The Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries Catches of the Pitcairn Island ...

The Marine Biodiversity and 

Fisheries Catches of 

the Pitcairn Island Group

THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND 

FISHERIES CATCHES OF 

THE PITCAIRN ISLAND GROUP 

M.L.D. Palomares, D. Chaitanya, S. Harper, D. Zeller and D. Pauly 

A report prepared for the Global Ocean Legacy project of the Pew Environment Group 

by the Sea Around Us Project 

Fisheries Centre 

The University of British Columbia 

2202 Main Mall 

Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................. 2 

Daniel Pauly 

RECONSTRUCTION OF TOTAL MARINE FISHERIES CATCHES 

FOR THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS (1950-2009) ...................................................................................... 3 

Devraj Chaitanya, Sarah Harper and Dirk Zeller 

DOCUMENTING THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 

THROUGH FISHBASE AND SEALIFEBASE ..................................................................................... 10 

Maria Lourdes D. Palomares, Patricia M. Sorongon, Marianne Pan, Jennifer C. Espedido, Lealde 

U. Pacres, Arlene Chon and Ace Amarga 

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................... 23 

APPENDIX 1: FAO AND RECONSTRUCTED CATCH DATA ......................................................................................... 23 

APPENDIX 2: TOTAL RECONSTRUCTED CATCH BY MAJOR TAXA ............................................................................. 24 

APPENDIX 3: FISH SPECIES OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS FROM FISHBASE ............................................................. 25 

APPENDIX 4: METAZOAN SPECIES OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS FROM SEALIFEBASE ............................................ 30 

APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES USED IN ASSIGNING SPECIES TO THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS ........................................... 37 

1

Foreword, D. Pauly 

FOREWORD 

To Westerners, the Pitcairn Islands evoke the tropical South Pacific, palm trees swaying under the sun— 

all false memories, planted there by the various film versions of the ‘Mutiny of the Bounty’. Pitcairn did 

figure in this, as the place where some of the mutineers and their Polynesian partners—altogether 27 

adults and a baby—sought refuge. However, two of the four islands in the Pitcairn group—Pitcairn proper 

and Henderson—are high islands and only Ducie and Oeno are atolls. Moreover, the entire group is 

subtropical, and sufficiently isolated to have been unpopulated when, in 1790, modern settlement was 

initiated. 

After various tribulations, the human population—limited to Pitcairn Island—increased, however, and 

peaked at 233 in 1937, after which it experienced a steady decline which continues to this day, with many 

Pitcairners emigrating to New Zealand. The local subsistence fisheries of Pitcairn are therefore among the 

few fisheries of the world with declining fishing effort, as documented in the chapter on fisheries 

contained in this report. 

The small population and remoteness of the Pitcairn Islands, however, did not preclude the study of its 

marine biodiversity, and numerous ichthyologists documented the fishes of the archipelago. In fact, our 

coverage of the fishes of the Pitcairn Islands is complete as far as we can infer from the literature at hand, 

as documented in the chapter on marine biodiversity. As for the other vertebrates—marine mammals and 

seabirds, our coverage is probably also complete; it is for the invertebrates that we expect gaps to occur. 

Overall, we have, however, a good idea of the marine biodiversity of the Pitcairn group of islands—and it is 

worth protecting against the type of fisheries that have elsewhere been doing so much damage. 

Daniel Pauly 

Principal Investigator 

Sea Around Us Project 

Vancouver, 26 October 2011 

2

The Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries Catches of the Pitcairn Island Group 

RECONSTRUCTION OF TOTAL MARINE FISHERIES CATCHES 

FOR THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS (1950-2009) 1 

Devraj Chaitanya, Sarah Harper and Dirk Zeller 

Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 

2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; 

d.chaitanya@fisheries.ubc.ca; s.harper@fisheries.ubc.ca; d.zeller@fisheries.ubc.ca 

ABSTRACT 

Here, total marine catches were estimated for the Pitcairn Islands for 1950-2009. A catch reconstruction 

method was used to estimate both subsistence (non-commercial) and artisanal (commercial) catches. Our 

reconstruction indicates that from 1950-2009, Pitcairn Islands’ marine catches were more than six times 

greater than the data reported by the FAO on behalf of the Pitcairn Islands would suggest. This is likely 

due to artisanal catches and changes in human population levels that were not accounted for by the data 

provided to the FAO. Overall, our results determined that the reconstructed catches for the Pitcairn 

Islands, which include subsistence and artisanal sector catches, totaled 1,016 tonnes for the period 1950- 

2009, or 28 t·year -1 in 1950, declining to 13 t·year -1 by 2009. 

INTRODUCTION 

Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno are four small islands, which jointly comprise the Pitcairn Island 

group. The islands are located in the central South Pacific roughly 5,300 km from New Zealand and 

6,400 km from Chile (Steinberg and McDowell, 2003). The closest land to the Pitcairn Island group is 

French Polynesia, which is approximately 2,000 km to the Northwest (Adams and Langley, 2005). Due to 

remoteness and erratic weather conditions, the most accessible route to the Pitcairn’s is from the nearest 

inhabited island of Mangareva (over 483 km away) in French Polynesia. Pitcairn Island is only accessible 

by boat though there is no good harbor or beach, and steep cliffs and tumultuous waters make landings 

difficult (Johnson, 2007). There is no air strip on the island and air transportation is problematic due to 

the island’s position at the intersection of two major wind fronts (Steinberg and McDowell, 2003). The 

Pitcairn Island group is the last remaining British Overseas Territory in the Pacific. Pitcairn Island 

became a British dependency on November 29, 1838 (Nicolson, 1965). Henderson Island, Oeno Atoll, and 

Ducie Atoll were included in the dependency in 1938 (Chapman, 2004), but are uninhabited. Presently, 

the Pitcairn Island group is administered by the British High Commissioner to New Zealand with the 

assistance of an Island Council which is locally elected on Pitcairn Island (Steinberg and McDowell, 

2003). 

The Pitcairn Islands are located between 23º-26º S and 124º-131º W. The four islands combined have a 

total land area of about 47 km 2 and a total EEZ area of approximately 836,000 km 2 of subtropical ocean. 23 

International waters encircle most of the Pitcairn Islands EEZ with the exception of a shared western EEZ 

border with French Polynesia (Adams and Langley, 2005). 

Topographically, Pitcairn is the only volcanic island of the Island group, rising approximately 300 m 

above sea level (Sharples, 1994). The island experiences a subtropical climate with mean monthly 

temperatures ranging from 24°C in January to 19°C in July, and an average annual rainfall of about 

2,000 mm. (Sharples, 1994). Natural hazards such as cyclones generally occur between November and 

March. 2 

1 Cite as: Chaitanya, D., Harper, S., Zeller, D., 2011. Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the Pitcairn Islands. In: 

Palomares, M.L.D., Chaitanya, D., Harper, S., Zeller, D., Pauly, D. (eds.), The Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries Catches of the 

Pitcairn Islands, p. 3-9. A report prepared for the Global Ocean Legacy project of the Pew Environment Group. The Sea Around 

project, Fisheries Centre, UBC, Vancouver, Canada. 

2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pc.html; Accessed on August 4, 2011 

3 http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/612.aspx; Accessed on August 6, 2011 

3

Reconstruction of fisheries catches, Chaitanya et al. 

Henderson is a raised coralline limestone atoll situated approximately 169 km from Pitcairn (Sharples, 

1994). In 1989, Henderson Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a bird sanctuary. Four 

species of birds are unique to the Island, namely: the Henderson fruit dove (Ptilinopus insularis), 

Henderson rail (Porzana atra), Henderson warbler (Acrocephalus taiti), and Henderson lorikeet (Vini 

stepheni). 4 Henderson Island is uninhabited, arid, has only one known freshwater source and is 

considered the only pristine, forested atoll in the world. Brooke et al. (2004) note that the island has been 

estimated to have existed for about 380,000 years and it is presumed that the caves on the island were 

occupied by its ancient Polynesian inhabitants. Presently, Henderson serves the people of Pitcairn as an 

economic resource supply center for the harvesting of miro and tou trees. These miro and tou trees are 

mainly used for the carving of curios, which are eventually sold to visitors and cruise ship passengers. The 

curios are considered essential to the economic well-being of the islanders (Brooke et al., 2004). Oeno 

and Ducie are the other two uninhabited atolls that are seldom visited and they generally remain 

undisturbed. 

Of the four islands, only Pitcairn is presently inhabited. Historically, archaeological evidence indicates the 

occupation of the island by Polynesian people from about 1000-1300 A.D. (Johnson, 2007). Currently, the 

island is inhabited by mostly seventh generation descendants of Fletcher Christian, eight other HMS 

Bounty mutineers, twelve Tahitian women and six Tahitian men. 5 The population of Pitcairn is almost 

entirely concentrated in the capital of Adamstown, named after the iconic leader John Adams, eventually 

the leader of the original 1790 settlement. The Island itself is named after Major Pitcairn of the British 

Marines. 4 

Historically, Pitcairn’s economy was based on subsistence agriculture (including crops such as coffee, 

bananas, sweet potatoes, taro, oranges and sugar cane), philately, and sale of handicrafts and fish. 3 Most 

products were sold to passing ships traveling between New Zealand and Panama (Adams and Langley, 

2005). For decades, Pitcairn’s economic strategy has emphasized the marketable image of Pitcairn being a 

‘postage stamp republic’, or a market for stamp collectors (Steinberg and McDowell, 2003). The sale of 

stamps has been and still is a major source of the country’s revenue. However, with the advent of the 

digital revolution and the development of internet and email, the Pitcairn philately-based economy has 

proven to be no longer sufficient to sustain the economic independence of the tiny island of forty-eight 

people 4 . The use of postage stamps has died out mainly due to email services (Pitcairn Miscellany, 2006). 

Leslie Jaques, the former New Zealand based Commissioner of Pitcairn Island has reported that the 

financial situation on Pitcairn Island is severe. He states that, “Pitcairn is now officially under Budgetary 

Aid to maintain the island [which has] lost approximately NZ$1.6million over the last four years” (Maple, 

2004). With an annual budget of approximately NZ$1 Million, Pitcairn continues to generate revenue 

from the sale of postage stamps and a recent phenomenon has been the sale of internet domain addresses 

particularly the issuing of its ccTLD (country code Top Level Domain) ‘.PN’. However, lack of easy 

accessibility, entrepreneurship, infrastructure, distance from foreign markets, small domestic market, and 

inadequate policies towards business make the Pitcairn economic outlook less encouraging (Hannesson, 

2008). Moreover, a perceived lack of facilities, activities and attractions on the island, in addition to 

tumultuous waters and unpredictable weather stigmatize and hinder Pitcairn’s tourism image (Amoamo, 

2011). Therefore, the island council has taken action and initiated Keynesian economic projects on the 

island, which address infrastructure issues for the purposes of stimulating the tourism sector. Upgrades of 

Bounty Bay (the only landing site for visitors), reconstruction of the Hill of Difficulty, the jetty and the 

slipway are examples of such projects (Maple, 2004). Moreover, recent free trade and tourism agreements 

between Pitcairn and French Polynesia are expected to stimulate the economy (Maple, 2004). In addition, 

news of a Japanese company interested in purchasing an order of 1,000 units of Pitcairn Island honey as 

well as other Pitcairn produce may encourage the agricultural sector to consider increasing commercial 

production for purposes of increasing revenue (Maple, 2004). Overall, Pitcairners are expecting that 

future projects including fishing, honey production and eco-tourism will improve the island’s current 

fiscal condition to a state of ‘self-sufficiency’ (Maple, 2004). 

