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APPENDIX S1: Systematic account of Fiji seed plant genera.<br />
The indigenous seed-plants listed below comprise 137 families, 484 genera and 1315 species.<br />
Except where indicated, the order, numbering and delimitation of the families and genera<br />
follow Smith’s flora. Authorities for names are given in Smith or other revisions where these<br />
are cited. Taxonomy follows Smith except where there is a later revision, in which case this is<br />
accepted.<br />
If a genus has any coastal records, the types of vegetation occupied there are indicated. If a<br />
genus has any records from limestone this is indicated. If a genus has no records from near sea<br />
level, the types of vegetation that the genus is recorded in are indicated.<br />
Smith used the phonetic spelling system for Fijian place names. However, the conventional<br />
system in current use in Fiji – b for mb, d for nd, g for ng, q for ngg, c for th – is used by other<br />
authors and is employed here.<br />
Abbreviations<br />
Nr. = near<br />
s.l. = sea level.<br />
Smith = Smith (1979-1996) Flora Vitiensis Nova (6 volumes).<br />
4 families, 9 genera, and 11 species.<br />
GYMNOSPERMS<br />
1. Cycadaceae 1 genus/1 species<br />
Cycas 1 species. Nr. s.l., limestone c. 10 m above the sea on Vanua Balavu, Lau<br />
(pers. obs.), on rocky shores (volcanics) at Yanuyanu-i-Loma, Kadavu (G.Keppel,<br />
pers. comm), – 600 m. The Fiji plant was regarded by Smith as f. seemannii of the<br />
widespread C. rumphii, Hill (1994) and Hill et al. (2004) treated it as a segregate<br />
species, C. seemannii. De Laubenfels & Adema (1998) synonymised this in a broad<br />
C. celebica. Hill (1993) and Keppel & Osborne (2004) referred to an unusual form of<br />
Vanuatu and Fiji which may represent a distinct taxon.<br />
2. Podocarpaceae 6/9<br />
Dacrydium 2. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. The widespread D. nidulum was mapped by de<br />
Laubenfels (1988).<br />
Bracteocarpus (= Dacrycarpus p.p.) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. The widespread species was<br />
mapped by de Laubenfels (1988) who observed that it occurs near sea level only in<br />
Fiji. Bracteocarpus was described by Bobrov & Melikjan (1998).<br />
Acmopyle 1. 679 – 1050 m. Dense forest. Bush & Doyle (1997) provided new data on<br />
this rare species.<br />
Retrophyllum (= Podocarpus sect. Polypodiopsis, = Decussocarpus p.p., = Nageia sect.<br />
Polypodiopsis; see Page 1988) 1. Nr. s.l. – 915 m. The species was mapped by de<br />
Laubenfels (1988) and its affinities examined by Herbert et al. (2002).<br />
Podocarpus 1. (P. affinis). 600 – 960 m. Dense forest.<br />
Margbensonia (= Podocarpus p.p.) 2. Nr. s.l., sometimes at edges of tidal swamps<br />
(M. neriifolius), – 1100 m. Limestone (Lami, 6 m above tidal swamp, Gray 1955; also<br />
1
on Vanua Balavu). P. decipiens was synonymised under P. neriifolius by de<br />
Laubenfels (1985) and by Doyle (1998). P. neriifolius var. degeneri was<br />
synonymised under var. neriifolius by Doyle (1998) but accepted at species rank by<br />
de Laubenfels (1985) (in a separate section from P. neriifolius) and by Bobrov &<br />
Melikjan (1998). P. neriifolius was mapped by de Laubenfels (1988). Margbensonia<br />
was described by Bobrov & Melikjan (1998).<br />
3. Araucariaceae 1/1<br />
Agathis 1. Nr. s.l., mangrove edge at Dogotuki, Macuata (G. Keppel, pers. comm.), –<br />
1150 m. Whitmore (1980) (not cited by Smith) and T. Waters (pers. comm.) regard<br />
the Fijian species as shared with Vanuatu.<br />
6. Gnetaceae 1/1<br />
Gnetum 1. Nr. s.l., coastal forest, often on limestone, – 850 m.<br />
23 families, 135 genera, and 295 species.<br />
MONOCOTYLEDONS<br />
9. Hydrocharitaceae 2/3<br />
Hydrilla 1. Only nr. s.l. Generally in freshwater.<br />
Halophila 2. In saltwater. Probably represented in Fiji by a greater number of<br />
individual plants than any other phanerogam (Smith). On muddy areas near<br />
mangrove swamps (H. ovalis), on sand and rocky limestone reefs (H. minor). The<br />
seagrasses have been described and mapped by Phillips & Meñez (1988).<br />
11. Ruppiaceae 1/1<br />
Ruppia 1. Brackish estuaries, etc.<br />
12. Cymodoceaceae 2/3<br />
Halodule 2. Submerged marine plants. Coral sand, limestone, mudflats off mangrove-<br />
lined shores.<br />
Syringodium 1. Submerged marine plants. Mudflats, fringing reef, limestone.<br />
13. Triuridaceae 1/2<br />
Sciaphila (incl. Andruris) 2. 30 – 430 m. Forest. Limestone. For taxonomy, see van<br />
Meerendonk (1984).<br />
14. Liliaceae 1/1<br />
Collospermum 1. 250 – 1323 m. Dense forest, dense thickets and crest and ridge<br />
forest.<br />
14a. Phormiaceae (see ‘Addenda’, Smith vol. 5) 2/2<br />
Dianella 1. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m. Limestone.<br />
Rhuacophila 1. 800 – 1323 m. Light forest (Namuamua, Namosi, Vodonaivalu,<br />
SUVA), open hillside (Nadarivatu, Parham, SUVA).<br />
2
(16. Agavaceae 1/1<br />
Cordyline 1. ‘so firmly naturalized as to appear native’ (Smith). Nr. s.l., sometimes<br />
near beaches – 1100 m. Limestone. Van Balgooy, 1971, cited it as ‘introduced?’).<br />
18. Philesiaceae 1/1<br />
Geitonoplesium 1. 130 – 1323 m. Dense forest, thickets, grassy slopes. Limestone.<br />
20. Smilacaceae 1/1<br />
Smilax 1. Nr. s.l. – 1300 m. Limestone.<br />
21. Dioscoreaceae 1/1<br />
Dioscorea 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Smith wrote ‘it seems reasonable to assume [D.<br />
pentaphylla] was an aboriginal introduction to Fiji’, but also felt the species<br />
is ‘conceivably indigenous’ in Melanesia and this is accepted here. D.<br />
nummularia is ‘so thoroughly naturalized as to appear indigenous’ (Smith). Van<br />
Balgooy (1971) accepted both species as indigenous.<br />
22. Taccaceae 1/2<br />
Tacca 2. On beaches, in beach thicket, woods near coast – 350 m. Limestone.<br />
27. Heliconiaceae 1/1<br />
Heliconia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. For taxonomy, see Kress (1990).<br />
29. Zingiberaceae 2/6<br />
Etlingera (= Geanthus, = Ammomum sect. Geanthus) 1. 200 – 400 m (2 collections<br />
only). Forest. For taxonomy see Smith (Addenda).<br />
Alpinia 5. Nr. s.l. – 1300 m.<br />
32. Orchidaceae 60/164.<br />
Habenaria 2. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m.<br />
Cynorkis 1. ‘Seashore’ (Tailevu, Raiqiso, SUVA) – 1000 m. Renz & Vodonaivalu<br />
(1989) accepted this as indigenous; Kores (in Smith) did not.<br />
Peristylus (sometimes taken to include Habenaria) 4. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m.<br />
Cryptostylis 1. 100 – 1000 m. Dense forest.<br />
Pseudovanilla 1. 50 – 150 m. Dry or dense forest.<br />
Nervilia 3. Nr. s.l. – 400 m.<br />
Epipogium 1. 800 – 1000 m. Densely shaded forest.<br />
Didymoplexis 1. Nr. s.l – 1070 m.<br />
Goodyera 2. 100 – 1050 m. Forest.<br />
Pristiglottis (incl. Odontochilus, Cheirostylis) 2. 200 – 1323 m. Dense forest, crest<br />
thickets.<br />
Erythrodes 2. 100 – 900 m. Dense forest.<br />
Zeuxine 2. 60 – 1000 m. Forest.<br />
Anoectochilus 1. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest.<br />
Vrydagzynea 2. 50 – 1200 m. Dense forest.<br />
3
Hetaeria 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Tropidia 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m.<br />
Corymborkis 1. Nr. s.l. – 800 m.<br />
Malaxis 13. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m.<br />
Oberonia 3. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Mangrove epiphyte (O. equitans: Muana-i-Ra, Rewa,<br />
Vodonaivalu, SUVA), beach thickets (Natewa, Smith et. al., SUVA).<br />
Liparis 8. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Mangrove epiphyte (L. elliptica: opp. Suva cemetery,<br />
Vodonaivalu, SUVA). Limestone (L. condylobulbon).<br />
Chrysoglossum 2. 200 – 1100 m. Forest.<br />
Coelogyne 2. 200 – 1100 m. Forest, ridges, crests.<br />
Pseuderia 2. 50 – 900 m. Forest, thickets, forest-grassland transition.<br />
Cadetia 1. ‘Up to perhaps 300 m.’ Forest.<br />
Dendrobium 22. Epiphytes in mangrove forest (e.g. D. dactylodes: Wainunu R.<br />
estuary, Miller, SUVA; D. biflorum: Savusavu, Vodonaivalu, SUVA), – 1300 m.<br />
Limestone (D. vagans, D. tokai).<br />
Flickeringia 1. One 1945 collection from Suva [?Lami] Quarry. Possibly on limestone.<br />
Diplocaulobium 1. Nr. s.l., occasionally in mangrove swamps, – 900 m.<br />
Eria 3. Mangrove epiphyte (E. rostriflora: opp. Suva Cemetery, Vodonaivalu,<br />
SUVA) – 960 m.<br />
Mediocalcar 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
Epiblastus 1. 850 – 1150 m. Dense forest.<br />
Agrostophyllum 2. No altitudinal information is available for one species. The other has<br />
been collected only once, probably at 200 – 400 m. Dense or open forest.<br />
Earina 1. 300 – 1100 m. Dense or open forest, edge of grassland.<br />
Glomera 2. 270 m (Namosi, 800’, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1300 m. Forest.<br />
Glossorhyncha 1. 670 – 1190 m. Dense forest, dense thicket.<br />
Aglossorhyncha 1. 1000 – 1100 m. One collection only: Nadarivatu, in forest.<br />
Appendicula 3. Nr. s.l. – 1030 m. Epiphyte in mangrove (A. reflexa: opp. Suva<br />
Cemetery, Vodonaivalu, SUVA).<br />
Calanthe 5. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone.<br />
Phaius 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
Spathoglottis 3. Mangrove epiphyte (S. pacifica: opposite Suva cemetery,<br />
Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1000 m.<br />
Acanthephippium 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Bulbophyllum (incl. Cirrhopetalum) 20. Epiphyte in mangrove (B. longiscapum:<br />
Wainunu R. estuary, Bua, Miller, SUVA; opp. Suva Cemetery, Vodonaivalu,<br />
SUVA) – 1150 m.<br />
Geodorum 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. Pockets of soil on limestone, in dense forest, etc.<br />
