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August 2012Indo-Pacific DivisionIndonesiaReport No 6/12Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo IslandsMarine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua.2009—2011Report Compiled By:Pur wa nto, Muhajir, Joanne Wilson, Riz ya Ardiwijaya,a nd Sa ngeet a Ma ng ubhai
August 2012Indo-Pacific DivisionIndonesiaReport No 6/12Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo IslandsMarine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua.2009—2011Report Compiled By:Pur wa nto, Muhajir, Joanne Wilson, Riz ya Ardiwijaya,a nd Sa ngeet a Ma ng ubhai
Published by: The Nature Conservancy, Indo-Pacific DivisionPurwanto: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur, Bali,Indonesia. Email: purwanto@tnc.orgMuhajir: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur, Bali,Indonesia. Email: muhajir@tnc.orgJoanne Wilson: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur, Bali,Indonesia.Rizya Ardiwijaya: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2, Sanur,Bali, Indonesia. Email: rardiwijaya@tnc.orgSangeeta Mangubhai: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Pengembak 2,Sanur, Bali, Indonesia. Email: smangubhai@tnc.orgSuggested Citation:Purwanto, Muhajir, Wilson, J., Ardiwijaya, R., Mangubhai, S. 2012. Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiauand Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua. 2009-2011. The NatureConservancy, Indo-Pacific Division, Indonesia. Report N, 6/12. 50 pp.© 2012 The Nature ConservancyAll Rights Reserved. Reproduction for any purpose is prohibited without prior permission.All maps designed and created by Muhajir.Cover Photo: Data collection activity © Purwanto/TNCAvailable from:Indonesia Marine ProgramAsia-Pacific Resource CentreThe Nature ConservancyThe Nature ConservancyJl. Pengembak 2245 Riverside DriveSanur 80228, Bali West End, QLD 4101IndonesiaAustraliaOr via the worldwide web at:www.nature.or.idwww.conservationgateway.org/vii
AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Andreas Muljadi, Reinhart Paat and Markus Krey, whoparticipated in the 2009 and 2010 monitoring, and Kofiau residents Naftali Manggara andNico Mambraku, who actively participated in the reef health monitoring in Kofiau and BooIslands Marine Protected Area. We would also like to thank the Raja Ampat Fisheries andMarine Affairs Agency (Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan) and the West Papua NatureResource Conservation Agency (Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam) who are alsosupport the monitoring. Special thanks to Darius Aronggear and Usiel Watem, who inaddition to driving the speedboat Jou, frequently helped lay transects when collecting data.We are grateful to Alison Green who provided extensive feedback and training on fish dataanalyses. Lastly, we would like to thank our donors, in particular the Walton FamilyFoundation and private donors whose generous support allowed these monitoring activities tobe undertaken.viii
ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... VIIICONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. IXLIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... X1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 12. METHODS ......................................................................................................................................... 22.1. Kofiau Marine Protected Area ...........................................................................................................22.2. Zoning plan ...............................................................................................................................................22.3. Location and site selection ...................................................................................................................22.4. Reef Health monitoring – fish and benthic communities .........................................................22.4.1. Fish community surveys ............................................................................................................................ 32.4.2. Benthic community surveys ....................................................................................................................... 42.4.3. Data analysis – comparing zones.............................................................................................................. 52.5. Location and site selection ................................................................................................................... 52.5.1. Field surveys .............................................................................................................................................. 52.5.2. Data analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 62.6. Surface water temperature .................................................................................................................. 63. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 93.1. Fish communities ................................................................................................................................... 93.1.1. Fish biomass by location and monitoring year ........................................................................................... 93.1.2. Fish communities in each zone ................................................................................................................. 123.1.3. Differences among zones for select families of fish ................................................................................... 143.1.4. Fish biomass, density and families recorded during long swims ................................................................. 153.1.5. Sharks and rays ....................................................................................................................................... 163.2. Benthic cover .......................................................................................................................................... 173.2.1. Benthic composition of reef communities in Kofiau MPA ...................................................................... 173.2.2. Benthic community composition by zone type ..........................................................................................193.2.3. Coral bleaching ....................................................................................................................................... 203.3. Surface water temperature ................................................................................................................ 234. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 265. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 27BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 28APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 30ix
List of FiguresFigure 1. Map of coral reef health monitoring locations and designated zones in Kofiau MarineProtected Area. Site pengamatan tambahan = Additional Site, Site pengamatan tetap =permanent site. .................................................................................................................................................. 7Figure 2. The average biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) of fish from all sites around Kofiauand Boo Islands from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error. .....................................................10Figure 3. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) by location in Kofiau and Boo Islands in all monitoringyears. Large schools of fish of the family Caesionidae in Lampu Bay and Tomna in 2010 arenot included. .....................................................................................................................................................10Figure 4. Biomass (kg/ha) of all families of fish in each survey year 2009-2011 at Kofiau MarineProtected Area. Error bars = standard error. .......................................................................................... 11Figure 5. Average fish biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) for sites in each zone of KofiauMarine Protected Area from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error. ....................................... 13Figure 6. Annual average biomass of most important fish families in Kofiau MPA between no takeand use zones, from 2009-2011. These fish are important to local communities as a sourceof food or income – grouper, emperor, sweetlip, snapper, pelagic and/or important to theecology of the reef (i.e. herbivore families surgeonfish, rabbitfish and parrotfish). The zoneswere designated and became locally enforced in October 2011, after the March 2011monitoring. Error bars = standard error. ................................................................................................ 15Figure 7. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) and density (individuals/ha +SE) in all locations and allmonitoring years.............................................................................................................................................. 16Figure 8. Annual changes in percent benthic cover (average +SE) from 2009-2011 in Kofiau MarineProtected Area. ................................................................................................................................................ 18Figure 9. Comparison of changes in annual benthic cover (average percent cover + SE) beteen Booand Kofiau Islands from 2009–2011....................................................................................................... 19Figure 10. Average percentage (%) benthic coverage in each zone for all monitoring years in KofiauMPA (NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone). ................................................. 20Figure 11. Composition (%) of coral colonies by monitoring location and proposed zone in KofiauMarine Protected Area. NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone. ................... 22Figure 12. Composition (%) of coral genera conditions. Only 20 coral genera shown in the figure. .... 22Figure 13. Scatter plot of percentage of bleaching corals compare to percentage of susceptible genera................................................................................................................................................................................ 23Figure 14. Fluctuations in average surface water temperature (°C) by month and year for allmonitoring sites in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ............................................................................ 25List of TablesTable 1. Sampling details of Kofiau MPA from 2009-2011. ............................................................................... 2Table 2. Fish families recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau MPA 2009–2011.(Key: + = recorded, - = not recorded, C = commercial fish, P = pelagic fish). ........................... 4Table 3. Benthic categories recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau Marine ProtectedArea from 2009–2011. ................................................................................................................................... 5Table 4. Coral condition categories. ............................................................................................................................. 6Table 5. Locations of temperature loggers in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ............................................... 6x
Table 6. Species of shark recorded in transects and during the long swims in Kofiau MPA from2009–2011. .............................................................................................................................................. 17Table 7. Surface water temperatures (°C) in Kofiau Marine Protected Area, 2009 – 2011 (Max =maximum, Avg = average, Min = minimum, “-“ = no data. Highest and lowesttemperatures (across all years) are highlighted in grey. ..............................................................24List of AppendicesAppendix 1. The names and GPS locations of sites sampled in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ......... 30Appendix 2. List of fish biomass constants used to calculate biomass ............................................................ 31Appendix 3. Additional fish data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area. .......................................... 40Appendix 4. Additional benthic data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ...................................42xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYKofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area (MPA) is located in Raja Ampat Regency, WestPapua, Indonesia in the heart of the Coral Triangle. The reefs of Raja Ampat have the world’s highestdiversity of fish and corals and also sustain the livelihoods of local communities through fisheriesproduction, tourism and other marine industries. Management and zoning plans are currently beingdeveloped for all seven of the MPAs in Raja Ampat, including Kofiau and Boo Islands.Reef health monitoring was conducted in Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA in 2009, 2010 and 2011 to: (a)obtain data on the state of the coral reefs to guide the design of the zoning plan for the MPA; and (b)establish a strong baseline to assess the effectiveness of the zoning and management plans bycomparing changes in benthic and fish communities in different zones over time. Coral reefmonitoring followed the protocol by Wilson and Green (2009). Reef health was assessed bydocumenting the composition of the benthic and fish communities at 10m depth using point intercepttransects and underwater visual census along transects plus a long swim, respectively. A total of 25permanent monitoring locations and 16 additional monitoring locations were selected. In addition,seawater temperatures were monitored using eight in situ temperature loggers positioned near reefsthroughout the MPA.Despite overfishing pressure the fish communities in Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA are still inrelatively healthy condition, compared to other parts of Indonesia. Average total fish biomass in theMPA was 35.4 kg/ha, with an average of 49.1 kg/ha in Boo Island and of 27.7 ha/kg in Kofiau Island,with highest fish biomass recorded in 2010. The MPA still has large size fish predators such as sharks,groupers and Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus). However, fish biomass decreased at most sitesfrom 2009 to 2010, especially for herbivores, and this may have been due to intensive fishing byoutside fishers from December 2009 to January 2010. There has been a decrease in the number ofsharks and rays in the MPA over monitoring years. White tip reef (Trianodon obesus), black tip reef(Carcharhinus melanopterus) and nurse sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus) were recorded in Kofiau andBoo Islands MPA, although numbers of sightings of have decreased from 2009 to 2011, indicatingfishers are targeting shark species.The majority of reefs in Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA are gently sloping fringing reefs surroundingthe islands. Coral cover ranged from 9.2 to 78.0 % with highest cover seen infront of Deer Village(Kampung Deer). Sites at Boo Island had higher coral cover than reefs surrounding Kofiau Island.The average live hard coral cover for the MPA was 29.9%. There was no significant change in any ofthe benthic categories in the MPA between the monitoring years 2009 and 2011. A decrease in coralcover was recorded in 2010, but this is likely a result of using a different observer that year. Coralcover in recently declared no take zones was higher than in zones where fishing and other uses isallowed, which suggests that the zoning plan for Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA has been well designedby local communities, government and partners.Minor coral bleaching was recorded in 2009, 2010 and 2011 but there was no apparent mortality(recorded as increase in rock cover). Bleaching surveys in 2011 showed that