4 

http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140428/pitcairn_islands_pitcairn_henderson_ducie_and_o/; 

Accessed on August 7, 2011 

5 http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/pitcairn/index.shtml; Accessed on August 3, 2011 

4


Pitcairn’s economic potential is great. For example, minerals including manganese, iron, copper, gold, 

silver and zinc, have been discovered within the exclusive economic zone. However, the labor force to 

exploit this ocean region is insufficient and the monetary resources required to produce a domestic 

mining industry are far greater than the Pitcairn budget. Contracting foreign companies and charging 

access fees may be a possible avenue for revenue generation and industrial development of ocean 

resources. 

In this paper, we focus on Pitcairn’s fisheries sector. Pitcairn, like many of the other Pacific Island 

countries, has a tradition of eating fish. As a result of remoteness and limited opportunities for earning 

income this has led to almost all fishing to be subsistence fishing (Gillett, 2009). More importantly, 

Pitcairn still depends on fresh fish to provide the majority of the animal protein required for good 

nutrition (Bell et al., 2009). The expansion of Pitcairn’s fisheries sector for economic development is a 

topic of great interest, especially since future forecasts do not expect food security issues for the island 

(Gillett, 2009). 

In a region defined by an abundance of tuna, a pelagic fishery would seem to be the most applicable 

industry for economic stimulation. However, Adams and Langley (2005) argue that tuna fisheries or 

coastal fisheries in general will not be sufficient for Pitcairn Island to sustain economic independence. 

Moreover, it is not a sustainable approach to economic independence (Adams and Langley, 2005). Due to 

subtropical waters, weather, and ocean hydrology, pelagic fish catches are not high, specifically because of 

markets being difficult to access, and the fact that Pitcairn “has a small area of fishable shelf” (Adams and 

Langley, 2005). Moreover, the likelihood of a substantial fishery for skipjack and yellowfin is low (Adams 

and Langley, 2005). Therefore, Adams and Langley (2005) conclude that the Pitcairn zone cannot support 

any significant pole-and-line or purse-seine fisheries. In addition, they state that it will not be profitable 

for the Pitcairn government to invest in commercial fisheries since it entails large investment and 

maintenance costs that will more likely harm than stimulate the economy. Moreover, fish catching is only 

a part of a fishery’s processes. The other major part is the transformation of fish into a ‘saleable product,’ 

in addition to the careful handling and transportation of the product to foreign markets (Hannesson, 

2008). 

Overall, the general purpose of this study is for the identification of information gaps in the FAO reported 

fisheries catches for the Pitcairn Islands. The specific purpose of this study is to estimate the total 

fisheries catches for Pitcairn Islands from 1950-2009, including all fisheries sectors (i.e., subsistence and 

artisanal catches). As previously mentioned, almost all catches on Pitcairn Island are subsistence catches 

(Gillett, 2009). The resources available to provide estimates of subsistence catches are limited, and our 

approach is an assumption based approach using information found in the academic and grey literature. 

This report presents the best estimate of all small-scale catches and artisanal landings for the Pitcairn 

Islands from 1950-2009. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Human population data 

Human population data were derived from the Pitcairn Study Centre census database. Years between 

census points were interpolated linearly to estimate population time series (Figure 1). Pitcairn Island is 

the only inhabited island in the Pitcairn Island Group 4 , and fluctuations in the population are explained 

through historical analysis. The main driver of island population fluctuations is determined by 

environmental factors including: unsustainable resource exploitation, limited land area, resource 

depletion, insufficient governance practices, and inability to sustain subsistence level of food security. 4 

Demographics, including an aging population base, declining population, and emigration also play a 

substantial role in population fluctuations (Amoamo, 2011). 

5


Presently, 

29% of the island population is 

over 60 years of age with Mr. Len Carlyle 

Brown being the oldest 

Pitcairn resident at 

age 85. 4 The aging population base has 

resulted in the Pitcairn Island labor force 

being limited to “8 or 9 hard core fishers” 

in addition to 3 or 

4 regular fishers 

(Gillett, 2009). Moreover, “women and 

men fished regularly 

from the rocks, 

mainly for a fish locally called nanwi 

[Kyphosus bigibbus], 

for the evening 

meal” (Gillett, 2009). As of 2011, only 48 

inhabitants reside on Pitcairn Island, 

mostly seventh generation descendants of 

the Bounty mutineers. 

1 Depopulation as a 

result of outmigration, predominantly to 

New Zealand, has led 

to the population 

declining from a peak of 233 in 1937 to 60 

residents in 2009, to its present 

population of 48 (Figure 1). 

Figure 1. Population estimatess for Pitcairn Island, 1950-2009. 

Subsistence Fisheries 

Both the academic and 

grey literature was thoroughly reviewed for data pertaining to subsistence fisheries 

in Pitcairn Island. Per 

capita catch 

data referring to subsistence and artisanal fishing were found for 

Pitcairn Island. Most information on fisheries and subsistence and artisanal catches, was derivedd from 

Gillett (2009), Sharples (1994), Adams and Langley (2005) and Dalzell ett al. (1996). According to Gillett 

(2009), subsistence fishing produces the majority of all the fish consumed. Consumption is estimated at 

140 kg·person-1·year-1 

(Gillett, 2009). Gillett (2009) estimates that if the population of Pitcairn 

was 

50 inhabitants, the 140 

kg per capita annual consumption would result in a subsistencee catch of 7 t·year -1 . 

Dalzell et 

al. (1996) notes that Pitcairn’s annual subsistence fisheries production was 8 t in the early 

1990s. 

Our methodology, consisting of using the consumption information derived from Gillett (2009) for 

Pitcairn Island, was us 

140 kg·person -1·year sed to estimate the total subsistence catch for the island. The consumption rate of 

-1 was held fixed back to 1950. Once thee total subsistence catch for the island 

was 

derived, we estimated the taxonomic composition with information from Gillett (2009), Sharples (1994), 

Adams and Langley (2005) and Dalzell et al. (1996). 

Adams and Langley (2005), Dalzell et al. (1996) and Sharpless (1994) present counts of 

individual taxa on 

the Pitcairn Islands, which provides 

general information pertaining to subsistence fishing. This aided the 

formulation of our assumptions and provided detailed information on taxa found in and around the 

Pitcairn Islands. These data were used to create an assumed taxonomicc composition 

of reconstructed 

subsistence catches (Table 1). Note however thatt Palomares et al. (this volume) presents a more detailed 

taxonomic checklist of the marine biodiversity of 

the Pitcairn Islands. 

Artisanal Fisheries 

Most information from 

the literature pertaining to artisanal fisheries catches is derived from Gillett 

(2009) who estimates that the catch 

taken for commercial purposes is approximately 5 t. Many artisanal 

fishers sell catches to the occasional passing cruise ships andd private yachts. Sharples (1994) reports that 

the standard price of 

all fish was 

NZ$5 per kg. Accordingg to Gillett (2009), in the year 2007, the 

commercial catch of 5 t was worth NZ$51,000. We assumed this catch volume was constant over the 

time 

period. 

6


Table 1. Taxonomic composition of subsistence and artisanal catches on 

Pitcairn Island as informed by Adams and Langley (2005), Dalzell et al. 

(1996) and Sharples (1994). 

Taxon name 

Percentage of 

total subsistence 

catch (%) 

Percentage of 

total artisanal 

catch (%) 

Kyphosus bigibbus 20 – 

Other Kyphosidae 10 – 

Epinephelus fasciatus 20 – 

Variola louti – 20 

Other Serranidae 10 10 

Etelis carbunculus – 20 

Pristipomoides spp. – 20 

Other Lutjanidae 10 10 

Scyllarides spp. 5 5 

Panulirus penicillatus 5 5 

Miscellaneous Invertebrates 10 – 

Miscellaneous Marine Fishes 10 10 

RESULTS 

Subsistence catches 

Overall subsistence catches totaled 716 t for the period of 1950-2009 (Figure 2, upper panel). Subsistence 

catches declined throughout this period due to a declining population. Fluctuations in estimated catches 

over this time period are entirely due to population fluctuations, with average catch declining from 

22 t·year -1 to approximately 8 t·year -1 by 2009 (Figure 2, upper panel). 

Subsistence catches were dominated by the blacktip grouper, Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) and 

the brown chub, Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepède, 1801. Snappers (Lutjanidae), other groupers (Serranidae), 

Miscellaneous Marine Fishes (MMF), other sea chubs (Kyphosidae), and Miscellaneous Invertebrates 

(MI) also provided substantial amounts of catch (Figure 2, lower panel). Other species caught include 

lobsters of the genus Scyllarides, and the pronghorn spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier, 1791) 

(Figure 2, lower panel). 

Artisanal catches 

Artisanal catches totaled 300 t over the 1950-2009 period (Figure 2, upper panel). Transportation issues, 

erratic weather patterns, rough seas and a lack of tourist accessibility to the island have contributed to the 

absence of substantial artisanal catches over this period, however, such inter-annual variability are not 

represented in our data. Amoamo (2011) estimates that about 40 cruise ships pass the Pitcairn Islands, 

however, only 8-10 ships stop at Pitcairn. Consequently, this produces a total of 2,500 to 3,000 visitors 

during the October to March cruise season (Amoamo, 2011). The immediate result of this lack of 

transportation infrastructure is its negative impact on tourism, which has further restrained the 

development of Pitcairn Island artisanal fisheries (Amoamo, 2011). 

Artisanal catches were dominated taxonomically by the yellow-edged lyretail, Variola louti (Forsskål, 

1775), deep-water red snapper, Etelis carbunculus Cuvier, 1828, and jobfishes (Pristipomoides spp.). 

Other groupers (Serranidae), other snappers (Lutjanidae), Panulirus penicillatus, and Scyllarides spp. 

also contributed to catch (Figure 2, lower panel). 

7


30 

Catches (t) 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

Subsistence 

Artisanal 

As supplied to 

FAO 

0 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 

30 

25 

Year 

Catches (t) 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 

Year 

Figure 2. Upper panel: Total reconstructed catch (subsistence and commercial 

catches combined) for Pitcairn Island compared to the total catches presented by the 

FAO, 1950-2009. Lower panel: Breakdown of reconstructed catch by fish groups. 

Total reconstructed catches 

Overall reconstructed catches for Pitcairn Island, which included subsistence and artisanal sector catches 

totaled 1,016 t for the period 1950-2009 (Figure 2, upper panel). This catch total was more than six times 

the 158 t reported to FAO on behalf of Pitcairn Island for the same time period. Subsistence catches 

dominated with approximately 70% of total catches being subsistence and 30% being commercial over the 

1950-2009 time period. Subsistence catches dominated during the 1950s when the population was 

around 160 people, representing approximately 82% of the total reconstructed catch compared to 18% 

commercial catch for that decade. 

8


Foreign fleets in the Pitcairn Islands EEZ 

Adams and Langley (2005) note that Taiwan, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and France (via French 

Polynesia) have been long-line fishing in the area of the Pitcairn Islands EEZ. Gillett (2009) informs us 

that there is only one accessible document noting the allowance of foreign vessels in the Pitcairn Islands 

EEZ. The agreement identifies 20 Japanese tuna long-line vessels as legal foreign based fleets within the 

Pitcairn Islands EEZ (Gillett, 2009). 

Presently, according to Gillett (2009) based on personal communication with a Mr. D. Evans, a contract 

between Pitcairn Island and an unspecified agent led to the issuing of a license for a long-liner to fish in 

Pitcairn waters for a fee of NZ$1000 (Gillett, 2009). 

