SEEDS PLANTS OF FIJI

APPENDIX S1: Systematic account of Fiji seed plant genera. 

The indigenous seed-plants listed below comprise 137 families, 484 genera and 1315 species. 

Except where indicated, the order, numbering and delimitation of the families and genera 

follow Smith’s flora. Authorities for names are given in Smith or other revisions where these 

are cited. Taxonomy follows Smith except where there is a later revision, in which case this is 

accepted. 

If a genus has any coastal records, the types of vegetation occupied there are indicated. If a 

genus has any records from limestone this is indicated. If a genus has no records from near sea 

level, the types of vegetation that the genus is recorded in are indicated. 

Smith used the phonetic spelling system for Fijian place names. However, the conventional 

system in current use in Fiji – b for mb, d for nd, g for ng, q for ngg, c for th – is used by other 

authors and is employed here. 

Abbreviations 

Nr. = near 

s.l. = sea level. 

Smith = Smith (1979-1996) Flora Vitiensis Nova (6 volumes). 

4 families, 9 genera, and 11 species. 

GYMNOSPERMS 

1. Cycadaceae 1 genus/1 species 

Cycas 1 species. Nr. s.l., limestone c. 10 m above the sea on Vanua Balavu, Lau 

(pers. obs.), on rocky shores (volcanics) at Yanuyanu-i-Loma, Kadavu (G.Keppel, 

pers. comm), – 600 m. The Fiji plant was regarded by Smith as f. seemannii of the 

widespread C. rumphii, Hill (1994) and Hill et al. (2004) treated it as a segregate 

species, C. seemannii. De Laubenfels & Adema (1998) synonymised this in a broad 

C. celebica. Hill (1993) and Keppel & Osborne (2004) referred to an unusual form of 

Vanuatu and Fiji which may represent a distinct taxon. 

2. Podocarpaceae 6/9 

Dacrydium 2. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. The widespread D. nidulum was mapped by de 

Laubenfels (1988). 

Bracteocarpus (= Dacrycarpus p.p.) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. The widespread species was 

mapped by de Laubenfels (1988) who observed that it occurs near sea level only in 

Fiji. Bracteocarpus was described by Bobrov & Melikjan (1998). 

Acmopyle 1. 679 – 1050 m. Dense forest. Bush & Doyle (1997) provided new data on 

this rare species. 

Retrophyllum (= Podocarpus sect. Polypodiopsis, = Decussocarpus p.p., = Nageia sect. 

Polypodiopsis; see Page 1988) 1. Nr. s.l. – 915 m. The species was mapped by de 

Laubenfels (1988) and its affinities examined by Herbert et al. (2002). 

Podocarpus 1. (P. affinis). 600 – 960 m. Dense forest. 

Margbensonia (= Podocarpus p.p.) 2. Nr. s.l., sometimes at edges of tidal swamps 

(M. neriifolius), – 1100 m. Limestone (Lami, 6 m above tidal swamp, Gray 1955; also 

1

on Vanua Balavu). P. decipiens was synonymised under P. neriifolius by de 

Laubenfels (1985) and by Doyle (1998). P. neriifolius var. degeneri was 

synonymised under var. neriifolius by Doyle (1998) but accepted at species rank by 

de Laubenfels (1985) (in a separate section from P. neriifolius) and by Bobrov & 

Melikjan (1998). P. neriifolius was mapped by de Laubenfels (1988). Margbensonia 

was described by Bobrov & Melikjan (1998). 

3. Araucariaceae 1/1 

Agathis 1. Nr. s.l., mangrove edge at Dogotuki, Macuata (G. Keppel, pers. comm.), – 

1150 m. Whitmore (1980) (not cited by Smith) and T. Waters (pers. comm.) regard 

the Fijian species as shared with Vanuatu. 

6. Gnetaceae 1/1 

Gnetum 1. Nr. s.l., coastal forest, often on limestone, – 850 m. 


MONOCOTYLEDONS 

9. Hydrocharitaceae 2/3 

Hydrilla 1. Only nr. s.l. Generally in freshwater. 

Halophila 2. In saltwater. Probably represented in Fiji by a greater number of 

individual plants than any other phanerogam (Smith). On muddy areas near 

mangrove swamps (H. ovalis), on sand and rocky limestone reefs (H. minor). The 

seagrasses have been described and mapped by Phillips & Meñez (1988). 

11. Ruppiaceae 1/1 

Ruppia 1. Brackish estuaries, etc. 

12. Cymodoceaceae 2/3 

Halodule 2. Submerged marine plants. Coral sand, limestone, mudflats off mangrove- 

lined shores. 

Syringodium 1. Submerged marine plants. Mudflats, fringing reef, limestone. 

13. Triuridaceae 1/2 

Sciaphila (incl. Andruris) 2. 30 – 430 m. Forest. Limestone. For taxonomy, see van 

Meerendonk (1984). 

14. Liliaceae 1/1 

Collospermum 1. 250 – 1323 m. Dense forest, dense thickets and crest and ridge 

forest. 

14a. Phormiaceae (see ‘Addenda’, Smith vol. 5) 2/2 

Dianella 1. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m. Limestone. 

Rhuacophila 1. 800 – 1323 m. Light forest (Namuamua, Namosi, Vodonaivalu, 

SUVA), open hillside (Nadarivatu, Parham, SUVA). 

2

(16. Agavaceae 1/1 

Cordyline 1. ‘so firmly naturalized as to appear native’ (Smith). Nr. s.l., sometimes 

near beaches – 1100 m. Limestone. Van Balgooy, 1971, cited it as ‘introduced?’). 

18. Philesiaceae 1/1 

Geitonoplesium 1. 130 – 1323 m. Dense forest, thickets, grassy slopes. Limestone. 

20. Smilacaceae 1/1 

Smilax 1. Nr. s.l. – 1300 m. Limestone. 

21. Dioscoreaceae 1/1 

Dioscorea 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Smith wrote ‘it seems reasonable to assume [D. 

pentaphylla] was an aboriginal introduction to Fiji’, but also felt the species 

is ‘conceivably indigenous’ in Melanesia and this is accepted here. D. 

nummularia is ‘so thoroughly naturalized as to appear indigenous’ (Smith). Van 

Balgooy (1971) accepted both species as indigenous. 

22. Taccaceae 1/2 

Tacca 2. On beaches, in beach thicket, woods near coast – 350 m. Limestone. 

27. Heliconiaceae 1/1 

Heliconia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. For taxonomy, see Kress (1990). 

29. Zingiberaceae 2/6 

Etlingera (= Geanthus, = Ammomum sect. Geanthus) 1. 200 – 400 m (2 collections 

only). Forest. For taxonomy see Smith (Addenda). 

Alpinia 5. Nr. s.l. – 1300 m. 

32. Orchidaceae 60/164. 

Habenaria 2. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. 

Cynorkis 1. ‘Seashore’ (Tailevu, Raiqiso, SUVA) – 1000 m. Renz & Vodonaivalu 

(1989) accepted this as indigenous; Kores (in Smith) did not. 

Peristylus (sometimes taken to include Habenaria) 4. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. 

Cryptostylis 1. 100 – 1000 m. Dense forest. 

Pseudovanilla 1. 50 – 150 m. Dry or dense forest. 

Nervilia 3. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. 

Epipogium 1. 800 – 1000 m. Densely shaded forest. 

Didymoplexis 1. Nr. s.l – 1070 m. 

Goodyera 2. 100 – 1050 m. Forest. 

Pristiglottis (incl. Odontochilus, Cheirostylis) 2. 200 – 1323 m. Dense forest, crest 

thickets. 

Erythrodes 2. 100 – 900 m. Dense forest. 

Zeuxine 2. 60 – 1000 m. Forest. 

Anoectochilus 1. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest. 

Vrydagzynea 2. 50 – 1200 m. Dense forest. 

3

Hetaeria 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone. 

Tropidia 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m. 

Corymborkis 1. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. 

Malaxis 13. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. 

Oberonia 3. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Mangrove epiphyte (O. equitans: Muana-i-Ra, Rewa, 

Vodonaivalu, SUVA), beach thickets (Natewa, Smith et. al., SUVA). 

Liparis 8. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Mangrove epiphyte (L. elliptica: opp. Suva cemetery, 

Vodonaivalu, SUVA). Limestone (L. condylobulbon). 

Chrysoglossum 2. 200 – 1100 m. Forest. 

Coelogyne 2. 200 – 1100 m. Forest, ridges, crests. 

Pseuderia 2. 50 – 900 m. Forest, thickets, forest-grassland transition. 

Cadetia 1. ‘Up to perhaps 300 m.’ Forest. 

Dendrobium 22. Epiphytes in mangrove forest (e.g. D. dactylodes: Wainunu R. 

estuary, Miller, SUVA; D. biflorum: Savusavu, Vodonaivalu, SUVA), – 1300 m. 

Limestone (D. vagans, D. tokai). 

Flickeringia 1. One 1945 collection from Suva [?Lami] Quarry. Possibly on limestone. 

Diplocaulobium 1. Nr. s.l., occasionally in mangrove swamps, – 900 m. 

Eria 3. Mangrove epiphyte (E. rostriflora: opp. Suva Cemetery, Vodonaivalu, 

SUVA) – 960 m. 

Mediocalcar 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

Epiblastus 1. 850 – 1150 m. Dense forest. 

Agrostophyllum 2. No altitudinal information is available for one species. The other has 

been collected only once, probably at 200 – 400 m. Dense or open forest. 

Earina 1. 300 – 1100 m. Dense or open forest, edge of grassland. 

Glomera 2. 270 m (Namosi, 800’, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1300 m. Forest. 

Glossorhyncha 1. 670 – 1190 m. Dense forest, dense thicket. 

Aglossorhyncha 1. 1000 – 1100 m. One collection only: Nadarivatu, in forest. 

Appendicula 3. Nr. s.l. – 1030 m. Epiphyte in mangrove (A. reflexa: opp. Suva 

Cemetery, Vodonaivalu, SUVA). 

Calanthe 5. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone. 

Phaius 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

Spathoglottis 3. Mangrove epiphyte (S. pacifica: opposite Suva cemetery, 

Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1000 m. 