Traditional Use Zones (TUZs) also have high biomass of fish families that are a target for Kofiauresidents and so they should still be able to have enough fisheries resources for their local needs.However, to address the declining fish biomass in Kofiau and Boo Islands MPA, it is important forlocal communities and enforcement agencies to actively enforce the zoning system – to both protectNTZs from any fishing activity and also ensure that the number of outside fishers and gear types areadequately managed in TUZs.Photographs (from left to right and top to bottom): Aerial view of Walo Island and lagoon (M.Ammer/PapuaDiving), coral reefs adjacent to mangrove habitats (M.Lazuardi/CI), example of typical fringing reef found atKofiau (J.Yonover), abundant fish life in Kofiau (J.Yonover), coral reef monitors (J.Yonover), coral and fish lifein Kofiau MPA (J.Yonover).xiii
1. INTRODUCTIONThe Raja Ampat Islands encompasses 4 million hectares of sea and land located in West Papua,Indonesia, right in the heart of the Coral Triangle. The Raja Ampat Islands are a part of the Bird’sHead Seascape, which has the greatest coral reef biodiversity on the planet (Veron et al. 2009, Allenand Erdman 2009, 2012, Mangubhai et al. 2012) and is a global priority for conservation. Surveyshave shown that the Raja Ampat waters are home to 553 species of coral, or 75% of the world’sknown species of hard coral, 699 species of mollusc, and 1,437 species of fish (Donnelly et al. 2002,Veron et al. 2009, Allen and Erdman 2009, 2012).Coral reefs are extremely important to local communities because they support key fish andinvertebrate (e.g. seacucumber and Trochus) fisheries. Like many Indonesian coastal people, thecommunities of Raja Ampat depend on their coral reefs as a source of food and income throughfishing and tourism (Larsen et al. 2011). However, the health of corals and associated fisheries inIndonesia, including in Raja Ampat, are threatened by the use of destructive fishing methods such asexplosives and poison, and overfishing (Ainsworth et al. 2008, Varkey et al. 2010, Mangubhai et al.2012). Elevations in water surface temperature associated with climate change also a threat to reefecosystems (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007).In recognition of the conservation values of coral reefs and their importance to sustaining thelivelihoods of local people, a network of seven marine protected areas (MPAs) 1 covering over 1million ha was established in Raja Ampat. Five of the seven MPAs were declared in 2007 by a Headof Raja Ampat Regency decree (No. 66/2007), and formalized by a Regency Regulation (No.27/2008), and are hereafter referred to as Regency MPAs. In 2009, the Head of the Raja AmpatRegency issued a second Regency Regulation (No. 5/2009) to form the basis for the management ofthe Raja Ampat MPA network. The main aim of establishing the MPA network was to conserve fishhabitats, reproduction function and stocks, to ensure sustainable fisheries and wise use of other marineresources, through education, research and eco-tourism in the Raja Ampat Regency. Kofiau and BooIslands MPA, hereinafter referred to as Kofiau MPA, is one of these MPAs.Under Indonesian law, MPAs allow for multiple uses which are regulated through management andzoning plans. In 2008, management and zoning plans were initiated for the five Regency MPAs,including Kofiau MPA. In October 2011, there was a traditional ‘adat’ declaration of the zoning planfor Kofiau MPA which was supported by the Regency government. The Kofiau MPA zoning plan isnow actively being enforced by local community patrols supported by local police.Coral reef health monitoring data is used to support the development of management and zoning plansand, when repeated over time, can be used to assess the effectiveness of zoning and managementplans and inform adaptive management. Therefore reef health monitoring was conducted annuallyfrom 2009 to 2011 in Kofiau MPA. The objectives of reef health monitoring surveys in Kofiau MPAwere to:a. Gather basic data on benthic and fish communities to inform Kofiau MPA management andzoning plans.b. Provide baseline data to evaluate the effectiveness of Kofiau MPA zoning and managementsystems.1 In this report, the term Marine Protected Area or MPA is used as it is stipulated in Law 27/2009.1
2. METHODS2.1. KOFIAU MARINE PROTECTED AREAKofiau MPA is located in southern Raja Ampat and encompasses 170,000 hectares of islands, reefsand surrounding waters (Figure 1a-b). Kofiau MPA provides food and livelihoods to the 2000 peopleliving in five villages on the larger island of Kofiau. Ethnically, the people of Kofiau are Betieu withstrong connections and language links to Biak in the northern Bird’s Head. There are few livelihoodoptions in the MPA, and the majority of residents fish or farm copra.2.2. ZONING PLANThe Kofiau MPA zoning plan was gazetted in October 2012 and include two types of zones (Figure1b). The Food Security and Tourism Zone which prohibits extractive activities is called a no take zone(NTZ) for the purposes of this report. The Traditional Use Zone (TUZ) allows for fishing activities bylocal Kofiau residents. In the 2011 zoning plan, four areas within Kofiau MPA were designated asNTZs and all other areas are classified in two large TUZs – TUZ 1 encompasses all the sites aroundKofiau Islands and the other while TUZ 2 includes sites from Boo Island.2.3. LOCATION AND SITE SELECTIONWithin Kofiau MPA, sites for reef health surveys were selected that were representative of the mainreef type found thoughout the MPA. Sites were chosen to encompass both NTZs and TUZs althoughin 2009 the exact configuration of the zoning plan had not been decided. In 2009, 25 locations weredesignated as permanent reef monitoring locations, which are expected to be included in long-termmonitoring programs. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, monitoring was carried out in seven, five and oneadditional sites, respectively, (Figure 1a, Appnedix 1) to get more detailed information about reefresilience as input to Kofiau MPA zoning and management plans. The data about reef resilience willbe analysed and presented in a separate report (Mangubhai et al. in prep.).2.4. REEF HEALTH MONITORING – FISH AND BENTHIC COMMUNITIESReef health was assessed in Kofiau MPA annually from 2009-2011 by measuring benthic and fishcommunities following coral reef health monitoring protocols developed by Wilson and Green (2009).Surveys were timed to occur at the same time each year during calm weather periods (March-April)after the northwest monsoon season (December – February) and before the southeast trade winds(June – September) (Table 1).Table 1. Sampling details of Kofiau MPA from 2009-2011.Year Dates of sampling No. of sites2009 15-26 April 302010 16-26 March 322011 22-31 March 262
2.4.1. Fish community surveysFish density and biomass were monitored by underwater visual census (UVC), using a combination ofbelt transect and long swim methods detailed in Wilson and Green (2009). The taxa recorded werecommercial fish targeted by fishers and pelagic species that have an association with coral reefs(Table 2). The number of families recorded was increased from 12 in 2009 to 18 in 2010. In 2011, thefamily Kyphosidae was added in response to the publication of the herbivore monitoring protocol(Green et al. 2009).Belt transectsFish community composition was assessed by UVC along five transects, each 50 m in length, at 10 mdepth with species, number and estimated length of each fish recorded. All fish of the families inTable 2 were recorded. Fish with a total length of 10-35 cm were recorded in 5 m wide transects, 2.5m to the left and right of the transect tapes. Fish with a total length of >35 cm were recorded in 20 mwide transects, 10 m to the left and right. In 2009 and 2001, one experienced fish observer recordedboth size classes on one pass of the transects. In 2010, two fish observers were available and onerecorded fish in small size classes and the other recorded fish in large size classes.Long swimsLong swim fish surveys were performed after the fifth fish survey transect, at the reef crest at a depthof 2-5 m. The number and size of large fish >35 cm (same fish families as for transect surveys) wererecorded while swimming adjacent to the reef crest for approximately 20 minutes. All fish seen 10 meither side of the surveyor were recorded. The timing of the swim was adjusted to the conditions toensure the distance covered was at least 400 m. The exact length of the long swims was calculated byrecording the position of buoys at the beginning and end of the long swim with a global positioningsystem (GPS) device. If there were difficulties tracking the long swim directly (e.g. if buoys werelost), the length of the long swim was calculated by drawing the route on the mapping programapplication ArcGIS 10. Visibility was also recorded during each survey.Observer trainingPrior to the field surveys, the observers were given training in identifying fish species and estimatingfish length to bring their capacity up to standard of 100% accuracy for identification of the fishfamilies in Table 2, and >75% accuracy of fish length estimation within 5 cm intervals. If the observerwas unsure of the fish species, the family would be recorded instead.3
Table 2. Fish families recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau MPA 2009–2011. (Key: + =recorded, - = not recorded, C = commercial fish, P = pelagic fish).Fish family Species recorded CategoryYear2009 2010 2011Acanthuridae - C + + +Caesionidae + - - + +Carangidae + P + + +Carcharhinidae + C + + +Dasyatidae + - + + +Ephippidae + - - + +Haemulidae + C + + +Hemigaleidae + C - + +Kyphosidae + C - - +Labridae - C + + +Lethrinidae + C + + +Lutjanidae + C + + +Muraenidae + - - + +Myliobatidae + - - + +Scarini - C + + +Scombridae + P + + +Serranidae + C + + +Siganidae + C + + +Sphyraenidae + P - + +Length to biomass conversionEstimated fish length values were converted into fish biomass based on the relationship betweenlength and weight for each fish family or species, using the formula developed by Kulbicki et al.(2005) of W = aL b , where W = fish weight in grams (g), L = fish length or fork length (FL) incentimetres (cm), and a and b = biomass constants for each fish species or genus. The values for fishbiomass constants (a and b) were obtained from Kulibicki et al. (2005) or Froese and Pauly (2012),and are listed in Appendix 2. In this report, total length is used to calculate the relationship betweenfish weight and length because this was easier to estimate or collect data on in the field. Fish biomassis mass per unit of area, so fish biomass can be calculated by converting fish weight in kilograms (1kg = 1,000 g) per unit of area in hectares (1 ha = 10,000 m 2 ). Thus, average biomass can be calculatedusing the following formula:h(h) = h()( 10.000)2.4.2. Benthic community surveysBenthic community data was collected using the point intercept transect (PIT) method, recording 100substrate points along each of 3 x 50 m transects on fringing reef slopes at a depth of 10 m (Wilsonand Green 2009). A total of 28 types of benthic cover were recorded (Table 3) which weresubsequently grouped into seven categories for data analysis: hard coral live (HCL), soft coral (SC),algae (AL), available substrate for coral settlement (AS), mobile substrate (MS), other (OTH), andbleached coral (BC). Hard coral was recorded to life form level as Acropora or non-Acropora. In eachyear, different observers recorded benthic categories. All were trained and experienced observers ofbenthic community structure.4
Table 3. Benthic categories recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau Marine Protected Area from2009–2011.Type of benthos Code CategoryAcropora branching ACB Hard coral liveAcropora encrusting ACE Hard coral liveAcropora submassive ACS Hard coral liveAcropora tabulate ACT Hard coral liveHard coral branching CB Hard coral liveHard coral encrusting CE Hard coral liveHard coral foliose CF Hard coral liveHard coral massive CM Hard coral liveHard coral submassive CS Hard coral liveMushroom coral CMR Hard coral liveTubipora (hard coral) CTU Hard coral liveMillepora (fire coral) CME Hard coral liveHeliopora (blue coral) CHL Hard coral liveSoft coral SC Soft coralXenia XN Soft coralHalimeda spp. HA AlgaeMacroalgae MA AlgaeTurf algae TA AlgaeCoralline algae CA Stable substrateRock RCK Stable substrateDead coral DC Stable substrateSand S Mobile substrateRubble R Mobile substrateSilt SI Mobile substrateSponge SP OtherHydroid HY OtherOther OT OtherBleached coral BC Bleached coral2.4.3. Data analysis – comparing zonesFish biomass and benthic community data were analysed statistically to determine if there were anysignificant differences between years and between zones. Only permanent monitoring sites were usedin the analysis, where three years of data were available. For fish biomass analyses, we chose thosefamilies which were recorded in all years. Differences were detected using a one way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) using Systat Software. As the zoning plan had not yet been implemented, theanalysis was set up to compare each zone area to every other zone area (i.e. NTZ 1, NTZ 2 etc.). Theanalysis was unbalanced because there was a variable number of sites within each zone area. Whenthe ANOVA showed significant differences, post-hoc tests were used to determine which zone areaswere significantly different from each other. We did not include NTZ 4 in the analysis because this isthe submerged pinnacle and the habitat is very different to the other reefs around Kofiau and Boo andit was only surveyed in 2010.2.5. LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION2.5.1. Field surveysDedicated coral bleaching surveys were done in 2011, at the 25 permanent reef health monitoringsites (Figure 1a). The genera, size and bleaching condition of all coral colonies were recorded alongthree 15 m x 1 m belt transects at 5 and 10 m depth. Each colony was assigned a single bleachingcondition category by estimating the percentage of each colony surface as normal, pale, bleaching or5
dead (Table 4). Coral bleaching surveys were carried out in 2009 and 2010 as part of coral reefresilience surveys in Kofiau MPA (Mangubhai et al. in prep.).Table 4. Coral condition categories.Colony condition Other condition measureNormal - 50 - 100% colony surface is healthy with normal colorPale - 50 - 100% colony surface is still alive but paler than normal due toloss of some zooxanthallaeBleaching - Any part of colony surface has bleached tissue – tissue is still alivebut completely whiteDead - ≥ 50% of the colony surface is recently dead likely due to bleaching2.5.2. Data analysesThe incidence of bleaching was analysed by comparing differences among coral families andsampling sites. In addition, a regression of the percent of bleached colonies versus the proportion ofthe coral community made up of bleaching susceptible genera was done using Excel. Bleachingsusceptible genera were defined as Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora,Millepora and Astreopora as per Marshall and Baird (2000).2.6. SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURESurface water temperature was measured using HOBO Pro v2 (U22-001) water temperature dataloggers. Eight temperature loggers were positioned at depths of between 2 m and 25 m in eightseparate locations (Table 5) on reefs around Kofiau and Boo Islands. The temperature loggers wereretreived and replaced at least once per year to download the data. The temperature loggers recordedsurface water temperature at 15-minute intervals. This is the same recording interval as the other 78temperature loggers installed throughout the Bird’s Head Seascape, and managed by the StateUniversity of Papua and Conservation International. These data from Kofiau were used to identifyperiods when coral bleaching was likely to occur in the MPA.Table 5. Locations of temperature loggers in Kofiau Marine Protected Area.Name of locationDepth (m)CoordinatesLatitude (South) Longitude (East)Boo Kecil Lagoon 2 01° 10.760' 129° 26.840'Wamei 5 01° 10.106' 129° 58.375'Wamei 25 01° 10.106' 129° 58.375'Gebe Besar 5 01° 12.873' 129° 38.811'Tanjung Lampu Boo Besar 22 01° 10.578' 129° 17.955'Tanjung Lampu Boo Besar 5 01° 10.578' 129° 17.955'Jailolo Besar 5 01 o 08.809' 129 o 46.354'Rataitapor 5 01° 15.046' 129° 49.875'6
