Ambergris Caye Belize Resort Development - Department of ...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 

ASSESSMENT 

for 

Ambergris Caye Belize Resort Development 

A TOURIST RESORT TO BE LOCATED ON 

NORTHERN AMBERGRIS CAYE 

Prepared by 

NOVEMBER, 2006

Table of Contents 

Pg. 

1.0 Project Description 1-1 

1.1 Project Location 1-1 

1.2 Physical Plan 1-4 

1.2.1 Existing Development 1-4 

1.2.3 Planned Development 1-4 

1.2.3.1 Construction Phase 1-19 

1.2.3.2 Utility Zone Construction and Installation of Associated 

Infrastructure 1-19 

1.2.3.3 Energy Generation Facilities 1-21 

1.2.3.4 Potable Water Supply Infrastructure 1-21 

1.2.3.5 Sewage Treatment Facilities 1-21 

1.2.3.6 Solid Waste Infrastructure 1-22 

1.3 Operational Phase 1-22 

1.4 Staffing 1-23 

2.0 Bio-Physical Description of Proposed Development Site 2-1 

2.1 Meteorology 2-4 

2.2 Oceanography 2-5 

2.2.1 Bathymetry 2-5 

2.2.2 Winds and Waves 2-7 

2.2.3 Tides 2-7 

2.2.4 Currents 2-7 

2.2.5 Water Temperature 2-7 

2.2.6 Salinity 2-8 

2.2.7 Turbidity 2-8 

2.2.8 Total Coliform and E. coli 2-9 

2.3 Biological Oceanography 2-9 

2.3.1 Flora and Fauna 2-9 

2.3.1.1 Flora 2-10 

2.3.1.2 Fauna 2-34 

2.3.1.2.1 Invertebrates 2-35 

2.3.1.2.2 Vertebrates 2-45 

2.3.1.2.2.1 Fish 2-45 

2.3.1.2.2.2 Reptiles and Amphibians 2-55 

2.3.1.2.2.3 Mammals 2-58 

2.3.1.2.2.4 Avi-fauna or Birds 2-61 

2.4 Conservation Issues 2-69 

2.4.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance 2-69 

2.4.2 Conservation 2-71 

2.5 Geology 2-73 

ii

2.5.1 Regional Geology 2-73 

2.5.2 Structural Geology 2-73 

2.5.3 Geomorphology 2-74 

2.5.3 Local Area Geology 2-74 

3.0 Policy Review 3-1 

3.1 Introduction 3-1 

3.1.1 The Environmental Protection Act 

SI 22/1992 and 328/2003 3-1 

3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 3-2 

3.1.3 Coastal Zone Management Strategy Chap. 329 2000 

Revised Edition 3-3 

3.1.4 Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94/1995 3-3 

3.1.5 Pollution Regulations SI 56/1996 3-3 

3.1.6 Solid Waste Management Authority Act SI 224 of 2000 3-3 

3.1.7 Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act SI 330/2000 3-4 

3.1.8 Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001 3-4 

3.1.9 Belize Port Authority Act SI 233 of 2000/2003 3-4 

3.1.10 Belize Public Health Act Revised Edition SI 40/2000 3-5 

3.1.11 National Lands Act (No. 6 of 1992) and SI 191 of 2000 3-5 

3.1.12 Crown Land Rules SI 60 of 1939 3-5 

3.1.13 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 of 2000 3-5 

3.1.14 Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve SI 88/1996 3-5 

3.1.15 Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve Regulations Chap 210/2003 

(& 68/2001) 3-6 

3.1.15.1 Rules for the General Use Zone Part II (4) 1 – 9 3-6 

3.1.15.2 Rules for the Conservation I Zone Part II (5) 3-7 

3.1.15.3 Rules for the Conservation II Zone Part II (6) a – d 3-7 

3.1.15.4 Special Rules for Conservation Zones I and II 3-7 

Part II (7) 1 –3 3-7 

3.1.15.5 Rules for the Preservation Zone Part II 8 (1 and 2) 3-8 

3.1.16 National Park System Act SI 215/2000 3-8 

3.1.17 Bacalar Chico National Park SI 89 of 1996 3-9 

3.1.18 Forests (Mangrove Protection) Regulations, SI No. 52 of 1989 3-9 

3.1.19 The Forest Act SI 213/2000 3-10 

3.1.20 Fisheries Act SI 210/2000 3-10 

3.1.21 The Wildlife Protection Act SI 220/2000 3-11 

3.1.22 The Ministry of Housing and the Central Housing 

Planning Committee 3-11 

3.1.23 Housing and Town Planning Act SI 182/2000 3-11 

3.1.24 Wildlife Sanctuary Declaration (Corozal Bay) (Manatee) 

Order Chapter 215 /2003 3-12 

3.1.25 Hotels and Tourist Accommodation Act 285/2000 3-12 

3.1.26 Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) Chap. 218/2000 3-12 

3.1.27 Belize Tourist Board Act 3-12 

iii

3.1.28 International Conventions and Agreements 3-13 

4.0 Water Resources 4-1 

4.1 Occupancy 4-1 

4.2 Water Source 4-1 

4.3 Potable Water Demand 4-2 

4.4 Selection of the preferred source 4-3 

4.5 Source Supply Description 4-4 

4.5.1 Main Source Supply Description 4-5 

4.5.1.1 Average Rainfall 4-5 

4.5.1.2 Water Source Treatment 4-7 

4.5.2 Secondary Source Description 4-8 

4.5.3 Tertiary Source Description 4-12 

4.5.4 Water Conservation 4-13 

4.6 Surface and Ground Water Analysis 4-14 

4.7 Water Quality Monitoring Program 4-14 

5.0 Wastewater Disposal 5-1 

5.1 Nature of Wastewater 5-1 

5.2 Wastewater Characteristics 5-1 

5.3 Waste Water Production 5-2 

5.4 Environmental Wastewater Load 5-3 

5.5 National Environmental Effluent Standards 5-3 

5.6 Wastewater Treatment Options 5-4 

5.7 Typical BESST Plant Treatment Effluent and Loading Parameters 5-5 

5.8 Wastewater Recycling 5-6 

6.0 Energy Generation 6-1 

6.1 Energy Demand 6-1 

6.2 Energy Supply Source 6-2 

6.2.1 Alternate Energy Source 6-2 

6.3 Power Transmission Lines 6-3 

6.4 Fuel Management, Health and Safety 6-3 

6.4.1 Cooking Fuel 6-4 

6.4.2 Fuel Storage and Transportation 6-4 

6.5 Impacts and Mitigative Measures 6-5 

7.0 Solid Waste 7-1 

7.1 Solid Waste Categories 7-1 

7.2 Projected Solid Waste Production and Waste Category Profile 7-1 

7.3 Types of Waste 7-3 

7.4 Waste Category I – Construction and Field Waste 7-4 

7.5 Waste Category II – Domestic Waste 7-5 

7.5.1 Domestic Waste disposal 7-5 

7.5.2 Selection of the preferred option 7-5 

iv

7.6 Waste Category III and IV - Industrial and Toxic Waste 7-7 

7.7 Waste Minimization Strategies 7-7 

7.7.1 Waste Minimization Volumes 7-8 

7.8 Garbage Collection 7-8 

7.8.1 Educational Program 7-9 

7.8.2 Collection Schedule 7-9 

7.8.3 Reporting Requirements and Compliance Monitoring. 7-9 

8.0 Disaster Management 8-1 

8.1 Introduction 8-1 

8.1.1 Management Structure 8-1 

8.2 3 NEMO Storm Categories 8-3 

8.2.4 NEMO Summary of Hurricane Warning Flags 8-3 

8.2.5 Pre-Season Preparation 8-3 

8.2.6 Implementation Plan during Threats 8-4 

8.2.7 Safety Precautions 8-6 

8.3 Fire Prevention and Response Plan 8-6 

8.3.1 Purpose of Plan 8-7 

8.3.2 Fire Prevention 8-7 

8.3.3 Fire Protection Equipment/Systems 8-8 

8.3.4. Fire Response 8-8 

8.4 Spill Contingency Plan 8-9 

8.4.1 Purpose of Plan 8-9 

8.4.2 Mechanism 8-9 

8.4.3 Response Policy 8-9 

8.4.4 Fuel Management 8-10 

8.4.5 Waste Oil Management 8-11 

8.4.6 Contingency Equipment 8-11 

8.4.7 Safety and Response Priorities 8-11 

9.0 Integrated Social Assessment Review 9-1 

9.1 Background 9-1 

9.1.1 Introduction 9-3 

9.1.2 Core Concerns of the Social Assessment 9-3 

9.2 Demographics 9-3 

9.2.1 Population and Housing 9-4 

9.2.2 Employment 9-4 

9.2.3 Social Infrastructure 9-5 

9.2.4 Communication and Services 9-5 

9.2.5 Cultural 9-6 

9.2.6 Traditional Activities 9-6 

9.3 Land Tenure 9-7 

9.4 Transportation/Access 9-7 

9.4.1 Sea Access 9-7 

9.4.2 Road Access 9-11 

v

9.5 Air Access 9-13 

9.6 Tourism Activities 9-13 

9.7 Regional Planning 9-16 

9.7.1 The Ambergris Caye Planning Authority 9-16 

9.7.2 The Ambergris Caye Master Plan 9-16 

9.7.3 Bacalar Chico Advisory Committee 9-16 

9.7.4 The San Pedro Town Council 9-17 

9.8 Belize Tourism Policy 2005 9-17 

9.8.1 Tourism Master Plan 9-17 

9.8.2 Belize Tourism Board 9-18 

9.8.3 Belize Tourism Industry Association 9-18 

9.8.4 The National Protected Areas Policy and System Plan 9-18 

9.9 The Belize Port Authority 9-18 

9.10 Cayes Development Policy and the Coastal Zone Management Strategy 9-19 

9.11 Mooring Buoy Program 9-19 

9.12 Pier Guidelines and Seawall Development 9-19 

9.13 Local Non Profit Organizations 9-19 

9.14 Protected Areas in the Region 9-20 

9.14.1 Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve (BCNP/MR) 9-21 

9.14.1.1 Marine Component 9-24 

9.14.1.2 The Terrestrial Component 9-25 

9.14.2 Hol Chan Marine Reserve 9-25 

9.14.3 Rocky Point 9-27 

9.14.4 Mexico Rocks 9-27 

9.14.5 Little Guana & Los Salones Caye Bird Sanctuaries 9-27 

9.14.6 UNESCO World Heritage Site 9-27 

9.14.7 The Corozal Bay Wildlife Sanctuary 9-29 

9.15 NGO and Public Consultations 9-29 

10.0 Environmental Impacts of Proposed Development 10-1 

10.1 General Principles Underpinning Environmental Impacts 10-1 

10.2 Overview of Environmental Impacts 10-2 

10.3 Details of the Ecological Impacts 10-3 

10.3.1 Dredging Impacts 10-3 

10.3.2 Domestic Effluent Impacts 10-5 

10.3.3 Potable Water Impacts 10-6 

10.3.4 Solid Waste Impacts 10-7 

10.3.5 Boating and Dockside Impacts 10-8 

10.3.6 Impacts from Energy Generation 10-8 

10.4 Details of the Social Impacts 10-9 

10.4.1 Core Issues of the Social Impact Assessment 10-9 

10.4.2 The Impact Review 10-10 

10.4.3 Sources of Impacts 10-11 

10.4.4 The Social Impact 10-11 

10.4.4.1 Existing and Proposed Activities 10-11 

10.4.4.2 Marine Traffic 10-12 

vi

10.4.4.3 Road Access 10-12 

10.4.4.5 Disturbances (noise, air quality) 10-13 

10.4.4.6 Population/Housing 10-14 

10.4.4.7 Socio - Cultural 10-14 

10.4.4.8 Education/Health Services 10-15 

10.4.4.9 Employment/Safety 10-15 

10.4.4.10 Emergency Services 10-15 

10.4.4.11 Tourism Activities 10-16 

10.4.4.12 Economic Impact 10-16 

11.0 Impact Mitigation 11-1 

11.1 General Principles Underpinning Environmental Impact Mitigation 11-1 

11.2 Specific Mitigation Measures 11-1 

11.2.1 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Dredging and Land Reclamation 

Activities 11-1 

11.2.2 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Human Wastes and Domestic 

Effluents 11-5 

11.2.3 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Solid Wastes 11-8 

11.2.5 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Socio-Economic Concerns 11-10 

12.0 Monitoring Plans 12-1 

12.1 Principles Underpinning Environmental Monitoring 12-2 

12.2 Specific Monitoring Issues 12-3 

13.0 Alternatives to Development 13-1 

13.1 Principles Underpinning Alternatives to Development 13-1 

14.0 Archaeology Report 14-1 

Introduction 14 - 2 

Review of Literature on Coastal Sites in Belize 14 - 2. 

Ambergris Caye in Archaeological Context 14 - 4 

Prehistoric Salt Production on Ambergris Caye 14 - 8 

Survey and Research Methodology 14 - 8 

Description of ABR Property 14 - 8 

Survey Methodology 14 -11 

Excavations and Shovel Tests 14 -11 

Test Pit 1 14 -11 

Test Pit 2 14 -11 

Test Pit 3 (shovel test) 14 -14 

Results of the Investigations 14 -14 

Site Descriptions 14 -15 

Ek Luum 14 -15 

Valencia 14 -16 

Franco 14 -17 

Conclusions and Recommendations 14 -17 

References Cited 14 -19 

vii

Appendix A 

List of Tables 

List of Figures 

Photos of ABR property and research activities….. 14 -22 

Table 1: Transect Data for ABR Development. 14 -10 

Fig. 1: Map of Belize showing location of Ambergris Caye 14 -5 

Fig. 2: Map of Ambergris Caye with inset showing north 

Ambergris and archaeological sites recorded in the 

area. 14 -5 

Fig. 3: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of previously 

Recorded archaeological sites. 14 -7 

Fig. 4: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of ABR 

Property 14 -9 

Fig. 5: Map of ABR property showing location of transects. 14 -9 

Fig. 6: Section plans of Test Pits 1 and 2. 14 -12 

Fig. 7: Section Plan of posthole test. 14 -13 

Fig. 8: Photo of potsherds discovered on Transect C. 14 -13 

Fig. 9: Map showing location of Ek Luum, Valencia and 

Franco archaeological sites in reference to ABR 

property. 14 -16 

ANNEXES 

Annex I - TOR 

Annex II – EIA Preparers 

Annex III – ABR Project Summary 

Annex IV – BESST Plant Specifications 

Annex V – Water Sample Tests 

Annex VI – Earth Tub Composting Technology 

Annex VII – Legal Documents 

viii


No. Title Sec./Pg. 

Fig. 1.1: Project Location 1-2 

Fig. 1.2: Conceptual Development Plan 1-5 

Fig. 1.2a: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings 1-8 

Fig. 1.2b: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings (Cont’d) 1-9 

Fig. 1.2c: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings (Cont’d) 1-10 

Fig. 1.3a: Phase I of Development 1-11 

Fig. 1.3b: Phase 2 of Development 1-12 

Fig. 1.4: Development Components at Nova Pier. 1-13 

Fig. 1.5a: Roads and Paths from Nova Pier to Proposed Project Site. 1-14 

Fig. 1.5b: On-Site Project Roads and Pathways 1-15 

Fig. 1.6: Project Contour Map 1-16 

Fig. 1.7a: Over-water Buildings, Piers and Boardwalk Plan 1-17 

Fig. 1.7b: Typical Over-water Cabana and Pier End View 1-18 

Fig. 2.1: Ecosystems Map of Proposed Project Area 2-2 

Fig. 2.2: Soundings or Depth Profile in Nearshore Areas of Project Site 2-3 

Fig. 2.3A: Vegetation Classification of Greater BCNP/MR 2-12 

Fig. 2.3B: Vegetation Map of Project Site 2-13 

Fig. 2.4: BCNP/MR Zoning Scheme 2-75 

Fig. 2.5: Sediment Profile and Groundwater Availability at Project Site 2-78 

Figure 4.1 Rainfall Isopleths of Belize 4-6 

Fig. 4.2 Water Harvesting Layout for the Proposed Project. 4-9 

Fig. 4.3 Typical R.O. well Section 4-10 

Fig. 4.4 Typical Brine Injection Well 4-11 

Fig. 4.5 Recycled wastewater treatment plan 4-13 

Fig. 4.6 Water Sampling sites for the ABR Project 4-16 

Fig. 5.1 Proposed Project Sewer Treatment Zones 1 5-7 

Fig. 5.2 Proposed Sewer Treatment Zones (2 &3) 5-8 

Fig. 6.1 Above Ground Storage Tank that will be used for ABR 6-5 

Fig. 9.1 Rural Communities & Urban Centers near the Project site 9-2 

Fig. 9.2 Reef Cuts In the Region of the Proposed Development Site 9-9 

Fig. 9.3 Laguna Cantena facing north showing a portion of Rocky Point on the 

bottom left and a portion of the proposed development site facing east. 9-10 

Fig. 9.4 Proposed Road to Project Development Site 9-12 

Fig. 9.5 Dive Sites at Ambergris Caye and the Region of the Proposed 

Development 9-15 

Fig. 9.6 Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve (BCNP/MR) 9-23 

Fig. 9.7 Management Zones within the BCNP/MR Ambergris Caye 9-26 

Fig. 9.8 Protected Areas in the Region of the Proposed Development 9-28 

Fig. 10.1: Environmental Impact Cycle 10-1 

ix


No. Title Pg. 

Table 1.1: ABR Development Summary 1-6 

Table 1.2: Construction Schedule 1-20 

Table 1.3: Maximum Daily Occupancy 1-22 

Table 2.1: Water Quality Tests Results 2-6 

Table 2.2A: Terrestrial and Inter-tidal Plants of the Project Area 2-14 

Table 2.2B: Sub-tidal plants of the project area 2-27 

Table 2.3: Invertebrates including corals found in and around the project site. 2-36 

Table 2.4: Fish Species Found in Project Area 2-48 

Table 2.5 Reptiles and Amphibians 2-58 

Table 2.6: Mammals 2-61 

Table 2.7: Birds Found in and Around the Project Area 2-64 

Table 3.1 Licenses and Permits required by the Development 3-14 

Table 4.1 Maximum Daily Occupancy 4-1 

Table 4.2 Projected potable water demand for ABR 4-2 

Table 4.3 Projected ABR Water demand according to zones 4-2 

Table 4.4 Selection of the preferred water source for ABR 4-3 

Table 4.5 Rainfall Volume collected for the buildings at ABR 4-7 

Table 4.6 Volume of recycled Wastewater required for flushing 4-12 

Table 4.7 Projected Water Demand at different occupational rates for ABR 4-13 

Table 4.8 ABR Surface water and well water Analysis results 4-17 

Table 4.9 ABR Second Surface Water Analysis Results 4-18 

Table 5.1 Typical Composition of untreated domestic sewage 5-1 

Table 5.2 Projected Wastewater Production according to Facilities 5-2 

Table 5.3 Project Domestic Wastewater Profile 5-3 

Table 5.4 Effluent Limitation Standard for Commercial Activities 5-3 

Table 5.5 Wastewater Treatment Options 5-4 

Table 5.6 Projected Performance of BESST Treatment Plant. 5-6 

Table 5.7 Wastewater Alternative Uses. 5-6 

Table 6.1 Project Energy Demand 6-1 

Table 6.2 Comparison of alternate energy sources for ABR 6-3 

Table 6.3 Matrix of potential impacts within the project area 6-6 

Table 7.1 Projected Domestic Waste Production at ABR 

during Operational Phase 7-2 

Table 7.2: Estimated Solid Waste Generation for Belize Municipalities 7-3 

Table 7.3 ABR Solid Waste Disposal Options 7-6 

Table 7.4 Waste Reduction Yield for ABR after WMS 7-8 

Table 7.4b Waste Reduction Yield for ABR according to Occupancy 7-9 

Table 8.1 Disaster Preparedness Plans for ABR Limited 8-1 

Table 8.2 Marine Spills Levels 8-10 

Table 8.3 Inland Spill Levels 8-10 

Table 9.1 Tourism Statistics 9-14 

x

Table 10.1 ABR EIA Matrix 10-3 

Table 10.2 ABR Social Impact Summary 10-17 

Table 11.1: Mitigation Responses in relation to Dredging Impacts 11-1 

Table 11.2: Summary of impacts associated with human wastes and domestic 

effluents 11-2 

Table 11.3: Mitigation Matrix in Relation to Solid Wastes 11-9 

Table 11.4: Mitigations In Relation to Socio-Economic Concerns 11-11 

Table 12.1: Proposed Monitoring Plan for ABR 12-2 

Table 13.1: Options for Development 13-1 

xi

Glossary of Terms 

Algae: one celled or many celled plants that have no root, stem, or leaf system. 

Bathymetry: depth profile of the ocean bottom or seafloor. 

Beach: sediment seaward of the coastline through the surf zone that is in transport along 

the shore and within the surf zone. 

Benthic: pertaining to the ocean bottom or seafloor. 

Benthos: the forms of marine life that live on the ocean bottom or seafloor. 

Biogenic Sediments: sediments containing materials produced by plants or animals such 

as corals, shell fragments and tests housing diatoms and radiolarians. 

Biomass: total weight of the organisms in a particular habitat, species, or group of 

species. 

Biota: the total plants and animals of a given area. 

Coast: a strip of land that extends inland from the coastline as far as marine influence is 

evidenced in the landforms. 

Coastline: landward limit of the highest storm waves’ effect on the shore. 

Coliform: Type of bacterial found in feaces. 

Construction: excavation, movement of earth, erection of forms or structures, or similar 

activities at a development or project site. 

Disposal: the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any 

waste into or on any land, water so that it may enter the wider environment, including 

ground water sources. 

Effluent: water discharged from a development into receiving water body or the 

environment otherwise. 

Euryhaline: pertaining to the ability of a marine organism to tolerate a wide range of 

salinity. 

Eutrophication: elevation of nutrient content of water through input of fertilizers, fecal 

materials and domestic effluents 

Fauna: animals. 

xii

Fecal: of or related to feces. 

Flora: plants. 

Finfish: collective terns for aquatic vertebrates with scales which uses fins for propulsion. 

Groundwater: water below the land surface in a zone of saturation. 

Habitat: a place where a particular plant or animal lives: Generally refers to a smaller 

area than environment. 

Intertidal Zone: lies between the high and low tide extremes and can be divided into a 

high tide zone which is mostly dry and covered by the highest high tide but not the lowest 

high tide, the middle tide zone exposed and covered equally by all high tides and exposed 

during all low tides, and the low tide zone which is mostly wet and covered during the 

highest low tides and exposed during the lowest low tides. 

Lagoon: a body of water separated from the sea by a bank or coral reef: Also the region 

between a shore and a barrier reef or inside a ring of islands composing an atoll. 

Littoral Zone: also known as the foreshore or intertidal zone, lies between the high and 

low tide extremes. 

Lagoonal: of or pertaining to lagoon. 

Macroalgae: algae that project more than 1 cm above the substrate, such as Dictyota spp., 

and Halimeda spp. 

Mangal: a swamp dominated by mangroves. 

Mangroves: collective term used for range of salt-tolerated inter-tidal plants found 

throughout the tropics and within latitude of 20 

Neap Tide: tide of minimal range occurring when the moon in quadrature, or its 1st 

Quarter and 3rd Quarter Phases. 

Nearshore Zone: the seaward zone from the shoreline to the line of breakers. 

Pelagic Environment: the open ocean environment which is divided into a neretic 

province with water depths 0 to 200 m and the oceanic province with depths greater than 

200 m. 

Pelagic Organism: free-swimming or floating biota that live exclusively in the water 

column, not on the sea floor or ocean bottom. 

xiii

Permitting Agency: a Government Agency responsible for issuing permits to allow 

various aspects of a development to proceed within the context of the Laws of Belize. 

Permit: authorization, license, or equivalent control document issued by an Agency of the 

Government of Belize to implement various aspects of a development. 

Pollutant: any dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, chemical 

waste, heat, industrial, domestic, municipal or agriculture waste discharged into the 

environment. 

Primary Productivity: the amount of organic matter organisms synthesize from inorganic 

substances within a given volume of water or habitat in a unit of time. 

Project Proponent: developer proposing a particular project. 

Red List: Catalogue of Threatened Species compiled by IUCN. 

Salinity: a measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water: it is expressed in 

part per thousand by weight after all carbonates have been converted to oxide, the 

bromide and iodide to chloride, and all the organic matter oxidized. 

Sessile: attached to the bottom or to rocks, pilings, etc. and unable to move. 

Sewage: any human body waste and the waste from toilets and other receptacles intended 

to receive or retain body wastes that are discharged into the environment. 

Sand: particle size ranging from 1/16 to 2 mm: It pertains to particles that lie between silt 

and granules on the Wentworth Scale of grain size. 

Sanitary Landfill Site: a facility at which municipal, industrial wastes and hazardous 

wastes are applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface. 

Shore: the section of land seaward of the coast: This extends from the highest level of 

wave action during storms to the low water line. 

Shoreline: the line marking the intersection of the water surface with the shore: It 

migrates up and down as the tide rises and falls. 

Silt: a particle size ranging from 1/128 to 1/16 mm: It is intermediate between sand and 

clay. 

Spring Tide: tide of maximum range occurring every fortnight and coincides with when 

the moon is new and full respectively. 

Sublittoral: seabed below the low tide mark. 

xiv

Tide: periodic rise and fall of the ocean surface and connected bodies of water resulting 

from the unequal gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on different parts of the 

earth. 

Tidal Range or Amplitude: the difference in height between consecutive high and low 

water: The comparison may also be a day, month or year. 

Topography: the physical shape of the land surface. 

Transect: a line or narrow belt used to survey the distribution of organisms or substrate 

across a given area. 

Vertebrates: animals belonging to the Subphylum Chordata, also known as the Chordates 

that include those animals with a well-developed brain and a skeleton of bone or 

cartilage: Includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 

Wave: a disturbance that moves over or through a medium with a speed determined by 

the properties of the medium. 

Wave Height: vertical distance between a crest and the preceding trough. 

Wave Length: horizontal distance between two corresponding points on successive waves 

such as from crest to crest. 

xv

Glossary of Acronyms 

ABR: Ambergris Caye Belize Resort Development 

BCNP/MR: Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve 

CITES: Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and 

fauna. 

CZMAI: Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute. 

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment. 

DOE: Department of the Environment. 

