strong>) ;also to fresh specimens of Chalinopsis clathrodes, Schmidt ; and toa specimen, now in the National collection, of an a])parently MS.species allied to CJathria, named '^ Spongia multifora, Dufr.," butwhich is quite distinct from G. decumhens, owing to the stronglyspined skeleton-spicules. The very slender slvclcton acuate with itsslightly spined head is an unusual feature in a Clathria, and fewClathrias are without either a bihamato or tricurvate flesh-spicule.The sessile massive habit distinguishes it from all other true

;614 COLLECTIONS FROM THZE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.Clathrias, except perhaps C. elegans, Vosmaer (habit unknown), andC. (DlcU/ocylindrus) anchorata, Carter. The latter is only knownfrom small shapeless masses, and has the skeleton-spicule stout,smooth, and strongly curved; otherwise the spicular complementis essentially the same. In the present species the two kinds ofanchorates appear to be distinct, the smaller form being veryabundant, the larger, though evidently normally present, much lesscommon ;the occurrence of a larger and smaller anchorate in someEsperice, as pointed out by Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix.pp. 298, 299), is an analogous circumstance.36. Clathria mseandrina. (Plate LIU. fig. I ; Plate LIV.figs. 7i-h".)Sponge only known as an incrusting, widely-spreading mass,consisting of a thin basal lamina not exceeding 1 millim. in thickness,from which arise vertically, at intervals of 1 to 3 millim., parallel- walledridges, or triangular masses, about "5 to 1'5 millim. in diameter and2—1 miUim. in height, usually united laterally to form a series ofmeandrine ridges, generally 2-3 millim. apart, at the surface of thesponge. Surface of basal lamina very uneven under lens, honeycombedwith round openings "25 to -75 miUim. in diameter ; thetrabecula between the openings is hirsute with projecting spicules ;surface of vertical ridges uneven, densely hirsute with projectingspicules and skeleton-fibres, towards the base it has a honeycombedappearance similar to that of the basal lamina. Consistence in spiritslightly resistent, but soft, compressible, elastic. Colour in spiritbuflf-yellow.Main skeleton—arrangement subrectangular ; fibre dense, paleamber-yellow, echiuated sparsely below surface of sponge by spiculeno. 2, set at right angles to fibre. Primary fibres approximately verticalto surface, terminating on it in short horny points densely clothedwith spicule no. 1, which are directed outwards, parallel to the axisof the fibre ; diameter of fibre about -05 to -1 millim. ; cored withproper spicules, usually biserially arranged, to a variable distance,not exceeding •? millim., below surface ; distance of fibres apartabout -17 to '35 millim. Secondary fibres uucored, •()35-'07 millim.thick, placed at intervals of about '17 millim., approximately verticalto primaries. Dermal skeleton composed of a rather close rectangularly-meshedreticulation ; fibres about •04--07 millim. thick,apparently covered in parts by a thick incrustation of foreignbodies. Sarcode transparent, very pale yellow-brown.Spicules :—(1) Acuate, or with slightly constricted base, eithersmooth or with the base minutely spined, moderately curved, taperinggradually from base to sharp point ; size -023 by -01 1 to "013 millim.(echinating the apices of primary fibres). (2) Spined acuate, straighta head slightly indicated by a subterminal neck, spines minute tomoderate-sized, placed at right angles to long axis ; size of spicule•075 by -0063 millim. (echinating fibres of main skeleton). (3) Subspinulateor acuate, smooth, almost straight, tapering gradually from

SPONQIIDA. 615near centre to sharp points ; size -32 by -0063 millim. (in axis ofouter extremities of primary fibres, and loose in the meshes of theskeleton). (4) Tricurvate acerate, smooth; the curves bold; taperingto sharp points ; size -076 to -12 b^ -0032 millim. (in sarcode).(5) Equianchorate, shuttle-shaped, shaft slender, slightly and graduallycurved, palms each about one third the total length of the•spicule ; length -025 millim.Hah. Marie Louise Island, Amirante group, 17 fms.: bottom coral.The specimen on which this species is based coats continuouslyfor a distance of 100 millim. (4 inches) most of the circumferenceof a stem (probably algal) 3 millim. in thickness. The surfaceof Sîongia vulpina, Lamarck, in the Museum at the Jardin desPlantes, Paris, decidedly recalls this sponge ; but that species istall, stipitate, and arborescent, with a superficial spicular incrustation,and hence is rather referable to RhapJiidopJilus than Clathria ; itseems to want the tricurvate acerate spicule of the present species.One remarkable point about the species is the unusually greatproportion of horny matter to spicules in the fibres. This is alsoshown in Tenacia dathrata, Schmidt, of the W. Indies, which, besidesits clathrous habit, differs from this species mainly in the very coarsehorny fibre, the considerably superior dimensions of the smoothacuates, and the rather clumsy form of the spined echinatingspicules.37. Acarnus tematus.See Part I., p. 453, of this <strong>Report</strong>.A young specimen. The tricurvates are somewhat shorter,thicker, and more strongly curved than in the Australian specimens.Hab. He des Neufs, Amirante Islands, 15 fms.ECHINONEMA, Carter.This genus was nominally established in 1875 (Ann. & Mag. N. H.1875, xvi. p. 185), in Mr. Carter's " Notes Introductory to the Studyand Classification of the Spongida," by the insertion of the words" Ediinonema typicum, C, MS.," under the Group Pluriformia,Family Ectyonida, of the Order Echinonemata; but its characters werenot made known until 1881 {op. cit. 1881, vii. pp. 378-380), whenMr. Carter somewhat briefly described two species under this name,viz. E. typkmn and E. anchoratum, without, however, giving anydefinition of the genus. I have been able to examine a considerablenumber of the specimens thus identified by Mr. Carter, and findthem to be nearly allied to IthaplMoplilus of Ehlers (Espersch.Spong. pp. 19,31) and to Clathria, Schmidt, having the same generalcharacter of spiculation and arrangement of the skeleton as thesegenera, but differing from Clathria in having a non-fibrous andpurely spicular cortical layer, composed of acuates or spinulateswith their points directed outwards, and while agreeing withEhapUdophlus in this point, differing from it in the possession (not

016 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.mentioned by Carter, II. cc.) of a fine tricurvate acerate flesh-spiculein addition to an equianchorate. A third species, E. vasipliccda.,assigned by Carter {op. at. 1882, x. p. 114) to the genus belongs,as I have stated in my report on the Australian collections (Part I.p. 454), not to this genus, but to EcMnodictyum, mihi. The genuswas not met with by the ' Alert ' on the north and east of Australia,although it is common on the south and south-west (Carter) ;it isa little strange therefore to find the following two species in thewestern part of the Indian Ocean.38. Echinonema, sp.A small, irregularly-grown specimen in spirit, consisting of anextended coating base and three low lobes, more or less flattened,,two of them uniting with each other. Surface corrugated by lowmseandering ridges, giving an irregularly dimpled aspect to the surface; dermal membrane upon the ridges glabrous. Vents small,scattered, oval or circular, "6 to 1*0 millim. in diameter, generallyplaced on margins or in depressions rather than in the middle ofsurfaces. Consistence in spirit firm, very tough, elastic ; colour duUumber-brown.Main skeleton approximately rectangular in arrangement, the primaryfibres being set vertically to the surface, and the secondariesparallel to it, but with their ends curved round to meet the primaries ;fibre very strong, pale to dark amber-yellow in colour : the primaryfibres about "14 millim. thick, and cored for one to two thirds of theirthickness by subspinulate spicules ; secondary fibre "07 to "14 millim.thick, either devoid of spicules or cored by at most two series.Dermal skeleton formed by a set of radiating tufts of subspinulatespicules, the bases of the tufts being placed about '25 millim. apart,and the ends of the spicules of the different tufts intercrossing. 8arcodepale yellowish brown, subtransparent. Spicules :— (1) Skeletaland dermal subspinulate ; head slight, oval, provided with a fewvery fine terminal spines ; head of about the same diameter as middleof shaft; tapering gradually to sharp point; size '26 by -008 millim.(2) Echinating spiued subspinulate ; the head and distal two thirdswell spined ; spines strong, sharp, projecting at right angles tosurface ; size of spicule -1 by '0085 millim. (3) Tricurvate acerateof sarcode, median curve rather sharp ; size "04 by '001 millim.(4) Equianchorate, navicular, shaft slightly curved ; length of spicule•012 millim.Hah. Etoile Island, Amirante group, 13 fms. ; attached to deadcoral.This species is evidently nearly related to E. typicimi and E. ancJioratumof Carter, from its resemblance in external form and inspiculation. The structure of the dermal " crust " is essentially thesame as that described by me in the nearly allied genus JRhaphiflopMus(see R. arborescens and B. procerus, Part I. pp. 450-1, ofthis <strong>Report</strong>).

;spoNGiroA. 61739. Echinonema gracilis. (Plate LIV. figs. I, V .)Erect, very slender, brandling dichotomoiisly and seldom ; branchesgiven off at angles of from aboiit 60° to 90°, cylindrical or irregular,sometimes somewhat flattened, diameter 2 to 5 millim. Surfacesmooth. Vents not apparent. Consistence in spirit soft, elastic,very compressible, rather tough ; colour very dark purplish brown.Main skeleton subrectangular in arrangement ;primary fibres "05to '07 millim. in diameter, pale yellow, almost filled with the skeletonspicule; secondaries -035 to -05 millim. in diameter, containing oneor two series of spicules. Dermal skeleton consisting of radiatingtufts of subspinulate spicules, the bases of the tufts about "25 millim.apart, the points of adjacent tufts crossing each other. Sarcode ofinterior dark yellow, granular ; that of dermis transparent, very palepurple. Spicules :—(1) Subspinulate of skeleton and dermis, straight,shaft smooth, head provided with a few terminal very fine spineshead oval, of about same diameter as middle of shaft, neck slightspicule tapering gradually to sharp point ; size -34 by -012 millim.(2) Acuate, minutely spined on base, straight, tapering gradually tosharp point; size -25 by '014 millim. (in centre of primary fibre).(3) Echinating spined subspinulate, tapering to sharp point from twoor three diameters from end, well spined over head and distal twothirds ; the spines sharp and strong, those on shaft recurvate towardshead ; size of spicule -082 by -013 millim. (4) Trieurvate acerateof sarcode, smooth, middle curve bold ; size '057 by -001 millim.(5) Equianchorate, navicular, shaft slightly curved ; length of spicule•02 millim.Hah. Providence Eeef, Mascarene Islands, 24 fms. ; bottom, sandand dead coral.Several small and more or less imperfect specimens in spirit; thelargest measures 75 millim. (3 inches) in length. In the slenderproportions of the sponge (which gives it the appearance of aRaspailia) and in the weak development of the horny fibre thisspecies stands quite apart from the Australian species as well asfrom the foregoing form.AXINELLID^.Of the four species to be enumerated, one is found also on thesouthern and one on the west northern coasts of Australia. Thevery variable character of the surface of Leucophlcieus proteus is asomewhat unusual manifestation of the polymorphism of Sponges.40. Azinella spiculifera. (Plate LIV. fig. b.)Spongia spiculifera, Lamarch, Ann. Mus, Hist. Nat. xx. p. 449.A specimen in spirit, agreeing well with the fragment in theMuseum which represents Lamarck's species. It consists of two

;618 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.approximately cylindrical stems, 50 by 13 and 80 by 20 millim. respectivelyin greatest height and thickness, arising close togetherfrom a common rocky base. The lower end of the larger one isalmost smooth for a distance of about 8 millim. ; the remainder, aswell as the whole of the smaller stem, is beset with small, slender,wedge-shaped or pyramidal eminences, sometimes forked, 2-3 millim.high, about 2 millim. in diameter at their bases and 2-4 millim.apart at their summits ; the general surface between these processesis honeycombed with circular openings, "5 to 1-OmiUim. in diameterand '25 to 1*0 millim, apart. Consistence rigid, slightly compressible,tough. Colour very pale buff.Skeleton typically Axinella-like ; fibre 3 or 4 spicules broad;spicules united by dense, very pale yellow horny fibre ; axialmeshes close, '18 to -3 millim. across, the reticulation extending toexterior of sponge. Sarcode pale yellow, subtransparent. Spiculessmooth acuate, curved more or less boldly at from one third toone half of the distance from the base ; base well rounded ; spiculestapering to sharp points from about their middle ; size "35 by '019millim. In Lamarck's specimen the surface-tufts are smaller andonly 1-2 millim. apart, the sponge is more fiattened than here, andthe spicules are slightly smaller, viz. -31 by '018 millim.Hab. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms.Distribution. King Island, Australia (LamarcJc).41. Axinella proliferans. (Plate LIII. figs. E, E'Plate LIV. fig.Erect, with short flattened stem, expanding into fiabellate fronds,which towards their ends proliferate into secondary fiabellate frondletswhich assume a course parallel to that of the main frond ; as thelatter is frequently plicate at its free margin, the aspect on lookingdown at a large specimen from above is that of a number of irregularfunnel-shaped cells, bounded by lamellar walls, roughened by verynumerous slashed ascending ridges. Surface of frond beset, at intervalsof about 4 millim., with sharp ridges 3-4 millim. high (5or 6 millim. near upper margin) ; the ridges notched at intervals ofabout 3 millim. by ascending teeth, 1-3 millim. high, or altogetherreplaced by longitudinal series of flattened, notched teeth.Vents in spirit- specimen formed by circular openings, 1-2 millim.wide, leading obliquely downwards, scattered between the bases ofthe laeiniate surface-tufts and ridges of the sponges, chiefly nearthe free margins of the latter. Texture in dry state tough, subelastic; of stem and midribs firm, woody, of margins of fronds andridges fiexible ; in spirit, all parts relatively more pliable. Colourin dry state pale yellow-brown to rufous-brown, in spirit pale salmoncolour.Cortical skeleton appearing on margins of surface-tufts and in someplaces on face of frond as tufts composed of a few of spicule no. 1,connected by their bases ; in main stem consisting of confused linearc.)

;'SPONGIIDA. 619spicular columns radiating horizontally from the axial skeleton, butmuch disguised by crossing spicules, sometimes united into secondaryfibres. Axial skeleton—the longitudinal lines strong, but in basalparts of sponge confused by close aggregation ; the axis of the flabellateparts is composed, on the contrary, of a dense mass of horizontallyarranged spicules, from which the short dermal tufts projectso as to appear on the surface of the sponge. Bases of spicules ofradiating lines and much of the entire axial spicular columnsenveloped in a tough transparent substance, amber-yellow in dry,salmon-colour in spirit-specimens.Spicules :—(1) Acuate, smooth, curved slightly but rather abruptlyat from one third to one half the distance from the base ; taperinggradually from about middle, more rapidly from about three fourthsof length, to sharp points, and sometimes slightly towards basebase rather squarely rounded ; size '55 by '032 to -O-iS millim.(forms chief part of the axial and radial columns and the secondaryfibres). (2) Acuate, smooth, straight or slightly curved, taperinggradually to fine points from about one fourth of the length fromthe apex ; base well rounded : size -5 to 1-8 by '015 to -02 miUim.(sparingly, in company with no. 1, in most parts ; especially, attachedto bases of radiating columns, and projecting outwards in a directionparallel to them).Hab. Providence Island, Mascarene group, 18 and 19 fms. ; bottomcoral.Two small specimens in spirit, one large dried dredged specimen,and two medium-sized beach-worn specimens represent the species ;the largest measures 120 millim. (5 inches) in both greatest heightand lateral extent ; the stem is 20 millim. in greatest lateral by8 millim. in greatest antero-posterior diameter. The species hasmuch of the external appearance of Spongia carduus, Lamarck, ofthe Paris Museum, the spiculation of which, however, refers it toanother genus. It difiers from all the species described by Schmidtfrom European and W.-Indian seas in the absence of an aceratespicule; in the great stoutness of the main acerate it approachesA. mastopliora of that author, from Florida. In general habit itresembles Acanthella rather than AxinelJa, but wants the longundulating cylindrical spicule hitherto found in species of thatgenus ; it appears doubtful whether the existence of such speciesas this should not induce us to unite the two genera. I have beenunable to identify it with any described species ; the large stoutacerate appears to be the most distinctive characteristic.LEUCOPHLffiUS.Carter, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1883, xii. p. 323.In its affinities this genus appears to be Axinellid ; it is distinguishedfrom Axinella, s. str., by its loose yielding texture, theskeleton- fibres being loosely united, but containing a dense keratose

620 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.or sarcodic material, and a single form of spicule, viz. smoothacuate of considerable lougth, and by the presence of a regulardermal skeleton composed of spicules laid horizontally. I do notknow any other species except the original one, L. massalis, Carter,and the two described below.42. LeucopMceus proteus. (Plate LIII. fig. B ; Plate LIV,fig. A-.)Massive, suberect ; irregularly columnar near base, showing a tendencyto terminate above in several short and thin membranous orprismatic lobes, which by anastomosis inter se enclose cellular spaces,within which the chief excretory canals open. Surface very variablein character in different specimens ; either rough or even andglabrous near the base, towards apex longitudinally ridged andgrooved, leading up into the membranous expansions just described,and hispid with closely set, upwardly-directed sharp points, 1-2millim. high, tending to coalesce into ridges, and terminated bysingle projecting spicules. Vents opening either upwards at thebottom of the spaces enclosed between the terminal lobes, orlaterally between the larger lateral ridges, 1-3 millim. in diameter.Consistence in spirit—that of solid basal part firm, rather elastic,that of upper laciniate parts compressible, elastic ; colour, surfacereddish purple, interior dull palo brown. Main skeleton formed ofvery loose spicular tracts, 5-10 spicules broad, passing outwards fromthe centre of the sponge, at distances of about -28 to '6 millim. fromeach other, branching at acute angles, but maintaining a directionsubparallel to each other, and not crossing. No visible hornyuniting substance ; spicules connected by a yellowish sarcode,rather darker than the interstitial sarcode. The terminal spiculesof the fibres either penetrate or support the dermal membrane.Dermal skeleton consisting of irregular tracts of spicules laid obliquelyor vertically along the ends of the main-skeleton fibres. Sarcodesubtransparent, yellowish brown in centre, bright reddish purple atsurface. Spicules smooth acuate, bluntly rounded at base andtapering gradually to sharp points from about the middle ; size about2-5 by -032 millim.Hal. Providence Reef, Mascarene group, 24 fms. ; bottom, sandand dead coral.Of the two spirit-specimens from which this description is drawnup, the largest has the variable surface characters above described,and must have been 50 millim. (2 inches) high by 25 millim.broad when perfect ; its basal portion is very irregularly formed,being curved to one side and ending in a cup-shaped depression, bywhich it was perhaps attached to a shell or other foreign body :the smaller specimen has lost its base. The specific name, proteus,is intended to commemorate the variability of the outward form.The general habit is that of L. massalis and fenestratHS ; but thespicules diff'er from those of the former in being about five times as

SPONGIIDA. 621long, from those of the latter in the greater relative stoutness ofthe basal end and in their superior length (about twice that offenestratus).43. Leucophlceus fenestratus, var. (Plate LIII. fig. A.)See Part I., p. 464, of this <strong>Report</strong>.A spirit-specimen and some fragments, combining the externalcharacters (viz. erect, laminate, with the upper portion echinatedby fine upwardly directed processes, and with smooth, thick basalportion) of Leucophlceus proteus, mihi, with a spiculatiou of thecharacter of L. fenestratus. The outward form of these two speciesis, however, essentially the same, and the differences observed inthis point are mainly individual. The present specimen, linkingthe Australian to the more, western form, has decided a doubt whichI had as to the rightful position of the former species in the genus.The specimen is young, measuring 5U millim. (2 inches) in height by(including a fragment which appears to belong to it) 35 millim. ingreatest diameter (that of the base).It consists of a massive basalportion, enclosing a large quantity of calcareous matter (Nullipore,&c.), and of a slender flattened expansion, 20 millim. high, 10 millim.broad, 4 millim. thick, arising from it ; the base is glabrous, the surfacebeing formed by a thin, transparent membrane, loosely attached.Main skeleton consisting of compact spiculo-fibres about 10 spiculesbroad, and of broad expansions containing a large number of spiculesloosely aggregated. There is no sign of horny uniting substance.Spicules tapering gradually from near the centre, or about midwaybetween the centre and base, to a smaller rounded basal extremity,which is about one half the maximum diameter of thespicule ; spicule tapering rapidly to moderately sharp point from twoor three diameters from apex; size of spicule -8 to 1-1 millim. bv•02 to -032 millim. (a considerable range for only two or three specimens).The spicule has thus practically the same form as in boththe Australian varieties, and in its range ot dimensions connects thetwo. The colour, which is purple, as in L. proteus, but pale, ispossibly derived from some purple sponges which had been kept inthe same vessel.Hab. Providence Keef, Mascarene group, 24 fms.SUBERITID^.The few species received illustrate well the wide affinities ofSponges from this district. Tethya, s. str., which was not found onthe northern and eastern coasts of Austraha, but which is recordedby Bowerbank from the west coa^t, appears here also, in the shapeof a species described by Bowerbank from Freemantle. Of the twonew species of S/nrasirella, IS. transitoria appears to throw freshlight on the homologies of the spinispirular spicule. The Vioais identical with a Mediterranean species.