Eulophia (incl. Eulophidium) 2. From ‘low elevations’ (Kores in Smith) up to 850 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
Grammatophyllum 1. No altitudinal information is avaialable, but probably only known<br />
from low altitude (cf. Meli Meli, Viti Levu, 5 m, Ash, SUVA). G. elegans is recorded<br />
in mangrove by Rewa R. delta (Thaman et al. 2005).<br />
Octarrhena 1. One collection: 300 m, Mt Korombalevu. [= ?Nakobalevu]. Habitat<br />
unknown (probably dense forest).<br />
Phreatia 11. Mangrove epiphyte (P. neocaledonica: Tailevu, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) –<br />
4
1200 m. Limestone.<br />
Calymmanthera 1. 725 – 900 m. Dense forest. .<br />
Thrixspermum 2. 100 – 400 m. Dense forest.<br />
Sarcochilus 1. 50–900 m. Dense forest.<br />
Chiloschista 1. ‘Usually occurring on limestone or in coastal areas (and on offshore<br />
islands)’ (Kores in Smith) – 30 m.<br />
Luisia 1. 100 – 300 m. Forest.<br />
Sarcanthopsis 1. Nr. s.l. – 80 m. Limestone.<br />
Saccolabiopsis 1. 150 – 400 m. Forest.<br />
Trachoma 1. One collection: 725 – 825 m (Rairaimatuku Plateau). Dense forest.<br />
Robiquetia (Saccolabium p.p.) 1. 50 – 1050 m. Dense forest.<br />
Schoenorchis 1. s.l. (Deuba beach, Vodonaivalu, SUVA, det. Kores) – 900 m.<br />
Cleisostoma 1. 100 – 500 m. Dense forest.<br />
Pomatocalpa 1. 50 – 1100 m. Dense forest. Kores (in Smith) cited a 1906 im Thurn<br />
collection labelled ‘common on rocks around Suva Harbour’, but regarded this<br />
record as ‘highly questionable’.<br />
Microtatorchis 2. 15 m (, Navakacuru Yacata I., Koroveibau), – 1120 m. Dense forest.<br />
Taeniophyllum 4. T. fasciola: dry forest along rocky coasts, on offshore islands, inner<br />
edges of mangrove swamps, etc. (Kores in Smith), beach epiphyte on Calophyllum<br />
(Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1200 m (T. gracile). Epiphytic on trees on limestone<br />
(Vanua Balavu).<br />
33. Cyperaceae 14/24<br />
Scirpodendron 1. Coastal marshes, mangrove swamps – 150 m.<br />
Mapania (incl. Paramapania and Thorachostachyum) 2. 300 – 416 m. One species is<br />
known only from two collections; the second species is known from a single<br />
collection with no altitudinal information. Habitat is only known for the first<br />
species: dense forest.<br />
Hypolytrum 1. s.l. – 800 m.<br />
Lepironia 1. 600 – 900 m. Swamps and morasses.<br />
Scleria 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Eleocharis 2. Nr. s.l. – 825 m.<br />
Fimbristylis 3 (?4). On beaches – 900 m.<br />
Mariscus 2. Brackish swamps behind mangroves, sandy shores, rocky coasts, swampy<br />
ground, coconut plantations. Limestone.<br />
Torulinium 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m.<br />
Machaerina 1. 100 – 760 m. Dense forest of crests and ridges, open cliffs and ridges,<br />
forest edge.<br />
Schoenus 1. One collection only (Korobasabasaga Ra.) with no altitudinal<br />
information.<br />
Rhynchospora 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m. Forest.<br />
Gahnia 2. 100 – 1323 m. Dense thickets and openings on crests and ridges, rolling<br />
country with ferns and grasses.<br />
Carex 4. 50 – 1323 m. Forest, wet places on open slopes. Gardner (1997) recorded C.<br />
brunnea, new for Fiji.<br />
(Cyperus. Smith does not accept any of the nine species in Fiji as indigenous.<br />
5
Van Balgooy, 1971, did accept the genus as indigenous in Fiji, and Jaffré et al.,<br />
2001, accepted ten species as indigenous in New Caledonia).<br />
35. Commelinaceae 2/2<br />
Aneilema 1. Nr. s.l. – 500 m.<br />
Commelina 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
36. Flagellariaceae 1/3<br />
Flagellaria 3. Nr. s.l., on the edges of mangrove swamps, – 900 m.<br />
37. Joinvilleaceae 1/1<br />
Joinvillea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
38. Poaceae 21/26<br />
Parham (in Smith) sometimes does not specify whether a taxon is indigenous or not,<br />
and in some cases it probably impossible to know. 8 species, namely the members<br />
of Eragrostis, Garnotia, Isachne and Ischaemum, have been regarded as endemic, but<br />
R.O. Gardner (pers. comm. Sept. 2005) recognises only two Fiji endemic species, one<br />
Garnotia and one Isachne.<br />
Schizostachyum 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. This may be an aboriginal introduction<br />
(R.O. Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005).<br />
Centosteca (= Centotheca) 1. s.l. – 1000 m.<br />
Eragostis 1. 10 – 60 m. Dry hillsides, limestone ridges etc. There are perhaps two<br />
indigenous species (R.O.Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005).<br />
Dactyloctenium 1. s.l. – 30 m. Possibly not indigenous – there are no 19 th century<br />
records (R.O. Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005).<br />
Lepturus 2. At s.l. only: sandy shores, beaches, rocky shores.<br />
Garnotia 5. S.l. – 1067 m. R.O. Gardner (pers. comm. Sept. 2005) regards the Fijian<br />
populations as comprising a single species.<br />
Aristida 1. One collection only (Makodroga I., Loma-i-Viti): 60 m. Dry forested<br />
slope.<br />
Ehrharta (incl. Microlaena) 1. 1000 – 1300 m. (Mt. Tomanivi only), presumably in<br />
forest, as elsewhere. Taxonomy follows Willemse (1982) (not cited by Parham in<br />
Smith).<br />
Paspalum 1. (P. vaginatum, R.O.Gardner pers. comm. Sept. 2005): ‘widespread<br />
throughout tropics’ – in Fiji usually near s.l.: on beaches and creek banks and in<br />
mangrove swamps. Limestone.<br />
Stenotaphrum 1. Sandy coastal areas (beach on Vatulele I., Vodonaivalu, SUVA).<br />
Limestone.<br />
Thuarea 1. Common on beaches. Limestone.<br />
Cenchrus 1. Coastal areas – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Sacciolepis 1. S.l. – 100 m.<br />
Isachne 1. S.l. – 1300 m.<br />
Imperata 1. S.l. – 900 m.<br />
Miscanthus 1. S.l. – 900 m.<br />
Erianthus 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. (Possibly a hybrid of Miscanthus and Saccharum).<br />
6
Saccharum 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
Microstegium 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Ischaemum 1. No altitudinal information available (known from the type only).<br />
Limestone.<br />
Chrysopogon 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. ‘Probably an aboriginal introduction’ (Parham in<br />
Smith), although it grows well on coastal limestone in Niue (R.O. Gardner pers.<br />
comm., Sept. 2005). Limestone.<br />
Van Balgooy (1971) accepted 16 other grass genera as indigenous to Fiji, a discrepancy which<br />
illustrates the problems of ascertaining original distributions in this weedy and cultivated<br />
family. Six of the genera accepted by van Balgooy that are the most likely to be indigenous are<br />
the following, with evaluations by Parham (in Smith):<br />
Setaria 1. s.l., inner edges of mangrove swamps, swampy areas, rocky places, open<br />
hillsides, along roadsides, cultivated areas – ‘several hundred’ metres. Warmer parts of<br />
the north temperate Old World, now widely distributed in the tropical Old World and<br />
other areas.<br />
Oplismenus 3. Two of these ‘appear to have been very early, possibly aboriginal<br />
introductions’. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Sacciolepis 1. s.l. – 1000 m. Common throughout Fiji, ‘which suggests it was an early<br />
introduction’.<br />
Ancistrachne 1. 240 m. ‘The distribution, if natural, is very unusual’. It is not clear<br />
whether this refers to the distribution outside Fiji (Australia, New Caledonia,<br />
Philippines), or within Fiji (Mamanucas and Makodroga, Loma-i-Viti). Neither is<br />
especially unusual.<br />
Heteropogon 1. s.l. – 250 m, ‘aboriginal or very early European introduction’.<br />
Coix 1. s.l. – 900 m, ‘presumed’ aboriginal introduction.<br />
39. Arecaceae 11/24. Additional altitude information has been taken from Fuller (1997) and<br />
Watling 2005).<br />
Pritchardia 1. s.l. – 80 m. Only on limestone islets and limestone lagoon cliffs: ‘the<br />
palms grow right down to the edge of the sea, and are subject to salt spray from large<br />
waves’ (Fuller & Jones 1999).<br />
Metroxylon 1. Coastal and some inland records (one of the specimens cited by<br />
McClatchey, 1999, is from ‘near sea-level’). No other altitudinal information is<br />
available. The Fijian species belongs to sect. Coelococcus which was revised by<br />
McClatchey (1999).<br />
Calamus 1. Nr. s.l. – 800 m.<br />
Veitchia 4. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Close behind mangrove (Watling 2005), exposed<br />
limestone karst (Watling 2005). Two species accepted by Moore (in Smith) were<br />
synonymised by Doyle & Fuller (1998), and one was deleted by them as ‘dubious’.<br />
Three other species accepted by Moore (in Smith) were synonymised by Zona &<br />
Fuller (1999).<br />
Balaka 6. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. One species was deleted by Doyle & Fuller (1998) as<br />
‘dubious’, one new species was described by Fuller & Dowe (1999), and one species<br />
remains undescribed (Doyle & Fuller 1998).<br />
Neoveitchia 1. No altitudinal information is available apart from one collection (Naqali<br />
7
nr. Nawaqabena, Naitasiri, Fuller & Doyle, SUVA) labelled 150 m. Records on the<br />
map in Watling (2005) suggest it usually occurs below 100 m. The genus was<br />
regarded as a Fiji endemic until the discovery of a Vanuatu species (Dowe 1996).<br />
Clinostigma 1. 50 – 1200 m. Dense forest, crest thickets.<br />
Cyphosperma 3. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest. One of the three species remains<br />
undescribed (Doyle & Fuller 1998, Watling 2005).<br />
Physokentia (incl. Goniocladus) 2. 250 – 1250 m. Dense forest, ridge forest. For<br />
taxonomy, see Doyle & Fuller (1998) and Fuller (1999).<br />
Heterospathe (incl. Alsmithia) 2. 100 – 600 m. Wet forest. For taxonomy, see Moore et<br />
al. (1982) and Norup (2005). The Vanua Levu population may represent a new<br />