Figure 1. Map of coral reef health monitoring locations and designated zones in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. Site pengamatan tambahan = Additional Site,Site pengamatan tetap = permanent site.7
Figure 1b. Zoning plan for Kofiau Marine Protected Area declared by local communities in October 2011. Zona Ketahanan Pangan dan Pariwisata = Food Security andTourism Zone (referred to as No Take Zone in this report), Zona Perikanan berkelanjutan dan Budidaya = Sustainable Fisheries and Mariculture Zone, Zona PermanfaatanTradisional Masyarakat = Community Traditional Use Zone (referred to as Traditional Use Zone in this report).8
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1. FISH COMMUNITIESFish communities in Kofiau MPA are considered to be relatively healthy due to good diversity andabundance of fish and the occurrence of large individuals of some predators such as sharks, grouperand Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus). However there is evidence of overfishing at Kofiauindicated by the fact that it is relatively rare to encounter these very large predators and decliningbiomass of many families including herbivores and sharks over past three years. In 2011, the fishcommunity of Kofiau MPA was dominated (in terms of biomass) by herbivores of the familiesScaridae and Acanthuridae (parrot and rabbitfish), Casesoinidae (fusiliers), and predators fromLutjanidae (snappers), Serranidae (grouper), Haemulidae (sweetlip), and Lethrinidae (emperors). Themost abundant fish communities were found on the eastern tip of Kofiau Island (Wamei andWambong Kecil) and this area may be an important spawning aggregation site. At Boo Island, thehighest fish counts were recorded on the western tip at Tangjung Lampu.3.1.1. Fish biomass by location and monitoring yearOverall, there was a significant decline in biomass and density in the MPA between years (p
Figure 2. The average biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) of fish from all sites around Kofiau and BooIslands from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error.In Boo, the greatest fish biomass was recorded in Tanjung Lampu and Tapordoker, and in Kofiau, inWambong Kecil and Wamei (Figure 3). The lowest fish biomass in Boo was recorded in Warmaret,and the lowest in Kofiau was in Yenmandur (Figure 3). Fish biomass decreased from 2009–2011 at 18of the 25 monitoring sites. The most striking decrease in fish biomass between 2009 and 2011 was inJailolo Besar on the north side of Kofiau close to Tolobi and Dibalal villages and therefore may bedue to intensive use of resources in this location. Fish biomass increased at 4 sites (Wambong Kecil,Wamei, Yendot and Maet) (Figure 3).Figure 3. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) by location in Kofiau and Boo Islands in all monitoring years.Large schools of fish of the family Caesionidae in Lampu Bay and Tomna in 2010 are not included.10
Figure 4. Biomass (kg/ha) of all families of fish in each survey year 2009-2011 at Kofiau Marine ProtectedArea. Error bars = standard error.Tanjung Lampu in Boo and Wamei in Kofiau had the highest fish biomass and these sites have beenidentified as potential fish spawning and feeding locations (Muljadi 2009). These two sites are bays orisland points, which are characterised oceanographically by strong currents, and have waters with aspecific base topography well-suited to fish spawning sites (Sadovy and Domeier 2005). The fishcommunity at Tanjung Lampu and Tomna in Boo were dominated by fusiliers (Caesionidae), at 126kg/ha and 487 kg/ha, respectively. This is thought to be due to several factors, including the biologicalcharacteristics of this family, oceanographic characteritics, and the very healthy coral condition atthese two sites (Appendix 1).The three families with the highest biomass are fusiliers (Caesionidae), parrotfish (Scarini), andsurgeonfish (Acanthuridae) (Figure 5). Fusiliers live in large groups in shallow waters on reefs(Froese and Pauly 2012). Although their average size is small (
3.1.2. Fish communities in each zoneFigure 5 shows a comparison of the average biomass and density of fish families for sites included inareas designated as no take and use zones in the Kofiau MPA zoning plan traditionally declared inOctober 2011. Fish biomass and density declined in all zones of Kofiau MPA from 2009 to 2011 withthe exception of NTZ 1 where fish biomass increased from 2010 to 2011. In 2011, fish biomass washigher at sites in use zones and generally lower in areas chosen as no take zones – again with theexception of NTZ 1. It is important to note that declines in fish biomass were not statisticallysignificant for any of the zones, which suggests that either (a) there are no declines occurring in theMPA, or (b) there are some declines that are happening, but these are still very small and if properlyaddressed through management can be reversed. If management fails to address fishing pressure or toadequately implement the zoning plan, we would expect that the next monitoring may start to recordsignificant declines.There are variations in average fish biomass across the zones, both TUZ and NTZ. This is thought tobe due to the biological characteristics of the fish and also the pressure of fishing, which varies acrossall the zones in Kofiau and Boo. The high fish biomass in TUZ 2 or Boo Island and NTZ 1 or theeastern part of Kofiau Island is thought to be due to the distance of these locations from humansettlement, and although there is use of resources in these locations it is not as intensive as in the otherzones. The selection of areas with high fish biomass on the eastern tip of Kofiau and the western tip ofBoo, where fish communities are abundant and may also be the site of spawning aggregations, shouldsupport sustainable fisheries as these areas are expected to be the source of fish and larvae for thesurrounding areas.Photographs showing fishing activities in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area (D.A Handono./TNC).12
Figure 5. Average fish biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) for sites in each zone of Kofiau MarineProtected Area from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error.13
3.1.3. Differences among zones for select families of fishThere are some differences in the biomass of different fish families in the different zones of KofiauMPA. Average grouper biomass was similar in no take and use zones with the exception of NTZ 3where grouper biomass is slightly lower, but this is not significant (p>0.05, Figure 6). Some siteswithin NTZ 1 and NTZ 2 have been identified as potential grouper spawning sites (Muljadi 2009),and with effective compliance and enforcement of NTZs, the number and biomass of grouper shouldincrease at these sites. However, many grouper have life-history patterns that make them vulnerable toexploitation and slow to recover, as seen in other parts of Indonesia (Mangubhai et al. 2011). The lownumbers of grouper in NTZ 3 (Figure 6) may be due to unsuitable habitat because here the reef endsat approximately 10-12 m deep and the benthos becomes sandy.For emperors and sweetlips, the biomass in 2011 was generally lower in NTZs than in TUZs (Figure6). However, with the exception of emperors in NTZ 3 (p0.05). This means there are still abundant fish resources in areaswhere local communities are still allowed to fish and it is expected that the biomass will increase inNTZs after protection for 5 years.The biomass of snapper increased or was stable in all zones from 2009-2011 and the average biomassis similar in all zones (Figure 6). The greatest increases in snappers were recorded in TUZ 1 (p
Figure 6. Annual average biomass of most important fish families in Kofiau MPA between no take and usezones, from 2009-2011. These fish are important to local communities as a source of food or income – grouper,emperor, sweetlip, snapper, pelagic and/or important to the ecology of the reef (i.e. herbivore familiessurgeonfish, rabbitfish and parrotfish). The zones were designated and became locally enforced in October2011, after the March 2011 monitoring. Error bars = standard error.3.1.4. Fish biomass, density and families recorded during long swimsDuring the long swims, stingray or Dasyatidae and sharks of the families Charcharinidae andGynglymostomatidae had the greatest biomass (Figure 7a). Fish of the Khyposidae, Sphyraenidae(barracuda) and Lutjanidae (snapper) families had the highest density (Figure 7b). Napoleon wrasse(Cheilinus undulatus, family Labridae) had the lowest biomass. Fish biomass is determined by thenumber and size of the fish. Ray and shark, which have large bodies, have a high biomass but a lowdensity, because they are found in small numbers. Additional analyses of fish data collected areavailable in Appendix 3.15
a)Biomass (kg/ha)2402101801501209060300DasyatidaeCarcharhinidaeGinglymostomatidaeScariniScombridaeHemigaleidaeCarangidaeLethrinidaeLutjanidaeKyphosidaeEphippidaeSphyraenidaeHaemulidaeAcanthuridaeSerranidaeLabridaeFish familyb)Density (individuals/ha)1612840DasyatidaeCarcharhinidaeGinglymostomatidaeScariniScombridaeHemigaleidaeCarangidaeLethrinidaeLutjanidaeKyphosidaeEphippidaeSphyraenidaeHaemulidaeAcanthuridaeSerranidaeLabridaeFish familyFigure 7. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) and density (individuals/ha +SE) in all locations and all monitoringyears.3.1.5. Sharks and raysA total of 51 individuals of three species of shark were recorded for all monitoring years. Black tipreef shark (Carcharinus melanopterus) was the species most frequently recorded in Kofiau. Only oneindividual of nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus) was recorded, in 2010 (Table 6). Two species of rayor Dasyatidae were recorded: bluespotted ribbon tail stingray (Taeniura lymma) and whitetail stingray(Himantura granulata). A total of 42 individuals of the species Taeniura lymma were recorded in2009, none in 2010, and one in 2011. Only one individual of the species Himantura granulata wasrecorded, in 2010.16
Table 6. Species of shark recorded in transects and during the long swims in Kofiau MPA from 2009–2011.2009 2010 2011CommonSpeciesnameTransectsLongswimTransectsLongswimTransectsLongswimCarcharhinusmelanopterusBlack tip 13 6 11 10 5 1 46Nebrius ferrugineus Nurse 0 0 0 1 0 0 1Trianodon obesus White tip 0 1 1 1 1 0 4Total 13 7 12 12 6 1 51Sharks are a target for fishers, especially outside fishers from Buton, Seram, Suluwesi and Halmahera(Muhajir et al. 2012). They have a high economic value and are taken for their fins, which fetch IDR800,000 – 1,000,000 per kg, depending on species and quality (Mangubhai et al. 2012). The highprice they fetch is likely encouraged more intensive fishing of sharks, which has in turn, led to adecrease in the number of sharks in Kofiau MPA. Most fishers who fish for shark are not locals fromKofiau, and they use long lines and nets. Shark are not a primary target for local Kofiau fishers, andonly occasionally do they catch shark unintentionally, trapped in nets or taking bait meant for otherspecies of fish (Muhajir et al. 2012).Total3.2. BENTHIC COVER3.2.1. Benthic composition of reef communities in Kofiau MPAThe reefs of Kofiau MPA are healthy as indicated by abundant live coral (30%) and soft corals (13%)growing on the reef slopes and low algal cover (
Temporal differencesOn average, the composition of the benthic community in Kofiau MPA was relatively stable from2009-2011 (Figure 8). Hard coral cover was lower at Kofiau in 2010 (18%) compared with 2009 and2011 (around 27%). In Boo, hard coral cover declined slightly from 43% in 2009 to around 37% in2010 and 2011 (Figure 9). Average soft coral coverage at Boo decreased from 15% in 2009 to 10% in2010-2011. Stable substrate which provides surfaces for coral settlement increased slightly, from 11%in 2009 to 15% in 2010 and 2011 (Figure 9). The percent cover of mobile substrate such as rubblewas relatively stable over the monitoring years (around 28%), which indicates that there is relativelylittle use of explosives for fishing or of other activities damaging to the reefs in Kofiau MPA. This isconfirmed by the absence of any sightings of the use of explosives during resource use monitoring(Muhajir et al. 2012), or during routine enforcement patrols. It is noted though that a small group ofbomb fishers from Sulawesi were caught in February 2012 in Kofiau MPA, and successfullyprosecuted which will send a strong message to other potential offenders.While small (5-10%) variation is expected between surveys due to natural variability in habitat andthe location of transects, large interannual variations are not expected unless there are events such ascrown of thorns, severe bleaching or storms which may have damaged reefs. These were not recordedin Kofiau during the study period. In 2010, a different observer conducted PIT in Kofiau MPA. Giventhe coral cover in 2011 was similar and not significantly different with cover recorded in 2009(p>0.05), and given that corals have slow growth rates, it is likely that the decline recorded in 2010relates to observer bias (Figure 8 and 9). Therefore in general, some of the differences seen in 2010,may relate to observer differences in recording benthic categories. This may also explainapproximately 5% of the variability between years.403530200920102011Cover (%)2520151050Hard Coral Soft Coral Algae AvailableSubstrateMobileSubstrateOtherBleachCoralBenthic categoriesFigure 8. Annual changes in percent benthic cover (average +SE) from 2009-2011 in Kofiau Marine ProtectedArea.18
5040KofiauBooAverage cover (%)3020100200920102011200920102011200920102011200920102011200920102011200920102011200920102011Hard Coral Soft Coral Algae Available Mobile OtherBenthic categoriesSubstrate- monitoringSubstrateyearFigure 9. Comparison of changes in annual benthic cover (average percent cover + SE) beteen Boo and KofiauIslands from 2009–2011.3.2.2. Benthic community composition by zone typeThe composition of the benthic community in each zone and each year of sampling is shown in Figure10. This provides information on the baseline conditions in each zone type and area just prior toimplementation of the zoning plan. These data also show the level of variability among samplingyears due to natural and observer variability (a different observer was used in 2010). The results ofcomparisions of benthic communities in different zone types show there were few differences amongzones and most differences reflect spatial or habitat differences between sites around the Boo Islandcompared to Kofiau Island. This is to be expected because the zoning plan was not implemented andenforced until October 2011, after the last sampling in March 2011, and reefs are very similarthroughout Kofiau MPA. Additional analyses of benthic data (e.g. individual sites) are available inAppendix 4. Using the 2011 data, statistical tests were run to look at differences between differentzones for the three benthic categories below. The few differences in benthic communities amongzones include:a. Hard coral cover: significantly higher coral cover in both NTZ 3 and TUZ 2 around BooIsland than in the TUZ 1 around Kofiau (TUZ 1) (p