;622 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.44. Suberites, sp.A dull red-brown, smooth, incrusting film, about '5 millim. thick ;the closelj'-set spiiiulate spicules measure about '8 by '02 millim.the head is distinct, suboval, approaching a globular form, andof about the same diameter as the shaft. No other spicule. Thespecies is perhaps nearly allied to S. autarcticiis, Carter.Hab, SeycheUe Islands, 12 fms.45. Vioa sclimidti.Vioa johnstoni, var., Schmidt, Sponcf. Atl. Oeh. p. 5,Vioa schmidti, Ridley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 130.Vioa Schmidtii, Carter, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 354.The specimen agrees with Schmidt's species from the Bocche diCattaro (Adriatic), which Mr. Carter and myself have agreed inconsidering distinct from the original V. jolinstoni from Sebenico.As the species has never been fully described, I give a descriptionof the present specimen.Main cavities formed by sponge botryoidal, wide. Colour of spongebright piuk to crimson. Vent- and pore-areas '5 to 1*5 millim. indiameter. Barcode pale pink, for the most part very difi"usely coloured,transparent. Spicules :—(1) Spinulate, smooth, straight or slightlycurved, tapering gradually to sharp point ; head large, oval, longitudinallyelongate, distinguished from shaft by distinct neck, thediameter of which is '006 millim. ; length of spicule "28 millim.,diameter of shaft '008 millim., of head (transverse) 'OOOS millim.(2) Spinispirular, stout, with 4-6 sharp bends ; spines sharp,arranged in regular uniserial spirals, 5 or 6 to a bend, length thesame as thickness of the shaft ; size of spicule "05 by '006 millim.(excluding spines). (3) Spinispirular, slender, with about 8-10gradual bends, 5 or 6 to a bend ; size of spicule -075 by '002 to -0042millim. (excluding spines). Spicule no. 1 is generally loosely scattered; no. 3 sometimes aggregated in dense masses.Hab. Eagle Island, Amirante group, 10 fms. (in base of lobateMadrepora).Distribution. Adriatic (Schmidt).The stout spinispirular appears to be normally confined to that sideof the sponge which is in contact with the matrix, the slender one tooccupy the internal sarcode ; but they also occur mixed. Althoughthe two kinds of spinispirular spicule approach each other somewhatnearly in the diameters of their adult forms, yet the longer spinesand the constantly inferior length and inferior number of bends,and the superior sharpness of the bends, in the stouter form sufficientlydistinguish it from the slender form. A further argumentagainst the possibility of the two forms being merely stages ofgrowth of one spicule is derived from the fact that the more slenderform (which, from the analogy of siliceous sponge-spicules generally,would on this hypothesis be the young form of the other) is actually

;SPONGHDA. 623longer and has more bends than the stout form, which could thusonly have been derived from it by fission or retrogressive absorption,methods unknown, so far as I am aware, in the normal developmentof siliceous sponge-spicules.46. Spirastrella transitoria. (Plate LIV. figs, q, q'.)Sessile, incrusting. Surface broken up by slight intercrossingridges into very shallow angular areas 1 to 2 millim. wide ; surfacebetween and over ridges subglabrous. Consistence in spirit tough,elastic ; colour pale pinkish brown.Main skeleton chiefly composed of dense fascicles of the skcletonspicule,with the points radiating outwards, set at various angles tothe surface, viz. from right angles to a horizontal jiosition ; thepoints of the bundles frequently project slightly beyond the surface.Sarcode dense ; that of surface subtransparent, dark greenish yellowof subjacent tissues very pale yellow, transparent.Spicules:— (1) Skeleton spinulate, straight or nearly so; headspherical, neck distinct ; head and centre of shaft of about the samediameter, viz. '016 millim. ; shaft tapering to sharp point from about7 diameters from apex ; length of spicule about '9 millim. (2) Spinispirular,extremely conceutrated, composed of only one entire bend ;spines numerous, closely aggregated, strong and sharp ; shaft about•004 millim. thick ; spines "004 millim. long; length of spicule,includiug spines, -OIG millim.Hub. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms. ; bottom brokencoral.This species is represented by a specimen of about 1 square inchin superficial extent, covering and following the iu equalities of asmall mass of shells and Polyzoa ; the thickness varies from about•5 to 2 millim. It appears to be most nearly related to the formtermed by Mr. Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 352)" Spirastrella cunctatrix, variety," from Mauritius ; but this form isstated to be white, to have a spinispirular with tivo bends, of a lengthof about "036 millim. It differs from S. cunctatrix, Schmidt, in theshorter spinispirular, and the globular, not oval, head of the spinulate.In S. transitoria we have the spinispirular almost in the form of thestellate, with which Schmidt (Spong. Atl. Geb. p. 5) and Carter(op. cit. 1879, iii. p. 355) consider it to be homologous.47. Spirastrella punctulata. (Plate LIV. figs. p,p'.)" Suberites P sp. undesciibed, Mauritius," Carter, Ann. iSf Mag. N. H.1882, ix. p. 352.Elongated, subconical. Vents single or few, terminal, oval, about2 millim. in greatest diameter. Surface obscurely nodose, andcovered besides on the upper parts of the sponge with a minute, butclose and regular pitting, giving the appearance of shagreen ;pitsand intermediate elevations low, each about -3 millim. in diameter

;624 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIiJT OCEAN.lower part of sponge glabrous. Consistence is spirit very tough,elastic ; colour duU olivaceous brown.Main skeleton rather loose, formed of broad tracts of looselyaggregated spicules, horizontally or obliquely arrtiuged with regardto the surface, and of intercrossing spicules loosely scattered betweenthem ; that of the cortex, which forms a denser layer, consists ofmore compact bundles, lU to 15 spicules broad, placed verticallywith regard to the surface, from which their points project ; thebundles are from '1 to "14 millim. apart. Sarcode subtransparent,bright greenish brown, crowded with globular cells about •Oil millim.broad, with largo nucleus and one or more opaque granules.Spicules :—(1) Skeleton spinulate, smooth, straight or slightlycurved; head oval, longitudinally elongate, slightly flattened at freeend, of about same diameter as middle of shaft, tapering graduallyfrom centre of shaft to sharp apex ; size of spicule "4 by "OlS millim.(2) Spinispirular, short, slender, consisting of about four bends,about 6 spines to a bend ; spines sharp, about '002 mUlim. longsize of spicule -02 by -002 millim. (exclusive of spines).Hah. Mozambique, between tide-marks.Distribution. Mauritius (Carter).The greatest height of the single spirit-specimen representing thisspecies is 65 millim. (2| inches), the greatest diameter 25 millim.its form is that of a much drawn-out, truncate cone, compressed sothat the long diameter is about twice that of the small one ; thereis a nodular process, 5 millim. high, on one side near the extremitythe base includes a large amount of coarse foreign bodies. Thecharacters agree well with those given by Mr. Carter (Z. c.) for afragment from Mauritius. It is nearly related to Hymeniacidonanf/ulata of Bowerbank (Madeira), and vagabunda and decumbens,mihi (Austi-alia, this Eeport, Part. I. pp. 468, 470); but it is distinguishedreadily from all by its very short spinispirular spicule.48. Tethya cliftoni.Tethea cliftoni, Bowerbank, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 16, pi. iii. figs. 14-18.A single specimen, cream -white, covered with low papillae about1-5 millim. in diameter. The species, unless the separation of thelarge stellates into two distinct dermal zones proves to be constant anddistinctive, can hardly be kept distinct from T. ingalli (Freemantle,Australia) and T. robasta (Australia), both of Bowerbank, the chiefT. cliftoni isdifference being in the diameter of the acuate, which inabout "025 millim., in T. ingalli '035 millim., and in T. robusta "045millim. Again, all three species are scarcely more than varietallydistinct from T. lyncurrum of Europe, differing from it mainly inthe greater distinctness of the heads of the small stellates,Hab, SeycheUe Islands, 12 fms.Distribution. S.W. Australia {Bowerbank),

—SPONGIIDA. 625TETBACTINELLIDA.As usual with shallow dredgings like those of he ' Alert,' thefamily Choristidte is alone represented. The proportion of speciesto the rest of the collection is about the same as in the Australiancollection ; but we miss the genera Geodia and Placospongla, whichmight have been expected to occur here. The remarkable group withdiscoid dermal plates which stands between Geodia and SteUetta isrepresented by a new species.CHOEISTID^.4U. Tetilla dactyloidea.Tethya dactyloidea, Carta-, Ann. 4" Ma(/. N. H. 1869, iii. p. 15, figs,1-5 ; 1872, ix. p. 82, pi. 10. figs. 1-5.A somewhat imperfect specimen, having, however, probably hadsomewhat the form of Tlienea tvalliclii, "Wright, when perfect^t. c.not produced upwards into the long cylinder figured by Mr. Carter,but depressed and agariciform. Its diameter is much greaterthan that of Carter's specimen, viz. 40 millim. (1| inch); its presentheight is 25 millim. (1 inch). The spicules agree closely withMr. Carter's descriptions and figures, with the exception that theforked anchor does not exhibit a constant inequality in the lengthof the arms.Hah. Glorioso Islands, low water.Distribution.S.E. coast of Arabia (^Carter).ERYLUS, Gray.SteUetta, pars, Schmidt, Spony. Aclr. Meer., Spong. Kilst. Alt/., Spong.Atl. Get. ; Carter, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1880, v. p. 135.Erylus and Triate, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 549.Discifera, of subsection Pycnodermata of group Stellettina, Carter,Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1883, xi. p. 348.I have already indicated (Part I. pp. 471, 472) that the speciescalled by Schmidt SteUetta, but provided with disks composed ofmodified trichites, should be definitely separated from that genus.I adopt for this distinct group the generic term which Dr. Grayassigned to S. mamillaris, Schmidt. It may be characterized as :Comprising Choristid Tetractinellida with the surface covered by alayer of detached discoid trichite globates, and having besides a zonespiculeand small stellates with slender and few rays. Formlobate. Vents single or multiple.It differs from Geodia in the discoid form of the trichite massesand their independence of each other (in Geodia they are united byligaments). It includes the described species SteUetta euastrion, S.mamiUaris, and S. discophora, Schmidt, and S. eiiastrum, Carter.SteUetta (jeodina and S. intermedia, Schmidt, should be referred toQeodia.2s

626 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.50. Erylus cylindrigerus *.(Plate LIII. fig. M; Plate LIV. figs, e-e""".)Massive, suberect; terminating above in a lobate prolongation.Surface smooth, slightly uneven. Vents one (or more ?) near apexof sponge, about 2 millim. in diameter, opening flush with surface,leading obliquely and deeply downwards into sponge. Texture iuspirit tough, firm, but somewhat flexible ; colour in spirit darkbrown, almost black. Skeleton composed of bundles of spiculeno. 1, 6-8 spicules broad, radiating from centre to just below surface,"17 to "3 millim. apart near surface. Surface covered with alayer about "1 millim. thick of the discoid spicule no. 2, arrangedhorizontally. Sarcode subtransparent, very pale brown, almostcolourless.Spicules :—(1) Zone-spicules subcylindrical, smooth, straight orvery slightly and gradually curved, tapering from within about sixdiameters of ends to rounded terminations of about one third thediameter of the middle of the shaft ; size about "7 by -032 millim.(2) Discoid, of subdiamond-shaped outliue, viz. that of a rhombuswith the angles rounded off; length -21 to -28 millim., breadth•1 to '14 millim., thickness about '04 millim. ; covered with minutelow punctiform spines, about '012 millim. apart (spines, as seenunder a high power from above, stellate in outline ; they are multifidterminally). (3) Acerate, smooth, slightly and gradually curved,tapering to sharp points from centre ; size '06 by -0032 millim.(scattered abundantly throughout sarcode). (4) Stellate, with about10-12 straight raj^s -003 millim. thick at base, tapering to sharppoints, springing from a slight central body -01 to '013 millim. iudiameter ; expanse of spicule about 'OS millim. (5) Stellate likethe preceding, but arms about 16 in number and expanse about•02 millim.Bah. Providence Reef, Mascarene group, 24 fms. ; bottom, sandand dead coral.A single specimen with a somewhat spreading base, which enclosescalcareous fragments, rising into a subcylindrical, terminally rounded,finger-like column, 30 millim. high and 12 millim. in meandiameter, slightly overgrown by a delicate Sertularian Hydroid;extreme diameter of base 40 miUim.The species is most closely allied to Stelletta euastrum, Schmidt,from Algiers, and to forms so named by Carter (Ann. & Mag. N. H.1880, V. pp. 135, 136) from Ceylon and Australia, which perhapsrepresent another species. Instead of the trifid zone-spicule withbifurcate arms found in Schmidt's species, it has simply a subcylindricalspicule, usually blunt at both ends, and wants the longslender acerate ; the few-armed stellate has its arms more numerous(10-12 instead of 2-4, which is the range represented by Schmidt's"^From the cylindrical zoiie-spicule.

SPONGIIDA. 627preparation, although he says that the range is great) ; and I do notfind in Schmidt's species the small raultiradiate stellate which occurshero ; the granulations on the surface of the disk are much coarserin this species. In having lost the trifid head of the zone-spicule itexhibits the same tendency as that which seems to have led inAncorina aaptus, Schmidt, to the loss of all tetraradiate characters.Early stages of the acerate spicule (no. 3) exhibit the central inflationfound in the young acerates of some Benierce Siud Sponc/ilUda;.51. Stelletta acervus.Ecionemia acervus, Bowerbanh, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 322.There appears to be only one form of minute stellate; thosestellatcs in which the arms are small, relatively to the body, seem to bethe young form of the longer-armed adult ; the arms are very slightlycapitate, as shown by Dr. Bowerbank's preparations and stiU moreplainly in the present specimen, and vary in number from about 5to about 12. The small acerates are scantily present in the cortex.Dr. Bowerbank considered his specimen to have been originallyfixed, but the actual base was absent ; the present specimen isdecidedly free, and has an oval shape.Hab. Etoile Island, Amirante group, 13 fms.Distribution. Fiji Islands {Bowerbank).52. Stelletta purpurea, var. parvistella, nov.See Part I., p. 473, of this <strong>Report</strong>.A small oval specimen 7| miUim. long, destitute of a vent, and ofa purple colour, undoubtedly represents this species in a somewhatmodified form. Thus the stellates do not exceed -0095 millim. acrossthe arms, and usually measure about '007 millim., and the arms aregenerally more numerous than in the Australian specimens. Theskeleton-spicules are also somewhat smaller, viz. :—diameter of shaftof zone-spicule "032 millim., of anchor about -023 millim., of acerateabout -025 millim. ; the arm of the zone-spicule curves boldly backwards,but does not make an angle in its course like that of var.retrojiexa, mihi. The small size of the skeleton-spicules is perhap?partly due to the youth of the specimen. The variety approaches theform obtained in the Arafura Sea the most closely.Hab. Providence Reef, Mascarenc group, 24 fms.

628 COLLECTIONS FEOM THE WESTEEN INDIAN OCEAN.CALCAREA.No Calcarea from this district are recorded in Hackel's ' Kalkscliwamme'(1872); but SchufFner (Jenaisch. Zeitsch. xi.) in 1878described several species from Mauritius, where they were collectedby Prof. Mobius.LEUCONIDtE.Two very widely distributed known species, a second speciesadded to a hitherto monotypic genus (Leucortis), and a knownMascarene species, all belonging to the Leuconida), represent in thiscollection the Calcarea of the Western part of the Indian Ocean.53. Leucetta primigenia, var. megalirrhaphis.Leucetta primigenia, var. megaraphis, Hdckel, KalkscMvamme, ii.p. 118.Two subglobular specimens 9 and 18 millim. in diameter, respectively,of the Dyssycus-ioTTo.. Colour in spirit pale brown.Hiickel states that this variety is rare, but does not give localities.In the specimen which I examined, the small triradiates are chieflyconfiried to a thin cortical layer.Hah. SeycheUe Islands, 12 fms.Distribution of species. Almost cosmopolitan.54. Lencaltis bathybia, Hdckel, var. mascarenica, nov.(Plate LIY. figs,a, a'.)Kalkschwdmme, ii. p. 156, pi. xxviii. fig. 2.Some specimens of the Ami?horiscus-iorm., composed of branchingand anastomosing tubes, cylindrical or somewhat compressed, 2*5to 3'5 millim. in diameter ; lumen 1-5 to 2*5 millim. wide, wallabout "5 miUim. thick. Colour duU umber-brown to cream-colour.The large quadriradiates are very large, viz. rays about '07 millim.thick, and rather short, with a long apical ray projecting into thecloacal cavity, and frequently a basal in the same plane but oppositeto the apical ; the small triradiates and quadriradiates are very small,viz. rays about "007 millim. thick, and most commonly have theforms figured in figs. 2 c, 2, d of Hackel's plate (I. c), viz. with verylarge facial angle. The larger triradiates are usually regular, andtheir rays are about "04 millim. in diameter. The slight thicknessof the body- wall, the proportions of the spicules, and the generalform of the specimens (which is simply cylindrical in Hackel'sspecimens) distinguish this form from varr. perimina and arabica,Hackel ; but in the straight or but slightly curved spicular rays itapproaches most closely the latter variety.Hah. Darros Island, Amiranto group; SeycheUe Islands, 4-12 fms.Distribution of species. Red Sea (Bdchel) ; Port Jackson (Part I.,p. 482, of this <strong>Report</strong>).

SPONGIIBA.G2955. Leucortis anguinea *.(Plate LIII. fig. L; Plate LIV. figs, d, d.)Erect, branched; stem and branches cylindrical, tubnlar. (Yentopening probably at end of tube and nearly as wide as tube.)Branches given off at angle of about 140° with each other. Wall•25 to -35 millim. thick ; lumen of tube '8 to 1-2 millim. in diameter.Outer and inner surfaces even, smooth. Consistence in spirit elastic,compressible (colour probably white or grey naturally, at presentpale purple, probably derived from other sponges). Skeleton mainlycomposed of triradiate spicules ; those (1) of outer surface sagittal,with large facial angle, viz. 150° to 170°, the distal three fourths ofthe lateral rays being, in the latter case, bent back so as to benearly in a line with each other ; basal ray about •28 millim. long,laterals -16 to ^22, diameter of rays at base •OlS to -019 millim.Surface triradiates occasionally provided with a short stout apicalray. (2) Triradiates of inner and central part of wall eithersagittal, with facial angle of about 140°, the rays as inthe surfacespicules,or subregular, the angles being about 120° each and thelateral rays slightly unequal ; in both cases the lengths and diametersof the rays as in the surface-spicules. Eays of triradiates, exceptin the case above mentioned, almost straight, tapering from base topoint. (3) Linear spicules of general body- wall, stout, fusiform,acerate, slightly curved, tapering equally to similarly sharp pointsat both ends; size -65 by '032 millim.; scattered singly at rightangles to surface, points not projecting except at peristome slightly.(4) Fine acerate ? of peristome, length probably about ^22 millim.,thickness -0032 millim. ; closely aggregated at outer surface, at rightangles to surface (the inner end is sharp, the outer end has not beenobserved). Canals leading from cloacal cavity small : chambers ofcanal-system small, inconspicuous. Spicides of centre of wall denselyaggregated.Hab. Providence Reef, Mascarene group, 24 fms, ; bottom, sandand dead coral.A single specimen, imperfect at both extremities, represents thespecies. It is 25 millim. in height, and consists of a short commonstem and of two branches, little inferior to the stem in diameter, oneof them even increasing in diameter towards its termination.From the occurrence of the fine linear spicules in some of the firstsections which were made it is inferred that they were from a peristome,which was probably almost as wide as the tube and had aslight fringe. The occurrence of a few quadriradiates has beenobserved also in the only species assigned by Hackel to the genus,viz. L. lyulvinar, Hackel; and thus, if Haekel's terms were employed,this specimen would be distinguishable as a " connectingvariety " under the name Leucandra ayiguincus. This species ismarkedly distinct from L. pidvinar in its slender form, in therelatively small size of the acerate spicules of the body-wall, and in* Atlguineus, snake-like, from the elongate pliable character of the specimens.

630 COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN.the presence in the peristome of fine aceratcs ; the triradiates havetheir arms straighter than those figured by Hackel for his species,but their forms and dimensions are about the same in the twospecies.56. Leuconia echinata.Leucandra echinata, Schuffner, JenaiscJi. Zeitschr. xi. p. 411, pi, xxiv.fig. 4.A compressed purse-shaped specimen, with the mouth-openinglost. The outer termination of the acerate is slightly enlarged justbefore the point, forming a hastate apex, not noticed by Schuffner,who only says that the spicule is "unequally pointed at the two ends."The specimen measures 20 millim. in greatest diameter, whereasSehuffner's did not exceed 10 millim.Hah. Darros Island, Amirante group, 22 fms.Distribution. Mauritius {Schuffner).

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.aaptus (Ancorina), 627.abbreviata (Nursia), 185,253.abnormis (Coralliophila),497.abnormis (Fiisus), 497.abriiptispicula (Oladochalina),373.abjssi (Choudrocladia),433.abyssi (Halichondria),433.abyssicola (Cladorrhiza),433.Acabaria, 361.Acanthella, 375, 463.Acanthochites, 83.Acanthochiton, 83.Acanthogorgia, 336.acantholepis (Eupaguru3),267.Acaiitbopleura, 81.acantbostephes (Murex),43, 44.Acarnus, 375, 453, 588.Acasta, 322.Acervochalina, 373, 398,587, 604.acervus (Ecionemia), 471,627.acervus (Stelletta), 471,583, 589, 627.Acb£Eus, 188, 516, 520,570.AcheUa, 323.Acbelous, 230, 518, 538,573.Aetata, 209, 517, 528, 571.Actajodes, 517, 530, 571.Actinocucumis, 148.Actinometra, 166.Actumuus, 225, 517, 533,572.aculeata (Clathria), 375,443.aculeata (Galathea), 278.acideata (Spongia), 399.aculeatus (Cblorinoides),182, 193.aculeatus (Octopus), 35.aculeatus (Paramithrax),182, 193.aculeiformis (Conus), 36,37.acuta (Acantbella), 463.acuta (Antbenea), 175.acuta (Littoriua), 60.acutangidus (Conus), 487.acutidens (Panopeus),213.acutiuodulosum (Ceritbium),501.acutinodulosuui (Rbiuoclavis),501.adamsi (Scintilla),' 106.adelaidensis (Chiton), 79.adeonaj (Aoitedon), 155,156.adeonae (Comatula), 156.admete (Tbalamita), 183,230, 540.adspersus (Cratopus),576.adustus (Cbicoreus),491.adustus (Murex), 491.^ga, 303..Sgialitis, 27.Eequilibra (Caprella),188, 320..(Esacus, 26.aitbiopica (Pbasianella),504.aithiopicus (Grapsus),545.astbiopicus (Pachygrapsus),545.afGne (Goniosoma), 233,234.affinis (Acba[;us), 181,188.affinis (Ooeuobita), 55.5.aflinis (Eucrate), 243.alHnis (Myra), 184, 250.affinis (TornateUa), 86.at'ricana (Littorina), 60.agminata (Ilyiueniaciduu),375, 466.Akera, 87.alba (Gygis), 48.5.alba (Tellina), 100.alba (Eeniera), 408.alberti (Scintilla), 107.albescens (Halichondria),370.albicilla (Nerita), 503.albina (Cytherea), 95.albitincta (Melitodes),330, 356, 357.albivaricosa (Eanella),.56.albiventer (Zosterops),17.albiventris (Monarcba),15.albivei:tris (Piezorhynchus),15.albiventris (Zosterops),18.albocaudata (Columbella),495.albomaculata (Cypridina),188,321.albonotata (Actinometra),165.alboscutellatus (Cratopus),576.albovaricosum (Ceritbium),501.albula (Terebra), 491.Alcyonaria, 327, 578.Alcyonium, 332.aldabranus (Turtur), 484.Alectrion, 49.alexandri (Salmacis), 118,119, 171, 172, 177.Alcxella, 334.algida (Nassa), 48.aliformis (Pelliua), 374,412.Alpheus, 284, 519, 561,575.alternans (Actinometra),155, 169.alveolata (Purpura), 50.amaryllis (lialauus),188, 321.

