Additions to the lichen flora of Finland. IV

Additions to the lichen flora of Finland. IV 

JUHA PYKÄLÄ 

Pykälä, J. 2010. Additions to the lichen flora of Finland. IV. Graphis Scripta 22: 18–27. 

Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

23 lichen species are reported new to Finland including 15 (marked with an asterisk) which 

are new to Fennoscandia: Agonimia repleta, Arthonia muscigena, Farnoldia hypocrita, 

Lecania sordida, Mycobilimbia pilularis, Parabagliettoa cyanea, Porina leptalea, Thelidium 

aphanes*, T. papulare, T. rimosulum*, Verrucaria apatela*, V. confluens*, V. corticola*, V. 

elevata*, V. endocarpoides*, V. fuscoatroides*, V. inornata*, V. nigrofusca*, V. onegensis*, 

V. rimosella*, V. rufofuscella*, V. trabicola* and V. vicinalis*. Verrucaria macrostoma is 

excluded from the Finnish lichen flora. 

Juha Pykälä, Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, P.O. Box 140, 

FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: juha.pykala@ymparisto.fi 

In this fourth paper in a series dealing with 

lichens new to Finland 23 species are reported 

including 15 species which are also new to 

Fennoscandia (Fennoscandia defined as in 

Santesson et al. 2004). Lichens from various 

habitats are reported here as new to Finland, but 

the main emphasis is on calcareous rocks, and on 

Verrucaria species. In previous papers (Pykälä 

2006, 2007, 2008, Pykälä & Breuss 2008, 2009) 

altogether 46 species of Verrucaria have been 

reported new to Finland. In the present paper 15 

additional species of Verrucaria are reported new 

to Finland. However, numerous specimens still 

remain unidentified, because they were at present 

not possible to identify. All specimens are or will 

be deposited in H. The collection number is 

reported after the date of the find. Rock types are 

according to the geological maps. The diameter 

of the perithecia are in surface view in all 

pyrenocarpous species unless otherwise stated. 

Following the treatment of new species, 

corrections to Pykälä (2007) are given. All 

collections are by the author if not otherwise 

stated. 

The species 

Agonimia repleta 

New to Finland. A. repleta has similar-sized 

spores as A. allobata and it occurs in similar 

habitats on lake shores. A. repleta does not have 

a pale ostiolar region, but the pyriform perithecia 

have a longitudinally furrowed neck (Czarnota & 

Coppins 2000). A. allobata has a pale projecting 

papillae-like ostiole. A. repleta has previously 

once been reported from Fennoscandia (Nordin 

2002). 

Specimens examined: Etelä-Häme: Padasjoki, 

Nyystälä, Päijänne National Park, Kelvenne 

island, Kelvenneenniemi, shore of lake Päijänne, 

on exposed thick roots of Alnus glutinosa, 

61°23′N, 25°26′E, 14.VIII.2007, 31855, 31856. 

Arthonia muscigena 

New to Finland. In Fennoscandia the species is 

reported to occur mainly on bryophytes 

(Leucodon sciuroides) on old deciduous trees, 

more seldom directly on tree trunks (Santesson et 

al. 2004). Elsewhere the species occurs also on 

shaded acid rocks (Coppins 1992). In Finland A.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 20 (2008) Additions the the lichen flora of Finland 19 

muscigena seems to be most common on 

artificial calcareous habitats such as concrete. 

Specimens examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Vihti, 

Ritala, Nummela airfield, esker, young deciduous 

forest, on concrete block, 60°20′N, 24°18′E, 6.I. 

2007, 29995; Lohja, Paloniemi, Hevossaari 

island, shore forest of lake Lohjanjärvi, on thin 

cement plate, 60°15′N, 24°01′E 6.III.2007, 

30102; Lohja, Lohja, 350 m S–SW of 

Hiidensalmi bridge, open deciduous forest, shore 

bank of lake Lohjanjärvi, old lime quarry waste 

soil?, on stone, 60°15′N, 24°03′E, 28.III.2007, 

30579; Lohja, Muijala, W of Arvolantie road, 

abandoned dump, bushy site, on concrete block, 

60°17′N, 24°12′E, 28.IV.2007, 30821; Lohja, 

Kirkniemi, Tegelbruket, on concrete block, 

60°10′N, 23°55′E, 30.VII.2008, 33399; Lohja, 

Jalassaari, Tamminiemi nature reserve, Tilia 

cordata dominated herb-rich forest, on Tilia 

cordata, 60°12′N, 23°52′E, 11.IX.2008, 33729. 