Figure 10. Average percentage (%) benthic coverage in each zone for all monitoring years in Kofiau MPA(NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone).3.2.3. Coral bleachingBleached corals were observed in 2009 and 2010 although in low numbers and only in coloniesoutside the transects (Mangubhai et al. in prep.). In 2011, bleached corals were observed on transectsfor the first time and the results of dedicated surveys in 2011 are reported here. The presence ofbleached coral in Kofiau in 2011 is thought to be due to warmer than normal surface watertemperatures from November 2010 – February 2011 in many parts of Kofiau MPA which wasdocumented by in situ temperature loggers (Section 3.3).20
Overall, the number of colonies affected by bleaching in 2011 was low. From the 17,402 colonies thatwere surveyed from 25 sites, on average more than 95% were in normal condition, less than 2% pale,less than 3% bleached, and less than 1% dead. However there were some spatial differences withmore corals affected in shallow transects (5%) compared to deeper transects (3.5%). There were alsodifferences among sites with 25% of colonies recorded as bleached or pale at Twanyauhner, 9% atYenmandur and 6% at Wamei (Figure 11). At Yenimafan almost 10% of the colonies were pale.Some coral genera are more susceptible to bleaching than others. In 2011, Acropora (Acroporidae)and Porites (Pocilloporidae) were the dominant genera in terms of coral cover at Kofiau MPA.Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae are two coral families known to be susceptible to bleaching (Marshalland Baird 2000). In Kofiau, Porites was the genus with the highest percentage of pale coloniesrecorded. Porites is a genus that is moderately susceptible to bleaching (Marshall and Baird 2000).Stylophora (also from the family Pocilliporidae) which forms small colonies common on the reefs ofKofiau MPA, was the most affected by bleaching with more than 60% of all colonies recorded asbleached. Bleaching was also recorded in several other genera, including Montipora (foliose &encrusting), Acropora, Hydnophora (encrusting), and Physogrya (massive) (Figure 12).The composition of the coral community explains part of the variation in bleaching impact amongsites. A regression of percent composition of genera against the percent of corals bleached or paleshows that 36% of the variation in among sites can be explained by differences in the percentage ofsusceptible genera (Figure 13). At Twanyauhner, Yenmandur and Yenimfan, more than 50% ofcolonies were bleaching susceptible genera from family Acroporidae . Wamei had fewer colonies ofsusceptible genera e.g. Acropora, but a sligthly higher incidence of bleaching compared to other sites.It is not known why this site experienced more bleaching than other sites because it has good watermovement and sometimes experiences strong currents.In 2011, there was a difference in the values for bleached coral betwen the reef health surveys usingPIT and belt transects. This is because a larger number of coral colonies was surveyed (average of 120colonies per belt transect) compared with an average of 20-30 colonies per transect using PIT.21
100%95%90%85%80%75%70%60%0%WameiWambong KecilMaetJailalo BesarWalo SouthGebe Kecil WallWaloGebe Besar…WarmaretYenimfanTapordokerTanjung LampuYenpapirRataitaporKormangkuanYendotTwanyauhnerYenmandurTabekPamaliTolobi 2TaupadwarNorth Boo KecilTomnaTaroiukoyerNTZ 1NTZ3NTZ 4 NTZ 5 TUZ 1 TUZ 2 TUZ 3Normal Pucat Memutih MatiFigure 11. Composition (%) of coral colonies by monitoring location and proposed zone in Kofiau MarineProtected Area. NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone.Composition (%)0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Coral GeneraStylophoraDiploastreaMontiporaPhysogyraAcroporaPocilloporaGardineroserisAcanthastreaSeriatoporaHydnophoraSymphylliaCtenactisMycediumPoritesGonioporaMerulinaPectiniaEchinoporaEchinophylliaGoniastreaPaleBleachDeadNormalFigure 12. Composition (%) of coral genera conditions. Only 20 coral genera shown in the figure.22
30.025.0% bleaching20.015.010.0R² = 0.35825.0-- 20 40 60 80% susceptible generaFigure 13. Scatter plot of percentage of bleaching corals compare to percentage of susceptible genera.3.3. SURFACE WATER TEMPERATUREFrom February 2009 to March 2011, surface water temperature in Kofiau MPA varied between24.4 0 C and 34.7 0 C, with an average of 27.9 0 C. The highest temperature at a depth of 2 m wasrecorded in Boo Kecil in May 2009, and the highest temperature at a depth of 5 m was recorded inGebe Besar in September 2009 (Table 7).The seasonal temperature pattern recorded by the eight temperature loggers showed temperaturesincreased from February to their peak in April followed by a decline over winter with minimumtemperatures in July-August and gradually increasing to December (Figure 14). January was usuallycooler due to westerly winds and cloud which cool the area. Temperatures in 2010 were generallyhotter than in 2009 and notably there was very little difference between summer and wintertemperatures. In December 2010–February 2011, surface water temperature was 1‒1.5 o C higher thanother years and stayed betweeen 29‒30 o C in many locations. The coral bleaching documented in April2011 is thought to be associated with this extended period of warmer than nomal temperatures in 2010and early 2011.A comparison of temperature records from loggers at 25 m and 5 m depth at Wamei and Boo Besarindicated there was no difference in the temperature patterns between depths (Figure 14) indicatinggood mixing at these sites. Temperature fluctuations in Boo Kecil are a little different from those inother locations, because here there are large fluctuations in a short period of time. This is because thetemperature loggers are positioned at a depth of 2 m in a shallow lagoon, which means that sunlight isabsorbed more quickly into the water column and disperses more quickly from the sea. This meansthat fluctuations in surface water temperature occur more quickly than in other locations that are moreopen and have deeper waters. Corals living in these environments which experience large temperaturefluctuations and elevated temperatures may have increased tolerance to bleaching.Although personal observation indicates that several locations where the temperature loggers arepositioned, such as in Wamei and Tanjung Lampu, have strong currents, there are no rapid decreasesin temperature in any of the monitoring sites, including these two locations. This suggests that there isno upwelling in the locations where the temperature loggers are positioned in Kofiau.23
Table 7. Surface water temperatures (°C) in Kofiau Marine Protected Area, 2009 – 2011 (Max = maximum, Avg = average, Min = minimum, “-“ = no data. Highestand lowest temperatures (across all years) are highlighted in grey.Year Month200920102011Site - Temperature ( 0 C)Boo Kecil 2 m Jailolo 5 m GebeBesar 5 m Rataitapor 5 m BooBesar 5 m BooBesar 25 m Wamei 5 m Wamei 25 mMax Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min2 32.9 29.2 27.9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 33.3 29.5 27.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -4 33.1 30 26.3 31.8 29.3 29 30.3 29.5 29.2 - - - 29.9 29.5 28.8 29.9 29.4 28.3 30.3 29.3 28.3 29.8 29.1 27.55 34.7 30.4 27.6 30.7 29.6 28.3 30.5 29.7 28.8 - - - 31.1 29.7 28.1 30.3 29.6 27.3 30.9 29.5 28.3 30 29.1 26.56 33.1 29.2 26.6 29.4 28.8 28.3 29.5 28.8 27 - - - 29.6 29 28.2 29.5 28.9 27.9 29.3 28.7 27.9 29.3 28.5 26.57 31.6 28.7 26 29 28.2 27.2 28.9 28.1 26.4 - - - 29.1 28.4 27.2 29 28.3 26.8 28.7 28 26.9 28.7 27.9 268 32.5 28.4 26.3 28.4 27.8 26.9 28.4 27.4 24.8 - - - 28.9 27.9 26.7 28.6 27.8 26.3 28.4 27.6 26.6 28.4 27.5 24.79 32.8 29 27.5 29.5 28.3 26.9 29.2 28.1 24.4 - - - 29.2 28.3 26.6 29.1 28.2 25.7 29 28.2 27.5 29 28.1 26.410 33.1 29.5 27.4 29.4 28.8 26.5 30.2 28.7 26.9 30.3 29.2 27.9 29.8 28.9 27.4 29.7 28.8 26.6 29.5 28.7 28 29.2 28.4 26.711 33.3 29.6 27.9 30.1 28.9 27.1 30.1 29 26.2 30.5 29 25.9 30.2 29.2 26 29.9 28.9 25.5 29.8 28.8 27.2 29.5 28.2 24.812 33.2 29.4 27.5 30.1 28.7 27.3 29.9 28.7 26.5 29.8 28.9 26.6 29.7 28.8 27.5 29.6 28.7 27.3 30 28.7 27.9 29.5 28.4 25.81 32 29.2 27.6 29.5 28.7 27.8 30.5 29 26.4 30.3 28.7 26.1 30 29 27.5 29.8 28.8 26.8 29.7 28.8 28 29.3 28.4 25.62 31.7 29.3 27.5 29.7 29.1 28.4 29.5 29 26.3 29.4 28.8 27.8 29.5 29 27.9 29.4 28.9 27.4 30.1 29.1 28.4 29.6 28.7 25.83 33.3 29.6 26.2 29.9 29.2 26.7 30.4 29.2 27.5 30.2 29 26.6 30.2 29.3 27.8 30.1 29.1 26.7 30.6 29.3 28.4 29.8 28.8 25.44 32.9 30.2 28 30.4 29.4 27.7 30.4 29.6 27.8 30.8 29.4 26.1 30.7 29.7 28 30.7 29.4 25.6 30.5 29.5 28.3 30.1 28.8 26.15 33.7 30.3 28.4 31.3 29.7 27.9 31.1 29.7 28 30.4 29.5 27.3 30.5 29.6 27.9 30.4 29.2 27 30.9 29.5 27.7 30.3 28.6 266 32.9 29.7 27.7 30.4 29.2 28.3 29.9 29 27.7 29.9 29 26.6 30 29.3 27.8 29.9 29.1 26.9 30 29.1 28.2 29.6 28.7 26.87 33.3 29.7 28 30 29.3 28.5 30.1 29.1 27.8 30.2 29.1 27.4 30.3 29.3 28 30.2 29.1 26.1 30.2 29.1 28.2 30 28.9 27.48 33 29.5 27.7 30.2 29.1 28.6 29.9 28.9 27.8 30.1 29 28.1 29.9 29.1 28 29.6 29 27.7 29.9 29.1 28.3 29.5 29 27.79 33 29.6 28 30 29.2 28.5 29.8 29 25.6 30.4 29.1 28 29.7 29.1 27.7 29.5 29 27.3 30.6 29.1 28.3 29.5 28.9 27.110 33.5 29.9 27.8 30.4 29.4 28.5 31 29.3 27.9 30.7 29.4 28 30.2 29.3 27.8 30 29.1 26.8 30.9 29.3 28.3 29.8 29.1 27.611 33.4 30 28.4 30.6 29.7 29.1 30.5 29.6 28.7 30.7 29.6 28 30.3 29.7 28.8 30.1 29.5 28.2 31.2 29.8 28.6 30.6 29.3 2812 32.4 29.9 27.3 30.7 29.9 29.1 30.8 29.9 29.2 30.9 29.8 27.4 30.7 29.9 28.6 30.5 29.8 27.9 31 29.9 29.2 30.6 29.6 28.41 32.9 29.7 27.2 30.4 29.6 29.2 30.8 29.7 29.3 30.3 29.6 28.7 30.4 29.7 29.2 30.4 29.6 29.1 - - - 30.4 29.6 28.12 32.1 29.6 27.2 30.5 29.5 29 30.3 29.5 29.1 30.3 29.4 28.8 29.9 29.5 28.9 29.8 29.4 28.9 - - - 30.1 29.5 28.23 32.7 29.7 27.4 30.6 29.5 27.7 30.7 29.5 28.7 30.3 29.4 28.3 30 29.5 27.7 30 29.4 27.5 - - - 30.2 29.4 28.3Standard Deviation 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.124
Temperature ( o C)323130292827LocationDepth: Boo Besar Island: 5 metersTemperature ( o C)323130292827LocationDepth: Boo Kecil lagoon: 2 meters2626JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember3231LocationDepth: Boo Besar island: 25 metersTemperature ( o C)3029282726JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember3231LocationDepth: Wamei: 5 meters30292827263231locationDepth: Wamei: 25 meters3029282726JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember3231LocationDepth: Jailolo island: 2 metersTemperature ( o C)3029282726JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember3231LocationDepth: Gebe Besar island: 5 metersTemperature ( o C)Temperature ( o C)30292827263231LocationDepth: Rataitapor: 5 metersTemperature ( o C)Temperature ( o C)3029282726JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember2009 2010Figure 14. Fluctuations in average surface water temperature (°C) by month and year for all monitoring sites inKofiau Marine Protected Area.25
4. CONCLUSIONSFrom the findings and discussion of the coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau MPA, the followingconclusions can be made:• The fish community in Kofiau MPA still in health condition due to good diversity andabundance of fish and the occurrence of large individuals of some predators such as sharks,grouper and napoleon wrasse.• However, fish biomass has decreased at most sites from 2009 to 2010 especially for herbivoresand this may have been due to intensive fishing by outside fishers in December 2009- January2010.• The number of shark sightings was very low in 2011 compared to 2009 and 2010 and this maybe due to the continued high fishing pressure on sharks in Kofiau and the wider the RajaAmpat regency.• Three species of shark have been recorded from Kofiau MPA – black tip reef (Carcharinusmelanopterus), white tip reef (Trianodon obesus) and nurse (Nebrius ferrugineus) sharks wererecorded. From the ray or Dasyatidae family, two species were recorded – bluespotted ribbontail stingray (Taeniura lymma) and whitetail stingray (Himantura granulate).• There has been no significant change in benthic coverage in Kofiau MPA between the years2009 and 2011.• Total average percentage coverage of live hard coral was 30%, of soft coral was 13%, and ofother benthos was 10%, with a little variation but no significant difference between monitoringyears and proposed zones.• Mild coral bleaching was recorded in 2009 and 2010 during reef resilience surveys(Mangubhai et al. in prep.), and was also documented in belt transects at two depths in 2011.However, less than 5% of corals were affected in 2011.• Stylophora was the genus of coral most commonly affected by bleaching (57% of 559colonies). Other genera, such as Montipora (foliose and encrusting), Acropora (sub-massive),Hydnophora (encrusting) and Physogrya (massive) were bleached between 3% and 7%.• Surface water temperature in Kofiau MPA varies between 24.4 0 C and 34.7 0 C, with an averageof 27.9 0 C. An extended period of warmer than normal water temperatures throughout KofiauMPA in 2010 and early 2011 probably caused the mild coral bleaching seen in April 2011.26
5. RECOMMENDATIONSFrom findings and discussion of the reef health monitoring, the following recommendations can bemade:• The Kofiau MPA zoning plan protects a number of sites with good fish and benthiccommunities in NTZs and these will act as fish banks and reserves for the spill over of larvaeand adults to other areas.• The TUZs also have high biomass of fish families that are a target for Kofiau residents and sothey should still be able to have enough fisheries resources for their local needs.• To address the declining fish biomass in Kofiau MPA, it is important to enforce the zoningsystem – to both protect NTZs from any fishing activity and also ensure that outside fishersare prohibited from fishing in TUZs• It is especially important to protect the sites which are likely fish spawning and feedinggrounds such as NTZ 1 and NTZ 3.• It is essential to maintain and strengthen the local patrols and outreach activities to ensurecompliance with the zoning system.• The best site for tourism activities is is NTZ 3 because of the dramatic underwater landscapefeatures.• Future monitoring at sites in NTZ and TUZs in Kofiau MPA will provide information on theeffectiveness of the zoning plan ie. If fish biomass and coral health are stable or increasing. Itis recommended this be undertaken every 2-3 years.• Information about fish density and biomass can be further combined with information aboutcatches from resource use monitoring to obtain clarification about the status of fish resourcesin Kofiau MPA.27
BIBLIOGRAPHYAllen GR, Erdmann MV. 2009. Reef fishes of the Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia.Check List 5:587-628.Allen GR, Erdmann MV. 2012. Reef Fishes of the East Indies. Volumes I–III. Tropical ReefResearch, Perth.Ainsworth CH, Pitcher TJ, Rotinsulu C. 2008. Evidence of fishery depletions and shifting cognitivebaselines in Eastern Indonesia. Biological Conservation 141: 848–859.Donnelly R, Neville D, Mous PJ (eds). 2003. Report on a rapid ecological assessment of the RajaAmpat Islands, Papua, Eastern Indonesia, held October 30–November 22, 2002.Froese R, Pauly D. Editors. 2012. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.www.fishbase.org, version (08/2012).Green AL, Bellwood DR, Choat JH. 2009. Monitoring coral reef resilience: functional groups ofherbivores. A practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific Region.Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, Harvell CD, SalePF, Edwards AJ, Caldeira K, Knowlton N, Eakin CM, Iglesias-Prieto R, Muthiga N, BradburyRH, Dubi A, Hatziolos ME. 2007. Coral Reefs under rapid climate change and oceanacidification. Science 318:1737–1742.Kulbicki M, Guillemot N, Amand M. 2005. A general approach to length-weight relationships forNew Caledonian lagoon fishes. Cybium 29(3): 235-252.Larsen SN, Leisher C, Mangubhai S, Muljadi A, Tapilatu R. 2011. Report on a Coastal RuralAppraisal in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. The Nature Conservancy, Bali. ReportNo. 3/11. 32pp.Mangubhai S, Odell J, Muhajir, Purwanto, Kartawijaya T, Lazuari ME. in prep. Reef resilienceassessment of the Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, Indonesia. TheNature Conservancy, Sanur.Mangubhai S, Muhammed S, Suprayitno, Muljadi A, Purwanto, Rhodes KL, Tjandra K. 2011. Do notstop: the importance of seamless monitoring and enforcement in an Indonesian Marine ProtectedArea. Journal of Marine Biology. Article ID 501465, doi:10.1155/2011/501465 pp.1-11Mangubhai S, Erdmann MV, Wilson JR, Huffard CL, Ballamu F, Hidayat NI, Hitipeuw C, LazuardiME, Muhajir, Pada D, Purba G, Rotinsulu C, Rumetna L, Sumolang K, Wen W. 2012. PapuaBird’s Head Seascape: Emerging threats and challenges in the global center of marine biodiversity.Marine Pollution Bulletin. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.024Marshall PA, Baird AH. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differentialsusceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs. 19:155-163.McPherson GR. 1985. Northern line fishery for mackerels still important. Australian Fisheries.44(8):12-14.Muhajir, Purwanto, Mangubhai S, Wilson J, Ardiwijaya RL. 2012. Marine Resource Use Monitoringin Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Apat, West Papua, Indonesia 2006–2011.The Nature Conservancy, Sanur. Report No. 6/12. 34pp.28