species (D. Watling, pers. comm, Sept. 2005)<br />
Hydriastele (incl. Gulubia p.p.) 2. 25 – 800 m. Forest. One species was described by<br />
Essig (1982) and one by Baker & Loo (2004). The latter authors also revised the<br />
generic limits.<br />
40. Araceae 4/4<br />
Epipremnum 1. S.l., edges of mangrove swamps – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
Rhaphidophora 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
Cyrtosperma 1. Nr. s.l., in wet and swampy places. Hay’s (1988) revision involves a<br />
name change for the Fiji species.<br />
Alocasia 1. Nr s.l. – 600 m. Smith described Alocasia and Amorphophallus as<br />
‘probably’ aboriginal introductions. Mayo et al. (1997), followed here, accepted the<br />
former but not the latter from Fiji.<br />
41. Lemnaceae 2/2<br />
Lemna 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m.<br />
Spirodela 1. Nr. s.l.<br />
42. Pandanaceae 2/20<br />
Freycinetia 8. Nr. beaches – 1323 m.<br />
Pandanus 12. S.l., limestone cliffs above sea, sand dunes, edges of mangrove<br />
swamps, – 900 m.<br />
43. Typhaceae 1/1<br />
Typha 1. Nr s.l., in swampy areas, submerged at high tide.<br />
110 families, 340 genera, and 1009 species.<br />
44. Degeneriaceae 1/2<br />
Degeneria 2. 30 – 1150 m. Forest.<br />
DICOTYLEDONS<br />
45. Annonaceae 5/17<br />
Polyalthia 8. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
Cyathocalyx 4. 10 – 1100 m. Forest.<br />
8
Xylopia 3. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. (One species was previously placed in Fissistigma).<br />
Richella 1. 100 – 1150 m. Forest.<br />
Meiogyne 1. 30 – 150 m. The species has previously been placed in Desmos and (by<br />
Smith) in Polyalthia. Meiogyne was revised by van Heusden (1994).<br />
46. Myristicaceae 1/6<br />
Myristica 6. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. For taxonomy, see de Wilde (1994).<br />
47. Aristolochiaceae 1/1<br />
Aristolochia 1. 180 – 875 m. Dense forest, forest edges.<br />
48. Piperaceae 2/10<br />
Piper 4. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
Macropiper 6. Nr. s.l., beach thickets and forest – 1195 m. Limestone.<br />
49. Peperomiaceae 1/23<br />
Peperomia 23. Rocky shores – 1323 m. P. subroseispica generally occurs at 500 –<br />
1323 m, but there is one specimen from the coastal town of Lami. P. urvilleana (= P.<br />
endlicheri) is recorded from a limestone cliff, P. pilostigma is on limestone in N Lau.<br />
50. Chloranthaceae 1/2<br />
Ascarina 2. 350 – 1241 m. Forest.<br />
51. Trimeniaceae 1/1<br />
Trimenia 1. 500 m (Mt. Vakarogosiu, Namosi, Vodonaivalu. SUVA) – 1030 m.<br />
Forest.<br />
52. Monimiaceae 1/1<br />
Hedycarya 1. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m.<br />
53. Hernandiaceae 1/3<br />
Hernandia 3. Beaches and beach forest – 1130 m. Limestone.<br />
54. Lauraceae 4/34<br />
Endiandra 7. 30 – 1130 m. Dense, dry or secondary forest, forest edge.<br />
Cinnamomum 6. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m.<br />
Cryptocarya 8. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Limestone.<br />
Litsea 13. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone.<br />
55. Cassythaceae 1/1<br />
Cassytha 1. Beach thickets – 350 m. Limestone.<br />
56. Gyrocarpaceae 1/1<br />
Gyrocarpus 1. Arid coasts, nr. beaches – 300 m.<br />
58. Ceratophyllaceae 1/1<br />
9
Ceratophyllum 1. Nr. s.l., swamps and streams.<br />
59. Menispermaceae 1/1<br />
Pachygone 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. Limestone.<br />
60. Ranunculaceae 1/1<br />
Clematis 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
62. Ulmaceae 4/5<br />
Parasponia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m.<br />
Trema 1. Nr. s.l. – 250 m. Limestone.<br />
Celtis 2. 100 – 1150 m. Dense or secondary forest.<br />
Gironniera 1. Nr. s.l. – 970 m.<br />
64. Moraceae 3/17<br />
Ficus 14. Inner edge of mangrove swamp, rocky shores, beach thickets, – 1150 m.<br />
Limestone. Berg (2002) revised members of sect. Oreosycea and synonymised F.<br />
smithii var. robusta with the typical variety. Berg & Corner (2005) pointed out the<br />
close affinities of F. pritchardii, endemic to Fiji, with the other two members of sect.<br />
Papuasyce in New Guinea.<br />
Streblus 2. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m.<br />
Malaisia 1. Nr. s.l. – 400 m.<br />
65. Urticaceae 8/28<br />
Dendrocnide 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
Elatostema 14. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m.<br />
Procris 4. Nr. s.l., limestone, rocky coasts, – 125 m. Hadiah et al. (2003) gave<br />
preliminary evidence that Procris might best be extended to include some<br />
Elatostema species, or alternatively that it could be included in Elatostema.<br />
Boehmeria 1. 50 – 1200 m. Dense, open, dry, and secondary forest, or on its edges.<br />
Pipturus 3. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Costal thickets, dense, open, dry, and secondary<br />
forest. Limestone.<br />
Cypholophus 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
Leucosyke 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Often nr. coast.<br />
Maoutia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m.<br />
66. Casuarinaceae 2/3<br />
Casuarina 2. Sandy beaches, rocky coasts, coastal forest, – 475 m. Limestone.<br />
Gymnostoma 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
67. Balanopaceae 1/1<br />
Balanops 1. Nr. s.l., in coastal thickets, beach vegetation (Deuba, Vodonaivaulu,<br />
SUVA), – 1323 m. Carlquist (1980) wrote that its occurrence ‘close to beaches on<br />
Viti Levu appears mysterious [as these are often drier than the usual mesic habitat]<br />
until one sees that these areas are freshwater swamp margins’.<br />
10
69. Nyctaginaceae 2/4<br />
Boerhavia 1. At or nr. s.l., sand or coral beaches, rocky slopes, as a weed in villages<br />
For taxonomy, see Smith (Addenda).<br />
Pisonia 3. Nr. sl. – 825 m. Limestone.<br />
70. Aizoaceae 1/1<br />
Sesuvium 1. At and nr. s.l. only, sand and coral beaches, limestone headlands,<br />
disturbed coastal areas.<br />
72. Molluginaceae 1/1<br />
Mollugo 1. Nr. s.l. only, waste ground and cultivated ground.<br />
74. Portulacaceae 1/5<br />
Portulaca 5. Sand and coral beaches, guano, limestone rock, – 200 m.<br />
76. Amaranthaceae 1/1<br />
Deeringia 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Limestone.<br />
79. Plumbaginaceae 1/1<br />
Plumbago 1. Cliff faces and talus slopes along beaches, – 400 m.<br />
80. Dilleniaceae 2/2<br />
Dillenia 1. Edges of mangrove swamps, forest, – 1075 m.<br />
Hibbertia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1155 m.<br />
81. Ochnaceae 1/1<br />
Brackenridgea 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m.<br />
82. Theaceae 1/2<br />
Eurya 2. 150 – 1195 m. Dense forest, forest edges, ridge thickets, streams among<br />
reeds.<br />
83. Saurauiaceae 1/1<br />
Saurauia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m.<br />
84. Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae) 3/13<br />
Calophyllum 7. Nr. coast, beaches, coastal thickets, along streams, – 1250 m.<br />
Limestone. Stevens (1980) revised and mapped the Fiji species and one variety<br />
treated as a species by Smith.<br />
Mammea 1. Nr. s.l. only, beach thickets, often on limestone, inner edges of mangrove<br />
swamps.<br />
Garcinia 5. Beach thickets – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
85. Elatinaceae 1/1<br />
Elatine 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
11
86. Elaeocarpaceae 1/21<br />
Elaeocarpus 21. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone (E. graeffei).<br />
87. Tiliaceae 6/8<br />
Corchorus 1. At and nr. s.l. only, beaches, rocky islets, limestone cliff, coconut<br />
plantations.<br />
Trichospermum 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Grewia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. Limestone.<br />
Microcos 1. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest.<br />
Triumfetta 1. Nr. s.l. only, on beaches and in coastal forest on sandy soils. Limestone.<br />
Berrya 1. 300 – 600 m. Dense or open forest.<br />
88. Sterculiaceae 8/16<br />
Melochia 7. Nr. s.l. – 195 m. Limestone.<br />
Pimia 1. Monotypic genus endemic to Macuata (N Vanua Levu). Collected once<br />
(Seemann) in forest along the coast. Altitude unknown.<br />
Commersonia 1. Nr. s.l. – 500 m.<br />
Kleinhovia 1. Swamps nr. beaches, coastal thickets – 100 m.<br />
Sterculia 2. Up to 300 m.<br />
Firmiana 1. 100 – 850 m. Dense, dry or open forest.<br />
Pterocymbium 1. 400 – 600 m. Dry forest or its edges.<br />
Heritiera 2. Mangrove swamps, coastal thickets, edge of forest along rocky shores, –<br />
970 m.<br />
90. Malvaceae 4/4<br />
Hibiscus 1. Edge of mangrove (Guppy 1906: 43), coastal and lowland thickets, upper<br />
limit unclear; the species occurs up to 800 m, but at that altitude is planted or an<br />
escape from cultivation. Limestone.<br />
Thespesia 1. Nr. s.l., edges of mangrove swamps, coastal thickets, beach forest.<br />
Gossypium 1. Nr. s.l. – 30 m.<br />
Sida 1. Nr. s.l., beaches, headlands and rocky places near the sea, around villages.<br />
Limestone. For taxonomy, see Smith (Addenda).<br />
91. Euphorbiaceae 23/69<br />
Cleistanthus 1. 50 – 200 m. Dry forest.<br />
Antidesma 5. s.l. – 1220 m.<br />
Baccaurea 1. Coastal thickets – 300 m. The taxonomy follows Haegens (2000).<br />
Nothobaccaurea 2. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. The taxonomy follows Haegens (2000).<br />
Drypetes 2. 50 – 1000 m. Edges of dense forest, dry forest.<br />
Flueggea (= Securinega sect. Flueggea). 1. s.l. – 250 m. Regarded as an ‘Aboriginal<br />
introduction?’ by Smith, accepted as indigenous by van Balgooy (1971). The genus<br />
was revised by Webster (1984), who commented that its distribution east of the<br />
Solomons ‘appears very spotty as though it had recently spread by chance<br />