DISCUSSION 

Our estimate of total catches for Pitcairn Island was 1,016 t for the period 1950-2009. This reconstructed 

catch total was more than six times the amount presented by FAO on behalf of Pitcairn Island for the 

same time period. In our reconstruction, approximately 300 t of commercial catches and approximately 

558 t of subsistence catches were added to the FAO data. 

Overall, Pitcairn faces as its major challenges the fundamental survival of its population. With a 

continuing ageing of the population base and associated out-migration of young people, the likelihood of 

long-term habitation of Pitcairn is put into question. Thus, it is likely that total catches may continue to 

remain low or further decline. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This is a product of the Sea Around Us Project, a scientific collaboration between the University of British 

Columbia and the Pew Environment Group. 

REFERENCES 

Adams, T., Langley, A., 2005. The Potential for Development of Fisheries in the Pitcairn EEZ. Secretariat of the Pacific Community 

Marine Resources Division, Noumea, 1-79 p. 

Amoamo, M., 2011. Remoteness and Myth Making: Tourism Development on Pitcairn Island. Tourism Planning & Development 8, 

1-19. 

Bell, J.D., Kronen, M., Vunisea, A., Nash, W.J., Keeble, G., Demmke, A., Pontifex , S., Andrefouet, S., 2009. Planning the use of fish 

for food security in the Pacific. Marine Policy 33, 64-76. 

Brooke, M.D.L., Hepburn, I., Trevelyan, R.J., 2004. Henderson Island World Heritage Site: Management Plan 2004 - 2009. Foreign 

and Commonwealth Office London, i-ii + 42 p. 

Chapman, L., 2004. Nearshore Domestic Fisheries Development in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Secretariat of the Pacific 

Community, Noumea, 161-164 p. 

Dalzell, P., Adams, T.J.H., Polunin, N.V.C., 1996. Coastal Fisheries in the Pacific Islands. Oceanography and Marine Biology 34, 

395–531. 

Gillett, R., 2009. Fisheries in the Economies of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Asia Development Bank, Manila, 263- 

268 p. 

Hannesson, R., 2008. The exclusive economic zone and economic development in the Pacific island countries. Marine Policy 32, 

886-897. 

Johnson, C.K., 2007. Success and Struggles of Small Island Museums in Polynesia with Special Reference to Pitcairn Island. Master 

of Arts in Anthropology Dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno i-ix + 110 p. 

Maple, M., 2004. Special Council Meeting. pp. 1 - 4 in The Pitcairn Miscellany. 

Nicolson, R., 1965. The Pitcairners. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 222 p. 

Sharples, P., 1994. Pitcairn Island Fisheries Resource Survey—1994 Observer Trip Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 

Noumea, 50 p. 

Steinberg, E.P., McDowell, S.D., 2003. Mutiny on the bandwidth: the semiotics of statehood in the internet domain name registries 

of Pitcairn Island and Niue. New Media &Society 5, 47-67. 

9

Marine biodiversity, Palomares et al. 

DOCUMENTING THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 

THROUGH FISHBASE AND SEALIFEBASE 1 

Maria Lourdes D. Palomares 

Sea Around Us Project, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 

2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; m.palomares@fisheries.ubc.ca 

Patricia M. Sorongon, Marianne Pan, Jennifer C. Espedido, 

Lealde U. Pacres, Arlene Chon and Ace Amarga 

The SeasLifeBase Project, FishBase Information and Research Group, 

Khush Hall, IRRI, Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 

ABSTRACT 

Island ecosystems, because of their small size and isolation, are vulnerable to the smallest of 

environmental changes. Most island ecosystems have been impacted by human activity including that of 

the Pitcairn Island group, one of the fewplaces where marine biodiversity is in relatively good shape. 

Though overall species diversity is relatively poor, we established, through published documentation via 

two global biodiversity information systems (FishBase and SeaLifeBase) that the Pitcairn Islands is host 

to at least 320 bony fishes, 8 sharks, at least 50 vertebrates (whales, dolphins, sea turtles and sea birds), 

and at least 450 invertebrates and 10 species of macrophytes. This preliminary list of marine species and 

the bibliography used to assign them to the Pitcairn Islands are provided. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Pitcairn group of islands (Pitcairn Island, Henderson Island, Oeno and Ducie Atolls) lies in the 

western central Pacific Ocean at 25°4’S, 130°06’W. This isolated group of islands may be one of the 

world’s last remaining places with a complete array of species. 2 Though remote, archeological evidence 

suggests that Polynesians of the Marquesan culture (Fosberg et al., 1983) colonized Henderson Island for 

600 years since the 8 th Century AD and Pitcairn Island for 200 years since the 13 th Century AD (Weisler, 

1995). The Polynesians sought to change their environment, and thus, brought plants and animals they 

were familiar with into their newly settled islands. Some of these introduced plants/trees and animals 

caused not only the extension of their native ranges, but most importantly, the decimation of endemic 

island populations, e.g., the case of the Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale 1848), predating on and thus 

causing the extinction of 5 of the 9 endemic land birds, the extirpation of most ground nesting seabirds 

(Wragg, 1995) and the extinction of at least 6 of 22 land snails (Preece, 1995). The Polynesian colonizers 

culled mollusks and fish as evidenced by the fish hooks and fishing implements discovered in 

archeological sites (see narrative of Dr. Yosi Sinoto in Fosberg et al., 1983, p. 3-4) as well as seabirds and 

very likely sea turtles (Spencer and Benton, 1995). They must also have cleared cultivable parts of the 

island as well as exploited the resources of the neighboring atolls and of Pitcairn Island, e.g., wood for 

canoes from large trees and refining of stone tools (Weisler, 1995). This colonization changed the then 

pristine condition of the islands and their terrestrial biodiversity forever. 

1 Cite as: Palomares, M.L.D., Sorongon, P.M., Pan, M., Espedido, J.C., Chon, A., Amarga, A., 2011. Documenting the marine 

biodiversity of the Pitcairn Islands through FishBase and SeaLifeBase. In: In: Palomares, M.L.D., Chaitanya, D., Harper, S., Zeller, 

D., Pauly, D. (eds.), The Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries Catches of the Pitcairn Islands, p. 10-22. A report prepared for the 

Global Ocean Legacy project of the Pew Environment Group. The Sea Around Us project, Fisheries Centre, UBC, Vancouver, 

Canada. 

2 see Campaign for Healthy Oceans at www.pewenvironment.org. 

10


The Henderson and Pitcairn Islands became uninhabited after the Polynesians left, either for greener 

pastures (Weisler, 1995) or were themselves decimated as they eventually depleted the islands’ resources 

(Diamond, 1995) as in the case of the inhabitants of the Easter Islands. Thus, exploitation of these islands’ 

resources ended temporarily, permitting rehabilitation for a few hundred years before the next colonizers, 

the Europeans, came upon them on their way to the famed Terra Australis. 

Pedro Fernandez de Quirós onboard the San Pedro y San Pablo (Fosberg et al., 1983) on his way to 

explore Terra Australis from Lima, Peru (Estensen, 2006 cited in Fosberg et al., 1983) sighted Ducie Atoll 

and subsequently Henderson Island between 26 and 29 January 1606, naming them as Luna-Puesta (or 

La Encarnación) and San Juan Bautista, respectively (Markham, 1904, cited in Fosberg et al., 1983). The 

party sent to land on Henderson Island brought back “a fruit like a green pineapple …” (Pandanus, 

according to Markham, 1904) and reported that “… there were fish in abundance. … some trees, though 

these were small, but they had seen no sign of people …” (Kelly, 1966 cited in Fosberg et al., 1983). 

Henderson remained thus uninhabited until it was rediscovered by Captain James Henderson onboard 

the Hercules (Fosberg et al., 1983) on 17 January 1819, though no written account of any landing was 

published. On 1 March 1819, Captain Henry King of the Elizabeth sent a party ashore (whose men curved 

the name Elizabeth on a tree that would mark Henderson as Elizabeth Island for a century) and saw “one 

parrot, shot a few pigeons. The island abounded with young trees and underwood, … here and there a rat; 

…” (King, 1820). Whales were also found in the waters of Henderson Island as evidenced by the sinking 

(by a whale) of the whaler Essex commanded by Captain George Pollard on 20 November 1819 (a story 

that we now know as ‘Moby Dick’; see Fosberg et al., 1983, p. 7). The first scientific (hydrographic) 

observations of Henderson Island was made by Captain Frederick William Beechey onboard the HMS 

Blossom, who reported that flocks of birds (usually terns) live on uninhabited islands in these seas, 

usually leaving them as soon as people settled; he observed flocks of gulls and terns in the vicinity of 

Henderson Island (Beechey, 1831). He then made a detailed description of the island, in particular, the 

“ledges of living coral” which were “strewn with sea-eggs, which inflict very painful wounds” surrounding 

the higher part of the island consisting of dead coral, the “Numerous echini” found on these ledges, the 

“variety of richly coloured fish” and the “cray-fish inhabit[ing] the deeper sinuosities”. He went on to 

describe the white sand beach to be “wholly made up of small broken portions of the different species and 

varieties of coral, intermixed with shells of testaceous and crustaceous animals,” evidence that the waters 

around the island abounded with corals and animals with shells and carapaces. 

While Henderson Island (and the atolls Ducie and Oeno) remained uninhabited, Pitcairn Island was 

colonized by Europeans in the late 1700s. The island was named after midshipman Robert Pitcairn (son of 

the British Marine Officer, John Pitcairn), who sighted it on 2 July 1767 onboard Captain Philip Carteret’s 

HMS Swallow (see Carteret’s description of the voyage in Hawkesworth, 1775, p. 277-278), one of the 

three ships sent by the British monarchy to ‘explore’ the southern hemisphere (Hawkesworth, 1775, p. i- 

v). Carteret recounts that the island was uninhabited, “covered with trees” and with a source of 

freshwater, that the bottom around the island was made up of coral and sand, that “a great number of sea 

birds” were present and that the “sea seemed to have fish” (Hawkesworth, 1775, p. 277-278). In January 

1790, Pitcairn Island was colonized by the infamous mutineers of the Bounty, i.e., nine Englishmen and 

their wives, six “Otaheitan” men and their wives and a little girl (see Murray, 1853, p. 89). Murray (1853) 

recounted the report made by the American Captain Folger of the Topaz who landed in Pitcairn in 1808, 

describing 17 th Century Pitcairn Island to have: 

“a climate adapted for the production of useful vegetables, which form the chief article of food:— 

Irish and sweet potatoes, yams, bread-fruit, a vegetable called taro (Arum esculentum), 

pumpkins, Indian maize, and beans. Here and there are patches of the tobacco-plant, and sugarcanes. 

The fruits are pines, plantains, and bananas, oranges, limes, melons, a species of apple, 

and cocoa-nuts. Among the trees are the Cocoa-nut (Cocos nucifera); the Plantain (Musa 

paradisiaca); the Bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incise); the Nono (Morinda citrifolia), &c.; but the 

most striking and remarkable is the Banyan (Ficus Indica): […]. There are lizards, but no 

venomous reptiles on the island. The vegetation sometimes suffers from swarms of insects. To 

remedy this evil, there being only one species of land bird, a small fly-catcher, it is intended to 

convey some birds to the spot from Callao, or Valaparaiso*. The people are annoyed by rats, 

11


which do much damage to the sugar canes. Hence the strictness of the law for the preservation of 

cats. 