Muljadi AH. 2009. Monitoring Report on Grouper spawning aggregations in Kofiau marine protectedarea, Raja Ampat, Indonesia 2006 to 2007. The Nature Conservancy, Sorong. 20pp.Sadovy YJ, Domeier ML. 2005. Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a casestudy. Coral Reefs 24(2): 254-262.Veron JEN, DeVantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth S, Stafford-Smith SM, Peterson N.2009. Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea. 11: 91–100.Varkey DA, Ainsworth, CH, Pitcher TJ, Goram Y, Sumaila R. 2010. Illegal, unreported andunregulated fisheries catch in Raja Ampat Regency, Eastern Indonesia. Marine Policy. 34: 228–236.Wilson JR, Green AL. 2009. Biological monitoring methods for assessing coral reef health andmanagement effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia. Version 1.0. TNC IndonesiaMarine Program Report 1/09. 44 pp.29
APPENDICESAppendix 1. The names and GPS locations of sites sampled in Kofiau Marine Protected Area.SiteID Site Name Island Zone Reef Type Exposure Latitude (S) Longitude (E2200 Kampung Deer Kofiau TUZ1 slope sheltered 1° 09.267’ 129° 50.703’2201 Warmariar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 09.361’ 129° 49.960’2202 Tanjung Deer Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 08.553’ 129° 51.033’2203 Twanyauhner Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 08.723’ 129° 52.725’2204 Yenmandur Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 09.770’ 129° 55.785’2205 Wamei Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 10.106’ 129° 58.375’2206 Wambong Kecil Kofiau NTZ1 slope exposed 1° 10.997’ 129° 58.323’2207 Maet Kofiau NTZ1 slope exposed 1° 12.233’ 129° 56.302’2208 Yenpapir Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 12.672’ 129° 54.260’2209 Rataitapor Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 15.040’ 129° 49.825’2210 Warturenmyotkuer Kofiau TUZ1 slope semi-exposed 1° 13.413’ 129° 47.103’2211 Walo Bommoes Kofiau NTZ2 patch semi-exposed 1° 16.255’ 129° 40.097’2212 Walo south Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 1° 16.514’ 129° 39.502’2213 Gebe Kecil Wall Kofiau NTZ2 wall exposed 1° 13.721’ 129° 38.772’2214 Karabas Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 13.818’ 129° 42.176’2215 Tabek Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 16.937’ 129° 43.626’2216 Pamali Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 16.306’ 129° 46.183’2217 Walo Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 1° 15.601’ 129° 39.578’2218 Cina Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 1° 14.878’ 129° 40.880’2219 Gebe Kecil Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 1° 13.568’ 129° 38.999’2220 Gebe Besar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 12.189’ 129° 39.272’2221 Tolobi 1 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 10.558’ 129° 40.648’2222 Tolobi 2 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 09.786’ 129° 42.153’2223 Tolobi 3 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 09.395’ 129° 44.375’2224 Jailolo Besar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 08.792’ 129° 46.202’2225 Taupadwar Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 1° 10.748’ 129° 28.524’2226 North Boo Kecil Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 1° 10.051’ 129° 27.269’2227 Tomna Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 1° 08.958’ 129° 26.552’2228 Taroiukoyer Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 1° 09.156’ 129° 25.238’2229 Warmaret Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 1° 09.866’ 129° 22.027’2230 Yenimfan Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 1° 09.388’ 129° 20.843’2231 Tapordoker Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 1° 09.279’ 129° 19.090’2232 Tanjung Lampu Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 1° 10.578’ 129° 17.955’2233 Boo Barrier Reef Boo TUZ2 barrier exposed 1° 12.502’ 129° 25.789’2234 Dona karmalita Dona Karmalita NTZ4 patch exposed 1° 17.753’ 129° 26.855’2235 Laguna Walo Kofiau NTZ2 lagoon sheltered 1° 16.024’ 129° 39.975’2236 Wall Gebe Besar Kofiau NTZ2 wall exposed 1° 12.175’ 129° 38.839’2237 Kor Mang Kwan Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 13.655’ 129° 52.897’2238 Yendot Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 14.508’ 129° 51.398’2239 Tampagula Kofiau TUZ1 slope semi-exposed 1° 12.239’ 129° 42.372’2240 Huriba Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 1° 12.320’ 129° 40.948’2241 Baju Lagoon Boo TUZ2 slope semi-exposed 1° 10.930’ 129° 23.780’30
Appendix 2. List of fish biomass constants used to calculate biomassFishID Species_name Family Biomass constant a Biomass constant b Reference Notes1 Acanthurus bariene Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.2 Acanthurus blochii Acanthuridae 0.0251 3.032 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used A. blochii3 Acanthurus dussumieri Acanthuridae 0.0426 2.868 Kulbicki etal 20054 Acanthurus fowleri Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.5 Acanthurus leucocheilus Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.6 Acanthurus lineatus Acanthuridae 0.0126 3.064 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)7 Acanthurus mata Acanthuridae 0.0222 3.008 Kulbicki etal 20058 Acanthurus nigricans Acanthuridae 0.067 2.669 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)9 Acanthurus nigricauda Acanthuridae 0.0168 3.168 Kulbicki etal 200510 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acanthuridae 0.0264 3.028 Kulbicki etal 200511 Acanthurus olivaceus Acanthuridae 0.007 3.398 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)12 Acanthurus pyroferus Acanthuridae 0.0051 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)13 Acanthurus spp. Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 200514 Acanthurus spp. (ringtail) Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 200515 Acanthurus triostegus Acanthuridae 0.0831 2.57 Kulbicki etal 200516 Acanthurus xanthopterus Acanthuridae 0.0267 2.984 Kulbicki etal 200517 Ctenochaetus binotatus Acanthuridae 0.0392 2.875 Kulbicki etal 200518 Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Ctenochaetus spp.19 Ctenochaetus spp. Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki etal 200520 Ctenochaetus striatus Acanthuridae 0.0231 3.063 Kulbicki etal 200521 Ctenochaetus tominensis Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Ctenochaetus spp.22 Naso annulatus Acanthuridae 0.051 2.715 Kulbicki etal 200523 Naso brevirostris Acanthuridae 0.0107 3.243 Kulbicki etal 200524 Naso hexacanthus Acanthuridae 0.0202 2.956 Kulbicki etal 200525 Naso lituratus Acanthuridae 0.0497 2.839 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)26 Naso lopezi Acanthuridae 0.0594 2.854 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)27 Naso minor Acanthuridae 0.0085 3.25 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Naso spp.28 Naso spp. Acanthuridae 0.0085 3.25 Kulbicki etal 200529 Naso unicornis Acanthuridae 0.0179 3.035 Kulbicki etal 200530 Naso vlamingii Acanthuridae 0.0753 2.843 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)31 Zebrasoma scopas Acanthuridae 0.0291 2.993 Kulbicki etal 200532 Zebrasoma spp. Acanthuridae 0.0378 2.857 Kulbicki etal 200533 Zebrasoma veliferum Acanthuridae 0.0343 2.866 Kulbicki etal 200534 Albula spp. Albulidae 0.0205 2.869 Kulbicki etal 200535 Antennarius spp. Antennariidae 0.0236 3.293 Kulbicki etal 200536 Apogon angustatus Apogonidae 0.0049 3.78 Kulbicki etal 200537 Apogon aureus Apogonidae 0.0064 3.509 Kulbicki etal 200538 Apogon bandanensis Apogonidae 0.014 3.25 Kulbicki etal 200539 Apogon catalai Apogonidae 0.0052 3.935 Kulbicki etal 200540 Apogon compressus Apogonidae 0.0186 2.984 Kulbicki etal 200541 Apogon cookii Apogonidae 0.0058 3.689 Kulbicki etal 200542 Apogon cyanosoma Apogonidae 0.0074 3.563 Kulbicki etal 200543 Apogon doderleini Apogonidae 0.009 3.46 Kulbicki etal 200544 Apogon ellioti Apogonidae 0.0172 2.991 Kulbicki etal 200545 Apogon exostigma Apogonidae 0.0164 3.069 Kulbicki etal 200546 Apogon fraenatus Apogonidae 0.013 3.165 Kulbicki etal 200547 Apogon fuscus Apogonidae 0.0407 2.699 Kulbicki etal 200548 Apogon hyalosoma Apogonidae 0.0071 3.449 Kulbicki etal 200549 Apogon kallopterus Apogonidae 0.0101 3.314 Kulbicki etal 200550 Apogon lateralis Apogonidae 0.0184 3.051 Kulbicki etal 200551 Apogon lineolatus Apogonidae 0.0045 3.683 Kulbicki etal 200552 Apogon nigrofasciatus Apogonidae 0.0086 3.51 Kulbicki etal 200553 Apogon norfolcensis Apogonidae 0.0102 3.277 Kulbicki etal 200554 Apogon novemfasciatus Apogonidae 0.0086 3.414 Kulbicki etal 200555 Apogon spp. Apogonidae 0.0155 3.121 Kulbicki etal 200556 Apogon trimaculatus Apogonidae 0.0217 2.971 Kulbicki etal 200557 Archamia fucata Apogonidae 0.0089 3.323 Kulbicki etal 200558 Archamia leai Apogonidae 0.0072 3.48 Kulbicki etal 200559 Archamia lineolata Apogonidae 0.0485 2.586 Kulbicki etal 200560 Archamia spp. Apogonidae 0.0084 3.395 Kulbicki etal 200561 Cheilodipterus artus Apogonidae 0.0038 3.59 Kulbicki etal 200562 Cheilodipterus lachneri Apogonidae 0.0022 3.858 Kulbicki etal 200563 Cheilodipterus macrodon Apogonidae 0.0054 3.433 Kulbicki etal 200564 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Apogonidae 0.0161 2.999 Kulbicki etal 200565 Cheilodipterus spp. Apogonidae 0.0132 3.085 Kulbicki etal 200566 Fowleria aurita Apogonidae 0.0376 2.776 Kulbicki etal 200567 Fowleria marmorata Apogonidae 0.0024 4.136 Kulbicki etal 200568 Fowleria spp. Apogonidae 0.0082 3.567 Kulbicki etal 200569 Fowleria variegata Apogonidae 0.0134 3.35 Kulbicki etal 200570 Atherinomorus lacunosus Atherinidae 0.0064 3.298 Kulbicki etal 200571 Aulostomus chinensis Aulostomidae 0.0002 3.514 Kulbicki etal 200572 Abalistes stellaris Balistidae 0.0472 2.76 Kulbicki etal 200573 Balistapus undulatus Balistidae 0.0058 3.5540 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Balistoides spp.74 Balistoides conspicillum Balistidae 0.019 3.078 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Balistoides spp.75 Balistoides spp. Balistidae 0.019 3.0780 Kulbicki etal 200576 Balistoides viridescens Balistidae 0.0244 3.018 Kulbicki etal 200577 Belonidae semi-elongated Balistidae 0.0008 3.203 Kulbicki etal 200578 Melichthys vidua Balistidae 0.0058 3.554 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)79 Odonus niger Balistidae 0.0366 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)80 Pseudobalistes fuscus Balistidae 0.0726 2.76 Kulbicki etal 200531
81 Sufflamen bursa Balistidae 0.0326 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)82 Sufflamen fraenatus Balistidae 0.0287 2.966 Kulbicki etal 200583 Sufflamen spp. Balistidae 0.0324 2.929 Kulbicki etal 200584 Strongylura incisa Belonidae 0.0016 2.996 Kulbicki etal 200585 Strongylura spp. Belonidae 0.0011 3.101 Kulbicki etal 200586 Strongylura urvilli Belonidae 0.0005 3.361 Kulbicki etal 200587 Tylosurus crocodilus Belonidae 0.0006 3.285 Kulbicki etal 200588 Atrosalarias fuscus Blenniidae 0.0149 3.018 Kulbicki etal 200589 Cirripectes chelomatus Blenniidae 0.0147 3.099 Kulbicki etal 200590 Cirripectes spp. Blenniidae 0.013 3.15 Kulbicki etal 200591 Cirripectes stigmaticus Blenniidae 0.0183 2.969 Kulbicki etal 200592 Ecsenius bicolor Blenniidae 0.0239 2.5830 Kulbicki etal 200593 Ecsenius spp. Blenniidae 0.0239 2.584 Kulbicki etal 200594 Meiacanthus spp. Blenniidae 0.0009 4.47 Kulbicki etal 200595 Petroscirtes spp. Blenniidae 0.0097 3.016 Kulbicki etal 200596 Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Blenniidae 0.0012 3.792 Kulbicki etal 200597 Plagiotremus spp. Blenniidae 0.0018 3.581 Kulbicki etal 200598 Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Blenniidae 0.0057 2.908 Kulbicki etal 200599 Salarias fasciatus Blenniidae 0.0138 2.98 Kulbicki etal 2005100 Arnoglossus spp. Bothidae 0.0002 4.811 Kulbicki etal 2005101 Asterorhombus intermedius Bothidae 0.001 4.075 Kulbicki etal 2005102 Bothus pantherinus Bothidae 0.002 3.751 Kulbicki etal 2005103 Engyprosopon grandisquama Bothidae 0.0168 2.894 Kulbicki etal 2005104 Grammatobothus polyophthalmus Bothidae 0.0148 2.895 Kulbicki etal 2005105 Dinematichthys spp. Bythitidae 0.0072 3.155 Kulbicki etal 2005106 Caesio caerulaurea Caesionidae 0.02 2.991 Kulbicki etal 2005107 Caesio cuning Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005108 Caesio lunaris Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005109 Caesio spp. Caesionidae 0.0093 3.253 Kulbicki etal 2005110 Caesio teres Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005111 Pterocaesio diagramma Caesionidae 0.0069 3.341 Kulbicki etal 2005112 Pterocaesio marri Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pterocaesio spp.113 Pterocaesio pisang Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005114 Pterocaesio spp. Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005115 Pterocaesio tile Caesionidae 0.01120606 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)116 Pterocaesio trilineata Caesionidae 0.0107 3.178 Kulbicki etal 2005117 Synchiropus rameus Callionymidae 0.0687 2.184 Kulbicki etal 2005118 Synchiropus splendidus Callionymidae 0.0109 3.341 Kulbicki etal 2005119 Synchiropus spp. Callionymidae 0.0491 2.317 Kulbicki etal 2005120 Atule mate Carangidae 0.0166 2.949 Kulbicki etal 2005121 Auxis thazard Carangidae 0.0018 3.334 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)122 Carangoides armatus Carangidae 0.0115 3.126 Kulbicki etal 2005123 Carangoides bajad Carangidae 0.0463 2.746 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used C. gymnostethus124 Carangoides chrysophrys Carangidae 0.0267 2.902 Kulbicki etal 2005125 Carangoides ferdau Carangidae 0.0368 2.851 Kulbicki etal 2005126 Carangoides fulvoguttatus Carangidae 0.0329 2.808 Kulbicki etal 2005127 Carangoides gymnostethus Carangidae 0.0463 2.746 Kulbicki etal 2005128 Carangoides hedlandensis Carangidae 0.0381 2.864 Kulbicki etal 2005129 Carangoides orthogrammus Carangidae 0.0156 3.026 Kulbicki etal 2005130 Carangoides spp. Carangidae 0.0361 2.812 Kulbicki etal 2005131 Carangoides uii Carangidae 0.0321 2.902 Kulbicki etal 2005132 Caranx ignobilis Carangidae 0.0164 3.059 Kulbicki etal 2005133 Caranx melampygus Carangidae 0.0234 2.918 Kulbicki etal 2005134 Caranx papuensis Carangidae 0.0235 2.923 Kulbicki etal 2005135 Caranx sexfasciatus Carangidae 0.0318 2.93 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)136 Caranx spp. Carangidae 0.0198 2.986 Kulbicki etal 2005137 Decapterus russellii Carangidae 0.0139 2.963 Kulbicki etal 2005138 Elagatis bipinnulatus Carangidae 0.0135 2.92 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)139 Gnathanodon speciosus Carangidae 0.0199 2.995 Kulbicki etal 2005140 Other trevally spp Carangidae 0.0083 3.197 Kulbicki etal 2005141 Pseudocaranx dentex Carangidae 0.0271 2.886 Kulbicki etal 2005142 Scomberoides lysan Carangidae 0.0109 2.923 Kulbicki etal 2005143 Scomberoides tol Carangidae 0.0154 2.787 Kulbicki etal 2005144 Selar crumenophthalmus Carangidae 0.0097 3.194 Kulbicki etal 2005145 Carcharhinus albimarginatus Carcharhinidae 0.0001 4.268 Kulbicki etal 2005146 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinidae 0.0023 3.373 Kulbicki etal 2005147 Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinidae 0.0033 3.283 Kulbicki etal 2005148 Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinidae 0.0013 3.508 Kulbicki etal 2005149 Carcharhinus sorrah Carcharhinidae 0.0007 3.656 Kulbicki etal 2005150 Carcharhinus spp. Carcharhinidae 0.0013 3.508 Kulbicki etal 2005151 Ambassis interruptus Centropomidae 0.0079 3.543 Kulbicki etal 2005152 Chaetodon adiergastos Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.153 Chaetodon auriga Chaetodontidae 0.0404 2.829 Kulbicki etal 2005154 Chaetodon baronessa Chaetodontidae 0.0448 2.828 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)155 Chaetodon bennetti Chaetodontidae 0.0384 2.885 Kulbicki etal 2005156 Chaetodon citrinellus Chaetodontidae 0.0353 2.834 Kulbicki etal 2005157 Chaetodon ephippium Chaetodontidae 0.0225 3.061 Kulbicki etal 2005158 Chaetodon flavirostris Chaetodontidae 0.0251 3.113 Kulbicki etal 2005159 Chaetodon kleini Chaetodontidae 0.0448 2.828 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)160 Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodontidae 0.0693 2.622 Kulbicki etal 200532