dispersal’. However, it is present in N Vanuatu (a Banks Islands record is indicated<br />
on Webster’s map but no specimen is listed), Fiji (Tailevu, Ra, Naitasiri, Ovalau),<br />
Wallis & Futuna (three islands), Tongatapu (misplaced on Webster’s map) and the<br />
12
four main islands of Samoa. The N Vanuatu – Viti Levu disjunction is seen in many<br />
groups, as is the conspicuous absence in New Guinea between N Solomons and<br />
the Vogelkop.<br />
Phyllanthus 5. s.l. – 1127 m. Limestone. The four woody species were revised and<br />
mapped by Webster (1986). Smith regarded the herb P. virgatus as an aboriginal<br />
introduction from Asia or Malesia, but Webster pointed out that E Melanesian plants<br />
are morphologically similar to E Polynesian plants, but differ from those of<br />
mainland Asia.<br />
Glochidion 17. s.l., lagoon cliffs, – 1155 m. Limestone.<br />
Bischofia 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Austrobuxus 1. 100 – 600 m (central Vanua Levu). Forest, patches of forest, hillside<br />
slopes.<br />
Macaranga 9. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
Cleidion 1. Nr. s.l., sometimes nr. beaches, – 1050 m. Limestone.<br />
Claoxylon 3. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
Acalypha 5. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets – 1175 m. Limestone. Smith (Addenda) did not<br />
accept proposed infraspecific taxa within A. amentacea (= A. grandis).<br />
Mallotus 1. Coastal thickets – 580 m.<br />
Endospermum 2. Nr. mangrove swamps, in thickets, – 900 m.<br />
Codiaeum 1. Beach thickets – 600 m.<br />
Croton 4. Nr. s.l. – 1030 m. Limestone cliffs (Kabara). Webster (1993) revised the<br />
sectional classification of the genus.<br />
Homalanthus (= Omalanthus) 1. Beach thickets – 1120 m. The spelling follows<br />
Radcliffe-Smith (2001).<br />
Excoecaria 3. Mangrove swamps, beach thickets, – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
Stillingia 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, limestone cliffs.<br />
Euphorbia 1. Nr. s.l. – 550 m.<br />
Chamaesyce 1. Rocky shores and islets, sea cliffs, beaches – 400 m. Limestone.<br />
(Aporosa: the record of this in van Balgooy, 1971, refers to a Cyrtandra; cf. van<br />
Balgooy 1993).<br />
92. Gonystylaceae 1/1<br />
Gonystylus 1. 100 m (Wailoku, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 900 m. Dense, sometimes<br />
secondary forest.<br />
93. Thymelaeaceae 2/10<br />
Phaleria 9. Sea cliffs, at their bases, beach thickets, – 1195 m. Limestone.<br />
Wikstroemia 1. Nr. s.l., lagoon cliffs – 1195 m. Limestone.<br />
95. Barringtoniaceae 1/4<br />
Barringtonia 4. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, beaches, coastal thickets, beach<br />
forest – 600 m. Limestone.<br />
96. Rhizophoraceae 3/8<br />
Rhizophora 3 (incl. R. x selala). Mangrove swamps, beaches. Limestone. Ding Hou<br />
13
(1958), Breteler (1977) and Whistler (2002) concluded that R. samoensis cannot be<br />
distinguished specifically from the American R. mangle, but Tomlinson (1978) and<br />
Smith accepted the two as distinct. Guppy (1906: 521) concluded that R. x selala<br />
was the result of a dimorphism in ‘R. mucronata’ (i.e. R. stylosa) rather than<br />
hybridism with R. samoensis.<br />
Bruguiera 1. Mangrove swamps, beaches. Limestone.<br />
Crossostylis 4. Nr. s.l. – 1220 m. Setoguchi et al. (1998) did not accept C.<br />
pedunculata (which they probably synonymised under C. richii) or C. harveyi, but<br />
did recognize C. pachyantha A.C.Sm., although this was synonymised by Smith<br />
under the earlier name C. harveyi.<br />
97. Flacourtiaceae 5/23<br />
Erythrospermum 1. Nr. s.l. – 700 m. Limestone.<br />
Homalium 4. Nr. s.l. – 950 m. Limestone.<br />
Flacourtia 5. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Xylosma 2. s.l., rocky islets, seaside limestone, cliffs, coastal thickets, – 300 m.<br />
Casearia 11. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. (No limestone records. The genus is ‘strangely absent<br />
from the Lau group’ – Smith).<br />
98. Violaceae 3/3<br />
Melicytus 1. 300 – 1195 m. Dense forest, ridge and crest forest.<br />
Agatea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
Rinorea 1. 150 – 400 m. Gardner (1997) recorded the genus for Fiji (Waya I.).<br />
100. Passifloraceae 1/2<br />
Passiflora 2. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. De Wilde (1972) synonymised P. barclayi under P.<br />
aurantia, but Green (1972), Smith, and Jaffré et al. (2001) recognised both species as<br />
distinct.<br />
104. Cucurbitaceae 3/3<br />
Momordica 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets – 100 m.<br />
Zehneria 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. Smith (Addenda) rejected proposals to subdivide the<br />
widespread Pacific species.<br />
Neoalsomitra 1. One collection only (Bua, Horne). The revision by de Wilde &<br />
Duyfjes (2003) involves a name change for the Fijian species.<br />
105. Begoniaceae 1/1<br />
Begonia 1. 200 – 500 m, 800 m. Although there are two collections only, both from<br />
Vanua Levu, Guppy (106: 394) wrote that he saw it ‘frequently’ in the Vanua Levu<br />
mountains. Dense forest.<br />
106. Capparidaceae 2/3<br />
Capparis 2. Beach edge, limestone cliffs, rocky places nr. shore, coastal thickets –<br />
580 m.<br />
Crateva 1. Nr. s.l. One collection (Lautoka).<br />
14
111. Ericaceae 1/1<br />
Paphia 1. 450 – 1323 m. Dense or often mossy forest. Smith did not accept Stevens’<br />
(1972) treatment of genus Paphia as a subgenus of Agapetes. Stevens (2004) revised<br />
his earlier opinion and accepted Paphia as a genus.<br />
112. Epacridaceae 1/1<br />
Leucopogon 1. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m.<br />
113. Symplocaceae 1/2<br />
Symplocos 2. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 1323 m.<br />
114. Ebenaceae 1/7<br />
Diospyros 7. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, rocky shores, – 1130 m. Limestone.<br />
115. Sapotaceae 4/21<br />
Planchonella 9. Rocky coasts, coastal thickets, – 1120 m. Limestone. The taxonomy<br />
follows Smith and also Bartish et al. (2005). Pennington (1991) treated all the<br />
Fiji species under Pouteria.<br />
Burckella 5. Nr. s.l. – 825. Limestone.<br />
Palaquium 4. 30 – 1120 m. Dense or open forest, dense ridge thicket.<br />
Manilkara 3. Nr. the shore, coastal thickets, coastal forest, limestone cliffs, – 825 m.<br />
(Mimusops 1. Smith treated this as indigenous eastwards only to Vanuatu; van<br />
Balgooy, 1971, accepted it as indigenous in Fiji).<br />
116. Myrsinaceae 6/29<br />
Maesa 7. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. (All seven species occur nr. s.l.). Limestone.<br />
Ardisia 1. 150 – 915 m. Dense forest, thicket, forest-grassland transition.<br />
Tapeinosperma 12. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone.<br />
Discocalyx 3. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m.<br />
Embelia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1180 m. Gardner (1997) described the second species.<br />
Rapanea 4. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, on limestone – 1323 m.<br />
117. Cunoniaceae 5/13<br />
Spiraeanthemum 3. 175 – 1323 m. Dense forest or on its edges, dry forest, dense<br />
thicket, forest-grassland transition, sometimes open places.<br />
Acsmithia 1. 450 – 1200 m. Thickets on crests or ridges or in open places.<br />
Geissois 4. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Weinmannia 4. 90 – 1323 m. Forest, dense thickets, dry or open forest, open ridges,<br />
open places. The group was revised by Hopkins (1998a,b), who treated W.<br />
spiraeoides (accepted by Smith but known only from the sterile type) as a ‘doubtful<br />
species’.<br />
Pullea 1. Nr. s.l. – 626 m.<br />
119. Pittosporaceae 1/5<br />
Pittosporum 5. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, – 1323 m. Limestone. Gemmill et al. (2002)<br />
examined the affinities of one of the Fijian species in a sample of Pacific species.<br />
15
121. Rosaceae 1/1<br />
Rubus 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m.<br />
122. Chrysobalanaceae 2/3<br />
Parinari 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 800 m.<br />
Atuna 2. Nr. s.l. – 500 m.<br />
123. Mimosaceae 5/8<br />
Parkia 1. Only one collection (Horne), ‘from low elevations near streams’.<br />
Entada 1. Mangrove swamps, beaches, – 900 m.<br />
Schleinitzia 1. Nr. s.l., along sandy beaches and ‘elsewhere’.<br />
Acacia 3. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, along sandy beaches – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Serianthes 2. Edges of mangrove swamps, along rocky shores, forests, – 750 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
124. Caesalpiniaceae 7/13<br />
Caesalpinia 2. Sometimes climbing over mangroves (Seemann 1865: 72, Guppy<br />
1906), forest along rocky shores, coastal thickets, – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Storckiella 1. Nr. s.l., river delta, – 300 m.<br />
Senna (= Cassia sect. Senna) 2. At or nr. s.l. For S. sophera, Ding Hou et al. (1996)<br />
wrote ‘origin neotropic’. However, Smith concluded it is ‘presumably indigenous’ in<br />
Fiji and in the Pacific as far eastward as Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Cynometra 2. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
Maniltoa 4. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, along rocky coasts, forest, often on<br />
limestone, – 600 m.<br />
Intsia 1. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, along beaches, coastal forests and<br />
thickets, – 450 m. Limestone.<br />
Kingiodendron 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
125. Fabaceae 19/27<br />
Sophora 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets and forest. Limestone.<br />
Dalbergia 1. Strictly littoral in beach thickets, inner edges of mangrove swamps and<br />
on river banks.<br />
Inocarpus 1. Edges of mangrove swamps, coastal forest, – 400 m. Limestone.<br />