GOB: Government of Belize. 

IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 

NGO: Non-Government Organization. 

TOR: Terms of Reference. 

xvi

ORIENTATION NOTES 

The current EIA submission consists of two (2) major components, viz: a project brief or 

executive summary and an expansive narrative. The latter consists of the immediate 

project concerns as stipulated by the TOR for the initiative, supplemented by a number of 

annexes which in principle provides further details to issues covered in the main part of 

the narrative. 

The main narrative is broken down into a number of components which are to some 

extent segregated into chapters. The narrative begins with the physical description of the 

project which is captured in chapter 1. This includes among other issues an introductory 

overview of how the utilities for the project are to be addressed – these issues are further 

expanded and dealt with in details in chapters 4, 5, 6 & 7 of the document. A description 

of the physical and biological environment is the focus of chapter 2 of the narrative. This 

includes a description of the flora and fauna of the area, as well as issues such as water 

quality, bathymetry and water quality. 

The orientation of the document changes in Chapter 9, which is focused on disaster 

preparedness and response. 

Arguably, the most substantive part of the document deals with the magnitude and 

orientation of the impacts arising as a consequence of the implementation of the project: 

This is captured in chapter 10 of the document. The assessment of the impacts of the 

project is divided into two (2) main areas, viz: the ecological impacts and the social 

impacts. The mitigation to ameliorate or circumvent the negative environmental impacts 

are dealt with in chapter 11 of the document. 

The issue of environmental monitoring was dealt with in chapter 12 of the document. The 

final chapter of the document (Chapter 13) deals with ‘alternatives to development’. This 

section entails some detailed analysis and response: This was both in relation to the broad 

concepts of the project, as well as specific components. Great care was taken to avoiding 

generic and elementary responses to issues that would require some studied introspection. 

The overall document was prepared not only with a view of responding to the 

prescriptions of the TOR, but also with the view of understanding that documents of this 

nature are an resource material for researchers, administrators, natural resource managers, 

students, faculty and the public at large. In this regard great care was taken in undertaking 

the necessary field based surveys and assessments, as well as in providing information 

with the requisite level of academic integrity. 

xvii

Project Location 

Executive Summary 

The proposed project: Ambergris Caye Belize Resort Development, or ‘ABR’, is to be 

located on northern Ambergris Caye. The project site is located approximately 23 miles 

north of San Pedro, or 59 miles north-east of Belize City. 

The project site is on the windward or eastern side of Ambergris Caye. The project site 

has both an ocean side, and a lagoonal side: The Caribbean Sea washes the shores of the 

property on the eastern side, and the Laguna de Cantena delimits the boundary on the 

western side of the property. 

The property is 185 acres and entails a well developed sandy beach, as well as a fairly 

extensive tropical littoral forest, and lowland mangroves. 

The property is a part of the larger area of Ambergris Caye known as Bacalar Chico. The 

larger Bacalar Chico area runs to the northern border with Mexico and comprises 28,169 

acres land and coastal waters. 

The larger Bacalar Chico area is a National Park and Marine Reserve: This protected area 

is the Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR]. 

There is no development on the property: Neither is there a history of any development(s) 

that may have been pre-existing. 

The project site is not serviced by any roads or airport. The only immediate access to the 

site is by boat. The nearest airstrip to the area is the Nova Airstrip, which is 4.5 miles by 

the shortest navigable overland route. 

Project Profile 

The proposed project is of a recreational tourism orientation, complimented by an upscale 

residential development. The hotel resort development entails rooming accommodations, 

meeting/conferencing facilities, restaurants and bars, pool facilities and recreational 

facilities for children: This aspect of the development is to cover 126,986 sq. ft. of the 

property. 

The time-share condominium component of the development entails beachfront villas, 

cottages and bungalows: This aspect of the proposed development is to take up 128,700 

sq. ft. 

The overall development, including lawns, gardens, hedgerows and recreational open 

spaces is to take up 27 acres of property. This represents approximately 30% of the land 

area, and 15% of the overall property, including the lagoonal portion. 

xviii

The resort facilities include: 

(i) Eighteen 56 units hotel rooms; 

(ii) Eight pool cabanas; 

(iii) Thirteen beach palapas; 

(iv) Six spa cabanas; 

(v) Twelve over-water cabanas; 

(vi) A specialty restaurant; 

(vii) A business centre. 

The residential facilities are to include: 

(i) Fourteen beach-front villas; 

(ii) Twenty-five beach cottages; 

(iii) Eleven bungalows; 

(iv) A centralized owner’s club. 

Supporting infrastructure and amenities are to include: 

(i) An employee dorm; 

(ii) An extensive boardwalk; 

(iii) A utility zone; 

(iv) A swimming pool; 

(v) A children’s play park; 

(vi) Three piers that are to be coincident with the overwater cabanas and dive center; 

(vii) 4.5 miles of road leading from Nova Pier to 

The project is to be developed over a two (2) years time-frame: it is to be subdivided into 

two phases with a concentration on the resort and infrastructure facilities in phase I [See 

Table 1]. 

The ABR facilities have been designed to accommodate 967 persons: Apart from tourists 

and home owners, this includes 289 workers [See Table 2]. Almost all of these workers 

are to be Belizeans. 

The Utility Zone is to house energy generation facilities, potable water storage and 

harvesting infrastructure, sewage treatment technologies and solid waste sorting, storage 

and disposal facilities. 

The primary source of energy is to be from diesel generators, supplement by solar panels 

and wind turbines. The latter two (2) sources of electricity are to be integrated with banks 

of batteries for energy storage purposes. 

The primary source of potable water is to be ferried from Reverse Osmosis: This is to be 

complimented by rainwater harvesting. Both of these sources of potable water are to be 

integrated with cisterns installed in the Utility Zone. 

xix

Table 1.2: Construction Schedule 

Project 

Concept 

Hotel/ 

Resort 

Project Components 

Time Frame 

Yr. 1 Yr. 2 

Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. 

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 

Main Hotel, Hotel 

Cananas and Kitchen 

 

Conference Facilities 

3-Meal Restaurant and 

Pool Bar 

 

Spa and Spa Cabanas 

Overwater Cabanas 

Specialty Restaurant 

Pier Construction and 

Dredging 

 

Swimming Pools 

Pool Bar and Ocean 

Pool Bar 

 

Beach Cottages and 

Palapas 

 

Beach and Nearshore 

Swimming Area 

 

Utilities Zone 

Boardwalk and 

Lagoonal Restaurant 

 

Children Play Park 

Road Construction 

Infrastructure at Nova 

Pier 

 

Residential Housing Quarters for 

Workers 

 

Owner’s Club 

Beach Front Villas 

Beach Cottages 

xx 

Qt. 

4

Table 2: Caye Occupancy 

Type Description Units Occupancy 

A Hotel 56 rooms 112 

B Hotel Suites Type A 8 suite buildings 24 

C Hotel Suites Type B 12 suite buildings 

12 Cabana 

36 

D Water Cabanas buildings 36 

E Beach Front Villas 14 villa buildings 

12 cottage 

126 

F Beach Cottages buildings 72 

G Apartments 22 Units 88 

H Future Developments 13 Units 78 

I Owner's Club House 1 unit 6 

J Employee Housing 1 unit 289 

K Transient Visitors persons 100 

Totals 967 Persons 

Sewage derived from human waste and domestic effluents is to be treated through the 

deployment of secondary treatment technology. A ‘package plant’ known by 

its trade name “BESST” is to be employed in the treatment of all wastewater generated 

by the resort facilities. This technology, which the acronym stands for Biologically 

Engineered Single Sludge Treatment - reduces major pollutants such as the macronutrients 

nitrates and phosphates, and ammonia, as well as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 

BOD substances and microbes to levels where they do not pose a threat to the integrity of 

environment, or human health. The post-treated effluents from the BESST Treatment 

Plant, is to be chlorinated, stored and used for the flushing of toilets, as well as the 

irrigation of lawns and hedgerows, and fire-fighting purposes. 

Solid waste management entails the separation of the garbage generated by the facilities 

into its organic and inorganic components. The organic or biodegradable component is to 

be composted on-site through the application of ‘earth tub’ technology. The waste in the 

form of a semi-dry mulch is to be used as an organic fertilizer for the hedge rows and 

lawns. The inorganic components are to be further separated into combustible and noncombustible 

components: These are to be bagged in color coded impervious plastic bags 

and transported to the San Pedro Sanitary Land-fill for disposal. 

State of the Environment 

The project site can be segregated into two (2) distinct terrestrial ecosystems, viz: a beach 

vegetation herbaceous and shrubbery component and littoral forest on the beach berm and 

xxi

higher ground on the windward or eastern 2/3rd of the property, and a mangrove forest on 

the leeward or lower end of the property. Both the littoral forest and mangrove lowlands 

were in a robust and hardy state of health. 

The sub-tidal flora in the sea off the eastern side of the property was dominated by 

seagrass beds in the nearshore areas, and by coral reef in the more distal areas. The 

dominant species of seagrass was the Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinium). A number of 

macro-algae were found growing in intermittent tufts with the seagrass, these included: 

the Clump Halimeda (Halimeda opuntia), the Shaving Bush Algae (Penicillus spp.), the 

Feather Algae (Caulerpa prolifera), and the Smooth Leather -fan Algae (Udotea 

flabellum). 

Coral species in the offshore areas included: the Staghorn Coral (Acropora cervicornis), 

the Elkhorn Coral (Acropora palmata), the Lettuce Coral (Agaricia agaricites) and the 

Grooved Brain Coral (Diplora labyrinthiformes). 

Apart from corals, the nearshore and offshore waters off the eastern side of the property 

were inhabited by a number of invertebrate and vertebrate species. The invertebrate 

species such as Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus), the Queen Conch or ‘conch’ (Strombus 

gigas)the Bleeding Tooth (Nertia peloronta), the Mantis Shrimps (Squilla sp.) and the 

Long Spined Black Urchin (Diadema antillarum.) 

The vertebrate fauna included a number of fish species such as the Rockfish Grouper 

(Mycteroperca bonaci), the Honeycomb Cowfish (Lactophrys polygonia), the Long jaw 

Squirrelfish (Holocentrus ascensionis), and the Spotted Moray (Gymnothorax moringa). 

The vertebrate fauna were also represented by a number of reptile species. These 

included: the Smooth-Scaled Gecko (Sphaerodactylus glaucus), the Wish-Willy or Spinytail 

Iguana (Ctenosaura similis), and the Green Vine Snake (Oxybelis fulgidus). 

The Amphibians were the least represented class of vertebrates, both in relation to 

abudance and species diversity, which is typical in mangrove and littoral forest areas. 

The vertebrate fauna in the area also included aquatic mammals such as the West Indian 

Manatee (Trichechus manatus) and the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The 

most prominent terrestrial mammals were the Four-Eyed Opossum (Philander opossum). 

The birds were the most abundant and diverse non-aquatic vertebrate fauna. These 

included the Brown Pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis), the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), 

the Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons), and the Tropica l Kingbird 

(Tyrannus melancholicus). 

Environmental Impacts 

The environmental impacts arising from the project were both ecological and social in 

orientation. The project activities that are likely to give rise to some environmental 

xxii

impacts of note are the dredging and reclamation operations, the generation of domestic 

effluents and solid wastes, as well as energy generation. 

The primary turbidity and sedimentation impacts arising as a consequence of the 

dredging activities scheduled to be undertaken in conjunction with the currently proposed 

project are moderate in scope. The secondary impacts have been assessed as ‘minor’ at 

their most severe: This is related to the limited dredging volumes, the modest sensitivity 

of the area, and the dredging methods and associated protocols to be applied. In relation 

to the latter, a cutter-head dredge will be applied: This is to be accompanied by sediment 

curtains. Additional mitigative measures will also be applied such as dredging in calm 

sea-states only, and suctioning the barrow pits of mobile sediments on a daily basis to 

curtail re-suspension and the re-broadcasting of sediments. 

The primary impacts in relation to human and domestic wastes were evaluated as major 

given the scope of the development. These relate to nutrient enrichment or 

eutrophication, increase in BOD compounds and the elevation of fecal pathogens in the 

water column. Much of the secondary nutrient effluent impacts were positive, given the 

very limited liberation of nutrients into the environment and its positive influence on 

primary production and fisheries productivity. The secondary impacts in regard to BOD 

and fecal coliform were evaluated in the minor deleterious category at their most severe. 

Apart from the limited dispersal of effluents into the environment, the sewage treatment 

methodology applied was also responsible for the minor deleterious categorization of the 

secondary impacts. The adoption of the BESST Sewage Treatment System in the design 

of the proposed project will reduce macro-nutrients, BOD substances and fecal pathogens 

to levels that are well within national standards. The storage and chlorination of effluents 

that are to be reused for flushing toilets and the watering of lawns and hedgerows should 

denature any pathogens that would remain after treatment by the BESST Plant. 

The most severe primary impacts in regard to solid waste, has been evaluated as major. 

The secondary ecosystems level impacts have been evaluated as minor deleterious. This 

is attributable to the solid waste management strategies to be applied. The composting of 

organic wastes, and the collection and off-site disposal of the inorganic components 

should greatly reduce its impacts on feral animals such as the raccoon (Procyon lotor), 

the Wish-Willy (Cteno saura similis) and the Great Tailed Grackle (Quiscalus 

mexicanus). 

The more relevant social impacts of the proposed project include continued access to the 

resources and geographic space of the areas, as well as the potential human health risks of 

exposure to pathogenic microbes. Other impacts of relevance are the threat of trauma and 

injury and trauma and exposure to aesthetic pollution. These have all be classified as 

‘level 3’ or ‘tertiary level’ impacts. 

The issue of ‘access to resource’ relates to the need to ensure uninterrupted access to the 

fishery resources of the area by sports fishers and commercial fishermen, as well as need 

to ensure continued access to the area by dive guides and tour operators. The need of 

xxiii

guaranteeing access of the BCNP/MR Staff is also of relevance. The pathogenic disease 

issues relates to the risk of augmenting or creating additional habitats for malaria bearing 

mosquitoes and other insect pests. The threat of injury and trauma relates to potential 

encounter with guests of the facilities with wildlife attracted to the area such as raccoons, 

as well as road-traffic accidents and mishaps, and collision-at-sea events. These tertiary 

level impacts have all been assesses as insignificant or ‘minor deleterious’ in scope. 

xxiv

1.0 Project Description 

1.1 Project Location 

Chapter 1 

ABR is a resort and time share condominium development. The project is to be located 

on the upper north-eastern portion of Ambergris Caye [See Fig. 1.1]. This places the 

project site approximately 23 miles north of San Pedro Town [See Fig. 1.1]. This places 

the project location 59 miles north-east of Belize City [See Fig. 1.1]. 

Rocky Point, which is a popularly know area to mariners and the local towns people, lies 

just to the south of the property. Rocky Point is the only known area in Belize where the 

reef crest merges with the shore, to produce a situation of relatively deep and turbulent 

water right next to shore [See PL 1.1] 

The project location is a moderately thick strip of land with the Caribbean sea on the 

windward or eastern side, and a saline lagoon, the Laguna de Cantena, on the leeward 

side of the property [See Fig. 1.1, and PL 1.1 & PL 1.2]. 

The windward side of the property is relatively shallow, with maximum depths within 20 

ft. [See PL 1.2]. This shallow area proceeds from the beaches of the property, to the reef 

crest of the Belize Barrier Reef [See light blue contour in Fig. 1.2]. 

The Laguna de Cantena is an expansive semi-isolated body of water measuring over 

2,300 acres [See PL 1.1]. 

The property is 185 acres and entails a well developed beach and berm, as well as 

relatively high ridge colonized by a tropical littoral forest, and lowland mangroves. The 

nearshore portions of the Laguna de Cantena on the leeward side of the property, is a part 

of the legal description of the property [See PL 1.1]. 

The littoral forest and beach environment comprises 48 acres of the property, while the 

lowland mangroves comprise 43 acres, and the lagoon 93 acres of the property. 

The property is a part of a larger area of Ambergris Caye known as Bacalar Chico. The 

larger Bacalar Chico area runs to the northern border with Mexico. The area comprises 

28,169 acres land and coastal waters. 

The larger Bacalar Chico area is a National Park and Marine Reserve. The protected area 

is dubbed the Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR]. 

The project site is not serviced by any roads or airport. The only immediate access to the 

site is by boat. The nearest airstrip to the area is the Nova Airstrip: This area is 4.5 miles 

overland. Although no road runs to the property, a road reserve has been delineated. 

1 - 1

Fig. 1.1: Project Location 

1 - 2

PL 1.1 

PL 1.1: North/South view of proposed project area: Water body to the left proceeding 

from 9 o’clock of frame is Laguna de Cantena – Strip of land at right proceeding from the 

3 o/clock latitude to the distal end of the frame is proposed project site… 

PL 1.2 

PL 1.2: East/West view of project site: Bloches in lower to mid-portion of frame are 

coral formations, dark arcuate swath leading up to beach are seagrass beds – Note Laguna 

de Cantena just beyond strip of land in mid-ground describing proposed project site. 

1 - 3

1.2 Physical Plan 

1.2.1 Existing Development 

There is no development on the property: Neither is there a history of any development(s) 

that may have been pre-existing. There is a private residence just north of the property. 

The nearest developments in the area are two (2) unfinished or abandoned houses just 

north of the Nova pier, which lies 4.5 miles to the south of the property. 

The only other development of note is the Ranger Station for the staff of the Bacalar 

Chico Marine Reserve. This facility lies 4.6 miles, as the crow flies, west of the proposed 

project site 

Ninety percent (90%) of the project area is comprised of a well developed and fairly 

dense littoral forest on the higher grounds of the property, and low-land mangroves in the 

swampy or inter-tidal portions of the property. 

1.2.3 Planned Development 

The proposed project is conceptually a hotel resort development complimented by a timeshare 

residential condominium component. The hotel resort development is to cover 

130,066 sq. ft. of the property [See Table 1.1]. This part of the development is to entail 

rooming accommodations, meeting/conferencing facilities, restaurants and bars, pool 

facilities and recreational facilities for children [See Table 1.1]. 

The time-share or residential component of the development is to occupy 160,100 sq. ft. 

[See Table 1.1]. This consists of cottages, villas and bungalows. 

The overall development, including lawns, gardens, hedgerows and recreational open 

spaces is to take up 36.8 acres of property. This represents approximately 30% of the land 

area, and 15% of the overall property, including he lagoonal portion. The development 

entails the placement of buildings and associated infrastructure on the seaward, midlatitude 

and lagoonal berms, as well as the nearshore environment on the seaward side of 

the property [See Fig. 1.2]. 

1 - 4

Fig. 1.2: Conceptual Development Plan 

1 - 5

Table 1.1: ABR Development Summary 

Components No. of 

Units/ 

Lots 

HOTEL 

Lobby, Front Desk, Admin., 

Accounts, Bar 

No. 

of 

Keys 

1 - 6 

Unit 

Area 

S.F. 

A/C 

Unit 

Area 

S.F. 

Terr. 

Per 

Rm 

T/Area 

S.F. 

Total Area 

S.F. 

4,800 

Banquet & Meeting 2,400 

Kids Play Room 1,800 

Business Center, Adults 

Games Room 

2,600 

3-Meal Restaurant 7,000 

Specialty Restaurant 1,800 

Kitchen 3,000 

Pool Bar 1,100 

Lakeside Bar & Grill 3,000 

Ocean Pool Bar 930 

Diving Center 910 

B.O.H & Service 16,700 

Employee Housing 7,100 

Pool Cabanas 8 200 200 1,600 

Beach Palapas 13 50 50 650 

Spa 6,600 

Spa Cabanas 6 500 180 680 4,080 

Hotel Suites (Type A) 6 6 680 180 860 5,160 

Hotel Suites (Type B) 12 12 596 167 763 9,156 

Hotel Rooms 56 56 650 130 780 43,680 

Over-water Cabanas 6 6 650 350 1,000 6,000 

SUB-TOTAL 80 80 130,066

Components No. of 

Units/ 

Lots 

No. 


Keys 

1 - 7 

Unit 

Area 

S.F. 

A/C 

Unit 

Area 

S.F. 

Terr. 

Per 

Rm 

T/Area 

S.F. 

Total Area 

S.F. 

Residential 

Owner’s Club 2,800 

Beach Front Villas 14 42 100’ x 

70’ 

3,000 42,000 

Beach Cottages 12 24 100’ x 

50’ 

2,500 30,000 

Bungalows 22 44 100 x 

50’ 

2,400 52,800 

Future Development 

(Beach Cottages) 

13 26 2,500 32,500 

SUB-TOTAL 50 114 160,100 

TOTAL 130 194 290,166

Fig. 1.2a: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings 

1 - 8

Fig. 1.2b: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings (Cont’d) 

1 - 9

Fig. 1.2c: Elevation Contours in relation to Placement of Buildings (Cont’d) 

1 - 10

Fig. 1.3a: Phase I of Development 

1 - 11

Fig. 1.3b: Phase 2 of Development 

1 - 12

Fig. 1.4: Development Components at Nova Pier. 

1 - 13

Fig. 1.5a: Roads and Paths from Nova Pier to Proposed Project Site. 

1 - 14

Fig. 1.5b: On-Site Project Roads and Pathways 

1 - 15

Fig. 1.6: Project Contour Map 

1 - 16

Fig. 1.7a: Over-water Buildings, Piers and Boardwalk Plan 

1 - 17

Fig. 1.7b: Typical Over-water Cabana and Pier End View 

1 - 18

1.2.3.1 Construction Phase 

Most of the land-based resort facilities, time-share condominiums and other associated infrastructure 

are to be constructed on the higher grounds, currently occupied by the littoral forest [See Figs. 1.2a, 

1.2b, 1.2c & 1.6]. The construction work is to be completed in two (2) main phases [See Figs. 1.3a & 

1.3b], over a two (2) years timeframe [See Table 1.2]. The development is to be sub-divided in two (2) 

more or less equal parts with the southern portion of the development being constructed in phase 1, 

and the northern portion in phase 2. 

Construction supplies are to be brought in by barge from Belize City and landed at the Nova pier 

where it is to be unloaded and taken overland by vehicles. A pre-existing road reserve is to be build 

into an all weather road [See Fig. 1.5a]. The volume of quarry material is 84,458 m³. This material is 

to be obtained from the Nova Quarry [See Fig. 1.4]. A network of on-site pathways is also to be 

constructed as a corollary to the all weather road [See Fig. 1.5b]. 

The area of the Nova pier is to be dredged to accommodate the berthing of the barges bringing 

construction supplies and equipment [See Fig. 1.4]. The volume of material to be dredged is to be 

1,963 cu yds. [See Fig. 1.4]. The excavated material will be placed on the leeward side of the caye in 

the low-lying mangroves [See Fig. 1.4]. 

The shoreline near the Nova pier is also to be reclaimed and bulk-headed to facilitate the loading and 

unloading operations associated with the construction phase of the operation: This facility should also 

serve the bulk freighting needs of the project during the operational or post-construction phase of the 

proposed development [See Fig. 1.4]. 

Two (2) swimming areas are to be developed in the nearshore areas of the project site [See Fig. 1.6]. 

No dredging is to take place to develop these areas. The areas will be developed by the placement of a 

geo-textile matting on the seafloor which will be loaded with shore-based sand to be excavated from 

the higher portions of the caye [See Fig. 11.6]. The weight of the sand on the geo-textile matting will 

have the effect of compressing the unconsolidated material on the seafloor to the appropriate depth to 

accommodate swimming and wading. The volume of shore-based material to be placed on the geotextile 

mats is 6,453 cu yds. 

Apart from the land-based buildings, there are also to be 14 over-water cabanas [See Figs. 1.2a, 1.2b 

& 1.7a]. Three (3) piers are also to be constructed in the nearshore areas to allow the docking of the 

vessels owned of the facilities [See Fig. 1.7a & 1.7b]. 

The dredging to be associated with the nearshore areas of the project site is to provide the appropriate 

depth for the berthing of boats at the head of the pier/dive shop area [See ‘2’ Fig.1.6]: The volume of 

material to be dredged is 7,000 cu yds. 

1.2.3.2 Utility Zone Construction and Installation of Associated Infrastructure 

All of the utilities are to be located in a centralized utility zone [See ‘5’ Fig. 1.3b]. This is to make for 

the efficient use of space. It also cuts down on visual or aesthetic pollution. 

1 - 19

Table 1.2: Construction Schedule 

Project Project Components 

Time Frame 

Concept 

Yr. 1 Yr. 2 

Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. Qt. 

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 

Hotel/ Main Hotel, Hotel 

Resort Cananas and Kitchen 

Conference Facilities 

3-Meal Restaurant and 

Pool Bar 

 

Spa and Spa Cabanas 

Overwater Cabanas 

Specialty Restaurant 

Pier Construction and 

Dredging 

 

Swimming Pools 

Pool Bar and Ocean Pool 

Bar 

 

Beach Cottages and 

Palapas 

 

Beach and Nearshore 

Swimming Area 

 

Utilities Zone 

Boardwalk and Lagoonal 

Restaurant 

 

Children Play Park 

Road Construction 

Infrastructure at Nova 

Pier 

 

Residential Housing Quarters for 

Workers 

 

Owner’s Club 

Beach Front Villas 

Beach Cottages 

1 - 20 

Qt. 

4

The utilities to be located in the utility zone includes: electrical generation facilities, waste water 

treatment installation, potable water sourcing equipment and solid waste sorting and storage facilities. 

1.2.3.3 Energy Generation Facilities 

The primary electrical generation facilities are to be from diesel generators supplemented solar sources 

and wind generators. 

The primary source of energy is to be from two 15 KV Generators with and additional one being held 

in a stand-by mode. The source of energy from solar generators is to be from solar panels in sequence 

with banks of batteries for storage purpose. This is to be used mainly for heating water, and at night 

for night lights along footpaths and in landscaped hedgerows. 

The source of wind energy is to be from wind mills or wind generators that are to be deployed in 

sequence with banks of batteries for storage purposes. 

It has been estimated that the total energy consumption for the year has been estimated at 2.93 MW or 

8,000KWH/Dy. 

The issue of energy generation has been comprehensively dealt with in Chapter 6. 

1.2.3.4 Potable Water Supply Infrastructure 

The primary source of water is to be from reverse osmosis or ‘R.O.’. This is to be supplemented by 

rainwater catchment, assisted by waste water recycling. The post-treated waste water associated with 

the waste water treatment facilities if to be reintegrated into the system. This is to be used mainly for 

the flushing of toilets, the washing of equipments, and the irrigation of lawns and hedgerows. 