Pohjois-Häme: Saarijärvi, Pyhä-Häkki national 

park, Picea abies dominated old-growth forest, 

on Populus tremula, 62°50′N, 25°28′E, 

12.VII.2008, 32852 & Hyvärinen. 

Farnoldia hypocrita 

New to Finland. The species is rare on calcareous 

rocks in Fennoscandia (Fröberg 1989, Santesson 

et al. 2004). 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: 

Västanfjärd, Vesterillo, Illogruvan, abandoned 

lime quarry, open quarry waste field, on stones, 

60°01′N, 22°42′E, 24.VII.2008, 33236. 

Lecania sordida Reese Næsborg 

New to Finland. L. sordida was recently 

described by Reese Næsborg (2008). It belongs 

to the L. cyrtella group and is characterized by 

strongly swollen paraphyse apices. L. sordida 

may prefer urban habitats such as graveyards, 

tombstones and bricks (Reese Næsborg 2008). 

The species was previously known from south 

and central Europe, Estonia, Lithuania and 

Sweden (Reese Næsborg 2008). 

Specimens examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Lohja, 

Paloniemi, Hevossaari island, herb-rich forest, on 

cement bricks, 60°15′N, 24°01′E, 6.III.2007, 

30123; Lohja, Paloniemi, Onkinen SE, island, on 

concrete foundation, 60°15′N, 24°00′E, 

16.III.2007, 30368; Lohja, Ojamo, Ojamo lime 

quarry, young deciduous forest on quarry waste 

soil, on stone, 60°14′N, 24°02′E, 23.III.2007, 

30444; Lohja, Lohja, 350 m S-SW of 

Hiidensalmi, deciduous forest, shore bank of lake 

Lohjanjärvi, old lime quarry waste soil?, on 

pebbles, 60°15′N, 24°03′E, 28.III.2007, 30574; 

Karjalohja, Pitkälahti, Kalkkimäennokka, 

abandoned lime quarry, on quarry waste stone, 

60°11′N, 23°46′E, 29.VIII.2008, 33559. 

Uusimaa: Espoo, Suurhuopalahti, S of 

Majurinkuja, abandoned soil dump, on concrete 

block, 60°12′N, 24°50′E, 19.V.2008, 32560. 

Mycobilimbia pilularis 

New to Finland. The species is usually epiphytic, 

but may rarely grow on rocks (Santesson et al. 

2004). 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Lohja, 

Koski, 200 m W of Varkaanuuninmäki, 

amphibolite rock, on W-facing wall, scarce, 

60°21′N, 24°05′E, 13.V.2008, 32539. 

Parabagliettoa cyanea (A.Massal.) Gueidan & 

Cl.Roux 

(Syn.: Verrucaria cyanea) 

New to Finland. The species is characterized by 

small 3/4-immersed perithecia; involucrellum 

that covers half or more than half of the exciple; 

pale exciple; white to grey endolithic or thinly 

epilithic thallus and rather small (15−20 × 6−8 

µm) spores (Breuss 2008). The species was 

recently transferred from Verrucaria to the new 

genus Parabagliettoa (Gueidan et al. 2009). V. 

vicinalis Arnold is similar, but has smaller 

spores: 12−16 × 5−7 µm (Breuss 2008). V. 

glauconephela has thicker thallus and its spores 

tend to be slightly smaller than in P. cyanea. 

However, further studies are needed to decide if

20 Juha Pykälä GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 22 (2010) 

V. glauconephela is a distinct species or if it 

should be lumped with P. cyanea (Breuss 2008). 

V. amylacea Hepp (Pykälä & Breuss 2008) has 

larger (0.25−0.4 mm diam.) and 1/4−1/2immersed 

perithecia. 

Specimens examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Vihti, 

Niuhala, Taka-Moksi, Picea abies-dominated 

forest, abandoned lime quarry, on W-facing wall, 

60°29′N, 24°26′E, 27.IX.2006, 29580. Uusimaa: 

Vantaa, Hämeenkylä, Långbacka, abandoned 

lime quarry, on S-facing wall, 60°15′N, 24°07′E, 

26.IV.2006, 28430; Sipoo, Martinkylä, 

Tallbacka, Picea abies-dominated forest, 

abandoned lime quarry, on overhanging W-facing 

wall, 60°25′N, 25°12′E, 11.VII.2007, 31340. 