Acanthephippium 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Bulbophyllum (incl. Cirrhopetalum) 20. Epiphyte in mangrove (B. longiscapum: 

Wainunu R. estuary, Bua, Miller, SUVA; opp. Suva Cemetery, Vodonaivalu, 

SUVA) – 1150 m. 

Geodorum 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. Pockets of soil on limestone, in dense forest, etc. 

Eulophia (incl. Eulophidium) 2. From ‘low elevations’ (Kores in Smith) up to 850 m. 

Limestone. 

Grammatophyllum 1. No altitudinal information is avaialable, but probably only known 

from low altitude (cf. Meli Meli, Viti Levu, 5 m, Ash, SUVA). G. elegans is recorded 

in mangrove by Rewa R. delta (Thaman et al. 2005). 

Octarrhena 1. One collection: 300 m, Mt Korombalevu. [= ?Nakobalevu]. Habitat 

unknown (probably dense forest). 

Phreatia 11. Mangrove epiphyte (P. neocaledonica: Tailevu, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 

4

1200 m. Limestone. 

Calymmanthera 1. 725 – 900 m. Dense forest. . 

Thrixspermum 2. 100 – 400 m. Dense forest. 

Sarcochilus 1. 50–900 m. Dense forest. 

Chiloschista 1. ‘Usually occurring on limestone or in coastal areas (and on offshore 

islands)’ (Kores in Smith) – 30 m. 

Luisia 1. 100 – 300 m. Forest. 

Sarcanthopsis 1. Nr. s.l. – 80 m. Limestone. 

Saccolabiopsis 1. 150 – 400 m. Forest. 

Trachoma 1. One collection: 725 – 825 m (Rairaimatuku Plateau). Dense forest. 

Robiquetia (Saccolabium p.p.) 1. 50 – 1050 m. Dense forest. 

Schoenorchis 1. s.l. (Deuba beach, Vodonaivalu, SUVA, det. Kores) – 900 m. 

Cleisostoma 1. 100 – 500 m. Dense forest. 

Pomatocalpa 1. 50 – 1100 m. Dense forest. Kores (in Smith) cited a 1906 im Thurn 

collection labelled ‘common on rocks around Suva Harbour’, but regarded this 

record as ‘highly questionable’. 

Microtatorchis 2. 15 m (, Navakacuru Yacata I., Koroveibau), – 1120 m. Dense forest. 

Taeniophyllum 4. T. fasciola: dry forest along rocky coasts, on offshore islands, inner 

edges of mangrove swamps, etc. (Kores in Smith), beach epiphyte on Calophyllum 

(Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1200 m (T. gracile). Epiphytic on trees on limestone 

(Vanua Balavu). 

33. Cyperaceae 14/24 

Scirpodendron 1. Coastal marshes, mangrove swamps – 150 m. 

Mapania (incl. Paramapania and Thorachostachyum) 2. 300 – 416 m. One species is 

known only from two collections; the second species is known from a single 

collection with no altitudinal information. Habitat is only known for the first 

species: dense forest. 

Hypolytrum 1. s.l. – 800 m. 

Lepironia 1. 600 – 900 m. Swamps and morasses. 

Scleria 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Eleocharis 2. Nr. s.l. – 825 m. 

Fimbristylis 3 (?4). On beaches – 900 m. 

Mariscus 2. Brackish swamps behind mangroves, sandy shores, rocky coasts, swampy 

ground, coconut plantations. Limestone. 

Torulinium 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. 

Machaerina 1. 100 – 760 m. Dense forest of crests and ridges, open cliffs and ridges, 

forest edge. 

Schoenus 1. One collection only (Korobasabasaga Ra.) with no altitudinal 

information. 

Rhynchospora 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m. Forest. 

Gahnia 2. 100 – 1323 m. Dense thickets and openings on crests and ridges, rolling 

country with ferns and grasses. 

Carex 4. 50 – 1323 m. Forest, wet places on open slopes. Gardner (1997) recorded C. 

brunnea, new for Fiji. 

(Cyperus. Smith does not accept any of the nine species in Fiji as indigenous. 

5

Van Balgooy, 1971, did accept the genus as indigenous in Fiji, and Jaffré et al., 

2001, accepted ten species as indigenous in New Caledonia). 

35. Commelinaceae 2/2 

Aneilema 1. Nr. s.l. – 500 m. 

Commelina 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

36. Flagellariaceae 1/3 

Flagellaria 3. Nr. s.l., on the edges of mangrove swamps, – 900 m. 

37. Joinvilleaceae 1/1 

Joinvillea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

38. Poaceae 21/26 

Parham (in Smith) sometimes does not specify whether a taxon is indigenous or not, 

and in some cases it probably impossible to know. 8 species, namely the members 

of Eragrostis, Garnotia, Isachne and Ischaemum, have been regarded as endemic, but 

R.O. Gardner (pers. comm. Sept. 2005) recognises only two Fiji endemic species, one 

Garnotia and one Isachne. 

Schizostachyum 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. This may be an aboriginal introduction 

(R.O. Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005). 

Centosteca (= Centotheca) 1. s.l. – 1000 m. 

Eragostis 1. 10 – 60 m. Dry hillsides, limestone ridges etc. There are perhaps two 

indigenous species (R.O.Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005). 

Dactyloctenium 1. s.l. – 30 m. Possibly not indigenous – there are no 19 th century 

records (R.O. Gardner, pers. comm. Sept. 2005). 

Lepturus 2. At s.l. only: sandy shores, beaches, rocky shores. 

Garnotia 5. S.l. – 1067 m. R.O. Gardner (pers. comm. Sept. 2005) regards the Fijian 

populations as comprising a single species. 

Aristida 1. One collection only (Makodroga I., Loma-i-Viti): 60 m. Dry forested 

slope. 

Ehrharta (incl. Microlaena) 1. 1000 – 1300 m. (Mt. Tomanivi only), presumably in 

forest, as elsewhere. Taxonomy follows Willemse (1982) (not cited by Parham in 

Smith). 

Paspalum 1. (P. vaginatum, R.O.Gardner pers. comm. Sept. 2005): ‘widespread 

throughout tropics’ – in Fiji usually near s.l.: on beaches and creek banks and in 

mangrove swamps. Limestone. 

Stenotaphrum 1. Sandy coastal areas (beach on Vatulele I., Vodonaivalu, SUVA). 

Limestone. 

Thuarea 1. Common on beaches. Limestone. 

Cenchrus 1. Coastal areas – 900 m. Limestone. 

Sacciolepis 1. S.l. – 100 m. 

Isachne 1. S.l. – 1300 m. 

Imperata 1. S.l. – 900 m. 

Miscanthus 1. S.l. – 900 m. 

Erianthus 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. (Possibly a hybrid of Miscanthus and Saccharum). 

6

Saccharum 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

Microstegium 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Ischaemum 1. No altitudinal information available (known from the type only). 

Limestone. 

Chrysopogon 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. ‘Probably an aboriginal introduction’ (Parham in 

Smith), although it grows well on coastal limestone in Niue (R.O. Gardner pers. 

comm., Sept. 2005). Limestone. 

Van Balgooy (1971) accepted 16 other grass genera as indigenous to Fiji, a discrepancy which 

illustrates the problems of ascertaining original distributions in this weedy and cultivated 

family. Six of the genera accepted by van Balgooy that are the most likely to be indigenous are 

the following, with evaluations by Parham (in Smith): 

Setaria 1. s.l., inner edges of mangrove swamps, swampy areas, rocky places, open 

hillsides, along roadsides, cultivated areas – ‘several hundred’ metres. Warmer parts of 

the north temperate Old World, now widely distributed in the tropical Old World and 

other areas. 

Oplismenus 3. Two of these ‘appear to have been very early, possibly aboriginal 

introductions’. s.l. – 900 m. 

Sacciolepis 1. s.l. – 1000 m. Common throughout Fiji, ‘which suggests it was an early 

introduction’. 

Ancistrachne 1. 240 m. ‘The distribution, if natural, is very unusual’. It is not clear 

whether this refers to the distribution outside Fiji (Australia, New Caledonia, 

Philippines), or within Fiji (Mamanucas and Makodroga, Loma-i-Viti). Neither is 

especially unusual. 

Heteropogon 1. s.l. – 250 m, ‘aboriginal or very early European introduction’. 

Coix 1. s.l. – 900 m, ‘presumed’ aboriginal introduction. 

39. Arecaceae 11/24. Additional altitude information has been taken from Fuller (1997) and 

Watling 2005). 

Pritchardia 1. s.l. – 80 m. Only on limestone islets and limestone lagoon cliffs: ‘the 

palms grow right down to the edge of the sea, and are subject to salt spray from large 

waves’ (Fuller & Jones 1999). 

Metroxylon 1. Coastal and some inland records (one of the specimens cited by 

McClatchey, 1999, is from ‘near sea-level’). No other altitudinal information is 

available. The Fijian species belongs to sect. Coelococcus which was revised by 

McClatchey (1999). 

Calamus 1. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. 

Veitchia 4. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Close behind mangrove (Watling 2005), exposed 

limestone karst (Watling 2005). Two species accepted by Moore (in Smith) were 

synonymised by Doyle & Fuller (1998), and one was deleted by them as ‘dubious’. 

Three other species accepted by Moore (in Smith) were synonymised by Zona & 

Fuller (1999). 

Balaka 6. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. One species was deleted by Doyle & Fuller (1998) as 

‘dubious’, one new species was described by Fuller & Dowe (1999), and one species 

remains undescribed (Doyle & Fuller 1998). 

Neoveitchia 1. No altitudinal information is available apart from one collection (Naqali 

7

nr. Nawaqabena, Naitasiri, Fuller & Doyle, SUVA) labelled 150 m. Records on the 

map in Watling (2005) suggest it usually occurs below 100 m. The genus was 

regarded as a Fiji endemic until the discovery of a Vanuatu species (Dowe 1996). 

Clinostigma 1. 50 – 1200 m. Dense forest, crest thickets. 

Cyphosperma 3. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest. One of the three species remains 

undescribed (Doyle & Fuller 1998, Watling 2005). 

Physokentia (incl. Goniocladus) 2. 250 – 1250 m. Dense forest, ridge forest. For 

taxonomy, see Doyle & Fuller (1998) and Fuller (1999). 