Abrus 1. Along beaches, rocky shores, sometimes on limestone, forest edges, – 80 m.<br />
Derris 1. Nr. sea in thickets or on forest edges, sometimes on limestone cliffs, edges<br />
of mangrove swamps.<br />
Millettia (incl. Pongamia) 1. Beach thickets, on rocky shores, – 150 m. Limestone.<br />
For taxonomy, see Adema (2001).<br />
Tephrosia 1. Coastal areas, rocky shores, – 300 m. Limestone.<br />
Sesbania 1. Nr. s.l., along sandy beaches and in coconut plantations on soil<br />
presumably derived from limestone.<br />
Dendrolobium 1. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, beach thickets, on rocky coasts, –<br />
200 m. Limestone.<br />
Uraria 1. Dry grassy slopes especially along leeward coasts, pastures, waste places, –<br />
16
750 m.<br />
Erythrina 2. Along coasts, in freshwater swamps, rarely inland. Limestone.<br />
Strongylodon 1. Nr. s.l., forests and forest edges, – 750 m.<br />
Mucuna 3. Mangrove, mangrove/beach transition (Guppy 1906: 44), landward edge of<br />
mangrove swamp (Chapman 1976), coastal thickets and forest, – 1000 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
Dioclea 1. No altitudinal information available.<br />
Macropsychanthus 1. No altitudinal information available. One collection only<br />
(Taveuni).<br />
Canavalia 4. Nr. high tide mark, littoral thickets, along beaches and rocky coasts,<br />
forest, – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Glycine 1. Nr. s.l. only.<br />
Vigna 3. On trees bordering creeks in mangrove swamps (Guppy 1906: 139), on<br />
beaches, sand dunes, beach and coastal thickets, – 600 m. Limestone.<br />
Ormocarpum 1. Nr. s.l., along dry coasts.<br />
(Rhynchosia 1, nr. s.l., was accepted by Smith as adventive, by van Balgooy, 1971,<br />
as indigenous).<br />
126. Connaraceae 2/2<br />
Rourea 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
Connarus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
127. Lythraceae 1/1<br />
Pemphis 1. Nr. s.l. only, in coastal thickets, along rocky coasts, and on limestone<br />
cliffs.<br />
128. Myrtaceae 5/38<br />
Metrosideros (incl. a species originally placed in Tristania) 2. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m.<br />
Wright et al. (2000) examined the affinities of the Fijian species.<br />
Decaspermum (incl. a species originally placed in Cloëzia) 2. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
Syzygium 32. Beach thickets – 1323 m. Limestone (S. quadrangulatum). For<br />
taxonomy, see Biffin et al. (2005).<br />
Piliocalyx 1. 580 – 1150 m. Dense forest or on its edges. Craven (2001; pers. comm.<br />
Aug. 2004) indicated that Piliocalyx might eventually be treated as a group under<br />
Syzygium.<br />
Eugenia (incl. Jossinia) 1. Nr s.l., back-mangrove (Guppy 1906: 350), littoral forest,<br />
along rocky coasts, dry rocky slopes nr. the sea, interior of coral islets (Guppy<br />
1906: 350), – 350 m. Limestone. For taxonomy, see Craven (2001).<br />
(Austromyrtus was accepted for Fiji by van Balgooy, 1971, but this was based on<br />
misidentifications – see van Balgooy, 1993).<br />
(130. Onagraceae<br />
Ludwigia 1. This weedy species is acepted as indigenous in the Pacific islands by<br />
van Balgooy, 1971, but not by Smith. See discussion of ‘Weedy taxa’, above).<br />
131. Melastomataceae 4/30<br />
17
Melastoma 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m.<br />
Medinilla 11. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, forest and thickets, – 1323 m.<br />
Astronidium 16 (or ?17). 30 – 1323 m. Dense or dry forest, ridge thicket, forest edge,<br />
open hillsides. Maxwell & Veldkamp (1990) described two new species and treated<br />
A. lepidotum A.C.Sm. as ‘dubious or excluded’.<br />
Memecylon 2. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m. Limestone.<br />
(Poikilogyne was accepted for Fiji by van Balgooy, 1971, but this was based on<br />
misidentifications – see van Balgooy 1993).<br />
132. Combretaceae 2/11<br />
Terminalia 10. s.l., edge of mangrove swamps, beach thickets, rocky shores,<br />
limestone cliffs, coastal forest, – 500 m.<br />
Lumnitzera 1. Nr. s.l. only, drier parts of mangrove swamps, strand thickets, littoral<br />
forest.<br />
133. Anacardiaceae 5/7<br />
Buchanania 2. Beach thickets, forest nr. sea, – 610 m. Limestone.<br />
Dracontomelon 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m.<br />
Pleiogynium 2. Beach thickets, along rocky shores, – 970 m. Limestone.<br />
Rhus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Semecarpus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
134. Burseraceae 2/4<br />
Haplolobus 1. 90 – 850 m. Dense or secondary forest.<br />
Canarium 3. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
135. Simaroubaceae 1/1<br />
Amaroria. 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
136. Surianaceae 1/1<br />
Suriana 1. Nr. s.l. only, sandy, calcareous beaches, rocky cliffs, beach thickets.<br />
Limestone.<br />
137. Rutaceae 5/14<br />
Zanthoxylum 4. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. Limestone.<br />
Melicope (incl. Acronychia spp.) 7. Nr. s.l. – 1220 m. Limestone. Two species<br />
accepted by Smith were synonymised by Hartley (2001).<br />
Sarcomelicope (incl. Acronychia sp.). 1. 40 – 1100 m. Dense, dry, secondary forest,<br />
thickets.<br />
Micromelum 1. Nr. s.l., rocky coasts, – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Wenzelia 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone forest.<br />
138. Meliaceae 4/25<br />
Vavaea 4. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, limestone just above high tide level<br />
(Mago I., Tuisawa, SUVA), beach thickets, limestone cliffs, – 1150 m. Pennington<br />
18
(1969) (see comments above, under ‘Biogeography and species concepts’) accepted<br />
only two species for Fiji.<br />
Aglaia 10. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Limestone. Pannell (1992) synonymised A. elegans, A.<br />
venusta and A. greenwoodii under A. basiphylla, and A. axillaris and A. vitiensis var.<br />
minor under typical A. vitiensis. A. haplophylla was renamed A. unifolia.<br />
Dysoxylum 9. Edges of mangrove swamps, – 1150 m. Limestone. Mabberley et al.<br />
(1995) accepted 9 species, 7 endemic, in Fiji (Smith had 9 species, all endemic).<br />
Xylocarpus 2. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, rocky and sandy beaches, coastal<br />
thickets, littoral forest, along rivers, riverine islands, – 20 m. Limestone. For<br />
taxonomy, see Mabberley et al. (1995).<br />
140. Sapindaceae 13/21<br />
Cardiospermum 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Smith considered the species to be indigenous,<br />
Leenhouts (in Adema et al. 1994) regarded it as introduced.<br />
Allophylus 2. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone. Smith accepted two Fijian species; Adema<br />
et al. (1994) followed Leenhouts (1968) in regarding the genus as ‘probably<br />
monotypic’.<br />
Sapindus 1. Nr. s.l. along rocky shores – 200 m.<br />
Pometia 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. Limestone.<br />
Alectryon 2. 30 – 700 m. Limestone.<br />
Guioa 3. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone. Van Welzen (1989) synonymised one of the<br />
species accepted by Smith (G. capillacea, under G. chrysea) and described one new<br />
species, G. punctata, a Fiji endemic recorded from 0 – 2300 m. The last altitude is<br />
impossible; perhaps 2300’ is correct.<br />
Arytera 1. Nr. s.l., along coasts, mangrove at high water mark (Denarau, Buabua I.,<br />
Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1050 m. Limestone. Turner’s (1995) revision confirmed<br />
Smith’s treatment.<br />
Cupaniopsis 4. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Adema’s (1991) revision confirmed Smith’s<br />
treatment.<br />
Elattostachys 2. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
Koelreuteria 1. 50 – 825 m. Open forest, dry, secondary forest.<br />
Cossignia 1. 100 – 200 m. Forest or edge of open forest.<br />
Dodonaea 1. Nr. s.l., sea cliffs – 1100 m. Limestone.<br />
Harpullia 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone.<br />
141. Coriariaceae 1/1<br />
Coriaria 1. 550 – 1241 m. Thickets, forest-grassland transition, rocky banks. Smith<br />
treated the Fiji species in C. ruscifolia, widespread from New Guinea to the<br />
Americas. Yokoyama et al. (2000) instead regarded Solomons-Fiji-Samoa plants as a<br />
distinct, unnamed species.<br />
142. Oxalidaceae 1/1<br />
Oxalis 1. One collection only (Mt. Evans Ra.), 100 m.<br />
144. Araliaceae 4/16<br />
Meryta 1. 750 – 800 m. Montane high forest (Lowry 1988).<br />
19
Polyscias 4. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
Plerandra 7. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. (To be treated under Schefflera; Lowry 1989).<br />
Schefflera 4. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m.<br />
145. Apiaceae 2/2<br />
Hydrocotyle 1. 300 – 600 m. Dense forest.<br />
Centella 1. Nr. s.l. – 800m<br />
146. Linaceae 1/1<br />
Hugonia (incl. Durandea) 1. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. Taxonomy follows van Hooren and<br />
Nooteboom (1984, 1988) (not cited by Smith). This work involves a name change for<br />
the genus and species of the Fiji plant.<br />
147. Celastraceae 3/3<br />
Celastrus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
Maytenus 1. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, sea cliffs, often on limestone, – 1050 m.<br />
Cassine 1. 50 – 800 m. Dense or dry forest, hillside thickets.<br />
148. Hippocrateaceae 1/2<br />
Salacia 2. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. Limestone.<br />
149. Aquifoliaceae 1/1<br />
Ilex 1. 100 – 950 m. Dense or dry forest, ridge forest.<br />
150. Icacinaceae 2/2<br />
Citronella 1. 30 – 1000 m. Dense or secondary forest.<br />
Medusanthera 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
151. Dichapetalaceae 1/1<br />