The sourcing of potable has been comprehensively dealt with in Chapter 5. 

1.2.3.5 Sewage Treatment Facilities 

The sewage and waste water associated with the proposed development is to be treated to secondary 

levels using a ‘Package Plant’. The particular Package Plant to be deployed is known by its trade 

name “BESST”. This technology, of which the acronym stands for Biologically Engineered Single 

Sludge Treatment, reduces major pollutants such as the macro-nutrients nitrates and phosphates, and 

ammonia, as well as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), BOD substances and microbes to levels where 

they do not pose a threat to the integrity of environment, or human health. The post-treated effluents 

from the BESST Treatment Plant, is to be stored and used for the flushing of toilets, as well as for 

irrigation and fire-fighting. 

The management of waste water has been comprehensively dealt with in Chapter 5. 

1 - 21

1.2.3.6 Solid Waste Infrastructure 

The solid waste management strategy is to entail a sequence of activities. This is to begin with the 

initial separation of the waste into its organic and inorganic components. The organic component is 

then to be composted using an ‘earth tub’. The mulch from the earth tub is to then be redeployed as a 

fertilizer in gardening operations to fertilize lawns and hedgerows. 

After the initial separation, the inorganic component is to be further separated into combustible and 

non-combustible components. The combustible component is to be incinerated on-site: The noncombustible 

is to be tagged, bagged and stored and transported intermittently to the San Pedro Landfill 

Site. 

The management of solid waste has been dealt with comprehensively in Chapter 7. 

1.3 Operational Phase 

The facilities are to be commissioned upon the completion of the construction phase of the 

development. The total clientele for the facility at full development is expected to be 967 persons [See 

Table 1.3]. 

The water-based activities of the area are to include swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving and parasailing. 

The shore-based activities are to include a range of recreational activities and everyday living 

activities. These include sunbathing, walking, swimming, light motor vehicle use. 

Table 1.3: Maximum Daily Occupancy 




C Hotel Suites Type B 12 suite buildings 36 

D Water Cabanas 12 Cabana buildings 36 

E Beach Front Villas 14 villa buildings 126 

F Beach Cottages 12 cottage buildings 72 







1 - 22

1.4 Staffing 

The total staffing for the facilities at full development is 289 persons. These include managers, 

administrative staff, chamber maids, bar tenders, chefs, waitresses, grounds keepers, security 

personnel, boat handlers and tour guides. 

1 - 23

Chapter 2 

2.0 Bio-Physical Description of Proposed Development Site 

The proposed development site in northeastern Ambergris Caye is invested with three (3) 

major ecosystem types. These include the sea off the eastern end of the property, a supratidal 

and intertidal ecosystem components which describes the legal and functional 

boundaries of the property, and an expansive semi-isolated lagoonal ecosystem referred 

to as the Laguna de Cantena [See Fig. 2.1]. 

The sea area can be ecologically divided into two (2) components, viz the continental 

shelf and continental slope which is defined by longitude from ‘H’ to ‘C’, and the ‘open 

sea’ or ‘deep sea’ which is characterized by great depths and in effect an expansive 

pelagic zone or ‘water column’ and a seafloor that is far beyond the influence of sunlight 

and in general photosynthetic-driven primary production processes. This deep sea 

environment referred to as ‘the blue’ in local parlance is characterized by relatively large 

waves and rough or turbulent sea states for the most part, except in sustained calm and 

windless conditions which are for the most part a function of the ‘doldrums’ which 

affects Belize in August and September [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. The doldrums 

describes the situation where the sun is in symmetrical alignment with Belize in regards 

to the tidal bulge, as qualified by the Dynamic Tidal Theory [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

This a functional part of the annual cycles which drives the season and which is in effect 

marks the ‘migration’ of the sun from the northern to the southern hemisphere and vice 

versa [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

The ‘deep sea’ zone is described by ‘I’ in Fig. 2.1. 

The shallower portion of the sea in front of the proposed project site can be sub-divided 

into the continental slope and the continental slope. The continental slope runs from the 

seaward side of the reef crest at its shallower and landward limit, down to great depths 

before it merges into the continental rise [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. Much of the upper 

portion of the continental slope is colonized by coral reef. This coral reef zone is 

ecologically divided into a shallower fore-reef slope which runs from the reef crest to a 

depth of 40 – 50 ft., and a deeper fore reef slope which extends to a depth of 250 – 280 ft. 

in the vicinity of the project site [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

The shallow and deep fore-reef zones are defined by H in Fig. 2.1. The continental shelf 

described by DEFG in Fig. 2.1 is about 0.75 mile in geographic extent. It is characterized 

by a coral reef environment [See F & G, Fig. 2.1], a relatively deep area running parallel 

to the beach that is largely devoid of colonization of any biota that describes the midreaches 

of the ‘barrier lagoon’ that has been labeled ‘E’ in Fig. 2.1, and a prolific shallow 

sea grass beds defined as ‘D’ in Fig. 2.1. The ‘barrier lagoon’ is an ecological 

component of the barrier reef system: It is a relatively deep and uninterrupted body of 

water that runs from the back reef environment to the beach - this area is described by D 

and E in Fig. 2.1. The reef crest in the coral reef zone [See G, fig. 2.1] is characterized 

by breaking 

2-1

Fig. 2.1: Ecosystems Map of Proposed Project Area 

2-2

Fig. 2.2: Soundings or Depth Profile in Nearshore Areas of Project Site 

2-3

waves, which forms an extensive zone of surf especially under heavy sea state, runs parallel to 

the shoreline of the property and indeed the caye, is punctuated by tidal channels or ‘cuts’ which 

runs perpendicular to it, and which in the wider and deeper examples are used as access channels 

to go from the ‘blue’ to the calmer and shallower barrier lagoon, and vice versa [Pers. comm.., 

G. Myvett]. 

The land ‘proper’ which is functionally above the high tide line, runs from what is referred to as 

the ‘supra-tidal’ zone, on the eastern side of the property, to the Laguna de Cantena on the 

western side of the property [See Fig. 2.1]. The denuded part of the beach above the high tide 

line comprises the ‘supra-littoral’ zone. The sandy shoulder of the beach that is vegetated or 

colonized by a range of herbaceous bush and shrubs, and in part coconut trees, is referred to as 

the beach berm. The beach, which runs along the eastern margins of the property, is shown as 

‘C’in Fig. 2.1 

The land beyond the beach is characterized by a series of promontories running parallel to the 

shoreline: These promontories are in effect relic or ancient beach bermsthat have been left 

behind as a function of the retreating seas over geologic time frames [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

The relic ridges and the intervening troughs or depressions were heavily colonized by a range of 

trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. The approaches to the Laguna de Cantena were 

colonized by a belt of mangroves of varying thickness [See B, Fig. 2.1]. 

The portion of the Laguna de Cantena that abuts or delimits the western side of the property has 

been defined as the southern portion of the Lagoon [See Fig. 2.1]. The Lagoon is a relatively 

expansive, saline body of water. 

There are conflicting reports in relation to the biota associated with the lagoon. Gibson (1991) 

stated that the Lagoon was once an important fishing area for species groups such as snappers, 

grunts, sharks, bone fish and snooks. The Belize Center for Environmental Studies [BCES] 

reported to the contrary (1993) that the Lagoon was devoid of fish life. This latter observation 

was the experience of the Tunich Nah Survey Team in April/May 2006. 

2.1 Meteorology 

Air temperatures for the project area have been cited to range from 22.8 to 26.1 oC in the cooler 

months which generally runs from October to February [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. During these 

times the coast of Belize and by extension the project area are impacted by ‘Northerns’ or ‘Cold 

Fronts’ which last for 3 to 4 days at a spell and which are accompanied by northerly winds 

blowing at 15 to 20 knots with gusts to 25 to 30 knots on the open sea [Stoddart, 1962]. 

Air temperatures during the warmer months in San Pedro range from 27.8 to 31.1 oC [Grimshaw 

and Paz, 2004]. During the early dry season, prevailing winds in the area are from the south-east 

and may reach 

Rainfall in the San Pedro area, which is the nearest weather station for which there is reliable 

historical data, ranges from 143 cm in 1952 to 200 cm in 2002 [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

2-4

2.2 Oceanography 

T he oceanography in the area refers to tw o (2) m ain bodies of w ater: the sea off the eastern shores of 

the property, and the L agu na de C antena on the leew ard or w estern shores of th e property. 

2.2.1 Bathymetry 

There has been no published or anecdotal data or information on the depth profile or bathymetry 

of the proposed project area. The bathymetric charts that have been published for Belize are not 

of a scale or geographic focus to be relevant to the project site [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

The Tunich Nah Survey Team in its April/May site specific survey effort has done some limited 

work in this area [See Fig. 2.2]. This survey was undertaken mainly to provide information to 

guide informed judgment in regard to the placement and dimension of the access piers that are to 

be constructed, that are an integral part of the proposed development. 

The water depth 250 to 300 ft. from the beach is generally less than 0.5 m [See A-A’ & B-B’, 

Fig. 2.2]. The depth profile as one proceeds in an eastward direction from the beach varies from 

‘0’ at the low tide line, to approximately 0.3 to 0.4 m 20 to 30 ft. from the beach – the depth then 

gets progressively shallower up to a distance of 200 to 250 ft. from the beach [See Fig. 2.2]. 

Beyond the 250 to 300 ft. mark, the water depth then again gets progressively deeper, where it 

proceeds to 15 – 20 ft in the mid-reaches of the barrier lagoon. Seaward of the mid-reaches of the 

barrier lagoon the water depth begins to get progressively shallower until a depth of 4 – 5 ft. is 

attained at the landward or western limits of the back reef area. Water depths in the area of the 

reef flat and pavement area varies from 1.5 ft. landward of the reef crest, to 4.0 ft at the landward 

limit of the zone. 

The shallow fore-reef zone varies from 15 – 20 ft in depth. The water depth proceeds to 350 – 

400 ft. 150 m seaward of the reef crest. The deeper areas of the open ocean, referred to locally as 

‘the blue’, is readily apparent 400 – 500 m seaward of the reef crest [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2-5

Table 2.1: Water Quality Tests Results 

2-6

2.2.2 Winds and Waves 

There are no scientifically determined wind data for the project site. Anecdotal information 

however is to the effect that wind speeds associated with the south-easterlies in the earlier part of 

the year, and the northerlies during the cooler months of the year may approach 25 knots during 

stormier conditions [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

There are also no site-specific scientifically based wave data for the proposed project area. It has 

been observed however that heavy sea states are associated with the outside of the reef, to the 

extent that navigation for smaller crafts becomes difficult if not impossible during high wind 

conditions and consequently heavy sea states [Pers. comm.., P. Marin]. The relatively reduced 

degree of exposure and in general calmer sea states, allows for the navigations of small crafts 

under most conditions, except for catastrophic storms [Pers. comm.., P. Marin]. 

2.2.3 Tides 

Tides in the area are semi-diurnal in nature with two (2) high tides and two (2) low tides over the 

24 hours daily cycle [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. The tidal amplitude ranged from 37 to 45 cms on 

the seaward or eastern shores of the property, and from 0 to 15 cms on the lagoonal shores of the 

Laguna de Cantena [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

The tidal height can reach 55 cm on the eastern shores of the project area during high tide 

[Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. During the period of the sun tides which generally impacts Belize in 

late September through October, and late February through March which increases tidal height 

by 15 to 20 percent [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]: This is particularly apparent during the highest 

phases of the Spring Tides which are referred to as Higher High Water Spring Tides (HHWS) 

which occurs during the New Moon and Full Moon Phases of the lunar cycle [Pers. comm.., G. 

Myvett]. 

Extreme low tides and the greatest variation in tidal amplitudes are experienced in the area 

during the northerlies: At these times fairly extensive portions of the near shore sea grass beds on 

the seaward side of the property are exposed [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.2.4 Currents 

The current measurements recorded in the area were relevant to waters off the eastern side of the 

property. There was no discernible current in the southern portions of the Laguna de Cantena off 

the western shores of the project site during the time of the Tunich Nah Survey in April and May 

of 2006. The currents measured in the barrier lagoon off the eastern shores of the property 

ranged from 1 to 3 knots [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. Currents of up to 7 knots have been 

recorded in the barrier lagoon during low tide [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

2.2.5 Water Temperature 

The in situ water temperature recorded by the Tunic Nah Survey Team ranged from 29.3 to 31.7 

oC. Ishmael in 1984 stated that water temperatures go as high 30 oC [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

2-7

2.2.6 Salinity 

The proposed project site is abutted on the eastern side by the open sea, and a lagoonal system 

referred to as the Laguna de Cantena on the western or leeward side [See PL 1.1 and Fig. 2.1]. 

The seaward side of the property was characterized by oceanic quality water which ranged from 

29 ppt to 36 ppt, at the time of the Tunich Nah Survey, which took place between mid-April and 

mid-May 2006, [See Table 2.1]. The salinity of the waters off the eastern shores of the property 

are expected to approximate oceanic quality throughout the year, with some slight elevations in 

value during the drier portions of the year [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]: This is particularly relevant 

to the reef environment and the offshore areas of the project site [See Sample Sites #’s 3, 4 & 5], 

given the proximity and contiguous articulation of the area with the pelagic deep ocean 

environment [See ‘I’ Fig. 2.1]. The average salinity in the area of the reef lagoon off the eastern 

shores of the property has been stated as 37.2 ppt [BCES, 1993]. 

The Laguna de Cantena is a fairly hyper saline body of water with limited connection with the 

moderating influences of the open sea environment, through various mangrove channels 

rereffred to as ‘Bogues’ [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. Salinity in the Lagoon ranged from 42 to 45 

ppt [See Sample Sites #’s 1 & 2 Table 2.1]. The stated average for salinity in the Laguna de 

Cantena was 40.9 ppt [BCES]. The hypersaline condition of the lagoon in the vicinity of the 

project site is understandable given the limited inflows of water from the wider marine 

environment [Pers. comm., G. Myvett]. 

Apart from the open sea and the relatively expansive Laguna de Cantena, there are isolated 

hypersaline ponds and inundated depressions throughout the greater Bacalar Chico area with 

salinities as high as 123.8 ppt [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. None of these hypersaline ponds or 

inundated depressions was seen on the property during the Tunich Nah survey in April and May 

2006. 

Salinity is arguably among the most important physico-chemical parameters influencing the 

evolutionary history of the flora and fauna in the area: These biota are adapted to live in fairly 

high saline conditions and are not physiologically equipped to deal with any appreciable 

variation in salinities. The fauna adapted to live in these conditions have been characterized as 

being ‘stenohaline’ in character. 

2.2.7 Turbidity 

Visibility in the water column was approximately 250 ft. in the reef environment and 150 to 170 

ft. in the nearshore sea grass beds [Pers. comm., G. Myvett]. This was consistent with the 

Turbidity Values recorded in the area by the Tunich Survey Team: These values ranged from 2 

to 3 ppm on the 11 th May 2006, and from 1 to 2 ppm on the 16 th May 2006. 

The turbidity in the area varies with wave energy and currents: It generally increases with heavy 

sea states and strong tidal currents. Heavy sea states, in terms of annual cycles, are associated 

with the strong and sustained southeasterly winds in April and May, and the northerlies which 

affect the area from October to February [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. The stronger tidal currents 

2-8

are associated with the rising and falling tides in the area: These currents are functionally nonexistent 

and at their weakest during ‘slack’ tide when the tides are changing from low tide to 

high tides and vice versa, and during the times immediately approaching ‘slack tide’ as well as in 

the aftermath of same [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.2.8 Total Coliform and E. coli 

Total coliform as documented by the Tunich Nah Survey team ranged from 72/100 ml to 

142/100 ml. [See Table 2.1]. The E. coli counts for the samples taken were 0/100 ml [See Table 

2.1]. The latter means that the sea in front of the property has no discernible levels of pollution 

from human waste and the water is safe for swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving and other seabased 

recreational activities. 

The total coliform count recorded for the area would in effect be derived from warm blooded 

creatures such as marine mammals, vis-à-vis dolphins and manatees, as well as sea birds such as 

gulls and cormorants [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.3 Biological Oceanography 

The location of the proposed project site in north-eastern Ambergris Caye is reflective of a 

diverse aggregation of species and ecosystems. Both the flora and faunal forms entails supratidal 

terrestrial forms, as well as sub-tidal components. The flora and faunal forms also varies in 

terms of the complexity of biological organization as well as in relation to their evolutionary 

history, abundance and distribution. 

2.3.1 Flora and Fauna 

The sub-tidal floral forms documented in the area varied from simpler macro-algal forms such as 

the Feather Algae (Caulerpa spp.) and the Shaving Bush Algae (Penicillus capitatus), to 

flowering forms such as the Turtle Grass (Thallasia testudinium) and Halodule (Halodule 

beaudettel) [See Table 2.2 B]. 

The supratidal dune and terrestrial vegetation have been collectively classified as a ‘littoral 

forest’ [Meerman and Sabido, 2000]. This is one of seven (7) forest types identified by 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] for the larger Bacalar Chico area. Tree species on the property were a 

reflection of the diversity of soil chemistry and landform, and ranged from typical beach 

inhibants like the coconut (Cocos nocifera) and the Australian Pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), to 

salt tolerant species such as the Red Mangrove (Rhiziphora mangle) and the Black Mangrove 

(Avicennia germinans), as well as ubiquitous coastal species such as Gumbo Limbo (Bursera 

simaruba), the Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) and the Sea Grape (Coccolaba uvifera) [See 

Table 2.2A]. 

The faunal forms of the proposed project area cover all of the five (5) phylogenetic classes of 

vertebrates, as well as an even more diverse assemblage of invertebrates. The most diverse and 

abundant classes of vertebrates were the fishes and the birds [See Tables 2.4 and 2.7], and the 

2-9

least diverse and numerically limited faunal assemblage were the amphibians and the mammals 

[See Table 2.5 and 2.6]. The abundance and diversity among the various vertebrate classes at the 

project site is reflective of the situation encountered in other parts of coastal Belize by the Tunich 

Nah Survey Team [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.3.1.1 Flora 

The greater Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR] is characterized by a 

range of landforms and plant species that have been grouped into seven (7) forest types, viz: 

Tropical Littoral Forest and Beach Communities 

Mixed Mangrove Scrub 

Coastal Fringe Rhizophora mangle-Dominated Forest 

Basin Mangrove Forest 

Marine Salt Marsh With Many Succulent Species 

Tropical Semi-Deciduous Broadleaf Lowland Forest 

Tropical Drought-Deciduous Microphyllous Lowland Forest. 

These forest types have been identified by Meerman and Sabido [2000]. The forest type of the 

proposed project site has been ascribed by Myvett [Pers. comm.] to two (2) categories, viz: 

Tropical Littoral Forest and Beach Communities 

Mixed Mangrove Scrub 

This classification for the proposed project area is shown in Fig. 2.3A. The littoral forest 

component proceed landward from the beach for a distance of about 2/3 rd the width of the 

property, while the mangrove scrub runs from this area to the shores of the Laguna de Cantena 

[See Figs. 2.3A & 2.3B]. 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] have cited the existence of 206 intertidal and terrestrial plant species 

in the larger BCNP/MR area [See Table 2.2A]. The Tunich Nah Survey Team has identified 37 

intertidal and terrestrial plant species at the propose project site [See Table 2.2A]. Some of the 

herbaceous bracts and shrubs includes: the Spider Lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), the Verdolaga 

de playa (Sesuvium portulacastrum), the Yama Bush or Rat Bean (Senna occidentalis) and the 

Espino de playa or Burr-burr (Cenchrus echinatus) [See Table 2.2A]. 

Some of the Tree species found in the Littoral Forest included: the Chechem Negro or Black 

Poisonwood (Metopium brownei), the Anona or Wild Custard Apple (Annona reticulata), and 

the Ziricote (Cordia curassavica) [See Table 2.2A]. 

The canopy coverage of the littoral forest was 80-90%. The position of the various tree species 

have been defined relative to the series of ridges running parallel to the beach [See Table 2.2A]. 

The ridges proceeding from the beach to leeward side of the property have been defined as: the 

Beach Berm [BB], the Littoral Forest Seaward Consolidated Berm [LFSCB], the Littoral Forest 

Mid-Lattitude Berm [LFMLB], and the Littoral Forest Lagunal Berm [LFLB] (See Table 2.2A). 

2-10

Most of the grasses and weeds, and vines, and herbaceous bracts and shrubs were confined to the 

Beach Berm [See PL 2.17], and the seaward 1/4 th of the Littoral Forest Seaward Consolidated 

Berm. The succeeding berms or ridges were heavily forested. Except for a small area at the midlatitude 

of the property immediately landward of the beach berm, as well as the survey trails [See 

PLs’ 2.18 and 2.27 respectively], there were no signs of previous land-clearing [Pers. comm.., G. 

Myvett]. The forest was surmised to be of primary growth form [See PL’s 2.19 & 2.20]. 

The Mangrove Scrub component of the forest included two (2) components, viz: an area 

characterized by littoral forest species interspersed by mangroves species, and a zone dominated 

90-100% by mangroves. The mixed mangrove shrub component was located mainly in the area 

titled ‘Littoral Forest Lagunal Berm’. The mangrove species found in this area were the Black 

Mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and the White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) [See Table 

2.2A]. The more frequently encountered species was the Black Mangrove (Avicennia 

germinans). 

The monospecific mangrove zone has been defined as the Laguna de Cantena Low-lands 

[LdCLL] in Table 2.2A. Although all three (3) species of mangroves present in Belize were 

found in the area, the most dominant species was the Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) [See 

PL’s 2.7 & 2.8], followed by the Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans). 

Apart from the land-based trees, shrubs and grasses, the site was also richly invested with subtidal 

or sea-based plant life. The dominant species was the Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinium) 

which formed extensive meadows or ‘bed’ [See PL’s 2.2 & 2.3], which proceeded from the 

nearshore areas, to the medial shallows about 400-500 m from the shoreline [See D Fig. 2.1]. 

Apart from the Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinium) [See PL 2.12], the two (2) other seagrass 

species found in the area included the Manatee Grass (Syringodium filiforme) [See PL 2.13] and 

Halodule (Halodule beaudettel) [See Table 2.2A]. 

The macro-algae figured prominently in regards to the sub-tidal species found in the area. The 

Shag Carpet Algae (Dasycladus vermicularis) was found in great profusion in the Laguna de 

Cantena. The Disc Tree Halimeda (Halimeda copiosa) [See PL 2.11] was found in the midreaches 

of the barrier lagoon in the seas off the front or eastern side of the property. The floating 

seaweed or sargassum (Sargassum polycerathum) was also found off the front of the property in 

the barrier lagoon, as well as on the beach [See PL’s 2.6, 2.17 & 2.22]. Other macro-algal 

species of note found in the area include: the Dichotomously Branched Algae (Dictyota spp.), 

Valonia (Valonia ventricosa), the Feather Algae (Caulerpa prolifera) and the Cactus Branchlets 

(Caulerpa cupressoides) [See Table 2.2B]. 

Much of the macor-algae were found in the primary reef zone, including the pavement area and 

backreef zone [See F, Fig. 2.1]. 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] cited the existence of 37 species seagrasses and macro-algae in the 

greater Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR]. The Tunich Nah Survey 

Team documented 19 species, of which 3 were not previously cited by Grimsha and Paz [2004]. 

2-11

These included the seagrass Halodule (Halodule beaudettel), and the macro-algae Shag Carpet 

Algae (Dasycladus vermicularis) and Valonia (Valonia ventricosa) [See Table 2.2B]. 

. 

Fig. 2.3A: Vegetation Classification of Greater BCNP/MR. 

2-12

Fig. 2.3B: Vegetation Map of Project Site 

2-13

Table 2.2A: Terrestrial and Inter-tidal Plants of the Project Area 

Common Name and/or 

Local Name 

POLYPODIACEAE 

Helecho de manglar, 

Mangrove Fern 

Scientific Name Obs. 

Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-14 

BCMP 

Survey 

Acrostichum 

danaeifolium 

☺ ☺ LdCLL 

--- Adiantum princeps ☺ 

Culantrillo Adiantum tricholepis ☺ 

H-hesajo Cheilanthes 

microphylla 

☺ 

Tsos’ak Microgramma nitida ☺ 

Helecho Phlebodium ☺ 

SCHIZACEAE 

--- Anemia adiantifolia ☺ 

ACANTHACEAE 

Hulub Bravaisia tubiflora ☺ 

AGAVACEAE 

--- Agave angustifolia ☺ ☺ LFMLB 

AIZOACEAE 

Verdolaga de playa Sesuvium 

portulacastrum 

☺ ☺ BB 

AMARANTHACEAE 

--- Amaranthus spinosus ☺ 

--- Celosia argentea ☺ 

--- Iresine diffusa ☺ 

AMARYLLIDACEAE 

Lirio, Spider lily Hymenocallis 

littoralis 

ANACARDIACEAE 

Mango Mangifera indica ☺ 

Chechem Negro, Black 

Poisonwood 

Environment 

☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

Metopium brownei ☺ ☺ LFMLB

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-15 

BCMP 

Survey 

ANNONACEAE 

Palo de corcho Annona glabra ☺ 

Guanábana, Soursop Annona muricata ☺ 

--- Annona primigenia ☺ 

Environment 

Anona, Wild Custard 

apple 

Annona reticulata ☺ ☺ LFMLB, LFLB 

Saramuyo, Sugar apple Annona squamosa ☺ 

APOCYNACEAE 

Chechem blanco, White 

Poisonwood 

Cameraria latifolia ☺ ☺ LFMLB, LFLB 

Vicaria blanca Lochnera rosea ☺ 

Chakleón Mandevilla 

subsagittata 

☺ 

Oleander Nerium oleander ☺ 

Flor de mayo, Fransipansi Plumeria obtusa ☺ 

Akitz Thevetia gaumeri ☺ 

--- Thevetia peruviana ☺ 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

Cancerillo, Cochinita, 

Cuchillo, Blood flower 

Asclepias 

curassavica 

BATACEAE 

--- Batis maritima ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

BORAGINACEAE 

Siricote, Ziricote Cordia curassavica ☺ ☺ LFSCB 

Siricote de Playa, Ziricote Cordia sevestena ☺ 

X-coi Tournefortia 

gnaphalodes 

☺ 

☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-16 

BCMP 

Survey 

--- 

BROMELIACEAE 

Tournefortia 

volubilis 

X-chu Aechmea bracteata ☺ 

☺ ☺ BB 

Piñuela, Wild Pineapple Bromelia alsodes ☺ ☺ LFMLB 

Environment 

X-ch’u 

BURSERACEAE 

Tillandsia 

dasyrilifolia 

☺ 

Chacah, Gumbo Limbo, 

Indio desnudo 

Bursera simaruba ☺ ☺ LFMLB, LFLB 

LAURACEAE ☺ 

Kankubal Cassytha filiformis ☺ 

Aguacate, Avocado Persea americana ☺ 

LEGUMINOSAE 

Katzim Acacia gentle ☺ 

--- Canavalia 

brasiliensis 

☺ 

Frijol de playa Canavalia rosea ☺ 

--- Caesalpinia 

pulcherrima 

☺ 

--- Crotalaria pumila ☺ 

Ahmuk Dalbergia glabra ☺ 

Pakum pak Desmodium incanum ☺ 

--- Desmodium 

tortuosum 

☺ 

Ruda de monte Diphysa 

carthagenensis 

☺ 

--- Galactia striata ☺ 

Palo de tinta Haematoxylan 

campechianum 

☺

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-17 

BCMP 

Survey 

Huaxim, Waxim Leucaena 

leucocephala 

☺ 

Kanasin Lonchocarpus 

rugosus 

☺ 

Tsalam, Dzalam Lysiloma latisiliqua ☺ 

Katsim blanco Minosa bahamensis ☺ ☺ BB 

Dormilona Minosa pudica ☺ 

Habín Piscidia piscipula ☺ 

Chucum blanco Pithecellobium dulce ☺ 

Xyaxk’aax Pithecellobium 

keyense 

☺ 

Verde lucero, 

Pithecellobium 

☺ 

Chakchucum 

mangense 

Frijolillo, Yama bush, Rat 

bean 

Senna occidentalis ☺ ☺ LFSCB 

Frijolillo Sophora tomentosa ☺ 

LILIACEAE 

Despeinada, Corcho Beaucarnea ameliae ☺ 

LORANTHACEAE 

Matapalo Struthanthus 

cassythoides 

LYTHRACEAE 

Crepe Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica ☺ 

MALPIGHIACEAE 

Nance agrio Byrsonima 

bucidaefolia 

Nance Byrsonima 

crassifolia 

MALVACEAE 

Sakwis Albutilon permolle ☺ 

Majahua Hampea trilobata ☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-18 

BCMP 

Survey 

Tulipán Hibiscus rosasinensis 

☺ ☺ LFMLB 

--- Gossypium hirsutum ☺ 

Environment 

Tulipán de monte Malvaviscus 

arboreus 

☺ 

Chichibe Sida rhombifolia ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

--- Thespesia sp. ☺ 

MORACEAE ☺ 

--- Artocarpus 

communis 

☺ 

Guarumo, Trompeta, 

Trumpet tree 

Cecropia peltata ☺ 

--- Ficus elastica ☺ 

Higuero, Amate, Fig tree Ficus maxima ☺ 

MUSACEAE 

MYRTACEAE 

Granada cimarrona Eugenia axillaris ☺ 

Guayaba, Guava Psidium guajava ☺ ☺ LFMLB, LFLB 

CATCEAE 

__ Acanthocereus 

pentagonus 

☺ 

__ Selenicereus 

donkelaarii 

☺ 

A de tortuga Selenicereus testudo ☺ 

--- Stenocereus griseus ☺ 

NACEAE 

Lengua de dragón Canna edulis ☺ 

PARIDACEAE 

--- Capparis incana ☺

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 

RICACEAE 

SUARINACEAE 

De mar, Australian Pine Casuarina 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-19 

BCMP 

Survey 

Carica papaya ☺ 

equisetifolia 

☺ ☺ LFSCB 

STRACEAE 

---- Rhacoma gaumeri ☺ 

ACEAE 

--- Salicornia bigelovii ☺ 

--- Suaeda linearis ☺ 

Environment 

LANACEAE 

Icaco, Jicaco, Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco ☺ ☺ LFMLB, LFLB 

BRETACEAE 

espinoso, Una de gato Bucida spinosa ☺ 

Botoncillo, Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus 

var typica 

☺ ☺ LFLB, LdCLL 

Botoncillo, Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus 

var sericeus 

☺ LFLB 

Blanco, Sacocum, White Laguncularia 

☺ ☺ LFLB, LdCLL 

Mangrove 

racemorsa 

--- Terminalia cattapa ☺ 

POSITAE 

Awayche Ageratum littorale ☺ 

De mar, Bay tansy Ambrosia hispida ☺ 

--- Aster subularis ☺ 

--- Bidens pilosa ☺ 

De playa Borrichia 

arborescens 

☺ 

--- Calea peckii ☺

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-20 

BCMP 

Survey 

--- Eupatorium albicaule ☺ 

--- Eupatorium 

odoratum 

☺ 

Iu Flaveria linearis ☺ Aaaaaa 

De plata Melanthera nivea ☺ 

--- Parthenium 

hysterophorus 

☺ 

Pechuk’il Porophyllum 

punctatum 

☺ 

Santa Maria Pluchea odorata ☺ 

CEAE 

--- Ipomoea alba ☺ ☺ LFSCB 

--- Ipomoea indica ☺ 

Margarita, Morning Glory Ipomoea pes caprae ☺ 

--- Ipomoea tuxtlensis ☺ 

CEAE 

Cortadera Cyperus ligularis ☺ 

--- Dichromena ciliaris ☺ 

--- Fimbristylis spadicea ☺ 

--- Fimbristylis 

spathacea 

☺ 

--- Scleria bracteata ☺ 

CEAE 

NYCTAGINACEAE 

Diospyros veraecrucis 

Guapira 

linearibracteata 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment

Common Name 

and/or 

Local Name 

ORCHIDACEAE 

X-k’ubemba Schomburgkia 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

tibicinis 

2-21 

BCMP 

Survey 

PALMAE 

Tasiste Acoelorrhaphe 

wrightii 

☺ 

--- Chamaedrea sp ☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

Coco, Coconut Cocos nucifera ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

Kuka Pseudophoenix 

sargentii 

☺ 

Guana Sabal yapa ☺ 

Chit Thrinax radiata ☺ ☺ LFSCB 

PASSIFLORACEAE 

Love-in-a-Mist Passiflora foetida ☺ 

Pap bush Passiflora suberosa ☺ 

POLYPODIACEAE 

Mangrove Fern Acrostichum aureum ☺ ☺ LdCLL 

POLYGONACEAE 

Sea Grape Coccolaba 

diversifolia 

☺ 

Uva de mar, Sea Grape Coccolaba uvifera ☺ ☺ LFLL 

Gymnopodium 

☺ 

floribundum 

PORTULACACEAE 

Verdolaga de mar, Pussley ☺ 

Purslane Portulaca oleracea ☺ 

RHAMNACEAE 

--- Colubrine asiatica ☺ 

--- Zizypus mauritiana ☺

Common Name Scientific Name Obs. 

Tunich 

Nah 

2-22 

Team 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

RHIZOPHORACEAE 

Mangle rojo, Tapche, Red 

Mangrove 

Rhizophora mangle ☺ ☺ LdCLL, LFLB 

RUBIACEAE ☺ 

Ibchu-ichhu, ich-hu Asemnanthe 

pubescens 

☺ 

--- Bourreria verticillata ☺ 

Skunk root, Rat root, 

Zorillo 

Chiococca alba ☺ 

--- Clerodendron ☺ 

--- speciosissimum ☺ A 

--- Erithalis fruticosa ☺ 

Guayabillo Ernodea littoralis ☺ 

Xhanan, Tres hojitas, Red 

head, 

☺ 

Sanalo-todo Hamelia patens ☺ 

Noni Molinda panamensis ☺ 

Pinita Morinda royoc ☺ 

K’anal, Planta macho Psychotria nervosa ☺ 

Cruceta Randia aculeate ☺ 

Yaaxkanche Randia longiloba ☺ 

-- Strumpfia maritima ☺ ☺ BB 

RUTACEAE 

Limón agrio Citrus limon ☺ 

SAPINDACEAE 

Xakanke Cupania dentata ☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

2-23 

BCMP 

Survey 

Huaya, Guaya Talisis olivaeformis ☺ 

Environment 

SAPOTACEAE 

--- Bumelia americana ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

Chicozapote Manilkara zapota ☺ 

Kaniste 

ERYTHROXYLACEAE 

Pouteria 

campechiana 

☺ 

--- 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Erythroxylum 

confusum 

☺ 

--- Chamaesyce 

buxifolia 

☺ 

Chaya mansa Cnidoscolus 

chayamansa 

☺ 

--- Euphobia 

heterophylla 

☺ ☺ BB, LLSCB 

Flor de pascua del monte, Euphorbia 

☺ 

Wild poinsettia 

pulcherrima 

--- Phyllantus niruri ☺ 

--- Ricinus communis ☺ 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

Cafetillo de monte Casearia nitida ☺ 

GENTIANACEAE 

--- Eustoma exaltatum ☺ 

GRAMINEAE 

--- Andropogon bicornis ☺ 

-- . Bambusa sp ☺ 

Espino de playa, Burrburr, 

Burr 

Cenchrus echinatus ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

--- Cenchrus incertus ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

--- Dactyloctenium 

aegyptium 

2-24 

BCMP 

Survey 

--- Distichlis spicata ☺ 

--- Laciasis divaricata ☺ 

-- Paspalum sp. ☺ 

--- Sacharum officinalis ☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

--- Sporobolus 

virginicus 

☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

Maíz Zea mays ☺ 

GOODENIACEAE 

--- Scaevola plumier ☺ 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Claudiosa, Apote de 

monte, Tan chi 

Capraria biflora ☺ 

--- Stemodia maritima ☺ 

SIMAROUBACHEAE 

Pantsil Suriana maritima ☺ ☺ BB, LFSCB 

SOLANACEAE 

Chile habanero Capsicus sp ☺ 

Chile max, Chile de monte Capsicus frutescens ☺ 

Hierba mora Solanum americanum ☺ 

--- Solanum erianthum ☺ 

--- 

STERCULIACEAE 

Solanum 

schlechtendalianum 

☺ 

Trompillo, Tzutup Helicteres baruensis ☺ 

Malva de monte Waltheria americana ☺


Tunich 

Nah 

2-25 

Team 

BCMP 

Survey 

THEOPHRASTACEAE 

Palo de animas Jacquinia aurantiaca ☺ 

TURNERACEAE 

--- Turnera ulmifolia ☺ 

ULMACEAE 

--- Trema micrantha ☺ 

Environment 

VERBENACEAE 

Mangle Negro, Tapche, 

Black Mangrove 

Avicennia germinans ☺ ☺ LFLB, LdCLL 

Pukim Callicarpa 

acuminata 

☺ 

Corona de sol, Wild Sage Lantana camara ☺ 

Sikilhaxiw, Oregano de 

monte 

Lantana involucrata ☺ 

--- Phyla nodiflora 

Mosate, Sticky burr burr, 

pega ropa 

Priva luppulacea ☺ ☺ LFSCB 

Ibin xiw, Verbena, Stachytarpheta 

☺ 

Verveine 

VITACEAE 

jamaicensis 

Xtakanil Cissus sicyoides ☺ 

Key: 

BB = Beach Berm 

LdCLL = Laguna de Cantena Low-lands 

LFLB = Littoral Forest Lagunal Berm 

LFSCB = Littoral Forest Seaward Consolidated Berm 

LFMLB = Littoral Forest Mid-Lattitude Berm

Table 2.2B: Sub-tidal plants of the project area 


Tunich 

Nah 

2-26 

Team 

BCMP 

Survey 

Sea Grasses 

Turtle Grass Thallasia 

testudinium 

☺ ☺ 

Manatee Grass Syringodium 

filiforme 

☺ ☺ 

Halodule Halodule beaudettel ☺ 

Macro-Algae 

Green Algae or 

Chlorophyta 

Firm Lettuce Algae Ulva spp. ☺ ☺ 

Mermaid’s Wine Glass Acetabularia spp ☺ ☺ 

Feather Algae Caulerpa spp ☺ 

Palm Tree Algae Caulerpa paspaloides ☺ 

Cactus Branchlets Caulerpa cupressoides ☺ ☺ 

Feather Algae Caulerpa prolifera ☺ ☺ 

Calcareous Tree Algae Rhapocephalus phoenix ☺ 

Shaving Bush Algae, Cap 

Pencilus 

Penicillus capitatus ☺ 

SmoothLeather Fan Algae Udotea flabellum ☺ ☺ 

Udotea Udotea wilsonii ☺ 

Firm Ruffled Fan Algae Udotea occidentalis ☺ 

Cup-like Udotea Udotea cyathiformis ☺ ☺ 

Plate Halimeda, Disc Tree 

Algae 

Tree Halimeda, Disc Tree 

Algae 

Clump Halimeda, Disc 

Tree Halimeda, Water 

Crest Algae 

- 

☺ 

Cladocephalus 

luteofuscus 

Halimeda incrassata ☺ ☺ 

Halimeda monile ☺ 

Halimeda opuntia ☺ ☺ 

Environment


Tunich 

Nah 

Single Strand Chain 

Halimeda, Small-leaf 

Hanging Vine 

Green Chain Algae, Disc 

Tree Algae, Large-leaf 

Hanging Vine 

Oatmeal Disc Algae, 

Stalked Lettuce Leaf 

Algae 

Variable Disc Algae, 

Large Leaf Water Crest 

Algae 

2-27 

Team 

BCMP 

Survey 

Halimeda goreaui ☺ 

Halimeda copiosa ☺ 

Halimeda tuna ☺ 

Halimeda discoidea ☺ ☺ 

- Cladophora prolifera ☺ 

Sea Grape Algae Ventricaria ventricosa ☺ 

- Enteromorpha flexuosa ☺ 

Shag Carpet Algae Dasycladus vermicularis ☺ 

Valonia Valonia ventricosa ☺ 

Red Algae or Rhodophyta 

Clumped Calcareous 

Algae 

Amphiroa spp. ☺ ☺ 

Purple-red Turf Algae Wrangelia argus ☺ 

Brown Algae or 

Phaeophyta 

Dichotomously Branched 

Algae 

- Liagora spp. ☺ ☺ 

- Halymenia floresia ☺ 

- Kallymenia limminghei ☺ 

Dictyota spp ☺ ☺ 

Brown Ruffle Algae Lobophora variegata ☺ 

Environment 

Sargassum Sargassum spp ☺ ☺ BRSGB, 

NSSGB


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

Key: 

2-28 

BCMP 

Survey 

Rooted Sargassum Sargassum hystrix ☺ 

Trumpet Brown Algae Turbinaria turbinara ☺ 

Ruffled Algae Padina gymnospora ☺ ☺ 

Ruffled Algae Padina stypopodium ☺ 

MLBL = Mid-latitude Barrier Lagoon 

NSSGB = Near-shore Seagrass Beds 

RF = Reef Flat 

BR = Back Reef 

SFR = Shallow Fore-reef 

TC = Tidal Channel 

BRSGB = Back Reef Seagrass Beds 

MLSG = Mid-latitude Seagrass Bed 

Environment

PL 2.1 PL 2.2 

PL 2.1: Gray Snapper (Lutjanus griseus) in seagrass habitat in nearshore seagrass habitat of 

project site… 

PL 2.2: Juvenile Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) at right mid-latitude of frame and Gray 

Snapper (Lutjanus grisues) at lower left… 

PL 2.3 PL 2.4 

PL 2.3: Seagrass bed dominated by Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinium) found in the 

nearshore areas of the project site… 

PL 2.4: Close-up of seagrass meadow showing undescribed encrusting sponge as yellow 

digitating form at 6 o’clock in frame. 

2-29

PL 2.5 PL 2.6 

PL 2.5: Eastern approaches of project site – Note isolated clumps of mangroves in nearshore 

waters and continuous line of beach behind this… 

PL 2.6: Nearshore and beach environment of project site looking west – Note detritus as dark 

contours on seafloor and accumulation of organic debris mainly in the form of seagrass blades 

along beach… 

PL 2.7 PL 2.8 

PL 2.7: Nearshore environment of project site at low tide - Note semi-exposed seagrass and 

macro-algae in mid-latitude of frame and isolated Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) stand at 

left... 

PL 2.8: Nearshore environment of southwestern reaches of the ‘Laguna de Cantena’ Lagoon, 

looking west. 

2-30

PL 2.9 PL 2.10 

PL 2.9: Nearshore environment of ‘Laguna de Cantena’ Lagoon: Note calcerous white sand in 

beach environment and contiguous mangrove zone… 

PL 2.10: Littoral forest landward of mangrove zone from Laguna de Cantena: Note 

Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus), an ubiquitous mangrove associate in foreground… 

PL 2.11 PL 2.12 

PL 2.11: Disc Tree Halimeda (Halimeda copiosa) collected from nearshore areas of Laguna de 

Cantena… 

PL 2.12: Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinium) collected from nearshore seas bordering eastern 

side of project site. 

2-31

PL 2.13 PL 2.14 

PL 2.13: Manatee Grass (Syringodium filiforme) found in nearshore environment immediately 

off eastern beaches of project site… 

PL 2.14: Sea Fan (Gorgonia vetalina) found stranded on eastern beaches of property… 

PL 2.15 PL 2.16 

PL 2.15: Bushy Sargassum (Sargassum polycerathum) found in nearshore waters immediately 

off eastern beaches of project site… 

PL 2.16: Shag Carpet Algae (Dasycladus vermicularis) found growing in dense profusion on a 

piece of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) root in the nearshore environment of the 

southwestern reaches of the Laguna de Cantena off the northern borders of the property. 

2-32

PL 2.17 PL 2.18 

PL 2.17: Mid-latitude beach environment on eastern side of property – Note degree of dry and 

decomposing seagrass litter on beach berm… 

PL 2.18: Area described as the ‘Littoral Forest Seaward Consolidated Berm’ in the narrative – 

Note secondary growth in foreground and coconut dominated littoral forest in background… 

PL 2.19 PL 2.20 

PL 2.19: Area described as ‘Littoral Forest Mid-Latitude Berm’ – Note Sea Grape (Coccolaba 

uvifera)… 

PL 2.20: Area described as ‘Littoral Forest Lagunal Berm’ in narrative – Note thick profusion 

of mangroves in background of frame. 

2-33

PL 2.21 PL 2.22 

PL 2.21: Stakes or ‘brush sticks’ harvested from area of Mid-latitude Berm… 

PL 2.22: Northern portion of beach at low tide on eastern side of property – Note ‘Wrack 

Line’ of bio-debris deposited from the receding tide, note also exposed seagrass in the middle 

ground of the frame. 

2.3.1.2 Fauna 

The invertebrate phyla and the vertebrate classes found in the area have been listed in Tables 

2.3 – 2.7. The faunal assemblage listed by both Brimshaw and Paz, as well as the Tunich Nah 

Survey Team are in no way an exhaustive audit of the species found in the area, but simply 

represent an output of the work done thus far. The Tunich Nah effort was based on a Rapid 

Ecological Assessment of the area, and is thus inherently limited in the discovery that would be 

made. 

The Tunich Nah effort was has been convened to yield a representative portfolio of the nature 

of the habitat and the range of species present, with the evaluating how these systems and 

species would be impacted by the currently proposed development, and vice versa. 

The cataloguing of the faunal assemblages by Grimshaw and Paz [2004] relates to the greater 

Bacalar Chico National park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR] which covers an area of 28,169 

acres, 12,640 acres of which are wetlands, terrestrial areas and lagoons, and 15,520 acres of 

which are coastal waters or the sea ‘proper’ [Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. 

The total area of the titled property for the proposed development is 185 acres: This includes 

the ‘highlands’ or truly terrestrial portion, the mangrove wetlands and a portion of the Laguna 

de Cantena. The area of the littoral forest and beach environment is 48 acrea or 26%, while that 

of the intertidal mangroves is 43 acres or 23%, and that of the lagoonal portion of the property 

is 94 acres or 51% of the total quantum of the title. 

2-34

The area of the coastal waters as defined by the latitude of the northern and southern 

boundaries of the property and running from the shoreline to the reef crest is 405 acres. 

The ratio of the area of the terrestrial habitats, and wetlands and lagoons of the property to 

these habitats in the greater BCNP/MR is approximately 1.5%. The ratio of the coastal seas of 

the immediate project area to the waters of the greater BCNP/MR is approximately 2.6%. The 

ratio of property boundaries and coastal seas to the greater BCNP/MR is approximately 2.1%. 

2.3.1.2.1 Invertebrates 

The invertebrates found in the area have been listed in Table 2.3. Grimshaw and Paz [2004] 

have cited the existence of 145 species in the overall BCNP/MR whereas the Tunich Nah 

Survey Team has documented 60 species [See Table 2.3]. Grimshaw and Paz [2004] have cited 

the existence 44 species of hard corals and 24 species of soft corals [SeeTable 2.3]. The Tunich 

Nah Survey Team has documented 16 species of Hard Corals and 7 Species of Soft Corals [See 

Table 2.3]. Two (2) of the species of soft corals documented by the Tunich Nah Survey were 

not previously recorded by Grimshaw and Paz [2004] (See Table 2.3). 

The Tunich Nah Survey Team documented representatives from six (6) invertebrate phyla. 

These included: the Cnidarians or Jellyfishes and corals, the Poriferans or sponges, the 

Molluscans which includes the conch, as well as the Crustaceans which includes the crabs and 

lobsters, the Ehinodermatans which includes the star-fishes, and the Annelidans or earthworm 

group. 

In terms of the molluscs, the Horse Conch (Pleuroplanca gigantean) was found in the 

nearshore seagrass beds in front of the property [See PL’s 2.23 & 2.24]. The Periwinkle 

(Littorina angulifera) was found in some abundance in the nearshore waters of the Laguna de 

Cantena [See PL 2.27]. A scientifically undescribed bivalve mollusc was also collected from 

the Laguna de Cantena [See PL 2.28]. 

One of the most frequently encountered crustacean on land was the Soldier Crabs (Calcinus 

tibicen) which was found throughout the littoral forest floor [See PL 2.25]. 

In terms of the crustacean assemblage, the Sally Lightfoot Crab (Graspus sp.) and the familiar 

Large Land Crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) were also encountered in the littoral forest and the 

beach environment [See Table 2.3]. 

The most abundant invertebrates encountered were the corals. The large reef-building forms or 

Hard Corals such as the Boulder Star Coral (Montastrea annulari), the Pillar Coral (Dendrogyra 

cylindricus) and the Mustard Hill Coral (Porites astreoides) were prominent in the shallow 

fore-reef and back-reef areas [See Tabole 2.3] 

2-35

Table 2.3: Invertebrates including corals found in and around the project site. 