Heterospathe (incl. Alsmithia) 2. 100 – 600 m. Wet forest. For taxonomy, see Moore et 

al. (1982) and Norup (2005). The Vanua Levu population may represent a new 

species (D. Watling, pers. comm, Sept. 2005) 

Hydriastele (incl. Gulubia p.p.) 2. 25 – 800 m. Forest. One species was described by 

Essig (1982) and one by Baker & Loo (2004). The latter authors also revised the 

generic limits. 

40. Araceae 4/4 

Epipremnum 1. S.l., edges of mangrove swamps – 1100 m. Limestone. 

Rhaphidophora 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

Cyrtosperma 1. Nr. s.l., in wet and swampy places. Hay’s (1988) revision involves a 

name change for the Fiji species. 

Alocasia 1. Nr s.l. – 600 m. Smith described Alocasia and Amorphophallus as 

‘probably’ aboriginal introductions. Mayo et al. (1997), followed here, accepted the 

former but not the latter from Fiji. 

41. Lemnaceae 2/2 

Lemna 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. 

Spirodela 1. Nr. s.l. 

42. Pandanaceae 2/20 

Freycinetia 8. Nr. beaches – 1323 m. 

Pandanus 12. S.l., limestone cliffs above sea, sand dunes, edges of mangrove 

swamps, – 900 m. 

43. Typhaceae 1/1 

Typha 1. Nr s.l., in swampy areas, submerged at high tide. 


44. Degeneriaceae 1/2 

Degeneria 2. 30 – 1150 m. Forest. 

DICOTYLEDONS 

45. Annonaceae 5/17 

Polyalthia 8. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. 

Cyathocalyx 4. 10 – 1100 m. Forest. 

8

Xylopia 3. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. (One species was previously placed in Fissistigma). 

Richella 1. 100 – 1150 m. Forest. 

Meiogyne 1. 30 – 150 m. The species has previously been placed in Desmos and (by 

Smith) in Polyalthia. Meiogyne was revised by van Heusden (1994). 

46. Myristicaceae 1/6 

Myristica 6. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. For taxonomy, see de Wilde (1994). 

47. Aristolochiaceae 1/1 

Aristolochia 1. 180 – 875 m. Dense forest, forest edges. 

48. Piperaceae 2/10 

Piper 4. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

Macropiper 6. Nr. s.l., beach thickets and forest – 1195 m. Limestone. 

49. Peperomiaceae 1/23 

Peperomia 23. Rocky shores – 1323 m. P. subroseispica generally occurs at 500 – 

1323 m, but there is one specimen from the coastal town of Lami. P. urvilleana (= P. 

endlicheri) is recorded from a limestone cliff, P. pilostigma is on limestone in N Lau. 

50. Chloranthaceae 1/2 

Ascarina 2. 350 – 1241 m. Forest. 

51. Trimeniaceae 1/1 

Trimenia 1. 500 m (Mt. Vakarogosiu, Namosi, Vodonaivalu. SUVA) – 1030 m. 

Forest. 

52. Monimiaceae 1/1 

Hedycarya 1. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. 

53. Hernandiaceae 1/3 

Hernandia 3. Beaches and beach forest – 1130 m. Limestone. 

54. Lauraceae 4/34 

Endiandra 7. 30 – 1130 m. Dense, dry or secondary forest, forest edge. 

Cinnamomum 6. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. 

Cryptocarya 8. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Limestone. 

Litsea 13. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone. 

55. Cassythaceae 1/1 

Cassytha 1. Beach thickets – 350 m. Limestone. 

56. Gyrocarpaceae 1/1 

Gyrocarpus 1. Arid coasts, nr. beaches – 300 m. 

58. Ceratophyllaceae 1/1 

9

Ceratophyllum 1. Nr. s.l., swamps and streams. 

59. Menispermaceae 1/1 

Pachygone 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. Limestone. 

60. Ranunculaceae 1/1 

Clematis 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

62. Ulmaceae 4/5 

Parasponia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. 

Trema 1. Nr. s.l. – 250 m. Limestone. 

Celtis 2. 100 – 1150 m. Dense or secondary forest. 

Gironniera 1. Nr. s.l. – 970 m. 

64. Moraceae 3/17 

Ficus 14. Inner edge of mangrove swamp, rocky shores, beach thickets, – 1150 m. 

Limestone. Berg (2002) revised members of sect. Oreosycea and synonymised F. 

smithii var. robusta with the typical variety. Berg & Corner (2005) pointed out the 

close affinities of F. pritchardii, endemic to Fiji, with the other two members of sect. 

Papuasyce in New Guinea. 

Streblus 2. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. 

Malaisia 1. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. 

65. Urticaceae 8/28 

Dendrocnide 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

Elatostema 14. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. 

Procris 4. Nr. s.l., limestone, rocky coasts, – 125 m. Hadiah et al. (2003) gave 

preliminary evidence that Procris might best be extended to include some 

Elatostema species, or alternatively that it could be included in Elatostema. 

Boehmeria 1. 50 – 1200 m. Dense, open, dry, and secondary forest, or on its edges. 

Pipturus 3. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Costal thickets, dense, open, dry, and secondary 

forest. Limestone. 

Cypholophus 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

Leucosyke 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. Often nr. coast. 

Maoutia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. 

66. Casuarinaceae 2/3 

Casuarina 2. Sandy beaches, rocky coasts, coastal forest, – 475 m. Limestone. 

Gymnostoma 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

67. Balanopaceae 1/1 

Balanops 1. Nr. s.l., in coastal thickets, beach vegetation (Deuba, Vodonaivaulu, 

SUVA), – 1323 m. Carlquist (1980) wrote that its occurrence ‘close to beaches on 

Viti Levu appears mysterious [as these are often drier than the usual mesic habitat] 

until one sees that these areas are freshwater swamp margins’. 

10

69. Nyctaginaceae 2/4 

Boerhavia 1. At or nr. s.l., sand or coral beaches, rocky slopes, as a weed in villages 

For taxonomy, see Smith (Addenda). 

Pisonia 3. Nr. sl. – 825 m. Limestone. 

70. Aizoaceae 1/1 

Sesuvium 1. At and nr. s.l. only, sand and coral beaches, limestone headlands, 

disturbed coastal areas. 

72. Molluginaceae 1/1 

Mollugo 1. Nr. s.l. only, waste ground and cultivated ground. 

74. Portulacaceae 1/5 

Portulaca 5. Sand and coral beaches, guano, limestone rock, – 200 m. 

76. Amaranthaceae 1/1 

Deeringia 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Limestone. 

79. Plumbaginaceae 1/1 

Plumbago 1. Cliff faces and talus slopes along beaches, – 400 m. 

80. Dilleniaceae 2/2 

Dillenia 1. Edges of mangrove swamps, forest, – 1075 m. 

Hibbertia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1155 m. 

81. Ochnaceae 1/1 

Brackenridgea 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. 

82. Theaceae 1/2 

Eurya 2. 150 – 1195 m. Dense forest, forest edges, ridge thickets, streams among 

reeds. 

83. Saurauiaceae 1/1 

Saurauia 1. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. 

84. Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae) 3/13 

Calophyllum 7. Nr. coast, beaches, coastal thickets, along streams, – 1250 m. 

Limestone. Stevens (1980) revised and mapped the Fiji species and one variety 

treated as a species by Smith. 

Mammea 1. Nr. s.l. only, beach thickets, often on limestone, inner edges of mangrove 

swamps. 

Garcinia 5. Beach thickets – 1150 m. Limestone. 

85. Elatinaceae 1/1 

Elatine 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

11

86. Elaeocarpaceae 1/21 

Elaeocarpus 21. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone (E. graeffei). 

87. Tiliaceae 6/8 

Corchorus 1. At and nr. s.l. only, beaches, rocky islets, limestone cliff, coconut 

plantations. 

Trichospermum 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Grewia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. Limestone. 

Microcos 1. 150 – 900 m. Dense forest. 

Triumfetta 1. Nr. s.l. only, on beaches and in coastal forest on sandy soils. Limestone. 

Berrya 1. 300 – 600 m. Dense or open forest. 

88. Sterculiaceae 8/16 

Melochia 7. Nr. s.l. – 195 m. Limestone. 

Pimia 1. Monotypic genus endemic to Macuata (N Vanua Levu). Collected once 

(Seemann) in forest along the coast. Altitude unknown. 

Commersonia 1. Nr. s.l. – 500 m. 

Kleinhovia 1. Swamps nr. beaches, coastal thickets – 100 m. 

Sterculia 2. Up to 300 m. 

Firmiana 1. 100 – 850 m. Dense, dry or open forest. 

Pterocymbium 1. 400 – 600 m. Dry forest or its edges. 

Heritiera 2. Mangrove swamps, coastal thickets, edge of forest along rocky shores, – 

970 m. 

90. Malvaceae 4/4 

Hibiscus 1. Edge of mangrove (Guppy 1906: 43), coastal and lowland thickets, upper 

limit unclear; the species occurs up to 800 m, but at that altitude is planted or an 

escape from cultivation. Limestone. 

Thespesia 1. Nr. s.l., edges of mangrove swamps, coastal thickets, beach forest. 

Gossypium 1. Nr. s.l. – 30 m. 

Sida 1. Nr. s.l., beaches, headlands and rocky places near the sea, around villages. 

Limestone. For taxonomy, see Smith (Addenda). 

91. Euphorbiaceae 23/69 

Cleistanthus 1. 50 – 200 m. Dry forest. 

Antidesma 5. s.l. – 1220 m. 

Baccaurea 1. Coastal thickets – 300 m. The taxonomy follows Haegens (2000). 

Nothobaccaurea 2. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. The taxonomy follows Haegens (2000). 

Drypetes 2. 50 – 1000 m. Edges of dense forest, dry forest. 