Dichapetalum 1. Limestone (G. Keppel, pers. comm.), inner edges of mangrove<br />
swamps – 900 m.<br />
152. Rhamnaceae 7/8<br />
Colubrina 1. Nr. s.l., along rocky coasts, thickets nr. beaches, – 450 m. Limestone.<br />
Emmenosperma 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
Alphitonia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone.<br />
Rhamnella 1. Nr. s.l. on rocky shores and cliffs, – 550 m. Limestone.<br />
Ventilago 1. Nr. s.l., in thickets along beaches – 850 m.<br />
Smythea 1. Nr s.l. only, along beaches, at edge of tidal marshes, along streams<br />
behind mangrove swamps, river bank thickets.<br />
Gouania 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m.<br />
153. Vitaceae 2/3<br />
Tetrastigma 1. 100 – 1150 m. Dense forest or thickets.<br />
Cayratia 2. ‘Low elevation’ – 800 m.<br />
20
154. Leeaceae 1/1<br />
Leea 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
155. Malpighiaceae 1/1<br />
Hiptage 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone.<br />
157. Alangiaceae 1/1<br />
Alangium 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
158. Olacaceae 2/2<br />
Anacolosa 1. 50 – 1000 m. Dense, dry or open forest.<br />
Ximenia 1. Nr. s.l. only, rocky shores, thickets, inner edges of mangrove swamps.<br />
Limestone (at Cuvu).<br />
159. Santalaceae 2/2<br />
Exocarpos 1. 60 – 900 m. Forest, sometimes open forest. Limestone.<br />
Santalum 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Limestone.<br />
160. Loranthaceae 1/1<br />
Decaisnina 1. Edges of mangrove swamps – 1250 m. Limestone. Barlow’s (1993)<br />
revision includes a distribution map of the Fijian species.<br />
161. Viscaceae 1/1<br />
Korthalsella 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone. Three forms are recognised for Fiji; for<br />
taxonomy, see Touw (1984), Molvray (1997) and Molvray et al. (1999).<br />
162. Balanophoraceae 1/1<br />
Balanophora 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m.<br />
163. Proteaceae 1/2<br />
Turrillia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1155 m.<br />
164. Loganiaceae 4/17<br />
Geniostoma 9. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 1240 m. Limestone.<br />
Strychnos 1. 50 – 850 m. Dense or secondary forest.<br />
Neuburgia 5. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m.<br />
Fagraea 2. Edge of mangrove swamps – 900 m.<br />
165. Apocynaceae 11/16<br />
Melodinus 2. With mangroves – 1050 m.<br />
Ochrosia (incl. Bleekeria p.p.) 1. Beach thickets, cliffs along beaches, often on<br />
limestone, – 500 m.<br />
Neisosperma (incl. Bleekeria p.p., Ochrosia p.p.) 1. Edges of mangrove swamps,<br />
often on limestone, beach thickets, coastal forest. Guppy (1906: 153) wrote that he<br />
observed this species ‘in one locality growing inland’.<br />
Alyxia 3. Beach thickets, sea cliffs, often on limestone, – 1127 m. Smith recognised<br />
21
five species, Middleton (2002) only three – he synonymised A. ovalifolia and three<br />
varieties of A. bracteolosa under typical A. bracteolosa, and A. linearifolia under A.<br />
stellata.<br />
Alstonia (incl. Rejoua sp.) 1. Beach thickets – 1195 m. Limestone. Smith recognised<br />
three species in Fiji, but Sidiyasa (1998) synonymised A. vitiensis and A. montana<br />
under A. costata. A. pacifica, also accepted by Smith, is Taberbaemontana.<br />
Tabernaemontana (= Alstonia p.p.) 1. Coastal thickets – 1000 m. See Leeuwenberg<br />
(1991) for taxonomy.<br />
Carruthersia (incl. Rejoua sp.) 2. Nr. s. l. – 1000 m. Smith recognised three species,<br />
Middleton (1997) only two – he synonymized C. macrantha under C. latifolia.<br />
Cerbera 1. Mangrove/beach transition (Guppy 1906: 551), beach thickets, – 1000 m.<br />
Pagiantha 1. 30 – 1100 m. Dense forest or on its margins.<br />
Ervatamia 1 Nr. s.l., along coasts, – 900 m, often on limestone<br />
Parsonsia 2. Nr. s.l. – 840 m.<br />
166. Asclepiadaceae 3/9<br />
Tylophora (incl. Gymnema spp.) 4. Beach thickets, rocky coastal habitat, – 1050 m.<br />
Leichardtia 1. 60 – 250 m. Dry thickets, thin forest on cliffs, sunny ledges.<br />
Hoya 4. Beach thickets, mangrove swamps, sea cliffs, rocky shores, – 1323 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
167. Oleaceae 2/7<br />
Jasminum 6. Nr. s.l., rocks along arid coast, forested ravines, forest edge on rocky<br />
coast, – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
Chionanthus (incl. Linociera spp.) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m.<br />
168. Rubiaceae 32/167<br />
Guettarda 2. G. speciosa is nr. s.l. and ‘scarcely higher’, on sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs,<br />
rocky shores, limestone, and in beach thickets and lowland forest; G. wayaensis<br />
(Gardner 1997) occurs at s.l. – 200 m.<br />
Antirhea 2. Edges of mangrove swamps, often on limestone, – 550 m.<br />
Timonius 2. Rocky limestone islets, lagoon cliffs, – 1160 m. T. affinis is<br />
morphologically ‘highly suggestive of mangroves’ (Smith).<br />
Neonauclea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m.<br />
Dolicholobium 3. Edges of mangrove swamps, sand dunes, – 1150 m.<br />
Augusta (incl. Lindenia) 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Generic placement follows Rova et al.<br />
(2002). Smith & Darwin (in Smith) and Jaffré et al. (2001) regarded Fiji and New<br />
Caledonia populations as distinct species. Van Steenis (1981) considered them to be<br />
subspecies.<br />
Bikkia 1. Nr. s. l. – 900 m. Rocky coasts, sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs. Usually (?always)<br />
on limestone.<br />
Badusa 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m, often on limestone.<br />
Mussaenda 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. Limestone.<br />
Gardenia 9. Nr. s.l., sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs, rocky islets, limestone (G. taitensis), –<br />
1200 m.<br />
Atractocarpus (incl. Sukunia and Porterandia) 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Dense or dry forest.<br />
22
Limestone. For taxonomy, see Puttock & Quinn (1999) and Puttock (1999).<br />
Aidia (incl. Pelagodendron) 1. Nr. s. l. – ‘few hundred’ m. For taxonomy, see<br />
Puttock & Quinn (1999) and Puttock (2001).<br />
Tarenna 3. Edge of mangrove swamp, littoral forest, coastal thickets, – 450 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
Ixora 22. (21 endemic, many allopatric). Beach thickets, lagoon cliffs – 1240 m.<br />
Several species on limestone.<br />
Airosperma 2. 50 – 1200 m. Usually dense forest.<br />
Psydrax (incl. Canthium spp.) 1. Beach thickets, lagoon cliffs, frequently on<br />
limestone, – 1200 m.<br />
Cyclophyllum (incl. Canthium spp.) 3. Coastal forests and thickets, – 1030<br />
m. Limestone.<br />
Mastixiodendron 3. Nr. s.l., often along coasts, – 1200 m.<br />
Hydnophytum 3. Edges of mangrove swamps – 1127 m.<br />
Squamellaria 3. 200 – 900 m. Dense forest. Huxley & Jebb (1991) described a new<br />
subtribe Hydnophytineae, including Hydnophytum and Squamellaria. Nepokroeff et<br />
al. (1999) showed that members of this subtribe should be included in Psychotria,<br />
but new combinations do not appear to have been made<br />
Geophila 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. Limestone.<br />
Margaritopsis (incl. Readea) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. For taxonomy, see Andersson<br />
(2001, 2002).<br />
Gillespiea 1. Endemic genus (S. Vanua Levu). 300 – 881 m. Dense forest.<br />
Calycosia 4. Nr. s.l. – 1160 m.<br />
Hedstromia 1. Endemic genus (Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Lau). Nr. s. l. – 300 m.<br />
Psychotria 78 (74 endemic). Nr. s.l., beach thickets, limestone forest, rocky slopes<br />
above mangrove swamp (P. brackenridgei), – 1323 m. One new species was<br />
described by Gardner (1997). The single Fiji species treated by Smith in<br />
Amaracarpus was placed provisionally in Psychotria by Davis & Bridson (2004).<br />
Morinda 4. Edges of mangrove swamps, beach forest, – 1323 m. Limestone.<br />
Gynochtodes 1. s.l. – 900 m. Frequently on limestone.<br />
Ophiorrhiza 3. Tidal marshes, inner edges of mangrove swamps, – 1280 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
Xanthophytum 1. 150 – 1030 m. Dense forest, ridge thicket. The genus was revised by<br />
Axelius (1990) who mapped the Fiji-Vanuatu species.<br />
Hedyotis 4. Nr. s.l., on rocky islets and bare limestone, arid rocks along coasts, – 970<br />
m.<br />
Coprosma 1. 50 –1240 m. Open forest, hillside thicket.<br />
170. Solanaceae 1/3<br />
Solanum 3. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone.<br />
171. Convolvulaceae 4/14<br />
Operculina 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m.<br />
Merremia 3. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. The record from a swamp at 1-3 m (Koroiveibau,<br />
SUVA) seems to indicate a maritime habitat.<br />
Stictocardia 1. Coastal areas. No other altitudinal information.<br />
23
Ipomoea 9. Nr. s.l. – 750 m. Sandy beaches, arid shores, dunes, lagoon cliffs, strand<br />
along river, open forests, thickets etc. Limestone.<br />
(Aniseia (1, nr. s.l.) and Evolvulus (1, 50-100 m) were accepted as indigenous by<br />
van Balgooy, 1971).<br />
(172. Cuscutaceae (Convolvulaceae) 1/1<br />
Cuscuta 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. ‘Presumably originally American’ (Smith). Accepted as<br />
indigenous by van Balgooy, 1971).<br />
173. Menyanthaceae 1/1<br />
Nymphoides 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m.<br />
175. Scrophulariaceae 2/3<br />
Lindernia 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m.<br />
Limnophila 2. Nr. s.l. – 200 m.<br />
(Scoparia (1, nr. s.l.– 200 m) was accepted by van Balgooy, 1971, as indigenous).<br />
176. Gesneriaceae 1/37<br />
Cyrtandra 37. Nr. s.l. (rarely – see, ‘Altitudinal anomalies’, above) – 1323 m.<br />
Usually in dense forest, often along creeks.<br />
177. Acanthaceae 2/4<br />