Common Scientific Name Obs. BCMP Environment 

Name or Local 

Tunich Nah Survey 

Name 

Jellyfishes and 

Fire Corals 

Team 

Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp. ☺ ☺ MLBL 

Sea Wasp Carybdea sp. ☺ 

Sea Wasp Chiropsalmus sp. ☺ 

Upside-Down Cassiopeia 

☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Jellyfish xamachana 

Portuguese 

Man-of War 

Physalia physalia ☺ ☺ NSSGB, BH 

Colonial 

Anemone 

Palythoa ☺ 

Sun Anemone Stoichactus 

helianthus 

☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Giant 

Caribbean 

Anemone 

Ringed 

Anemone 

Flat Topped 

Fire Coral 

Encrusting Fire 

Coral 

Crenelated Fire 

Coral 

Condyiaclis wantea ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Bartholomea 

annulata 

☺ 

Millepora complanta ☺ ☺ RF, BR 

Millepora squarrosa ☺ 

Millepora alcicornis ☺ ☺ BR 

Sponges or 

Poriferans 

Black Chimney 

Sponge 

Pellina carbonaria ☺ ☺ SFR, TC, BR 

Loggerhead Spheciospong 

☺ 

Sponge vesparium: 

Branching Vase Callyspongia 

☺ ☺ SFR, TC 

Sponge vaginalis 

Fire Sponge Tedania ignis ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Brown Tube 

Sponge 

Branching Tube 

Sponge 

Aplysina fistularis ☺ ☺ SFR 

Pseudoceratina 

crassa 

2-36 

☺ ☺ SFR, TC

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 

Netted Barrel 

Sponge 

Molluscs 

Queen Conch, 

Pink Roller 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-37 

BCMP 

Survey 

Verongula gigantean ☺ ☺ SFR 

Environment 

Strombus gigas ☺ ☺ BRSGB, MLSG 

NSSGB 

Milk Conch Strombus costatus ☺ ☺ BRSGS 

Rooster-tail 

Conch 

Strombus gallus ☺ 

Hawkswing 

Conch 

Strombus raninus ☺ 

West-Indian 

Fighting Conch 

Strombus pugilis ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Atlantic Carrier Xenophora 

☺ 

Shell 

canchyliophora 

West Indian 

Turban Shell 

Cittarium pica ☺ 

Tulip Shell Fasciolaria tulipa ☺ ☺ MLSG, NSSGB 

Horse Conch Pleuroploca 

gigantean 

☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Emperor Cassis 

☺ ☺ BRSGB 

Helmet madagascariensis 

Royal Triton Charonia variegate ☺ 

Scotch Bonnet Phalium granulatum ☺ 

Atlantic 

Partridge Tun 

Tonna maculosa ☺ 

Long-spined 

Star-shell 

Astraea phoebia ☺ 

Moon Snail Polinices sp ☺ 

Common 

Atlantic Bubble 

Bulla striata ☺ ☺ BR, RF 

Flamingo 

Tongue 

Cyphoma gibbosum ☺ ☺ RF 

Caribbean Vase Vasum muricatum ☺ 

West Indian 

Crown Conch 

Melongena 

melongena 

☺

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-38 

BCMP 

Survey 

Nerites Nerita sp. ☺ ☺ BR 

Tessellate 

Nerite 

Nerita tessellata ☺ 

Four-toothed 

Nerite 

Nerita versicolor ☺ 

Bleeding Tooth Nertia peloronta ☺ ☺ RF, BR 

Cayenne 

Keyhole Limpet 

Diodora cayensis ☺ 

Spotted Sea 

Hare 

Aplysia dactylomela ☺ 

Cross-barred 

Venus 

Chione cancellata ☺ 

Flat Tree Oyster Isognomon alatus ☺ 

Crustaceans 

Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus ☺ ☺ RF, TC 

Slipper Lobster Scyllarides species ☺ 

Spotted Spiney 

Lobster 

Panulirus guttatus ☺ 

American Pink 

Shrimp 

Panaeus duorarum ☺ 

White Shrimp Panaeus sp. ☺ 

Mantis Shrimps Squilla sp. ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Common Watchman 

Shrimp 

Snapping 

Shrimps 

Sponge 

Shrimps 

Patonia mexicana ☺ 

Alpheus sp. ☺ 

Synalpheus sp. ☺ 

Environment 

Common 

Cleaner Shrimp 

Stenopus hispidus ☺ ☺ TC 

Blue Crab Callinectes sp. ☺ ☺ NSSGB

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-39 

BCMP 

Survey 

Coral Crab Carpilius corallinus ☺ 

Stone Crab Menippe mercenaria ☺ 

Environment 

Large Reef 

Spider Crab 

Mithrax sp. ☺ ☺ TC, SFR 

Shamefaced or 

Box Crab 

Calappa sp. ☺ 

Spotted 

Porcelain Crab 

Porcellana sayana ☺ 

Arrow Crab Stenorhynchus 

seticornis 

☺ ☺ RF, BR 

Giant Decorator Stenocionopus 

☺ 

Crab 

turcata 

Sally Lightfoot 

Crab 

Graspus sp ☺ ☺ BH 

Red Hermit 

Crab 

Petrochirus Diogenes ☺ ☺ LF 

Large Land 

Crab 

Cardisoma guanhumi ☺ ☺ LF 

Goose Barnacle Lepas anatifera ☺ 

Echinoderms 

Reticulated Sea 

Star 

Oreaster reticulatus ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Beaded Sea Star Astropecten 

articulates 

☺ 

Sea Egg Tripneustes 

ventricosus 

☺ 

Green Sea 

Urchin 

Lytechinus variegatus ☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Long Spined 

Black Urchin 

Diadema antillarum ☺ ☺ RC, RF 

Sea Pussy Meomaventricosa ☺ 

Donkey Dung 

Sea Cucumber 

Burrowing Sea 

Cucumber 

Holothuria mexicana ☺ ☺ TC, MLSG 

Holothuria arenicola ☺

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 

Beaded Sea 

Cucumber 

Annelids 

Christmas Tree 

Worm 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-40 

BCMP 

Survey 

Euapta lappa ☺ 

Spirobranchus 

giganteus 

Environment 

☺ ☺ RF, BR, TC 

Reef-building 

or Hard Corals 

S tagh o rn Co ral Acropora cervicornis ☺ ☺ RF, BR 

E lk h o rn Co ral Acropora palmata ☺ ☺ RC, RF, SFR 

F u sed S tag h o rn Acropora prolifera ☺ 

L ettu ce Co ral Agaricia agaricites ☺ ☺ SFR, BR, TC 

F rag ile S au cer 

C o ral 

Agaricia fragilis ☺ 

L o w R elief Agaricia humilis ☺ 

L ettu ce C o ral 

L am arck 's S h eet 

Co ral 

Agaricia lamarcki ☺ 

T h in L eaf 

L ettu ce Co ral 

Agaricia tenuifolia ☺ 

L ettu ce Co ral Agaricia purpurea ☺ ☺ BR 

S cro ll C o ral Agaricia undata ☺ 

S cro ll C o ral Agaricia undata ☺ 

S u n ray L ettu ce 

C o ra 

B lu sh in g S tar 

C o ral 

S m o o th F lo w er 

C o ral 

K n o b b y B rain 

Co ral 

G ro o v ed B rain 

Co ral 

S y m m etrical 

B rain C o ral 

Leptoseris cucullata ☺ 

Stephanocoenia 

michelinii 

☺ 

Eusmilia fastigiata ☺ ☺ BR 

Diplora clivosa ☺ ☺ RF, BR, SFR 

Diplora 

labyrinthiformes 

☺ ☺ SFR, RF 

Diplora strigosa ☺ ☺ BR

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 

B o u ld er S tar 

Co ral 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-41 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

Montastrea annularis ☺ ☺ RF, BR, TC 

G reat S tar C o ral Montastrea cavernosa ☺ 

R o se C o ral Manicina areolata ☺ 

G o lfb all C o ral Favia fragum ☺ ☺ BR, NSSGB 

S m o o th S tar 

C o ral 

Solenastrea bournoni ☺ 

K n o b b y S tar 

C o ral 

Solenastrea hyades ☺ ☺ BR 

P illar Co ral Dendrogyra cylindrus ☺ ☺ BR, SFR 

E llip tical S tar 

C o ral 

Dichocoenia stokesii ☺ 

M aze C o ral Meandrina 

meandrites 

☺ 

R o u g h S tar 

C o ral 

Isophyllastrea rigida ☺ 

S in u o u s C actu s 

Co ral 

Isophyllia sinuosa ☺ 

K n o b b y C actu s 

C o ral 

Mycetophyllia aliciae ☺ 

R o u g h C actu s 

C o ral 

Mycetophyllia ferox ☺ 

L o w rid g e Mycetophyllia 

☺ 

C actu s Co ral danaana 

R id g ed C actu s Mycetophyllia 

☺ 

C o ral 

lamamarckiana 

S p in y F lo w er 

C o ral 

Mussa angulosa ☺ 

A tlantic 

M u sh ro o m 

C o ral 

Scolymia lacera ☺ 

L esser S tarlet Siderastrea radians ☺ 

C o ral L esser S tarlet C o ral 

M assiv e S tarlet 

Co ral 

Siderastrea siderea ☺ ☺ SFR, RF, BR 

F in g er Co ral Porites porites ☺ ☺ RF, BR

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 

M u stard H ill 

co ral 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-42 

BCMP 

Survey 

Porites astreoides ☺ ☺ RF, BR 

--- Porites furcata ☺ 

H o n eyco m b 

P late C o ral 

Porites colonensis ☺ 

--- Porites divaricata ☺ ☺ BR 

T en -R ay S tar 

C o ral 

Madracis decactis ☺ 

Y ello w P en cil 

Co ral 

Madracis mirabillis ☺ 

S tar C o ral Madracis pharensis ☺ 

Soft Corals 

E n cru stin g 

G o rg o n ian 

Caribaeorum ☺ 

D eep w ater S ea 

F an 

Schrammi ☺ 

C o rk y S ea 

F in g er 

Asbestinum ☺ ☺ BR, TC 

W arty S ea R o d Calyculata ☺ 

D o u g h n u t S ea 

R o d 

Fusca ☺ 

S w o llen -K n o b 

S ea R o d 

Mammosa ☺ ☺ BR 

S h elf-K n o b S ea 

R o d 

Succinea ☺ 

--- Tourneforti ☺ 

--- ucicea atlantica ☺ 

O rang e S p in y 

S ea R o d 

ucicea elongata ☺ 

D elicate S p in y 

S ea R o d 

ucicea laxa ☺ 

S p in y S ea R o d Ucicea muricata ☺ 

R o u g h S ea 

P lu m e 

uriceopsis flavida ☺ 

Environment

Common 

Name or Local 

Name 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-43 

BCMP 

Survey 

B en t S ea R o d Flexuosa ☺ 

B lack S ea R o d Homomalla ☺ 

S ilt-P o re S ea 

R o d 

G ian t S lit-P o re 

S ea R o d 

Grandiflora ☺ 

Nutans ☺ 

P o ro u s S ea R o d Porosa ☺ 

Environment 

V enu s S ea F an flavellum ☺ ☺ RF, BR, TC 

W id e-M esh S ea 

F an 

Mariae ☺ 

C o m m o n S ea 

F an 

Ventalina ☺ ☺ RF, TC 

S ea P lu m es Sp ☺ ☺ BR, TC 

B ip in n ate S ea 

P lu m e 

bipinnat ☺ 

A n g u lar S ea 

W h ip 

Anceps ☺ 

Corky Sea 

Finger 

Briareum asbestinum ☺ BR, TC, MLSG 

Soft Coral Plexaura flexuosa ☺ SFR, RF, BR 

Key: 



BH = Beach 







RC = Reef Crest

PL 2.23 PL 2.24 

PL 2.23: Horse Conch (Pleuroplanca gigantean) found in sea-grass beds off eastern beaches 

of project site… 

PL 2.24: Dorsal view of Horse Conch (Pleuroplanca gigantean)… 

PL 2.25 PL 2.26 

PL 2.25: Soldier Crabs (Calcinus tibicen) found in Littoral Forest of project site… 

PL 2.26: Tellin (Tellina sp.) found intertwined in Shag Carpet Algae (Dasycladus 

vermicularis) in nearhore areas of south-eastern extreme of the ‘Laguna de Cantena’ Lagoon. 

2-44

PL 2.27 PL 2.28 

PL 2.27: Periwinkle (Littorina angulifera) collected in the nearshore areas of the Laguna de 

Cantena where it borders the proposed project site… 

PL 2.28: Undescribed mussel found in the nearshore areas of the Laguna de Cantena where it 

borders the proposed project site. 

2.3.1.2.2 Vertebrates 

The documentation of vertebrate species by the Tunich Nah Survey Team entails both aquatic 

and terrestrial forms. This approach is consistent with the strategy adopted for the 

invertebrates. 

2.3.1.2.2.1 Fish 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] cited the existence of 144 species of vertebrate fish for the larger 

BCNP/MR [See Table 2.4]. The Tunich Nah Survey Team has documented the existence of 44 

species in the immediate project area 25 of which were not previously documented by 

Grimshaw and Paz in their 2004 endeavour [See Table 2.4]. 

The documentation of species by the Tunich Nah Team that were not listed by Grimshaw and 

Paz [2004] are a likely function of the scope for further work on species identification in the 

area. The situation is also a likely reflection of the species richness and in general robust health 

status of the ecosystems in the area. 

The Tunich Nah Survey Team did not detect any vertebrate fish species in the south-eastern 

portion of the Laguna de Cantena, which is in some measure a legal part of the 

2-45

Table 2.4: Fish Species Found in Project Area 


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

Sergeant Major Abudefduf 

saxatilis 

Doctorfish Acanthurus 

chirurgus 

2-46 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

☺ ☺ RF, BR 

☺ RF, SFR 

Reef Squirrelfish Adioryx coruscus ☺ ☺ TC, SFR 

Bonefish Albula vulpes ☺ 

Hawkfish Amblycirritus 

pinos 

☺ 

Flamefish Apogon 

maculatus 

☺ 

Bronze Cardinalfish Astropagon 

alutus 

☺ 

Silverside Athermomorus 

stipes 

☺ 

Queen Trigger Balistes vetula ☺ ☺ NSSGB, TC 

Peacock Flounder Bothus lunatus ☺ ☺ RF 

Orangespotted Cantherhinus ☺ ☺ TC, SFR, 

Filefish 

pullus 

MLBL 

Blue Runner Caranx crysos ☺ ☺ BR, BRSGB 

Horse-eye Jack Caranx latus ☺ 

Bull Shark Carcharhinus 

leucas 

Nurse Shark Ginglymostoma 

cirratum 

Spadefish Chaetodipterus 

faber 

Spotfin Butterflyfish Chaetodon 

ocellatus 

Striped Burrfish Chilomycterus 

schoepfi 

Dolphinfish Coryphaena 

hippurus 

Masked Goby Coryphopterus 

personatus 

☺ ☺ RF, BRSGB 

☺ 

☺ RF 

☺ SFR, RF 

☺ 

☺ SFR


Tunich 

Nah 

Atlantic Flyingfish Cypselurus 

heterurus 

Southern Stingray Dasyatis 

americana 

Team 

2-47 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

☺ ☺ NSSGB, 

BRSGB 

Porcupinefish Diodon hystrix ☺ ☺ RF 

Rock Hind Epinephalus 

adscensionis 

☺ ☺ SFR 

Red Hind Grouper Epinephalus 

gattatus 

☺ TC, SFR 

Jewfish Epinephalus 

itajara 

☺ 

Nassau Grouper Epinephalus 

striatus 

☺ RF 

Mojarra Eucinostomas sp. ☺ NSSGB 

Longspine 

falmmeo 

☺ SFR 

Squirrelfish marianus 

Yellowfin mojarra Gerres cinereus ☺ 

Fairy Basslet Gramma loreto ☺ SFR, RF 

Spotted Moray 

Gymnothorax 

moringa 

☺ RF 

Margate Haemulon album ☺ SFR, RF 

Small Mouth Grunt Haemulon 

☺ NSSGB, 

chrysargyreum 

BRSGB 

Cottonwick Haemulon 

melanurum 

☺ RF 

Blue-Striped Grunt Haemulon sciurus ☺ BRSGB 

Yellowhead Wrasse 

Rainbow Wrasse 

Scaled Sardine 

Seahorse 

Halichoeres 

garnotti 

Halichoeres 

pictus 

Harengula 

jaguana 

Hippocampus sp. 

☺ RF, RC 

☺ RF 

☺ 

☺ TC


Tunich 

Nah 

Long jaw 

Squirrelfish 

Queen Angelfish 

Hamlet 

Holocentrus 

ascensionis 

Holacanthus 

ciliaris 

Hypoplectus sp. 

Dwarf Herring Jenkensia 

(Sprat) 

lamprotaenia 

Bermuda Chub 

Kyphosus 

sectatrix 

Honeycomb Cowfish Lactophrys 

polygonia 

Trunkfish 

Lactophrys 

trigonus 

Candy Bass 

Liopropoma 

carmabi 

Crested Goby 

Lophogobius 

eyprinoides 

Schoolmaster 

Snapper 

Lutjanus apodus 

Grey Snapper 

Lutjanus griseus 

Rock Hind 

Red Hind Grouper 

Jewfish 

Nassau Grouper 

Mahogany Snapper 

Sand Tilefish 

Tarpon 

Yellowtail 

damselfish 

Yellow Goatfish 

Epinephalus 

adscensionis 

Epinephalus 

gattatus 

Epinephalus 

itajara 

Epinephalus 

striatus 

Lutjanus 

mahogoni 

Malacanthus 

plumieri 

Megalops 

atlanticus 

Microspathodon 

chrysurus 

Mulloidichthys 

martinicus 

Team 

☺ SFR 

2-48 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

☺ RF, SFR 

☺ SFR 

☺ NSSGB 

☺ RF 

☺ BR, BRSGB 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ RF, BR, 

BRSGB 

☺ NSSGB 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ RF, SFR 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ BR


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

Rockfish Grouper 

Mycteroperca 

bonaci 

Yellowfin Grouper 

Mycteroperca 

venenosa 

Yellowtail Snapper 

Ocyurus 

chrysurus 

Yellowhead Jawfish Opistognathus 

Glassy Sweeper 

Sailfin Molly 

French Angelfish 

Beaugregory 

Three Spot 

Damselfish 

Spotted Goatfish 

Soapfish 

Blue Parrotfish 

Rainbow Parrotfish 

Queen Parrotfish 

Reef Scorpionfish 

Look Down 

Harlequin Bass 

aurifrons 

Pempheris 

schomburgki 

Poecilia latipinna 

Pomacanthus 

paru 

Pomacentrus 

leucostictus 

Pomacentrus 

planifrons 

Pseudopeneus 

maculatus 

Rypticus sp. 

Scarus coeruleus 

Scarus 

guacamaia 

Scarus vetula 

Scorpaena 

caribbaeus 

Selene vomer 

Serranus tigrinus 

Red-tailed Parrotfish 

Sparisoma 

chrysopterum 

Redfin Parrotfish 

Sparisoma 

rubripinne 

Southern Puffer Sphoeroides 

nephelus 

2-49 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ BR, BRSGB 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺ ☺ RF 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 


☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺ 

☺ 

☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

Checkered Puffer 

Sphoeroides 

Great Hammerhead 

Shark 

Pipefish 

Red Lizardfish 

testudineus 

Sphyrna 

mokarran 

Syngnathus sp. 

Synodus synodus 

2-50 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

Permit 

Trachinotus 

falcatus 

☺ 

Yellow Stingray 

Urolophus 

jamaicensis 

☺ ☺ NSSGB 

Ocean Surgeonfish Acanthuirus 

bahianus 


Blue Tang Acanthurus 

coeruleus 

☺ ☺ RF 

Spotted Eagle Ray Aetoboatus 

narinari 

☺ 

Scrawled Filefish Aluterus scriptus ☺ ☺ TC 

Black Margate Anisotremus 

surinamensis 

☺ ☺ SFR, RF 

Bridled Cardinalfish Apogon 

aurolineatus 

☺ 

Sea Bream Archosargus 

rhomboidals 

☺ 

Conchfish Astrapogon 

stellatus 

☺ 

Spanish Hogfish Bodianus rufus ☺ 

Saucereye Porgy Calamus calamus ☺ 

Sharpnose Puffer Canthigaster 

rostrata 

☺ ☺ TC 

Crevalle Jack Caranx hippos ☺ ☺ BRSGB 

Bar Jack Caranx ruber ☺ ☺ BR, BRSGB 

Black Tip Shark Carcharhinus 

limbatus 

☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

Snook Centropomus 

undecimalis 

Four-eye 

Chaetodoncapistr 

Butterflyfish atu 

Banded Butterflyfish Chaetodon 

striatus 

2-51 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ RF 

Blue Chromis Chromis cyaneus ☺ ☺ RF, RC 

Bridled Goby Coryphopterus 

glaucofraenum 

Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon 

variegatus 

Flying Grunard Dactylopterus 

volitans 

Balloonfish Diodon 

holocanthus 

Shark Sucker Echeneis 

naucrates 

Graysby Epinephalus 

cruentatus 

Coney Epinephalus 

fulvus 

Red Grouper Epinephalus 

mario 

Jackknife Fish Equetus 

lanceolatus 

Cornetfish Fistularia 

tabacaria 

Tiger Shark Galeocerdo 

cuvieri 

Neon Goby Gobiosoma 

oceanops 

Green Moray Gymnothorax 

funebris 

Purple Mouth Moray Gymnothorax 

vicinus 

Tomate Haemulon 

aurolineatum 

French Grunt 

Haemulon 

flavolineatum 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ TC, RF 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ RF, BR 

☺ ☺ RF 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Team 

White Grunt Haemulon 

plumieri 

Slippery Dick 

Halichoeres 

bivittatus 

Clown Wrasse 

Halichoeres 

maculipinna 

Puddingwife 

Halichoeres 

Ballyhoo 

Squirrelfish 

Longspine 

Squirrelfish 

Rock Beauty 

Indego Hamlet 

Chub 

Hogfish 

Scrawled Cowfish 

Perpermint Bass 

Triple-tail 

Mutton Snapper 

Cubera Snapper 

Dog Snapper 

Graysby 

Coney 

Red Grouper 

radiatus 

Hemiramphus 

brasiliensis 

Holocentrus sp. 

Holocentrus rufus 

Holacanthus 

tricolor 

Hypoplectus 

indego 

Kyphosus sp. 

Lachnolaimus 

maximus 

Lactophrys 

quadricornis 

Liopropoma 

rubre 

Loliotes 

surinamensis 

Lutjanus analis 

Lutjanus 

cyanopterus 

Lutjanus jocu 

Epinephalus 

cruentatus 

Epinephalus 

fulvus 

Epinephalus 

mario 

2-52 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ RF 

☺ 

☺ ☺ TC 

☺ TC, SFR 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺ ☺ RC 

☺ ☺ BR, RF 

☺ ☺ BRSGB 

☺ ☺ BR 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

SFR, BR, 

BRSGB 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Jackknife Fish 

Lane Snapper 

Atlantic Manta 

Black Durgon 

White Mullet 

Goldentail Moray 

Tiger Grouper 

Lemon Shark 

Shortnose Batfish 

Creole Fish 

Freckled 

Cardinalfish 

Gray Angelfish 

Dusky Damselfish 

Bicolor Damselfish 

Cocoa Damselfish 

Southern Guitarfish 

Midnight Parrotfish 

Striped Parrotfish 

Princess Parrotfish 

Cero 

Equetus 

lanceolatus 

Lutjanus synagris 

Manta birostris 

Melichthys niger 

Mugil curema 

Muraena miliaris 

Mycteroperca 

tigris 

Negaprion 

brevirostris 

Ogcocephalus 

nasutus 

Paranthias fucifer 

Phaeoptyx 

conklini 

Pomacanthus 

arcuatus 

Pomacentrus 

fuscus 

Pomascentrus 

partitus 

Pomacentrus 

variabilis 

Rhinoboutos 

percellens 

Scarus 

coelestinus 

Scarus croicensis 

Scarus 

taeniopterus 

Scomberomorus 

regalis 

Team 

2-53 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ BR, BRSGB 

☺ 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ SFR 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ RC, RF 

☺ 

☺


Tunich 

Nah 

Plumed Scorpionfish 

Greater Amberjack 

Redband Parrotfish 

Bucktooth Parrotfish 

Stoplight Parrotfish 

Bandtail Puffer 

Great Barracuda 

Redfin Needlefish 

Lizardfish 

Bluehead Wrasse 

Houndfish 

Key: 

Scorpaena 

grandicornis 

Seriola dumerili 

Sparisoma 

aurofrenatum 

Sparisoma 

radians 

Sparisoma viride 

Sphoeroides 

spengleri 

Sphyraena 

barracuda 

Strongylura 

notata 

Synodus sp. 

Thalassoma 

bifasciatum 

Tylosurus 

crocodilus 



BH = Beach 







RC = Reef Crest 

Team 

2-54 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

SFR, BR, 

BRSGB 

☺ 

☺ ☺ RF 

☺

description of the property. The situation of the lack of fishlife in the lagoon has also been 

cited by Grimshaw and Paz [2004] as the experience of other authors. It would be very unlikely 

that there would be no fishlife in the lagoon, since although it is understandable that ecological 

functions of the lagoon would change over annual cycles and longer time frames, it is unlikely 

that the changes encountererd, including that of fishing pressures, would be of a magnitude or 

orientation to completely wiped out the fish stocks from the area [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

Much of the species encountered are stenohaline stocks that are incapable of withstanding 

freshwater influences and in general large shifts in salinity. The species encountererd by the 

Tunich Nah Survey Team, as well as those cited by Grimshaw and Paz [2004], typically 

includes reef species such as the Blue Tang (Acanthurus coeruleus), the Dog Snapper 

(Lutjanus jocu), and the Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus), as well as oceanic stocks such as 

the Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili), the Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and the 

Houndfish (Tylosurus crocodilus) [See Table 2.4]. 

Much of the euryhaline species, which can adjust to low salinity circumstances, and which can 

tolerate relatively wide variations in salinity, that were listed by Grimshaw and Paz [2004] 

were not seen or reported anectdotally by the Tunich Nah Survey Team for the proposed 

project area. These include species such as the Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), the Snook 

(Centropomus undecimalis) and the White Mullet (Mugil curema) [See Table 2.4]. 

The presence of euryhaline stocks in the Grimshaw and Paz endeavour [2004] relates to the 

fact that it is unlikely that these species were recorded in the immediate project area: Given the 

diversity of habitats and the expansive extent of the wider Bacalar Chico National Park and 

Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR], it is likely that the euryhaline stocks were documented or 

reported for some locale other than the current project site that would be characterized by low 

salinities and consequently significant freshwater inputs. 

2.3.1.2.2.2 Reptiles and Amphibians 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] cited the existence of 33 reptiles in the larger BCNP/MR: These 

included 15 species of snakes and 1 crocodilian [See Table 2.5]. The Tunich Nah Survey Team 

documented 5 species of reptiles, with 2 species of snakes and no crocodilian [See Table 2.5]. 

The limited number of reptilian species documented on the project site is a function of the size 

of the property, geography and ecological characterization. The property is a relatively thin 

strip of land with the sea on one side and a lagoon on the other. It’s geographic placement and 

size does not allow for the diversity and geographic extent of habitats that would allow for a 

wide array of species. 

The most abundant species documented by the Tunich Nah Team was the Wish-Willy, Spinytail 

Iguana (Ctenosaura similis), followed by the Smooth-Scaled Gecko 

2-55

Table 2.5 Reptiles and Amphibians 

Common Name Scientific Name Obs. Tunich 

LIZZARDS 

Mangrove Gecko Phylodactylus 

tuberculosus 

Smooth-Scaled Sphaerodactylus 

Gecko 

glaucus 

Lemurs Anole Norops (Anolis) 

lemurinus 

Yellow Fan Anole Norops (Anolis) 

limifrons 

Brown Anole, Bark Norops (Anolis) 

Anole 

sagrei 

Jesus Christ Lizard, Basiliscus 

Stripped Basilisk vittatus 

Wish-Willy, Spiny- Ctenosaura 

tail Iguana similis 

Yucatan Spiny Sceloporus 

Lizard 

chrysostictus 

Nah Team 

Skink Eumeces sp. 