Flueggea (= Securinega sect. Flueggea). 1. s.l. – 250 m. Regarded as an ‘Aboriginal 

introduction?’ by Smith, accepted as indigenous by van Balgooy (1971). The genus 

was revised by Webster (1984), who commented that its distribution east of the 

Solomons ‘appears very spotty as though it had recently spread by chance 

dispersal’. However, it is present in N Vanuatu (a Banks Islands record is indicated 

on Webster’s map but no specimen is listed), Fiji (Tailevu, Ra, Naitasiri, Ovalau), 

Wallis & Futuna (three islands), Tongatapu (misplaced on Webster’s map) and the 

12

four main islands of Samoa. The N Vanuatu – Viti Levu disjunction is seen in many 

groups, as is the conspicuous absence in New Guinea between N Solomons and 

the Vogelkop. 

Phyllanthus 5. s.l. – 1127 m. Limestone. The four woody species were revised and 

mapped by Webster (1986). Smith regarded the herb P. virgatus as an aboriginal 

introduction from Asia or Malesia, but Webster pointed out that E Melanesian plants 

are morphologically similar to E Polynesian plants, but differ from those of 

mainland Asia. 

Glochidion 17. s.l., lagoon cliffs, – 1155 m. Limestone. 

Bischofia 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Austrobuxus 1. 100 – 600 m (central Vanua Levu). Forest, patches of forest, hillside 

slopes. 

Macaranga 9. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

Cleidion 1. Nr. s.l., sometimes nr. beaches, – 1050 m. Limestone. 

Claoxylon 3. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

Acalypha 5. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets – 1175 m. Limestone. Smith (Addenda) did not 

accept proposed infraspecific taxa within A. amentacea (= A. grandis). 

Mallotus 1. Coastal thickets – 580 m. 

Endospermum 2. Nr. mangrove swamps, in thickets, – 900 m. 

Codiaeum 1. Beach thickets – 600 m. 

Croton 4. Nr. s.l. – 1030 m. Limestone cliffs (Kabara). Webster (1993) revised the 

sectional classification of the genus. 

Homalanthus (= Omalanthus) 1. Beach thickets – 1120 m. The spelling follows 

Radcliffe-Smith (2001). 

Excoecaria 3. Mangrove swamps, beach thickets, – 1100 m. Limestone. 

Stillingia 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, limestone cliffs. 

Euphorbia 1. Nr. s.l. – 550 m. 

Chamaesyce 1. Rocky shores and islets, sea cliffs, beaches – 400 m. Limestone. 

(Aporosa: the record of this in van Balgooy, 1971, refers to a Cyrtandra; cf. van 

Balgooy 1993). 

92. Gonystylaceae 1/1 

Gonystylus 1. 100 m (Wailoku, Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 900 m. Dense, sometimes 

secondary forest. 

93. Thymelaeaceae 2/10 

Phaleria 9. Sea cliffs, at their bases, beach thickets, – 1195 m. Limestone. 

Wikstroemia 1. Nr. s.l., lagoon cliffs – 1195 m. Limestone. 

95. Barringtoniaceae 1/4 

Barringtonia 4. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, beaches, coastal thickets, beach 

forest – 600 m. Limestone. 

96. Rhizophoraceae 3/8 

Rhizophora 3 (incl. R. x selala). Mangrove swamps, beaches. Limestone. Ding Hou 

13

(1958), Breteler (1977) and Whistler (2002) concluded that R. samoensis cannot be 

distinguished specifically from the American R. mangle, but Tomlinson (1978) and 

Smith accepted the two as distinct. Guppy (1906: 521) concluded that R. x selala 

was the result of a dimorphism in ‘R. mucronata’ (i.e. R. stylosa) rather than 

hybridism with R. samoensis. 

Bruguiera 1. Mangrove swamps, beaches. Limestone. 

Crossostylis 4. Nr. s.l. – 1220 m. Setoguchi et al. (1998) did not accept C. 

pedunculata (which they probably synonymised under C. richii) or C. harveyi, but 

did recognize C. pachyantha A.C.Sm., although this was synonymised by Smith 

under the earlier name C. harveyi. 

97. Flacourtiaceae 5/23 

Erythrospermum 1. Nr. s.l. – 700 m. Limestone. 

Homalium 4. Nr. s.l. – 950 m. Limestone. 

Flacourtia 5. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone. 

Xylosma 2. s.l., rocky islets, seaside limestone, cliffs, coastal thickets, – 300 m. 

Casearia 11. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. (No limestone records. The genus is ‘strangely absent 

from the Lau group’ – Smith). 

98. Violaceae 3/3 

Melicytus 1. 300 – 1195 m. Dense forest, ridge and crest forest. 

Agatea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

Rinorea 1. 150 – 400 m. Gardner (1997) recorded the genus for Fiji (Waya I.). 

100. Passifloraceae 1/2 

Passiflora 2. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. De Wilde (1972) synonymised P. barclayi under P. 

aurantia, but Green (1972), Smith, and Jaffré et al. (2001) recognised both species as 

distinct. 

104. Cucurbitaceae 3/3 

Momordica 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets – 100 m. 

Zehneria 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. Smith (Addenda) rejected proposals to subdivide the 

widespread Pacific species. 

Neoalsomitra 1. One collection only (Bua, Horne). The revision by de Wilde & 

Duyfjes (2003) involves a name change for the Fijian species. 

105. Begoniaceae 1/1 

Begonia 1. 200 – 500 m, 800 m. Although there are two collections only, both from 

Vanua Levu, Guppy (106: 394) wrote that he saw it ‘frequently’ in the Vanua Levu 

mountains. Dense forest. 

106. Capparidaceae 2/3 

Capparis 2. Beach edge, limestone cliffs, rocky places nr. shore, coastal thickets – 

580 m. 

Crateva 1. Nr. s.l. One collection (Lautoka). 

14

111. Ericaceae 1/1 

Paphia 1. 450 – 1323 m. Dense or often mossy forest. Smith did not accept Stevens’ 

(1972) treatment of genus Paphia as a subgenus of Agapetes. Stevens (2004) revised 

his earlier opinion and accepted Paphia as a genus. 

112. Epacridaceae 1/1 

Leucopogon 1. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m. 

113. Symplocaceae 1/2 

Symplocos 2. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 1323 m. 

114. Ebenaceae 1/7 

Diospyros 7. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, rocky shores, – 1130 m. Limestone. 

115. Sapotaceae 4/21 

Planchonella 9. Rocky coasts, coastal thickets, – 1120 m. Limestone. The taxonomy 

follows Smith and also Bartish et al. (2005). Pennington (1991) treated all the 

Fiji species under Pouteria. 

Burckella 5. Nr. s.l. – 825. Limestone. 

Palaquium 4. 30 – 1120 m. Dense or open forest, dense ridge thicket. 

Manilkara 3. Nr. the shore, coastal thickets, coastal forest, limestone cliffs, – 825 m. 

(Mimusops 1. Smith treated this as indigenous eastwards only to Vanuatu; van 

Balgooy, 1971, accepted it as indigenous in Fiji). 

116. Myrsinaceae 6/29 

Maesa 7. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. (All seven species occur nr. s.l.). Limestone. 

Ardisia 1. 150 – 915 m. Dense forest, thicket, forest-grassland transition. 

Tapeinosperma 12. s.l. – 1323 m. Limestone. 

Discocalyx 3. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. 

Embelia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1180 m. Gardner (1997) described the second species. 

Rapanea 4. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, on limestone – 1323 m. 

117. Cunoniaceae 5/13 

Spiraeanthemum 3. 175 – 1323 m. Dense forest or on its edges, dry forest, dense 

thicket, forest-grassland transition, sometimes open places. 

Acsmithia 1. 450 – 1200 m. Thickets on crests or ridges or in open places. 

Geissois 4. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Weinmannia 4. 90 – 1323 m. Forest, dense thickets, dry or open forest, open ridges, 

open places. The group was revised by Hopkins (1998a,b), who treated W. 

spiraeoides (accepted by Smith but known only from the sterile type) as a ‘doubtful 

species’. 

Pullea 1. Nr. s.l. – 626 m. 

119. Pittosporaceae 1/5 

Pittosporum 5. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, – 1323 m. Limestone. Gemmill et al. (2002) 

examined the affinities of one of the Fijian species in a sample of Pacific species. 

15

121. Rosaceae 1/1 

Rubus 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. 

122. Chrysobalanaceae 2/3 

Parinari 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 800 m. 

Atuna 2. Nr. s.l. – 500 m. 

123. Mimosaceae 5/8 

Parkia 1. Only one collection (Horne), ‘from low elevations near streams’. 

Entada 1. Mangrove swamps, beaches, – 900 m. 

Schleinitzia 1. Nr. s.l., along sandy beaches and ‘elsewhere’. 

Acacia 3. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, along sandy beaches – 900 m. Limestone. 

Serianthes 2. Edges of mangrove swamps, along rocky shores, forests, – 750 m. 

Limestone. 

124. Caesalpiniaceae 7/13 

Caesalpinia 2. Sometimes climbing over mangroves (Seemann 1865: 72, Guppy 

1906), forest along rocky shores, coastal thickets, – 900 m. Limestone. 

Storckiella 1. Nr. s.l., river delta, – 300 m. 

Senna (= Cassia sect. Senna) 2. At or nr. s.l. For S. sophera, Ding Hou et al. (1996) 

wrote ‘origin neotropic’. However, Smith concluded it is ‘presumably indigenous’ in 

Fiji and in the Pacific as far eastward as Tonga and Samoa. 

Cynometra 2. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

Maniltoa 4. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, along rocky coasts, forest, often on 

limestone, – 600 m. 

Intsia 1. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, along beaches, coastal forests and 

thickets, – 450 m. Limestone. 

Kingiodendron 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

125. Fabaceae 19/27 

Sophora 1. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets and forest. Limestone. 

Dalbergia 1. Strictly littoral in beach thickets, inner edges of mangrove swamps and 

on river banks. 

Inocarpus 1. Edges of mangrove swamps, coastal forest, – 400 m. Limestone. 

Abrus 1. Along beaches, rocky shores, sometimes on limestone, forest edges, – 80 m. 

Derris 1. Nr. sea in thickets or on forest edges, sometimes on limestone cliffs, edges 

of mangrove swamps. 

Millettia (incl. Pongamia) 1. Beach thickets, on rocky shores, – 150 m. Limestone. 

For taxonomy, see Adema (2001). 