Graptophyllum (incl. Dyschoriste sp.) 3. Nr. s.l., open forest; near beach (Vatia Pt.,<br />
Ba, Koroiveibau, SUVA,) – 1200 m. Limestone.<br />
Pseuderanthemum 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m.<br />
181. Boraginaceae 2/3<br />
Cordia 2. Nr. s.l. only, inner edges of mangrove swamps strand, beach thickets, edge<br />
of forest along rocky shore. Limestone.<br />
Heliotropium (incl. Tournefortia, Argusia, Messerschmidia) 1. Nr. s.l. only, frequent<br />
in beach thickets, beach forest. ‘Can grow in almost pure sand… note corky<br />
development’ (Turbet, SUVA). Limestone. For taxonomy, see Riedl (1997) and<br />
Craven (2005).<br />
182. Verbenaceae 6/8<br />
Vitex 1. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, thickets along rivers, edge of mangrove swamps, along<br />
roadsides near the sea, rarely encroaching into forest, rarely inland – 250 m.<br />
Limestone.<br />
Viticipremna (incl. Vitex spp.) 1. 100 – 900 m. Dense forest, forest edges, occasionally<br />
open valleys.<br />
Premna 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Beach thickets, dry lowland forest, rocky shores, edges of<br />
mangrove swamps, coconut plantations. Limestone.<br />
Faradaya 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Smith accepted five species for Fiji, de Kok and<br />
Mabberley (1999) only two – they synonymised F. ovalifolia, F. glabra, and F.<br />
vitiensis under F. amicorum, and F. ampliflora under F. huntei.<br />
Gmelina 1. 90 – 900 m. Dense forest.<br />
24
Clerodendrum 1. Nr. s.l.: beach thickets, rocky shores, sea cliffs, inner edges of<br />
mangrove swamps, dry forested ravines, along roadsides, limestone.<br />
183. Lamiaceae 2/2<br />
Plectranthus 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m.<br />
Leucas 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m.<br />
185. Goodeniaceae 1/2<br />
Scaevola 2. S. sericea is abundant along beaches and rocky shores near s.l., in beach<br />
thickets and forest, at the high tide mark (Yakuilau I., Nadi, Vodonaivalu, SUVA),<br />
and on limestone (Kadavu, Qoro, SUVA); S. floribunda occurs nr. s.l. (but seldom<br />
on beaches) – 1200 m in dense and open forest. (One collection of S. floribunda<br />
(B.E.P. i.e. B.E. Parham, Korobasabasaga, SUVA) is labelled 3900’ (1300 m), but<br />
this range only reaches 1179 m.<br />
186. Compositae 8/9 (2 endemic species only).<br />
Vernonia 1. 400–900 m. Dense or dry forest, open places.<br />
Wollastonia 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. Abundant along coasts, on edges of mangrove<br />
swamps, in thickets, waste places, grassy hills, edges of forest.<br />
Glossogyne 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected once (Seemann,<br />
‘mountains’ in Macuata; cf. Pimia – Sterc., and Pytinicarpa – Compos.).<br />
Adenostemma 2. 100 – 1100 m. Dense forest, sometimes in swampy places.<br />
Dichrocephala 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected once (Seemann,<br />
‘Common all over Viti’!).<br />
Pytinicarpa (= Keysseria p.p.) 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected<br />
once (U. S. Expl. Exped., ‘Mountains’ in Macuata). (For taxonomy, see Nesom,<br />
2001).<br />
Blumea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m.<br />
Centipeda 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m.<br />
(Acmella (= Spilanthes p.p.) was accepted as indigenous by van Balgooy, 1971, but<br />
not by Smith. See discussion under ‘Weedy taxa’, above).<br />
APPENDIX S2. Plants recorded in or around mangrove in Fiji. Species also recorded from<br />
limestone in Fiji are in bold.<br />
GYMNOSPERMS<br />
Agathis macrophylla (Araucar.). Vanuatu and Fiji.<br />
(Margbensonia (Podocarpus) neriifolius is recorded on limestone and at the edge of tidal<br />
swamp).<br />
MONOCOTS<br />
Halophila ovalis (Hydrocharit.). East Africa – Samoa.<br />
Halodule pinifolia (Cymodoc.). Taiwan – Fiji/Tonga.<br />
Oberonia equitans (Orchid.). New Caledonia east to the Tuamotus.<br />
Liparis elliptica (Orchid.). Sri Lanka, Sikkim and Taiwan, SE to New Caledonia and Fiji.<br />
25
Dendrobium dactylodes (Orchid.). Vanuatu, Fiji, and Samoa.<br />
D. biflorum Vanuatu east to the Societies.<br />
Diplocaulobium tipuliferum (Orchid.). Fiji.<br />
Eria rostriflora (Orchid.). Guam, Solomons and New Caledonia east to the Societies.<br />
Appendicula reflexa (Orchid.). India and Thailand east to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Spathoglottis pacifica (Orchid.). Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis Islands and Samoa.<br />
Bulbophyllum longiscapum (Orchid.). Solomon Islands to Samoa.<br />
Grammatophyllum elegans (Orchid.). Fiji. Possibly also Solomons and Admiralties.<br />
Phreatia neocaledonica (Orchid.). Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, east to Fiji, Samoa<br />
and Niue.<br />
Taeniophyllum fasciola (Orchid.). New Caledonia to the Societies.<br />
Scirpodendron ghaeri (Cyp.). Sri Lanka – Samoa.<br />
Mariscus javanicus (Cyp.). Africa – Pacific islands.<br />
Flagellaria neo-caledonica (Flagell.). New Caledonia, Solomons, Fiji.<br />
F. gigantea Fiji, Samoa, Niue.<br />
Paspalum distichum (Poa.). Widespread throughout the tropics.<br />
Veitchia joannis (Arec.). Fiji.<br />
Epipremnum pinnatum (Ara.). SE Asia – Oceania.<br />
Pandanus pyriformis (Pandan.). Fiji. ‘Essentially indistinguishable’ from material from ‘other<br />
archipelagoes’ (Smith).<br />
Typha domingensis (Typha.). Widespread in tropical and warm temperate regions.<br />
DICOTS<br />
Ficus pritchardii (Mora.). Fiji.<br />
Dillenia biflora (Dillen.). Fiji and southern Vanuatu.<br />
Mammea odorata (Clus.). Java and the Philippines to Fiji.<br />
Heritiera littoralis (Sterc.). East Africa to Tonga.<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malv.). Pantropical and subtropical.<br />
Thespesia populnea (Malv.). Pantropical and subtropical.<br />
Endospermum macrophyllum (Euphorb.). Fiji.<br />
Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorb.). ‘Perhaps’ in tropical Africa; India to Tonga and Niue.<br />
Barringtonia asiatica (Barrington.). Madagascar to the Societies.<br />
B. racemosa East and southern Africa to Samoa.<br />
Rhizophora stylosa (Rhizoph.). Taiwan to Tonga and Samoa.<br />
R. samoensis New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. (Taxonomy following Smith).<br />
R. x selala New Caledonia, Fiji.<br />
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizoph.). East and southern Africa to Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Entada phaseoloides (Mimos.). China to the Cooks.<br />
Acacia simplex (Mimos.). New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Santa Cruz (Smith writes ‘presumably<br />
introduced’ here), Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Serianthes melanesica var. melanesica (Mimos.). The variety is a Fiji endemic. The species<br />
occurs in the Loyalties, Vanuatu, Santa Cruz, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalp.). Widespread in tropical areas.<br />
Maniltoa grandiflora (Caesalp.). Solomons, Fiji and Tonga.<br />
Intsia bijuga (Caesalp.). Madagascar to Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Dalbergia candenatensis (Fab.). India to China and through Malesia to Australia and Tonga.<br />
26
Inocarpus fagifer (Fab.). Malesia to the Marquesas.<br />
Derris trifoliata (Fab.). East Africa to Tonga/Samoa.<br />
Dendrolobium umbellatum (Fab.). East Africa and Madagascar to Tonga, Niue and Samoa.<br />
Mucuna gigantea (Fab.). Africa – eastern Polynesia.<br />
Vigna marina (Fab.). Pantropical.<br />
Eugenia reinwardtiana (Myrt.). Borneo to east Polynesia.<br />
Terminalia pterocarpa (Combret.). Fiji (SE Viti Levu only).<br />
T. catappa Tropical Asia to eastern Polynesia.<br />
T. litoralis Fiji and Tonga.<br />
Lumnitzera littorea (Combret.). Tropical Asia to northern Australia and Tonga.<br />
Vavaea amicorum (Melia.). Fiji and Tonga (Smith adds ‘perhaps westward into other<br />
Melanesian archipelagoes’).<br />
Dysoxylum richii (Melia.). Fiji.<br />
Xylocarpus granatum (Melia.). India to Tonga.<br />
Arytera brackenridgei (Sapind.). Fiji, Tonga, Samoa.<br />
Dichapetalum vitiense (Dichapet.). Fiji and Tonga.<br />
Smythea lanceata (Rham.). Seychelles; Malay Peninsula and Sumatra to Fiji.<br />
Ximenia americana (Olac.). Tropics and subtropics.<br />
Decaisnina forsteriana (Loranth.). Louisiade Archipelago (E PNG), Solomons, Fiji to the<br />
Marquesas.<br />
Fagraea gracilipes (Logan.). New Guinea and NE Queensland to Fiji.<br />
Melodinus glaber (Apocyn.). Vanuatu and Fiji.<br />
Neisosperma oppositifolium (Apocyn.). Seychelles to Sri Lanka and east to Polynesia.<br />
Cerbera manghas (Apocyn.). Comoros and Seychelles, and Malesia – Pitcairn I.<br />
Hoya australis (Asclepiad.). NE Australia to Tonga and Samoa.<br />
Guettarda speciosa (Rub.). East Africa to eastern Polynesia.<br />
Antirhea inconspicua (Rub.). Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa.<br />
Tarenna sambucina (Rub.). Marianas, Solomons and New Caledonia east to the Tuamotus.<br />
Psychotria brackenridgei (Rub.). Fiji.<br />
Hydnophytum longiflorum (Rub.). Fiji.<br />
Morinda citrifolia (Rub.). Indo-Malesia and throughout Pacific.<br />
Morinda grayi (Rub.). Fiji.<br />
Ophiorrhiza peploides (Rub.). Fiji.<br />
Cordia subcordata (Borag.). SE Asia to most Pacific archipelagoes.<br />
Vitex trifolia (Verb.). SE Asia to Polynesia.<br />
Premna serratifolia (Verb.). East Africa to Tuamotus.<br />
Clerodendrum inerme (Verb.). India to South Pacific.<br />
Wollastonia biflora (Comp.). East Africa to South Pacific.<br />
APPENDIX S3. Fijian species restricted to limestone or usually on limestone.<br />
The following 29 Fijian species are restricted to limestone and are all found at sea level in<br />
shore habitat.<br />
Pandanus sinicola (Pandan.), Peperomia pilostigma (Peperom.), Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />
(Aizo.), Corchorus torresianus (Tilia.), Capparis cordifolia (Capparid.), Glochidion<br />
27
calciphilum (Euphorb.), Homalium pallidum (Euphorb.; up to 125 m), Xylosma orbiculatum<br />
(Flacourt.), Burckella richii (Sapot.; to 200 m), Manilkara vitiensis (Sapot.); Maesa tongensis<br />
(Myrsin.), Senna glanduligera (Caesalp.), Sesbania coccinea (Faba.), Suriana maritima<br />
(Surian.), Alectryon samoensis (Sapind.), Harpullia arborea (Sapind.), Aglaia saltatorum<br />
(Melia.; up to 70 m), Geniostoma calcicola (Logan.), Timonius polygamus (Rub.), Bikkia<br />
tetrandra (Rub.), Gardenia taitensis (Rub.; to 30 m), Porterandia tenuiflora (Rub.; to 100m),<br />
Ixora calcicola (Rub.), Psychotria leiophylla (Rub.), P. edentata (to 100 m), P. macroserpens<br />
(to 100 m), Hedyotis foetida (Rub.), H. biflora, Solanum viride (Solan.; to 100 m) and Solanum<br />
sp. aff. viride (Fulaga).<br />
The following 12 species have a similar ecology: Chiloschista godeffroyana (Orchid.; usually<br />
on limestone or in coastal areas, up to 30 m), Diospyros samoensis (Eben.; usually on<br />
limestone, often near the sea, to 100 m), Planchonella grayana (Sapot., often on limestone),<br />
Maniltoa grandiflora (Caesalp., usually on limestone), Aglaia saltatorum (Mel.; usually on<br />
limestone, to 10 m), Buchanania vitiensis (Anacard.; often on limestone, to 80 m), Maytenus<br />
vitiensis (Celastr.; often on limestone, to 1050 m), Alyxia stellata (Apocyn.; often on<br />
limestone, to 350 m), Ixora vitiensis (Rub.; often on limestone, to 900 m), I. prolixa (often on<br />
limestone, to 500 m), Psydrax odorata (Rub.; frequently on limestone, to 1200 m) and<br />
Gynochtodes epiphytica (Rub.; frequently on limestone, to 900 m).<br />
APPENDIX S4. Fijian plants of beaches and limestone with plagiotropic architecture.<br />
Triumfetta procumbens (Tili.; Micronesia – Tuamotus) is a low, spreading or sprawling<br />
shrub with prostrate stems 2-3 m long, found near sea level on beaches or in coastal forest on<br />
sandy soil and limestone.<br />
Boerhavia repens (Nyctagin.) (Africa, Indo-Pacific) is a prostrate or subascending herb<br />
occurring at or near sea level on sand or coral beaches, on rocky slopes, or as a weed in<br />
villages.<br />
Sida samoensis (Malv.; Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Niue) is a prostrate herb, subligneous<br />
toward the base, with trailing, ascending branches. It occurs in Fiji only near sea-level on<br />
coralline sea-shores and rocky places, usually on limestone, and sometimes appears weedlike<br />
in villages.<br />
Glochidion calciphilum (Euphorb.; S Lau: Fulaga, Kabara) is a compact shrub or gnarled<br />
tree only 1 m tall, restricted to limestone and lagoon cliffs. Its Fijian congeners are much taller;<br />
G. concolor (which also occurs occasionally on limestone) is up to 25 m high.<br />
Xylosma orbiculatum (Flac.; Fiji, Tonga, Niue) is a scrambling and trailing shrub on<br />
limestone, unlike the other Fijian species (also known from limestone) which forms a tree up to<br />
15 m tall.<br />
Capparis cordifolia (Capparid.; Palau – Henderson Island) is a prostrate, woody vine only<br />
known from the beach edge, and generally (always?) on limestone, scrambling over rocks and<br />
on cliffs.<br />
Maesa tongensis (Myrsin.; Fiji, Tonga, Samoa) is a shrub or small tree with scandent<br />
branches, recorded in Fiji only on limestone near sea level.<br />
Entada phaseoloides (Mimos.; China – Cooks) is a high-climbing liane of dense forest,<br />
sometimes found near beaches and in mangrove swamps. On sandy beaches it is a prostrate<br />
plant (Guppy 1906).<br />
28
Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalp.; widespread in tropical areas) is a liane or scrambling shrub of<br />
coastal thickets and forest, sometimes occurring in mangrove or on limestone.<br />
Derris trifoliata (Faba.; East Africa to Tonga/Samoa) is a scrambling liane frequent near the<br />
sea in thickets or forest edge vegetation, sometimes on limestone cliffs or the edges of<br />
mangrove swamps.<br />
Mucuna gigantea (Faba.; India to Societies/Hawaii) is a high climbing liane usually in<br />
coastal thickets, sometimes recorded from mangrove edge.<br />
Canavalia sericea (Faba.; Micronesia to eastern Polynesia) is a prostrate or scrambling vine<br />
on beaches, along rocky coasts or in coastal thickets, and sometimes on limestone.<br />
Vigna marina (Faba.; pantropical) is a prostrate, scrambling or twining perennial herb on<br />
beaches, sand dunes and thickets, and sometimes on limestone.<br />
Barringtonia asiatica (Barrington.) is one of the most characteristic and largest beach trees<br />
and can be associated with mangrove and limestone. Its trunks often lie out over the beach.<br />
Lumnitzera littorea (Combret.) in Fiji is a mangrove tree 3-9 m tall, often compact or<br />
spreading, or a shrub 2 m tall. Tomlinson (1986) noted its tendency to develop a diffuse,<br />
sprawling habit, with the lower branches frequently taking root.<br />
Pemphis acidula (Lythr.; East Africa to eastern Polynesia) is a gnarled or compact shrub or<br />
tree and has been described as ‘somewhat intermediate between a strand plant and a mangrove’<br />
(Tomlinson 1986). It is most characteristic of coastal thickets and limestone cliffs. In New<br />
Guinea (e.g. Madang, pers. obs.) plants form plagiotropic mats 20-30 cm high and a metre<br />
across hugging eroded limestone in the spray zone. The habit of these plants closely resembles<br />
that of alpine shrubs.<br />
Maytenus vitiensis (Celastr.; Fiji to eastern Polynesia) is a scandent shrub or small tree, of<br />
beach thickets, dense, dry or secondary forest, often on limestone and sea cliffs.<br />
Salacia pachycarpa (Hippocrat.; Fiji and Tonga) is a liane, often high-climbing in dense<br />
forest, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Colubrina asiatica (Rhamn.; East Africa to eastern Polynesia) is a scrambling or scandent<br />
shrub or small tree in beach thickets and dry forest, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Rhamnella vitiensis (Rhamn.; New Guinea to Tonga) is a gnarled tree, scandent shrub or<br />
liane. It occurs near sea level on rocky shores and cliffs, including limestone, up to 550 m.<br />
Smythea lanceata (Rhamn.; Seychelles – Fiji) is a liane or sprawling scandent shrub. It<br />
occurs near sea-level only, along beaches, at the edge of tidal marshes, along streams behind<br />
mangrove swamps, and in river bank thickets.<br />
Hiptage myrtifolia (Malpigh.; Fiji endemic) is a shrub or small tree, usually with scandent<br />
braches, or a high-climbing liane of dense, dry or secondary forest, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Ximenia americana (Olac.; pantropical) is a tree, sometimes spreading and often gnarled, of<br />
coastal habitats, sometimes on the edge of mangrove and on limestone. It has both<br />
brachyblasts, and long shoots determinate by abortion (pers. obs. in New Ireland) and thus the<br />
architecture is ‘divaricate’ (Heads 1998 – it is one of the very few divaricate plants in Fiji or<br />
Papua New Guinea).<br />
Geniostoma calcicola (Logan.; S Lau: Fulaga). is a scandent shrub known only from<br />
limestone cliffs near sea level. Other Fijian species of Geniostoma are erect plants ranging up<br />
to 1240 m altitude.<br />
Melodinus glaber (Apocyn.; Fiji and Vanuatu) is a high-climbing liane, sometimes growing<br />
with mangroves.<br />
29
Alyxia stellata (Apocyn.; Micronesia to eastern Polynesia) is a liane or scandent shrub which<br />
often occurs on limestone, from sea cliffs to 350 m.<br />
Hoya australis (Asclep.; NE Australia to Tonga and Samoa) is a vine of beach thickets, sea<br />
cliffs, rocky shores, mangrove swamps and inland forest, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Jasminum didymum (Olea.; Timor to eastern Polynesia) is a liane of dense or open forest<br />
from sea level to 1150 m, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Geophila repens (Rub.; pantropical) is a sprawling, repent herb usually found in shady sites<br />
in forest, sometimes on limestone.<br />
Psychotria macroserpens (Rub.; S Lau: Kabara) is one of the four liane species in Fijian<br />
Psychotria; these comprise species group ‘Tephrosanthae’ (Smith & Darwin in Smith). It is<br />
only known from forest on limestone, up to perhaps 100 m altitude.<br />
Gynochtodes epiphytica (Rub.; Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Samoa) is a liane of dense or dry forest or<br />
thickets, frequently on limestone.<br />
Hedyotis foetida (Rub.; New Caledonia to eastern Polynesia) is a dwarf shrub found near sea<br />
level on bare limestone on rocky islets.<br />
H. biflora (Rub.; Mauritius, through tropical Asia and Malesia to Samoa) is a prostrate herb<br />
occurring near sea level on limestone, in cliffs and crevices of arid rocks.<br />
Solanum viride (Solan.; Fiji to Tuamotus and Hawaii) is an erect shrub, sometimes<br />
subscandent or sprawling, and occurs from sea level to 100 m, possibly always on limestone,<br />
cliffs and rock faces, at the edges of forest and in open places.<br />
Ipomoea macrantha (Solan.; pantropical) is a perennial herb with twining or prostrate stems<br />
on beaches, arid shores, lagoon cliffs and thickets, sometimes on limestone.<br />
I. pes-caprae (Solan.; pantropical) has procumbent, not twining stems (often rooting), and<br />
occurs on beaches or riverbanks, sometimes on limestone.<br />
I. littoralis (Solan.; Madagascar to eastern Polynesia and Mexico) has twining or erect stems,<br />
(usually not rooting). It occurs on sandy beaches and dunes, in open forest and thicket,<br />
sometimes on limestone.<br />
Clerodendrum inerme (Verben.; India to eastern Polynesia ) is a small tree or liane of beach<br />
thickets, the inner edge of mangrove swamps, rocky shores, sea cliffs, and sometimes on<br />
limestone.<br />
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