Porina leptalea 

New to Finland. P. leptalea is a species of shaded 

humid habitats. In Sweden it has been found 

growing on bark on the lower side of a fallen 

Ulmus glabra (Thor & Hultengren 2001). The 

present finds are the first from Fennoscandia on 

siliceous rocks, but elsewhere the species often 

grows on such rocks. 


Paksalo, S of Synnälä, mica gneiss rock, on 

strongly overhanging W-facing wall, 60°22′N, 

24°06′E, 13.V.2008, 32529. Etelä-Karjala: 

Miehikkälä, Miehikkälä, Muhikonvuori, rapakivi 

granite rock, on strongly overhanging E-facing 

wall, 60°43′N, 27°40′E, 13.IX.2008, 33791. 

Thelidium aphanes J.Lahm 

New to Fennoscandia. T. aphanes is close to T. 

incavatum, but differs in having smaller 

perithecia (exciple 0.2 vs. 0.3−0.5 mm diam.) 

(Zschacke 1934). T. aphanes is a rarely collected 

central European lichen with its nearest site 

outside Finland in Poland (Faltynowicz 2003). 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Särkisalo, 

Förby, Vähämaankaula, flat calcareous rock, on 

pebbles, 60°05′N, 22°52′E, 23.VII.2008, 33135. 

Thelidium papulare 

New to Finland. Descriptions of the species differ 

moderately between different sources. The 

specimens fit with the description of T. papulare 

by Orange (1992) and Thüs & Nascimbene 

(2008). 

Specimens examined: Etelä-Häme: Korpilahti, 

Korospohja, Vaarunvuori, high amphibolite rock, 

cliff, on S-facing wall, 61°55′N, 25°42′E, 

12.VIII.2007, 31807. Varsinais-Suomi: 

Karjalohja, Maila, Ämmänuuninkallio, 

calcareous rock on shore of lake Lohjanjärvi, on 

NW-facing wall, 60°14′N, 23°49′E, 16.IX.2008, 

33931, 33934. 

Thelidium rimosulum M.Ceynowa-Giełdon 

New to Fennoscandia. Description based on the 

Finnish specimen: thallus epilithic, brown and 

isidiate; perithecia 0.2−0.25(−0.3) mm diam., 

1/2−3/4-immersed; involucrellum extending to 

the middle or to the base of the exciple; exciple 

dark; spores 1-septate, 17−21(−23) × 5−8 µm. 

The species was recently described from Poland 

by Ceynowa-Giełdon (2007). T. rimosulum is 

characterized by frequent occurrence of isidia 

and/or soredia. Soredia were not found from the 

Finnish specimen. The Finnish specimen differs 

from the type material by the length of the spores 

being (11−)13−17(−19) × 5−7(−8) µm in the 

type material (Ceynowa-Giełdon 2007). 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Lohja, 

Ojamo, Ojamo lime quarry, semi-open quarry 

waste field, on pebbles, 60°14′N, 24°02′E, 

15.IV.2006, 28314. 

Verrucaria apatela (A.Massal.) Trevis. 


Finnish specimen: thallus thick, areolate and 

medium to dark brown; areoles 0.3−0.5 mm 

diam.; perithecia 0.2−0.25 mm diam., immersed; 

exciple 0.2−0.25 mm diam., dark; involucrellum, 

thick, extending to the base of the perithecia; 

spores 23−28(−31) × 11−14(−15) µm. V. apatela 

belongs to the V. macrostoma–group, which is


characterized by thick brown thallus, immersed 

perithecia, well developed involucrellum and 

rather large spores. In V. apomelaena 

(A.Massal.) Hepp and V. macrostoma the 

involucrellum covers only half of the exciple and 

spores are slightly smaller (20−28 × 10−13 µm). 

The Finnish specimen has smaller perithecia than 

those reported by Breuss (2008) from Central and 

Southern Europe. According to him perithecia 

are up to 0.5 mm diam. 

Specimen examined: Uusimaa: Helsinki, 

Västersundom, Mustavuori, by a lime quarry, 

house ruins, on concrete foundation, 60°13′N, 

25°09′E, 13.IV.2007, 30692. 

Verrucaria confluens A.Massal. 

New to Fennoscandia. V. confluens is in most 

respects similar to V. muralis. In V. confluens 

involucrella are often fused into groups of 2−5 

perithecia (Breuss 2007). In the Finnish material 

specimens with densely occurring perithecia and 

several groups of two or three fused involucrella 

(rarely 4−5 fused involucrella) have been 

determined as V. confluens. The species is 

apparently overlooked due to identification 

problems. 