632 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.ambigua (Eeniera), 417,418.ambigua (Scintilla), 106.amboinensis (Holothuria),509, 510.ainirantium (Cerithitim),501.ainirantium (Columbella),494.amirantium (Coralliopbila),497.amii-antium (Gibbula),504.amirantium (Trochus),504.Ammotbea, 332.Amorpbina, 374, 416.Anapliilectus, 374, 427.Ampbipoda, 311.Ampbitrite, 229.ampbitrite (Alpbeus),284.Amussium, 116.amygdala (Cronia), 51.amygdala (Purpura), 51.anabatbrum (Conus),489.anajstbeta (Sterna), 28,485.anaglyptus (Etisodes),183, 218.analoga (Ptilotis), 19.anceps (Oolocbirus), 147.anceps (Desmacidon),429.Ancbistia, 292, 293.ancborata (Axos), 433,435.ancborata (Clatliria),614.ancborata (Dictyocyliudrus),614.andreossii (Oymo), 517,532, 572.angasi (Ovula), 59.angasi (Ovulum), 59.angasi (Pleurobrancbus),88.angasi (Radius), 59.angasi (Volva), 59.anguina (Siliquaria), 68.anguinea (Leucortis),585,589, 629.anguineus (Leucaudra),629.angulata (Hymeniacidon),468, 469, 624.angulatus (Oncinopus),190.angulatus (Pbos), 50.angulifera (Luciua), 103.angulifera (Mactra), 101.angulifera (Mactrinula),101.angulosus (Ecbinus),'121,172.angulosus (Tripneustes),121, 172, 609, 510.angusta (Calappa), 551.angustus (Latirus), 62.AnisoiDoda, 311.annulifera (Pbyllacantbus),118, 172.annulipes (Euriippellia),517, 533, 572.anuulipes (Gelasimus),618, 541, 573.annulipes (Petrolistbes),185, 270, 519, 558, 574.annulipes (Rilppellia),533.annulosa (Opbiolepis),138, 174.annidus (Cyprtea), 59.anomala (Maretia), 176.anomala (Tbalassina),186, 283.Anomura, 259.Anous, 27.antarctica (Teredo), 93.autarctica (Xyloti-ya),93.antarcticus (Sube rites),467.Antedon, 156.antetmalis (Oilicjea), 187,310.antennalis (Ntesa), 310.Antbenea, 127.Antigona, 93.Antipatbes, 337.autipodum (Littorina),60.antiquus (Chiton), 79.apicatus (Hemiaster),171.Aplysia, 89.Aplysina, 373, 391, 587,600.approximans(Cymotboa),300.aquffiductus (Eeniera),371, 374, 409.arabica (Cirolana), 303.arabica (Cyprasa), 59.arabica (Leucaltis), 482.aracbis (Bulla), 86.aracbis (Cylichna), 86.aracbnoides (Egeria),182,191, 192.arafurensis (Dapbnella),40.arafurensis (Pleurotoma),40.aranea (Murex), 46.aranea (Oncinopus), 182,190.araneosa (Tapes), 97.arborescens (Bornella),92.arborescens (Myxilla),374, 430.arborescens (Rbapbidopblus),375, 450, 451.arborescens (Spongia),405.arbuscula (Psammogorgia),345.Ai-ca, 109, 508.Arcania, 253, 618, 548,574.Arcbaster, 133.arciferuiii (Desmacidon),429, 610.arctica (Saxicava), 93.arcuata (Carciuoplax),544.arcuata (Oeratoplax),184, 243, 245.arcularia (Nassa), 496.arenatus (Conus), 487.arenicolum (Cardium),102.areolata (Actsea), 183,209.areolatus (Cblorodius),532.areolatus (Cblorodopsis),217, 517, 532, 572.argenticeps (Pbilemon),20.armata (Banareia), 210.armatus (Cbloriuoides),182, 193.armatus (Neptunus), 183,229.armatus (Paramitbrax),182, 193.armigera (Cladoebalina),371,373,393,394,397,398.armigera (Tudicla), 53,54.armigera (Turbinella),63.armillatus (Alpbeus), 284,Artarn us, 21.Artemis, 96.articulata (Antedon),156, 160.articulata (Comatula),160.articulatum (Ceritbium),602.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 633articulatiis (Conus), 489.articulatus (Turbo), 70.articulosa (Leuoothoo),312.articulosus (Cancer), 312.articulosus (Gamiuarus),312.aruensis (Ptilotie), 19.asbestoides (Chiton), 83.asellus (Cyprrea), 500.asiaticus (Petrolisthes),269, 519, 557, 659,574.asinina (Haliotis), 77.asparagus (Spongia),405.aspera (Euryale), 146,171, 174.aspera (Eurynome), 523,524.aspera (Leucandra), 434.aspera (Maetra), 101.aspera (Schizophi-j's),182, 197.aspericaudata (Cerceis),187, 306.asperimanus (Paramicippa),517, 525, 571.asperrinius (Pecten), 116.assimilis (Megapodius),26.Asterias, 123.Asterina, 131.Asteroidea, 123.Astrogonium, 129.astrologorum (Tosia),175.Astropecten, 132.astuta (Dorippe), 259.Atergatis, 207.Atergatopsis, 211, 517,529, 57 VAthanasus, 284.atlantiea (Acanthogorgia),336.atlantiea (Echinomuricea),337.atlantiea (Pseudorhombila),243.atra (Holothuria), 509,510.atrata (Nerita), 69.atratus (Trochus), 74.atratus (Turbo), 74.atricapilla (Ardea), 485.atropos (Dorippe), 257.attenuata (Caprella), 188,320.Atys, 86.aulopora (Schmidtia),416.aurantia (Onlpommn),106.aurantia (Nerita), 69.aurantia (Psammobia),106.aurantia (Pterocera), 503.aurantiaca (Anchistia),292.aurantiaca (Scintilla),106.aurata (RiseUa), 63.aurata (Tosia), 175.aureum (Callipodium),350.nuriculata (Modiola),508.australasiaa (Breynia),123, 171, 172, 177.australasiaj (Sphserechiuus),177.australe (Cerithium), 68.australe (Echinocardium),123, 171, 172,177.austraUse (Sphaerechinus),171.australiense (Callipodium),330, 3.50.australiensis (Achelia),188, 323.australiensis(Chondrilla),602.australiensis (Dorippe),185, 2.58.australiensis (Galathea),185, 277.australiensis (Heteropanope),228.australiensis (Leptogorgia),330, 331, 342.australiensis (Leucaltis),376, 482.australiensis (Ligia), 187,299.australiensis (Lysianassa),312.australiensis (Oplilitispongia),375, 442.australiensis (P.seudorhombila),184, 242.australiensis (Raspailia),375, 460, 4C>2.australiensis (StcUotta),472.australis (Acabaria), 365.australis (Circe), 96.australis (Colochirus),148.australis (Lampania), 68.australis (Melita), 187,315.australis (Monodonta),505.australis (Myra), 184,251.australis (Oreaster), 175.australis (Parantbural,187, 311.australis (Podocerus),187, 319.australis (Protella), 321.australis (Sydella), 344.australis (Tosia), 177.australis (Trochus), 505.avarus (Alpheus), 284.Avicula, 112.axicornis (Murex), 44.AxineUa, 375, 462, 588,617.AxinellidiB, 462.axis (Daphnella), 40.axis (Pleurotoma), 40.Axius, 282.babylonica (Terebra),490.bacca (Stelletta), 472,474.bacillifera (Stelletta),472.baculifera (lotrochota),374, 377, 435, 688,610.baculosa (Phyllacanthus),172, 509, 510, 511.Balanus, 321.Banareia, 210.Bankivia, 75.Banks Islander, 8, 9.banksii (Cymothoa), 300,banksii (Matuta), 256.barbata (Modiola), 108.Barbatia, 110.bassanum (Branchiostoma),31.bathybia (Leucaltis), 376,482, 589, 628.Batrachia, 29.beckii (Ranella), 66.belcheri (Amphioxus),32.belcheri (Asterina), 131,173.belcheri (Branchiostoma),32.belcheri (Ncpanthia),175.belcheri (Stellaster), 128,173.Bembicium, 61.bergii (Sterna), 27.bibula(Pemna\4l3.2t

634 A-I.PHABETICAL INDEX.bicarinatus (Macrophthalmus),238.bicolor (Mopsella), 363.bicolor (Salmacis), 118,172, 176.bicornis (Oalappa), 518,650, 574._bicostalis (Orenatula),113.bicostalis (Pui-purea), 51.biclens (Antedon), 1.55,158.bidens (Sesarma), 184,246.bidentata (Circeis), 187,306.bidentata (Oolumbella),48.bidentata (Oymodocea),306.bidentata (Nsesea), 308.bifasciatum (Oeritliium),63.bifurcata (Muricea), 578,579.bifurcata (Raspailia),375, 459.bilamellata (Spongia),454.bilaniellatum (Echinodictyum).375, 454,456,' 457, 459.bipartita (Terebra), 491.bipartita (Turricula),499.Birds,' 11, 483.Birgus, 519, 555, 574.birotulata(IIalichondria),433.birotulifera (Halicbondria),436.biserialis (Purpura), 51.bisincisus (Alpheiis), 284.bispinosa (Galene), 208.bispinosa (Litoeheira),243.bispihosus (Alpheus),284.bitubercularis (Hindsia),49.bitubercularis (Purpura),50,51.bituberculatus (Paramithrax),522.bituberculatus (Paratymolus),185, 261.biunguiculatus (Polyonyx),273, 519, 559,575.bleekeri (Piluranus),219borbonicus (Chiton), 81.borueensis (Scintilla),106.Bornella, 92.boscii (Cbseuostoma),184,238, 518, 542, 573.boscii (Euplax), 184, 238,518, 542, 573.bothryoides (Cidaris),120.bothryoides (Pleurechinus),119.bothryoides (Temnopleurus),119, 172, 176.Brachyura, 181, 188.bracteata (Chibia), 12.Branchiostoma, 29, 31.bretti (Hymeniacidou),415.breve (Cerithium), 63, 65.breyicaudata (Megamcera),319.breviceps (Achseus), 188.brevidactylus (Mycteris),248.brevidigitata (Leucothoe),187, 313.brevipes (Ophiocoma),139, 174, 509, 510.brevipes (Tetanus), 27.brevirostris (Penceus),563.brevirostris (Pontonia),519, 562, 575.brevis (Asterina), 131,173.brevis (Haminea), 87.brevis (Nepanthia), 131.brevispinosa (Ophiocoma),139.brevisquamatus (Grouodactylus),567.Briareum, 349.briareus (Antedon), 155,163.bronni (Purpura), 50.bruguieri (Terebra), 490.bruui (Risella), 61.brunneus (Euchelus), 75.bubulcus (Ardea), 485.Buccinum, 47, 48, 51.buceroides (Philemon),20.Bulla, 86.buUata (Siphonochalina),369, 399.bullata (Spongia), 399,401.bullata (Tuba), 373, 399.burrowi (Chiton), 85, 86.burrowi (Chitonellus), 85.bursaria (Spongia), 400.bursaria (Tuba), 400.burtonii (Lialis), 29.Butorides, 28.byssoides (Ilircinia), 586,596.cacaotica (Ophiomaza),145, 174.Cacatua, 25.Cacospongia, 372, 378,586, 590.cactiformis (Spongia),451.ccerulea (Hyla), 29.cserulescens (Littorina),61.cserulescens (Turbo), 60.Cieruleum (Cerithium),65.caespitosa (Ophiothrix),140, 171, 174.calamaria (Asterias), 123,173.calamaria (Echinothrix),171.calamus (Ellisella), 328,330, 348.Calappa, 257, 518, 550,574.calappoides (Lambrus),517, 527, 571.calappoides (Parthenopoides),517, 527, 571.calcar (Asterina), 131,173.Calcinus, 519, 5.57, 574.caledonica (Micippa),198.caledonicum (Ceratosoma),90.caledonicus (Nycticorax),28.callianassa (Cancer),232.callianassa (Goniosoma),232, 233.callida (Dorippe), 257.Calliostoma, 72.Callipodium, 350.Callistochiton, 79.Calyptra-a, 503.Oalyptura, 311.camerata (Eeniera), 587,605.campbelli (Strombus),68.Campephaga, 13.Camposcia, 189, 516, 520,570.Oamptoplax, 238.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 635canaliculata (Monodonta),74.canaliculatus (Penajus),519, 563, 575.canalis (Rhizochalina),374, 377.caneellata (Gorgonia),337.caneellata (Nariea), 68.caneellata (Paramurieea),338.caneellata (Rhipidogorgia),338.caneellata (Spongia), 457,458.caneellata (Stomatella),7

.,636 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.ciliata (Oeratoplax),245Cilicica, 308.cincinnata (Columbella),494.cinerea (Plexaura), 329,340, 341.cinereus (Anous), 484.cingulata (Leiopyga), 7^.Cinnyris, 17.Circe, 96, 506.Cirolana, 301.Cirripedia, 321.Cisticola, 15.citreogularis (Philemon),20.Cladocbalina, 373, 394.clathrata (Hircinia),590.clathrata (Raspailia),375, 461.clathrata (Rissoina), 62,63.clathrata (Tenacia), 61.5.Clathria, 375, 443, 588,612.clausa (Lucina), 508.clavata (Schmidtia), 416.Clavatula, 39.clavigera (Mopsella),330, 360.clavigera (Purpura), 50.clavosa (Stelletta), 370,376, 474, 475.Clibanarius, 265.clibanarius (Pagurus),265.cliftoni (Tethea), 624.cHftoni (Tethya), 589,624.clio (Pachycephala), 15,16.Clypeaster, 122.coccinata (Tornatella),86.coccinea (Echinomuricea),337.coccinea (Mopsella), 360.coccinea (Wrightella),578, 581.coelatus (Etisodes), 532.Coelogorgia, 353.Coenobita, 519, 555, 574.Coleoptera, 576.Ooliaa, 66.coUectrix (Oligoceras),599.collumianus (Alpheus),519, 561,.575.Oolluricincla, 13.Oolochirus, 147.columba (Strombus),503.Columbella, 47, 492.columna (Cerithiiim),600.columnaris (Mamma),57.columnaris(Natica),57.coluinnifera (Tethyopsis),477, 478, 479.Comatula, 156.comatularum (Alpheus),186, 289.commensalis (Leucothoe),187,312,313.communis (Tubulodigitus),371, 373, 401.compressa (Desmacidon),402.compressa (Spongia),402.compressipes (Eupagurus),185, 2(i6.comptus (Trochus), 71.comptus (Ziziphinus),72.concamerata (CucullsBa),508.concentrica (lanthella),391.concentrica (Mitra), 499.coucentricus (Chiton),78.Conchifera, 93, 506.Conchodytes, 290.concinna (Myiagra), 14.concinnus (Turbo), 70.confoederata (Spongia),400.confcederata (Tuba), 373,400.confusa (Leda), 112.confusus (Xantho), 212.congenera (Spirastrella),375, 469.conica (Uysidea), 587,597.conjungens (Ophiopeza),137,174.connivens (Ninox), 11.conoidalis (Ti-ochus),62.consobriua (Aetata),210.conspersa (Columbella),495.constricta (Amphiura),171.contracta (Pleurotoma),39.contracta (Urosalpinx),47.contractum (Buccinum),47.conulosum (Oligoceras),587, 599.Conus, 36, 487.couvexus (Chasmagnathus),246.convexus (Chorilia), 182,196.convexus (Hyastenus),182, 196.coppingeri ( Actinometra)1.55, 168.coppingeri (Astropecten),132, 173.coppingeri (Camptoplax),184,239.coppingeri (Chemnitzia),505.coppingeri (Chiton), 80.coppingeri (Chlorinoides),182, 192.coppingeri (Clathria),375, 445.coppingeri (Halimede),182, 208.coppingeri (Homalodromia),519, 554, 574.coppingeri (Mactra),100.coppingeri (Murex), 42.coppingeri (Paramithrax),182, 192, 193,522.coppingeri (Pentagonaster),128, 173.coppingeri (Trachynotus),29.coppingeri (Turtur),484.eorallicola (Galathea),278.eorallicola (Porcellana),271.corallicolus (Petrolisthes),185,271.Coralliocaris, 294, 519,563, 575.Coralliophila, 497.coralloides (Clathria),442, 449.Corbula, 103.cordimana (Ocypoda),237, 518, .542, 573.coriacea (Doris), 506.coriacea (Platydoris),506.coriacea (Siphonochalina),401

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 637coriaceum (Myzostomum),159.cornuta (Micippa), 524.coronata (Cymoclocea),306.coronata (Isauda), 71.corouata (Mitra), 408.coronata (Nassa), 48.coronata (Troclius), 71.coronatns (Maruiorostoma),504.coronatus (Turbo), 504.coronoides (Corvus), 12.corrugata (Erato), 500.corrugata (Mitra), 55.corrugata (Turricula),55.Corvus, 12.costata (Colina), 66, 67.costata (Nerita), 70.costatus (Chiton), 83.costifera (Spongia), 4.55.costiferum (Cerithium),66.costiferum (Echinodictyum),375, 455, 457.couchi (Gellius), 371, 374,423, 424, 425.couchi (Halichondria),423, 424.coxeni (Cytlierea), 95.Cracticus, 15.crancbiii (Achieus), 188,520.craniolaris (Leucosia),184, 250.crassa (Geotelphusa), 184,235.crassa (Patiria), 131, 173,177.crassa (Risella), 62.crassa (Telphusa), 184,235, 236.Orassatella, 107.crassicaudata (Cilicsea),187, 310.crassicula (Stelletta),472.crassimana (Moera), 316.crassimana (Leucothoe),313.crassimanus (Alpheus),284.crassimanus (Euplax),238.crassimanus (Gonatonotus),204.crassimanus (Pilumnopeus),228.crassipes (Phlyxia), 184,252.crateriformis (Eeniera),587, 607.cratitius (Rhapliidophlus),450, 452.Cratopus, 576.crebrepunctata (Matuta),25 .Ci-ella, 374, 430.crenata (Thalamita), 184,232, 518, 540, 573.crenata (Venerupis), 97.Orenatula, 113.crenulata (vEga), 305.Cribrella, 431.cribriformis (Eeniera),587, 606.Oriuoidea, 153.Cronia, 51.Crustacea, 513.crustula (Hymeniacidon),464.Cryptocceloma, 227.Cryptodromia, 259.Cryptoplax, 85.Cryptopodia, 203.Ctenocella, 348.CucuUaea, 508.Cucumaria, 146.cucumiformis (Orcula),150.cultellum (Epigonichtbys),32.cultellus (Brancbiostoma),32.cumingi (Actinometra\155, 167.cumingi (Comatula),167.cumingiana (Natica),59.cumingii (Area), 109.cumingii (Crassatella),108.cumingii (Divaricella),608.cumingii (Lucina), 508.cumingii (Melina), 113.cumingii (Pecten), 115.cumingii (Perna), 113.cunctatrix (Spirastrella),468, 623.cunealis (Area), 110.cunninghami (Chiton),81.cursor (Pilumnus), 183,223.cuticulifbra (Haminca),87.curtisi (Rissoina), 63.curtisiana (Pritouidea),47.curtisianus (Chiton), 78.curtispina (Micippa),182, 199.Curtonotus, 241.custos (Diogenes), 263.cuvieri (Scintilla), 105.cyaneum (Doridium),88.Cyclops (^ga), 305.cyclostomiis (Echincneus),123, 172.Cycloxanthus, 212.Cylichna, 86, 505.cylindrica (Cythara),cyliudrica (Mangelia),41.cylindrigerus (Erylus),585, 589, 626.cymreformis (Spongia),425.cymffiformis (Isodictya).424.cymiformis (Gellius),374, 425.Cymo, 517, 532, 572.cymodoco (Trapezia),618, 534, 572.Cymodocea, 305, 308.Cymopolia, 518, 551,574.Cymothoa, 300.Cyprasa, 69.Cypricardia, 97.Cypridina, 321.Cythara, 41.Cytberea, 95, 506.Dacelo, 21.dactyloidea (Tetbya),625.dactyloidea (Tetilla),589, 625,dama (Schizopbrys),Daphnella, 39, 40.darnleyensis (Echinus),121, 172.darrosensis (Ocinebra),492.darrosensis (Murex),492.dai-wiuii (Gebiopsis),186,281.darwini (Leda), 111.darwini (Ophiotbrix),144, 174.decagonale (Laganum),122, 171, 172.decagonalis (Peronella),122.