(probably) 

schwartzei 

☺ 

Rainbow Ameiva Ameiva undulata ☺ 

Black-bellied 

Racerunner 

Cnemidophorus 

sp. (probably) 

gularis 

2-56 

BCMP Survey Environment 

☺ 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

LFLB, LFSCB, 

LFMLB 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ ☺ LFMLB, 

LFSCB 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

LdCLL, LFLB, 

LFMLB 

Weatherman 

SNAKES 

Aristelliger 

georgeensis 

☺ 

Blind Snake Leptotyphlops 

goudoti 

☺ 

Boa, Wowla Boa constrictor ☺ ☺ LFMLB 

Black Tailed Indigo Drymarchan 

☺ 

snake 

corasis 

Speckled Racer Drymobius 

margaritiferus 

☺ 

Mexican Tree Leptophis 

☺ 

Snake 

mexicanus 

Gray Vine Snake Oxybelis aeneus ☺ 

☺


Nah Team 


Green Vine Snake Oxybelis 

☺ ☺ LFMLB, 

fulgidus 

LFSCB 

Black-Headed 

Snake 

Tantilla canula ☺ 

Cat-eyed Snake Leptodeira 

frenata 

☺ 

Central American Leptodeira 

☺ 

Cat-eyed Snake septentrionalis 

Thunder and 

Lightning Snake, 

Cribo 

Spilotes pullatus ☺ 

Black-headed Tantilla 

☺ 

Snake 

schistosa 

Central American Thamnophis 

☺ 

Ribbon Snake proximus 

Coral Snake Micrurus 

diastema 

☺ 

Coral Snake 

CROCODILIDANS 

Micrurus 

nigrocinctus 

☺ 

Crocodile 

TURTLES 

Crocodylus 

acutus 

☺ 

Mud Turtle Kinosternon 

scorpioides 

☺ 

White-faced Mud Kinostermon 

☺ 

Turtle 

leucostomum 

Black Belly Turtle Rhinoclemys 

areolata 

☺ 

Loggerhead Sea 

Turtle 

Caretta caretta ☺ 

Hawksbill Sea Eretmochelys 

☺ 

Turtle 

AMPHIBIANS 

imbricata 

Marine Toad Bufo marinus ☺ ☺ LFLB 

Gulf Coast Toad Bufo valliceps ☺ 

Key: BB = Beach Berm 




LFMLB = Littoral Forest Mid-Lattitude Berm 

2-57

(Sphaerodactylus glaucus) [See Table 2.5]. The Green Vine Snake (Oxybelis fulgidus) was 

also fairly frequently encountered [See Table 2.5]. 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] cited the existence of two (2) species of amphibians for the larger 

BCNP/MR area [See Table 2.5]. Only one (1) species of Amphibian was documented by the 

Tunich Nah Survey Team: This was the Marine Toad (Bufo marinus) [See Table 2.5]. The 

paucity of amphibian species in a coastal/marine environment is typical, it is unlikely however 

that the two (2) species cited by Grimshaw and Paz [2004] is the full extent of the species 

portfolio in the area given the overall size of the BCNP/MR and the diversity of habitats, some 

of which are know to be suitable for colonization by amphibians [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

2.3.1.2.2.3 Mammals 

Grimshaw and Paz [2004] have documented the existence of 31 mammalian species, including 

marine mammals, for the larger BCNP/MR [See Table 2.6]. The Tunich Nah Survey Team 

documented 3 species of mammals for the proposed project site [See Table 2.6]. Although the 

Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) would be a likely inhabitant of the project area, none 

was observed by the Tunich Nah Team [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

The mammalian species most frequently encountered species by the Tunich Nah Team was the 

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) [See Table 2.6]. This was probably a function of the availability of 

food in the form of the Large Land Crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) [Pers. comm., G. Myvett]. 

2-58

Table 2.6: Mammals 


Four-Eyed 

Opossum 

Philander 

(Metachirops) 

opossum 

Tamandua 

mexicana 


Nah Team 

☺ ☺ LFLB, LFMLB 

Ant Bear, 

Tamandua 

☺ 

Gibnut Agouti paca ☺ 

Spiny Pocket 

Mouse 

Hispid Cotton 

Rat 

Mexican 

Porcupine 

Heteromys 

gaumeri 

Sigmodon 

hispidus 

Sphiggurus 

(Coendou) 

mexicannus 

☺ ☺ LFMLB 

Yucatan Squirrel Sciurus 

sp.(probably) 

deppei 

☺ 

Black-eared 

Rice Rat 

Oryzomys couesi ☺ 

Slender Harvest Reithrodontomys 

☺ 

Mouse 

gracilis 

Grey Fox Urocyon 

cinereoargenteus 

☺ 

Raccoon Procyon lotor ☺ ☺ LdCLL, LFSCB, 

LFMLB 

Ocelot Leopardis 

(Felis) pardalis 

☺ 

Jaguar Panthera (Felis) 

onca 

☺ 

Puma, Mountain Puma (Felis) 

☺ 

Lion 

concolor 

Bush dog, Grayheaded 

Tayra 

Eira barbara ☺ 

Cocomistle or Bassariscus 

☺ 

Ring-tail Cat 

Martucha, 

Kinkajou, 

Nightwalker 

2-59 

☺ 

☺ 

sumichrasti 

Patos flavus ☺


Nah Team 


Quash, 

Coatimundi, 

White-nosed 

Coati 

Nasua nasua ☺ 

Jaguarundi, Herpailurus 

☺ 

Halar 

(Felis) 

yagouaroundi 

Margay Leopardis 

(Felis) wiedii 

☺ 

Greater Grison, 

Grisón 

Galictis vittata ☺ 

White-Lipped 

Peccary, Warrie 

Tayassu pecari ☺ 

Collared Peccary Tayassu tajacu ☺ 

Savanna Deer, 

White-Tail Deer 

Jamaican Fruiteating 

Bat 

Brazilian Largeeared 

Bat 

Pygmy Fruiteating 

Bat 

Common Tentmaking 

Bat 

Central 

American 

Yellow Bat 

Bottlenose 

Dolphin 

Odocoileus 

virginianus 

Artibeus 

jamaicensis 

Micronycteris 

mealotis 

Dermanura 

(Artibeus) 

phoeotis 

Uroderma 

bilobatum 

Rhogeessa 

tumida 

Tursiops 

truncatus 

Manatee Trichechus 

manatus 

Key: 

BB = Beach Berm 




LFMLB = Littoral Forest Mid-Latitude Berm 

2-60 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺

2.3.1.2.2.4 Avi-fauna or Birds 

The project site was richly invested with bird species. Grimshaw and Paz cited the existence of 

182 species of birds for the larger BCNP/MR [See Table 2.7]. The Tunich Nah Survey Team 

documented 52 species of birds for the project site: Seven (7) of these species have not been 

previously documented by Grimshaw and Paz [2004]. 

In 1995 Martin Meadows identified 186 species of birds in the Laguna de Cantena area of 

Bacalar Chico National Park. The survey by the Tunich Nah Team revealed that tropical 

Littoral forest supports three times (3x) the level of species as compared to the more central 

scrub forest. The Laguna de Cantena area is important for several Yucatan endemics such as 

the Red Vented Woodpecker (Malenerpes pymaeus), Yucatan Vireo (Vireo magister), and 

the Black Catbird (Melanoptila glarirostris). The lagoon is an important feeding area for 

wetland species such as Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens), Roseate Spoonbill Heron (Ajaia 

ajaja) and Wood Storks. Some mangrove cayes in the lagoon are roosting areas for over ten 

species (Meadows 1995). 

Fifteen (15) North American migrants were identified on the site, these observations all 

occurred at the end of bird migration period (Mar-May). The birds use the property and 

adjacent areas as feeding and roosting grounds. Olive Throated Parakeets (Aratinga nana) are 

reported by local fishers to nest in coconut palms. The key bird habitat observed on this site is 

the Beach/Littoral forest located along the shoreline that supports the Black Catbird 

(Melanoptila glabrirostris), which is endemic to Belize. 

2-61

Table 2.7: Birds Found in and Around the Project Area 


Tunich Nah 

Team 

L east G reb e Tachybaptus 

dominicus 

P ied -b illed G reb e Podilymbus 

podiceps 

B ro w n P elican Pelecanus 

occidentalis 

D o u b le crested Phalacrocorax 

C o rm o ran t 

auritus 

Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax 

brasilianus 

2-62 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

☺ ☺ 

Environment 

☺ ☺ v-V 

☺ 

☺ v-P 

A n h in g a Anhinga anhinga ☺ 

M ag n ificen t 

Fregata 

☺ ☺ v-V 

F rig atebird 

magnificens 

B are-th ro ated T ig er- Tigrisoma 

☺ 

H ero n 

mexicanum 

B o at-b illed H ero n Cochlearius 

cochlearius 

☺ 

C attle E g ret Bubulcus ibis ☺ 

G reen H ero n Butorides Butorides striatus 

virescens 

☺ ☺ c-P 

L ittle B lu e H ero n Egretta caerulea ☺ ☺ v-W 

G reat B lu e H ero n Ardea herodias ☺ c-V 

T rico lo red H ero n Egretta tricolor ☺ 

R ed d ish E g ret Egretta 

rufescens 

☺ 

G reat E g ret Ardea albus ☺ ☺ v-P 

W h ite Ib is Eudocimus albus ☺ 

R o seate S p o o n b ill Platalea ajaja ☺ 

W o o d S to rk Mycteria 

americana 

☺ 

T u rk ey V u ltu re Cathartes aura ☺


Tunich Nah 

Team 

L esser Y ello w -h ead ed Cathartes 

V u ltu re 

burrovianus 

2-63 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

Environment 

B lack V u ltu re Coragyps atratus ☺ ☺ v-P 

A m erican W ig eo n Anas americana 

☺ 

B lu e-w in g ed T eal 

Anas americana 

Anas discors ☺ 

L esser S cau p Aythya affinis ☺ 

O sp rey Pandion 

haliaetus 

☺ 

H o o k -b illed K ite C h o n d ro h ierax 

u n cin atu s 

☺ 

B lack -S h o u ld ered 

K ite 

Elanus caeruleus ☺ 

C ran e H aw k Geranospiza 

caerulescens 

☺ 

C o m m o n B lack - Buteogallus 

☺ ☺ u-P 

H aw k 

anthracinus 

R o adsid e H aw k Buteo 

magnirostris 

☺ 

C o m m o n N ig h th aw k Chordeiles 

minor 

☺ 

L esser N ig h th aw k Chordeiles 

acutipennis 

☺ 

C o m m o n P au raq u e Nyctidromus 

albicollis 

☺ 

T aw n y -C o llared Caprimulgus 

☺ 

N ig h tjar 

salvini 

C h im n ey S w ift Chaetura 

pelagica 

☺ 

V aux's S w ift Chaetura vauxi ☺ 

F o rk -T ailed E m erald Chlorostilbon 

canivetii 

C in n am o n 

H u m m in g b ird 

☺ 

Amazilia rutila ☺


Tunich Nah 

Team 

R u b y-th ro ated Archilochus 

H u m m in g b ird colubris 

Rufous 

Hummingbird 

Tailed 

B lack -h ead ed T ro g o n Trogon 

melanocephalus 

2-64 

BCMP 

Survey 

☺ 

Environment 

Amazilia tzacatl ☺ v-P 

B elted K in g fish er Ceryle alcyon ☺ 

G reen K in g fish er Chloroceryle 

americana 

☺ 

G o ld en -fro n ted Melanerpes 

☺ ☺ c-P 

W o o d p eck er 

aurifrons 

R ed -v en ted 

Melanerpes 

☺ 

W o o d p eck er 

pgymaeus 

Y ello w -b ellied Sphyrapicus 

☺ 

S ap su ck er 

varius 

L in eated W o o d p eck er Dryocopus 

lineatus 

☺ ☺ c-P 

C arib b ean E laenia Elaenia 

martinica 

☺ 

Y ello w -b ellied Elaenia 

☺ 

E laen ia 

flavogaster 

C o m m o n T o d y - Todirostrum 

☺ 

fly catch er 

cinereum 

L east fly catch er Empidonax 

minimus 

☺ 

Y u can tan F ly catch er Myiarchus 

yucatanensis 

☺ 

D u sk y -capp ed Myiarchus 

☺ ☺ c-p 

F ly catch er 

tuberculifer 

B ro w n C rested Myiarchus 

☺ 

F ly catch er 

tyrannulus 

G reat K isd ad ee Pitangus 

sulphuratus 

☺ ☺ v-P 

S o cial F ly catcher Mylozetates 

similis 

☺ ☺ v-P 

T ro p ical K in g b ird Tyrannus 

melancholicus 

☺ ☺ v-P 

E astern K in g b ird Tyrannus 

☺ 

M erlin 

P ereg rin e F alcon 

tyrannus 

Falco 

columbarius 

Falco peregrinus 

☺ 

☺ 

☺


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-65 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

P lain C h ach alaca Ortalis vetula ☺ 

Gray Necked Wood 

Rail 

R u fo u s-n ecked 

W o o d -R ail 

Aramides 

cajanea 

Aramides 

axillaris 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

f-P 

S o ra Porzana carolina ☺ 

C o m m o n M o o rh en , 

T ap -n a-ch ick 

Gallinula 

chloropus 

C lapp er R ail 

A m erican C o o t 

L im p k in 

Rallus 

longirostris 

Fulica 

americana 

amus guarauna 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

A m erican G o ld en - 

P lo v er 

B lack -b ellied P lo v er 

S em ip alm ated P lo v er 

W ilso n 's P lo v er 

K illd eer 

B lack -n eck ed S tilt 

Black-necked Stilt 

W h im b rel 

L o n g -b illed C u rlew 

U p land S and p ip er 

G reater Y ello w legs 

L esser Y ello w leg s 

Pluvialis 

dominica 

Pluvialis 

squatarola 

Charadrius 

semipalmatus 

Charadrius 

wilsonia 

Charadrius 

vociferus 

Himantopus 

mexicanus 

Himantopus 

mexicanus 

Numenius 

phaeopus 

Numenius 

americanus 

Bartramia 

longicauda 

Tringa 

melanoleuca 

Tinga flavipes 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

f-W 

f-W 

l-P 

l-P 

f-W 

S o litary S and p ip er Tinga solitaria ☺ ☺ f-W 

W illet 

S p o tted S and p ip er 

Catoptrophorus 

semipalmatus 

Actitis macularia 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

u-W 

c-W 

R u d d y T u rn sto n e 

C o m m o n S n ip e 

S h o rt-b illed 

D o w itch er 

S an d erlin g 

Arenaria 

interpres 

Gallinago 

gallinago 

Limnodromus 

griseus 

Calidris alba 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

f-W 

S em ip alm ated 

S an d p ip er 

L east S and p ip er 

W estern S and p ip er 

Calidris pusilla 

Calidris 

minutilla 

Calidris mauri 

☺ ☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

u –T 

P arasitic Jaeg er 

L aug h in g G u ll 

Stercorarius 

parasiticus 

Larus atricilla ☺ 

☺ 

☺ v-V 

G u ll-b illed T ern Sterna nilotica ☺ 

☺


Tunich Nah 

Team 

2-66 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

C asp ian T ern Sterna caspia ☺ ☺ F 

L east T ern Sterna antillarum ☺ 

R o y al T ern Sterna maxima ☺ ☺ C,V 

S an d w ich T ern Sterna 

sandvicensis ☺ ☺ V,V 

B lu e-w in g ed W arb ler Vermivora pinus ☺ 

T enn essee W arb ler Vermivora 

peregrinaeop ygia 

☺ 

N o rth ern P aru la Parula 

americana 

☺ 

Y ello w /M an g ro v e Dendroica 

W arb ler 

petchia 

☺ 

M ag n o lia W arb ler Dendroica 

magnolia ☺ ☺ c-W 

C ap e M ay W arb ler Dendroica 

tigrina 

☺ 

B lack -th ro ated B lu e Dendroica 

W arb ler 

caerulescens 

☺ 

Y ello w -ru m p ed Dendroica 

W arb ler 

coronata 

☺ 

B lack -th ro ated G reen Dendroica vinens 

W arb ler 

☺ 

B lackb u rn ian W arb ler Dendroica fusca ☺ 

Y ello w -th ro ated Dendroica 

W arb ler 

dominica 

☺ 

P rairie W arb ler Dendroica 

discolor 

☺ 

P alm W arb ler Dendroica 

palmarum 

☺ 

B lack -p o ll W arb ler Dendroica 

striata 

☺ 

B lack an d W h ite Mniotilta varia 

W arb ler 

☺ ☺ c-W 

A m erican R ed start Setophaga 

ruticilla 

☺ 

P ro th o n o tary W arb ler Protonotaria 

eitrea 

☺ 

W o rm -eatin g W arb ler Helmitheros 

vermivorus 

☺ 

S w ain so n ’s W arb ler Limnothlyps 

swainsonii 

☺ 

O v en B ird Seiurus 

aurocapillus 

☺ 

N o rth ern W aterth ru sh Seiurus 

noveboracensis ☺ ☺ 

L o u isian a 

Seiurus motacilla 

W aterth ru sh 

☺ 

K entu ck y W arb ler Oporornis 

formosus 

☺ 

M o u rn in g W arb ler Oporornis 

philadelphia 

☺ 

C o m m o n 

Geothylpis 

Y ello w th ro at 

trichas ☺ ☺ c-W 

G ray-cro w n ed Geothylpis 

Y ello w th ro u at poliocephala 

☺ 

H o o d ed W arb ler Wilsonia citrina ☺ ☺ c-W 

Y ello w -b reasted C h at Icteria virens ☺ 

P u rp le M artin Progne subis ☺ 

G ray-b reasted M artin Progne chalybea ☺


Tunich Nah 

T ree S w allo w 

M an g ro v e S w allo w 

N o rth R o u ch w in g 

S w allo w 

Tachycineta 

bicolor 

Tachycineta 

albilinea 

Stelgidopteryx 

serripennis 

Team 

2-67 

BCMP 

Survey 

B an k S w allo w Riparia riparia ☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

Environment 

C liff S w allo w 

B arn S w allo w 

Hirundo 

pyrrhonota 

Hirundo rustica 

☺ 

☺ 

P u rp le M artin Progne subis ☺ 

G ray-b reasted M artin 

T ree S w allo w 

M an g ro v e S w allo w 

N o rth R o u ch w in g 

S w allo w 

B an k S w allo w 

Progne chalybea 

Tachycineta 

bicolor 

Tachycineta 

albilinea 

Stelgidopteryx 

serripennis 

Riparia riparia 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

c-P 

c-W 

C liff S w allo w 

B arn S w allo w 

Hirundo 

pyrrhonota 

Hirundo rustica 

☺ 

☺ 

Lesser Swallow 

Tailed- Swift 

Y u catan Jay 

B lu e-g ray G n atcatch er 

V eery 

G ray-ch eeked T h ru sh 

S w ain so n ’s T h ru sh 

W o o d T h ru sh 

G ray C atb ird 

B lack C atb ird 

T ro p ical M o ckin g b ird 

W h ite-eyed V ireo 

Panyptila 

cayennensis 

Cyanocorax 

yucatanicus 

Polioptila 

caerulea 

Catharus 

fuscescens 

Catharus 

minimus 

Catharus 

ustulatus 

Hylocichla 

mustelina 

Dumetella 

cardolinensis 

Melanoptila 

glabrirostris 

Mimus gilvus 

Vireo griseus 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

l-P 

c-P 

M an g ro v e V ireo Vireo pallens ☺ ☺ c-P 

Y ello w -th ro ated V ireo 

R ed -eyed V ireo 

Vireo flavifrons 

Vireo olivaceus 

☺ 

☺ 

Y u catan V ireo 

R u fo u s-b ro w n ed 

P ep p ersh rik e 

W h ite-cro w n ed 

P ig eo n 

P ale V e n ted P ig eo n 

W h ite-w in g ed D o v e 

Vireosylva 

magister 

Cyclarhis 

gujanensis 

Columba 

leucocephala 

Columba 

cayennensis 

Zenaida asiatica 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

v-P 

u-P 

v-P 

C o m m o n G ro u n d - 

D o v e 

Columbina 

passerine 

☺


Tunich Nah 

C arib b ean D o v e 

O liv e-th ro ated 

P arak eet 

Y ello w -b illed C u ck o o 

L epto tila 

jam aicensis 

Coccyzus 

americanus 

Team 

2-68 

BCMP 

Survey 

Environment 

Aratinga nana ☺ 

☺ 

☺ c-P 

M an g ro v e C u ck o o Coccyzus minor 

☺ 

☺ 

S q u irrel C u cko o Piaya cayana ☺ 

G ro o v e-b illed A n i 

S m o o th -b illed A n i 

G reat H o rn ed O w l 

M o ttled O w l 

B an an a Q u it 

S u m m er T an ag er 

Crotophaga 

sulcirostris 

Crotophaga 

ani 

Bubo 

virginianus 

Ciccaba 

virgata 

Coereba 

flaveola 

Piranga rubra 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

S carlet T an ag er 

Blue Gray Tanager 

B lack -h ead ed S altato r 

R o se-b reasted 

G ro sb eak 

B lu e G ro sb eak 

In d ig o B u n tin g 

W h ite-collared 

S eed eater 

L in coln ’s S p arro w 

M elo d iu s B lack b ird 

Piranga 

olivacea 

Thraupis 

episcopus 

Saltator 

atriceps 

Pheucticus 

ludovicianus 

Guiraca 

caerulea 

Passerina 

cyanea 

Sporophila 

torqueola 

Melospiza 

lincolnii 

Dives dives 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

v-P 

G reat-tailed G rack le 

O ach ard O rio le 

H o o d ed O rio le 

Y ello w -b ack ed O rio le 

N o rth ern O rio le 

Quiscalus 

mexicanus 

Icterus 

spurious 

Icterus 

cucullatus 

Icterus 

chrysater 

Icterus galbula 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

v-P 

f-P 

Altamira Oriole Icterus gularis ☺ c-W 

Y ello w -b illed C aciq u e Amblycercus 

holosericeus ☺ ☺ c-P 

Key: 

Abundance 

v = very common c = common f = fairly common u = uncommon 

r = rare o = occasional l = uncommon locally but absent in other districts 

Seasonality 

P = permanent resident S = seasonal resident V = visitor T = Transient 

W = winter resident X = Known from only two records.

2.4 Conservation Issues 

The conservation issues in regards to the proposed undertaking relates to both conservation 

areas and species of special interest. The Bacalar Chico area is a National Park and Marine 

Reserve: Thus the title Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve [BCNP/MR]. 

Relatedly, in terms of the issue of ‘conservation area’ status, some of the neighbouring beaches 

have been identified as important nesting sites for sea turtles. 

In terms of species of special interest: There are ten (10) species existing in the larger 

BCNP/MR that have been classified as ‘threatened’ or ‘endangered’ [Grimshaw and Paz, 

2004]. 

2.4.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance 

There are a number of threatened and endangered species. These includes: sea turtles, 

crocodiles, marine mammals and birds. 

The sea turtles of relevance are the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle 

(Eretmochelys imbricata), and the Loggerhead (Caretta caretta). The beaches south of the 

proposed project area running from Robles to Rocky Point are an important nesting site for 

these species: This is especially relevant to the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the 

Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) [Grimshaw and Paz [2004]. It has been reported that the 

Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is only an occasional visitor to the beaches 

[Grimshaw and Paz, 2004]. The development activities, both during the construction and 

operational phases of the undertaking, should in no way interfere with the nesting activities on 

these beaches. 

There have been no reports of any use of the beaches of the project site for nesting activities 

for sea turtles. 

The Hawks Bill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is listed in Appendix I of the CITES 

Regulations which means that the species is threatened with extinction and is or would be 

affected by trade. Trade in the Hawks Bill (Eretmochelys imbricata) in compliance with the 

goals of the convention, must be accompanied by the strictest of regulations to ensure that the 

species is not further imperiled, and should only be authorized under exceptional circumstances 

[Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. The Fisheries Regulations were strengthened in 2003 in regards to 

the Hawks Bill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and sea turtles in general: SI 66 of 2002, Reg. 2 

prohibits the harvesting of sea turtles. Prior to this amendment in the Fisheries Act, harvest was 

regulated by size limits and closed season [Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. 

In addition to the issue of the harvesting and trade, the nesting sites the Hawks Bill Turtle 

(Eretmochelys imbricata) are also protected. SI 66 of 2002 Reg. 3 prohibits the taking of turtle 

egg or the interference with any nesting site(s). 

2-69

The CITES listing of the Hawks Bill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the follow-on national 

legislations derives from a recognition of the reduced number of individuals in the wild and the 

inferred or projected continuation in the decline of the population [Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. 

The perceived decline and degradation of the habitat of Turtle was also a valid consideration in 

relation to the subscription to principles of CITES and the consequent strengthening national 

legislations [Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. The proposed project is not designed in any way to 

impact, or erode the integrity of the nesting sites or aquatic habitat of the Hawks Bill 

(Eretmochelys imbricata), or indeed to in any way contribute to any perceived or real decline 

in the abundance or distribution of the species. 

Apart from the CITES Designation and national legislation, the Hawks Bill Turtle 

(Eretmochelys imbricata) is listed as “Critically Endangered” by IUCN. 

The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is also listed in Appendix I of CITES. All of the provisions 

relating to the Hawks Bill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in regard to CITES as well as 

national legislations also apply to the species. Allowances are made however for the utilization 

of the Green Turtle for cultural reasons: SI 66 of 2002 Reg. #5 stipulates that permission can 

be obtained form the Fisheries Administrator for those parties that would qualify [Pers. comm. 

G.Myvett]. 

The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is not known to nest in the Manatee Area or indeed the 

project area. It has been reported to be taken occasionally by fishermen in offshore areas. 

Apart form the CITES Designation and national legislation, the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 

is listed as “Endangered” by IUCN. 

Although the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) has not been seen at the project site 

during the survey efforts by the Tunich Nah Team, the ecological range certainly embraces the 

area. The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) has in fact been reported to range from 

Northern Ambergris Caye up to Bacalar Chico [Perkins, 1983; Smith 1995], as well as the 

Laguna de Cayo Frances [J. Garcia, pers, comm.] which lies to the south of the project site. 

The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES 

Regulations. The Forest Act also prohibits the hunting or exploitation of this species otherwise 

[Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. 

The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) has been listed as “Vulnerable” by IUCN. 

The proposed development is in no way designed to destroy, erode or to otherwise negatively 

impact the populations of crocodiles that may be found in the area. 

Although Manatees (Trichechus manatus) have been reported generally in the back reef areas 

or barrier lagoon of Ambergris Caye, the Tunich Nah Survey Team did not document any in 

the project area during the April/May 2006 site-specific survey. The 1995 and 1999 aerial 

surveys by the CZMA/I also did not identify the barrier lagoon in front of the site as a habitat 

for manatees. 

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The absence of manatees (Trichechus manatus) from the project area may be as a result of the 

fact that the area is not prime habitat for the species [Pers. comm. G. Myvett]. 

The Manatee (Trichechus manatus) has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES Regulations. 

The Manatee (Trichechus manatus) has been listed as “Vulnerable” in the IUCN Registry of 

species. 

In the zoological report for the “National Protected Areas Systems Plan for Belize” [Miller and 

Miller, 1995], mention was made of the vulnerability of the Black Catbird (Melanoptila 

glabrirostris). This bird is a regional endemic species with a narrow range that is limited to the 

east coast of the Yucatan and northeastern Belize [Phillips, 1986]. The latter is consistent with 

the citing of the species in the wider BCNP/MR area by Grimshaw and Paz [2004]. 

2.4.2 Conservation Areas 

The land, sea and lagoon of the project area fall within three (3) different zone within the 

BCNP/MR. The sea in front of the property falls within the Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve 

General Use Zone I [BCMR:GZ I] (See Fig. 2.4). The activities slated for this zone in regards 

to the proposed hotel and resort development, are all non-extractive in nature. This includes 

swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving, wind surfing and para-sailing. These should in no way 

conflict with the rules and regulations of the reserve. 