Lohja, Tytyri lime quarry, 60°16′N, 24°04′E, on 

E-facing wall, 9.XI.2004, 26176 and on concrete 

foundation of a fence, 2.VIII.2007, 31735; 

Västanfjärd, Vesterillo, Illogruvan, abandoned 

lime quarry, on NW-facing wall, 33267 and on 

quarry waste pebbles, 33277, 60°01′N, 22°42′E, 

24.VII.2008; Karjalohja, Pitkälahti, Yli-Kuoksa, 

on road cutting of calcareous rock, 60°11′N, 

23°45′E, 29.VII.2008, 33583. Uusimaa: Espoo, 

Suurhuopalahti, S of Majurinkuja, abandoned 

soil dump, on concrete stone, 60°12′N, 24°50′E, 

19.V.2008, 32556. 

Verrucaria corticola (Arnold) Servít 


Finnish specimens: thallus thin, medium to dark 

brown or more rarely green; perithecia small, 

0.15−0.2 mm diam., 1/2−3/4-immersed, often 

covered by thallus; exciple pale; involucrellum 

thin, extending to the base of the perithecia; 

spores 10−17 × 4−7 µm. V. corticola comes 

close to V. dolosa, which is not reported to occur 

corticolous. The differences between V. corticola 

and V. dolosa are rather small and the possibility 

that these species are conspecific cannot be fully 

excluded. However, at the moment they are 

considered to be separate species (Breuss 1998). 

In V. corticola perithecia are commonly thalline 

covered, but in V. dolosa rarely thalline covered. 

In V. corticola thallus is in most cases brown, but 

in V. dolosa in most cases green (although 

specimens with brown thallus occur). The species 

occurs on exposed roots of deciduous trees 

growing at the shoreline of lake Lohjanjärvi. In 

the same habitat several other Verrucaria species 

have been found (Pykälä 2008): V. 

hegetschweileri Körber, V. saepincola Vain. 

(which is probably conspecific with V. trabalis), 

V. sorbinea Breuss (which may be conspecific 

with V. kondaënsis Vain.), V. trabicola Arnold ex 

Servít (reported in this paper), V. hydrela and 

some unidentified species. One specimen is from 

a deciduous stump in a lime quarry. V. corticola 

has previously been found in Germany (Servít 

1949), France (van den Boom & Breuss 2002), 

and the Czech Republic (Servít 1954). 


Paloniemi, Ollisaari island, shore of lake 

Lohjanjärvi, on exposed roots of Alnus glutinosa 

log, 60°15′N, 24°01′E, 6.III.2007, 30143b; 

Lohja, Paloniemi, Mustasaari island, shore of 

lake Lohjanjärvi, on exposed root of A. 

glutinosa, 60°15′N, 24°00′E, 16.III.2007, 30322; 

Lohja, Ojamo, Ojamo lime quarry, semi-open 

field of quarry waste soil, on thin stump of Salix 

caprea?, 60°14′N, 24°02′E, 10.VII.2007, 31291; 

Karjalohja, Karkali, Karkali strict nature reserve, 

sandy shore of lake Lohjanjärvi, on exposed root 

of A. glutinosa, 60°14′N, 23°47′E, 5.X.2007, 

32052, 32106.


Verrucaria elevata (Nyl.) Zschacke 


Finnish specimens: thallus thick, brown, areolate; 

areoles 0.3−0.7 mm diam.; perithecia and exciple 

0.2−0.25 mm diam., immersed, with 1−5 

perithecia per areole; exciple dark; involucrellum 

rather thick, to the base of the perithecia; spores 

15−23 × (7−)8−12 µm. The Finnish specimens 

seem to have smaller exciple and areoles than 

those reported by Breuss (2008) from Austria and 

the Czech Republic. According to Breuss the 

exciple of V. elevata is 0.2−0.4 mm diam. and the 

areoles are 0.5−0.8 mm diam. V. elevata is 

superficially similar to V. apatela, V. 

apomelaena and V. macrostoma. These species 

have larger spores. In V. apomelaena and V. 

macrostoma involucrellum does not reach to the 

base of the exciple. 