638 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.Decapoda, 181, 188.cleciclua (Hippospongia),580, 592.decipiens (Antedon). 155,159, 1G2.decipiens (Crassatella),108.decoratus (Calliostoma),72.decoratus (Troclius), 72.decoratus (Zizipbinus),72.decumbens (Clathria),588, 612.decumbens (Spirastrella).375, 470, 624.defilippii (Lepidonaxia),195.deflexifrons (Galatbea),279.deflexifrons (Microhalimus),198.dehaani (Huenia), 191.debiiani (Pilumnus),226.deliaanii (Xantho), 532.Deiopeia, 577.delicatus (Pleurobranchus),89.Demiegretta, 28.denigratus (Eucbelus),75.denisoni (Aplysia), 89.densa (Eciouemia), 471.densa (Stelletta), 471,472.densigi'anata (Nassa),496.densum (Psammopemma),367, 373, 390.Deutalium, 77.dentata (Cymopolia),551, 652.dentata (Heteroplax),242.dentata (Lucina), 103.dentata (Nursilia), 185,253, 518, 548, 574.dentata (Opbiocoma),139.dentatus (Axos), 4.54.dentatus (Dictyocylindrus),454.dentatus (Epixanthus),213, 534.dentatus (Panopeus),213.dentatus (Petrolistbes),271.dentifrons (Cblorodius),217.depressum (Laganum),122, 172.depressus (Macropbtbalmus),542, 543.derasa (Hippospongia),372, 382, 612.deshayesii (Dosinia), 96.Desmacidon, 588, 608.diacantbus (Hyastenus),182, 194, 195.Diadema, 118.dianiB (Desmacidon),429.DicEeum, 21.Dictyocylindrus, 454.diemenensis (Leucotboe),314.diemenensis (Littorina),60.diemenensis (Megamoera),318.difficilis (Actinocucumis),148.digitata (Bornella), 92.digitata (Pedania), 371,374, 417, 583, 587,604.digitata (Eeniera), 417,418.digitifera (Dysidea), 373,389.dilatatus (Pentagonaster),130.dilopba (Placina), 479.dimidiata (Terebra),490.Diogenes, 262.diplax (Linckia), 173,509, 610.Diplodonta, 104.Discifera, 625.discopbora (Stelletta),625.dispar (Porcellana), 185,275._dissimilis (Tetbyopsis),376, 476, 477, 479.distinguendus (Leptodius),214.distinguendus (Xantbo),530.divaricata (Acabaria),364.diraricata (Area), 508.divaricata (Cbama), 102.divaricata (Lucina), 103.divaricata (Petricola),98.Divaricella, 103.divergens (Leptogorgia),344.diversimanus (Mcera),519, 567, 575.dobsoni (Pseudus), 297.dodoue (Lopbozozymus)517, 527, 571.Dolabella, 89.dolicbopsis (Hyla), 29.Dolium, 499.domuncula (Alcyonium),468.Donacicola, 21.donacina (Crassatella),108.Douacola, 21.Doridium, 87.Dorigona, 130.Dorippe, 257.Doris, 91, 506.doris (Alpbeus), 284.dorsalis (Petrolistbes),272.dorsipes (Dorippe), 185,257.dorsipes (Cancer), 257-Doryicbtbys, 30.Dosinia, 96.Dotilla, 618, 543, 573.dougalli (Sterna), 28.draparnaudi (Natica), 58.Drillia, 37.dringi (Pecten), 115.Dromia, 259.Dromidia, 519, 552, 574.dubeni (Pentagonaster),177.dubia (Opbionereis), 138,174, 609, 510.duodecimspinosa (Arcania),549.duperreyi (Megapodius),26.dura (Scbmidtia), 416.dussumieri (Gelasimus),518, 541, 573.dussumieri (Salmacis),171.dussumieri (Sesarma),247.Dysidea, 373, 388, 584,597.Ebalia, 518, 549, 674.eburnea (Terebra), 490.ecbidnjea (Axinella), 375,462.Ecbinaster, 124.ecbinata (Leuconia), 589,630.ecbinata (Leucandra),629.ecbinata (Mitra), 498.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 639echinata (Ophiocoma),139.echinatum (Cerithium),500.Echinocarclium, 123.Ecbinodermata, 117, 509.Echinoclictyum, 375, 454.Echinogorgia, 337-Echinoidea, 118.Echinometra, 122.Echinomuricea, 336.Ecliiiionema, 588, 615.Echiuoueus, 123.Echinus, 121.Ectyonida, 441.Ectjonida?, 441.edwardsii (Alpheus), 186,284, 519, 561, 575.edwardsii (Athauasus),284.edwardsii (Munida), 519,560, 575.Egeria, 191.electi-a (Cancer), 217.electra (Etisodes), 183,217, 517, 532, 572.elegans (Antedon), 155,162.elegaus (Clatliria), 614.elegans (Crella), 432.elegans (Galathea), 186,278.elegans (Gonodactylus),519, 566, 575.elegaus (Modiola), 508.elegans (Ophiartlirum),140, 171, 174, 509.510.elegans (Spongelia), 597.elegaus (Tellina), 507.elegans (Triphoris), 502.elegantia (Halichondria),423, 424.elisus (Trochus), 74.ellioti (Voluta), 56.elliptica (Syndosmya),99.elliptica (Tellina), 99.Ellisella, 348.elongata (Chaliua), 587,603.elongata (Huenia), 191.elongata (Juncella), 328,330, 346.elongata (Lovenia), 123,171, 172, 177.elongata (Mopsella), 360.elongata (Spongia), 603.elougatuui (Brauchiostoma),31.elongatus (Chiton), 82.elougatus (Pctrolisthes),268.emphysema (Desmacidon),429.empusa (Pseudosquilla),.567.eiisifrons (Aiiehistia),294.Entomonyx, 517, 525,571.epheliticus (Lophozozymus),182, 207.Ephippiphora, 312.epiphytum (Alcyonium),4(;5.epiphytum (Suberites),375, 465.episcopalis (Mitra), 498.episcopalis (Oliva), 497.Epixanthus, 213.Erato, 500.erinaceus (Ophiocoma),171, 174, 509, 510.Eriphia, 517, 534, 572.erosa (Eurynome), 524.errones (Cyprtea), 59.eriiciformis (Chiton), 86.Erylus, 589, 625.erythrsea (Moera), 319.erythrsea (Mopsea), 581.erythra!us (Stilbogua-"thus), 521, 522.erythrodactyla(Sesarma),247.erythrogrammus (Strougylocentrotus),121,171, 172.esculentus (Penaeus),564.Esperia, 374, 436, 588,611.Etisodes, 215, 217, 517,532, 672.Etisus, 217.euastrum (Stelletta), 471.625, 626.Euchelus, 75.Eucrate, 240, 241.Eucratea, 241.Eulima, 58.Eui)lax, 238, 518, 542,573.Eupagurus, 266.Euriippellia, 517, 533,572.Euryale, 146.Euryuome, 517, 523, .571.eurythrogrammus (Strongyloceutrotus),121.eusiphonia (Tellina), 374,414.Euspongia, 372, 378.Euxanthus, 204, 205, 517,527,571.•exaratus (Leptodius), 183,214, 617, 530, 571.exasperata (CaUithea),498.exasperata (Codakia),507.exasperata (Lucina), 507.exasperata (Turricula),498.excavata (Idotea), 311.excavatiis (Stelospongus),372, 383, 384.exigua (Terebra), 37.exilis (Cisticola), 15.eximia (Mactra), 100.exsculptus (Euxauthus),517, 527, 571.faba (Scintilla), 106.falcatus (Cancer), 298.falcatus (Podocerus), 320.fallax (Ecbinaster), 124.fallax (Ojjhiopeza), 137.fasciata (Purpura), i31.fasciatum (Cerithium),67.fasciatus (Chiton), 86.fasciculata (Megamoera),318.fasciogularis (Ptilotis),20.Fasciolaria, 497.favosa (Dysidea), 373,388.felinus (Dermestes), 576.fenestrata (Dotilla), 518,543, 573.fenestrata (Spongia),591.fenestratus (Leucophloeiis),369, 375,464, 588, 620, 621.ferruginea (Trapezia),618, .536, 572.fertilis (Chalimda), 435.ferula (Reniera), 374,408.fibrosa (Phoriospongia),375, 439.Fibularia, 122.fibulata (Axos), 427.fibulata (aelUodes), 374,377, 427.fibulata (Reniera), 424,425, 441.

640 ALJPnAISETICAL INDEX.fibulata (Ehizochalina),402.fibulatus (Desmacodes),423.fibulatus (Gellius), 371,374, 424.fictitia (Myxilla), 431.ficus (Hymeniacidon),468.ficus (Suberites), 468.Fiji Islanders, 9, 10.filamentosa (Fasciolaria),497.filosa (Littorina), 60.fimbriata (Fissurella),77.fimbriata (Eisella), 62.fimbriatum (OryjJtocoeloma),183, 227.fimbriatus (Pilumnus),227.finitima (Acervochalina),371, 373, 393, 399, 587,604.finitima (Chalina), 399.fiscellum (Ricinula), 51.fissifrons (Pilumnus),221.fissurata (Carterispongia),373.fissurata (Spongia), 385,386.Fissurella, 77.fistulosa (Uesmacidon),420.fistulosa (Rhizochalina),374, 420, 421.flabellit'era (Polyfibrospongia),384.flabelliformis (lanthella),373, 392, 587, 600.flabelliformis (Spougia),631.flabellum (Antipathes),337.flabellum (Ecliinogorgia),328, 329, 337.flagellata (Autedon), 161.flava (Ptilotis), 20.flava (Siphonogorgia),330, 352.flavescens (Antlienea\127, 173, 175.flavescens (Risella), 62.flavicinctus (Oriolus),12.flavida (Scintilla), 105.flavidus (Conus), 488.flavirictus (Ptilotis), 19.flaviventris (Sphecotheres),12.flavocincta (Mimeta), 12.flavogularis (Zosterops),17.flavotincta (Leptogorgia),330, 343.flexilis (Juncella), 346.flexilis (Leptogorgia),328, 329, 341.flexuosa (Muricella),336.florida (Spongodes), 328,329, 332, 333.florid us (Atergatis),207.floridus (Conus), 488.floridus (Strombus), 503.fluminense (Phoxichilidium),326.foliacea (Euspongia), 372,378.foliacea (Platychaliua),378.foliacea (Spongia), 378.folioides (Desmacidon),402.folioides (Toxocbalina),371, 373, 377, 402,404.foramiuosa (Protoecbmidtia),415.forbesii (Purjûra), 51.forbesii (Scintilla), 106.forceps (Gelasimus), 236.forcipis (HaUchondria),429.formio (Panopeiis), 534.formosus (Alpheus),288.fornicata (Cryptopodia),182, 203.fornicatum (Oardium),507.fornicatum(Ctenocardia\507.fortisulcata (Oorbula),103.fragifer (Halimede), 209.fragilis (Juncella), 330,347.fragilis (Lima), 1 16.fragrum (Trochus), 73.franklini (Oreaster), 175.frascone (Cancer), 257.freuata (Cinnyris), 17.frenatus (Hemidactylus),486.frondifer (Amphilectus),448.frondifera (Clathria),371,375,442,448,583,584, 588, 612.frondifera (HaUchondria),448.frondosum (Desmacidon),610.frontalis (Epixanthus),517, 534, 572.frontalis (Etisodes), 217.frontalis (Oreophorus),185, 254.frontalis (Ozius), 517,534, 572.fucoides (Ophlitaspongia),426.fulgurans (Columbella),47.fulvus (Cbaradrius), 27.fumaria (Ophiothi'ix),140, 171, 174, 176.funebris (Pesten), 116.fungifera (Asterias), 175.funiculata (Nerita), 69.funieulatum (Buccinum),47.furfuracea (Echinogorgia),338.fusca (Aplysina), 587,600.fusca (Dysidea), 373,388.fusca (Hircinia), 586,596.fuscolineata (Pleurotoma),490.fuscum (Telescopium),68.fusoides (Pleurotoma),39.Fusus, 46.galatetB (Ophiothi-ix),142, 174, 17(i.Galathea, 277, 519, 560,575.galaxias (Columbella),494.Galene, 208.galerita (Cacatua), 25.galloides (Calappa), 551.gallus (Calappa), 518,550, 574.Gammarus, 312.garrula (Mauorhina),18.garrula (Myzantha), 18.Gastrochsena, 507.Gastropoda, 36, 487.gattya) (Homopbytou),351.gaudichaudii (Ligia), 187,299.gaudiosa (Nassa), 496.

ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 641Gebia, 280.Gebiopsis, 281.Gelasimus,236,518,541,573.gelatinosa (Esperia\ 588,fill.Gelliodes, 374, 426.Gellius, 374, 423.gemma (Cerilhinm), 63.gemmaeea (Juncella),328, 330, 316, 347, 348,578, 580.gemmaeea (Verrucella),34o.gemmulatus (Conus),487.Geodia, 376, 480.geodiua (Stelletta), 625.geographica (Voluta),555.Geogvapsus, 518, 545,573.Geopelia, 25.Geotelpbusa, 235.geranoides (Goniocidaris),171, 177.Gerygone, 13.gibberulus (Strombus),503.gibbia (Circe), 506.gibbia (Crista), 506.gigas (Dacelo), 21.gigliolii (Aglaia), 88.glaberrima (Modiola),108,glaberrima (Trapezia),537.glabrata (Littorina),500.gladstonensis (Venus),94.glareosa (Acanthopleura),81.glubator (Salmacis), 118,119.globostellata (Stelletta),472, 474.globostellifera (Geodia),371, 376, 480.glomeratum (Ecliinodictyum),375, 456.Glyciphila, 18.Glypbostoma, 39.godeffroyi (Sipbonogorgia),352.Gonatonotus, 204.Goniosoma, 232, 518,539, 573.Gonodactylus, 298, 518,565, 573.Gorgouella, 337.Gorgonia, 337, 345, 346,349.gorgonia (Pectinura),134, 171. 174.gouldi (Piezorbynchus),15.gouldii (Varanus), 19.gracile (Cerithium), 501.graoileuta (Pleurotoma),39.graoileuta(Psammobia),98.gracilidactylus (Alpbeus),186, 287.gracilipes (Alpbeus), 186,287.gracilipes (Chorilibinia),182, 192.gracilipes (Rbizopa),244.gracilirostris (Hyastenus),196.gracilis (Antbenea), 127,173.gracilis (Eebinonema),588,617.gracilis (Leptodius), 214,517, 530, 571.gracilis (Leucothoe),314.gracilis (Paratymolus),185,261.gracilis (Pentaceros),127.gracilis (Ptilotis), 19.gracillima (Psilacabaria),330, 364.Grallina, 12.graminea (Coralliooaris),519, 563, 575.granatus (Cbiton), 81.grandidieri (Huenia),191,520.grandis (Ancbistia), 294.grandis (Mycale), 438.granifera (Nassa), 496.granosum (Cerithium),68.granulata (Actasa), 206.granulata (Cymodocea),307.granulata (Dorippe),259.granvdata (Ebalia), 518,549, 574.granulata (Galene), 182,208.granulata (Nursia), 550.granulata (Petalomera),260.granulata (Purpura), 52,granulatus (Achelous),183, 230, 518, 538,573.granulatus (Atergatopsis),517. 529, 571.granulatus (Cbasmagnatbus),246.granulatus (Chlorodopsis),183,216.granulatus (Diogenes),263.granulatus (Hypocoelus),206.granulatus (Pilodius),216.granuliferum (Megalobraobium),273.granulosa (Arcania), 548.granulosa (Toreumatica),119.granulosus (Lambrus),201.granulosus (Penceus),186, 295.granulosus (Temnopleurus),119, 172, 176.grapburus (Gonodactylus),187, 298, 519,566, 575.Grapsus, 518, 544, 573.gratiosa (Tellina), 507.Graucalus, 13.grayi (Acantbogorgia),336.grayi (Echinomuricea),337.grayi (Geograpsus), 518,545, 573.grayi (Solenocaulum),354, 355.grayi (Syngnatbus), 30.gregaria (Munida), 561.griffithsii (Ebaphyrus),468.grisea (Defrancia), 489.grisea (Pleurotoma), 489.grisea (Risella), 62.grisea (Synapta), 146.griseus (Amblypneustes),177.guUiyeri (Talitru.s), 514.gumminea (Dysidea),587, 597.gunnii (Asterina), 131,173.gunnii (Chitonellus), 84.guttata (Trapezia), 536.guttatum (Doridium), 88.guitatum (Sesarma), 247.guttatus (Ozius), 183,228.2u

.642 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.guttatus (Pagurus), 519,055, 574.gyges (Antedon), 155,IGO.haani (Micippa), 517,524, 571.Haematopus, 27.Halcyon, 24.Halicarcinus, 248.Halimede, 208.halimoides (Paramithrax),194.Haliotis, 77.Halispoiigia, 385.Halopsyche, 284.Haminea, 87.hanleyi (Fnsus), 46.hanleyi (Troplion), 46.hardwickii (Luidia), 132.hardwickii (Temnopleu-.rus), 120.Harpa, 498.harpax (Lambrus), 182,202.harpax (Partheuopoides),182, 202.Harpiliu?, 291.hastata (Terebra), 491.hasl.atoides (Amphitrite),183, 229.hastatoides (Neptunus),183, 229.haswelli (Petrolisthes),185,269,271.haswelli (Pseudorhombila),241.Haswellia, 311.hebraeus (Conns), 487.helleri (Goniosoma), 234.Hemicardium, 103.Hemipenaeus, 297.Hemiplax, 238.hempricbi (Tubipora),365.hempricbii (Astropecten),509, 510.hempricbi (Spongodes),329, 332, 334.hepatica (Calappa), 185,256, 518, 550, 574.heptagonalis (Fusus), 46.heraldica (Huenia), 191,520.herbstii (Egeria), 191,192.heterochelis (Alpbeiis),284.heterodactyla (Trapezia),537.Heteropanope, 228.hiantina (Tapes), 96.Hindsia, 49.hindsii (Terebra), 490.hippocastannm (Purpura),50, 496.HipponoiJ, 121.Hippospongia, 372, 381,586, 590.Hircinia, 373, 387, 586,596.hirsuta (Acantbogorgia),336.hirsutus (Pilumnus),221.hirta (Naxia), 523.hirtifrons (Gebia), 281.hirtipes (Cblorodius),215.hirtipes (Cirolana), 303.hirtipes (Hemiplax), 238.hirtipes (Xantho), 212.hirundinaceum (Di-Cffium), 21.hispida (Acbelia), 324.hispidula (Protoschmidtia,374, 414.hispidulus(Amphilectua),374, 429.hispidus (Dictyocylindrus),454.histrio, var. alba (Dosinia),96.hisirio (Turbo), 503.hoekii (Phoxichilidium),188,324.holdsworthi (Thalamita),231.Holothuria, 152.Holothuroidea, 146, 509,510.Homalodromia, 519, 553,574.homei (lantbella), 392.hondurasense (Pblceodictyon),422.hoplouotus (Lambrus),201,202.hornbeckii (Cythara), 41.horrens (Hircinia), 373,387.hospitalis (Orella), 432.Huenia, 191, 517, 520,570.humeralis (Campephaga),13.humeralis (Erythraucheu),25.humeralis (Geopelia),25.huniilis (Clypeaster),122, 172, 176.humilis (Pilumnus), 221.huonii (Euxantbus), 527.Hyastenus, 194, 517, 522,570.hydatina (Scintilla),107.Hylocbelidon, 21.Hymeniacidon, 375, 466.Hypocoelus, 206.hypoleucus (Graucalus),13.hystrix (Cardium), 101lantbella, 373, 392, 587,600.Iciligorgia, 351.Idotea, 311.ignea (Pisania), 492.imbricata (Ammothea),332.imbricata (Area), 110.imbricata (Ceratotboa),187, 300.imbricata (Cymothoa),300.imbricata (Nerocila),301.imbricata (Ricella), 61,62.imbricatus (Oniscus),300.imbricatus(Ophioplocus),138, 171, 174, .509,510.imbricatus (Pagurus),185, 264.impatiens (Holothuria),,509, 510.implexus (Stelospongus),372, 384.inaequimana (Anchistia),294,inaequipes(Asthenognathus),244.iucauus (Chiton), 81, 82.incauus (Totanus), 27.incei (Stellaster), 128,173, 175.iucisus (Chiton), 82.iucolor (Terebra), 491.inconspicua (Banareia),183, 210.incrassata (Ophiarachna),174, 509, 510.increscens (Tedania),418.indiea (Egeria), 192.iudicus (Peuaius), 564.indistiucta (Isodictya),407, 605.indistineta (Reniera),371,374,407,587,604,605.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 643indo-malaccensis (Echinomuricea),328, 329,336.inermis (Harpilius), 18G,291.inermis (Matuta), 185,256.inermis (Micippa), 198.inermis (Petrolisthes),185, 268.inermis (Pilumnus), 223.inermis (Thyoue), 150.inermis (Tudicula), 53,54.infans (Murex), 491.iut'ans (Ocinebra), 491.iufernalis (Ophiarachna),134.infernalis (Pectinura),134, 174.infracostata (Eisella), 62.ini'radensata (Rhizocbalina),374, 420.inframaculata (Doris), 91.infrapicta (Doris), 91.infrequeus (Halichoudria),432.ingalli (Tethya), 624.iunominatus (Acarnus),453.innotabilis (Drosalpinx),47.insigne (Phoxicbilidium),324.insignis(Plocamophorus),91.insignis (Eetaster), 133,173.insularia (OiDbiocoma),139.integra(Carcinoplax),518,543, 573.Integra (Cirolana), 187,304.Integra (Kraussia), 235.Integra (Thalamita), 518,540, 573.integrifrons (Nectocareinus),184, 234.intermedia (Actiuometra),155, 166.intermedia (Stelletta),472, 625.intermedius (Dacelo), 22,24.intermedius (Lambrus),200, 201.intermedius (Leander),186, 295.intermedius (Metopograpsus),246.intermedius (Palcemon),186, 294.interpres (Strepsilas),484, 485.intertextus (Stelospongus),372, 385,intestinalis (Hippospongia),586, 590.intestinalis (Spongia),590.intosus (Lophozozymus),527.lotrochota, 374, 433,610.Iphiculus, 253.Ipbis, 2.54.irasa (Munida), 280.iris (Munida), 280.irregularis (Antedon),155, 161.Isehnochiton, 78.Isopoda, 299.isseli (Eisella), 62.jacksoniana (Kellia), 105.jajônica (Acabaria), 328,330, 361, 365.japonica (Mopsella), 361,363, 365.japonica (Munida), 279,561.japonicus (Conus), 489.japonicus (Petrolisthes),185, 268, 272.javanica (Butorides), 28.javauica (Pteroides), 329,334.javanum (Dentalium),77.jeffreysi (Desmacidon),419.johnstoni (Vioa), 468,(522.johnstonianum (Nymphon),326.jucosa (Isodictya), 424,425.jucunda (Ranella), 56.jugosus (Chiton), 78.jukesi (Actinometra),155,168.jukesi (Venus), 93.jukesii (Cymopolia), 551,552.jukesii (Fissurella), 77.jukesii (Lemnalia), 332.jukesi (Nephthya), 328,329.juncea (Juncella), 330,345.Juncella, 345, 578, 580.karu (Lalage), 13.Kellia, 105.kielmannseggi (Eisella),61, 62.kienerii (Purpura), .50.kingicola (Crassatella),108.kirkii (Dysidea), 389,597.kirkii (Eupagurus), 185,267.kochi (Cerithium), 67,502.kochi (Ebinoclayis), 502.Kraussia, 235.kroyeri (Ephippiphora),187, 312.kroyeri (Lysianassa), 312,kuLlii (Ocvpoda), 164,237.kulinholtzi (Pecten), 114.labidolepa (Galatbea),560.Labio, 74.labio (Monodonta), 74,505.labio (Trochus), 74, 505.laby rinthicus(Pilumnus),183, 224.lacertosus (Achteus), 181,188, 520.laciniatum (Echinodictyum),456, 457.laciniatus (Dictyocylindrus),454.lacinulosa (Mauricea),595.lactea (Deiopeia), 577.Iffivicarpus (Lambrus),182, 200.Isevidorsalis (Philyra),547.Ifevigata (Linckia), 124,173, 509, 510.laivimana (Leucosia), 134,223, 250.lievunanus (Eriphia),517, 534, 572.IjEvimanus (Etisus), 183,217.Isevioculis (Achaûs), 516,520.liEvior (Spongodes), 329,334, 579.Ifevis (Achelia), 188,323.Itevis (Alpbajus), 519,561, 575.laevis (Ceratoplax), 184,244.