161 Chaetodon lunula Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.162 Chaetodon lunulatus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.163 Chaetodon melannotus Chaetodontidae 0.0267 3.049 Kulbicki etal 2005164 Chaetodon mertensii Chaetodontidae 0.0043 3.793 Kulbicki etal 2005165 Chaetodon meyeri Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.166 Chaetodon ocellicaudus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.167 Chaetodon octofasciatus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.168 Chaetodon ornatissimus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.169 Chaetodon oxycephalus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.170 Chaetodon pelewensis Chaetodontidae 0.0153 3.297 Kulbicki etal 2005171 Chaetodon plebeius Chaetodontidae 0.0606 2.628 Kulbicki etal 2005172 Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.173 Chaetodon rafflesi Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.174 Chaetodon semeion Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Chaetodon spp.175 Chaetodon speculum Chaetodontidae 0.0664 2.693 Kulbicki etal 2005176 Chaetodon spp. Chaetodontidae 0.045 2.814 Kulbicki etal 2005177 Chaetodon trifascialis Chaetodontidae 0.0258 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005178 Chaetodon trifasciatus Chaetodontidae 0.0311 2.976 Kulbicki etal 2005179 Chaetodon ulietensis Chaetodontidae 0.0311 2.874 Kulbicki etal 2005180 Chaetodon unimaculatus Chaetodontidae 0.0533 2.833 Kulbicki etal 2005181 Chaetodon vagabundus Chaetodontidae 0.0278 2.973 Kulbicki etal 2005182 Chelmon rostratus Chaetodontidae 0.0091 3.208 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)183 Coradion chrysozonus Chaetodontidae 0.0468 2.758 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)184 Heniochus acuminatus Chaetodontidae 0.0247 3.106 Kulbicki etal 2005185 Heniochus chrysostomus Chaetodontidae 0.0161 3.262 Kulbicki etal 2005186 Heniochus monoceros Chaetodontidae 0.017 3.211 Kulbicki etal 2005187 Heniochus singularis Chaetodontidae 0.0487 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)188 Heniochus spp. Chaetodontidae 0.0252 3.082 Kulbicki etal 2005189 Heniochus varius Chaetodontidae 0.025 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)190 Chanos chanos Chanidae 0.0047 3.389 Kulbicki etal 2005191 Chirocentrus dorab Chirocentridae 0.0051 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005192 Cirrhitichtys falco Cirrhitidae 0.0033 3.849 Kulbicki etal 2005193 Paracirrhites forsteri Cirrhitidae 0.0033 3.849 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Cirrhitichtys falco194 Heteroclinus roseus Clinidae 0.0168 2.775 Kulbicki etal 2005195 Anodontostoma chacunda Clupeidae 0.0202 3.049 Kulbicki etal 2005196 Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus Clupeidae 0.0065 3.317 Kulbicki etal 2005197 Sardinella fijiensis Clupeidae 0.0163 2.971 Kulbicki etal 2005198 Conger cinereus Congridae 0.0008 3.127 Kulbicki etal 2005199 Muraenesox bagio Congridae 0.0026 2.824 Kulbicki etal 2005200 Dasyatis kuhlii Dasyatidae 0.0092 3.357 Kulbicki etal 2005201 Dasyatis spp. Dasyatidae 0.0094 3.352 Kulbicki etal 2005202 Himantura granulata Dasyatidae 0.0094 3.352 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Dasyatis spp.203 Taeniura lymma Dasyatidae 0.0094 3.352 Kulbicki etal 2005204 Diodon hystrix Diodontidae 0.1934 2.472 Kulbicki etal 2005205 Diodon spp. Diodontidae 0.0678 2.784 Kulbicki etal 2005206 Echeneis naucrates Echeneididae 0.0008 3.358 Kulbicki etal 2005207 Butis amboinensis Eleotrididae 0.0075 3.029 Kulbicki etal 2005208 Elops machnata Elopidae 0.0125 2.927 Kulbicki etal 2005209 Stolephorus spp. Engraulidae 0.0252 2.6 Kulbicki etal 2005210 Thryssina baelama Engraulidae 0.0028 3.586 Kulbicki etal 2005211 Platax batavianus Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005212 Platax boersi Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005213 Platax orbicularis Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005214 Platax pinnatus Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005215 Platax spp. Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005216 Platax teira Ephippidae 0.0443 2.951 Kulbicki etal 2005217 Fistularia commersonii Fistulariidae 0.0009 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)218 Fistularia petimba Fistulariidae 0.0003 3.205 Kulbicki etal 2005219 Fistularia spp. Fistulariidae 0.0005 3.048 Kulbicki etal 2005220 Gerres filamentosus Gerreidae 0.024 3.011 Kulbicki etal 2005221 Gerres ovatus Gerreidae 0.0229 3.005 Kulbicki etal 2005222 Gerres oyena Gerreidae 0.0095 3.337 Kulbicki etal 2005223 Gerres spp. Gerreidae 0.0194 3.07 Kulbicki etal 2005224 Nebrius ferrugineus Ginglymostomatidae 0.0013 3.508 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Carcharhinus spp.225 Amblygobius phalaena Gobiidae 0.0184 2.834 Kulbicki etal 2005226 Exyrias bellissimus Gobiidae 0.013 2.882 Kulbicki etal 2005227 Exyrias spp. Gobiidae 0.012 2.921 Kulbicki etal 2005228 Gnatholepis spp. Gobiidae 0.0175 2.827 Kulbicki etal 2005229 Gobiodon citrinus Gobiidae 0.0577 2.439 Kulbicki etal 2005230 Istigobius decoratus Gobiidae 0.018 2.777 Kulbicki etal 2005231 Istigobius ornatus Gobiidae 0.0098 3.108 Kulbicki etal 2005232 Istigobius spp. Gobiidae 0.0183 2.782 Kulbicki etal 2005233 Oxyurichthys papuensis Gobiidae 0.0126 2.91 Kulbicki etal 2005234 Oxyurichthys spp. Gobiidae 0.0134 2.903 Kulbicki etal 2005235 Priolepis cinctus Gobiidae 0.0153 3.008 Kulbicki etal 2005236 Valenciennea longipinnis Gobiidae 0.0054 3.136 Kulbicki etal 2005237 Valenciennea spp. Gobiidae 0.0104 2.859 Kulbicki etal 2005238 Diploprion bifasciatum Grammistidae 0.0089 3.278 Kulbicki etal 2005239 Diagramma melanacrum Haemulidae 0.0144 2.988 Kulbicki etal 2005240 Diagramma pictus Haemulidae 0.0144 2.988 Kulbicki etal 200533
241 Hemiramphus affinis Haemulidae 0.0007 3.575 Kulbicki etal 2005242 Hemirhamphus far Haemulidae 0.3298 1.831 Kulbicki etal 2005243 Other sweetlips Haemulidae 0.0217 2.898 Kulbicki etal 2005244 Plectorhinchus albovittatus Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005245 Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Haemulidae 0.0173 3.04 Kulbicki etal 2005246 Plectorhinchus chrysotaenia Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005247 Plectorhinchus gibbosus Haemulidae 0.0226 2.962 Kulbicki etal 2005248 Plectorhinchus lessonii Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005249 Plectorhinchus lineatus Haemulidae 0.0126 3.079 Kulbicki etal 2005250 Plectorhinchus obscurus Haemulidae 0.027 2.885 Kulbicki etal 2005251 Plectorhinchus picus Haemulidae 0.0115 3.089 Kulbicki etal 2005252 Plectorhinchus polytaenia Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005253 Plectorhinchus spp. Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005254 Plectorhinchus vittatus Haemulidae 0.0197 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005255 Pomadasys argenteus Haemulidae 0.0188 2.954 Kulbicki etal 2005256 Triaenodon obesus Hemigaleidae 0.0018 3.344 Kulbicki etal 2005257 Kuhlia marginata Holocentridae 0.0146 3.083 Kulbicki etal 2005258 Kuhliidae Kuhlia Holocentridae 0.016 3.034 Kulbicki etal 2005259 Myripristis amaena Holocentridae 0.0158 3.261 Kulbicki etal 2005260 Myripristis berndti Holocentridae 0.0277 3.003 Kulbicki etal 2005261 Myripristis hexagona Holocentridae 0.025 3.089 Kulbicki etal 2005262 Myripristis kuntee Holocentridae 0.0099 3.468 Kulbicki etal 2005263 Myripristis melanosticta Holocentridae 0.0292 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005264 Myripristis pralinia Holocentridae 0.0227 3.095 Kulbicki etal 2005265 Myripristis spp. Holocentridae 0.0276 3.03 Kulbicki etal 2005266 Myripristis violacea Holocentridae 0.0364 2.94 Kulbicki etal 2005267 Neoniphon argenteus Holocentridae 0.0317 2.823 Kulbicki etal 2005268 Neoniphon sammara Holocentridae 0.0276 2.888 Kulbicki etal 2005269 Neoniphon spp. Holocentridae 0.0288 2.867 Kulbicki etal 2005270 Plectrypops lima Holocentridae 0.0177 3.139 Kulbicki etal 2005271 Sargocentron diadema Holocentridae 0.0251 2.955 Kulbicki etal 2005272 Sargocentron rubrum Holocentridae 0.0275 2.998 Kulbicki etal 2005273 Sargocentron spiniferum Holocentridae 0.0154 3.119 Kulbicki etal 2005274 Sargocentron spp. Holocentridae 0.0219 3.047 Kulbicki etal 2005275 Kyphosus spp. Kyphosidae 0.0129 3.151 Kulbicki etal 2005276 Kyphosus vaigiensis Kyphosidae 0.02 3.037 Kulbicki etal 2005277 Amblyglyphidodon ternatensis Labridae 0.0144 3.33 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Amblyglyphidodon spp.278 Anampses caeruleopunctatus Labridae 0.0226 2.793 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Anampses spp.279 Anampses meleagrides Labridae 0.0226 2.793 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Anampses spp.280 Anampses spp. Labridae 0.0226 2.793 Kulbicki etal 2005281 Bodianus diana Labridae 0.0108 3.173 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Bodianus spp.282 Bodianus mesothorax Labridae 0.0108 3.173 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Bodianus spp.283 Bodianus perditio Labridae 0.0119 3.149 Kulbicki etal 2005284 Bodianus spp. Labridae 0.0108 3.173 Kulbicki etal 2005285 Cheilinus bimaculatus Labridae 0.0679 2.317 Kulbicki etal 2005286 Cheilinus chlorourus Labridae 0.0197 2.993 Kulbicki etal 2005287 Cheilinus fasciatus Labridae 0.0318 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)288 Cheilinus spp. Labridae 0.0155 3.058 Kulbicki etal 2005289 Cheilinus trilobatus Labridae 0.0162 3.059 Kulbicki etal 2005290 Cheilinus undulatus Labridae 0.0113 3.136 Kulbicki etal 2005291 Cheilio inermis Labridae 0.0035 3.082 Kulbicki etal 2005292 Choerodon anchorago Labridae 0.0151 3.122 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Choerodon graphicus293 Choerodon graphicus Labridae 0.0151 3.122 Kulbicki etal 2005294 Choerodon monostigma Labridae 0.0151 3.122 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Choerodon graphicus295 Choerodon schoenleini Labridae 0.0208 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)296 Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Coris spp.297 Cirrhilabrus spp. Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Coris spp.298 Coris aygula Labridae 0.0027 3.489 Kulbicki etal 2005299 Coris batuensis Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Coris spp.300 Coris gaimard Labridae 0.0172 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)301 Coris spp. Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005302 Diproctacanthus xanthurus Labridae 0.0076 3.105 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)303 Epibulus insidiator Labridae 0.0161 3.081 Kulbicki etal 2005304 Gomphosus varius Labridae 0.0244 2.703 Kulbicki etal 2005305 Halichoeres argus Labridae 0.0175 2.957 Kulbicki etal 2005306 Halichoeres chloropterus Labridae 0.016 2.87 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)307 Halichoeres chrysus Labridae 0.016 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Halichoeres spp.308 Halichoeres hortulanus Labridae 0.0222 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)309 Halichoeres margaritaceus Labridae 0.0182 3.0000 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)310 Halichoeres marginatus Labridae 0.0215 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)311 Halichoeres melanurus Labridae 0.0093 3.262 Kulbicki etal 2005312 Halichoeres prosopeion Labridae 0.016 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Halichoeres spp.313 Halichoeres richmondi Labridae 0.016 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Halichoeres spp.314 Halichoeres solorensis Labridae 0.016 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Halichoeres spp.315 Halichoeres spp. Labridae 0.016 2.987 Kulbicki etal 2005316 Halichoeres trimaculatus Labridae 0.0275 2.736 Kulbicki etal 2005317 Hemigymnus fasciatus Labridae 0.0289 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)318 Hemigymnus melapterus Labridae 0.0242 2.923 Kulbicki etal 2005319 Hologymnosus annulatus Labridae 0.0035 3.082 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Cheilio inermis320 Labrichthys unilineatus Labridae 0.0257 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)34