Vappula, 200 m W-NW of Jusola, house ruins, 

on concrete pillar, 60°13′N, 23°59′E, 20.V.2006, 

28588; Karjalohja, Pitkälahti, Yli-Kuoksa, on 

road cutting of calcareous rock, 60°11′N, 

23°45′E, 29.VII.2008, 33570; Lohja, Jalassaari, 

200 m SW of Jalassaari, Alnus incana-dominated 

shore forest of lake Lohjanjärvi, path, on pieces 

of cement plates, 60°12′N, 23°52′E, 11.IX.2008, 

33708; Karjalohja, Saarenpää, Saarenpäänniemi, 

calcareous rock on shore of lake Lohjanjärvi, on 

small SW-facing wall, scarce, 60°13′N, 23°46′E, 

7.X.2008, 34041. 

Verrucaria endocarpoides Servít 

New to Fennoscandia. The perithecia (0.25−0.3 

mm diam.) are immersed in areolate brown 

thallus. The exciple is dark. The involucrellum is 

appressed to the exciple and extends to the 

exciple-base level. The spores are 20−26 × 8−11 

µm (Breuss 2007). V. endocarpoides 

superficially resembles V. nigrescens, but it lacks 

a dark basal layer. V. endocarpoides is close to 

V. fuscoatroides Servít and V. nigrofusca Servít 

(both lacking dark basal layer as well), but differs 

in having immersed perithecia (3/4-immersed to 

hemispherically prominent in V. fuscoatroides 

and V. nigrofusca) and stouter periphyses (Breuss 

2007). The spores of V. fuscoatroides tend to be 

larger (23−30 × 10−13 µm) and those of V. 

nigrofusca smaller (17−23 × 8−10 µm) (Breuss 

2007). 


Marttila, Savilahdensalmi, SW-slope, coniferous 

forest, on calcareous stone, 60°14′N, 23°52′E, 

21.VI. 2005, 27101; Lohja, Isoteutari, Pyttberget, 

dump, on cement brick, 60°09′N, 23°59′E, 

1.IX.2007, 31898; Särkisalo, Förby, 

Vähämaankaula, abandoned lime quarry, on 

stones, 60°05′N, 22°52′E, 23.VII.2008, 33021; 

Västanfjärd, Vesterillo, Illogruvan, close by 

abandoned lime quarry, on calcareous rock, 

60°01′N, 22°42′E, 23.VII.2008, 33204; Nummi- 

Pusula, Pusula, by the commune center, 

abandoned lime quarry, on SW-slope, 60°28′N, 

23°59′E, 27.VIII.2008, 33475. 

Verrucaria fuscoatroides Servít 


Finnish specimens: thallus areolate, pale to 

medium brown; areoles 0.2−0.6 mm diam.; 

perithecia and exciple 0.2−0.35 mm diam., 

(1/2−)3/4-immersed; exciple dark; involucrellum 

thick, to the base of the perithecia; spores 

(20−)23−29 × 9−12(−14) µm. V. fuscoatroides is 

a widely distributed species (Breuss 2007, 2008). 

Outside Finland the nearest sites are in Poland 

(Faltynowicz 2003). The species usually occurs 

on sun-exposed sites on calcareous as well as on 

siliceous rocks. 


Marttila, 400 m NE of Martti, on small 

calcareous rock surrounded by abandoned fields, 

60°14′N, 23°52′E, 29.IV.2004, 24787, 24794; 

Lohja, Hermala, Painiemi, clear cut forest, Wslope, 

on calcareous stone, 60°13′N, 23°52′E, 

6.VI.2005, 26969; Lohja, Suittila, 500 m NE of 

Pätärilä, pyroxene gneiss rock, on E-slope, 

60°20′N, 24°06′E, 7.IX.2008, 33681; Lohja, 

Kouvola, Kolomäki, pyroxene gneiss rock, on 

SE-slope, 60°20′N, 24°06′E, 7.IX.2008, 33692.


Uusimaa: Vantaa, Västersundom, 400 m NW of 

Vikkulla, on shore of the Baltic Sea, on 

calcareous rock, 60°14′N, 25°09′E, 18.I.2008, 

32311. 

Verrucaria inornata Servít 


Finnish specimens: thallus thinly epilithic, 

brownish grey to greenish brown; perithecia 

0.25−0.35 mm diam., (1/4–)1/2-immersed; 

exciple pale; involucrellum, thin, to the base of 

the exciple; spores 23−30 × (8−)9−12 µm. 

Specimen 33448 has thicker and paler thallus 

than described by Breuss (2007). Previous finds 

of V. inornata are from siliceous rock in 

Switzerland (Servít 1950) and calcareous rocks 

in Austria (Breuss 2004) and North America 

(Breuss 2007). 