'•644 ALPHABETICAL IKDEX.IjEvis184, 24r>.(Chasmagnathus),Iffivis (Chiton), 86.Iffivis(Esperia), fill.Iffivis (Littorina), 61.Itevis (Nassa), 40.Iffivis (Paragi-apsus), 184,246.Laganum, 122.lagoena (Holotliuria),609,510.Lalage, 13.lamai-ckii (Petrolisthes),185,268,519,557,559,674.lamarckii (Venus), 93.lamarckii (Xanthodes),617, 529, 571.lambriforrais (Phlyxia),184, 252.Lambrus, 199, 517, 527,671.lamellaris (Venus), 93.lamellosa (Carterispongia),373, 385,386.lamellosa (Spongia), 386.Lampania, 68.lanatus (Pilumnus), 183,220.lancea (Latirus), 52.lanceolatum (Branchiostoma),31, 32,lanuginosa (Spongia),603.lapicida (Petricola), 98.lapidescens (Spongia),591.Larus, 27.larvajformis (Chitonellus),85, 86.lata (Avicula), 112.lata (Cirolana), 187, 304.lateralis (Cryptodromia),185, 259.lateralis (Dromia), 259.laterculata (Pleurotoma),38.latifrons (Macropbtlialmus),238.latifrons (Micippa), 525.latii'rons (Porcellana),277.latipes (Paratymolus),261.latirostris (Myiagra), 13,Latirus, 52, 497.latistylis (Cirolana), 304.latrei'llei (Cilicaja), 187,308, 309.latreillei (Naesea), 308.latro (Birgus), 519, 555,574.leachii (Dacelo), 21, 22,23, 24.Leander, 295.Leda, 111.leguilloui (Menippe),183, 218.leguilloui(Myomenippe),183,218.le guillouana (Nerita),69.legumen (Malleus), 112.leicbardti(Telpbusa),236.Leiopyrga, 75.Lemnalia, 332.lemniscatum(Oeritbium ),63.leopardus (Pecten), 114.lepida (Isanda), 71.Lepidonaxia, 195.Lepidoptera, 577.Leptochela, 297.leptocheles(Xipbonecte3),538.Leptoconchus, 497.Leptodius, 212, 214, 215,217, 530, 571.Leptogorgia, .341.Leucaltis, 376, 482, 589,628.Leucetta, 376, 482, 589,628.Leucoella, 355.leucomela (Campepbaga),13.leucomelreua (Lalage),13.Leuconia, 376, 482, 589,630.leucopbaja (Natica),57.Leucnpbloeus, 373, 464,588.leucopygialis (Artamus),21.leucorbyncbus( Artamus),21.Leucortis, 589, 629,Leucosia, 249.Leueothoe, 312.leviuseulus (Alpbeus),284.lewinii (Ptilotis), 20.licbeniformis (Spongia),427.lifuana (Monilea), 73.lifuauus (Trocbus), 73.Ligia, 299.Lima, 116.lima (Area), 110.limbata (Chalina), 398,399.limbata (Ptilotis), 18, 19.limpida (Natica), 57.lincki (Oreaster),173,509, 510.Linckia, 124.lineata (Holotburia),152.lineata (Nerita), 70.lineatus (Cycloxanthus),183, 212.lineifer (Alpbeus), 287.lineolata (Aglaia), 88.linter (Area), 109.Liolopbus, 518, 545, 573.Liomera, 213, 517, 528,571.Lissocarcinus, 518, 541,573.literatus (Conus), 488.Litbadia, 254.Litbodomus, 109.Litigorgia, 341.Littorina, 60, 500.lividum (Sesarma), 247.lividus (Leptodius), 183,214.lividus (Xantbo), 214.lizardensis (Conus), 36.lobata (Pacbyt'balina),374, 404.lobata (Placuna), 1 16.lobata (Spongia), 404,405.longicarpus (Mycteris),184, 248.longii (Nerita), 69.longimaua (Dorigona),130, 173.longimanus (Eurynome),524.longimanus (Pentagonaster),130, 182, 200.longioculis (Lambrus),201.longipeda (Opbiotbrix),143, 171, 174, 509,510.longipes (Cbaradrius),^27.longipes (Egeria), 192.longirostris (Galatbea),279.longirostris(Hffimatopus),27.longispina (Cilicsea), 187,310.longispinus (Cblorinoides).517, 522, 570.longispinus (Lambrus),182, 199.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 645longispinus (Paramithrax),193, 517, 522,670.longistvlis (Cjmodocea),1S7,"305.Lopliacta?a, 517, 527,571.Lopliozozymus, 207, 517,627, 571.lorina (Achfcus), 520.loveni (Antedou), 155,158.Lovenia, 123.lucasii(Atergatopsis),529.Lucina, 103, 507.luctuosa (Mitra), 498.lucimter (Echinometra),122,171,172,177,509,510.Luidia, 132.Lupocyclus, 234.lutaria (Halopsyche),284.lutarius (Alpheus), 284.lutea (Risella), 01, 62.lutea (Zosterops), 18.luteostoma (Purpura),50.hiteus (Tectarius), 62.luteus (Trochus), 61.lyncuriiini (Tethya), 624.lynx (Cyproca), 59.lyrica (Mangelia), 41.mabilla(Asteronotus),5or..mabiUa (Doris), 506.Macaodrellus, 83.macgillivrayi (Chiton),81.macgillivrayi(Murex),44.macgillivrayi (XantLo),183,211.macleari (Holothuria),1.52.macleayi (Halcyon), 24.macrodactvla (Pachychalina)',374, 406.macrodactyla (Spongia),405.macrophthalma (Pontonia),291.Macrophthalmus, 237,518, 642, 673.Miicropygia, 25.macrorbyncha (Pachycepbala),15, 16.macrostoma (Cerithium),06, 07.Macrura, 280.Mactra, 100.Mactriniila, 101.maculata (Cucumaria),146.maculata (Pleurotoma),490.maculata (Pontonia),291.maculatus (Grapsus),518,544, 573.maculatus (Euxantbus),203.maculatus (Petrolistbes),519, 558, .574.maculosa (Lonchteus),505.maculosa (Pyramidella),605maculosum (Cardium),102.maculosug (Octopus), 36.madagascariensis(Foudia), 483.madagascariensis (Gerrbouotus),486.madagascariensis( Pbyllospongia),686, 594.madagascariensis (Zosterops),484.madreporarum (Coralliopbila),497.mseandrina (Clathria),588, 614.magnirostris (^sacus),26.magnirostris (Gerygone),magnirostris (Pseudogerygone),13.malabarica (Tapes), 97.malaccana (Tellina), 99.Malleus, 112.Mallicollo Islander, 7, 8.mauiillaris (Myra), 184,251.mamillaris (Stelletta),625.Mainma, 57.Mammalia, 5.maiumillatus (Euxantbus),.527.mammillatus (Heterocentrotus),171.Mangelia, 41.Manorbina. 8.mantelli(CarterispoDgia),586, 595.mantelli (Halispongia),385, 595.Mantellum, 116.Maretia, 123.margaritifera (Avicula),68.marginalba (Purpura),52.Marginella, 499.marmorata (Linckia),125, 173, 175.marmorata (Pectinura),136.marmoratura (Doridium),87.marmoratus (Opbidiaster),125.martensi (Conus),488.martensi (Ophiothrix),141, 142, 174, 176.martensii (Stilbognatbus),517, 621, 570.martinii (Eulima), dS.mascarenica (Leucaltis),589, 628.mascarenica (Micippa),525.massalis (Leucopbloeus),464, 620.massavensis (Mcera),319.mastersii (Megamcera),319.Mastigocbirus, 280.mastopbora (Axinella),619.Matuta, 256.Maugeria, 81.Mauricea, 385, 594.mauritiana (Hippospongia),686, .^91.mauritiana (Littorina),60, 61.mauritiana (Muelleria),609, 610.mauritiana (Scintilla),106.mauritiana (Spongia),591.mauritianus (Strombus),602.maxillaris (Tripbori.s),502.maxima (Holothuria),509, 610.maxima (Thalassina283.medius (Piezorbynchus),14.megalirrbaphis (Leucetta),689, 628.

646 ALPHABETICAL INDEX,megaloplax (Linckia),120, 173.megaloplax (Pectinura),134, 174.megalorrhapliis (Amorpliiiia),374, 416.Megamoera, 317, 318.Megapodius, 26.megastoma (Tuba), 400.megisto (Pagurus), 655.meinerti(^ga), 187,305.melanauchen (Sterna),484.melanochiriis (Chlorodopsis),217.melanodactylus (Chlorodopsis),517, 531, 572.melanodactylus (Cymo),533.melanogramma (Ophiothrix),145, 174.melanoleucus (Microcarbo),28.melanonotuB (Porphyrio),26.melanops(Grancalus), 13.melanostoma (Eisella),61.melanostoma (Trochus),62.melanotragus (Nerita),69, 70.melanura (Pachycepbala),15, 16.meleagridis (Mytilus),113.Melina, 113.Melita, 315.Melit£pa, 357, 358.Melitella, 358.MelithcTa, 358.Melitcdes, 357.melobesioides (Placogpongia),481.menibranacea (Spongia),i91.membranosa (Aplysina),373,391.membranosa (Spongia),391,600.Memctbius, 190, 517,521,570.Menippe, 218.mera (Terebra), 491.Merops, 21.mesodesma (Venus), 94.messor (Metopograpsus),184, 245, 518, 545,673.metis (Cancer), 217.metis (Etisus), 217.Metopograpsus, 245, 518,545, 573.Metrodira, 124.metularia (Cidaris), 172,509, 510.Miamira, 90.micans (Opatruin), 576.Micippa, 198, 517, 524,571.Microcarbo, 28.microdiscus (Antedon),155, 163.microplax (Ophiotbrix),143, 174.microrrbaphis (Leucetta),376, 482.milberti (Alecto), 156.milberti (Antedon), 155,156.milberti (Comatula), 156.miles (Diogenes), 263.miliare (Astrogonium),130.miliaris (Actumnus), 533.miliaris (Cblorodius),617, 531, 671.miliaris (Conns), 488.miliaris (Ebalia), 650.miliaris (Peutagonaster),129.militaris (Petrolistbes).271, 558.millepuuctatus (Conus),488.Mimeta, 12.miniacea (Plexaura), 328,329, 341.minor (Alpbeus), 186,288, 519, 562, 675.minor (Harpa), 498.minor (Pleurotoma), 490.minor (Rissoina), 62.minus (Alpbeus), 288.minuta (Cylherea), 95.minutus (Pagurus), 265.mirabilis (Sipbonogorgia),328, 330, 352.mirabilis (Tbyone), 149.miranda (Modiolaria),108.mirificus (Tripboris), 502.Mitra, 54, 498.mixta (Cbondrilla), 587,602.modesta (CaUithea), 499.modesta (Holothuria),152.modesta (Psammobia), 98.modesta (Turricula), 499.Modiola, 108, 508.Modiolaria, 108.Moera, 315, 319, 519, 567,675.molare (Echinostrepbus),171.moleculina (Columbella),493.moll i or (Cacospongia),371, 372, 378.Mollusca, 34, 487.mongolicus (Jigialitis),27.monilata (Chalina), 373,394.Monilea, 73.monilifer (Tripboris), 602.monilifera (Columbella),490.monilifera (Pilumnus),222.moniliferum (Ceritbium),63.monoceros (Mensftbius),182, 190, 517, 521.monoceros (Penseus), 296.monodon (Murex), 46.monodon (Penceus), 564.Monodonta, 74.monolopba (Placina),476, 479.monopodium (Crangon),287.montagui (Chalina), 396,604.monticulosus (Pbymodius),531.Mopsea, 680.Mopsella, 358.moras (Ceritbium), 63,64, 65.motacilloides (Sauloprocta),14.mucronata (Callithea),498.mucronata (Mitra), 498.mucronata (Nassa), 496.mucronata (Turricula),498.muggiana (Eeniera), 417.muggiana (Tedania), 417.miilleri (Ampiiioxus), 32.multidigitata (Cirolana),187, 301.multifida (Actinometra),165, 169.multifora (Spongia), 613.multiforis (Linckia), 173,609, 610.multisetosus (Spondylus),114.multispina (Ophioglypha),171.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 647multispinosiim(Cardiuiii),1U2.miiUistriatum (Cardiiim),102.Munida, 279, 519, 560,575.murata (Toxochalina),o74, -404.Murex, 42, 491.muricata (Pellina), 369,374,411.muricata (Spongia), 462.muricatuin (Triceutriuin),462.Muricea, 336, 578, 579.Muricella, 335.muriculatus (Phos), 50.muriger (Tlos), 255.murigei'a (Xanthasia),518, 546, 573.murrayi (Stereoderma),151.Mya, 93.Mycteris, 248.Myiagi-a, 13.Myomenippe, 218.Myra, 250.luvt.iloides (Creuulata),'113.inytiloides(Gastrocha;na),507.Myxilla. 374, 430.Myzantba, 18.Myzomela, 17.Myzostomum, 159.Ntesea, 308.nana (Risella), 61, 62.nana (Stelletta), 471.nana (Tisiplionia), 471.Narica, 68.Nassa, 48, 496.Nassari;!, 49.nassatula (Latirus), 497.nassatula (Peristernia),497.Natica, 57, 500.natator (Goniosoma), 519,539, 573.naucum (Atys), 86.naviciilaris (Area), 109.Naxia, 196, 517, .523, 571.Nectocarcinus, 234.Neoplax, 511.nepa (SquiUa), 186, 298.Nephtbya, 131, 332, 578,579.Neptunus, 229.'neptunus (Alplieus), 186,284, 288, 519, 562,575.neptunus (Oucinopus),I'M.Nerita, 69, 503.Neritiua, 503.neritoides (Littoriiia), 00.Nerojila, 300.uervosuiu (Echinodictyum),457, 458.Nioella, 336.niger (Cliloro:lius), 183,215,517,531, 571.nigerrima (Nerita), 69.nigra (Nerita), 69, 70.nigresceus(Tedania), 417,418.nigricans (Hylochelidon),21.nigricans (Petrochelidon),^21.nigrigularis (Cracticus),15.nigrina (Orenatula), 113.nigrispinosa (Murex), 42.nigro-balteatum (Cerithium),65.nigrofasciatum (Cerithium),63.nigrum (Doridiuin), 88.Ninox, 11.nitons (Lysianassa), 312.nitens (.Murex), 492.nitida (Kraussia), 184,235.nitida (Myiagra), 14.nitida (Porceilana), 185,274.nitidus (Gebiopsis), 281.nitidus (Lopbozozymus),527.nitidus (Notonyx), 245.nitidus (Piezorbynchus),14.nitidus (Pibimnus), 223.nobilis (Miamii-a), 90.nodicostatus (Pbos), 496.nodosa (Linckia), 124,173.nodosa (Asterias), 128.nodosus (Lainbrus), 182,200, 201.nodosus (Oreaster), 128,173.nodulosa (Dorippe), 257.nodulosa (Venus), 93.nodulosus (Oreaster),175.noiratre (N6rite), 69.norvcgicus (Teredo), 93.notata (Ptilotis), 19, 20.novie-bollandiaj (Ceritbium),68.novse-boUandiffl (Larus),27.novie-bollandite (Leucotboe),314.novK-boUandice (Tricboglossus),25.novye-zealaadiae (Caprella),321.novre-zealandiiB (^ga),303.nubilus (Murex), 45.nuda (Oladocbalini), 309,373, 395, 397, 473.nudirostris (Coralliocaris),563.nudus (Typblocarciaus),244.Nursia, 252.Nursilia, 253, 518, 548,674.nux (Stelletta), 472.Nycticorax, 28.nympba (Columbella),493.Nympbon, 326.obesa (Caprella), 320.obesomanus (Alpbeus),186, 287, 519, 561,575.obesula (Porceilana), 272.obesuhis (Pulyonyx), 185,272, 559.obesus (Chiton), 81.obiensis (Pacbycepbala),15, 16.obliquata (Caryatis), 506.obliquata (Cytberea), 506.obscura (Esperia), 375,438.obscura (Myzomela), 17.obtusa (AcantbeUa), 463.obtusalis (TelUna), 99.obtusidentatus (Xipboneotes),518, 538, 572.obtusum (Acautbella),442.obtusus (Carpilodes), 213.occidentalis (Dacelo), 23,24.occidentalis (Penaeus),564.ocellata (Leucosia), 184,249.ocellata (Sicyonia), 186,. 295.ocellifei-a (Nectria), 175.oceUifera (Patiria), 175.ochracea (Melitodes),358, 363.Ocnus, 147. .

648 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.octogonum (Dentalium),77.Octopus, 34-.oculai-is(Glyciphila),IS.ocularis (Stigmatops), 18,19.oculata (Chalina), 403.oculata (Spongia), 393.oculatus ((Jhitonellus),84, 86.Ocypoda, 237, 518, 542,573.officinalis (Euspongia),371, 372, 378.okeui (Thyoiie), 149.oleracea (Rhizochalina),420.Oligoceras, 587, 598.Oliva, 497.Oacliidiuin, 92.Oucidivim, 92.Oncinopus, 190.Oniscus, 300.Opliidiaster, 125.Opliiocoma, 139.Opliiopeza, 137.Opbiui-oidca, 134.Ophlitaspongia, 442.Ophlitispoiigia, 375, 429,442.ophioides (Neoplax), 509,510,511.Ophiopinax, 135.Ophiothrix, 140.orbicularis (Lissocarcinus),518, 541, 673.Orcula, 150.Oreaster, 127.Oi-eophorus, 254.orieulalis (Ebalia), 550.orientalis (Iciligorgia),330, 350.orientalis (Rocinela), 187,304.Oriolus, 12.Opbiactis, 138.Ophiarthrum, 140.Ophiolepis, 138.Ophiomaza, 145.Opbionercis, 138.Ophioplocus, 138.ornata (Lucina), 103.ornata (Porcellana),275.ornata (Tosia), 175.ornatus (Merops), 21.oryx (Chorilia), 195, 517,522, 570.oryx (Hyastenus), 182,195, 517, 522, 670.Ostracoda, 321.otabitica (Carterispongia),373, 385, 386, 583,584, 586, 595.otabitica (Spongia), 385,595.OthiHa, 124.ovata (Labaina), 522.ovatus (Cborilia), 617,522, 570.ovatus (Halicarcinus),184, 248.ovatus (Hyastenus), 517,522, 570.Ovula, 59.Ovuliim, 59.ovum (Amblypneustes),171.owenii (Maugeria), 81.Oxyperes, 100.Ozius, 228, 617, 534,672.Pachyeephala, 15.Pacbyebalina, 374, 404.Pacbycheles, 273.pacifica(Huenia), 191,517,520.pacificum (Callipodium),350.paciflcus (Alpbeus),284.pac-ificus (Macrophthalmus),238.Pagurus, 264, 519, 555,674.Palwmon, 295.pallasi (Aplysina), 587,600.pallida (Psammogorgia),345.pallida (Voluta), 56.pallidula (Scintilla),10(1.pallidas (Amblypneustes),177.palraata (Clathi-ia), 375,447.palmata (Halichondi'ia),402.palraata (Spongia),610.palmensis (Penteus),565.palmosa (Coelogorgia),355.palmulata (Teredo), 93.panayensis (Haliplana),485.panicea (Amorpbina),414, 417, 440.panicea (Halicbondria),385,415.Panopeus, 213.papilla (Opblitispongia),442.papillaris (Spongia),•385.papillosa (Crella), 432.papyracea (Siplionocbalina),400.papvracea (Spongia),693.papyracea (Phyllospongia),586, 693.Paragrapsus, 246.Paramieippa, 198, 199,517, 625, 671.Paramithrax, 192, 517,622, 570.Paramiiricea, 338.Parautbura, 311.Paratymolus, 201.pardaliua (Columbella),48.pardalis (Holotburia),509,510,511.parisbii (Anipbilectus),43(>.parisbi (Esperia), 374,436.parisbii (Rapbiodesma),436.Partlienopoides, 202.parvicirra (Actinometra),165, 168.parvimanus (Maeropbtbalmus),518, 542,673.parvirostris (Alpheus),287._pai'vispinus (Phyllacantbus),171.parvistella (Stelletta),589, 627.parvula (Risella), 62.Pasipbaâ, 297.Patella, 77.patelliformis (Xenospongia),377.patiens (Cerithium), 63,64, 65.Patiria, 131.paucicirra (Actinometra),15.5, 169.pauciforis (Liuckia), 126,173.peasei (Mitra), 55.Pecten, 114-pectinata (Actinometi'a),165.pectinata (Circe), 96, 506.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 649pectiiiata (Crista), 50fi.pectinata (Ctenocella),328, 330, 347, 348.Pectinura, 134.pelagicus (^ptunus),183, 229.Pellina, 374, 411, 587,(i07.pelliicida (Esperia), 375,437, (ill.pelliicida (Rhizocbalina),588, 608.Penajus, 295, 519, 563,675.penicillatus (Diogenes),263.peninsularis (Ninox),11.penTiatula (Carterispongia),586, 595.pennatula (Spougia),595.Pentaceros, 127.Pentagonaster, 128.pentagonus (Gronatonotus),182, 204.f)entangularis (Cnlcita),177.pentapiiyllum (Opbiothrix)',139.peregriua (Holothuria),152.perflava (Leptogorgia),330, 343.pergamentacea (Cladoclialina),371,373,393,398.pcrimina (Leucaltis),4S2.perlata (Ccenobita), 519,555, 574.perlatus (Chlorodius),532.Perna, 113.PeroneUa, 122.Peronia, 92.peronii (Idotea), 311.peronii (Laganum), 171.peronii (Xantlio), 206.perramosa (Muricea),580.Perrinia, 74.Petaloniera, 260.petersii (Naxia), 517, 523,571.petersii (Naxioides), 517,52.3,571.petitiana (Narica), 69.petitthouarsi (Auchista),186, 293.petleyi (Pblyxia), 252.petrneus (Oreophorus),255.petrceus (Tlos), 255.Petricola, 98.Petrocbelidon, 21.Petrolistbes, 268, 519,557, 574.petrosum (Ceritbium),63, 64.Pbalotia, 72.Pbasianella, 504.pbasianella (Macropygia),25.pbasianus (Centropus),25.pbasina (Nympbon),326.Pbilemon, 20.pbilippensis (Hypotienidia),2(5.pbilippensis(Rallus),26.Pbilyra, 518, 546, 573.pbilyra (Micippa), 182,198, 199, 525.Pblopodictyon, 419.Pblyxia, 252.Pboriospongia, 375, 439.Pbos, 49, 496.Pboxicbilidiura, 325.Pbyllacautbus, 118.Pbyllidia, 506.Pbyllopborus, 150.Pbyllospongia, 586, 593.Pbyniodius, 517, 531,571.pliysa (Desmacidon),429.pica (Pecten), 115.pica (Opbiocoma), 174,509,510.picata (Grallina), 12.piceus (Cbiton), 81, 82.picta (Tbalaniita), 517,540, 573.picturata (Bankivia), 75.picturata (Glabella), 499.picturata (Marginella),499.piftus (Grapsus), 544.Piezorbyncbus, 14.pileolus (Toxopneustes),172, 509, 510.Pilodius, 216.piluninoides (Cblorodopsis),531.Pilumnopcus, 228.Piluiunoplax, 241.Piluninua, 219.Pinarocicbla, 19.Pinarolestes, 13.pinniformis (Antedon),155, 156, 160.Pinnotberes, 247.piperata (.Iplysia), 89.piperata (Pleurotoma),490.Pisania, 492.Pisces, 29.Pitta, 21.Placenta, llj6.placenta (Aracbnoides),171.Placospongia, 376, 481.Placuna, 116.planasia (Pisa), 196.planasius (Cborilia),196.planasius (Hyastenus),182, 196.planatus (Halicarcinus),248.planicostata (Placenta),116.planissimus (Liolojobus),518, 545, 573.planulata (Maretia), 123,171, 172, 176.platurus (Gymnodactylus),29.platycbeles (Mycteris),248.Platydoris, 91.platypes (Paramicippa),525.platytborax (Pagurus),265.plectrorbyncbus (Axius),186, 282.Pleurecbinus, 119.Pleurobrancbus, 88.pleuronectes (Amussium),116.Pleurotoma, 37, 489.plexa (Xerita), 503.Plexaura, 339.Plexaurella, 339.plicata (Nerita), .503.plicatula (Risella), 62.plicatus (Pbos), 49.Plocamopborus, 91.plumbea (Natica), 57.plumosa (Halicbondria),430.plumosa (Spongia), 430.Plyctolophus, 25.poculum (Cacospongia),386.PodoL'cros, 319.Podopbtbabuia, 181.podopbtbalmus(Penaeus),565.2x