321 Labroides bicolor Labridae 0.0059 3.231 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Labroides bicolor322 Labroides dimidiatus Labridae 0.0059 3.231 Kulbicki etal 2005323 Labroides pectoralis Labridae 0.0059 3.231 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Labroides bicolor324 Labropsis alleni Labridae 0.0076 3.105 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Labropsis xanthonota325 Labropsis spp. Labridae 0.0076 3.105 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Labropsis xanthonota326 Macropharyngodon meleagris Labridae 0.0228 3 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Macropharyngodon geoffroy327 Macropharyngodon negrosensis Labridae 0.0228 3 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Macropharyngodon geoffroy328 Novaculichthys taeniourus Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Coris spp.329 Oxycheilinus celebicus Labridae 0.0201 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)330 Oxycheilinus digramma Labridae 0.0225 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)331 Oxycheilinus rhodochorus Labridae 0.0201 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Oxycheilinus celebicus332 Paracheilinus sp. Labridae 0.0065 3.254 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Coris spp.333 Pomacanthus semicirculatus Labridae 0.0286 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)334 Pseudocheilinus evanidus Labridae 0.0049 3.51 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)335 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Labridae 0.0366 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)336 Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia Labridae 0.0366 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Pseudocheilnus hexataenia337 Pseudodax mollucanus Labridae 0.0226 2.793 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Anampses spp.338 Stethojulis bandanensis Labridae 0.0304 2.581 Kulbicki etal 2005339 Stethojulis spp. Labridae 0.0185 2.892 Kulbicki etal 2005340 Stethojulis strigiventer Labridae 0.0191 2.876 Kulbicki etal 2005341 Stetholulis interrupta Labridae 0.0292 2.608 Kulbicki etal 2005342 Thalassoma amblycephalum Labridae 0.0172 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)343 Thalassoma hardwicke Labridae 0.0178 2.978 Kulbicki etal 2005344 Thalassoma lunare Labridae 0.0211 2.832 Kulbicki etal 2005345 Thalassoma lutescens Labridae 0.013 3.042 Kulbicki etal 2005346 Thalassoma spp. Labridae 0.0123 3.097 Kulbicki etal 2005347 Unid wrasse species 1 Labridae 0.0185 2.892 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Stethojullis sp.348 Unid wrasse species 2 Labridae 0.0185 2.892 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Stethojullis sp.349 Gazza minuta Leiognathidae 0.0327 2.876 Kulbicki etal 2005350 Leiognathus bindus Leiognathidae 0.0263 2.897 Kulbicki etal 2005351 Leiognathus equulus Leiognathidae 0.027 2.98 Kulbicki etal 2005352 Leiognathus fasciatus Leiognathidae 0.02 3.102 Kulbicki etal 2005353 Leiognathus leuciscus Leiognathidae 0.007 3.488 Kulbicki etal 2005354 Leiognathus rivulatus Leiognathidae 0.0192 3.008 Kulbicki etal 2005355 Leiognathus splendens Leiognathidae 0.0288 2.949 Kulbicki etal 2005356 Leiognathus spp. Leiognathidae 0.0157 3.187 Kulbicki etal 2005357 Secutor ruconius Leiognathidae 0.0268 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005358 Gnathodentex aurolineatus Lethrinidae 0.018 3.063 Kulbicki etal 2005359 Gymnocranius euanus Lethrinidae 0.0225 3.001 Kulbicki etal 2005360 Gymnocranius grandocculis Lethrinidae 0.032 2.885 Kulbicki etal 2005361 Gymnocranius sp. Lethrinidae 0.0276 2.933 Kulbicki etal 2005362 Gymnocranius spp. Lethrinidae 0.0302 2.909 Kulbicki etal 2005363 Lethrinus atkinsoni Lethrinidae 0.0178 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005364 Lethrinus genivittatus Lethrinidae 0.0179 2.995 Kulbicki etal 2005365 Lethrinus harak Lethrinidae 0.017 3.042 Kulbicki etal 2005366 Lethrinus lentjan Lethrinidae 0.0197 2.986 Kulbicki etal 2005367 Lethrinus miniatus Lethrinidae 0.0066 3.277 Kulbicki etal 2005368 Lethrinus nebulosus Lethrinidae 0.0187 2.996 Kulbicki etal 2005369 Lethrinus obsoletus Lethrinidae 0.0173 3.026 Kulbicki etal 2005370 Lethrinus olivaceus Lethrinidae 0.0294 2.851 Kulbicki etal 2005371 Lethrinus ravus Lethrinidae 0.0141 3.065 Kulbicki etal 2005372 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Lethrinidae 0.0128 3.108 Kulbicki etal 2005373 Lethrinus semicinctus Lethrinidae 0.0118 3.117 Kulbicki etal 2005374 Lethrinus spp. Lethrinidae 0.0165 3.043 Kulbicki etal 2005375 Lethrinus xanthochilus Lethrinidae 0.0201 2.964 Kulbicki etal 2005376 Monotaxis grandoculis Lethrinidae 0.023 3.022 Kulbicki etal 2005377 Monotaxis heterodon Lethrinidae 0.023 3.022 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used M. grandoculis378 Aprion virescens Lutjanidae 0.023 2.886 Kulbicki etal 2005379 Lutjanus adetii Lutjanidae 0.0071 3.261 Kulbicki etal 2005380 Lutjanus argentimaculatus Lutjanidae 0.028 2.844 Kulbicki etal 2005381 Lutjanus biguttatus Lutjanidae 0.0151 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005382 Lutjanus bohar Lutjanidae 0.0156 3.059 Kulbicki etal 2005383 Lutjanus carponotatus Lutjanidae 0.0151 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Lutjanus spp.384 Lutjanus decussatus Lutjanidae 0.0151 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005385 Lutjanus fulviflamma Lutjanidae 0.0205 2.96 Kulbicki etal 2005386 Lutjanus fulvus Lutjanidae 0.0211 2.974 Kulbicki etal 2005387 Lutjanus gibbus Lutjanidae 0.0131 3.138 Kulbicki etal 2005388 Lutjanus kasmira Lutjanidae 0.0084 3.247 Kulbicki etal 2005389 Lutjanus lutjanus Lutjanidae 0.0182 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005390 Lutjanus monostigma Lutjanidae 0.0222 2.913 Kulbicki etal 2005391 Lutjanus quinquelineatus Lutjanidae 0.0146 3.1 Kulbicki etal 2005392 Lutjanus rivulatus Lutjanidae 0.0084 3.26 Kulbicki etal 2005393 Lutjanus russelli Lutjanidae 0.0166 2.978 Kulbicki etal 2005394 Lutjanus sebae Lutjanidae 0.0116 3.152 Kulbicki etal 2005395 Lutjanus semicinctus Lutjanidae 0.004 3.428 Kulbicki etal 2005396 Lutjanus spp. Lutjanidae 0.0151 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005397 Lutjanus vitta Lutjanidae 0.00999 3.086 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)398 Lutjanus vittus Lutjanidae 0.0125 3.075 Kulbicki etal 2005399 Macolor macularis Lutjanidae 0.0211 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)400 Macolor niger Lutjanidae 0.0145 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)35
401 Symphorus nematophorus Lutjanidae 0.0147 3.046 Kulbicki etal 2005402 Symphorichthys spilurus Lutjanidae 0.0145 3.0000 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)403 Megalops cyprinoides Megalopidae 0.0122 3.033 Kulbicki etal 2005404 Microcanthus strigatus Microcanthidae 0.0526 2.818 Kulbicki etal 2005405 Paramonacanthus japonicus Microcanthidae 0.0219 2.889 Kulbicki etal 2005406 Manta sp Mobulidae 0.0164 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)407 Amanses scopas Monacanthidae 0.017 3.07 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Canthigaster pardalis408 Pseudalutarius nasicornis Monacanthidae 0.007 3.262 Kulbicki etal 2005409 Monodactylus argenteus Monodactylidae 0.0303 2.964 Kulbicki etal 2005410 Liza macrolepis Mugilidae 0.0144 3.014 Kulbicki etal 2005411 Liza melinoptera Mugilidae 0.0133 3.045 Kulbicki etal 2005412 Liza spp. Mugilidae 0.0141 3.023 Kulbicki etal 2005413 Mugil cephalus Mugilidae 0.0109 3.089 Kulbicki etal 2005414 Valamugil buchanani Mugilidae 0.0101 3.104 Kulbicki etal 2005415 Valamugil engeli Mugilidae 0.0058 3.287 Kulbicki etal 2005416 Valamugil seheli Mugilidae 0.0061 3.275 Kulbicki etal 2005417 Valamugil spp. Mugilidae 0.0088 3.148 Kulbicki etal 2005418 Mulloides flavolineatus Mullidae 0.012 3.101 Kulbicki etal 2005419 Mulloides spp. Mullidae 0.0074 3.293 Kulbicki etal 2005420 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Mullidae 0.0099 3.0150 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)421 Parupeneus barberinus Mullidae 0.0131 3.122 Kulbicki etal 2005422 Parupeneus bifasciatus Mullidae 0.0036 3.4510 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)423 Parupeneus ciliatus Mullidae 0.0116 3.22 Kulbicki etal 2005424 Parupeneus cyclostomus Mullidae 0.0243 3.0000 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)425 Parupeneus heptacanthus Mullidae 0.0169 3.078 Kulbicki etal 2005426 Parupeneus indicus Mullidae 0.0142 3.114 Kulbicki etal 2005427 Parupeneus multifasciatus Mullidae 0.0114 3.211 Kulbicki etal 2005428 Parupeneus spilurus Mullidae 0.0192 3.022 Kulbicki etal 2005429 Parupeneus spp. Mullidae 0.0145 3.13 Kulbicki etal 2005430 Upeneus australiae Mullidae 0.013 3.112 Kulbicki etal 2005431 Upeneus guttatus Mullidae 0.0218 2.883 Kulbicki etal 2005432 Upeneus moluccensis Mullidae 0.017 3.022 Kulbicki etal 2005433 Upeneus spp. Mullidae 0.0103 3.215 Kulbicki etal 2005434 Upeneus sulphureus Mullidae 0.0081 3.322 Kulbicki etal 2005435 Upeneus tragula Mullidae 0.0137 3.068 Kulbicki etal 2005436 Upeneus vittatus Mullidae 0.0072 3.354 Kulbicki etal 2005437 Echidna spp. Muraenidae 0.0003 3.352 Kulbicki etal 2005438 Gymnothorax fimbriatus Muraenidae 0.0004 3.324 Kulbicki etal 2005439 Gymnothorax javanicus Muraenidae 0.0005 3.303 Kulbicki etal 2005 used Gymnothorax spp.440 Gymnothorax spp. Muraenidae 0.0005 3.303 Kulbicki etal 2005441 Thyrsoidea macrura Muraenidae 0.0113 2.311 Kulbicki etal 2005442 Thyrsoidea spp. Muraenidae 0.0115 2.305 Kulbicki etal 2005443 Aetobatus narinari Myliobatidae 0.0059 3.13 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)444 Nemipterus furcosus Nemipteridae 0.006 3.357 Kulbicki etal 2005445 Nemipterus peroni Nemipteridae 0.0079 3.251 Kulbicki etal 2005446 Nemipterus spp. Nemipteridae 0.0068 3.307 Kulbicki etal 2005447 Pentapodus aureofasciatus Nemipteridae 0.0283 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Penatpodus caninus448 Pentapodus spp. Nemipteridae 0.0283 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Penatpodus caninus449 Pentapodus trivittatus Nemipteridae 0.0283 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Penatpodus caninus450 Scolopsis bilineatus Nemipteridae 0.0138 3.174 Kulbicki etal 2005451 Scolopsis ciliatus Nemipteridae 0.0641 2.48 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)452 Scolopsis margaritifer Nemipteridae 0.0157 3.054 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scolopsis spp.453 Scolopsis spp. Nemipteridae 0.0157 3.054 Kulbicki etal 2005454 Scolopsis taeniopterus Nemipteridae 0.0185 2.981 Kulbicki etal 2005455 Scolopsis temporalis Nemipteridae 0.0113 3.09 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)456 Opisthognathus spp. Opistognathidae 0.0231 2.452 Kulbicki etal 2005457 Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Orectolobidae 0.0038 3.06 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) used Rhynchobatus djiddensis458 Lactoria cornuta Ostraciidae 0.0065 3.168 Kulbicki etal 2005459 Lactoria spp. Ostraciidae 0.4029 1.928 Kulbicki etal 2005460 Ostracion cubicus Ostraciidae 0.1288 2.519 Kulbicki etal 2005461 Ostracion meleagris Ostraciidae 0.1288 2.519 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Ostracion cubicus462 Tetrosomus gibbosus Ostraciidae 0.182 2.369 Kulbicki etal 2005463 Parapercis cylindrica Pinguipedidae 0.0124 3 Kulbicki etal 2005464 Parapercis hexophtalma Pinguipedidae 0.0068 3.157 Kulbicki etal 2005465 Parapercis millipunctata Pinguipedidae 0.0133 2.943 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Parapercis spp.466 Parapercis spp. Pinguipedidae 0.0133 2.943 Kulbicki etal 2005467 Parapercis xanthozona Pinguipedidae 0.0133 2.89 Kulbicki etal 2005468 Cymbacephalus beauforti Platycephalidae 0.004 3.211 Kulbicki etal 2005469 Onigocia macrolepis Platycephalidae 0.0239 2.646 Kulbicki etal 2005470 Onigocia spinosa Platycephalidae 0.0352 2.465 Kulbicki etal 2005471 Thysanophrys chiltonae Platycephalidae 0.0027 3.347 Kulbicki etal 2005472 Assessor macneili Plesiopidae 0.0181 2.791 Kulbicki etal 2005473 Plesiops coeruleolineatus Plesiopidae 0.0067 3.496 Kulbicki etal 2005474 Polydactylus microstoma Polynemidae 0.0135 3.117 Kulbicki etal 2005475 Apolomichthys trimaculatus Pomacanthidae 0.0309 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Apolimichthyes arcuatus476 Centropyge bicolor Pomacanthidae 0.0415 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)477 Centropyge bispinosus Pomacanthidae 0.092 2.458 Kulbicki etal 2005478 Centropyge nox Pomacanthidae 0.0745 2.577 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Centropyge spp.479 Centropyge spp. Pomacanthidae 0.0745 2.577 Kulbicki etal 2005480 Centropyge tibicen Pomacanthidae 0.0492 2.795 Kulbicki etal 200536
481 Centropyge vroliki Pomacanthidae 0.0745 2.577 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Centropyge spp.482 Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus Pomacanthidae 0.0669 2.724 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus sextriatus483 Pomacanthus imperator Pomacanthidae 0.0276 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)484 Pomacanthus navarchus Pomacanthidae 0.0669 2.724 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus sextriatus485 Pomacanthus sextriatus Pomacanthidae 0.0669 2.724 Kulbicki etal 2005486 Pomacanthus xanthometopon Pomacanthidae 0.0669 2.724 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus sextriatus487 Pygoplites diacanthus Pomacanthidae 0.0276 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)488 Abudefduf bengalensis Pomacentridae 0.0226 3.132 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Abudefduf spp.489 Abudefduf sexfasciatus Pomacentridae 0.0213 3.152 Kulbicki etal 2005490 Abudefduf spp. Pomacentridae 0.0226 3.132 Kulbicki etal 2005491 Abudefduf whitleyi Pomacentridae 0.0254 3.093 Kulbicki etal 2005492 Amblyglyphidodon aureus Pomacentridae 0.0144 3.33 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Amblyglyphidodon spp.493 Amblyglyphidodon curacao Pomacentridae 0.0126 3.435 Kulbicki etal 2005494 Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster Pomacentridae 0.0297 2.936 Kulbicki etal 2005495 Amblyglyphidodon spp. Pomacentridae 0.0144 3.33 Kulbicki etal 2005496 Amphiprion akindynos Pomacentridae 0.0316 2.93 Kulbicki etal 2005497 Amphiprion clarkii Pomacentridae 0.0189 3.19 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Amphiprion spp.498 Amphiprion melanopus Pomacentridae 0.0155 3.298 Kulbicki etal 2005499 Amphiprion perideraion Pomacentridae 0.0189 3.19 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Amphiprion spp.500 Amphiprion spp. Pomacentridae 0.0189 3.19 Kulbicki etal 2005501 Amphiprion tricinctus Pomacentridae 0.0385 2.904 Kulbicki etal 2005502 Chromis alpha Pomacentridae 0.0229 3.175 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chromis spp.503 Chromis amboinensis Pomacentridae 0.0258 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)504 Chromis atripectoralis Pomacentridae 0.0179 3.291 Kulbicki etal 2005505 Chromis atripes Pomacentridae 0.0237 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)506 Chromis chrysura Pomacentridae 0.0228 3.222 Kulbicki etal 2005507 Chromis delta Pomacentridae 0.0229 3.175 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chromis spp.508 Chromis elerae Pomacentridae 0.0229 3.175 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chromis spp.509 Chromis fumea Pomacentridae 0.0144 3.351 Kulbicki etal 2005510 Chromis iomelas Pomacentridae 0.0151 3.383 Kulbicki etal 2005511 Chromis lepidolepis Pomacentridae 0.195 1.939 Kulbicki etal 2005512 Chromis margaritifer Pomacentridae 0.0229 3.175 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chromis spp.513 Chromis retrofasciatus Pomacentridae 0.009 2.773 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)514 Chromis spp. Pomacentridae 0.0229 3.175 Kulbicki etal 2005515 Chromis ternatensis Pomacentridae 0.016 3.408 Kulbicki etal 2005516 Chromis viridis Pomacentridae 0.0351 2.9 Kulbicki etal 2005517 Chromis weberi Pomacentridae 0.0391 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)518 Chromis xanthura Pomacentridae 0.009 2.773 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)519 Chrysiptera hemicyanea Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chrysiptera spp.520 Chrysiptera oxycephala Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chrysiptera spp.521 Chrysiptera rollandi Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chrysiptera spp.522 Chrysiptera spp. Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005523 Chrysiptera springeri Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chrysiptera spp.524 Chrysiptera talboti Pomacentridae 0.026 2.926 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chrysiptera spp.525 Chrysiptera taupou Pomacentridae 0.022 3.001 Kulbicki etal 2005526 Dascyllus aruanus Pomacentridae 0.0415 2.989 Kulbicki etal 2005527 Dascyllus reticulatus Pomacentridae 0.0311 3.133 Kulbicki etal 2005528 Dascyllus spp. Pomacentridae 0.0462 2.911 Kulbicki etal 2005529 Dascyllus trimaculatus Pomacentridae 0.0313 3.043 Kulbicki etal 2005530 Dischistodus perspicillatus Pomacentridae 0.0395 2.989 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Stegastes spp.531 Dischistodus prosopotaenia Pomacentridae 0.0395 2.989 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Stegastes spp.532 Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon Pomacentridae 0.0652 2.741 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Stegastes lividus533 Neoglyphidodon melas Pomacentridae 0.0175 3.212 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Neoglyphidodon spp.534 Neoglyphidodon nigroris Pomacentridae 0.0178 3.182 Kulbicki etal 2005535 Neoglyphidodon polyacanthus Pomacentridae 0.0206 3.146 Kulbicki etal 2005536 Neoglyphidodon spp. Pomacentridae 0.0175 3.212 Kulbicki etal 2005537 Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus Pomacentridae 0.0175 3.212 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Neoglyphidodon spp.538 Neopomacentrus azysron Pomacentridae 0.0258 2.943 Kulbicki etal 2005539 Neopomacentrus bankieri Pomacentridae 0.0258 2.933 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Neopomacentrus spp.540 Neopomacentrus filamentosus Pomacentridae 0.0258 2.933 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Neopomacentrus spp.541 Neopomacentrus nemurus Pomacentridae 0.0259 2.913 Kulbicki etal 2005542 Neopomacentrus spp. Pomacentridae 0.0258 2.933 Kulbicki etal 2005543 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis Pomacentridae 0.0612 2.747 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Plectroglyphidodon dickii544 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Pomacentridae 0.0612 2.747 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Plectroglyphidodon dickii545 Pomacentrus adelus Pomacentridae 0.0176 3.292 Kulbicki etal 2005546 Pomacentrus amboinensis Pomacentridae 0.0439 2.824 Kulbicki etal 2005547 Pomacentrus auriventris Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.548 Pomacentrus bankanensis Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.549 Pomacentrus brachialis Pomacentridae 0.0066 3.312 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.550 Pomacentrus chrysurus Pomacentridae 0.0264 3.083 Kulbicki etal 2005551 Pomacentrus cuneatus Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.552 Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.553 Pomacentrus imitator Pomacentridae 0.0102 3.469 Kulbicki etal 2005554 Pomacentrus lepidogenys Pomacentridae 0.0215 3.21 Kulbicki etal 2005555 Pomacentrus melanopterus Pomacentridae 0.0116 3.387 Kulbicki etal 2005556 Pomacentrus moluccensis Pomacentridae 0.0305 3.012 Kulbicki etal 2005557 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.558 Pomacentrus nigromanus Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.559 Pomacentrus opisthostigma Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.560 Pomacentrus pavo Pomacentridae 0.0252 2.972 Kulbicki etal 200537