Tephrosia 1. Coastal areas, rocky shores, – 300 m. Limestone. 

Sesbania 1. Nr. s.l., along sandy beaches and in coconut plantations on soil 

presumably derived from limestone. 

Dendrolobium 1. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, beach thickets, on rocky coasts, – 

200 m. Limestone. 

Uraria 1. Dry grassy slopes especially along leeward coasts, pastures, waste places, – 

16

750 m. 

Erythrina 2. Along coasts, in freshwater swamps, rarely inland. Limestone. 

Strongylodon 1. Nr. s.l., forests and forest edges, – 750 m. 

Mucuna 3. Mangrove, mangrove/beach transition (Guppy 1906: 44), landward edge of 

mangrove swamp (Chapman 1976), coastal thickets and forest, – 1000 m. 

Limestone. 

Dioclea 1. No altitudinal information available. 

Macropsychanthus 1. No altitudinal information available. One collection only 

(Taveuni). 

Canavalia 4. Nr. high tide mark, littoral thickets, along beaches and rocky coasts, 

forest, – 900 m. Limestone. 

Glycine 1. Nr. s.l. only. 

Vigna 3. On trees bordering creeks in mangrove swamps (Guppy 1906: 139), on 

beaches, sand dunes, beach and coastal thickets, – 600 m. Limestone. 

Ormocarpum 1. Nr. s.l., along dry coasts. 

(Rhynchosia 1, nr. s.l., was accepted by Smith as adventive, by van Balgooy, 1971, 

as indigenous). 

126. Connaraceae 2/2 

Rourea 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

Connarus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone. 

127. Lythraceae 1/1 

Pemphis 1. Nr. s.l. only, in coastal thickets, along rocky coasts, and on limestone 

cliffs. 

128. Myrtaceae 5/38 

Metrosideros (incl. a species originally placed in Tristania) 2. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. 

Wright et al. (2000) examined the affinities of the Fijian species. 

Decaspermum (incl. a species originally placed in Cloëzia) 2. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

Syzygium 32. Beach thickets – 1323 m. Limestone (S. quadrangulatum). For 

taxonomy, see Biffin et al. (2005). 

Piliocalyx 1. 580 – 1150 m. Dense forest or on its edges. Craven (2001; pers. comm. 

Aug. 2004) indicated that Piliocalyx might eventually be treated as a group under 

Syzygium. 

Eugenia (incl. Jossinia) 1. Nr s.l., back-mangrove (Guppy 1906: 350), littoral forest, 

along rocky coasts, dry rocky slopes nr. the sea, interior of coral islets (Guppy 

1906: 350), – 350 m. Limestone. For taxonomy, see Craven (2001). 

(Austromyrtus was accepted for Fiji by van Balgooy, 1971, but this was based on 

misidentifications – see van Balgooy, 1993). 

(130. Onagraceae 

Ludwigia 1. This weedy species is acepted as indigenous in the Pacific islands by 

van Balgooy, 1971, but not by Smith. See discussion of ‘Weedy taxa’, above). 

131. Melastomataceae 4/30 

17

Melastoma 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. 

Medinilla 11. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, forest and thickets, – 1323 m. 

Astronidium 16 (or ?17). 30 – 1323 m. Dense or dry forest, ridge thicket, forest edge, 

open hillsides. Maxwell & Veldkamp (1990) described two new species and treated 

A. lepidotum A.C.Sm. as ‘dubious or excluded’. 

Memecylon 2. Nr. s.l. – 1075 m. Limestone. 

(Poikilogyne was accepted for Fiji by van Balgooy, 1971, but this was based on 

misidentifications – see van Balgooy 1993). 

132. Combretaceae 2/11 

Terminalia 10. s.l., edge of mangrove swamps, beach thickets, rocky shores, 

limestone cliffs, coastal forest, – 500 m. 

Lumnitzera 1. Nr. s.l. only, drier parts of mangrove swamps, strand thickets, littoral 

forest. 

133. Anacardiaceae 5/7 

Buchanania 2. Beach thickets, forest nr. sea, – 610 m. Limestone. 

Dracontomelon 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. 

Pleiogynium 2. Beach thickets, along rocky shores, – 970 m. Limestone. 

Rhus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Semecarpus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

134. Burseraceae 2/4 

Haplolobus 1. 90 – 850 m. Dense or secondary forest. 

Canarium 3. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone. 

135. Simaroubaceae 1/1 

Amaroria. 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone. 

136. Surianaceae 1/1 

Suriana 1. Nr. s.l. only, sandy, calcareous beaches, rocky cliffs, beach thickets. 

Limestone. 

137. Rutaceae 5/14 

Zanthoxylum 4. Nr. s.l. – 1120 m. Limestone. 

Melicope (incl. Acronychia spp.) 7. Nr. s.l. – 1220 m. Limestone. Two species 

accepted by Smith were synonymised by Hartley (2001). 

Sarcomelicope (incl. Acronychia sp.). 1. 40 – 1100 m. Dense, dry, secondary forest, 

thickets. 

Micromelum 1. Nr. s.l., rocky coasts, – 900 m. Limestone. 

Wenzelia 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone forest. 

138. Meliaceae 4/25 

Vavaea 4. Inner edge of mangrove swamps, limestone just above high tide level 

(Mago I., Tuisawa, SUVA), beach thickets, limestone cliffs, – 1150 m. Pennington 

18

(1969) (see comments above, under ‘Biogeography and species concepts’) accepted 

only two species for Fiji. 

Aglaia 10. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Limestone. Pannell (1992) synonymised A. elegans, A. 

venusta and A. greenwoodii under A. basiphylla, and A. axillaris and A. vitiensis var. 

minor under typical A. vitiensis. A. haplophylla was renamed A. unifolia. 

Dysoxylum 9. Edges of mangrove swamps, – 1150 m. Limestone. Mabberley et al. 

(1995) accepted 9 species, 7 endemic, in Fiji (Smith had 9 species, all endemic). 

Xylocarpus 2. Inner edges of mangrove swamps, rocky and sandy beaches, coastal 

thickets, littoral forest, along rivers, riverine islands, – 20 m. Limestone. For 

taxonomy, see Mabberley et al. (1995). 

140. Sapindaceae 13/21 

Cardiospermum 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Smith considered the species to be indigenous, 

Leenhouts (in Adema et al. 1994) regarded it as introduced. 

Allophylus 2. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone. Smith accepted two Fijian species; Adema 

et al. (1994) followed Leenhouts (1968) in regarding the genus as ‘probably 

monotypic’. 

Sapindus 1. Nr. s.l. along rocky shores – 200 m. 

Pometia 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. Limestone. 

Alectryon 2. 30 – 700 m. Limestone. 

Guioa 3. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone. Van Welzen (1989) synonymised one of the 

species accepted by Smith (G. capillacea, under G. chrysea) and described one new 

species, G. punctata, a Fiji endemic recorded from 0 – 2300 m. The last altitude is 

impossible; perhaps 2300’ is correct. 

Arytera 1. Nr. s.l., along coasts, mangrove at high water mark (Denarau, Buabua I., 

Vodonaivalu, SUVA) – 1050 m. Limestone. Turner’s (1995) revision confirmed 

Smith’s treatment. 

Cupaniopsis 4. Nr. s.l. – 1200 m. Adema’s (1991) revision confirmed Smith’s 

treatment. 

Elattostachys 2. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. Limestone. 

Koelreuteria 1. 50 – 825 m. Open forest, dry, secondary forest. 

Cossignia 1. 100 – 200 m. Forest or edge of open forest. 

Dodonaea 1. Nr. s.l., sea cliffs – 1100 m. Limestone. 

Harpullia 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Limestone. 

141. Coriariaceae 1/1 

Coriaria 1. 550 – 1241 m. Thickets, forest-grassland transition, rocky banks. Smith 

treated the Fiji species in C. ruscifolia, widespread from New Guinea to the 

Americas. Yokoyama et al. (2000) instead regarded Solomons-Fiji-Samoa plants as a 

distinct, unnamed species. 

142. Oxalidaceae 1/1 

Oxalis 1. One collection only (Mt. Evans Ra.), 100 m. 

144. Araliaceae 4/16 

Meryta 1. 750 – 800 m. Montane high forest (Lowry 1988). 

19

Polyscias 4. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. 

Plerandra 7. Nr. s.l. – 1323 m. (To be treated under Schefflera; Lowry 1989). 

Schefflera 4. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. 

145. Apiaceae 2/2 

Hydrocotyle 1. 300 – 600 m. Dense forest. 

Centella 1. Nr. s.l. – 800m 

146. Linaceae 1/1 

Hugonia (incl. Durandea) 1. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. Taxonomy follows van Hooren and 

Nooteboom (1984, 1988) (not cited by Smith). This work involves a name change for 

the genus and species of the Fiji plant. 

147. Celastraceae 3/3 

Celastrus 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone. 

Maytenus 1. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, sea cliffs, often on limestone, – 1050 m. 

Cassine 1. 50 – 800 m. Dense or dry forest, hillside thickets. 

148. Hippocrateaceae 1/2 

Salacia 2. Nr. s.l. – 800 m. Limestone. 

149. Aquifoliaceae 1/1 

Ilex 1. 100 – 950 m. Dense or dry forest, ridge forest. 

150. Icacinaceae 2/2 

Citronella 1. 30 – 1000 m. Dense or secondary forest. 

Medusanthera 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

151. Dichapetalaceae 1/1 

Dichapetalum 1. Limestone (G. Keppel, pers. comm.), inner edges of mangrove 

swamps – 900 m. 

152. Rhamnaceae 7/8 

Colubrina 1. Nr. s.l., along rocky coasts, thickets nr. beaches, – 450 m. Limestone. 

Emmenosperma 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

Alphitonia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone. 

Rhamnella 1. Nr. s.l. on rocky shores and cliffs, – 550 m. Limestone. 

Ventilago 1. Nr. s.l., in thickets along beaches – 850 m. 

Smythea 1. Nr s.l. only, along beaches, at edge of tidal marshes, along streams 

behind mangrove swamps, river bank thickets. 

Gouania 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. 

153. Vitaceae 2/3 

Tetrastigma 1. 100 – 1150 m. Dense forest or thickets. 