About half of the island, consisting of six hundred acres, is cultivated. The rest is considered too 

rocky for cultivation. There being but little beach, the quantity of sea-weed washed up is small; 

such as there is, however, is employed for the use of the ground.” [*footnoted text: “Since writing 

this, the author has learned, that Her Majesty’s Ship Virago, Commander Prevost, left Callao for 

Pitcairn, in January, 1853, having on board singing birds, rose-trees, myrtles, &c. for the 

islanders”; Murray, 1853, p. 83-85]. 

Furthermore, Murray (1853, p. 86) recounted that the mutineers discovered traces of human settlers: 

human skeletons, idols, weapons (hatchets, stone spear heads), a stone bowl, as well as ancient burial 

sites probably of raft people from the Gambier and caves with carvings of the sun, moon, stars, bird and 

men. In 1814, a letter from Sir T. Staines to Vice-Admiral Manley Dixon mentioned that Pitcairn Island 

was inhabited by 46 individuals, one of whom was the Englishman John Adams, the only surviving 

mutineer (Murray, 1853, p. 103). Sir Staines also described Pitcairn to have well laid out plantations, huts 

and houses, and English-speaking inhabitants adept at maneuvering the surf on canoes. 

In less than 20 years, the settlers made considerable use of the terrestrial, and presumably on the marine 

environment of Pitcairn Island, changing them in the process, i.e., inevitably also depleting them. It is 

interesting to note that in 1831, because of an impending freshwater shortage on the island, all 87 

inhabitants were relocated to Tahiti (Murray, 1853, p. 121). Could this have been an indication that the 

island’s resources have reached the limit of sustainability, resulting to “… scarcity, and want of room, in 

consequence of the increase of population …” (Murray, 1853, p. 128)? However, Pitcairn remains 

inhabited by the descendants of the mutineers who went back to the island (see modern history recounted 

in Chaitanya et al., this volume). 

History testifies that Henderson and Pitcairn, by virtue of their size and isolation, are vulnerable island 

ecosystems impacted by human settlers, intermittently, over a millennium. Attempts to establish what 

and how much of this biodiversity has been lost are discussed in archeological studies by Fosberg et al. 

(1983), Steadman and Olson (1985), Blake (1995), Weisler (1995), Wragg (1995) and Kingston and 

Waldren (2003). Fosberg et al. (1983) and the various contributions in Benton and Spencer (1995) 

provide reviews and summaries of what is known on the marine biodiversity of the Pitcairn Island group 

from five scientific expeditions, viz.: the Whitney South Seas Expedition of the American Museum of 

Natural History in 1922 (Murphy, 1922; birds, reptiles, plants); the Mangarevan Expedition of the Bernice 

P. Bishop Museum in 1934 onboard the Islander (plants, insects, land shells) 3 ; the Westward Expedition, 

1971 (Randall, 1978; marine); the Smithsonian Expedition, 1987 (plants); and the Sir Peter Scott 

Commemorative Expedition of 1991 (Spencer and Benton, 1995). Recent studies express concern over the 

vulnerability of these island ecosystems to human impact, notably to introduced organisms, and seek to 

implement management plans in order to conserve these ecosystems (see examples in Kingsford et al., 

2009 and Hilton and Cuthbert, 2010) leading to the proclamation of Henderson Island as a UNESCO 

heritage site (Brooke et al., 2004). 

A major, if not fundamental, part of such management plan, is the establishment of an authoritative list of 

organisms occurring naturally (native) and found only (endemic) in these ecosystems. This contribution, 

attempts to establish such a list for the marine organisms of the Pitcairn Island group from published 

sources and the use of global biodiversity information systems, notably FishBase and SeaLifeBase. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Large repositories of scientific literature notably the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Aquatic Science 

and Fisheries Abstracts, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched using ‘Pitcairn’ as keyword. A 

general Google search for magazine, newspaper and blog articles was also done. More targeted searches 

using the scientific names of taxa (functional groups, e.g., ‘mollusk’ or ‘Mollusca’) coupled with ‘Pitcairn’, 

3 Nature News, December 8 1934, p. 876. 

12


‘Henderson’, ‘Ducie’ and ‘Oeno’ (the four islands comprising the Pitcairn group of islands) were made for 

metazoan groups which seemed to lack checklists. All available literature was downloaded in PDF format, 

while literature for which no electronic copies are available were noted in a bibliographic Excel worksheet 

for later use. Global and regional species checklists, guides and catalogues, e.g., those published by the 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for the Pacific Ocean, were consulted for 

species occurring in the Pitcairn group. 

Taxonomic data for non-fish metazoans were checked against the World Register of Marine Species 

(WoRMS; www.marinespecies.org) and the Catalogue of Life (CoL; www.catalogueoflife.org). Valid 

species names (i.e., names stamped by a WoRMS or CoL taxonomic editors) and their related synonyms 

were encoded in SeaLifeBase (www.sealifebase.org), a FishBase-like global biodiversity information 

system on marine metazoans (other than fish) of the world. Literature on fish species were submitted to 

FishBase (www.fishbase.org), the world renowned global biodiversity information system for fishes, 

where the same taxonomic validation process was followed using the Catalog of Fishes. Species specific 

ecological and biological data were extracted and encoded into these two information systems after the 

valid species name is verified. 

Note that the SeaLifeBase effort was performed over a three-week period only as a result of the request by 

the Global Ocean Legacy project made in September 2011 to the Sea Around Us project. The FishBase 

data, on the other hand, was assembled over a longer period (more than 20 years) without any time 

constraint and as a result of the overall aim of FishBase to cover all fishes of the world. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

More than 130 references were used in FishBase and SeaLifeBase to assign fish and other marine 

metazoans to the Pitcairn Island group. Figure 1 summarizes the types of references used in this exercise, 

61% of which were published in peer-reviewed journals, i.e., an indication of their accessibility via the 

World Wide Web rather than of their relevance to the subject. Books, book chapters and reports 

accounted for 37% of these references while the rest (2%) came from online databases and ‘other’ sources 

(e.g., an unpublished collection of 10,000 slides of dead fishes by J.E. Randall). Over half of the 328 fish 

species were reported to occur in the Pitcairn Island group by 5 main references, i.e., Myers (1991; 68 

species); Irving et al. (1995; 62 species); Myers (1999; 35 species); Lieske and Myers (1994; 14 species); 

and Parenti and Randall (2000; 13 species). The rest of the 91 fish-related references consisted of 15 

accounting for 3-9 species each (19.8%), 16 accounting for 2 species each (9.2%), and 55 references each 

accounting for 1 species (15.8%). More than 82% of the 494 non-fish species were reported in 9 main 

references, i.e., Paulay (1989; 223 species); Brook (1998; 46 species); Poutiers (1998b; 43 species); 

Jefferson et al. (1993; 21 species); Whatley et al. (2004; 20 species); Irving (1995; 18 species); Veron 

(2000; 17 species); Lepage (2007; 17 species); and Poutiers (1998a; 12 species). The rest of the 43 nonfish-related 

references consisted of 16 references which reported 2-8 species each (14.4%), and 18 

references reporting 1 species each (3.6%). 

Pitcairn Fishes from FishBase 

FishBase currently contains 320 bony fishes (Pisces; Actinopterygii) native to the Pitcairns, 97% of which 

are found strictly in marine waters. The giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790), is the only 

native species which is found in brackish and marine environments (Heemstra and Randall, 1993); while, 

the Polynesian long-finned eel, Anguilla megastoma Kaup, 1856, is the only native species found in all 

aquatic environments (Smith, 1999). Two strictly marine species are reported in FishBase, i.e., the manyspined 

butterflyfish, Hemitaurichthys multispinosus Randall, 1975, and Henderson’s triplefin, 

Enneapterygius ornatus Fricke, 1997, both originally described as endemic to the Pitcairns. Allen (2008, 

p. 551) lists 4 endemic fish species for the Pitcairns, which unfortunately were not listed in detail, making 

the Pitcairns an Indo-Pacific hotspot of fish endemism with 0.16 species per km -2 of coral reef habitat. All 

of the 8 sharks (Pisces; Elasmobranchii) reported to occur in the Pitcairns are native and belong to only 

two orders, i.e., ground sharks, Carcharhiniformes (7 species in 4 genera in 2 families), and carpet sharks, 

Orectolobiformes (1 species, i.e., the largest fish in the world, the whale shark, Rhincodon typus Smith, 

1828). 

13


internet 

1% 

other 

1% 

book chapter 

9% 

internet 

2% 

other 

0% 

book chapter 

13% 

book 

24% 

journal article 

35% 

book 

54% 

journal article 

61% 

Figure 1. Left panel: Types of references (n=134) so far used in FishBase (for fish species) and in SeaLifeBase (for 

all other marine metazoans) to assign species to the Pitcairn Islands (see detailed reference list in Appendix A). 

Right panel: Number of species so far assigned in FishBase (www.fishbase.org) and SeaLifeBase 

(www.sealifebase.org) to the Pitcairn Island group (n=822) by reference type. 

Of these 328 native and endemic fish species, 33% are reported in the IUCN Red List of threatened 

species (IUCN, 2010; see Figure 2, left panel). Of these red listed species (n=108; 8 sharks and 99 bony 

fishes in 14 families), 11% are considered endangered (i.e., endangered (EN), near threatened (NT), and 

vulnerable (VU) categories), all except 2 have low or very low resilience to environmental changes 

(Figure 2, right panel). The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835 and the great 

hammerhead, Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) are in the EN category, both with low resilience. The 

VU category includes 2 sharks (the oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) and 

the whale shark; also with very low resilience), the giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790; 

very low resilience) and the bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839; medium resilience). The NT 

category includes 5 species of requiem sharks (Carcharinidae) with very low resilience and the surge 

grouper, Epinephelus socialis (Günther, 1873) with medium resilience. Of the red listed bony fishes, 38% 

are wrasses (Labridae), 18% are butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae; including the highly resilient manyspined 

butterflyfish in the LC category), 14% are groupers (Serranidae), 10% are parrotfishes (Scaridae), 

7% are angelfishes (Pomacanthidae), and the rest (12%) belong to 9 other families with 1-2 red listed 

species. 

The list of marine fishes of the Pitcairn Islands in FishBase exceeds the preliminary checklist presented in 

Irving et al. (1995) by 78 species, but falls 20 species short of that presented in Randall (1999). Irving et 

al.’s (1995) estimate (see also Myers, 1991) was based mostly on collections from the Sir Peter Scott 

Commemorative Expedition (183 species), an estimate for Ducie Atoll (Rehder and Randall, 1975, 

reported 138 species) and an assumption of low species counts and distribution overlaps between the four 

islands (Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno). Randall’s (1999) report of 348 species for all 4 islands was 

based on the fish collections obtained by the author and his associates during the Westward Expedition. 

The FishBase list of Pitcairn Islands fishes is a compendium from these preliminary lists, 33 reviews and 

revisions, 15 FAO species catalogue chapters, 18 global checklists and guides, and 20 publications of new 

species between 1975 and 2010. The number of scientific papers published and those describing new 

species per year do not necessarily mean a corresponding peak in the number of species reported. For 

14


example, revisions, world checklists of species by families and FAO species catalogues were published in 

1999 and 2001, creating a sharp increase in the number of references reporting species to occur in the 

Pitcairn Islands (Figure 3, black line on the secondary Y-axis). However, the bulk of species for the 

Pitcairn Islands were reported in 1991, 1995 and 1999 from scientific expeditions and collections. The low 

number of species reported, for the other years, often was the result of newly described species or new 

occurrences recorded for the Pitcairn Islands (Figure 3, white dots on the secondary Y-axis). 