561 Pomacentrus philippinus Pomacentridae 0.0231 3.058 Kulbicki etal 2005562 Pomacentrus reidi Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.563 Pomacentrus smithi Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.564 Pomacentrus sp. 2 Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.565 Pomacentrus sp. 3 Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.566 Pomacentrus sp. 5 Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.567 Pomacentrus sp. 6 Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.568 Pomacentrus sp. 7 Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pomacentrus spp.569 Pomacentrus spp. Pomacentridae 0.028 3.024 Kulbicki etal 2005570 Pomacentrus vaiuli Pomacentridae 0.0472 2.775 Kulbicki etal 2005571 Premnas biaculeatus Pomacentridae 0.0537 2.8860 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)572 Stegastes fasciatus Pomacentridae 0.0028 4.063 Kulbicki etal 2005573 Stegastes lividus Pomacentridae 0.0652 2.741 Kulbicki etal 2005574 Stegastes nigricans Pomacentridae 0.0384 3.01 Kulbicki etal 2005575 Stegastes spp. Pomacentridae 0.0395 2.989 Kulbicki etal 2005576 Teixeirichthys jordani Pomacentridae 0.0197 3.072 Kulbicki etal 2005577 Heteropriacanthus cruentatus Priacanthidae 0.0279 2.823 Kulbicki etal 2005578 Priacanthus hamrur Priacanthidae 0.03 2.801 Kulbicki etal 2005579 Pseudochromis purpurascens Pseudochromidae 0.0099 3.145 Kulbicki etal 2005580 Pseudochromis salvati Pseudochromidae 0.0218 2.752 Kulbicki etal 2005581 Pseudochromis spp. Pseudochromidae 0.0096 3.167 Kulbicki etal 2005582 Nemateleotris magnifica Ptereleotridae 0.0104 2.859 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Valenciennea spp.583 Ptereleotris evides Ptereleotridae 0.0104 2.859 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Valenciennea spp.584 Bolbometopon muricatum Scarini 0.0098 3.1329 Hamilton 2004585 Calatomus carolinus Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chlorurus sordidus586 Cetoscarus bicolor Scarini 0.01567017 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)587 Chlorurus bleekeri Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005588 Chlorurus bleekeri Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chlorurus sordidus589 Chlorurus bowersi Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chlorurus sordidus590 Chlorurus frontalis Scarini 0.0136 3.11 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)591 Chlorurus japanensis Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Chlorurus sordidus592 Chlorurus microrhinus Scarini 0.0273 2.93 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)593 Chlorurus sordidus Scarini 0.0243 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005594 Hipposcarus longiceps Scarini 0.0633 2.6184 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Hipposcarus spp.595 Leptoscarus vaigiensis Scarini 0.0163 2.991 Kulbicki etal 2005596 Scarus altipinnis Scarini 0.0184 3.029 Kulbicki etal 2005597 Scarus chameleon Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.598 Scarus dimidiatus Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.599 Scarus flavipectoralis Scarini 0.0202 2.9811 Hoey and Bellwood unpubl. data600 Scarus forsteni Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.601 Scarus frenatus Scarini 0.0279 3.06 Choat et al 1996602 Scarus ghobban Scarini 0.0165 3.041 Kulbicki etal 2005603 Scarus globiceps Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.604 Scarus niger Scarini 0.0134 3.16 Kulbicki etal 2005605 Scarus prasiognathus Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.606 Scarus psittacus Scarini 0.0105 3.319 Kulbicki etal 2005607 Scarus quoyi Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.608 Scarus rivulatus Scarini 0.0175 3.074 Kulbicki etal 2005609 Scarus rubroviolaceus Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.610 Scarus schlegeli Scarini 0.0231 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005611 Scarus spp. Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005612 Scarus tricolor Scarini 0.0234 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Scarus spp.613 Scatophagus argus Scatophagidae 0.0345 2.948 Kulbicki etal 2005614 Grammatorycnus bilineatus Scombridae 0.0099 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)615 Gymnosarda unicolor Scombridae 0.0105 3.065 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)616 Rastrelliger kanagurta Scombridae 0.0014 3.377 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)617 Scomberoides lysan Scombridae 0.0117 2.896 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)618 Scomberomorus commersoni Scombridae 0.0162 2.856 Kulbicki etal 2005619 Selaroides leptolepis Scombridae 0.017 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)620 Dendrochirus brachypterus Scorpaenidae 0.0097 3.337 Kulbicki etal 2005621 Pterois spp. Scorpaenidae 0.0358 2.697 Kulbicki etal 2005622 Scorpaenodes guamensis Scorpaenidae 0.0196 3.038 Kulbicki etal 2005623 Scorpaenodes parvipinnis Scorpaenidae 0.0254 2.999 Kulbicki etal 2005624 Scorpaenodes scabra Scorpaenidae 0.0245 2.96 Kulbicki etal 2005625 Scorpaenodes spp. Scorpaenidae 0.0169 3.138 Kulbicki etal 2005626 Scorpaenopsis spp. Scorpaenidae 0.0131 3.261 Kulbicki etal 2005627 Aethaloperca rogaa Serranidae 0.0299 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)628 Anyperodon leucogrammicus Serranidae 0.0014 3.548 Kulbicki etal 2005629 Cephalopholis argus Serranidae 0.0093 3.181 Kulbicki etal 2005630 Cephalopholis boenack Serranidae 0.0146 3.019 Kulbicki etal 2005631 Cephalopholis cyanostigma Serranidae 0.0115 3.109 Kulbicki etal 2005632 Cephalopholis leopardus Serranidae 0.0115 3.109 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Cephalopholis spp.633 Cephalopholis microprion Serranidae 0.0115 3.109 Kulbicki etal 2005634 Cephalopholis miniata Serranidae 0.0107 3.114 Kulbicki etal 2005635 Cephalopholis sexmaculata Serranidae 0.0115 3.109 Kulbicki etal 2005636 Cephalopholis sonnerati Serranidae 0.0066 3.277 Kulbicki etal 2005637 Cephalopholis spp. Serranidae 0.0115 3.109 Kulbicki etal 2005638 Cephalopholis urodeta Serranidae 0.0282 2.818 Kulbicki etal 2005639 Cromileptes altivelis Serranidae 0.0962 2.489 Kulbicki etal 2005640 Diploprion sp. Serranidae 0.0089 3.278 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Diplorion bifasciatum38
641 Epinephelus areolatus Serranidae 0.0114 3.048 Kulbicki etal 2005642 Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus Serranidae 0.018 2.938 Kulbicki etal 2005643 Epinephelus coioides Serranidae 0.0099 3.102 Kulbicki etal 2005644 Epinephelus cyanopodus Serranidae 0.0111 3.114 Kulbicki etal 2005645 Epinephelus fasciatus Serranidae 0.0138 3.041 Kulbicki etal 2005646 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Serranidae 0.0134 3.057 Kulbicki etal 2005647 Epinephelus hexagonatus Serranidae 0.0122 3.053 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Epinephalus spp.648 Epinephelus howlandi Serranidae 0.0153 2.999 Kulbicki etal 2005649 Epinephelus lanceolatus Serranidae 0.0173 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)650 Epinephelus macrospilos Serranidae 0.0132 3.031 Kulbicki etal 2005651 Epinephelus maculatus Serranidae 0.011 3.062 Kulbicki etal 2005652 Epinephelus malabaricus Serranidae 0.0121 3.052 Kulbicki etal 2005653 Epinephelus melanostigma Serranidae 0.0122 3.053 Kulbicki etal 2005654 Epinephelus merra Serranidae 0.0158 2.966 Kulbicki etal 2005655 Epinephelus ongus Serranidae 0.019 2.928 Kulbicki etal 2005656 Epinephelus polyphekadion Serranidae 0.0083 3.166 Kulbicki etal 2005657 Epinephelus rivulatus Serranidae 0.0114 3.086 Kulbicki etal 2005658 Epinephelus spp. Serranidae 0.0122 3.053 Kulbicki etal 2005659 Gracila albomarginata Serranidae 0.0122 3.053 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Epinephalus spp.660 Other grouper spp Serranidae 0.0134 3.031 Kulbicki etal 2005661 Plectropomus areolatus Serranidae 0.0115 3.0889 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)662 Plectropomus laevis Serranidae 0.0059 3.238 Kulbicki etal 2005663 Plectropomus leopardus Serranidae 0.0118 3.06 Kulbicki etal 2005664 Plectropomus maculatus Serranidae 0.0156 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)665 Plectropomus oligocanthus Serranidae 0.0132 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)666 Plectropomus spp. Serranidae 0.0107 3.086 Kulbicki etal 2005667 Pseudanthias hypselosoma Serranidae 0.0137 3.149 Kulbicki etal 2005668 Variola albimarginata Serranidae 0.0139 3.0427 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)669 Variola louti Serranidae 0.0122 3.079 Kulbicki etal 2005670 Pseudanthias huchti Serranidae/Anthiinae 0.0127 3.085 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)671 Pseudanthias tuka Serranidae/Anthiinae 0.0137 3.149 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pseudanthias hypselosoma672 Siganus argenteus Siganidae 0.0109 3.154 Kulbicki etal 2005673 Siganus canaliculatus Siganidae 0.0120 3.0110 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)674 Siganus corallinus Siganidae 0.0023 3.821 Kulbicki etal 2005675 Siganus doliatus Siganidae 0.0104 3.272 Kulbicki etal 2005676 Siganus fuscescens Siganidae 0.0137 3.068 Kulbicki etal 2005677 Siganus guttatus Siganidae 0.0219 2.998 Kulbicki etal 2005678 Siganus javus Siganidae 0.0219 2.998 Kulbicki etal 2005679 Siganus lineatus Siganidae 0.0219 2.998 Kulbicki etal 2005680 Siganus puellus Siganidae 0.0176 3.028 Kulbicki etal 2005681 Siganus punctatus Siganidae 0.0095 3.276 Kulbicki etal 2005682 Siganus punctatussimus Siganidae 0.0095 3.276 Kulbicki etal 2005683 Siganus spinus Siganidae 0.015 3.093 Kulbicki etal 2005684 Siganus spp. Siganidae 0.0145 3.122 Kulbicki etal 2005685 Siganus vulpinus Siganidae 0.0287 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)686 Sillago ciliata Sillaginidae 0.0028 3.396 Kulbicki etal 2005687 Sillago sihama Sillaginidae 0.0051 3.18 Kulbicki etal 2005688 Sillago spp. Sillaginidae 0.004 3.264 Kulbicki etal 2005689 Pardachirus pavoninus Soleidae 0.0078 3.218 Kulbicki etal 2005690 Acanthopagrus berda Sparidae 0.0224 3.044 Kulbicki etal 2005691 Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraenidae 0.0062 3.011 Kulbicki etal 2005692 Sphyraena flavicauda Sphyraenidae 0.0044 3.083 Kulbicki etal 2005693 Sphyraena forsteri Sphyraenidae 0.0053 3.034 Kulbicki etal 2005694 Sphyraena novaehollandiae Sphyraenidae 0.024 2.53 Kulbicki etal 2005695 Sphyraena obtusata Sphyraenidae 0.0257 2.588 Kulbicki etal 2005696 Sphyraena putnamiae Sphyraenidae 0.0075 2.931 Kulbicki etal 2005697 Sphyraena spp. Sphyraenidae 0.0058 3.013 Kulbicki etal 2005698 Sphyraena waitei Sphyraenidae 0.0089 2.855 Kulbicki etal 2005699 Sphyrnidae Sphyrna Sphyraenidae 0.0042 3.239 Kulbicki etal 2005700 Inimicus didactylus Synanceiidae 0.0232 2.865 Kulbicki etal 2005701 Hippocampus spp. Syngnathidae 0.0004 4.12 Kulbicki etal 2005702 Saurida gracilis Synodontidae 0.0066 3.165 Kulbicki etal 2005703 Saurida nebulosa Synodontidae 0.0058 3.214 Kulbicki etal 2005704 Saurida spp. Synodontidae 0.008 3.059 Kulbicki etal 2005705 Saurida undosquamis Synodontidae 0.0063 3.134 Kulbicki etal 2005706 Synodus dermatogenys Synodontidae 0.0047 3.346 Kulbicki etal 2005707 Synodus hoshinonis Synodontidae 0.0018 3.662 Kulbicki etal 2005708 Synodus spp. Synodontidae 0.0085 3.078 Kulbicki etal 2005709 Synodus variegatus Synodontidae 0.0031 3.484 Kulbicki etal 2005710 Terapon jarbua Teraponidae 0.0132 3.131 Kulbicki etal 2005711 Arothron hispidus Tetraodontidae 0.0634 2.756 Kulbicki etal 2005712 Arothron immaculatus Tetraodontidae 0.0351 2.845 Kulbicki etal 2005713 Arothron manillensis Tetraodontidae 0.0299 2.907 Kulbicki etal 2005714 Arothron nigropunctatus Tetraodontidae 0.0266 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)715 Arothron spp. Tetraodontidae 0.0352 2.901 Kulbicki etal 2005716 Arothron stellatus Tetraodontidae 0.0915 2.672 Kulbicki etal 2005717 Canthigaster papua Tetraodontidae 0.0424 2.822 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Canthigaster spp.718 Canthigaster solandri Tetraodontidae 0.0299 2.979 Kulbicki etal 2005719 Canthigaster spp. Tetraodontidae 0.0424 2.822 Kulbicki etal 2005720 Canthigaster valentini Tetraodontidae 0.0367 2.943 Kulbicki etal 2005721 Lagocephalus sceleratus Tetraodontidae 0.0182 2.924 Kulbicki etal 2005722 Trichiurus lepturus Trichiuruidae 0.0002 3.324 Kulbicki etal 2005723 Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus Trypauchenidae 0.0144 2.568 Kulbicki etal 2005724 Zanclus cornutus Zanclidae 0.0147 3.37 Kulbicki etal 200539
Appendix 3. Additional fish data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area.Figure a. Average total biomass (kg/ha) of commercial fish by monitoring year for the entire MPA.40
Figure b. Biomass of fish (kg/ha) recorded in long swim in Kofiau Marine Protected Area.Figure c. Density of fish (individuals/ha) recorded in long swim in Kofiau Marine Protected Area.41
Appendix 4. Additional benthic data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area.Coral cover (%)9080706050403020100Kampung DeerTampagulaTolobi 3TaroiukoyerWall Gebe BesarBaju LagoonDona karmalitaTanjung DeerHard Coral LiveGebe BesarSite nameFigure d. Average percentage coverage of hard coral live in all locations by monitoring year.Gebe KecilWaloBoo Barrier ReefWambong KecilTwanyauhnerYenpapirKor Mang KwanPamaliWarturenmyot…Jailolo Besar200920102011MaetYendot7060Hard Coral Live20092010Coral cover (%)504030201120100NTZ1 NTZ2 NTZ3 NTZ4 TUZ1 TUZ2ZonesFigure e. Average percentage coverage of hard coral live in all zones by monitoring year.42
Coral cover (%)4035302520151050CinaGebe KecilTwanyauhnerWameiTanjung LampuTapordokerWarmariarTolobi 1TaupadwarSoft CoralWarmaretYenpapirWalo southSite nameBoo Barrier ReefYenimfanTaroiukoyerTolobi 3TampagulaTolobi 2Figure f. Average percentage coverage of soft coral in all locations by monitoring year.Huriba200920102011Walo BommoesDona karmalitaCoral cover (%)10.80.60.4Bleached Coral 2009201020110.20NTZ1 NTZ2 NTZ3 NTZ4 TUZ1 TUZ2ZonesFigure g. Average percentage coverage of bleached coral in each zone in Kofiau Marine Protected Area.43
Indonesia Marine ProgramThe Nature ConservancyJl Pengembak 2Sanur 80228, BaliIndonesiaAsia Pacific Resource Centre245 Riverside DriveWest End, QLD 4101Australia
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