Cayratia 2. ‘Low elevation’ – 800 m. 

20

154. Leeaceae 1/1 

Leea 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

155. Malpighiaceae 1/1 

Hiptage 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Limestone. 

157. Alangiaceae 1/1 

Alangium 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. 

158. Olacaceae 2/2 

Anacolosa 1. 50 – 1000 m. Dense, dry or open forest. 

Ximenia 1. Nr. s.l. only, rocky shores, thickets, inner edges of mangrove swamps. 

Limestone (at Cuvu). 

159. Santalaceae 2/2 

Exocarpos 1. 60 – 900 m. Forest, sometimes open forest. Limestone. 

Santalum 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. Limestone. 

160. Loranthaceae 1/1 

Decaisnina 1. Edges of mangrove swamps – 1250 m. Limestone. Barlow’s (1993) 

revision includes a distribution map of the Fijian species. 

161. Viscaceae 1/1 

Korthalsella 1. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. Limestone. Three forms are recognised for Fiji; for 

taxonomy, see Touw (1984), Molvray (1997) and Molvray et al. (1999). 

162. Balanophoraceae 1/1 

Balanophora 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. 

163. Proteaceae 1/2 

Turrillia 2. Nr. s.l. – 1155 m. 

164. Loganiaceae 4/17 

Geniostoma 9. Nr. s.l., coastal thickets, – 1240 m. Limestone. 

Strychnos 1. 50 – 850 m. Dense or secondary forest. 

Neuburgia 5. Nr. s.l. – 1195 m. 

Fagraea 2. Edge of mangrove swamps – 900 m. 

165. Apocynaceae 11/16 

Melodinus 2. With mangroves – 1050 m. 

Ochrosia (incl. Bleekeria p.p.) 1. Beach thickets, cliffs along beaches, often on 


Neisosperma (incl. Bleekeria p.p., Ochrosia p.p.) 1. Edges of mangrove swamps, 

often on limestone, beach thickets, coastal forest. Guppy (1906: 153) wrote that he 

observed this species ‘in one locality growing inland’. 

Alyxia 3. Beach thickets, sea cliffs, often on limestone, – 1127 m. Smith recognised 

21

five species, Middleton (2002) only three – he synonymised A. ovalifolia and three 

varieties of A. bracteolosa under typical A. bracteolosa, and A. linearifolia under A. 

stellata. 

Alstonia (incl. Rejoua sp.) 1. Beach thickets – 1195 m. Limestone. Smith recognised 

three species in Fiji, but Sidiyasa (1998) synonymised A. vitiensis and A. montana 

under A. costata. A. pacifica, also accepted by Smith, is Taberbaemontana. 

Tabernaemontana (= Alstonia p.p.) 1. Coastal thickets – 1000 m. See Leeuwenberg 

(1991) for taxonomy. 

Carruthersia (incl. Rejoua sp.) 2. Nr. s. l. – 1000 m. Smith recognised three species, 

Middleton (1997) only two – he synonymized C. macrantha under C. latifolia. 

Cerbera 1. Mangrove/beach transition (Guppy 1906: 551), beach thickets, – 1000 m. 

Pagiantha 1. 30 – 1100 m. Dense forest or on its margins. 

Ervatamia 1 Nr. s.l., along coasts, – 900 m, often on limestone 

Parsonsia 2. Nr. s.l. – 840 m. 

166. Asclepiadaceae 3/9 

Tylophora (incl. Gymnema spp.) 4. Beach thickets, rocky coastal habitat, – 1050 m. 

Leichardtia 1. 60 – 250 m. Dry thickets, thin forest on cliffs, sunny ledges. 

Hoya 4. Beach thickets, mangrove swamps, sea cliffs, rocky shores, – 1323 m. 

Limestone. 

167. Oleaceae 2/7 

Jasminum 6. Nr. s.l., rocks along arid coast, forested ravines, forest edge on rocky 

coast, – 1150 m. Limestone. 

Chionanthus (incl. Linociera spp.) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1130 m. 

168. Rubiaceae 32/167 

Guettarda 2. G. speciosa is nr. s.l. and ‘scarcely higher’, on sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs, 

rocky shores, limestone, and in beach thickets and lowland forest; G. wayaensis 

(Gardner 1997) occurs at s.l. – 200 m. 

Antirhea 2. Edges of mangrove swamps, often on limestone, – 550 m. 

Timonius 2. Rocky limestone islets, lagoon cliffs, – 1160 m. T. affinis is 

morphologically ‘highly suggestive of mangroves’ (Smith). 

Neonauclea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1000 m. 

Dolicholobium 3. Edges of mangrove swamps, sand dunes, – 1150 m. 

Augusta (incl. Lindenia) 1. Nr. s.l. – 100 m. Generic placement follows Rova et al. 

(2002). Smith & Darwin (in Smith) and Jaffré et al. (2001) regarded Fiji and New 

Caledonia populations as distinct species. Van Steenis (1981) considered them to be 

subspecies. 

Bikkia 1. Nr. s. l. – 900 m. Rocky coasts, sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs. Usually (?always) 

on limestone. 

Badusa 1. Nr. s.l. – 900 m, often on limestone. 

Mussaenda 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. Limestone. 

Gardenia 9. Nr. s.l., sea cliffs, lagoon cliffs, rocky islets, limestone (G. taitensis), – 

1200 m. 

Atractocarpus (incl. Sukunia and Porterandia) 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Dense or dry forest. 

22

Limestone. For taxonomy, see Puttock & Quinn (1999) and Puttock (1999). 

Aidia (incl. Pelagodendron) 1. Nr. s. l. – ‘few hundred’ m. For taxonomy, see 

Puttock & Quinn (1999) and Puttock (2001). 

Tarenna 3. Edge of mangrove swamp, littoral forest, coastal thickets, – 450 m. 

Limestone. 

Ixora 22. (21 endemic, many allopatric). Beach thickets, lagoon cliffs – 1240 m. 

Several species on limestone. 

Airosperma 2. 50 – 1200 m. Usually dense forest. 

Psydrax (incl. Canthium spp.) 1. Beach thickets, lagoon cliffs, frequently on 


Cyclophyllum (incl. Canthium spp.) 3. Coastal forests and thickets, – 1030 

m. Limestone. 

Mastixiodendron 3. Nr. s.l., often along coasts, – 1200 m. 

Hydnophytum 3. Edges of mangrove swamps – 1127 m. 

Squamellaria 3. 200 – 900 m. Dense forest. Huxley & Jebb (1991) described a new 

subtribe Hydnophytineae, including Hydnophytum and Squamellaria. Nepokroeff et 

al. (1999) showed that members of this subtribe should be included in Psychotria, 

but new combinations do not appear to have been made 

Geophila 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. Limestone. 

Margaritopsis (incl. Readea) 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. For taxonomy, see Andersson 

(2001, 2002). 

Gillespiea 1. Endemic genus (S. Vanua Levu). 300 – 881 m. Dense forest. 

Calycosia 4. Nr. s.l. – 1160 m. 

Hedstromia 1. Endemic genus (Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Lau). Nr. s. l. – 300 m. 

Psychotria 78 (74 endemic). Nr. s.l., beach thickets, limestone forest, rocky slopes 

above mangrove swamp (P. brackenridgei), – 1323 m. One new species was 

described by Gardner (1997). The single Fiji species treated by Smith in 

Amaracarpus was placed provisionally in Psychotria by Davis & Bridson (2004). 

Morinda 4. Edges of mangrove swamps, beach forest, – 1323 m. Limestone. 

Gynochtodes 1. s.l. – 900 m. Frequently on limestone. 

Ophiorrhiza 3. Tidal marshes, inner edges of mangrove swamps, – 1280 m. 

Limestone. 

Xanthophytum 1. 150 – 1030 m. Dense forest, ridge thicket. The genus was revised by 

Axelius (1990) who mapped the Fiji-Vanuatu species. 

Hedyotis 4. Nr. s.l., on rocky islets and bare limestone, arid rocks along coasts, – 970 

m. 

Coprosma 1. 50 –1240 m. Open forest, hillside thicket. 

170. Solanaceae 1/3 

Solanum 3. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Limestone. 

171. Convolvulaceae 4/14 

Operculina 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. 

Merremia 3. Nr. s.l. – 400 m. The record from a swamp at 1-3 m (Koroiveibau, 

SUVA) seems to indicate a maritime habitat. 

Stictocardia 1. Coastal areas. No other altitudinal information. 

23

Ipomoea 9. Nr. s.l. – 750 m. Sandy beaches, arid shores, dunes, lagoon cliffs, strand 

along river, open forests, thickets etc. Limestone. 

(Aniseia (1, nr. s.l.) and Evolvulus (1, 50-100 m) were accepted as indigenous by 

van Balgooy, 1971). 

(172. Cuscutaceae (Convolvulaceae) 1/1 

Cuscuta 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. ‘Presumably originally American’ (Smith). Accepted as 

indigenous by van Balgooy, 1971). 

173. Menyanthaceae 1/1 

Nymphoides 1. Nr. s.l. – 825 m. 

175. Scrophulariaceae 2/3 

Lindernia 1. Nr. s.l. – 300 m. 

Limnophila 2. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. 

(Scoparia (1, nr. s.l.– 200 m) was accepted by van Balgooy, 1971, as indigenous). 

176. Gesneriaceae 1/37 

Cyrtandra 37. Nr. s.l. (rarely – see, ‘Altitudinal anomalies’, above) – 1323 m. 

Usually in dense forest, often along creeks. 

177. Acanthaceae 2/4 

Graptophyllum (incl. Dyschoriste sp.) 3. Nr. s.l., open forest; near beach (Vatia Pt., 

Ba, Koroiveibau, SUVA,) – 1200 m. Limestone. 

Pseuderanthemum 1. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. 

181. Boraginaceae 2/3 

Cordia 2. Nr. s.l. only, inner edges of mangrove swamps strand, beach thickets, edge 

of forest along rocky shore. Limestone. 

Heliotropium (incl. Tournefortia, Argusia, Messerschmidia) 1. Nr. s.l. only, frequent 

in beach thickets, beach forest. ‘Can grow in almost pure sand… note corky 

development’ (Turbet, SUVA). Limestone. For taxonomy, see Riedl (1997) and 

Craven (2005). 

