Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
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<strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> (<strong>Hymenoptera</strong>)<br />
As Biological Control Agents Of Pests<br />
A Bibliography<br />
Hassan Ghahari<br />
Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus, P. O. Box<br />
14515/775, Tehran – Iran; h_ghahhari@yahoo.com<br />
Preface<br />
The <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> is one of the most species rich families of all organisms with an estimated<br />
60000 species in the world (Townes, 1969). Even so, many authorities regard this figure as an<br />
underestimate! (Gauld, 1991). An estimated 12100 species of <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> occur in the<br />
Afrotropical region (Africa south of the Sahara and including Madagascar) (Townes &<br />
Townes, 1973), of which only 1927 have been described (Yu, 1998). This means that roughly<br />
16% of the afrotropical ichneumonids are known to science! These species comprise 338<br />
genera. The family <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> is currently split into 37 subfamilies (including,<br />
Acaenitinae; Adelognathinae; Agriotypinae; Alomyinae; Anomaloninae; Banchinae;<br />
Brachycyrtinae; Campopleginae; Collyrinae; Cremastinae; Cryptinae; Ctenopelmatinae;<br />
1
Diplazontinae; Eucerotinae; Ichneumoninae; Labeninae; Lycorininae; Mesochorinae;<br />
Metopiinae; Microleptinae; Neorhacodinae; Ophioninae; Orthopelmatinae; Orthocentrinae;<br />
Oxytorinae; Paxylomatinae; Phrudinae; Phygadeuontinae; Pimplinae; Rhyssinae; Stilbopinae;<br />
Tersilochinae; Tryphoninae; Xoridinae) (Yu, 1998).<br />
The <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong>, along with other groups of parasitic <strong>Hymenoptera</strong>, are supposedly no<br />
more species rich in the tropics than in the Northern Hemisphere temperate regions (Owen &<br />
Owen, 1974; Janzen, 1981; Janzen & Pond, 1975), although a number of hymenopteran<br />
families, for example the Chalcididae (Hespenheide, 1979) and Encyrtidae (Noyes 1989b)<br />
exhibit an increase in species richness with a decrease in latitude. Other hymenopteran taxa<br />
such as sawflies (Symphyta), gall-forming Cynipidae and bees (Apoidea) peak in species<br />
richness at mid or high latitudes (Michener 1979; Noyes 1989b; Kouki et al. 1994).<br />
Considerable debate has centred on the apparent species richness anomaly exhibited by a<br />
number of hymenopteran parasitoid taxa in the tropics (see Morrison et al. 1978; Gauld, 1991;<br />
Gauld & Gaston, 1994).<br />
Ichneumonids utilise a diverse array of insects and arachnids as their hosts and play an<br />
essential role in the normal functioning of most ecosystems, underlining the need to inventory<br />
their diversity. Ichneumonids have been used successfully as biocontrol agents and given the<br />
largely undocumented fauna there is a huge potential for their utilisation in managed<br />
biocontrol programmes (Gupta, 1991). Comprehensive quantitative biodiversity surveys will<br />
enable the identification of hotspots of species richness and endemism; essential base line<br />
data that will enable informed future conservation management decisions.<br />
Identifying characteristics for the family <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> include:<br />
• Antennae apparently with 16 or more segments.<br />
• Hind trochanters 2-segmented.<br />
• Two recurrent veins.<br />
• Usually larger than braconids; quite variable in color.<br />
• Females often with long ovipositors.<br />
Additional information:<br />
• Species in the family <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong> are separated from those in Braconidae by<br />
having two, rather than one or zero recurrent veins.<br />
• Ichneumons are important internal parasitoids of other insects. Common hosts are<br />
larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, <strong>Hymenoptera</strong>, and Lepidoptera.<br />
A<br />
Bibliography on <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong><br />
Abbas, M.S.T. (1988). Biological and ecological studies on Diadegma semiclausum Hellen<br />
(Hym.: <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong>), a larval parasite of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella<br />
(L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) in Egypt. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz,<br />
Umweltschutz 61 (1): 1 - 2.<br />
2
Abbas, M.S.T., Abuo-Zeid, N.A. and Megahed, M.M. (1993). On the natural enemies of<br />
the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural<br />
Research 71 (4): 943 - 950.<br />
Abbas, M.S.T. and El Deeb, Y.A.A. (1993). On the natural enemies of the major pests<br />
infesting cotton in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, publ. 1996, 71 (1):<br />
131 - 138.<br />
Abdinbekova, A.A. and Mustafina, K.M. (1988). Characteristics of the biology and ecology<br />
of Hyposoter didymator Thund. (<strong>Ichneumonidae</strong>) - a parasitoid of the cotton moth<br />
Heliothis armigera Hb. (Noctuidae) in Azerbaidzhan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk<br />
Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR. Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk 3: 75 - 83.<br />
Adashkevich, B.P. and Rashidov, M.I. (1986). Biological control of the cotton bollworm on<br />
vegetable crops. Zashchita Rastenii 6: 51 - 52.<br />
Adiyaman, N. and Aktumsek, A. (1996). The effects of low temperature on fecundity of<br />
pupae and adults of female Pimpla turionellae L. (<strong>Hymenoptera</strong>: <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong>).Turkish<br />
Journal of Zoology 20: SUPPL, 1 - 5.<br />
Aeschlimann, J.P. (1989). Revision of the western Palaearctic species of the genus<br />
Hypsicera Latreille (<strong>Hymenoptera</strong>: <strong>Ichneumonidae</strong>). Annales de la Societe Entomologique<br />
de France 25 (1): 33 - 39.<br />
Agoze, M.E., Drezen, J.M., Renault, S. and Periquet, G. (1994). Analysis of the<br />
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(Wsm.) and Bruchocida vuilleti [Eulpelmus vuilleti] (Crawford) during a limited time of<br />
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