LR/lc 

1% 

EN 

2% 

DD 

5% 

NT 

5% 

VU 

4% 

Low 

9% 

Very low 

8% 

LC 

83% 

Medium 

39% 

High 

44% 

Figure 2. Left panel: Endangered fish species occurring in the Pitcairn Islands (n=108) by IUCN Red List 

category as recorded in FishBase (October 2011). The endemic many-spined butterflyfish, Hemitaurichthys 

multispinosus Randall, 1975 is included in this list under the LC category. Right panel: Resilience of endangered 

fish species according to FishBase (October 2011 version) based on Musick (1999). All except 2 species in the EN, 

NT and VU categories have low or very low resilience. 

Identifying fish species from collections made by expeditions is time consuming, and, often, scientific 

names are synonymised by the next generation of fish taxonomists (see, e.g., Møller and Schwarzhans, 

2008 or Hoese and Larson, 2010). Under these circumstances, the 8% discrepancy between Randall’s 

(1999) and FishBase’s October 2011 list of species for the Pitcairn Islands seems acceptable. Note, 

however, that Randall’s 1970-71 collection remains under scrutiny, and fish taxonomists’ work (including 

J.E. Randall and his colleagues at the Bernice Bishop Museum in Hawai’i) on identifying Pacific fish 

species continues, thus FishBase’s list, current complete, will be incomplete in a few years. 

Marine metazoans from SeaLifeBase 

The number of marine metazoans so far accounted for the Pitcairn Islands in SeaLifeBase is about 500 

species, the composition of which is detailed in Table 1. Data on the marine biodiversity of the Pitcairns is 

sparse and not many taxonomic groups have been reviewed. We have thus made an assessment of the 

completeness of our coverage by taxonomic group based on the reference material that was available to 

us. Table 1 summarizes this evaluation and shows that the scientific literature is probably good only for 

the higher taxa (vertebrates in general) and is rather wanting for invertebrates and marine plants. Note 

also that Table 1 lacks information for sea squirts (Ascidiacea), which appear to have escaped scrutiny in 

Benton and Spencer (1995). The same can be said for information on endemicity since we can only vouch 

for two seed shrimps to have been identified as endemic in the scientific literature, i.e., Neonesidea blighi 

15


Whatley, Jones & Roberts, 2004 and Loxoconcha dictyoklostos Whatley, Jones & Roberts, 2004. This is 

contrary to expectation, notably since some still to be described taxa taken from the 1991 expedition 

mentioned in Preece (1995) were believed to be endemics. Preece (1995) estimated that, for mollusks 

alone, the Pitcairn Islands might have as much as 700 species, having accounted for more than 400 in the 

1991 expedition. However, his checklist contained a high percentage (30%) of species identified only to 

the genus level or of species whose identification was to be further validated, e.g., scientific names with 

the ‘cf’ and ‘?’ epithet. Such cases are generally not treated in SeaLifeBase for obvious quality reasons and 

thus, our count of mollusks is only half of that presented in Preece (1995). 

90 

12 

Number of species reported 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

Number of references reporting 

0 

0 

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 

Year of publication 

Figure 3. Number of fish species reported to occur in the Pitcairn Islands 

(black dots, primary Y-axis) compared with the number of references 

reporting these species (black line, secondary Y-axis) and the number of 

references reporting new species (white dots, secondary Y-axis). Data 

adapted from FishBase, October 2011 version. 

We can, however, present preliminary findings on the trends of the taxonomic groups for which we found 

scientific reviews. As most of the publications concentrated on the smaller taxa, e.g., of the benthos, more 

than half of the species accounted for in SeaLifeBase are benthic, a quarter of which are reef-associated, 

7% are associated with the land (e.g., seabirds) and 5% are pelagics (e.g., cetaceans). One species is 

reported to be a ‘stray’, the Trindade petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869) which 

is endemic to Trindade Island. Benthic species which can be found at maximum depths of more than 

1,000 m are the brittle star, Ophiothrix purpurea von Martens, 1867 (Lane et al., 2000) and the 

purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) (Roper et al., 1984). Figure 4 

summarizes the vertical distribution data that SeaLifeBase contains for 180 species of non-fish 

metazoans, which reflects the emphasis given to benthos of the reference materials we found in our 

literature search. Note, however, that this is a most likely scenario given that these islands are mostly 

surrounded by coral reefs and would thus have a dominance of benthic, reef-associated and shallow 

species groups. 

16


Table 1. SeaLifeBase (October 2011 version) coverage of vertebrates other than fish, invertebrates and plants of the 

Pitcairn Islands based on available reference materials. Note that bony fishes and sharks, from FishBase (October 2011 

version) are included here for comparison. 

Group 

Number Coverage 

Reference material 

of species 

Whales and dolphins 21 Probably complete Based on Jefferson et al. (1993) 

Sea turtles 2 Probably complete Based on Brooke (1995b) 

Sea birds 34 Probably complete Based on Williams (1960), Brooke (1995a) 

and Lepage (2007) 

Bony fishes 320 Probably complete Based on Irving et al. (1995) and Randall 

(1999) 

Sharks 8 Probably complete Based on Irving et al. (1995) and Randall 

(1999) 

Shrimps, lobsters, crabs 4 Incomplete Based on Chan (2010) 

Barnacles, copepods, fish lice 11 Incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Seed shrimps 28 Nearly complete perhaps Based on Whatley and Jones (1995) and 

Whatley et al. (2004) 

Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 4 Probably incomplete Based on Brook (1998) 

Bivalves 49 Incomplete Based on Poutiers (1998a) 

Sea snails 180 Incomplete Based on Poutiers (1998b) 

Chitons 1 Incomplete Based on Schwabe and Lozouet (2006) 

Sea anemones, soft and hard corals 57 Probably nearly complete for hard 

corals, incomplete for soft corals 

Based on Paulay (1989), Hodgson (1998), 

Wallace (1999) and Veron (2000) 

and sea anemones 

Hydroids 6 Incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Articulate brachiopods 1 Incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Sea stars 10 Probably incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Sea urchins 12 Probably incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Brittle stars 15 Probably incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Sea cucumbers 13 Probably incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Sponges 5 Incomplete Based on Paulay (1989) 

Forams 8 Incomplete Based on Whittaker and Hodgkinson (1995) 

Green algae 1 Incomplete Only from Irving (1995) 

Brown algae 2 Incomplete Only from Irving (1995) 

benthic 

57% 

demersal 

2% 

sessile 

4% pelagic 

5% 

others 

7% 

reef-associated 

25% 

Number of species 

50 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1000 

Maximum depth range 

Figure 4. Vertical distribution of non-fish metazoans (for 180 species for which depth data is available) of the 

Pitcairn Islands included in SeaLifeBase (October 2011 version). Left panel: distribution by habitat. Right panel: 

distribution by maximum depth. 

17


The SeaLifeBase list includes 107 species which have been assessed by the IUCN, one of which is critically 

endangered (CR), the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766). The only other sea 

turtle that is in this list is the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758), also endangered (EN). 

Two species of giant clams are listed as low risk/conservation dependent (LR/cd), viz.: the elongate giant 

clam, Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798); and the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. A 

good majority of these listed species are of least concern (LC; see Figure 5, left panel). However, note that 

half of these 60 LC-listed species are hard corals (Scleractinia), a third are sea birds of the Order 

Ciconiiformes (frigatebirds, noddies, terns, gulls, tropicbirds, petrels, shearwaters) and the rest are 

cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Hard corals (Scleractinia) make up 87.5% of the 16 near threatened (NT) 

and 69.2% of the 13 vulnerable (VU) listed species. Overall, hard corals make up more than 49% of these 

red-listed species (see Figure 5, right panel). 

LR/cd 

2% 

CR 

1% 

albatrosses, sea turtles 

storm petrels 2% 

4% 

giant clams 

2% 

DD 

7% 

EN 

7% 

VU 

12% 

LC 

56% 

whales and 

dolphins 

20% 

hard corals 

49% 

NT 

15% 

frigatebirds, 

noddies, terns, 

gulls, 

tropicbirds, 

petrels, 

shearwaters 

23% 

Figure 5. Endangered non-fish metazoans from the Pitcairn Islands so far included in SeaLifeBase 

(October 2011 version) expressed in percent (of total n=107 endangered species). Left panel: 

distribution by IUCN Red List category (CR: critically endangered; EN: endangered; NT: near 

threatened; VU: vulnerable; LR: less risk; LC: least concern; and DD: data deficient). Right panel: 

distribution by endangered species groups. 

Assuming that the SeaLifeBase list is complete for vertebrates (whales, dolphins, turtles and sea birds) 

and nearly complete for corals, these results suggest that almost all (about 93%) vertebrates and hard 

corals in the current checklist are red-listed species. This trend is also found in values of intrinsic 

extinction vulnerability (the inverse of resilience) estimated in FishBase and SeaLifeBase using Cheung et 

al. (2005). SeaLifeBase has vulnerability values for 182 of the 500 species occurring in the Pitcairn 

Islands (see Table 2). The highest average vulnerability values (i.e., most vulnerable to changes in their 

habitats and ecosystems) are those for whales and dolphins and sea turtles. Mid-range vulnerability 

values include the two groups of red-listed sea birds as well as hard corals. Average vulnerability for 

Veneroida (giant clam order), is in the low range. Note, however, that these two red-listed giant clam 

species have individual vulnerability values of 25.0 and 39.3, respectively. 

18


Table 2. Intrinsic extinction vulnerability values (in %) estimated using the algorithm presented in Cheung et 

al. (2005) for 182 species of non-fish metazoans occurring in the Pitcairn Islands. Groups in bold characters 

have species included in the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2010). Data from SeaLifeBase October 2011 version 

(www.sealifebase.org). 

Phylum Class Order Average Minimum Maximum Standard 

deviation 

Number 

species 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea 74.6 41.4 90.0 16.9 21 

Chordata Reptilia Testudines 63.1 47.6 78.7 22.0 2 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Spinulosida 52.0 52.0 52.0 – 1 

Chordata Aves Procellariiformes 45.5 10.0 81.0 50.2 2 

Mollusca Gastropoda Anaspidea 40.0 40.0 40.0 – 1 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes 36.4 20.0 60.0 12.2 21 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida 35.0 20.0 60.0 21.8 3 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Apodida 30.0 30.0 30.0 – 1 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida 30.0 30.0 30.0 – 1 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida 27.6 10.0 44.0 13.1 7 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia 27.5 10.0 60.0 22.2 4 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida 22.4 10.0 38.0 12.9 5 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida 13.4 10.0 39.3 8.8 13 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida 13.3 10.0 20.0 5.8 3 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa 11.4 10.0 35.0 5.7 34 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda 10.8 10.0 23.0 2.7 30 

Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Paxillosida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Diadematoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Spatangoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 5 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Cephalaspidea 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Heterostropha 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neritopsina 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea 10.0 10.0 10.0 – 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 2 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 3 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 3 

Conclusions 

The lists that the FishBase and SeaLifeBase web sites provide will include all species, i.e., native, endemic, 

introduced, questionable (dark-margined flagtail, Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier, 1829), reported by Myers, 

1991) error and misidentifications (barred-chin blenny, Rhabdoblennius nitidus (Günther, 1861), reported 

by Bath, 2004). Users are thus requested to carefully look at the list and to use only endemic and native 

species (and include with caution, introduced species) for checklist purposes. To get access to these lists of 

fish and non-fish species of the Pitcairn Islands, go to www.fishbase.org and www.sealifebase.org, 

respectively. Scroll down to the ‘Information by Country’ section, choose Pitcairn in the country 

dropdown list, and click on the marine species radio button for fishes and the ‘all species’ radio button for 

marine metazoans. These checklists can thus be used as preliminary or start up lists for verification and 

improvement. 