182. Verbenaceae 6/8 

Vitex 1. Nr. s.l., beach thickets, thickets along rivers, edge of mangrove swamps, along 

roadsides near the sea, rarely encroaching into forest, rarely inland – 250 m. 

Limestone. 

Viticipremna (incl. Vitex spp.) 1. 100 – 900 m. Dense forest, forest edges, occasionally 

open valleys. 

Premna 2. Nr. s.l. – 900 m. Beach thickets, dry lowland forest, rocky shores, edges of 

mangrove swamps, coconut plantations. Limestone. 

Faradaya 2. Nr. s.l. – 1150 m. Smith accepted five species for Fiji, de Kok and 

Mabberley (1999) only two – they synonymised F. ovalifolia, F. glabra, and F. 

vitiensis under F. amicorum, and F. ampliflora under F. huntei. 

Gmelina 1. 90 – 900 m. Dense forest. 

24

Clerodendrum 1. Nr. s.l.: beach thickets, rocky shores, sea cliffs, inner edges of 

mangrove swamps, dry forested ravines, along roadsides, limestone. 

183. Lamiaceae 2/2 

Plectranthus 1. Nr. s.l. – 1050 m. 

Leucas 1. Nr. s.l. – 600 m. 

185. Goodeniaceae 1/2 

Scaevola 2. S. sericea is abundant along beaches and rocky shores near s.l., in beach 

thickets and forest, at the high tide mark (Yakuilau I., Nadi, Vodonaivalu, SUVA), 

and on limestone (Kadavu, Qoro, SUVA); S. floribunda occurs nr. s.l. (but seldom 

on beaches) – 1200 m in dense and open forest. (One collection of S. floribunda 

(B.E.P. i.e. B.E. Parham, Korobasabasaga, SUVA) is labelled 3900’ (1300 m), but 

this range only reaches 1179 m. 

186. Compositae 8/9 (2 endemic species only). 

Vernonia 1. 400–900 m. Dense or dry forest, open places. 

Wollastonia 1. Nr. s.l. – 450 m. Abundant along coasts, on edges of mangrove 

swamps, in thickets, waste places, grassy hills, edges of forest. 

Glossogyne 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected once (Seemann, 

‘mountains’ in Macuata; cf. Pimia – Sterc., and Pytinicarpa – Compos.). 

Adenostemma 2. 100 – 1100 m. Dense forest, sometimes in swampy places. 

Dichrocephala 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected once (Seemann, 

‘Common all over Viti’!). 

Pytinicarpa (= Keysseria p.p.) 1. No altitudinal information available. Only collected 

once (U. S. Expl. Exped., ‘Mountains’ in Macuata). (For taxonomy, see Nesom, 

2001). 

Blumea 1. Nr. s.l. – 1100 m. 

Centipeda 1. Nr. s.l. – 200 m. 

(Acmella (= Spilanthes p.p.) was accepted as indigenous by van Balgooy, 1971, but 

not by Smith. See discussion under ‘Weedy taxa’, above). 

APPENDIX S2. Plants recorded in or around mangrove in Fiji. Species also recorded from 

limestone in Fiji are in bold. 

GYMNOSPERMS 

Agathis macrophylla (Araucar.). Vanuatu and Fiji. 

(Margbensonia (Podocarpus) neriifolius is recorded on limestone and at the edge of tidal 

swamp). 

MONOCOTS 

Halophila ovalis (Hydrocharit.). East Africa – Samoa. 

Halodule pinifolia (Cymodoc.). Taiwan – Fiji/Tonga. 

Oberonia equitans (Orchid.). New Caledonia east to the Tuamotus. 

Liparis elliptica (Orchid.). Sri Lanka, Sikkim and Taiwan, SE to New Caledonia and Fiji. 

25

Dendrobium dactylodes (Orchid.). Vanuatu, Fiji, and Samoa. 

D. biflorum Vanuatu east to the Societies. 

Diplocaulobium tipuliferum (Orchid.). Fiji. 

Eria rostriflora (Orchid.). Guam, Solomons and New Caledonia east to the Societies. 

Appendicula reflexa (Orchid.). India and Thailand east to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. 

Spathoglottis pacifica (Orchid.). Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis Islands and Samoa. 

Bulbophyllum longiscapum (Orchid.). Solomon Islands to Samoa. 

Grammatophyllum elegans (Orchid.). Fiji. Possibly also Solomons and Admiralties. 

Phreatia neocaledonica (Orchid.). Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, east to Fiji, Samoa 

and Niue. 

Taeniophyllum fasciola (Orchid.). New Caledonia to the Societies. 

Scirpodendron ghaeri (Cyp.). Sri Lanka – Samoa. 

Mariscus javanicus (Cyp.). Africa – Pacific islands. 

Flagellaria neo-caledonica (Flagell.). New Caledonia, Solomons, Fiji. 

F. gigantea Fiji, Samoa, Niue. 

Paspalum distichum (Poa.). Widespread throughout the tropics. 

Veitchia joannis (Arec.). Fiji. 

Epipremnum pinnatum (Ara.). SE Asia – Oceania. 

Pandanus pyriformis (Pandan.). Fiji. ‘Essentially indistinguishable’ from material from ‘other 

archipelagoes’ (Smith). 

Typha domingensis (Typha.). Widespread in tropical and warm temperate regions. 

DICOTS 

Ficus pritchardii (Mora.). Fiji. 

Dillenia biflora (Dillen.). Fiji and southern Vanuatu. 

Mammea odorata (Clus.). Java and the Philippines to Fiji. 

Heritiera littoralis (Sterc.). East Africa to Tonga. 

Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malv.). Pantropical and subtropical. 

Thespesia populnea (Malv.). Pantropical and subtropical. 

Endospermum macrophyllum (Euphorb.). Fiji. 

Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorb.). ‘Perhaps’ in tropical Africa; India to Tonga and Niue. 

Barringtonia asiatica (Barrington.). Madagascar to the Societies. 

B. racemosa East and southern Africa to Samoa. 

Rhizophora stylosa (Rhizoph.). Taiwan to Tonga and Samoa. 

R. samoensis New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. (Taxonomy following Smith). 

R. x selala New Caledonia, Fiji. 

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizoph.). East and southern Africa to Tonga and Samoa. 

Entada phaseoloides (Mimos.). China to the Cooks. 

Acacia simplex (Mimos.). New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Santa Cruz (Smith writes ‘presumably 

introduced’ here), Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. 

Serianthes melanesica var. melanesica (Mimos.). The variety is a Fiji endemic. The species 

occurs in the Loyalties, Vanuatu, Santa Cruz, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. 

Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalp.). Widespread in tropical areas. 

Maniltoa grandiflora (Caesalp.). Solomons, Fiji and Tonga. 

Intsia bijuga (Caesalp.). Madagascar to Tonga and Samoa. 

Dalbergia candenatensis (Fab.). India to China and through Malesia to Australia and Tonga. 

26

Inocarpus fagifer (Fab.). Malesia to the Marquesas. 

Derris trifoliata (Fab.). East Africa to Tonga/Samoa. 

Dendrolobium umbellatum (Fab.). East Africa and Madagascar to Tonga, Niue and Samoa. 

Mucuna gigantea (Fab.). Africa – eastern Polynesia. 

Vigna marina (Fab.). Pantropical. 

Eugenia reinwardtiana (Myrt.). Borneo to east Polynesia. 

Terminalia pterocarpa (Combret.). Fiji (SE Viti Levu only). 

T. catappa Tropical Asia to eastern Polynesia. 

T. litoralis Fiji and Tonga. 

Lumnitzera littorea (Combret.). Tropical Asia to northern Australia and Tonga. 

Vavaea amicorum (Melia.). Fiji and Tonga (Smith adds ‘perhaps westward into other 

Melanesian archipelagoes’). 

Dysoxylum richii (Melia.). Fiji. 

Xylocarpus granatum (Melia.). India to Tonga. 

Arytera brackenridgei (Sapind.). Fiji, Tonga, Samoa. 

Dichapetalum vitiense (Dichapet.). Fiji and Tonga. 

Smythea lanceata (Rham.). Seychelles; Malay Peninsula and Sumatra to Fiji. 

Ximenia americana (Olac.). Tropics and subtropics. 

Decaisnina forsteriana (Loranth.). Louisiade Archipelago (E PNG), Solomons, Fiji to the 

Marquesas. 

Fagraea gracilipes (Logan.). New Guinea and NE Queensland to Fiji. 

Melodinus glaber (Apocyn.). Vanuatu and Fiji. 

Neisosperma oppositifolium (Apocyn.). Seychelles to Sri Lanka and east to Polynesia. 

Cerbera manghas (Apocyn.). Comoros and Seychelles, and Malesia – Pitcairn I. 

Hoya australis (Asclepiad.). NE Australia to Tonga and Samoa. 

Guettarda speciosa (Rub.). East Africa to eastern Polynesia. 

Antirhea inconspicua (Rub.). Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa. 

Tarenna sambucina (Rub.). Marianas, Solomons and New Caledonia east to the Tuamotus. 

Psychotria brackenridgei (Rub.). Fiji. 

Hydnophytum longiflorum (Rub.). Fiji. 

Morinda citrifolia (Rub.). Indo-Malesia and throughout Pacific. 

Morinda grayi (Rub.). Fiji. 

Ophiorrhiza peploides (Rub.). Fiji. 

Cordia subcordata (Borag.). SE Asia to most Pacific archipelagoes. 

Vitex trifolia (Verb.). SE Asia to Polynesia. 

Premna serratifolia (Verb.). East Africa to Tuamotus. 

Clerodendrum inerme (Verb.). India to South Pacific. 

Wollastonia biflora (Comp.). East Africa to South Pacific. 

APPENDIX S3. Fijian species restricted to limestone or usually on limestone. 

The following 29 Fijian species are restricted to limestone and are all found at sea level in 

shore habitat. 