Karnainen, 200 m NW of Suvantola, forest edge, 

on siliceous pebble, 60°17′N, 24°04′E, 23.VIII. 

2008, 33448; Lohja, Kouvola, Kolomäki, 

pyroxene gneiss rock, on W-facing wall, 

60°20′N, 24°06′E, 7.IX.2008, 33685. 

Verrucaria nigrofusca Servít 


Finnish specimens: thallus pale to medium 

brown; areoles 0.2−0.6 mm diam.; perithecia and 

exciple 0.2−0.3 mm diam., 3/4-immersed; exciple 

dark; involucrellum thick, to the base of the 

perithecia; spores (15−)17−23(−25) × (7−)8−11 

µm. V. nigrofusca is not a rare species in 

southern Finland being known from more than 20 

localities. The species grows on calcareous and 

calciferous rocks and in lime quarries, often on 

horizontal surfaces, usually in sun-exposed 

habitats, but sometimes also in shady habitats. 

One find is from an amphibolite rock outcrop. V. 

nigrofusca is a widely distributed species (Breuss 

2007) previously known north to Poland 

(Faltynowicz 2003). 

Selected specimens examined: Varsinais-Suomi: 

Lohja, Lohja, Tytyri lime quarry, on wall, 

60°16′N, 24°04′E, 27.X.2002, 21902; Seppälä, 

Mustasaari, on calcareous rock, 60°14′N, 

23°51′E, 19.III.2003, 22276; Paloniemi, 

Luhtalahti N, on calciferous quartz-feldspar 

gneiss rock, 60°16′N, 24°01′E, 15.IV.2003, 

22501; Hermala, Laakspohja, on calcareous rock, 

60°13′N, 23°50′E, 30.VIII.2003, 23533, 23545; 

Lylyinen, Sääksniemi, on calcareous rock, 

60°15′N, 23°58′E, 23700; 16.IX.2003, 23700. 

Uusimaa: Helsinki, Västersundom, Mustavuori, 

abandoned lime quarry, on wall, 60°13′N, 

25°09′E, 13.IV.2007, 30628; Nurmijärvi, 

Rajamäki, Isokallio, on calcareous rock, 

60°31′N, 24°47′E, 17.VII.2008, 32913, 32944, 

32955. 

Verrucaria onegensis Vain. 


Finnish specimen: thallus pale to medium brown, 

0.3−0.6 mm thick; areoles 0.3−1.5 mm diam., 

wrinkled verrucose with a mainly granular-like 

surface; medulla patchily dark brown around 

perithecia; perithecia immersed; exciple 0.2−0.3 

mm diam.; involucrellum thick, enveloping the 

exciple; spores 20−27 × 10−12 µm. Perithecia 

are originating within the medulla and are for a 

long time immersed within the medulla and most 

perithecia are not visible in surface view. The 

present specimen fits in most respects well to the 

description of V. onegensis by Breuss (2007). 

However, thallus surface is more granular than 

verrucose and differ in this respect from the type 

specimen in H which was studied by Breuss 

(2007). According to Breuss (2007) the thallus of 

V. onegensis is medium to dark brown, but the 

type specimen has a pale brown thallus. V. 

onegensis has previously been collected from 

calcareous rocks (Breuss 2007). The Finnish site 

is a siliceous rock, but calcareous rocks are rather 

close to the site. V. cataleptoides (Nyl). Nyl. has 

a smooth thallus and perithecia originating within 

the algal layer (see also Breuss 2008). 


Karjalohja, Maila, Haapasaari island, on flat 

quartz-feldspar gneiss rock on shore of lake


Lohjanjärvi, 60°14′N, 23°48′E, 15.X.2008, 

34176. 

Verrucaria rimosella Nyl. 


Finnish specimen: thallus white and thinly 

epilithic; perithecia 0.25−0.4 mm diam., 

1/2(−3/4)-immersed: involucrellum apical; 

exciple dark; spores (13−)15−19(−20) × 

8−10(−11) µm. The present specimen seems to 

match the type specimen of V. rimosella (Paris, 

Meudon, 1855, W. Nylander, H-NYL). 