This contribution demonstrates that published literature, if mined with care in a systematic and 

exhaustive manner, can lead to a preliminary authoritative list of marine species in a country or within a 

marine protected area. Once this list is available, gaps in the knowledge of a country’s or an area’s marine 

biodiversity can be identified. Thus, efforts to complete a local ‘census of marine life’ can be focused on 

groups for which observation, data and knowledge are lacking. Information systems such as FishBase and 

SeaLifeBase offer quick access to these data for meta-analyses without reinventing the wheel. Thereby, the 

often meager research funds and expertise available to biodiversity research can be streamlined towards 

19


the least investigated taxonomic groups (e.g., survey of cryptic invertebrate taxa) or research topics (e.g., 

connectivity of species assemblages in island ecosystems). 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We would like to thank the FishBase IT team (Nicolas Bailly, Josephine Barile and Christian Stacy 

Militante). This is a contribution from the Sea Around Us project and the Pew Charitable Trusts, 

Philadelphia, USA. 

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22


APPENDICES 

APPENDIX 1: FAO AND RECONSTRUCTED CATCH DATA 

Year FAO Catch Report Total Reconstructed Catches 

1950 0.25 27.67 

1951 0.25 27.65 

1952 0.25 27.63 

1953 0.25 27.60 

1954 0.25 27.58 

1955 0.25 27.56 

1956 0.25 27.54 

1957 0.25 26.70 

1958 0.25 25.86 

1959 0.25 25.02 

1960 0.25 23.83 

1961 0.25 22.64 

1962 0.25 21.80 

1963 0.25 20.96 

1964 0.25 20.12 

1965 0.25 19.28 

1966 0.25 18.44 

1967 0.25 18.13 

1968 0.25 17.82 

1969 0.25 17.52 

1970 0.25 17.21 

1971 0.25 16.90 

1972 0.25 16.59 

1973 0.25 16.28 

1974 2.00 15.98 

1975 2.00 15.67 

1976 2.00 15.36 

1977 2.00 14.75 

1978 2.00 14.15 

1979 2.00 13.54 

1980 3.00 13.26 

1981 3.00 12.98 

1982 3.00 12.70 

1983 3.00 12.84 

1984 3.00 12.98 

1985 3.00 13.12 

1986 3.00 14.52 

1987 3.00 13.26 

1988 4.00 12.70 

1989 4.00 12.70 

1990 4.00 13.26 

1991 5.00 14.24 

1992 8.00 12.56 

1993 8.00 12.98 

1994 8.00 12.56 

1995 8.00 12.70 

1996 8.00 11.02 

1997 8.00 10.60 

1998 8.00 14.24 

1999 5.00 11.44 

2000 5.00 12.14 

2001 5.00 11.16 

2002 5.00 11.72 

2003 5.00 13.26 

2004 3.00 13.54 

2005 3.00 13.82 

2006 3.00 14.10 

2007 3.00 13.96 

2008 3.00 14.24 

2009 3.00 13.40 

23

Appendix 2: Reconstructed catch by taxa 

APPENDIX 2: TOTAL RECONSTRUCTED CATCH BY MAJOR TAXA 

‘Others’ includes Variola louti, Etelis carbunculus, Pristipomoides spp., Panulirus penicillatus, Scyllarides spp., Miscellaneous 

Marine Fishes, and Miscellaneous Invertebrates 

Year Epinephelus Kyphosus 

Other 

Other 

Other Others 

fasciatus bigibbus 

Serranidae Lutjanidae Kyphosidae 

1950 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1951 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1952 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1953 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1954 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1955 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1956 4.5 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 10.8 

1957 4.3 4.3 2.7 2.7 2.2 10.5 

1958 4.2 4.2 2.6 2.6 2.1 10.3 

1959 4.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 10.0 

1960 3.8 3.8 2.4 2.4 1.9 9.6 

1961 3.5 3.5 2.3 2.3 1.8 9.3 

1962 3.4 3.4 2.2 2.2 1.7 9.0 

1963 3.2 3.2 2.1 2.1 1.6 8.8 

1964 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 8.5 

1965 2.9 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.4 8.3 

1966 2.7 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.3 8.0 

1967 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 7.9 

1968 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 7.8 

1969 2.5 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.3 7.8 

1970 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.2 7.7 

1971 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.2 7.6 

1972 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 1.2 7.5 

1973 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.1 7.4 

1974 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.1 7.3 

1975 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 7.2 

1976 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 7.1 

1977 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 6.9 

1978 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.7 

1979 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.6 

1980 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.5 

1981 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.4 

1982 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1983 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.4 

1984 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.4 

1985 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.4 

1986 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.0 6.9 

1987 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.5 

1988 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1989 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1990 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.5 

1991 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.8 

1992 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1993 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.4 

1994 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1995 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.3 

1996 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.6 5.8 

1997 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.6 5.7 

1998 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.8 

1999 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 5.9 

2000 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.7 6.1 

2001 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.6 5.8 

2002 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.7 6.0 

2003 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.5 

2004 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.6 

2005 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.6 

2006 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.7 

2007 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.7 

2008 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 0.9 6.8 

2009 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.8 6.5 

24


APPENDIX 3: FISH SPECIES OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS FROM FISHBASE 

Class Order Family Genus Species Status IUCN Habitat 

Code 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla megastoma native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Kaupichthys diodontus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Moringuidae Moringua ferruginea native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Anarchias exulatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Enchelynassa canina native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax australicola native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax eurostus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax gracilicauda native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax javanicus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax melatremus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax meleagris native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax pindae native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius fuscoguttatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius kamar native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius macrocephalus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius supraforatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius xanthopterus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Uropterygius xenodontus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Apterichtus australis native N.E. benthopelagic 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ichthyapus vulturis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Scolecenchelys gymnota native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Scolecenchelys laticaudata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Notocheiridae Iso nesiotes native N.E. pelagic-neritic 

Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Synodontidae Saurida gracilis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Synodontidae Synodus capricornis native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Synodontidae Synodus variegatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beloniformes Belonidae Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon pitcairnensis native N.E. pelagic-neritic 

Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Exocoetus obtusirostris native N.E. pelagic-neritic 

Actinopterygii Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Euleptorhamphus viridis native N.E. pelagic-oceanic 

Actinopterygii Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus acutus acutus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Myripristis amaena native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Myripristis berndti native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Myripristis randalli native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Myripristis tiki native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Neoniphon sammara native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron caudimaculatum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron diadema native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron ensifer native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron hormion native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron lepros native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron megalops native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron punctatissimum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron spiniferum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Beryciformes Holocentridae Sargocentron tiere native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Lophiiformes Antennariidae Antennarius coccineus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Lophiiformes Antennariidae Antennatus tuberosus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Neomyxus leuciscus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Alionematichthys piger native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Brosmophyciops pautzkei native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Diancistrus katrineae native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Brotula multibarbata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus guttatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus leucopareius native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigrofuscus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus nigroris native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus nubilus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus thompsoni native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus xanthopterus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus flavicauda native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus native N.E. reef-associated 

25

Appendix 3: Fish species from FishBase 


Code 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus strigosus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Naso brevirostris native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Naso caesius native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Naso hexacanthus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Naso lituratus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Naso unicornis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Zebrasoma desjardinii native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Zebrasoma rostratum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Zebrasoma scopas native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Acanthuridae Zebrasoma velifer native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Ammodytidae Ammodytoides leptus native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon caudicinctus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon crassiceps native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon kallopterus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon susanae native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon taeniophorus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon taeniopterus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Cheilodipterus macrodon native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Blenniella gibbifrons native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Blenniella paula native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Cirripectes alboapicalis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Cirripectes quagga native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Cirripectes variolosus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus caudofasciatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus niuafoouensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus rofeni native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus sealei native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Entomacrodus striatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Exallias brevis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Istiblennius edentulus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Istiblennius lineatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Plagiotremus tapeinosoma native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Praealticus caesius native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Rhabdoblennius nitidus misidentification N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Rhabdoblennius rhabdotrachelus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Stanulus seychellensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Caesionidae Pterocaesio tile native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Synchiropus ocellatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Carangoides ferdau native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Carangoides orthogrammus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx ignobilis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx lugubris native N.E. benthopelagic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx melampygus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Pseudocaranx dentex native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Seriola lalandi native N.E. benthopelagic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon bennetti native DD reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon flavirostris native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon mertensii native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ornatissimus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon pelewensis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon quadrimaculatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon reticulatus native DD reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon smithi native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon unimaculatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Forcipiger flavissimus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Forcipiger longirostris native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Hemitaurichthys multispinosus endemic LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Hemitaurichthys polylepis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Heniochus chrysostomus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Heniochus monoceros native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Amblycirrhitus bimacula native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Cirrhitops hubbardi native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Cirrhitus pinnulatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Itycirrhitus wilhelmi native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Neocirrhites armatus native N.E. reef-associated 

26



Code 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites arcatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites hemistictus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus native LC pelagic-neritic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Creediidae Chalixodytes tauensis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Creediidae Limnichthys nitidus native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius cocosensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Bathygobius cyclopterus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Eviota albolineata misidentification N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Eviota distigma native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Eviota infulata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Eviota saipanensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gnatholepis cauerensis australis native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gnatholepis cauerensis 

native N.E. reef-associated 

cauerensis 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Kelloggella quindecimfasciata native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis farcimen native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis psygmophilia native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis semidoliata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Priolepis squamogena native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Trimmatom eviotops native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Kuhliidae Kuhlia marginata questionable LR/lc demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Kuhliidae Kuhlia sandvicensis native N.E. benthopelagic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Kyphosidae Kyphosus bigibbus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Kyphosidae Kyphosus pacificus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Anampses elegans native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Anampses femininus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Bodianus anthioides native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Bodianus axillaris native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Bodianus bilunulatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Bodianus perditio native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Cheilinus undulatus native EN reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Cirrhilabrus scottorum native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Coris aygula native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Coris roseoviridis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Gomphosus varius native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres margaritaceus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres marginatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres melasmapomus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Halichoeres trimaculatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Hologymnosus annulatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Iniistius pavo native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labroides bicolor native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labroides dimidiatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labroides pectoralis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labroides rubrolabiatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Macropharyngodon meleagris native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Oxycheilinus lineatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Oxycheilinus unifasciatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudocheilinus citrinus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudocheilinus ocellatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudocheilinus octotaenia native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudojuloides atavai native DD reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Pseudolabrus fuentesi native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Stethojulis bandanensis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma heiseri native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma lutescens native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma purpureum native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma trilobatum native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Wetmorella nigropinnata native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Latridae Latris pacifica native N.E. bathypelagic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lethrinidae Gnathodentex aureolineatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lethrinidae Gymnocranius grandoculis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lethrinidae Lethrinus microdon native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lethrinidae Monotaxis grandoculis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Aphareus furca native N.E. reef-associated 