The land portion of the property falls within the boundaries of the National Park component of 

the ‘Protected Area’. The construction of the hotel and resort infrastructure and the associated 

activities associated with the commissioning of operations should not pose any conflicts with 

National Park designation since provisions are made for private land holding within the Park. 

This was in recognition of the fact that many of the private parcels predated the designation of 

the Park. 

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Fig. 2.4: BCNP/MR Zoning Scheme 

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2.5 Geology 

2.5.1 Regional Geology 

Belize straddles two (2) of the major morphometric units of Central America: These are the 

‘Sierras’ of northern Central America which runs into Belize as the Maya Mountains in the 

south, and the Yucatan Platform in the north. The Maya Mountains are a rugged area 

comprising of unmetamorphosed to slightly metamorphosed late Palaeozoic Sedimentary 

Rocks and granitic intrusions [James and Ginsburg 1979]. The Yucatan Platform in the north 

of Belize is underlain by low and flat-lying carbonate of Cenozoic age [James and Ginsburg 

1979]. This cenezoic limestone is overlained by a yoke of coastal plain sediments that includes 

Tertiary deposits in the east and some portions of the north [James and Ginsburg 1979]. 

2.5.2 Structural Geology 

There is no evidence of faulting at the proposed project site. The nearest fault line which is 

aligned in a north-north-east direction lies just east of the reef crest [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

This fault is not active [Purdy 2003] and is thus not expected to have any immediate impacts 

on the depositional or erosional processes of the project site [Pers. comm.., G. Myvett]. 

Ambergris Caye and in effect the proposed project site is a part of the Yucatan Platform. The 

area is formed from Pleistocene limestone bedrock, eroded over the years by rainfall and 

dissolution to form sinkholes and cenotes. A relict ridge forms the backbone of 

Ambergris Caye, and a raised beach ridge, 3 meters thick and 40-90 meters wide, runs along 

the east coast. This is covered by calcareous sand, except at Rocky Point, just south of the 

project site, where the bedrock is exposed. Robles Point is probably the highest natural 

elevation on the caye, where coral boulders have been piled into a 5 meter-high barrier 

by heavy wave action and storms. Elevations in the remainder of the area vary from 1-3 m 

[Smith 1995, Tebbutt 1975, and Ebanks 1975]. 

During the Pleistocene era, when sea levels were higher, much of what is now land on 

Northern Ambergris Caye was reef. Outcrops of fossilized reefs and associated communities 

can therefore be found throughout the area, especially in the central and western portions, 

along Rocky Point and in the inland lagoons. 

Although Ambergris Caye has been the focus of much of the geological efforts from the 

scientific and academic communities, Rocky Point is of particular interest as the reef crest and 

back reef facies are exposed [Tebbutt 1975; BCES 1993]. 

Modern sediments include mainly white coralline sand on the beach: The barrier lagoon 

bottom is comprised of fragments of reef animals and calcareous algae. 

Sandy sedim ent on the w est coast in C orozal/C hetum al B ay area is co m posed of peneroplid 

foram iniferans. 

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2.5.3 Geomorphology 

The beaches of the project site are linear with no discernible embayments. This configuration is 

consistent with the orientation of the crest of the barrier reef which lies 0.8 miles from the 

beach. 

The sand grains are angular and moderate in size. The sand is biogeneic in origin and are 

derived from the bio-erosional processes of corals shells, calcareous algae, and other 

calcareous materials. 

The beach is approximately 1 m in elevation and is gently sloping with a vegetated berm that is 

about 1.5m in height, as measured from the low tide line. The property is defined by a number 

of ridges running parallel with the beach and which begins about 100 m from the beach: These 

are in effect relic beach berms that are a function of the rise and fall of sea level over geologic 

time-frames. 

The leeward side of the property is characterized by lowland mangrove which merges with the 

Laguna de Cantena. 

2.5.3 Local Area Geology 

The depositional processes of the area are wholly influenced by marine processes. The net 

long-shore drift along the beach is from north to south, which is co-incident with the net 

current flow in the area. 

The major beach sediments were Halimeda sand. 

The topography of the development site is generally flat, punctuated intermittently by the relic 

beach berms cited earlier. The caye slopes gently upwards to about 3/5 th the distance from the 

sea to the lagoon [See Figs. 2.5A & 2.5B]. After the highest point of the project site is reached, 

the elevation then gently falls until it reaches the low-land mangroves [See Fig. 2.5A & 2.5B]. 

The surficial sediments consists of a thin layers of humus interspersed with sand followed by a 

pure layer of sand. The layer of humus is especially apparent in the midreaches of the littoral 

forest and on the leeward side of the caye leading to the approaches of the lowland mangroves. 

The mid 2/5 th portion of the caye is characterized by a fair amount of small to medium sized 

rocks, which are probably intermittently deposited by catastrophic storm events [Pers. comm.., 

G. Myvett]. 

The major component of unconsolidated sediments is fairly fine-grained calcareous sand. The 

depth of unconsolidated sediments, relative to the bedrock layer, varies from 3 to 7 meters [See 

Fig. 2.5]. The thickest layers occur at the highest elevation, with the thinnest layers being at the 

beach on the windward side, and at the shores of the lagoon on the leeward side [See Fig. 2.5]. 

The bedrock was consolidated limestone [See Fig. 2.5]. 

The Water Table varied from 0.5 to 4.5 meters [See Figs. 2.5] 

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Fig. 2.5: Sediment Profile and Groundwater Availability at Project Site 

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3.0 Policy Review 

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

Chapter 3 

Current national environmental policies are based on the need to take an integrated approach to 

environmental management and the need to work towards the goal of sustainable development. 

The Government of Belize through the Department of Environment, Coastal Zone Management 

Authority and Institute, the Department of Fisheries, and the other government institutions are 

the regulatory bodies of the various instruments. 

Of importance to the proposed development is the need to identify those regulations and 

legislations which will need compliance for development activities in respect to the area and 

region of the proposed development. In light of the fact that the area and region of the proposed 

development is within an area of significant importance in terms of its ecological and biological 

importance and proposed planning regime, it is also of important that development activities 

strike a balance development and the environment. 

This section is aimed at reviewing relevant environmental resource and planning legislations and 

regulations to ensure that “development projects” meets policy and legislative criteria, and that 

relevant requirements are built into project design and implementation. The policy review also 

outlines specific procedures and measures to be carried out before, during and after project 

development. It is noted that the proposed development site is located within two protected 

areas. Specific conservation zones been established for all user activities within marine reserve. 

The Environmental Protection Act SI 22/1992 and 328/2003 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT established the Department of the Environment. Under 

section 3 (3) the Department has the responsibility to monitor the implementation of the Act and 

Regulations, and to take necessary actions to enforce the provisions of the Act and Regulations. 

This enabling legislation provides the Government and the Department with comprehensive 

environmental protection authority it needs in order to address modern environmental pollution 

problems. The ACT also grants the Department of Environment broad regulatory and 

enforcement authority for the prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation 

and management of natural resources, and environmental impact assessment (EIA). 

The Environmental Protection Act entrusted the Department of the Environment and Ministry of 

Tourism with broad range of functions relating but not limited to the assessment of water 

pollution, the coordination of activities relating to the discharge of wastes, the licensing of 

activities that may cause water pollution, the registration of sources of pollution and the carrying 

out of research and investigations as to the causes, nature and extent of water pollution, and the 

necessary prevention and control measures (section 4). The Department is also empowered to 

approve EIAs. 

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Under the revised edition 2000 Part III 7 (1) (d) specifying the standards in excess of which 

pollutants discharged into the environment shall not be discharged or emitted; (e) formulating 

environmental codes of practices specifying procedures, practices or releases limits for 

environmental control relating to works, undertakings and activities during any phase of the 

development and operation, including the location, design, construction, start-up, closure, 

dismantling and clean-up phases and any subsequent monitoring activities and (f) environmental 

quality guidelines specifying recommendations in quantitative or qualitative terms to support and 

maintain particular uses of the environment and (j) the control of noise. 

Under the Act, no person, installation, factory or plant shall, unless specifically permitted by the 

Department, emit, deposit or discharge or cause emission of any pollutant or contaminant into 

the atmosphere or environment in contravention of the permitted levels: Every person, 

installation, factory or plant emitting air pollutants is required to maintain and submit to the 

Department, records of the type, composition and quantity of pollutants emitted. 

No person shall cause or permit the extracting, crushing, screening, handling or conveyance of 

materials or other operations likely to give rise to airborne dust without taking reasonable 

precautions, by means of spray bars or wetting agents, to prevent particulate matter form 

becoming airborne. 

Furthermore any person or undertaking exploiting the land, water resources, seas or other natural 

resources shall ensure the protection of the environment against unnecessary damage or from 

pollution by harmful substances; and no person shall emit, import, discharge, deposit, dispose of 

or dump any waste that might directly or indirectly pollute water resources or damage or destroy 

marine life. 

3.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 

The Environmental Impact Assessment (1995) regulations describe in detail the processes 

involved in the preparation and evaluation of environmental impact assessments. The 

regulations divide projects or activities into three categories. The first category consists of those 

projects that automatically require an environmental assessment based on the sensitivity of the 

surroundings or the nature of the undertaking. The second category comprises those projects that 

may require an assessment to be carried out, but with some modifications based on the location 

and size of a project. The third category encompasses activities or programs that do not require 

an assessment to be conducted which may not have significant impacts on the environment. 

The Environmental Impact Assessment Part V - 20 (4) states that every project, programme or 

activity shall be assessed with a view to the need to protect and improve human health and living 

conditions and the need to preserve the reproductive capacity of ecosystems as well as the 

diversity of species; under 20 (5) when making an environmental impact assessment, a proposed 

developer shall consult with public and other interested bodies or organizations and under 20 (7) 

a decision by the DOE to approve an environmental impact assessment may be subjected to 

conditions which are reasonably required for environmental purposes 

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3.1.3 Coastal Zone Management Strategy Chap. 329 2000 Revised Edition 

The Coastal Zone Management was legally established in 1998 with the passage of the Coastal 

Zone Management Authority Act (Act # 5 of 1998). Under section 5 (1), the main functions of 

the Authority include (i) to advise Government on matters related to development and use of 

resources in the coastal zone in an orderly and sustainable manner; (ii) formulation of policies on 

coastal zone management; (iii) development of a coastal zone management plan and revise it as 

needed; (iv) commission monitoring and research of coastal areas and; (v) pro mote public 

awareness; (vi) prepare guidelines for developers. 

The Coastal Zone Management Strategy seeks to facilitate improved management of coastal 

resources, to ensure economic growth is balanced with sound environmental management 

practices. The Strategy seeks to review and ‘enhance existing laws, regulations, ‘policies’ and 

guidelines relating to conservation, resource management and development controls in the 

coastal zone are.’ These support a coastal area management framework that addresses the need 

for management approaches in location between, as well as within, Coastal and marine Protected 

Areas, and special requirements for management development and conservation in the barrier 

reef region, particularly the cayes. 

3.1.4 Effluent Limitation Regulations SI 94/1995 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EFFLUENT LIMITATION REGULATIONS came into force in 

1996, at which time the Department of the Environment commenced enforcing the Regulations. 

The Regulations are intended to control and monitor discharges of effluent into any inland waters 

or the marine environment of Belize. 

3.1.5 Pollution Regulations SI 56/1996 

The Pollution Regulations of 1996 addresses issues of air, water and soil pollution, including 

noise pollution. Part III – 6 (1) deals generally with the emission of contaminants into the air 

where no person shall cause, allow or permit contaminants to be emitted or discharged either 

directly or indirectly into the air from any source. 

Part X 31 (c & d) deals with pollution of land generally that could be harmful, or potentially 

harmful to animals, birds, wildlife, plants or vegetation. The Department of Environment is 

responsible for the enforcement of the Regulations made Act. 

3.1.6 Solid Waste Management Authority Act SI 224 of 2000 

Under the Act, the Authority shall devise ways and means for the efficient collection and 

disposal of solid waste employing modern methods and techniques and exploring the possibility 

of recycling waste materials. Under the Act “construction waste material” includes building 

materials from construction, alteration and remodeling building or structure of any kind, such as 

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lumber, concrete, steel roofing, etc. SI 13/1991 established the Solid Waste Management 

Authority and gave it broad powers for the collection and disposal of solid waste. 

3.1.7 Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act SI 330/2000 

Under section (4) of the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act, all ancient monuments and 

antiquities however situate, whether upon any land or in any river, stream or watercourse, or 

under territorial waters of the country, and whether or not before the date of the commencement 

of this Act in private ownership, possession, custody or control, shall absolutely vest in the 

Government 

Under section (12), if any person finds any ancient monument or antiquity he shall within 

fourteen days of such findings report the details of the findings to the Minister. 

3.1.8 Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001 

The Water Industry Act repeals the Water and Sewerage Act, Chapter 185 of 1971 Laws of 

Belize. Chapter one of the Act deals with controlling disposal of wastes generated from sewer 

treatment. The Act makes new provisions with respect to the supply and control of water and 

sewerage services in Belize. 

The Water Industry Act also establishes the responsibility of private entities to provide facilities 

for the final disposal of sewerage taking into consideration 36 of the Environmental Protection 

Act 1 of 2001. 

3.1.9 Belize Port Authority Act SI 233 of 2000/2003 

Under Part III Sec. 23 (1) the Minister may, after consultation with the Authority, grant in 

writing a license to any person, corporation or other body to construct and operate a private port 

subject to such terms, conditions and restrictions and on the payment of such fees as the Minister 

may consider appropriate (Private ports 15 of 1989). 

Under part III 19 –(3) and in particular and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions 

of subsections (1) and (2), it is the duty of the Authority- (a) to operate the ports as appears to it 

best calculated to serve the public interest; (b) to regulate and control navigation within the limits 

of ports and their approaches; (c) to maintain, improve and regulate the use of such ports and 

services and facilities therein as it considers necessary or desirable; (d) to provide for such ports 

and the approaches thereto such pilotage services, beacons, buoys and other navigational services 

and aids as it considers necessary or desirable; (e) to exercise the duties and functions relating to 

shipping and navigation exercisable under the provisions of any other law. 

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3.1.10 Belize Public Health Act Revised Edition SI 40/2000 

Under Part VIII of Offensive Trades 128 (1) b the Minister can make re gulations relating to 

nuisances for the prevention, control or reduction of pollution or contamination of air, soil or 

water caused by any activity or condition resulting in the emission of a pollutant or contaminant 

into the environment. The Act also specifies restrictions and regulations for nuisances from 

factories or other industrial developments, and incidental provisions relating to offensive 

businesses. 

3.1.11 National Lands Act (No. 6 of 1992) and SI 191 of 2000 

The Act is designed to establish a framework for the management of national lands. The Act 

applies to all lands (other than Reserved Forest) not already "located" or granted, including any 

lands acquired by or ceded to the Crown. They are classified as town, suburban, rural, mineral 

lands and beach lands. 

In section 28 where the sea, or any sound bay or creek is described as forming part of the 

boundary of any national land to be granted or disposed of, then the high water mark shall be 

considered to be the property boundary. Under the Act, the seabed defined as the land extending 

seawards from the high water mark of ordinary tides is National Land owned by the Government 

of Belize under the authority of the National Lands Act. 

3.1.12 Crown Land Rules SI 60 of 1939 

Under Crown Land Rules (Statutory Rules and Orders 66 of 1939), a 66 ft wide strip of land 

along all water frontages, measured from high water mark, is designated as public easement, but 

lands titles prior to 1930 included the land to the high water mark and in some cases, below the 

high water mark. 

3.1.13 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 of 2000 

The Mines and Minerals (General) Regulations provide a general framework for the 

implementation of the Mines and Minerals Act. These Regulations cover a range of topics such 

as application, duties, terms and conditions and failure to comply with the conditions of a mining 

license. Under the Act “land” includes land beneath water. The Act also addresses dredging 

and sand mining, which is essential in avoiding destruction to coastal habitats such as seagrass 

beds and the coral reef. 

3.1.14 Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve SI 88/1996 

Statutory Instrument 88 of 1996 created the Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve (BCMR) under the 

Fisheries Act of 2000. The marine reserve encompasses 15,529.33 acres of coral reefs, sea grass 

beds and mangrove habitats. The boundaries of the eastern Marine Reserve run from the 

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northeast corner of the National Park at the Belize/Mexico Boarder eastward to 600 meters 

fathom outside the barrier reef, then southwest to the 600 meters fathom just south of Basil 

Jones, then to the northwest until intersection with the coastline, and thereafter along the 

coastline to the north eastern corner of the National Park. 

The boundaries of the western Marine Reserve run from Santa Rita westward across the 

Chetumal Bay to the south eastern corner of the Corozal Bay Manatee Wildlife Sanctuary, then 

northward to the Belize/Mexico Boarder, then eastward along the Belize/Mexico Boarder to the 

north western corner of the National Park, and thereafter southward along the coastline to Santa 

Rita. Signs at key locations inform users as to the boundaries of the National Park and Marine 

Reserve. The marine reserve spans coastal waters, which include the northernmost portion of the 

Belize Barrier Reef and the northernmost portion of the Barrier Reef Lagoon on the east, and a 

portion of Corozal - Chetumal Bay on the west. 

Statutory Instruments 68 established the zones and regulations for the Bacalar Chico Marine 

Reserve. The legislative basis for conservation of marine resources within the Bacalar Chico 

Marine Reserve is defined by Statutory Instrument 136 of 2001. 

3.1.15 Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve Regulations Chap 210/2003 (& 68/2001) 

Under the Fisheries (Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve) Regulations, Part II established zones and 

rules for the four zones within the marine reserve. These include, the General Use Zone, the 

Conservation Zones I and II and the Preservation Zone for Rules for the General Use. The 

following includes rules for the various zones and activities permitted or not permitted within the 

marine reserve. 

3.1.15.1 Rules for the General Use Zone Part II (4) 1 – 9 

(1) The General Use Zone shall be restricted for fishing only by fishermen who currently use this 

zone and such fishermen shall apply for a license in accordance with the regulations; 

(2) Only residents of the Bacalar Chico who have special license shall be allowed to fish solely 

for subsistence purposes and such fishing shall be determined by the terms and conditions of 

each resident’s license; 

(3) No person shall be permitted to use long lines, spear guns, or gill nets in the BCMR; 

(4) No person shall be permitted to use or erect beach traps other than beach traps that have been 

there before 1996; 

(5) No traps shall be constructed with seine, cast nets, gill nets, trammel nets or tangle nets; 

(6) Nets may only be used to round up the fish within the beach trap; 

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(7) Each traps shall be monitored each day by the caretakers and birds, manatees, rays, turtles, 

crocodiles, nurse sharks, and dolphins caught in or by the nets shall be released; 

(8) No beach traps shall be allowed to catch fish beyond its capacity where such fish maim and 

kill each other. Persons removing fish from traps shall do so at least every three days. Juvenile 

fish shall be released and; 

(9) No person shall within the General Use Zone cast or drag any anchor in any manner which 

may damage coral 

3.1.15.2 Rules for the Conservation I Zone Part II (5) 

There shall be only non – extractive recreational activities in the Conservation I Zone 

3.1.15.3 Rules for the Conservation II Zone Part II (6) a – d 

(a) Sport fishing shall only be carried out under a license in accordance with this Regulations and 

such fishing shall only be carried out on a catch and release basis; 

(b) Spear fishing shall not be permitted; 

(c) Only trolling shall be allowed in the months of December to February each year and 

(d) Catch and release fishing tours may only remove fish for subsistence purposes during the 

tour. 

3.1.15.4 Special Rules for Conservation Zones I and II Part II (7) 1 –3 

7 (1) No person shall secure a boat to the seabed of the Conservation Zones I and II except by 

means of a mooring that is officially designated for this purpose (save in the case of an 

emergency where life and property are endangered), or with the prior written permission of the 

Reserve Manager. 

7 (2) states that all divers in Conservation Zone I and II shall adhere to the following rules: 

a) Divers shall register with the reserve manager prior to entering any of the conservation zones; 

b) charter divers shall first obtain a license in accordance with the Regulations before operating 

in any of the Conservation Zones, and all dive boats shall “divers down flag” when they have 

divers in the water; 

c) Only certified scuba divers undergoing a training course conducted by a recognize instructor 

shall be allowed to use scuba equipment in the whole of the reserve; 

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d) Dive guides shall be required to explain the rules of the reserve to a diver within the reserve; 

e) All boats which need to operate in any of the zones shall first obtain registration from the 

Fisheries Administrator 

3) For the purpose of the regulation, “Divers Flag Down” means a flag with a white 

diagonal stripe upon a red or blue background. 

3.1.15.5 Rules for the Preservation Zone Part II 8 (1 and 2) 

(1) Subject to sub regulation (2) below, no fishing, sport fishing, diving, or any other water 

activity shall be permitted within the Preservation Zone and; 

(2) No motorized boat shall be permitted within the Preservation Zone except in case of 

emergency or where written permission has first been obtained from the Fisheries Administrator. 

Part III of the Act sets out the licenses and requirements for various activities such as 

commercial fishing, research, sport fishing, licenses and registration of dive boats. 

3.1.16 National Park System Act SI 215/2000 

The National Parks Systems Act - This Act establishes four types or categories of protected 

areas: Natural Monuments, National Parks, Nature Reserves and Wildlife Sanctuaries. Several 

reports have suggested the usefulness of a revision of this Act to address the mandatory 

requirement of management plans for protected areas, assessment of the success of protected 

areas, and the periodic review of existing Management Plans for Protected Areas. 

Under part II of the act the Minister may declare any specified area of land to be designated a 

national park, a nature reserve, a wildlife sanctuary or a natural monument. Essential features 

include but are not limited to the following: 

a) No person shall be entitled to enter any national park except for the purpose of observing the 

fauna and flora therein and for the purpose of education, recreation and scientific research; 

(b) No person shall be entitled to enter any nature reserve or in any way disturb the fauna and 

flora therein; 

(c) No animal shall be hunted, killed or taken and no plant shall be damaged, collected or 

destroyed in a national park or nature reserve; 

(d) No person shall hunt, shoot, kill or take any wild animal, or take or destroy any egg of any 

bird or reptile or any nest of any bird, in any wildlife sanctuary and; 

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(e) No person shall disturb the natural features of a natural monument, but may use the unit for 

interpretation, education, appreciation and research. 

A special permit can be obtained to carry out various activities in the protected area; however, 

specific rules are also enforced for various activities. Section III sets out the general rules and 

regulations pertaining to the Act. 

3.1.17 Bacalar Chico National Park SI 89 of 1996 

Statutory Instrument 89 of 1996 created the Bacalar Chico National Park ( BCNP) under the 

National Park Systems Act. The national park encompasses 12,640 acres of land and includes the 

Laguna de Cantena, which is one of the largest lagoons in Northern Ambergris Caye. Private 

lands within the National Park boundary acquired prior to designation are regulated by the Lands 

Department under the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Industry. 

The boundaries of the National Park run from the Belize/Mexico Border southward along the 

eastern coastline to a point just south of Robles Point, then northwest to a point near the middle 

of Ambergris Caye, then southwest to a point east of Santa Rita, then northward along the 

western coastline to the Belize/Mexico Boarder. The National Park has a maximum width of 7.5 

km between Rocky Point on the east coast and San Juan on the west, and encompasses terrestrial 

habitats, wetlands and inland lagoons. 

Ministerial responsibility for the Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve is shared 

between the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Industry (responsible for National 

Parks, Natural Monuments, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves) and the Ministry of Agriculture 

and Fisheries (responsible for marine reserves). 

3.1.18 Forests (Mangrove Protection) Regulations, SI No. 52 of 1989 

The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989, prohibit any "alteration” (which 

includes cutting and defoliating, but does not include "selective trimming") of mangroves on any 

land except with a permit (reg. 4). Alterations which involve dredging or filling can be 

authorized only in "exceptional circumstances." 

Factors considered for issuing or denying permits include the proximity of the proposed project 

to coastal and reef areas known to be of outstandingly high ecological value (reg. 5(2) (i)), and 

the existing or proposed plans such as the barrier reef regional management and development 

plan. The Mangrove Regulations were amended in 1992 to increase the level of fines and 

sanctions. 

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3.1.19 The Forest Act SI 213/2000 

The protection of all mangroves fall under this Act via the Forest (Protection of Mangrove) 

Regulations. Mangrove clearance may be permitted under this Act. In most cases a permit to 

clear mangroves is issued after a multi-agency assessment is conducted. This Act includes the 

establishment of Forest Reserves which may include mangroves, littoral forests and water 

bodies. However, no specific regulations exist under this Act that address littoral forests. The 

Forest Act is currently being revised. 

The legislative basis for conservation of national lands within BCNP is defined by the Forest and 

Wildlife Conservation Acts. The Forest Act provides for the protection and conservation of all 

mangrove forests on both private and national lands, any alterations to which require evaluation 

and permit by the Forestry Department. 

3.1.20 Fisheries Act SI 210/2000 

Under 6(1) of the Act, no person shall use or employ any boat in commercial fishing unless there 

is in force in respect of such boat a “license to fish” issued under the provisions of any 

regulations made under this Act. (7) No person shall engage in commercial fishing or be 

engaged or employed in or on any boat while in use for commercial fishing unless he is the 

holder of a valid “fisherman’s license” issued under the regulations made under this Act (2 of 

1972). 

(8) No person shall conduct or be engaged or employed in any scientific or research operations in 

any water or waters to which this Act applies which involve the taking, killing or capturing of 

any fish, or any interference or disturbances of fish, or with the seabed, unless there is in force in 

respect of such operations a license granted under the regulations made under this Act (2 of 

1972). 

9.-(1) No person shall export, attempt to export or purchase with a view to export any fish unless 

he is the holder of a valid fish exporter’s license issued under the regulations made under this 

Act (2 of 1972,1 of 1983 &19 of 1989). Penalties for breach of the regulations are also included 

in the Act. 

The Fisheries Amendment Regulation also provides complete protection for the marine turtles of 

Belize. This is aimed at bringing Belize in line with the Inter-American Convention for the 

Protection and Conservation of Marine Turtles (IAC), which Belize ratified in February 2003, 

these Regulations prohibit: 

fishing in the waters of Belize or the purchase, sale or possession any marine turtle; 

the take of any turtle found on land; the disturbance, take, purchase, sale or possession of 

any turtle or turtle eggs; and the interference with any turtle nest, except under written 

permission by the Fisheries Administrator; and 

3-10

The import into, transit through or export from Belize of any turtle or turtle products. 