According to Nylander (1896) the spore size of 

V. rimosella is 16−18 × 8−9 µm. V. rimosella is 

close to V. schindleri and V. epilithea (which 

may be conspecific). In these species the majority 

of spores usually exceed 20 µm. Breuss (2007) 

gives 19−25 × 9−12 µm as size of spores of V. 

schindleri. However, it is possible that V. 

epilithea (V. schindleri) should be included in V. 

rimosella. Here these species are treated 

separately based on the spore size. 


Västanfjärd, Vesterillo, Illogruvan, flat 

calcareous rock, on pebble, 60°01′N, 22°42′E, 

23.VII.2008, 33166. 

Verrucaria rufofuscella Servít 


Finnish specimen: thallus areolate and greenish 

brown; areoles 0.2−0.4 mm diam.; perithecia 

0.2−0.25(−0.3) mm diam., 3/4-immersed; 

involucrellum thin, to the base of the exciple; 

exciple dark; spores (18−)20−25 × 10−12 µm. 

Perithecia and thallus areoles are smaller than 

according to Breuss (2007). V. rufofuscella is a 

species of siliceous rocks previously known from 

Germany and California (Breuss 2007). V. 

endocarpoides has immersed perithecia and 

narrower spores. V. nigrofusca has thicker 

involucrellum and smaller spores. V. 

fuscoatroides has thicker involucrellum and 

longer spores. Furthermore, some material have 

been studied collected from southern Finland that 

represent species morphologically rather close to 

these four species, but differing from the 

descriptions of these species. They probably 

belong to unidentified species. 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Karjalohja, 

Karkali, Karkali strict nature reserve, 

quartz-feldspar gneiss rock on shore of lake 

Lohjanjärvi, SW-slope, on pebble, 60°14′N, 

23°47′E, 25.X.2008, 34207. 

Verrucaria trabicola Arnold ex Servít 


Finnish specimens: thallus subgelatinous, grey, 

brown or green, usually pale; perithecia 

0.2−0.25(−0.3) mm diam., 1/2−3/4-immersed, 

mostly covered by thallus; involucrellum thin, 

appressed to and extending to base of exciple, 

often diverging at base; exciple usually pale, but 

sometimes dark in few mature perithecia; spore 

17−25 × 8−11 µm. All finds are from lakeshores. 

The species grows on exposed roots, rarely on 

bases of deciduous trees, usually on Alnus 

glutinosa. The microhabitat is similar to several 

other pyrenocarpous species. The species has 

been collected growing with Agonimia allobata, 

Anisomeridium carinthiacum, Verrucaria 

sorbinea and V. cf. hegetschweileri. V. trabicola 

was previously known from two collections from 

Switzerland and Arizona (Breuss 2007). V. 

trabicola is rather similar to V. lignicola 

Zschacke (Pykälä & Breuss 2009). The spores of 

V. lignicola are 15−19 × 7−9 µm (Breuss 1998). 

Furthermore, V. trabicola may in habitus 

resemble V. hydrela, which has a spreading 

involucrellum. 


Paavola, Huhtasaari, shore of lake Lohjanjärvi, 

on base of Alnus glutinosa, 60°13′N, 23°56′E, 

15.VIII.2006, 29214; Lohja, Hiittinen, Kotniemi, 

stony shore of lake Hormajärvi, on strongly 

leaning almost horizontal trunk of Betula 

pubescens, 60°17′N, 24°01′E, 24.VIII.2006, 

29294b; Lohja, Ojamo, Porla, W shore of lake 

Lohjanjärvi, on exposed root of Betula, 60°14′N, 

24°02′E, 22.III.2007, 30392; Lohja, Ojamo,


Lahokallio, stony shore of lake Lohjanjärvi, on 

exposed roots of A. glutinosa, 60°14′N, 24°00′E, 

23.III.2007, 30500; Lohja, Paloniemi, S of 

Pirklahti, stony shore of lake Hormajärvi, on 

exposed roots of A. glutinosa, 60°17′N, 23°59′E, 

26.IV.2007, 30727; Lohja, Paloniemi, 

Mustalahti, stony shore of lake Hormajärvi, on 

exposed thick root of A. glutinosa, 60°17′N, 

23°59′E, 26.IV.2007, 30750; Lohja, Torhola, 

400 m SE of Torhola cave, stony shore of lake 

Lohjanjärvi, on exposed thick roots of A. 

glutinosa, 60°15′N, 23°52′E, 20.VII.2007, 

31526. 