Pandanus sinicola (Pandan.), Peperomia pilostigma (Peperom.), Sesuvium portulacastrum 

(Aizo.), Corchorus torresianus (Tilia.), Capparis cordifolia (Capparid.), Glochidion 

27

calciphilum (Euphorb.), Homalium pallidum (Euphorb.; up to 125 m), Xylosma orbiculatum 

(Flacourt.), Burckella richii (Sapot.; to 200 m), Manilkara vitiensis (Sapot.); Maesa tongensis 

(Myrsin.), Senna glanduligera (Caesalp.), Sesbania coccinea (Faba.), Suriana maritima 

(Surian.), Alectryon samoensis (Sapind.), Harpullia arborea (Sapind.), Aglaia saltatorum 

(Melia.; up to 70 m), Geniostoma calcicola (Logan.), Timonius polygamus (Rub.), Bikkia 

tetrandra (Rub.), Gardenia taitensis (Rub.; to 30 m), Porterandia tenuiflora (Rub.; to 100m), 

Ixora calcicola (Rub.), Psychotria leiophylla (Rub.), P. edentata (to 100 m), P. macroserpens 

(to 100 m), Hedyotis foetida (Rub.), H. biflora, Solanum viride (Solan.; to 100 m) and Solanum 

sp. aff. viride (Fulaga). 

The following 12 species have a similar ecology: Chiloschista godeffroyana (Orchid.; usually 

on limestone or in coastal areas, up to 30 m), Diospyros samoensis (Eben.; usually on 

limestone, often near the sea, to 100 m), Planchonella grayana (Sapot., often on limestone), 

Maniltoa grandiflora (Caesalp., usually on limestone), Aglaia saltatorum (Mel.; usually on 

limestone, to 10 m), Buchanania vitiensis (Anacard.; often on limestone, to 80 m), Maytenus 

vitiensis (Celastr.; often on limestone, to 1050 m), Alyxia stellata (Apocyn.; often on 

limestone, to 350 m), Ixora vitiensis (Rub.; often on limestone, to 900 m), I. prolixa (often on 

limestone, to 500 m), Psydrax odorata (Rub.; frequently on limestone, to 1200 m) and 

Gynochtodes epiphytica (Rub.; frequently on limestone, to 900 m). 

APPENDIX S4. Fijian plants of beaches and limestone with plagiotropic architecture. 

Triumfetta procumbens (Tili.; Micronesia – Tuamotus) is a low, spreading or sprawling 

shrub with prostrate stems 2-3 m long, found near sea level on beaches or in coastal forest on 

sandy soil and limestone. 

Boerhavia repens (Nyctagin.) (Africa, Indo-Pacific) is a prostrate or subascending herb 

occurring at or near sea level on sand or coral beaches, on rocky slopes, or as a weed in 

villages. 

Sida samoensis (Malv.; Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Niue) is a prostrate herb, subligneous 

toward the base, with trailing, ascending branches. It occurs in Fiji only near sea-level on 

coralline sea-shores and rocky places, usually on limestone, and sometimes appears weedlike 

in villages. 

Glochidion calciphilum (Euphorb.; S Lau: Fulaga, Kabara) is a compact shrub or gnarled 

tree only 1 m tall, restricted to limestone and lagoon cliffs. Its Fijian congeners are much taller; 

G. concolor (which also occurs occasionally on limestone) is up to 25 m high. 

Xylosma orbiculatum (Flac.; Fiji, Tonga, Niue) is a scrambling and trailing shrub on 

limestone, unlike the other Fijian species (also known from limestone) which forms a tree up to 

15 m tall. 

Capparis cordifolia (Capparid.; Palau – Henderson Island) is a prostrate, woody vine only 

known from the beach edge, and generally (always?) on limestone, scrambling over rocks and 

on cliffs. 

Maesa tongensis (Myrsin.; Fiji, Tonga, Samoa) is a shrub or small tree with scandent 

branches, recorded in Fiji only on limestone near sea level. 

Entada phaseoloides (Mimos.; China – Cooks) is a high-climbing liane of dense forest, 

sometimes found near beaches and in mangrove swamps. On sandy beaches it is a prostrate 

plant (Guppy 1906). 

28

Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalp.; widespread in tropical areas) is a liane or scrambling shrub of 

coastal thickets and forest, sometimes occurring in mangrove or on limestone. 

Derris trifoliata (Faba.; East Africa to Tonga/Samoa) is a scrambling liane frequent near the 

sea in thickets or forest edge vegetation, sometimes on limestone cliffs or the edges of 

mangrove swamps. 

Mucuna gigantea (Faba.; India to Societies/Hawaii) is a high climbing liane usually in 

coastal thickets, sometimes recorded from mangrove edge. 

Canavalia sericea (Faba.; Micronesia to eastern Polynesia) is a prostrate or scrambling vine 

on beaches, along rocky coasts or in coastal thickets, and sometimes on limestone. 

Vigna marina (Faba.; pantropical) is a prostrate, scrambling or twining perennial herb on 

beaches, sand dunes and thickets, and sometimes on limestone. 

Barringtonia asiatica (Barrington.) is one of the most characteristic and largest beach trees 

and can be associated with mangrove and limestone. Its trunks often lie out over the beach. 

Lumnitzera littorea (Combret.) in Fiji is a mangrove tree 3-9 m tall, often compact or 

spreading, or a shrub 2 m tall. Tomlinson (1986) noted its tendency to develop a diffuse, 

sprawling habit, with the lower branches frequently taking root. 

Pemphis acidula (Lythr.; East Africa to eastern Polynesia) is a gnarled or compact shrub or 

tree and has been described as ‘somewhat intermediate between a strand plant and a mangrove’ 

(Tomlinson 1986). It is most characteristic of coastal thickets and limestone cliffs. In New 

Guinea (e.g. Madang, pers. obs.) plants form plagiotropic mats 20-30 cm high and a metre 

across hugging eroded limestone in the spray zone. The habit of these plants closely resembles 

that of alpine shrubs. 

Maytenus vitiensis (Celastr.; Fiji to eastern Polynesia) is a scandent shrub or small tree, of 

beach thickets, dense, dry or secondary forest, often on limestone and sea cliffs. 

Salacia pachycarpa (Hippocrat.; Fiji and Tonga) is a liane, often high-climbing in dense 

forest, sometimes on limestone. 

Colubrina asiatica (Rhamn.; East Africa to eastern Polynesia) is a scrambling or scandent 

shrub or small tree in beach thickets and dry forest, sometimes on limestone. 

Rhamnella vitiensis (Rhamn.; New Guinea to Tonga) is a gnarled tree, scandent shrub or 

liane. It occurs near sea level on rocky shores and cliffs, including limestone, up to 550 m. 

Smythea lanceata (Rhamn.; Seychelles – Fiji) is a liane or sprawling scandent shrub. It 

occurs near sea-level only, along beaches, at the edge of tidal marshes, along streams behind 

mangrove swamps, and in river bank thickets. 

Hiptage myrtifolia (Malpigh.; Fiji endemic) is a shrub or small tree, usually with scandent 

braches, or a high-climbing liane of dense, dry or secondary forest, sometimes on limestone. 

Ximenia americana (Olac.; pantropical) is a tree, sometimes spreading and often gnarled, of 

coastal habitats, sometimes on the edge of mangrove and on limestone. It has both 

brachyblasts, and long shoots determinate by abortion (pers. obs. in New Ireland) and thus the 

architecture is ‘divaricate’ (Heads 1998 – it is one of the very few divaricate plants in Fiji or 

Papua New Guinea). 

Geniostoma calcicola (Logan.; S Lau: Fulaga). is a scandent shrub known only from 

limestone cliffs near sea level. Other Fijian species of Geniostoma are erect plants ranging up 

to 1240 m altitude. 

Melodinus glaber (Apocyn.; Fiji and Vanuatu) is a high-climbing liane, sometimes growing 

with mangroves. 

29

Alyxia stellata (Apocyn.; Micronesia to eastern Polynesia) is a liane or scandent shrub which 

often occurs on limestone, from sea cliffs to 350 m. 

Hoya australis (Asclep.; NE Australia to Tonga and Samoa) is a vine of beach thickets, sea 

cliffs, rocky shores, mangrove swamps and inland forest, sometimes on limestone. 

Jasminum didymum (Olea.; Timor to eastern Polynesia) is a liane of dense or open forest 

from sea level to 1150 m, sometimes on limestone. 

Geophila repens (Rub.; pantropical) is a sprawling, repent herb usually found in shady sites 

in forest, sometimes on limestone. 

Psychotria macroserpens (Rub.; S Lau: Kabara) is one of the four liane species in Fijian 

Psychotria; these comprise species group ‘Tephrosanthae’ (Smith & Darwin in Smith). It is 

only known from forest on limestone, up to perhaps 100 m altitude. 

Gynochtodes epiphytica (Rub.; Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Samoa) is a liane of dense or dry forest or 

thickets, frequently on limestone. 

Hedyotis foetida (Rub.; New Caledonia to eastern Polynesia) is a dwarf shrub found near sea 

level on bare limestone on rocky islets. 

H. biflora (Rub.; Mauritius, through tropical Asia and Malesia to Samoa) is a prostrate herb 

occurring near sea level on limestone, in cliffs and crevices of arid rocks. 

Solanum viride (Solan.; Fiji to Tuamotus and Hawaii) is an erect shrub, sometimes 

subscandent or sprawling, and occurs from sea level to 100 m, possibly always on limestone, 

cliffs and rock faces, at the edges of forest and in open places. 

Ipomoea macrantha (Solan.; pantropical) is a perennial herb with twining or prostrate stems 

on beaches, arid shores, lagoon cliffs and thickets, sometimes on limestone. 

I. pes-caprae (Solan.; pantropical) has procumbent, not twining stems (often rooting), and 

occurs on beaches or riverbanks, sometimes on limestone. 

I. littoralis (Solan.; Madagascar to eastern Polynesia and Mexico) has twining or erect stems, 

(usually not rooting). It occurs on sandy beaches and dunes, in open forest and thicket, 

sometimes on limestone. 

Clerodendrum inerme (Verben.; India to eastern Polynesia ) is a small tree or liane of beach 

thickets, the inner edge of mangrove swamps, rocky shores, sea cliffs, and sometimes on 

limestone. 

APPENDIX S5. References cited in Supplementary Material 

Adema F. 2001. Millettia and Pongamia (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in Malesia. In: 

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