650 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.Poliolophus, 19.polita (Nerita), 503.polita (Fseuclophilyra),518, 547, 574.polyacauthus (Actseodes),206.polyacanthus (Astropecten),133, 173, 509,510.polyacanthus (Chlorodius),206.polybioides (Lissocapciniis),541.Polyfibrospongia, 383.Polyonyx, 272, 519, 559,575.polyplax (Asterias), 124,173.polyzenia (Octopus), 34.pomuin (Dolium), 409.pomum (Malea), 499.ponderosa (Siliquaria),68.ponticerianus (Francolinus),483.Pontonia, 290, 519, 562,575.Porcellana, 271, 272, 273,274.poressa (Xantho), 212.Porphyrio, 26.Portunus, 232.poupineli (Trochiis), 72.powisiana (Natica), 58.prffilonga (Plexaura), 329,339, 340.prffitexta (Voluta), 56.prasinus (Varanus), 29.primigenia (Leucetta),371,376,482,583,589,628.procerus (Rbapbidopblus),375, 451.producta (Mactra), 100.producta (Spirula), 100.proliferans (Axinella),588, 618.propinqua (Ophiothrix),174,509,510,511.proscissa (Mitra), ,54.proteus (Huenia), 182,191, 520.proteus (Leucopbloeus),688,617,620,621.proteus (Pbyllopborus),150.Protosclimidtia, 374,414.protracta (Cylicbna), 505.prynina (Tbalamita),231,541.Psammobia, 98.Psammopemraa, 373, 390.pseudo-antipatbes (Gorgonia),337.Pseudogerygone, 13.Pseudoinieippa, 197.Pseudophilyra, 518, 547,574.Pseudorbombila, 239.Psilacabaria, 357, 363.Pterocera, 503.Pterogorgia, 349.Pteroides, 334.Ptilopus, 25.Ptilotis, 19.pubesceus (Cymodocea),308.pubescens (Paratymolus),261.pubesceus (SpbiEroma),308.pugilator (Actumuus),225.pugilator (Pilumnus),183, 225.pulcbella (Arcania), 549.pulcbella (Obama), 102.pulcbella (Ebaba), 549.pulcbella (Ranella), 56.pulcbellus (Pacbycheles),185, 273.pulcbellus (Podocerus),320.pulcber (Pilumnus), 183.219.pulcberrima (Arcania),185, 253.pulcbra (Crassatella),107.pulcbra (Petalomei-a),185, 260.pulcbra (Terebra), 490.pulcbripes (Porcellana),268.pulcbrum (Cardium),507.pulcbrum (Papyridea),507.pulla (Holothuria), 509,510.pulvinar (Leueortis),629,pumila (Antedon), 155,157.pumilus (Murex), 491.pumilus (Ocinebra),491.punctata (Codakia), 508.punctata (Liomera), 517,528, 571.punctata (Lucina), 608.punctata (Nerita), 69.punctatum (Oncidium),92.punctatus(Cycloxantbus),213.punctatus (Hypoccelus),182, 206.punctolimbata (Ophiothrix),143, 174, 176.punctulata (Spirastrella),589, 623.punctulatus (Macrophthalmus),184, 237.punctulatus (Pagurus),519, .">55, 574.pupa (Ceritbium), 63,64.pupteforme (Ceritbium),66.pura (Oytberea), 95.pura (Deiopeia), 577.Purpura, 50, 52, 496.purpurascen8(Ceritbium),63.purpurea (Actinometra),165.purpurea (Aplysina), 391,392.purpurea (Halicbondria),433, 434.purpurea (Otbilia), 124.purpurea (lotroebota),369, 371, 374, 376,377, 433, 434, 436,473, 583, 584, 588,610.purpurea (Stelletta), 369,376, 377, 470, 472,473, 475, 589, 627.purpureum (Alcyonium),468, 470.purpureus (Echinaster),124, 173, 609, 510.pusilla (Ranella), 500.putridosum (Alcyonium),331, 420.Pycnogonida, 323.pygraiea (Colina), 66,67.pygniaaa (Pleurotoma),490.pykei (Dictyocylindrus),4.54, 469.pykei (Ecbinodictyum),456, 457.Pyramidella, 505.Pyrazus, 68.pyrum (Turbiuella), 53.quadrata (Ligia), 300.quadratus (Macrophthalmus),238.quadridens (Cancer), 257.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 651quaclriclens (Dorippe),257.quadridentata (Dorippe),257.quadridentata (Ebalia),252.quadridentata (Phlv-xia),252.quadrilobata(Porcellana),185, 276.quadrilobata(Thalamita),518, 539, 573.quadrilobatus (Cymo),633.quadrilobatus (Mastigocbiriis),18(1, 280.quadriinanus(Moera),569.quadriradiata (Fissurella),78.quinquedentatus (Xantbo),530.radiata (Astropyga), 172,609, 510.radiata(Carteriospongia),595.Radius, 69.Eallus, 26.ramosa (Ainmotbea), 332.ramsayi (Phlyxia), 2.")2.ramsayi(Mcc'ra), 187, 315,5()9.ramulosa (Bovella), 339.raniulosa (Ecbinogorgia),rana (Murex), 56.rana (Ranella), 56.Eanella, 56, 500.rangiana (Neritina), 503.rangiaua (Smaragdia),503.rapa (Turbinella), 53.Easpailia, 375, 459.rava (Pleurotoma), 39.rectangularis (Pbilyra),618, 546, 573.rectangularis (Psammogorgia),333, 344.rectiuiauus (Diogenes),185, 262.recurva (Nassaria), 49.reevianura (Cardiuui),101.reginae (Antedou), 155,KiO.regularis (Asterina), 131,173.reinwardti (Clatbria),369,376,377,446.448.Eeniera, 374, 407, 587,605.Eenieridfe, 406.Eeptilia, 29, 486.Eetaster, 133.reticulata (Voluta), 56.reticulatus (Oreopborus),185, 254.retil'era (Mopsella), 359.retroflexa (Stelletta), 376,473, 474.retusa (Camposcia), 181,189,520,661.Ebapbidopblus, 375, 449.Eliinoclavis, 67.Ebipidogorgia, 338.Ebipidura, 14.Ebizochaliua, 374, 419,588, 608.rbode (Alpbeus), 284.ricbtersii (Penaius), 519,564, 576.Eicinula, 51.ricinus (Sistrum), 497.rigida (Tbyone), 149.rimosa (Desmacidon),588, 608.Eisella, 61.Eissoina, 62.robusta (Actinometra),1.55, 166, 167.robusta (Stelletta), 472.robusta (Tetbya), 624.robusta (Toxocbalina),373, 403.robustus (Cracticus), 15.Eocinella, 304.rodgeria (Centrostepbanus),171, 177.rosea (Isodictya), 605.rosea (Eeuiera), 587, 604,605.rossii (Cirolana), 303.rostratum (Cerithiuuj),501.rostratus (Chitonellus),84.rostratus (Leptoconcbus),497.rotata (Opbiothrix), 142,143, 174, 176.rotunda (Dromia), 552,653.rotiuula (Kellia), 106.rotundatus (LupocycJus),184, 234.rotundilrons(Porcellana),18.5.274.rubecula (Myiagra), 14.rubeola (Tutjipoi'a),365.rubidus (Geograpsus),645.rubispina (Spongia), 427.rubra (Stouiatia), 76.rubriuodis (Clatbraria),363.rubromaculata (Moera),187, 31.5, 319.rubropunctatus (Calliostouia),72.riibropunctatus(Trocbus),72.rubropunctatus (Zizipbinus),72.rubrovittatus (Pagurus),265.rudis (Pbilyra), 518, 547.rufa (Avicula), 113.rufesceus (Chlorodius),215.rufifrons (Ebipidura),14.rufigaster (CoUuricincla),13.rufigaster (Pinarolestes),13.rufiventris (Pacbj'cepbala),17.rufopiperata (Columbella),494.rufopunctata (Actasa),517,528,571.rufopunctata (Trapezia),518, 536,572.rufojiunctatus (Pilumnus),183, 220.rugatus (Carpilodes),517,629,571.rugipes (Actfeodes), 531.rugipea (Pbymodius),517, 531, 571.rugosa (Coenobita), 655.rugosa (Tellina), 607.rugosum (Ceritliium), 63,64, 65.rugosus (Etisodes), 217.rugosus (Euxantbus), 517,527, 671.rugosus (Oreopborus),255.rugosus (Petrolistbes),185, 270.runipbii (Dolabella),89.runipbii (Dromia), 553.riippellii (Actisa), 183,209.rutilans (Nassa), 49.saccbarata (Leucandra),482.sacciiarata (Leuconia),376, 482.

652 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.sacella (Thyone), 149.sacellus (Stolus), 149.sacellus (Thyone), 149.sacra (Demiegretta), 28.Salmacis, 118.samoensis (Clilorodius),218.sauctus (Halcyon), 24.sandrockii (Lambrus),202.sandrockii (Parthenope),202.sarcophagus (Callistocliiton),79.Sauloprocta, 14.savieana (Nerita), 69.savignii (Ophiactis), 138,174.savignyi (Thalamita),230, 540.Saxicava, 93.scabra (Littorina), 60.scabrieula (Eriphia), .518,534, 572.scabrieula (Petrolisthes),271, 558.scabriuscula (Trivia),500.scalaroides (Phos), 49.scalpta (Pleurotoma),490.scaphoides (Corbula),103.scapulatus (Corvus), 484.schayeri (Ophionereis),171.sehiodtei (Cirolana), 187,302, 303, 304.Schizochiton, 82.Schizophrys, 197-schmeltzii (Thyonidium),1.50.schmideliana (Culcita),173, 509, 510.schmidti (Crella), 374,432.schmidti (Tribrachium),477, 478, 479.schmidti (Vioa), 589,622.Schmidtia, 374.schffinleini (Ophiocoma),509, 510.Schramm! (Iciligorgia),352.Scintilla, 105.Sclerogorgia, 349.Bcobinata (Tellina), 507.scolopendrina (Ophiocoma),140, 171, 174, 509,610, 511.scripta (Columbella), 48.sculpta (Lithadia), 185,254.sculpta (Venus), 93.sculptilis (Etisodes),218,sculptilis (Euxantkus),204.sculptus (Hypocoelis),206, 527.scutit'orrais (Clypeaster),172, 509, 510.Scutus, 77.Scylla, 518, 538, 573.scyphonoides (Reniera),374, 407.scyphonoides (Spongia),407.semen (Tellina), 99.semicanalis (Dysidea),369, 373, 389.semigranosa (Lophactaea),517, 527, 571.semilaevis (Tellina), 507.semila'Vatus (Pilumnus),183, '222.seminudus (Pilumnus),222.semiserrata (Megamoera),319.semitecta (Tellina), 99.semitubulosa (Pellina),414.semperi (Cucumaria),147.senex (Diogenes), 263.senticosus (Phos), 50.eeptemspinosa (Arcania),2.53.septosa (Euspongia), 372,381.septosa (Spongia), 381.serenus (Leander), 295.serenus (Palceraon), 295.serialis (Doryichthys), 30.seriata (Ophlitispougia),442.serpuUfera (Naxia), 182,196.serrata (Acabaria), 330,362.serrata (Cypricardia), 97.serrata (Lucina), 103.serrata (Scylla), 518, 538,673.serratifrons (Pilumnopeus),183, 228.serratil'rons (Porcellana),277.serratus197.(Schizophrys),serripinna (Antedon),157.serrulata (Avicula), 112.sertum (lopas), 496.sertum (Purpura), 496.Sesarma, 246.setifer (Actumnus), 183,225, 517, 633, 572.setifer (Cancer), 225.setifer (Pilumnus), 225.setipes (Melita), 315.setosa (Amphithoe), 317.setosa (Carcinoplax), 544.setosum (Diadeuia\ 118,171, 172, 176, 509, 510.setosum (Dictyocylindrus),454.setosus (Macrophthalmus),238.sexdentata (Pseudorhombila),184, 239.sexdentatus (Eucrate),239.sexspinigera (Paramicippa),198.sexspinosus (Paratymolus),185, 261.seychellensis (Alemo),583.seychellensis (Columbella),493.Sicyonia, 295.sieboldi (Hyalonema),400.signata (Nerita), 70.signatus (Gelasimus),184, 236.^Siliquaria, 68.sima (Dorippe), 259.sima rrhalamita), 184,231, 518, 539, 673.simillima (Pitta), 21.simplex (Stellettinopsis),477.simplex (TeUina), 99.simulans (Isodictya),604.sinensis (Nassaria), 49.singaporense (PhlcEodictyon),421.singaporensis (Fissurella),77.singaporensis (Rhizochalina),371, 374, 377,420, 421, 473.singa^wrinus (Pecteu),115.singularis (Pentagonaster),129.sinuata (Nursia), 185,252.

'.ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 653sinuosa (Hippospongia),586, 591.sinuosa (Spongia), 591.Siphonochalina, 373,401.Siphouogorgia, 352.Sistruin, 51, 497.smaragdina (Avicula),113.smitlii (Telesto), 328,329, 334.smitliii (Alexella), 334.smitliii (Eripliia), 517,.î34, 572.sraithii (Telesco), 334.Solanderia, 351Solaris (Actinometra),155, 164, 165, 166,167.solaria (Pecten), 114,115.Solenocaulon, 353.Solenocaulum, 353.Solenogorgia, 353.solida (Kellia), 105.solid ula (Tornatella), 86.Solomon Islander, 7.soluta (Akera), 87.sordidus (Halcyon), 24.sororia (Tuba), 401.eparsinotata (Aplysia),89.sparsus (Ectyon), 4.54.spathulif'era (Rhizochalina),374, 421,425.spatulifer (Paramithi-ax),194.spatulifrons (Cryptopodia),182, 203.spatulifrons (Micippa),199.spatulifrons (Paramicippa),199.speciosa (Trochus), 71,72.speciosus (Ozius), 183,228.speciosus (Ziziphinus),71.Sphicroma, 308.Sphecotheres, 12.spiculifera (Axinella),588, 617.spinicarpa (Leucothoe),187, 312.spinicarpus (Garamarus),312.spinifer (Lambrus), 199.spiniferuni (Goniosoma),184, 233.spini frons (Scliizophrys),197.spiniger (Chiton), 81.spiniger (Scliizoplirys),197.spinosa (Holothuria),151.spinosa ( Paramicippa),182, 199.spinosa (Spongodes),328, 329, 332, 333.spinosa (Tudieula), 53,54.spinosirostris (Galathea),519, 560, 575.spinosus (Entoinonyx),517, 526. 571.spinosus (Xantho), 206.spinulifera (Munida),18(), 279,561.spinuliferus (Harpilius),186, 293.spinulimanus (Diogenes),2(i3.Spirastrella, 375, 467,468, 589, 623.Spoggodes, 332.Spondylus, 114.spongiophila (j^llga),303.spongiosa (Dromia),553.spongiosa (Dromidia),519, 552, 574.spongiosus (Iphiculus),185, 253.spongites (Acasta), 322.Spongodes, 332, 578,679.spurca (Clavatula), 39.spurca (Glypliostoma),39.spurca (Pleurotoma), 39.squamata (Ophiocoma),139.squamulata (Nerita), 70.squarrosa (Siphouogorgia),352.Squilla, 298.staurella (Tellina), 507.Stellaster, 128.stellata (Pectinura), 135,136, 171, 174.stellatus (Ophiopinax),176.Stclletta, 375, 471, 522,589.StoUettinopsis, 376,476.stellifera (Amorphiua),477.stellifera (Halispongia),385.stellifera (Stellettinopsis),477.Stellospongia, 383.Stelospongiis, 372, 383.Stereodei-ma, 150.Sterna, 27.sternah's (Metalia), 172,509, 510.Stichopus, 151.stijrmaria (Nassa), 496.Stigmatops, 18.Stilbuguuthus, 517, 521,570.stimpsonii (Dromia),552, 553.stimpsonii (Dromidia),519, 552, 574.stimpsonii (Eurynome),517,523,571.stimpsonii (Thalamita),184,232, 540.stolidus (Anous), 27,485.Stolus, 149.Stomatella, 76.Stomatia, 76.Stoniiopera, 20.strangei (Natica), 57.strenuus (Alpheus), 284.streptooliirus (Porcellana),277.striatus (Conus), 488.striatus (Chiton), 84, 85,86.striatus(Chitonellus),84.strigata (Modiola), 109.strigosus (Grapsus), 518,544, 573.striolata (Ophiothrix),142, 174.Strombus, .58, 502.Strongylocentrotus, 121.strota (Actinometra),167.studeri (Spongodes), 329,332, .578, 579.styliferus (Pena-us), 297.stylirostris (Pentuus), 564.Stylocheilus, 90.subarmigera (Cladochalina),373, 393, 396,397.subcrassa (Diplodonta),104.subpylindrica (Clathria),375, 377, 446.suborca (Ilymeniacidon),468.

654 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.suberea (Papillina), 468.Suberites, 375, 465, 589,622.Suberitida, 465.SuberitidiE, 465.Siiberogoi'gia, 349.suberosa (Gorgonia), 349.suberosa (Suberogorgia),328, 330, 349.subfibrosa (Psaramopemma),373, 390.subglobosum (Echinodictyum),375, 457.subgranosa (Ranella),56.sublateralis (Diplodonta),104.Bubnodulosa (Venus), 94.subocularis (Glycipbila),18.subocularis (Stigmatops),18.siibpellucidus (Oncinopus),190.subquadrangula (Area),109.subnigosa (Munida),561.subtriangiilaris (Tbalysias),416.subulata (Metrodira),124, 173.subulatum (Terebellum),59.subverrucatus (Mycteris),248.suctoria (Pedania), 417.Buensis (Megamoera),187, 317, 319.siiensonii (Bursa), 56.sulcata (Acasta), 188,322.sulcata (Dotilla), 543.sulcata (Salmacis), 118,171,172, 177.sulcatifrons (Pseudorhombila),184, 242.sulcatus (Obeliscus), 505.sulcatus (Pyramidella),505.sulcatus (Pyrazus), 68.sulcifera (Monodonta),75.superbus (Pecten), 115.superciliosa (Micippa),199.supraoculata (Phyllospongia),586, 594.suturalis (Hindsia), 49.•suturalis (Nassaria), 49.swainsoni (Ptilopus),25.swaiiisouii (Cirolana),303.swainsouii (Eurydice),303.Sydella, 344.symmetrica (Area), 111.Synapta, 146.Syndosmya, 99.Syugoathus, 30.Syringella, 460.syriugella (Raspailia),460, 461, 462.tEeniatus (Clibauarius),185, 265.tjBniatus (Pagurus),265.tahitensis (Pen£eus), 564.talpa (Thalassina), 186,283.tantillus (Trochus), 62.Tapes, 96.Tedania, 374, 417, 587,607.Teinotis, 77.Telesco, 334.Telescopium, 68.Telesto, 334.Tellina, 99, 507.Telphusa, 235.Temnopleurus, 119.teuebrica (Area), 110.tenebrieus (Octopus), 35.tenella (MelitiBa), 361.teuellum (Cei-ithiuuj),501.tenera (Muricella), 329,335.tenue (Ceratosoma), 90.tenuieaudata (Ciliciea),310.tenuipes (Huenia), 191.tenuipes (Pseudomicippa),198.tenuirostris (Hyastenus),517, 522, .570.tenuirostris (Lahaina),523.tenuis (Akera), 87.tenuis (Mitra), 498.tenuispina (Murex), 43.tenuispira (Murex), 42.tenuistylis (Cirolana),187, 303.Terebellum, 59.terebellum (Obeliscus),505.terebellum (Pyramidella),505.Terebra, 37, 490.Teredo, 93.teres (Lithodoraus), 109.ternatus (Acarnus), 375,453,588,611, 615.ternispina (Opbiocoma),139.territus (Murex), 45.tessellata (Natica), 500.tessellatus (Conus), 488.testudinaria (Reniera),374, 409, 606.testudinarium (Alcyonium),409.testudinarius (Echinanthus),171.Tethya, 589, 624.Tetbyopsis, 376, 476,477.tetbyopsis (Stelletta),471, 472, 474, 475.Tetilla, 589, 625.Tetractinellida, 471.Tetralia, 518, 537, 572.textiformis (Mopsella),328, 330, 358, 360,362, 363.textilis (Phos), 49.Textrix, 97.textrix (Tapes), 97.Thalamita, 230, 518, 539,673.Thalassina, 283.thalia (Cancer), 198.thalia (Micippa), 182,198, 517, 524, 571.thersites (Nassa), 48.thomasi (Hymeniacidon),415.tbomsoni (Megamoera),187,318.tbukujar (Metapograpsus),24(*.Tbyone, 149.Thyonidium, 150.tibicen (Calcinus), 519,557, 574.tibiellifer (Amphilectus),374, 428._ticaonica (Fissurella), 77,78.tigrina (Colunibella), 48.timorensis (Varanus),29.Tinnunculus, 11.'Tlos, 255.tomentosus (Actffiodes),517, 530, 571.tomentosus (Actumnus),225.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 655tomentosua (Pilumnus),220.Tonicia, 84.toreuma (Venus), 93.Toreumatica, 119.toreuiaaticus (Temnopleurus),119, 120, 172,176.Tornatella, 86.Tornatiua, 505.torquata (Diemenia),29.torresi (Cerithiiuu), 66.torresi (Tlialotia), 72.torre.si (Troehus), 72.torresiaiia (Drillia), 37.torresiana (Pleurotoma),37.torresiana (Venus), 94.Torres-Straits Islanders,5,6.torta (Plexaura), 338.tortuosa (Area), 111.tortuosum (Solenooaulum),328, 330, 353,354.Totanus, 27.Toxochalina, 373, 402.Traehynotus, 29.traehypoma (Syngnatlnis),30.tranquilla (Geopelia),25.transitoria (Spirastrella),589, 621; ()23.transversa (Heteroplax),242.Trapezia, 518, 534, 572.Trapezium, 97.triangularis (Mactra),101.triangularis (Mithras),197.triangularis (Thalysias),416.Triate, 625.Tribulus, 43.tribulus (Murex), 43.tricarinatus (Eupagurus),267.Trichoglossus, 25.tricolor (Lalage), 13.tricolor (Rhipidura), 14.tricuspidatus (Alpheus),561.tridacnas (Concbodytes),290.tridacnae (Pontonia), 290,563.tridens (Helice), 246.tridentata (CerceLs), 307.tridcntata (Coralliocaris),186, 294.tridentata (Pseudopbilyra),547.trifilosa (l^leurotoma),490.trigonocepbala (Ceratothoa),300.trigonocepbala (Cymothoa),300.trigonus (Balanus), 188,321.trilineata (Opbiothrix),174, 509, 510.triloba (Porcellana), 276.trilopba (Placina), 479.trincomaliensis (Spirastrella),468.Tripboris, 502.Tripneustes, 121.Trisis, 111.Triton, 500.triton (Alpbeus), 284.Tritonidea, 47.Trivia, 500.trivirgatus (Piezorbyncbus),15.Trocbus, 61, 71, 504.truncata (Oymodocea),306.truncatipes (Moera), 569.truncatus (Cliarybdis),232.Tuba, 373, 399.tubaria (Goniocidaris),171, 177.tuberculata (CalaiDpa),256.tuberculata (Ricinida),52.tuberculatum (Ceritbium),63, 64, 65.tuberculatum (Purpura),52.tuberculatum (Sistrum),52.tubercidatus (Acbaeus\520.tuberculatus (Strongylocentrotus),171.tuberculosa (Philyra),547.tuberculosus (Coloebirus),147.tuberculosus (EuxantbuB),182, 205.tuberosa (Clathria), 375,441, 444.tuberosa (Drillia), 38.tuberosa ( Microciona),444.Tubipora, 365.Tubulodigitus, 373, 401.tubulosa (Euspongia),381.tubulosa (Siphondcbalina),371, 373, 401.tubulosa (Solenogorgia),354.tubulosa (Spongia), 401.Tudicla, .53.Tudicula, 53.tulipa (Conus), 488.tunicata (Corbula), 103.Turbiuella, 53.Turbo, 70, 503.turneri (Voluta), 56.Turricula, 498.turricula (Cytbara), 41.turriculatus (Conus),487.turriger (Lambrus), 201.turritus (Pentaceros),128.tursicus (Turbo), 504.turturina (Columbella),492.typica (Plexaura), 329,339, 340.typicum (Ecbinonema),615.typicus (Arcbaster), 133,173, 175,509,510.typus (Suberites), 468.uberrima (Rinalda), 420.ubnus (Clatbria), 450.umbonata (Area). 110.umbraticoides (Muricea),328, 329, 336, 580.undata (Purpura), .50,61.undatum (Sistrum), 51.undecimspinosa (Arcania),518, .548, 574.undosa (Pisania), 492. 'undosa (Ti-itouidea), 492,undulata (Littoriua), 61.unedo (Cardium), 103.unedo (Ilemicardium),103.unguis (Scutus), 77.ungulata (Idotea), 311.ungulatus (Pbyniodius),631.unicolor (Brissus), 172,609, 510.unicolor (Nassa), 48, 49.unicolor (Ptilotis), 20.unicolor (Spongodes),578, 579.unicolor (Stomiopera),20.