27

Appendix 3: Fish species from FishBase 


Code 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus kasmira native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus monostigma native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Lutjanidae Paracaesio sordida native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Malacanthidae Hoplolatilus starcki native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Mulloidichthys vanicolensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus ciliatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus crassilabris native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus insularis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus pleurostigma native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Parupeneus trifasciatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pempheridae Pempheris otaitensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pempheridae Pempheris oualensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pinguipedidae Parapercis millepunctata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pinguipedidae Parapercis multiplicata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pinguipedidae Parapercis schauinslandii native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Polynemidae Polydactylus sexfilis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge flavissima native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge heraldi native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge hotumatua native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge loricula native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Genicanthus spinus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Genicanthus watanabei native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus imperator native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Abudefduf sordidus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis agilis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis bami native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis pamae native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis vanderbilti native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis weberi native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis xanthura native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chrysiptera galba native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chrysiptera glauca native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Dascyllus flavicaudus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Pomacentrus fuscidorsalis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes emeryi native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Stegastes fasciolatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Priacanthidae Heteropriacanthus cruentatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Pseudochromidae Pseudoplesiops revellei native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Ptereleotridae Nemateleotris magnifica native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Calotomus carolinus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Chlorurus frontalis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Chlorurus microrhinos native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Chlorurus sordidus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Leptoscarus vaigiensis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Scarus altipinnis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Scarus forsteni native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Scarus frenatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Scarus ghobban native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Scarus longipinnis native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Gymnosarda unicolor native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus albacares native LR/lc pelagic-oceanic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus native N.E. pelagic-oceanic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus obesus native VU pelagic-oceanic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Cephalopholis argus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Cephalopholis aurantia native DD reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Cephalopholis spiloparaea native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Cephalopholis urodeta native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus fasciatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus hexagonatus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus howlandi native LC reef-associated 

28



Code 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus lanceolatus native VU reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus merra native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus socialis native NT reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus spilotoceps native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus tauvina native DD reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus tuamotuensis native LC demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Liopropoma pallidum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Plectranthias fourmanoiri native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Plectranthias nanus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Plectranthias winniensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Pseudanthias bartlettorum native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Pseudanthias ventralis ventralis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Pseudogramma polyacantha native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Pseudogramma xantha native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Variola louti native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Siganidae Siganus argenteus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena novaehollandiae native N.E. pelagic-neritic 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius ornatus endemic N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius pyramis native N.E. demersal 

Actinopterygii Perciformes Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus mancus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Samaridae Samariscus triocellatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Caracanthidae Caracanthus maculatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Caracanthidae Caracanthus unipinna native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Dactylopteridae Dactyloptena orientalis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Iracundus signifer native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Parascorpaena mcadamsi native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pterois antennata native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes guamensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes hirsutus native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaenopsis diabolus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes fowleri native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes galactacma native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes mauritiana native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes tinkhami native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistoides viridescens native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Pseudobalistes fuscus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Rhinecanthus aculeatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Rhinecanthus lunula native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Rhinecanthus rectangulus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Sufflamen bursa native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Sufflamen fraenatum native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Xanthichthys mento native LC reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Diodon holocanthus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Diodon hystrix native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Molidae Ranzania laevis native N.E. pelagic-oceanic 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Aluterus scriptus native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Cantherhines dumerilii native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Monacanthidae Cantherhines pardalis native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Arothron meleagris native N.E. reef-associated 

Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Canthigaster janthinoptera native N.E. reef-associated 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos native NT reef-associated 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus galapagensis native NT reef-associated 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus native VU pelagic-oceanic 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus melanopterus native NT reef-associated 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Prionace glauca native NT pelagic-oceanic 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus native NT reef-associated 

Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna mokarran native EN pelagic-oceanic 

Elasmobranchii Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus native VU pelagic-oceanic 

29

Appendix 4: Metazoan species from SeaLifeBase 

APPENDIX 4: METAZOAN SPECIES OF THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS FROM SEALIFEBASE 

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Status IUCN Habitat 

Code 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Calappidae Calappa gallus native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Carpiliidae Carpilius convexus native N.E. reef-associated 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Carpiliidae Carpilius maculatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Gecarcinidae Cardisoma carnifex native N.E. others 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Palinuridae Jasus caveorum native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Palinuridae Panulirus pascuensis native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Penaeidae Metapenaeopsis velutina native N.E. demersal 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Portunidae Thalamita admete native N.E. reef-associated 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Raninidae Notopoides latus native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Trapeziidae Trapezia tigrina native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Xanthidae Etisus laevimanus native N.E. reef-associated 

Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Chthamalidae Euraphia hembeli native N.E. sessile 

Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Chthamalidae Nesochthamalus intertextus native N.E. demersal 

Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Chthamalidae Rehderella belyaevi native N.E. sessile 

Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Tetraclitidae Tetraclitella divisa native N.E. demersal 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Not assigned Paracyprididae Macrocyprina maculata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Platycopida Cytherellidae Cytherelloidea fijiensis native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bairdiidae Neonesidea apostasis native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bairdiidae Neonesidea blighi endemic N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bairdiidae Neonesidea supercaudata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bairdiidae Neonesidea tenera native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bairdiidae Triebelina sertata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Bythocyprididae Anchistrocheles fumata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Cytheromatidae Cytheroma aphanes native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Hemicytheridae Tenedocythere apios native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Hemicytheridae Tenedocythere stasiotes native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Hemicytheridae Tenedocythere transoceanica native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Hemicytheridae Thesceloscythere labyrinthos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Loxoconchidae Loxoconcha dictyoklostos endemic N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Loxoconchidae Loxoconcha hendersonislandensis native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Loxoconchidae Loxoconchella catarrhopos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Loxoconchidae Loxocorniculum mayburyae native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Pectocytheridae Keijia demissa native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Pectocytheridae Kotoracythere inconspicua native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Pontocyprididae Peripontocypris magnafurcata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Trachyleberididae Cletocythereis rastromarginata native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Trachyleberididae Cletocythereis watsonae native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis entrichos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis insolanos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis kyrtonos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis macrocicatricosa native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis macrorrhinos native N.E. benthic 

Arthropoda Ostracoda Podocopida Xestoleberididae Xestoleberis polys native N.E. benthic 

Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida Terebratellidae Terebratella crenulata native N.E. benthic 

Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Anadyomenaceae Microdictyon boergesenii native N.E. benthic 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Charadriidae Pluvialis fulva native N.E. others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Charadriidae Pluvialis squatarola native N.E. others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Fregatidae Fregata minor native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Anous minutus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Anous stolidus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Gygis alba native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Larus atricilla native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Onychoprion fuscatus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Laridae Procelsterna cerulea native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Phaethontidae Phaethon lepturus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Phaethontidae Phaethon rubricauda native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Daption capense native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Macronectes giganteus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Procellaria aequinoctialis native VU others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma alba native EN others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma atrata native EN others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma externa native VU others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma heraldica native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma lessonii native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma macroptera native LC others 

30



Code 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma neglecta native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Pterodroma ultima native NT others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Puffinus nativitatis native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Procellariidae Puffinus pacificus native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Scolopacidae Calidris alba native N.E. others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Scolopacidae Numenius tahitiensis native N.E. others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Scolopacidae Tringa incana native N.E. others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Sulidae Sula dactylatra native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Sulidae Sula leucogaster native LC others 

Chordata Aves Ciconiiformes Sulidae Sula sula native LC others 

Chordata Aves Procellariiformes Diomedeidae Diomedea exulans native VU others 

Chordata Aves Procellariiformes Diomedeidae Thalassarche bulleri native NT others 

Chordata Aves Procellariiformes Diomedeidae Thalassarche melanophrys native EN others 

Chordata Aves Procellariiformes Hydrobatidae Pelagodroma marina native LC others 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera acutorostrata native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera borealis native EN pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus native EN pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera physalus native EN pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Megaptera novaeangliae native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Delphinus delphis native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Feresa attenuata native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Globicephala macrorhynchus native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Grampus griseus native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Lagenodelphis hosei native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Orcinus orca native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Pseudorca crassidens native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Stenella attenuata native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Stenella coeruleoalba native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Stenella longirostris native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Steno bredanensis native LC pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Kogiidae Kogia breviceps native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Kogiidae Kogia sima native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Physeteridae Physeter macrocephalus native VU pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Mesoplodon densirostris native DD pelagic 

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Ziphius cavirostris native LC pelagic 

Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas native EN demersal 

Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys imbricata native CR reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora acuminata native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora austera native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora cytherea native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora digitifera native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora gemmifera native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora globiceps native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora humilis native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora hyacinthus native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora latistella native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora listeri native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora microphthalma native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora nasuta native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora pocilloporina native N.E. reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora samoensis native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora secale native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora subulata native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora valida native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Astreopora myriophthalma native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora aequituberculata native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora australiensis native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora caliculata native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora composita native N.E. benthic 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora crassituberculata native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora foveolata native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora grisea native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora incrassata native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora lobulata native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora tuberculosa native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Acroporidae Montipora venosa native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Agariciidae Leptoseris hawaiiensis native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Agariciidae Leptoseris incrustans native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Agariciidae Leptoseris solida native LC reef-associated 

31



Code 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Agariciidae Pavona maldivensis native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Agariciidae Pavona varians native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Astrocoeniidae Stylocoeniella guentheri native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Favia matthaii native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Favia rotumana native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Favia stelligera native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Goniastrea australensis native LC sessile 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Leptastrea purpurea native LC sessile 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Montastraea curta native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Platygyra daedalea native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Faviidae Plesiastrea versipora native LC sessile 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Fungiidae Cycloseris vaughani native N.E. reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Fungiidae Fungai danai native N.E. reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Fungiidae Fungia scutaria native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Fungiidae Fungia vaughani native LC sessile 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora damicornis native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora elegans native VU reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora eydouxi native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora meandrina native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora verrucosa native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Pocilloporidae Pocillopora woodjonesi native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Poritidae Porites australiensis native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Poritidae Porites lobata native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Siderastreidae Psammocora haimeana native LC reef-associated 

Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Siderastreidae Psammocora obtusangula native NT reef-associated 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Aglaopheniidae Aglaophenia postdentata native N.E. benthic 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Aglaopheniidae Gymnangium hians native N.E. benthic 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Aglaopheniidae Lytocarpia brevirostris native N.E. benthic 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Aglaopheniidae Macrorhynchia phoenicea native N.E. reef-associated 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Plumulariidae Plumularia strobilophora native N.E. benthic 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Sertulariidae Sertularia ligulata native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulatida Stichasteridae Allostichaster peleensis native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Paxillosida Astropectinidae Astropecten polyacanthus native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Spinulosida Acanthasteridae Acanthaster planci native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Dactylosaster cylindricus native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Linckia guildingi native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Linckia laevigata native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Linckia multifora native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Neoferdina cumingi native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Ophidiasteridae Ophidiaster lorioli native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Oreasteridae Culcita novaeguinae native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Clypeasteroida Echinocyamidae Mortonia australis native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Diadematoida Diadematidae Diadema paucispinum native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Diadematoida Diadematidae Diadema savignyi native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Diadematoida Diadematidae Echinothrix calamaris native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida Echinometridae Echinometra mathaei native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida Echinometridae Echinometra oblonga native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida Echinometridae Echinostrephus aciculatus native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida Echinometridae Heterocentrotus mammillatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Echinoida Echinometridae Heterocentrotus trigonarius native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Holectypoida Echinoneidae Echinoneus cyclostomus native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Spatangoida Brissidae Brissus latecarinatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Spatangoida Brissidae Metalia spatagus native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Echinoidea Temnopleuroida Toxopneustidae Tripneustes gratilla native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Apodida Chiridotidae Chiridota hawaiiensis native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Apodida Synaptidae Euapta godeffroyi native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Actinopyga mauritiana native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Actinopyga palauensis native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria arenicola native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria atra native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria cinerascens native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria difficilis native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria edulis native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria hilla native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria impatiens native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Holothuria nobilis native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Holothuriidae Labidodemas semperianum native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Amphiuridae Amphilimna tanyodes native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Amphiuridae Amphiura bountyia native N.E. benthic 