Verrucaria vicinalis Arnold 


Finnish specimen: thallus endolithic, pale, ± 

inconspicuous; perithecia 0.15−0.25 mm diam., 

1/2−3/4-immersed; exciple pale; involucrellum 

covering half of the exciple or almost reaching to 

the base of the exciple; spores (10−)12−15 × 5−7 

µm. The Finnish specimen matches well with the 

type specimen in H (Monte Castellano, 1878, 

Arnold). 

Specimen examined: Varsinais-Suomi: Pohja, 

Kuovila, 400 m SE of Kalkkuuninmäki, Picea 

abies-dominated forest, abandoned lime quarry, 

on 2 m high N-facing wall, 60°08′N, 23°24′E, 

12.X.2006, 29800. 

Corrections to Pykälä (2007) 

Due to increased knowledge on Verrucaria 

species several of the Verrucaria determinations 

published by Pykälä (2007) have now 

unfortunately proved to be incorrect. Corrections 

are given below. 

Verrucaria caerulea 

Ten specimens were cited, but most of these 

belong to other species (to V. illinoisensis Servít 

24674; reported new to Fennoscandia by Pykälä 

& Breuss (2008) or remain unidentified (23471, 

23711, 24322, 26388, 26544, 27254, 28192). 

Two specimens (27373, 28053) are considered to 

belong to V. caerulea following the 

circumscription of the species by Orange (2008). 

Verrucaria floerkeana 

Three specimens were cited. One of these 

(25054) belongs to V. olivacella Servít (reported 

new to Fennoscandia by Pykälä & Breuss 2008). 

Specimen 22471 is close to V. dolosa, but has 

broader spores: 12−15(−17) × (6−)7−8 µm. 

Specimen 26686 has a rather thick involucrellum 

and its identity is uncertain. A recent collection 

(V, Karjaa, Knapsby, Mustio lime quarry, quarry 

waste field, on stones and pebbles, 60°10′N, 

23°50′E, 2.VII.2009, 34524, 34526) with slightly 

larger exciple than in V. olivacella may belong to 

V. floerkeana. 

Verrucaria foveolata 

See under V. viridula below. 

Verrucaria fusconigrescens 

The identity of the only specimen cited is 

uncertain. The specimen has thicker and paler 

thallus and larger spores than in the type 

specimen of V. fusconigrescens (Forca Real, 

1872, W. Nylander; H-NYL 2474). However, the 

intraspecific variation of V. fusconigrescens is 

poorly known. And it is even uncertain, if V. 

fusconigrescens is a species on calcareous or 

seashore rocks. 

Verrucaria hochstetteri 

See under V. viridula below. 

Verrucaria macrostoma 

The specimens reported (22861c, 24030) belong 

to V. viridula. V. macrostoma is thus excluded 

from the Finnish lichen flora. The absence of the 

species is somewhat surprising because it is 

widely distributed in Europe. 

Verrucaria maculiformis 

Ten specimens were reported by Pykälä (2007). 

However, most of these belong to V. fusca and V. 

memnonia (reported new to Finland by Pykälä & 

Breuss 2008). Four specimens (25124, 27253,


27399, 27573) probably belong to V. 

maculiformis. 

Verrucaria viridula 

V. viridula as well as V. hochstetteri and V. 

foveolata were partly erroneously treated by 

Pykälä (2007), because the description of the 

species in Foucard (2001) is partly misleading. 

According to Foucard the involucrellum of V. 

viridula is lacking or poorly developed around 

the ostiole. However, V. viridula has a 30–100 

µm thick apical involucrellum (Breuss 2007). 

According to Foucard perithecia of V. foveolata 

and V. hochstetteri are pear-shaped (like in V. 

viridula), but in these species perithecia are not 

pear-shaped (see Orange 2008). All four 

specimens cited by Pykälä (2007) as V. 

hochstetteri belong to V. viridula. These 

specimens represent extreme forms of V. viridula 

with perithecia up to 0.7–0.8 mm high. After the 

revision the first find of V. hochstetteri is from 

Lohja, Hermala, Kalkkimäki 19.VII.2004, 25126. 

Furthermore, several specimens of V. foveolata 

(including the cited specimens 16818, 16826) 

belong to V. viridula. After the revision the first 

find of V. foveolata is from Lohja, Hermala, 

Kalkkimäki, 29.VIII.2003, 23443, 23470. V. 

viridula is more common on calcareous rocks of 

southern Finland than V. foveolata. V. viridula 

has now also been collected from concrete. 

Acknowledgements 

Othmar Breuss and Starri Heiðmarsson are 

acknowledged for constructive comments on the 

manuscript. 

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