656 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.unieolorata (Nassa), 49.unideus (Pontonia), 5(53.unideutata (Dromia),552, 553.unisemita (Sticliopiis),151.Urosalpinx, 47.ursulus (Pilumnus), 219.Tagabunda (Holothuria),509, 510.Tagabunda (Spirastrella),371, 375, 4(38, 470, 624.Taillantianus (Oarpilodesj,529.validuin (Stereoderma),150.Talidus (Pentagonaster),129, 173.validus (PodoceVus), 320.vallata (Toxocbalina),402, 404.varia (Halicbondria), 424.variabilis (Actinometra),J55, 169.variabilis (Schmidtia),374,415.varians (Muelleria), 509,510.varians (Pseudomicippa),182, 197, 198.varicosa (Modiolaria),109,varicosa (Phyllidia), .506.varicosa (Pleurotoma),38.variegata (Artemis), 96.variegata (Coluinbella),48.variegata (Hipponoti),121.variegata (Ophiocoma),139.variegata (Tapes), 97.variegatum (Ceritbium),63, 64.variegatum (Goniosoma),184, 232.variegatus (Cbarybdis),232.variegatus (Portunus),232.variegatus (Stichopus),150.variolatus (Scytaster),173, 509, 510.varipes (Pagurus), 557.varius (Gellius), 371, 374,424, 425, 426.vasiplicatura (Echinodictyum),456.vasiplicatuin (Ediiuouema),454, 616.velata (Spongelia), 590.vellicata (Cypricardia),97.vellicatum (Trapezium),97.veUitinus (Penteus), 186,296.Venerupis, 97.venosus (Carpilodes),183, 213.ventilabrum (Pbacellia),456.ventriculoides (Halispongia),385.Venus, 93.vermiculatus (Pilumnus),225.vermifera (Carteriospongia),386.Verrucella, 346, 348.verrucosipes (Dromia),259.versicolor (Columbella),48.Vertagus, 67.vertagus (Ceritbium), 67.vertebratum (Cardium),101.vespertilio (Pilumnus),183,219,225.vestita (Pseudorbombila),.184, 239. ^vestitus (Cancer), 241.vestitus (Carcinoplax),241.vestitus (Curtonotus),241.vestitus (Piluuinus), 219,220.victorias (Spondylus),114.victrix (Matuta), 185,256.vidua (Spirastrella), 468.vigilans (Rocinela), 304.vigilans (Xiphoneetes),618, 538, 572.Villogorgia, 338.villosa (Porcellana), 559.villosa (Tbyone), 149.villosus (Alpbeus), 290.villoBus (Petrolistbes),519, 559, 575.villosus (Pinnotberes),184, 247, 290.viraiualis (Raspailia),454.Vioa, 589, 622.violacea (Cbirodota), 509,510.virgata (Cbondrocladia),433.virgata (Isodictya), 424.Virgularia, 335.viridis (Chelouia), 29.viridis (McEra), 569.vitiensis (Cytliara), 41.vitrea (Psauimobia), 107.vocans (Gelasimus), 541.Voluta, 56.voluta (Tornatina), 505.Volva, 59.volva (Fibularia), 122,172.volva (Voluta), 56.vulgaris (Clibanarius),265, 266.vulgaris (Dromia), 519,553, 574.vulpina (Spongia), 615.walkeri (Cyprrea), 59.wallicbi (Tbenea), 625.vrebbii (^ga), 305.wbitei (Cymopolia), 518,551, .574.wbitei(Leucosia), 184,249.Wrigbtella, 578, 580.wrigbtiauus (Spondylus),114.Xantbasia, 518, 546, 573.Xantbo, 211.Xautbodes, 517,529,571.Xipbonectes, 518, 538,572.Xylotrya, 93.zebra (Avicula), 113.zebra (Trocbus), 74.zebuensis (Area), 111.Zeuxis, 49.ziczae (Littorina), 60.zigzag( Microcy pbus), 1 77.Zizipbinus, 71.Zosterops, 17.

EXPLANATION OFTHE PLATES.MELANESIAN COLLECTIONS.HUMAN CRANIA.Plate I.Skulls of Torres-Straits Islanders.Figs. A and B. Side views, one half natural size.Plate II.Skulls of Torres-Straits Islanders.Figs. A and B.Front views.FISHES.Plate III.Fig. A. Trachynotus cojpjpingeri, B. Doryichthys serialis.MOLLUSCA.Plate IV.Fig. A. Octox>ns polyzenia, dorsal view ; A^ ventral view ; A",end of hectocotylizcd arm, lower side ; A^ lateral view ofsame.2t

658 EXPLANATION OP JHE PLATES.Fig. B. Octopus teneh-icus, dorsal view ; B^, oral aspect ; B^, endof hectocotylized arm, lateral view; B^, lower side ofsame.C. maculosus.D. Pleurotoma (Drillia) torresiana, front view ; D\ sideview.E. (Drillia) laterculata (the type). E\ Variety.r. (^Glypliostoma) spurca (the type). F^ Variety.G. (Daphnella) arafurensis.H. Cythara cylindrica (var.). H'. Lateral view.Plate V.Fig. A. Murex coppingerLB. acanthostepTies.C. macgillivrayi.D. Fusus cereus.E. Tritonidea curtisiana.F. Latirus anymtus.G. TurhineUa (Tudicula) armigera.H. ( ) spinosa.I. Ultra proscissa (var.).K. Valuta volva (var.).L. Natica limpida.M. Rissoina curtisi.N. Cerithium nigro-halteatum,0. torresi.P. Troclius (Isanda) coronata (type). P'. Variety ; P*. Var.lepida.Plate VI.Fig. A.Trochus (Thalotia) torresi.B. (Monilea) lifuatia, front view; B', upper surface.

EXPIANATIOIT OF THE PLATES. 659Fig. C-C^.Bankivia {Leiopyrga) picturata.J).Chiton (ÎschnocJiiton) curiisianus.E. (Callistochiton) coppingeri.r. (Macanclrelhis) costatus.G. (ÂcantliocMton) asbestoides.H. Haminea cuticulifera.I. Doridium mannoratum, dorsal view. I', posterior end,showing position of the shell;P, ditto, showing branchiae;I^, oral end ;!•*, inner view of shell.K. PleurohrancJms angasi. K'. Shell.L. PIocamop7i07-us insignis, lateral \iew ; L', dorsal view.M-M 2.Venus torresiana.Plate VII.Fig. A-A 2.B-B 2,C-C 1.D-D 2.E-E 2.F-F 1.Cytlierea (Caryatis) coxeni.Psammohia gracilenia.Syndosmya elliptka.Mactra (Oxyperas) coppingeri.Teredo (Xylotrya) antarctica.Kellia jacTcsoniana.G-Gl. Scintilla alherti.H-H 1.aurantiaca.I-1 1. Diplodonta suhcrassa.K. suhlateralis.L-L 2.Leda darwini.M-Ml. Modiolaria varicosa.N. miranda.ECHINODERMS.Plate VIII.Fig. A. Asterina brevis, nat. size. a. Ambulacrum and ventraljjlates, x3.2x2

660 EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.Fig. B. Pectinura iufernalis, showing the disk and the variations ofthe " naked plates," x 3.C. OiMopinax stellatus, showing the arrangement of the radialand interradial plates on the disk, x 2.Plate IX.Pig. A.Cucumaria semperi.B. ColocMrus tuberculosus. Spicules seen from the side andfrom below.C. Actinocucumis difftcilis.D. Tliyone oheni. Calcareous ring and oesophagus.E. a and b, spicules of Stereoderma validum; c, c?, the same,seen a little out of focus; e^ a smaller spicule ; /, a spiculeseen in side view.P. Phyllophorus proteus. F'. Parts of calcareous ring.G. Holotliuria macleart.All but figs. D and F' are magnified 220 times, and are figures ofspicules; D is magnified f,F' twice.Plate X.Fig. A. Antedon carpenteri, nat. size. A a, A 5, A c. First, second,and typical pinnules, x 3.B. pumila, X 3. B a, B h. First and fourth pinnules,X3.C. loveni, nat. size. Ca,Ch,Cc. First, third, and typicalpinnules, x 3. C d, C e. Dorsal surface of arms in regionsmarked x and y in C, x 3.Plate XI.Fig. A. Antedon bidens, X 2. A a. A cirrus, X 4, Ab, Ac. Firstand third pinnules, x 4.B. deci2nens, x f.B a. Arm-joints from above, x 4.

EXPLANATION OP THE PXATES. 661Plate XII.Fig. A. Antedon rerjince, nat. size. A a. Cirrus, x 3. The arms arecorrectly figured as thirty-eight in number ;is a misprint.five in the textB. gyges, x 2. B «. Cirrus, x 4. B 6. Second pinnule,X4.Plate XIII.Fig. A. Antedon irregularis, x 2. A a, A 6, Ac. Second, third, andfourth pinnules, x 4.B. — eler/ans, x 2. Ba. Disk from below. [In the description(p. 162) thirty arms instead of twenty have beenascribed to this species by inadvertence.]Plate XIY.Antedon hriarem, nat. size, a, b. Second and fourth pinnules,X4.Plate XV.Antedon microdisciis, nat. size, a, disk from below ; b, second,c, seventh pinniile, x 3 ; d, cirrus, x 2.Plate XYI.Fig. A a. Basal joints of the second pinnule of Actinometra Solaris,x6.A 6. Basal joints of the second pinnule of Actinometra intermedia,X 6.Ac. Basal joints of the second pinnule of Actinometra robusta^X6.B. ActinOin ira coppingeri, x 3.Plate XVII.Fig. A. Actinometra paucicirra, X 2. a. First pinnule, x 4.B. variabilis, nat. size. a. Second pinnule, x 4.

;662 EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.CRUSTACEA.Plate XVIII.Fig. A. Paramithrax (Chlorinoides) aculeatus, var. armatus, adultc? , X 1-^. fl, lateral view of chela, x 2.B. Hijastenus {Cliorilia) convexus, adult c5*, x3. h, lateralview of chela, x 4.Plate XIX.Fig. A. Euxantlms tuherculosus, x 1| (adult), a, inferior view ofpart of the orbit and antenna, showing the position of thebasal antennal joint, X 1| ; a', outer view of chela, X 1|.B. Hypocoelus punciatus, x 2. h, pterygostomian cavity, x 2b', outer view of chela, x 2.C. Banareia inconspicua, (5', x 2. c, frontal region, x 2; c',outer view of chela, x 2|.Plate XX.Fig. A. Galene gramilata, x 2|. a, frontal region, x 2|.B. Halimede ? coppingeri, x 3. h, frontal region, x 3 ; 6',outer view of chela, x 3.C. Xantho macjiUivrayi, X 2. c, outer view of chela, X Ig.•Plate XXI.Fig. A. Clilorodopsis granidatus, X 3. o, outer view of largerchela, X 3 ; a, outer view of larger chela of a varietyfrom Port Darwin, x 4.B. Pilumnus lanatus, adult J , x 3. b, outer view of largerchela, X 2.C. Pilumnus seminudus, adult 5 > X Ig. c, Outer view oflarger chela, x 1|.

-EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 663Plate XXII.JFig. A. PilumuKS pulcher, adult S , nat. size, a, larger chela,X 1|.B. Pilumniis semilanatus, adult cS , X 2. h, larger chela,X 1|.C. Pilumnus lahyrintMcus, X 3. c, outer view of chela, X 3.Plate XXIII.Fig. A. Inferior view of the frontal, antennal, and part ofthe buccallegions oi Cryptocoeloma ^mbriatum, $ , x 8.B. Achelous granulatus, var. unispinosus, adult c? ? X 1|.b, inferior view of the antenna and part of the orbit ofthe same specimen, x 4.C. Goniosoma spiniferum, c? , X 2. c, inferior view of theantenna and part of the orbit, x 4.Plate XXIV.Fig. A. Camptoplax coppinrieri, x 4. a, the frontal and antennalregions, epistome, and palate, viewed from below,magnified.B. Pseuclorhomblla vestita, var. sexdentata, c? , x 3, b, frontaland orbital regions ; 6', outer view of chela, x 3,C. Pseudorhombila sulcatifrons, var. australiensis, 2 > X 3.c, frontal and orbital region ; c', outer view of chela,X 3.Plate XXV.Fig. A. MacroplUlialmus jpunctulatus, cJ , X 4. «, outer view ofchela, X 4.B. Ceratoplax 1 arcuate, x 3. 6, orbital region, showing thestructure of the antenna; and their position in the orbits,&c. ; b' ,postabdomen of the male, x 4 ; b" , outer view ofchela, X 4.C. Cerato])lax? Icevis, x 4. c, orbital region, showing the formof tho eye-peduncles and position of the antennae ;c, outerview of chela, x 4.

664 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Plate XXVI.Fig. A. Chelipede of Leucosia craniolaris, var. Icevimanus, X 2.B. Oreophorus frontalis, (^ , x 4. 6, outer view of chela, X 5.C. Matuta inermis, adult $, xlg. c, outer view of chela,xl|.D. Dorij^pe australiensis, X 3. d, outer view of the chela of amale from Moreton Bay, x 3.Plate XXVII.Fig. A. Petalomera puTclira, adult 5, x 2. a, anterior view offrontal region, x 2 ; a, part of the sternum, showing theposition of the tubercles terminating the sternal sidci,X 2 ; a", outer view of chelipede, x 2.B. Paratymolus sexspinosus, x 4. h, outer maxillipede, showingthe form of the merus-joint ; 6', outer view of chelipede,x4.C. Frontal region of Diogenes rectimanus, showing the structureof the rostrum, ophthalmic scales, and antennje, x 4.c, outer view of chelipede, x 3.Plate XXVIII.Fig. A. Pagurus Jiessii,$ , X 2. a, outer view of chelipede, x 2 *.B. Frontal region of S Enpagurus compressipes, x 3, showingthe form of the eyes, antennal peduncles and theirappendages, b, outer view of larger chelipede, x3; 6',outer view of smaller chelipede, x 3.C. Eupagurus JcirJcii, cJ , x 3.Plate XXIX.Fig. A. Petrolisthes Msivelli, adult $, X Ig. a, part of the antennae,showing theprominent spine on the antepenultimatepeduncular joint.* In this species tlie postabdominal appendages are triramose ; not, as statedin the description, quadriramose.

EXPLAKATION OF THE PLATES. 665Fig. B. PetroUstTies annuUpes, adult $ , x 2. 6, antennal peduncle,showing the spine on the antepenultimate joint.C. Dorsal view of frontal and antennal region of PetrolisthescorallicoJa, var. do)-s(dis, x 6. c, chelipede, X 3.D. Folyonyx ohesulus, adult 5 j X 3. d, frontal and antennalregion, x 5 ; d', outer view of chelipede, x 3.Plate XXX.Fig. A. Pachycheles pulcheUus, adult (5* , X 4. a, anterior viewof the frontal region ; a', antennal peduncle ; a", dactyluaof the third ambulatory leg.B. Porcellana nitida, var. rotundifrons, adult c? , X 2. h, outerview of chelipede, x 2.C. Porcellana dispar, adult S , X 3.D. Porcellana quadrilohata, c? , x 4. d, outer view of chelipede,x4.Plate XXXI.Fig. A. Galathea anstraliensis, adult c? , X 4.B. Munida spinulifera, c? , X 4.Plate XXXII.Fig. A. Gebiopsis darwinii, adult, x 5. a, frontal region ; «', terminalsegment and uropoda.B. Harpilius inermis, adult 5 , X 4. b, terminal segment anduropoda ; b', dactyl of the third leg.C. Lateral view of rostrum of Goralliocaris ? tridentata. c, dactylof the third leg.D. Penceus batei, adult $ , X 1|. d, terminal segment anduropoda.Plate XXXIII.Fig. A. Cirolana schibdtei, adult c5" , x 2. a, lateral view of thebody, showing the cpimera, x 2 ; a', form of the interantennalplate.

666 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Fig. B. Cirolana tenuistylis, x 3. h, lateral view of the body,showing the form of the epimera, x 3 ; h' , interantennalplate.C. Cymodocea loncjistylis, adult c5' , x 6.D. Cerceis hidentata, var. aspericaudata, x 5. d, antennulesand antennae.Plate XXXIV.Fig. A. LeucotJioe brevidigitata, x 4. a, terminal segment andposterior iiropoda ; a', part of the leg of the first pair,showing the form of the distal process of the wrist-joint,palm, and minute dactyl; a", penult, joint and dactyl ofleg of the second pair.B. Ifec/amcera tliomsoni, x 5. 6, terminal segment ; h' , one ofthe legs of the first pair;6", one of the legs of the secondpair.C. Cajyrella attenuata, x 7.Plate XXXV.Fig. A. Achelia Icevis, var. australiensis, ventral view, X 30.a, dorsal view of the body of the same species, x 30 ;a',oculiferous tubercle.B. Phoxicliilidium lioelc'd, adult S , ventral view, x 7. h, oralaperture ; 6', lateral vielv of the oculiferous tubercle andmandible ; h" , one of the ovigerous legs.ALCYONARIANS.Plate XXXVI.Fig. A. Psammogorgia rectangidaris, tip of pinnule, x 4 ; a & a', theS]Dicules, X 40. From type (dry) specimen from PortDarwin, 12 fms.B. Ecliinomuricea indo-malaccensis, specimen in spirit, nat.size. B'. Portion of branch of same, X 4. From WarriorReef, Torres Straits. [Some specimens have the branchesstouter and the ends more decidedly clavate.]

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 667Fig. C.Leptojorrjia austral icnsis, var. perfava, type specimen (dry),reduced to ^ nat. size. C Portion of main axis of same,from about 4 inches above base, with origin of three pinnules,showing the relations of the grooves and verrucae,x2. c, larger, and c', smaller fusiform spicules, x 150.D. JunceUa fragilis. Portion of stem, x 2|. From dry specimenfrom Port Denison, 4 fms.E. Muricea tenera, nat, size. E'. Portion of second branchon the left, x 4. e. Cortical spicule, x 25. e' . Portionof same spicule, much magnified, to show character oftubercles. From specimen in spirit from Port Molle,14 fms.F. Plexaura prctilonga, var. tupica. Portion of one of thetwo main branches, an inch above the point of bifurcation,x4. From dry specimen from Port Curtis, 5-11 fms.Plate XXXVII.Fig. A. Spongodes studeri, two terminal lobes, x2; A', portionof lobule, X 4 : both from specimen in spirit from PortMolle, 14 fms. a. Id., var. lievior, long zooid-spicule,X 30, and portion of same, x 90, showiug axial cavityoccupied by soft material, a. Cortical spicule of same,X 20, and portion, x 90, showing canals radiating fromtubercles to centre, a". Lesser zooid-spicule of same,X 90.The spicules are from a specimen from Arafura Sea.B. Mopsella clavigera. Portion of small specimen, near middle,about halfway upwards from base, front view, X 2.dry specimen from Port Curtis, 14 fms.FromC. Melitodes albitincta, type (dry) specimen, seen from front, nat.size.C. Fifth bifurcation of main stem of same specimen,X 4. C" & C". Smaller and larger forms of verrucae ofsame, showing 8 lobes of verruca-wall and 8 tentacularlobes within, x 6.D. Psilacahar'ia graciUima. D and D'. Two dry fragments,probably from near base of specimen or specimens, x 2.

668 EXPLANATION OP THE PIATES.[D' shows the naked calcareous axis of one of its branches.]D". Portion of J)', x 6. From Port MoUe.Pig. E. Acabaria serrata.Portion of larger specimen in spirit, nat.size. E'. Portion of second joint above first bifurcation,of same specimen, from Port Darwin, 7-12 fms., x 6.E. Iciligorr/ia orientalis. Type specimen,, in spirit, reduced toone half nat, size. F'. Portion of left-baud branch, themargin as seen from the side, showing the depressions forthe zooids and the common groove which contains them,x2. F". Portion of main stem just below bifurcation,from front, showing four exsert zooids.10 fms.Plate XXXVIII.From Torres Straits,Fig. a. Mopsella clavigera, cortical clavate, a', cortical bifurcate,and a" & «'", Blattkeule spicules, x 100.i. Melitodes albitincta, fusiform, and h' ,small nodular corticalspicules, X 100.c. Acaharia serrata, long, and c', short verruca-spicules ; c",short, and c'", long cortical fusiform spicules. All x 150.d. Echinomuricea indo-malaccensis. d & d', chief forms of thetoothed spicule of the verruca, d" & d'", cortical spicules.All x70.e. Iciligorgia orientalis. Chief forms of spicules, X TO./. Psilacaharia gracillima, cortical, /' & /", verruca-spicules,X 70. [The ridged cortical spicule has been omitted.]g. Pleccaura prcelonga, var. tijpica, radiate, and g' , Blattkeulecortical spicules, x 70.Ji. Plecvatira prcelonga, var. cinerea, Blattkeule cortical spicule,x70.SPONGES.Plate XXXIX.Fig. A. Stelispongus excavatus.Type specimen (dry) from ArafuraSea.Eeduced to one half nat. size.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 669Fig. B. Stelispongiis implexus. The most symmetrical of threespecimens from coral-reef, Port MoUc ; dry. Nat. size.C. Sijihonochallna buUata. Left-hand half of largest dry specimenfrom Port Curtis, showing two completed tubes, andbehind them (c) the margin of an incomplete one.two thirds nat. size.EeducedD. lieniera iestucUnaria. Small part of large dry specimen from4 fms.. Port Denison, showing the lobes and ridges whichcharacterize the surface of the species. Reduced to twothirds nat. size.E. Bhizoclialina spaihulifera. The type (dry) specimen fromThursday Island, 4-5 fms. Reduced to two thirds nat.size.[The lower part overrun by the filiform stolons of aHydroid Zoophyte.]F. B. canalis. Dry specimen, one of the types, from Port Darwin,8-12 fms.[The lower end of the figure shows that oneend of the canaliform Sponge has been broken off and thecentre of the specimen coated by a calcareous Polyzoon{Cellepora).^Reduced to two thirds nat. size.G. Toccochalina robusta. Terminal branches of a spirit-specimenfrom Port Jackson ; upper surface, showing vents.Reduced to two thirds nat. size.H. Cladochalina suharmigera. Part of a specimen in spiritfrom Warrior Reef, Torres Straits, seen from above,showing vents and short and scanty spines.Nat. size.I. Gelliodes Jihulata. One of the larger and more ramosespecimens, exhibiting several anastomoses of the branches.Dry ; from Thursday Island, 3-5 fms. Reduced to twothirds nat. size.J. PelVina murlcata. Part of the type specimen, in spirit, fromPort Darwin, between tide-marks, showing serial arrangementof the hispid cloacaltubes to form a wall-like ridge.Nat. size.K. lihaiJiidoiMus procerus. The largest spirit-specimen fromPort Darwin, 7-12 fms. [The basal portion includes a

,670 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Serpulid or Vei^meius-shcll, and forms several roots.]Reducedto ono tliird nat. size.Fig. L. lotrocliota pwyurea. A small but symmetrically developeddry specimen from Torres Straits or its neighbourhood.Nat. size.M. /. haculifera. Portion of type (spirit) specimen on stone,from Port Darwin, between tide-marks. Nat. size. [Thesmall pointed conuli are not quite so well marked onthis as on the reverse side of the specimen.]N. Sclimidtia variahilis. The greater part of the type specimen(spirit), from Port Darwin, 7-12 fms. [Seen fromthe side, the true base is towards the right-hand margin ofthe plate.]Reduced to two thirds nat. size.0. PelUna aliformis. The type specimen (inspirit), from Port•Darwin, 7-12 fms.concealing the other.Seen from one side, one wing almostNat. size.Plate XL.Fig. A. EcTiinodictyum glomeratum. Type specimen (dry), fromThursday Island, Torres Straits, 4-5 fms.Nat. size.B. PacJiijcJtcdina macrodacti/la, portion, including the secondand third bifurcations above base, seen from the front.B'.Apex of branch from front, slightly inclined to one sideto show lateral series of vents. Prom dry, somewhatmacerated, specimen from Friday Island, Torres Straits.Nat. size.C. AmpJiilectus hisindidus. The greater part of the type (dry)specimen; the real base is on a shell (omitted) to the left.From Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-5 fms. Nat.size.D. Echinodictymn cancellatum. The lower part (about half ofthe whole) of the type (dry and macerated) specimenfrom Warrior Reef, Torres Straits.One third nat. size.