32



Code 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma brevipes native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma dentata native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma erinaceus native N.E. reef-associated 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma longispina native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma macroplaca native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma pica native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma pusilla native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiocomidae Ophiocomella sexradia native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiodermatidae Macrophiothrix demessa native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiodermatidae Ophiarachna megacantha native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiodermatidae Ophiopeza kingi native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophionereididae Ophionereis porrecta native N.E. benthic 

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiothrichidae Ophiothrix purpurea native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Mililolida Soritidae Amphisorus hemprichii native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Mililolida Soritidae Marginopora vertebralis native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Mililolida Soritidae Sorites marginalis native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Acervulinidae Sphaerogypsina globulus native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Amphisteginidae Amphistegina lessonii native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Amphisteginidae Amphistegina lobifera native N.E. benthic 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Homotrematidae Homotrema rubra native N.E. reef-associated 

Foraminifera Polythalamea Rotaliida Nummulitidae Heterostegina depressa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Acar plicata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Arca avellana native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Barbatia parva native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Barbatia plicata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida Limidae Lima bullifera native N.E. sessile 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida Limidae Lima lima native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida Limidae Lima vulgaris native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Pholadidae Martesia striata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Teredinidae Lyrodus pedicellatus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Botula fusca native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus auriculatus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus matris native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Septifer bryanae native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Gryphaeidae Hyotissa hyotis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Chlamys coruscans native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Gloripallium pallium native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Gloripallium spiniferum native N.E. demersal 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Mirapecten mirificus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Spondylidae Spondylus nicobaricus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Spondylidae Spondylus violascens native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Isognomonidae Isognomon anomioides native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Isognomonidae Isognomon perna native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pinnidae Atrina vexillum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pinnidae Pinna muricata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pinnidae Streptopinna saccata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pteriidae Pinctada maculata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pteriidae Pinctada margaritifera native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Corculum cardissum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Fragum fragum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Fragum mundum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Trachycardium orbita native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Chamidae Chama asperella native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Chamidae Chama iostoma native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Chamidae Chama limbula native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Anodontia edentula native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Codakia tigerina native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Ctena bella native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Ervilia bisculpta native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Semele australis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Quidnipagus palatam native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Semelangulus crebrimaculata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Tellina scobinata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Tellinella crucigera native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Trapezidae Trapezium oblongum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tridacnidae Tridacna maxima native LR/cd reef-associated 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tridacnidae Tridacna squamosa native LR/cd benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Globivenus toreuma native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Periglypta reticulata native N.E. benthic 

33



Code 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Venus toreuma native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Argonautidae Argonauta argo native N.E. pelagic 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Ommastrephidae Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis native N.E. pelagic 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Onychoteuthidae Onychoteuthis banksii native N.E. pelagic 

Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Thysanoteuthidae Thysanoteuthis rhombus native N.E. pelagic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Anaspidea Aplysiidae Dolabella auricularia native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Nacellidae Cellana taitensis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Patellidae Scutellastra flexuosa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Trochidae Broderipia iridescens native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Trochidae Cantharidus marmoreus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Heterostropha Architectonicidae Architectonica perspectiva native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cantharus iostomus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cantharus undosus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Colubraria nitidula native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Engina fuscolineata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Engina rosacea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Pisania decollata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Prodotia iostoma native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Euplica loisae native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Euplica turturina native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Euplica varians native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Pyrene flava native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Pyrene obtusa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Pyrene scripta native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Pyrene varians native N.E. demersal 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus chaldaeus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus coronatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus ebraeus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus flavidus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus geographus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus leopardus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus litoglyphus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus lividus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus magnificus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus marmoreus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus miliaris native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus nanus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus pennaceus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus rattus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus retifer native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus sanguinolentus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus sponsalis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus tenuistriatus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus tessulatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus textile native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus tulipa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Coralliophilidae Coralliophila latilirata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Coralliophilidae Coralliophila violacea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Coralliophilidae Quoyula monodonta native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Costellariidae Vexillum cancellarioides native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Fasciolariidae Fusinus bountyi native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Fasciolariidae Fusinus genticus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Fasciolariidae Latirus nodatus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Fasciolariidae Peristernia nassatula native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Harpidae Harpa major native N.E. demersal 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Harpidae Morum ponderosum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra auriculoides native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra coffea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra colombelliformis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra coronata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra litterata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra mitra native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra pele native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra stictica native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra testacea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Neocancilla takiisaoi native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Ziba cernohorskyi native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Chicoreus ramosus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa clathrata native N.E. benthic 

34



Code 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa elegans native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa grossularia native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa morum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa ricinus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupa speciosa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Drupella cornus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Maculotriton serriale native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Maculotriton serrialis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Morula granulata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Morula parva native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Morula uva native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Nassa serta native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Phyllocoma convoluta native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Rapa rapa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Thais aculeata native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Thais armigera native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Thais intermedia native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Thais tuberosa native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Vexilla vexillum native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Nassariidae Nassarius gaudiosus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Nassariidae Nassarius papillosus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Olividae Oliva annulata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Olividae Oliva caerulea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Hastula hectica native N.E. demersal 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Hastula penicillata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Terebra affinis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Terebra areolata native N.E. demersal 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Terebra maculata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Terebridae Terebra subulata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Turbinellidae Vasum armatum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Turridae Daphnella flammea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Bursidae Bursa granularis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cassidae Casmaria erinaceus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Cerithium atromarginatum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Cerithium columna native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Cerithium echinatum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Cerithium egenum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Cerithium nesioticum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Pseudovertagus clava native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cerithiidae Rhinoclavis sinensis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Blasicrura subteres native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cribrarula cumingii native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea arabica native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea argus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea bouteti native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea caputserpentis native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea carneola native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea childreni native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea dillwyni native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea erosa native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea fimbriata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea goodalli native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea helvola native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea irrorata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea isabella native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea maculifera native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea mappa native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea moneta native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea obvelata native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea poraria native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea schilderorum native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea scurra native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea testudinaria native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea tigris native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Cypraea ventriculus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Erosaria bernardi native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Lyncina lynx native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Lyncina vitellus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Mauritia depressa native N.E. reef-associated 

35



Code 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Pustularia cicercula native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Cypraeidae Talparia talpa native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Hipponicidae Cheilea equestris native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Hipponicidae Hipponix conicus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Hipponicidae Sabia conica native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Janthinidae Janthina janthina native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Janthinidae Recluzia johnii native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Littorinidae Echinolittorina pascua native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Littorinidae Littoraria coccinea native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Littorinidae Nodilittorina pyramidalis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Naticidae Notocochlis cernica native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Naticidae Notocochlis gualteriana native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Naticidae Polinices mammilla native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Naticidae Polinices simiae native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Planaxidae Hinea brasiliana native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Potamididae Royella sinon native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Ranellidae Charonia tritonis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Ranellidae Cymatium nicobaricum native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Ranellidae Cymatium pileare native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Rissoidae Rissoina costata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Rissoidae Stosicia chiltoni native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Rissoidae Zebina bidentata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Strombidae Harpago chiragra native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Strombidae Lambis truncata native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Strombidae Strombus dentatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Strombidae Strombus gibberulus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Strombidae Strombus maculatus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Tonnidae Malea pomum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Tonnidae Tonna perdix native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Triviidae Trivia edgari native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Vanikoridae Vanikoro plicata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Vermetidae Dendropoma maximum native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neritopsina Neritidae Nerita lirellata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neritopsina Neritidae Nerita plicata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Neritopsina Neritidae Nerita polita native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Berthellina citrina native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia Glaucidae Glaucus atlanticus native N.E. benthopelagic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia Phyllidiidae Phyllidiella pustulosa native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Haliotidae Haliotis pulcherrima native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Lottiidae Patelloida conoidalis native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Turbinidae Astralium confragosum native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Turbinidae Turbo argyrostomus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Turbinidae Turbo petholatus native N.E. reef-associated 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Turbinidae Turbo setosus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Ellobiidae Melampus flavus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Ellobiidae Melampus luteus native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Gastropoda Stenoglossa Neptuneidae Caducifer decapitata native N.E. benthic 

Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae Onithochiton lyellii native N.E. benthic 

Ochrophyta Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Lobophora variegata native N.E. benthic 

Ochrophyta Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Stypopodium zonale native N.E. benthic 

Porifera Demospongiae Chondrosida Chondrillidae Chondrosia chucalla native N.E. sessile 

Porifera Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Dysideidae Lamellodysidea herbacea native N.E. sessile 

Porifera Demospongiae Hadromerida Clionaidae Spheciospongia solida native N.E. sessile 

Porifera Demospongiae Hadromerida Spirastrellidae Spirastrella decumbens native N.E. sessile 

Porifera Demospongiae Hadromerida Tethyidae Tethya seychellensis native N.E. sessile 

36


APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES USED IN ASSIGNING SPECIES TO THE PITCAIRN ISLANDS 

FishBase and SeaLifeBase reference numbers (Ref. No.) are given at the end of each reference. 

Allen, G.R., 1985. Butterfly and Angelfishes of the World. Volume 2. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. 271 p. FishBase Ref. No. 

4858. 

Allen, G.R., 1991. Damselfishes of the World. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. 271 p. FishBase Ref. No. 7247. 

Allen, G.R., 1995. Thalassoma robertsoni, a new species of wrasse (Labridae) from Clipperton Island tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. 

Revues Fr. Aquariol. 22(3-4), 75-79. FishBase Ref. No. 31087. 

Allen, G.R., Emery, A.R., 1985. A review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus Stegastes from the Indo-Pacific, with descriptions of 

two new species. Indo-Pacific Fishes (3), 31. FishBase Ref. No. 510. 

Bath, H., 2004. Revision of the genus Rhabdoblennius Whitley (Pisces: Blenniidae: Salariinae), with descriptions of two new 

species. Stuttg. Beitr. Naturkd. (A Biol.) 669, 1-28. FishBase Ref. No. 76835. 

Brook, F.J., 1998. The coastal molluscan fauna of the northern Kermadec Islands, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Royal 

Society of New Zealand 28(2), 185-233. SeaLifeBase Ref. No. 337 and also 87926. 

Brooke, M. de L., Hepburn, I., Travelyan, R.J., 2004. Henderson Island World Heritage Site. Management Plan 2004-2009. Foreign 

and Commonwealth Office, London. 47 p. SeaLifeBase Ref. No. 87921. 

Bruce, R.W., Randall, J.E., 1985. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific parrotfish genera Calotomus and Leptoscarus (Scaridae: 

Sparisomatinae). Indo-Pacific Fishes (5), 32 p. FishBase Ref. No. 525. 

Chan, T.-Y., 2010. Annotated checklist of the world's marine lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidea, Glypheidea, Achelata, 

Polychelida). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. 23, 153-181. SeaLifeBase Ref. No. 87917. 

Collette, B.B., Nauen, C.E., 1983. Scombrids of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and 

related species known to date. Volume 2. FAO Species Catalogue. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125(2). FAO, Rome. 137p. 

FishBase Ref. No. 168. 

Collette, B.B., Randall, J.E., 2000. Ammodytoides leptus, a new species of sand lance (Teleostei: Ammodytidae) from Pitcairn 

Island. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 113(2), 397-400. FishBase Ref. No. 37585. 

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2- 

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papillae, and predorsal scales (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 2056-2076. FishBase Ref. No. 10753. 

Woodland, D.J., 1990. Revision of the fish family Siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and 

biology. Indo-Pacific Fishes (19), 136 p. FishBase Ref. No. 1419. 

42

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