;EXPLilTATTOX OF THE PLATES. 671Fig. E. Stelletta purpurea. One of the larger specimens fromabove, showing {e) vent. In spirit. West Island, TorresStraits, 7 fms.Nat. size.r. Clathria coppinrjcri. The type specimen (dry), fromAlbany Island, Torres Straits, 3 fms. One third nat. size.[The margins are slightly reduced by fracture.] F'. Thesame ; two meshes, from front, from specimen in spirit. WestIsland, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms. Nat. size.G. Myxilla arborescens. About one half of type specimen (inspirit), from Port Jackson, 0-5 fms.Nat. size.H. Tethyopsis dissimilis. Larger of the two specimens fromPort Darwin, 7-12 fms. Inspirit. Nat. size. [Imperfectabove and below.]I. Clathria acuUata. The type specimen, from ThursdayIsland, Torres Straits, 3-4 fms. In spirit. Nat. size..J. Raspailia hifurcata. The type specimen (in spirit, butmacerated), from Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits,5-7 fms. Nat. size.K. Esperia pellucida. One lobe of type specimen, with partof incrustation involving stones &c. ; in spirit j from AlertIsland, Torres Straits, 7 fms.Nat. size.L. EJiaphldoplilus arborescens. The type specimen (dry),from Friday Island, Torres Straits. Two thirds nat.size.Plate XLI.*Fig. A. Hipposponrjia derasa. The type specimen, from WestIsland, Torres Straits; dry, macerated. Seen from thelongest side.Reduced to two thirds nat. size.B. Dysidea semicanalis. The type specimen, from North-eastcoast of Australia ; dry and macerated. Eeduced to onehalf nat. size.* The microscopic details in this and the following Sponge-plafes have beenin almost all cases prepared with the aid of sketches made to scale by Mr. Eidleyhimself.

672 EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.rig. C. Dys'uUa digitifera. The type specimen, from AlbanyIsland, 8 fms. ; in spirit ;growing over Hydroid zoophyte.Nat. size.D. GladocJialina diffusa. One of the type specimens, fromSingapore, between tide-marks ; in spirit. Reduced totwo thirds nat. size. d. Portions of primary and secondaryfibre of vertical section, x 95. d' . Detachedspicule, X 190.E. Ilymeniacidon agminata. The type specimen, from PortJackson, 0-5 fms. ; in spirit. Eeduced to two thirds nat.size.F. Basjjailia clathrata. Basal portion of type specimen, fromThursday Island, 3-4 fms.Nat. size.g. Euspongia offcincdis, var. cavernosa. Vertical section oftype (dry) specimen, from Torres Straits, x 38.7i. Psammojpemma densum, var. subjtbrosa. Yertical section oftype (spirit) specimen, from Torres Straits, x 38. [Thesurface faces to the right.]{. CladocJialina nuda. Portion of vertical section of typespecimen, from Alert Island, showing the contained spicules.X 190.j. C. nuda, var. ahruptlspicida. Spicules of type specimenfrom Thursday Island, x 190.Tc. Chalina monilaia, portion of primary fibre of verticalsection of type, from Port Jackson, showing the containedspicules, X 370. k'. An isolated spicule, x 370.I. GladocJialina subarmigera, portion of primary and secondaryfibres of vertical section, V, spicules, of type specimen,from Warrior Reef, x 190.m. Toxoclialina foUoides, fibre of main skeleton as seen invertical section, m'. Skeleton-spicule, x 68. m". Tricurvateflesh-spicule, x 370. From specimen from PortDarwin.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 673Fig. n. Toxochalina rohusta, portion of skeleton, showing primaryand sccoudary fibre, n' . Skeleton acerate and tricurvatoacerate spicules, x 370. From type specimen from PortJackson.0. Pacliychalina macrodactyla. Skeleton-spicule, x 190.From specimen figured Plate XL, fig. B.p. ProtoscJimidtici liispidula, portion of vertical section, x68. .p Skeleton-spicule, x 100. From type specimenfrom Albany Island. \_Note.—Some loose spicules in theinterspaces of the skeleton have been omitted for the sakeof clearness.]q. Bliizochalina spntlmlifera. Skeleton- spicules, X 68. Fromtype specimen from Thursday Island.•r. B. canalis. Skeleton-spicule, x 68. From type specimenfrom Port Darwin.s. R. siyigaporensis, var. Spicules, x 190. From specimenfrom West Island, Torres Straits.t. Schmkltia variabilis. Spicules, x 68. From type specimenfrom Port Darwin.[The median curve of the diagonallyplacedspicule is represented as too sudden, and the twolateral curves introduced do not exist.]u. JReniera testudinaria, part of vertical section, x 38. u.Spicules, X 68. From dry specimen from Port Denison.v'. Fellina mnricata. Skeleton-spicule, with ends of twoothers, exhibiting the wide range of variation, x 190.From type specimen from Port Darwin.w. P. aliformis. Skeleton-spicule, x 68. From type specimenfrom Port Darwin.X. P. eusij^>lionia. Skeleton-spicules, x 68, From type specimenfrom Port Darwin.y. Amphilectus hispidulus, vertical section, x 68. y'. Skeletonacuate spicule, x 190. y". Anchorate spicule from frontand side, x 370. From type (dry) specimen from ThursdayIsland.2z

674 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Fig. z. Oellius cymiformis. Spicules, X 370. From specimen fromThursday Island.aa. Crella sclimidti. Spicules (anchorate from front and side),X 370.From type specimen from Port Jackson.66. Gclliodes fihulata, fibre of part of vertical section, showingthe very stout and straight primary and the secondaryfibres ; 66', portion of secondary fibre, sho-wing arrangementof spicules and isolated skcleton-spicule : x 68.66". Bihamato spicules, x 370. From dry specimen fromPrince of Wales Channel.cc. Ampliilectus tibiellifer, skeleton acuate and tibiella-spicules,X 190 (head of latter enlarged), cc'. Tricurvate acerate,X 190. cc". Anchorate seen from front and side, x 370.From one of the types from Prince of Wales Channel.Plate XLII.Fig. a. Myxilla arhorescens, portion of vertical section, x 190.«'. Skeleton acerate spicules, x 190. a". Equianchoratespicule from front and side, x 370. From type specimen(in spirit) from Port Jackson.6. Acarmis ternatus, acuate, grapnel, and tricurvate spicules,and head of grapnel as seen from above, x 190. 6'. Tibiellaand equianchorate (from front and side) spicules,X 370.From specimen from West Island, Torres Straits.c. Oj>hlitispongia australiensis, fibre of vertical section, x 190.c'. Skeleton cylindrical and echinating acuate spicules,X 190.From type specimen from Port Molle.d. Clathria tuherosa, vertical section, x 38. From specimenin spirit from Prince of Wales Channel.e. lotrochota purpurea, vertical section, and e', dermis, x20. e". Two sizes of skeleton-spicule, x 190. e'". Birotulatespicules, x 370. From dry specimen from Princeof Wales Channel, e"". Two ciliated chambers, fromspecimen of green var. from Amirante Island, x 370./. /. baculifera, tibiella-spicule of dermis, X 370. Fromtype specimen from Port Darwin.

;EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES. 675Fig. g. Phorioftponcfia fibrosa, cylindrical, bihamate, equianchorate(from front and side) spicules, x 370. From typo specimenfrom Prince of Wales Channel.h. Esperia pellucida, skeleton acuate spicule. 7;', large (fromfront), 7i", small inequianchorate (from front and side)h'", bihamate spicule ; and 7i"", trichite-bundle, x 370.From type specimen from Alert Island, Torres Straits.i. ClaiJirla copphiger'i, small and large spined acerate, andsmooth variety ofend of latter, and smooth subspinulatespicules, X 190. i\ equianchorate spicule (from frontand side), x 370. From specimen from Albany Island.j* C. frondifera, smooth acerate spicule, three sizes, x 190./, spined acuate, two forms, x 190 ;/', tricurvate spicule,and/", equianchorate (from front and side), x 370, Fromspecimen from Fitzroy Island, Queensland.Jc. C. aculeata, smooth acuate and subspinulate, and spinedacuate spicules, x 190, Ic, tricurvate, and Tc", equianchorate(from front and side), x370. From typespecimen from Thursday Island.I. liaspailia bifiircata, portion of fibre from near base, showingspined acuate spicule in sita, x 190. V, smoothacuate and acerate spicules, x 38. From type specimen(in spirit) from Prince of Wales Channel.m. a. austndiensis, part of vertical section from near middleof Sponge, X 38. m', larger and smaller acuate spicules,X G8. From type specimen (in spirit) from PortDarwin.n. lihapliidophlus arhorescens, smooth and spined acuatespicules, and head of spinulate variety of the former, x 190.n. Equianchorate seen from the front, x 370. From typespecimen from Friday Island.0. R. procerus, part of vertical section, x 68. o', skeletonspicules,X 68 ; o", flesh-spicules, x 370. From typespecimen (in spirit) from Port Darwin.* This figure has been erroneously referred to as fig. i in the text on p. 448,

676 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Fig. p. EiiliinQcUctyiim gloimratum, spicules, x 190. From typespecimen from Tliursday Island.5. E. cancellatum, spicules, x 190. From specimen figuredPI. XL. fig. D.r. E. costiferum, spicules, x 190. From specimen from PortMolle.s. Leucopliloeus fenestratus, part of vertical section from typespecimen, x 38.t. Am_philectus tibiellifer, skeleton acuate and tibella andtricurvate acerate spicules, x 190. t', head of tibiella,and t", equianchorate as seen from front and side, x 370.From type specimen from Torres Straits.Plate XLIII.Fig. a. Axinella ecJddncea. Spicules, x 68. From dry specimenfrom Tliursday Island.b. Geoclia globostellifera, globostellate, external and internalstellate spicules, in tissue below dermal crust, x 370. V.Portion of cortex, showing crust of balls covered by membranecontainiog smaller stellates, and tuft of surfaceacerate spicules projecting from it, x 68.c. Spirastrclla decumbens. Spicules, x 190. From typespecimen from Alert Island.d. iS. conijcnera, skeletal spinulate spicules, showing two formsof head, x 190. d'. Flesh-spicules, x 370. From typespecimen from Thursday Island.e. S. vagabunda, skeletal spinulate spicule, X 190. e'. Fleshspicules,X 370. From specimen from Torres Straits.f.Hymeniacidon agrninata, spicules, x 190. /.' Head of spinulatespicules, X 370.From type specimen from Port Jackson,g. Leucopldoeun fenestratus, var. Spicule, x 68.h. Sidjer'itcs epijjliytum, vertical section, x 68. li, spiculeX 68 ; 7i", head of spicule, chief forms, x370. Fromspirit-specimen from Port Curtis.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 677Fig. i. Stelletta clavosa, acerate, anclioring quadriracliate, and zonespicules, x68. i' , head of zone- spicule, as seen fromabove, x 68 ; i" , stellate flesh-spicules, X 370. From typespecimen from Prince of Wales Channel.j. 8. purpurea, acerate, anchoring quadriradiate, and zouespicules,x68. /, stellate flesh-spicules, x370. Fromtype specimen from Torres Straits.Tc. S. purpurea, var. retrojlexa, the zone-spicule, X 68. Fromspecimen from Torres Straits.I. Tefhyopsis dissimilis, diagrammatic vertical section * acrossupper end of larger t specimen from Port Darwin, X about2. v. The same* of smaller specimen from Port Darwin,X about 3 [the dark parts represent canals, the dottedportions those occupied by the skeleton and tissues in theSponge itself]. I". Portion of dermis + from between twolongitudinal skeletal lines, from larger specimen fromPort Darwin, as seen from inside, x about 25. I'". Partof septum between two large canals, from same specimen,X about 25. I"". Skeleton triradiate spicules, one normal,the other with abnormally elongated third ray, X 34.T"". Acerate spicule from small Port-Darwin specimen,and Z""", from Torres-Straits specimen, x 34. Z"""'.Fleshfepiculesfrom larger specimen from Port Darwin, x 850.m. Leucaliis hathyhia, var. australiensis, tri- and quadriradiatespicules of outer surface ; m', triradiate fromcentre of wall ; m", quadriradiates of subjacent parts. AllX 68. From type specimen from Port Jackson.n. Btellettinopsis carteri, the skeleton-spicule, X 68. n ,thelarger, and n" , the smaller stellates, x 370. From typespecimen from Torres Straits.* Canals— \, anterior; 2, posterior; 3 and 4, lateral; 5 and 6, anterolateral;7 and 8, postero-lateral ; 9 (in I), axial.f iVbi'e.—Since writing the account of the canals (given at p. 478 of Part I.of the <strong>Report</strong>), I have dispovered that the apparently single pair of lateral spacesin the larger specimen is in reality double.XShowing that the long arm of the skeleton-spicule commonly extends overttvo interfascicular spaces, and is not confined to one as stated in the descriptionat p. 477.

678 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.COLLECTIONS FROM THE WESTERN INDIANOCEAN.MOLLUSCA.Plate XLIV.Fig. A.Conus martensi,B. articulatus.C. Pleurotoma (Befrancia ?) grisea.D. Murex {Ocinehra) pumilus.E. ( ) infwns.r. ( ) darrosensis.G. Columhella seychellensis.H. cincmnata.I. rufopijêrata.K. amirantium.L, alhocauclata.M. CoralUopMla amirantensis.N. Mitra tenuis.0. Turrkula (CallitJiea) hijpartita.P. Marginella picturata.Q. Cerithium albovaricosum.R. amirantium,S. (Rhinoclavis) acutinodulosum.T, T\ TripTioris mirificus.TJ, U\ U^.Turbo tursicus.V, V^ Troclius (Gihbula ?) amirantium,W. Chemnitzia coppingeri.

;EXPLANATIOIT OF THE PLATES. 679ECHINODERMS.Plate XLV.Fig, a. Neoplax opldodes, x 2.6. Arm-joints of ditto, seen from above, x 4.c. The same, from the side, x 4.d. The same, from below, x 4.e. Lower surface of disk, x 4.CRUSTACEA.Plate XLYI.Fig. A. Achceus lavioculis, J , X 5. a, chelipede, x 5.B. Stilbognat7ii(s martensi, adult c? , x 2. b, buccal and antennalregions, showing the form of the joints of the outermaxillipede &c., x3; 6', chelipede, x2|.Plate XLVII.Fig. A. Eurynome stimpsonii, c? , x 4. a, chelipede, x 6.B. Entomonyx sj)i7iosus, x3g. b, inferior view of antennalregion^ showing the form of the basal antennal joint,X 4| ; 6', postabdomen, x 4 ; 6", chelipede, x 4.Plate XLVIII.Fig. A. Frontal region of Xiphonectes vigilans, var. obtusidentatus,showing the form of the marginal teeth, x 5.B. Thalamita quadrilohata, adult c? . 6, chelipede,C. Carcinoplax Integra, ,$ X 5, c, inferior view of frontaland antennal region, showing the form of the peduncularjoints of the antennae and the merus of the maxillipedesc', chelipede, x7.

,680 explanatiox of the plates.Plate XLIX.Fig. A. Philyra rectangvlaris, 5 , X 5. a, outer maxilHpede.B. PseudoplnJyra poUta, c5", x3|. &, postabdomen, X 3| b\;outer maxillipede.C. Cymopolia luhitet, adult $ , x 3. c, postabdomen, x 4.Plate L.Pig. A. Dromidia spongiosa, var. stimpsonii, adult § , X iJ. «, outerview of cbelipede, x 2^.B. Homalodromia coppingeri, adult 5 , X 4. 6, inferior viewof the frontal, antennal, and part of the buccal region,showing the form of the epistoma, the nearly smooth endostome,&c. ; 6', part of the sternal surface, showing thesternal tubercles ; h", outer view of chelipede. x 7.Plate LI.Fig. A. Munida ediuardsi, adult (5" , x 4. a, dactylus of an ambulatoryleg.B. Frontal and antennal region of Pontonia brevirostris, c?dorsal view, showing the form of the small rostrum, thepeduncular joints of the antennules, &c. b, terminalsegment and uropoda ; b', outer maxillipede ; b", chelipedeof the first pair ; b'", chelipede of the second pair ;6"", ambulatory leg (next after chelipedes), showing theform of the dactylus.Plate LII.Fig. A. Penceus ricJitersi, c?, x3. a, dorsal view of the frontaland antennal region, showing the form of the eye-pedunclesand antennules and antennal scales ; a', terminal segmentand uropoda.B. Gonodactijlus elegans, $ , X 3. b, lateral view of theraptorial limb (second maxillipede), x3|.

distinguishedEXPLAN.VrrON OF THE PLATES. 681Fig. C. Frontal region of Gonodacit/lus (G elegans, cJ?), showingthe form of the rostrum, x 3.I). Part of right gnathopod of Mtjem diversimmius. d, part ofloft gnathopod.SPONGES.Plate LIII.Fig. A. Leucoj)hl(eus fenestratus. Specimen which has incorporatedmany calcareous fragments with its base, and gives off aremarkable smooth flat lohate process (a) from the base.In spirit. From Providence Eeef, 24 fms, X Ig.B. L. proteus. Variety.by its almost entirelymassive and smooth habit, a small part only (h) of thesurface exhibiting the usual ridged and pilose character.b', apparently accidental pit. In spirit. From ProvidenceReef, 24 fms.Nat. size.C. Dysidea gumminea. Small specimen, based on a stone,showing lateral extension into lobes. In spirit. FromProvidence Island, 1*J fms. Nat. size.D. Hippospongia intestinalis, var. Part of a largo contortedmass, showing great irregularity of growth and variationin the stoutness of the twisted lobes [the dermal sheet offibres has been abraded from the lobestowards the top ofthe figure (d)]. Dry. From Providence Island. Nat.size.Fi. A.vinella proliferans. Left-hand lialf of small specimenfrom Providence Island, 19 fms. In spirit, x f.E'.Profile view of upper part of same specimen, slightlyshaded.Nat. size.F. Desmacidon rimosa. The type specimen, showing the largevents and well-marked grooves (/,/') of the excretorycanal-system. In si)irit. From Mozambique. Nat.size.3 a

;682 JiXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.Fig. G. Reniern cribriformis. The most complete of the fragments,representing the type specimen, from the exterior. Inspirit. From Seychelle Islands, 12 fms. x |.H & H'. B. camerata. Two fragments, probably belongingto one (the typical) specimen. H shows the compact,even character which distinguishes the outer surfaceH' the chambered or plicate condition of the interior.In spirit. From Marie Louise Island, 16-17 fms. Nat.size.I. ClatJiria ma'andrina. Part of the type specimen, incrustinga stem. In spirit. From Marie Louise Island, Amirantes,17 fms. Nat. size.J. C. frondifera. The largest specimen obtained ; attached torock. ' It shows a transition from a flattened expanded(j) to a rounded trabecular (f)form of the constituentlobes of sponge-substance, and exhibitsmore definitenessof form as a whole than is usual in the species. Dry.From Providence Ileef, 24 fms. Nat. size.K. C. decumbens. The type specimen, showing considerablevariation in the proportionate amount of fenestration tothe surface (e. g. at h the surface is entire, at Ic' it is regularlyfenestrate) ; at h" the surface is abraded. In spirit.From Etoile Island, 13 fms. Nat. size.L. Leucortis anguinea. The type specimen, in spirit. FromProvidence Eeef, 24 fms. x 2. Z, stem.M. Erylus cylindrigerus. The type specimen, in spirit. FromProvidence Eeef.Nat. size.N*. Pliyllospongia onadagascarcnsis, var. supraoculata. FromAfrican Island. Dry. N'. The same, upper margin ofmedian lobe, from above, to show thickness of frond andcharacters of vents.Nat. size.* By an inadvertence these figures h".. 3 been referred to in tlie text (p. 504)as M and M'

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 683Plate LIV*Fig. a. LeucaUis bathyhia, var. mascwetiica, the two forms of stoutquadriradiate and the triradiate spicules of the mainskeleton, x 38. a'. The minute tri- and quadrii'adiatesof the cloacal surface, X 370. From type specimen fromSeychclle Islands.h. Axinella spicidifera, two sizes of the skeleton- spicule, x 68,From specimen from Darros Island.c. A. 2:>roUferans, the skeleton-spicule, x 68, From typospecimen from Providence Island.d. Leucortis (imjuinea, the stout acerate, and different formsof the tri- and (luadriradiate spicules of the main skeleton,x 68. d\ the slender acerate (?) of the peristome(the outer end imperfect), x 370. From type specimenfrom Providence Keef.e. Erylus cyUndrigerns. part of the disk-spicule, in profile, x 190.

,684 EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.Fig. h. Clathria mceandrma, the stout aud slender smooth acerato,and the spined aciiate spicules, x 19

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39088006157358

Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean ...

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