3.1.21 The Wildlife Protection Act SI 220/2000 

The Wildlife Protection Act - This Act seeks to control hunting, research and trade of wildlife. It 

protects many species from hunting, killing and harassment Part II (a). Many coastal and marine 

species are protected under this Act and includes two species of crocodiles, the manatee, all birds 

with the exception of six species, whales, dolphins, and the Caribbean monk seal. 

The Act prohibits the hunting of endangered species such as cetaceans, freshwater turtles and 

crocodiles. A formal conservation zoning scheme for the BCNP has yet to be developed and 

recommended to Cabinet for legislative enactment. Several key localities of particular 

conservation interest, and therefore potential suitability for legislative zoning and protection, 

3.1.22 The Ministry of Housing and the Central Housing Planning Committee 

The Ministry of Housing has responsibility through the implementation of the Ambergris Caye 

Master Plan which applies to all the private land within the national park. The Ambergris Caye 

Planning Authority of the Central Housing and Planning Authority (Ministry of Housing) was 

established in 1990 under the Housing and Town Planning Act (Laws of Belize Chapter 182, 

Revised 2000) to implement the provisions of a declaration to prepare a zoning plan for 

Ambergris Caye. The Ambergris Caye Master Plan (ACMP), accepted by Cabinet, provides this 

zoning plan (Anon. 1992). 

The zoning scheme in the Ambergris Caye Master Plan includes provisions for the establishment 

of protected areas in Northern Ambergris Caye but none have ever been established as specified 

in the zoning scheme. 

3.1.23 Housing and Town Planning Act SI 182/2000 

Part II of the Act, gives general powers of the Central Authority. Under the Completion of 

Schemes and Consequential Powers and Duties of the Central Authority 31 (2) t he Central 

Authority may, in connection with any scheme, authorize the laying out and construction of 

roads and services upon the land acquired by it, and all roads and services as laid out and 

constructed, if situated within the jurisdiction of a local authority, shall thenceforth be public 

roads and services maintained by the local authority. 

3-11

3.1.24 Wildlife Sanctuary Declaration (Corozal Bay) (Manatee) Order Chapter 215 /2003 

All that portion of the Caribbean Sea being the northeastern portion of the country of Belize and 

bounded on the North by the International Boundary between Belize and Mexico; on the East by 

the said International Boundary and the Western Boundary of Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve; on 

the South by two East-West lines one between Deer Cay and Swab Cay, the other from Mosquito 

Cay to Sand Cay; on the west by the high water mark on the Coast of Corozal District thence 

south - easterly along the said International Boundary to a point having a UTM coordinate of 401 

293 East and 2009 073 North said point being the northwestern corner of Bacalar Chico Marine 

Reserve; Saving and accepting thereof and therefrom all land, cayes, islands, within the 

described areas. 

3.1.25 Hotels and Tourist Accommodation Act 285/2000 

Under Part II (2) an application for registration in respect of any premises used for the business 

of a hotel or tourist accommodation should be carried out. Part III (14) defines the minimum 

standards to be observed by hotel and tourist accommodation. Part III of the Act defines 

registration and Regulations of Hotels and Tourist Accommodations. Under the Act the Belize 

Tourism Board has the responsibility of registering all hotel and tourist accommodation in 

Belize. 

Subject to the provisions of the Act, Part IV (22 91)) states that “there shall be levied and paid a 

tax at the rate of seven per centum of all the accommodation charges in regards to lodging.” Part 

V General, sets out Offences and penalties and regulations prescribing standards for hotels and 

tourist accommodation. The Hotels Act and the Housing and Town Planning Act complement 

each other, since they both address tourism and residential developments in coastal areas. 

3.1.26 Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) Chap. 218/2000 

The Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) establishes a fund for the financing of all 

protected areas, including marine reserves and all other protected areas on the coast. Indirectly 

related is the Fiscal Incentives Act, which provides numerous facilities for coastal developments. 

A portion of the fees collected at the border points is used to finance local community based 

initiatives. 

3.1.27 Belize Tourist Board Act 

The Belize Tourist Board Act indirectly encompasses most of the other Acts, since it contains 

provisions for the development of tourism policies, which would need to consider the effects and 

roles of all sectors in the development of tourism. 

3-12

3.1.28 International Conventions and Agreements 

Belize is signatory or party to many international conventions and agreements, and is a member 

of many regional organizations involved in the management and protection of biological 

resources. Those that impact on biodiversity are listed below. 

(a) United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) (ratified 13 August, 1983). 

(b) World Heritage Convention (ratified in 1990). 

(c) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 

(CITES) (ratified 1976). 

(d) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (ratified in December, 1993). 

(e) Central American Biodiversity Convention. 

(f) Convention for the Conservation of Biodiveristy and the Protection of Priority Areas in 

Central America. 

(g) Agreement on Cooperation between Belize and Mexico for the Protection and the 

Improvement of the Environment and the Conservation of Natural Resources in the Border Zone 

(signed 20 September, 1991). 

(h) Protocol on Specially Protected Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) 

(I) Land-Based Sources of Pollution Protocol (LBSP). 

(j) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified September, 1994). 

(k) Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) (ratified 12 May, 

1995). 

(l) International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (signed 1982). 

(m) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on 

the Law of the Sea of 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish 

Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (signed 1995). 

(n) Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of 

Bacteriological (Biological) Toxins and their Destruction (signed 1980). 

(o) Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) (1985). 

(p) Latin American Organization for Fisheries Development (OLDEPESCA) (1997). 

(q) Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider 

Caribbean Region (The Cartagena Convention). 

(r) The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats 

(RAMSAR)(Signed 1971). 

3-13

Belize’s compliance with its commitments under the above mentioned conventions has been 

minimal due to the lack of appropriate enforcement mechanisms. Belize may soon become party 

or signatory to the following conventions and agreements: 

- International Dolphin Conservation Program (IDCP). 

- International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) 

- Inter-American Convention for the Conservation and Protection of Marine Turtles (in progress) 

Table 3.1 Licenses and Permits required by the Development 

Activity License or Permit required Permitting Agency 

Pier Construction Permit to construct pier, marina (or 

sea wall) 

Land Utilization Authority 

Land Clearing 

Road Reserve 

Permit to alter mangrove required Forest Department 

Dredging and Quarry Mining license and permit for 

extraction of materials 

Geology and Petroleum Dept. 

Hotel License Establishment and operation of hotel 

and prescribing conditions 

Belize Tourism Board 

Tour Operation License to conduct offshore and Belize Tourism Board, Dept. 

inland tours and fishing trip 

of Fisheries 

Food Handler’s Handling of food certificate for Public Health Dept. 

Certificate 

persons working in restaurants and 

kitchens 

Effluent Discharge Effluent Discharge of gray water and 

effluent from waste treatment plant 

Dept. of Environment 

3-14

4.0 WATER RESOURCES 

4.1 Occupancy 

Chapter 4 

The general occupancy for the project was based on the different infrastructures 

described in Table 4.1 below. The maximum daily number of people that can possibly be 

accommodated at any one time within the project at full development is 967 persons. 

This in effect represents 100 % occupancy of the project at full operation. This 

percentage also considers the transient visitors that would visit the resort to utilize the 

various amenities and services. 

Table 4.1 Maximum Daily Occupancy 




C Hotel Suites Type B 12 suite buildings 36 

D Water Cabanas 12 Cabana buildings 36 

E Beach Front Villas 14 villa buildings 126 

F Beach Cottages 12 cottage buildings 72 







The anticipated occupancy rate for the project would be about 578 residents/guests at 

100%. The standard hotel occupancy rate as per the Belize Tourism industry would be 

about 40 % or 387 residents/guests. For the purpose of the environmental engineering 

calculations, the occupancy rate of 100 % was taken into considerations for assessing the 

water demand of the project. 

4.2 Water Source 

The project site is located in an undeveloped area on Northern Ambergris Caye. This site 

is also about 18 miles north of San Pedro Town and presently out of reach of the town’s 

water distribution line. With this in mind, the project will rely on finding its own source 

of potable water for both construction and operation. Consideration will also be given for 

the possibility of any future connection to the town’s potable water distribution mains 

and use it in combination to the project water source. 

4-1

4.3 Potable Water Demand. 

The project will require about 40,070 gallons of water a day as described in table 4.1. 

This represents 100% of the initial water demand for the project. 

Table 4.2 Projected potable water demand for ABR 

Water Demand 

Type 

Unit 

Description 

Maximum 

Occupancy 

Units 

(gals/day) 

Total Volume 

(gallons) 

A Hotel 112 50 5,600 

B Hotel Suites Type A 24 50 1,200 

C Hotel Suites Type B 36 50 1,800 

D Water Cabanas 36 50 1,800 

E Beach Front Villas 126 50 6,300 

F Beach Cottages 72 50 3,600 

G Apartments 88 50 4,400 

H Future Developments 78 50 3,900 

I Owner's Club House 6 50 300 

J Employee Housing 289 30 8,670 

K Transient Visitors 100 25 2.500 

L Amenities 1 15% 

Totals 967 Persons 44.5 avg. 40,070 gals 

Since the northern most portion of the project will serve to semi permanent to permanent 

residents, the project water consumption and demand were divided into 2 development 

zones or tiers as described in table 4.3 below: 

Table 4.3 Projected ABR Water demand according to zones 

Tiers Description Tier Demand 

1 Beach Front Villas, Beach Cottages, Apartments, 

Owner Club House 

14,600 

2 Hotel, Hotel Suites, Water Cabanas, Spa Cabanas, 

Visitors, Restaurants, Bars, Employee Housing 

25,470 

Totals 40,070 

As can be seen from the table above, tier 2 has the highest water demand per zone. These 

tiers were developed to better manage the water demand for the project and reduce water 

loss via excessive piping and eliminating dead ends throughout the project distribution 

mains. 

4-2

4.4 Selection of the preferred source 

A number of potential water sources were discussed and analyzed in order to meet the 

project demand. Table 4.4 summarizes the various sources analyzed. These sources are 

by no means options but a possible combination of sources that would suffice the 

project’s demand. This would also eliminate the dependency of a single water source. 

Table 4.4 Selection of the preferred water source for ABR 

OPTION SOURCE INFRASTRUTURE 

TYPE OF 

TREATMENT 

COMMENTS 

GROUND Wells, Pumps, storage tanks, chlorination Even though these 

WATER Cenotes 

transmission lines 

were the most likely 

sources, the wells 

perforated on site 

yielded brackish 

RAIN WATER Seasonal Storage tanks, water Chlorination, 

water. There was no 

cenote found. 

Excellent water 

HARVESTING rains 

transmission lines, 

Ozonation, UV source, easy to treat, 

water cisterns can be 

gutters 

constructed as part of 

the building 

foundation, no long 

term cost. 

WATER Wells, Pumps, power line, Reverse More expensive and 

DESALINIZATI 

ON 

treatment plant, water 

Osmosis, 

Coagulation, 

complicated to 

operate, but highly 

transmission line, sedimentation, dependable and 

storage tank 

filtration, UV 

chlorination, 

reliable, good for dry 

season. 

WATER BESST Storage tanks, water Chlorination, Supplementary 

RECYCLING Wastewater 

treatment or 

transmission lines, 

UV 

option exclusively 

used for restroom 

equivalent dosing tanks 

and 

flushing 

Bathroom 

TRANSPORTA- 

TION OF 

POTABLE 

WATER TO 

THE SITE 

San Pedro 

Distribution 

System 

Water trucks, barge, 

pumps, storage tanks 

4-3 

None Good source for 

construction, 

alternate source for 

emergencies. Not 

feasible for in the 

long term.

From the information in table 4.4, the project will source their water by means of rain 

water harvesting. The basic roof catchment system will be augmented by recycling of the 

gray water produced by the various facilities. During periods of heavy water use the roof 

catchment will be augmented by the small reverse osmosis system. 

4.5 Source Supply Description 

The total potable water demand for the project will be about 40,070 gallons a day at full 

development and operation. This volume will be the initial capital water supply 

requirement for the project and this volume is expected to be reduced as recycled and 

desalted water is used to supplement the existing demand. The sources will be as follows: 

1- Main Source: Potable water for operation will be gotten from rain water 

harvesting. Since the project will consist primarily of condos, villas and other 

buildings, rain water sequestered from individual roofs will be stored under 

buildings in cisterns designed as integral structural elements of the foundation 

structure. Each building will have its own rain water cistern along with all the 

necessary equipment needed to supply the building with water. The roof of the 

buildings will harvest the water where it will be conveyed to the foundation via 

gutters and pipes. A small in line filtration system will be installed on each 

building to treat the water. Potable water for the water cabanas will be gotten 

from the activation of the R.O. plant. Water transmission lines will be laid 

underneath the piers and branched off to each cabana. 

2- Secondary Source: In case of water shortage due to over consumption, as could be 

the case during the dry months, water can be gotten from the activation of the 

Water desalinization plant installed in the utility zone and transported to the 

desired area. The volume generated by this process will be small to medium and 

will be used as a back up source to drinking water, and to supply water to the 

pools, spa, kitchen, restaurants and bars. This will also be the primary source for 

the construction phases. The RO Unit to be deployed will yield 3,000 gallons/day. 

The desalted water will be chlorinated and stored in a 5,000 gallons ground 

reservoir. 

3- Tertiary Source: The basic roof catchment system will be augmented by recycling 

of the gray water produced by the various facilities for such heavy water 

consumptive uses as toilet flushing, landscaping and other non-potable use. The 

treated (chlorinated) wastewater will be stored in a 10,000 gallons tank and sent to 

the different areas to be used as required. For the flushing of toilets a color coded 

water transmission line will be facilitating this process. Table 4.6 shows the 

volume required by the project to enable this water to be used for the required 

purpose. 

4- Construction Demand: It is difficult to ascertain the volume of water required for 

construction purposes. Moreover, the daily demand required for the construction 

workers since they may vary depending on the work load or construction 

4-4

schedule. Nevertheless, it is expected that this demand will be high and consistent 

with a gradual decrease in the demand towards the end of the construction cycle. 

With this in mind, the project will obtain their water from two sources, mainly 

from the installation of the R.O. plant which will produce 10,000 gals/day and 

potable water from San Pedro Town. Barges will transport water to the Basil 

Jones pier where it will be pumped into water trucks and transported to the site 

where it will be stored in tanks for construction purposes. 

4.5.1 Main Source Supply Description 

Rain water will be sequestered from individual roofs and stored under buildings in 

cisterns designed as an integral part of the foundation structure. It is estimated that 141 

units will be constructed on the ± 37 acre property. This would represent 100 % of the 

units being used for rain water harvesting. Considering the different building designs and 

layout, the total volume of rain water stored by these buildings would be over 5 million 

gallons as described in table 4.5. 

The roof of buildings will collect the rain water where it will be conveyed to the 

foundation via gutters and pipes. Each building will have an in line cartridge filtering 

system designed built into them so as to make the water potable for human consumption 

and other uses. These filters can vary according to the volume of water being stored and 

will also require maintenance over time. 

4.5.1.1 Average Rainfall 

Similar to other sub-tropical areas, Belize generally experiences a wet and dry season. 

The average rainfall throughout the country of Belize may vary significantly with 

geographical area and time. Average yearly rainfall can range from 40 to 160 inches 

(Parisner, 1995). Annual rainfall on Ambergris Caye averaged 138 cm between 1952 and 

1970, 143 cm between 1971 and 1980 and 200 cm between 1981 and 2003. 

The dry season, with strong southeasterly winds, runs from January/February to 

May/June. The rest of the year has an average of 50 inches (127 cm) rain, with easterly 

but variable winds, and often a drier period in August. September, October and 

November are usually the months with most rainfall. However, there are wide variations 

between years. 

Figure 4.2 illustrates the water harvesting layout plan for the proposed project. This 

layout is in connection with table 4.5 described further in this section. 

4-5

Fig. 4.1 Rainfall Isopleths of Belize 

4-6

Table 4.5 Rainfall Volume collected for the buildings at ABR 

Building Zones Units Area (ft²) Total Area (ft²) 

Zone 2 

Villas 6 3,000 18,000 

Beach cottages 6 2,500 15,000 

two bedroom 5 2,400 12,000 

Sub Total 7,900 45,000 

Zone 1 

Villas 8 3,000 24,000 

Beach cottages 6 2,500 15,000 

two bedroom 6 2,400 14,400 

Sub Total 7,900 53,400 

Hotel suites A 1 860x3 2,580 

Hotel suites B 2 763x3 4,578 

hotel rooms 14 21,840 21,840 

Sub Total 28,998 

Banquet 2,400 2,400 

home owners club 1 2,800 2,800 

Project Amenities 29,500 

Sub Total 5,200 34,700 

Housing 1 7,100 7,100 

Future Developments 13 32,500 32,500 

Total 39,600 201,698 

5,657,628.90 

Harvested Volume 5,091,866.01 

* 90 % of the average rainfall collected was use to calculate the final volume stored 

Since ABR is located on the northern region of Ambergris Caye, the rain fall isopleths 

best describing the project site would be around the range of 40-60 inches of rainfall per 

year as illustrated in figure 4.2. Therefore the rainfall volume collected by each building 

considering the average rainfall was calculated using the following formula: 

VF = Total Rainfall (inches) x building surface area x factor x 7.48 gals/ft 3 

: Where a factor of 90 % was considered due to wind activity, evaporation, structural 

beams and columns. 

4.5.1.2 Water Source Treatment 

Rain water harvesting will collected and treated prior to consumption. Water treatment 

techniques for rainwater catchments systems will include: 

4-7

Screening: Strainers and leaf screens located in the gutters and downspouts will 

be used to prevent the debris, like leaves, from entering the reservoir tank. 

Settling. Sedimentation within the tank is necessary to settle out any potential 

particulate matter and solids. 

Filtering. In-line multi cartridge systems with activated charcoal will be used to 

remove potential contaminants either at the pump tank or tap. 

Disinfecting. The use of chemical treatment (chlorine, iodine), ultraviolet light, 

and/or ozonation will be used to kill the microorganism usually found in the tank. 

4.5.2 Secondary Source Description 

It is estimated that a 10,000 gallons a day water desalinization plant will be used to 

provide potable water to the amenities and be used as a back up source to drinking water. 

The Desalinization plant or R.O. plant as it is normally referred to will get its water from 

a well that will be dug on the project site. Figure 4.3 show a typical well cross section. 

The plant will consist of a set of membrane filters that will be cleaned regularly. Water 

generated by this process will be sent to a 15,000 gallons tank where it will be treated and 

piped via water transmission lines to the different areas as required by the development. 

The brine waste produced won’t be of concern as there are two disposal options that are 

presently being contemplated by the project developer (figure 4.4). The first option 

includes the injection of the brine into a deep well, dug some distance away in the 

property. This brine, which comprises of most salt precipitates, would be safely contained 

in the well, where it would diffuse eventually. The other option includes the use of 

diffusers to safely diffuse the brine into the lagoon. Water quality data in the lagoon 

indicated elevated levels of salinity. This elevated level, can possible be attributed to the 

shallowness of the lagoons and water exchange rate. Discharging the brine solution into 

the lagoon would not significantly affect the biological diversity. 

4-8

Fig 4.2 Water Harvesting Layout for the Proposed Project. 

4-9

4-10 

Fig. 4.3 Typical R.O. well section

Fig. 4.4 Typical Brine Injection Well 

4-11

4.5.3 Tertiary Source Description 

The estimated volume of water required for the flushing of toilets would be around 

12,171 gallons a day at full occupancy or 4,869 gallons a day according to the 40 % 

occupancy of the Belize Tourist Board. Table 4.6 summarizes the recycled wastewater 

volume required at full occupancy. 

Table 4.6 Volume of recycled Wastewater required for flushing 

Maximum Water Consumption 

Recycled Water 

Occupancy Water Demand for the 

Type Infrastructure Residents Unit gals/day flushing toilets 

A Hotel 

Hotel Suites Type 

112 50 5,600 15 1,680 

B A 

Hotel Suites Type 

24 50 1,200 15 360 

C B 36 50 1,800 15 540 

D Water Cabanas 36 50 1,800 15 540 

E Beach Front Villas 126 50 6,300 15 1,890 

F Beach Cottages 72 50 3,600 15 1,080 

G Apartments 

Future 

88 50 4,400 15 1,320 

H Developments 

Owner's Club 

78 50 3,900 15 1,170 

I House 6 50 300 15 90 

J Employee Housing 289 30 8,670 9 2,601 

K Transient Visitors 100 25 2,500 9 900 

Totals 967 40,070 12,171 

* Consider 3 gals of recycled wastewater per flush from the BESST Treatment System. 

The volume of potable water needed to supplement the demand for the project once in 

full operation would be about 27,889 gallons a day or 68 %. This would therefore be the 

maximum capacity required. 

The recycled wastewater will be stored in reservoir tanks as described in table 4.6 (see 

chapter 5 for details. This water will be chlorinated by a chlorination system prior to 

being stored (see figure 4.5). The excess water generated by the treatment plant will be 

used for irrigation purposes, fire fighting requirements and other non potable uses. 

ABR project is not expected to affect other users of water in the area since the primary 

source will be mainly from the rain water system. Any excess treated wastewater will be 

discarded in the lagoon. 

4-12

ANALYZER 

ANALYZER INPUT 

CONTROLLER 

FLOW INPUT 

FLOW METER 

CHLORINATE 

ROOM 

4-13 

FLOW 

DOSING 

DEVICE 

PROPOSED RECYCLED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN 

Fig 4.5 Recycled wastewater treatment plan 

4.5.4 Water Conservation 

TRANSMISSION PIPE 

TUNICH- NAH CONSULTANTS 

& 

ENGINEERING 

José García P Eng. # 053-2001 

Since the project is located some distance away from San Pedro town, ABR Limited will 

develop and incorporate a strict water conservation code. These measures will include the 

education of the staff and guests on the importance of water conservation and by the 

installation flow reduction devices. These procedures will be implemented to reduce the 

water consumption and minimized water loss. This is especially important since rain 

water harvesting will be the primary source of water. In the end, this method will 

ultimately conserve both resources and energy. Table 4.7 describes the different demands 

according to population as well as the required conservation measures required. 

Table 4.7 Projected Water Demand at different occupational rates for ABR 

Water Occupancy Percentage Rates (%) 

Consumption 100% 70% 40% 20% 

Occupation (persons) 967 677 387 193 

Water Demand (gals/day) 40,070 28,049 16,028 8,014 

Wastewater Production (gals/day) 28,049 19,634 11,220 5,610 

Recycled Wastewater (gals/day) 12,171 8,520 4,868 2,434 

Required Demand (gals/day) 27,899 19,529 11,160 5,580 

Non Potable Uses (gals/day) 15,878 11,115 6,351 3,176

4.6 Surface and Ground Water Analysis 

Various water samples were collected at the project site as can be seen in figure 4.6. 

From table 4.7, two lagoon samples (1&2), three coastal samples (3,4 & 5) and three 

wells samples (A,B and C) were taken and analyzed by an accredited DOE laboratory. 

The same was done for table 4.8, where the three coastal samples were analyzed along 

with one (2) lagoon sample. 

As can be seen from both tables, there is a big salinity difference between the coastal 

water and the lagoon. The lagoon salinities are high compared to the coast. This also 

holds true for the conductivity values as well as the total hardness concentration. Both 

these parameters indicate a difference in water body. This difference could be attributed 

to the lagoon’s water depth which is considerably low. TSS concentrations for both water 

bodies were low making it crystal clear and excellent for recreational activities. 

As can be seen from the tables and figure 4.6, the well water showed typical values 

characteristic of brackish water. This fact is demonstrated by the salinity values being 

low as well as the conductivity concentration and total hardness levels. In considering the 

values, it is only indicative that the water found in the wells is mixed with rain water as it 

trickles down to the underlying water table. 

The nutrients levels were low and characteristic low to medium impacts. Conversely the 

microbiological analysis showed little to no traces of E.Coli and Fecal Coliform in some 

sites. Total Coliform levels were low also, making these parameters indicative of low 

impact. 

4.7 Water Quality Monitoring Program 

A complete water quality monitoring program will be developed for the entire project. 

Water samples will be collected and analyzed on a monthly basis for the following 

parameters using the recommended protocol required by the Effluent Limitations 

Regulations (this regulation recommends the use of the Standard Methods for the 

Analysis of Water and Wastewater):\ 

a) In situ Measurements 

Salinity Turbidity 

Temperature Total Dissolved Solids 

Dissolved Oxygen Conductivity 

Ph 

b) Laboratory Analysis 

4-14

This will include the determination of 

Total Suspended Solids Total and Fecal Coliform 

Total Nitrate E. Coli 

Total Phosphate 

Total suspended solids are necessary as it increases may adversely affect aquatic life due 

to the reduction of light penetration. 

c) Reporting Requirements 

Reports on water quality monitoring will be submitted to the Department of Environment 

on a yearly basis. 

4-15

Fig. 4.6 Water Sampling sites for the ABR Project 

4-16

Table 4.8 ABR Surface water and well water Analysis results 

Sample ID: ABR Project Date: 11 May, 2006 

PHYSICAL UNIT METHOD RESULTS 

4-17 

1 2 3 4 5 A B C 

CONDUCTIVITY µs/cm CONDUCTIVITY (probe) 65,200 65,200 53,200 53,100 53,100 26,800 22,500 33,900 

pH unit pH/ISE meter (probe) 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 

SALINITY 

TOTAL SUSPENDED 

ppt Mercuric Nitrate titration 45 42 34 29 36 12 12 21 

SOLIDS (TSS) 

TOTAL DISSOLVED 

ppm Colorimeter 17 6 2 1 1 307 626 83 

SOLIDS (TDS) ppm CONDUCTIVITY (probe) 32,600 32,600 26,600 26,500 26,500 13,390 11,260 17,960 

TOTAL HARDNESS (as 

EDTA Titration/ UV VIS 

CaCOз) ppm Spectro 

Cadmium Reduction/ UV 

8,180 7,395 6,090 5,825 6,070 3,425 2,895 4,205 

TOTAL NITRATE (NOз) ppm VIS Spectro 4 4 2 1 1 1 N/D 1 

PHOSPHATE (PO4) ppm PhosVer UV VIS Spectro 

Sulfa Ver 4/ UV VIS 

4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 

SULPHATE (SO4) 

ESCHERICHIA COLI 

ppm Spectro 3,805 3,840 2,375 3,045 3,125 1,550 735 2,000 

(E.coli) count m-COLIBLUE24 (MF) 

m-FC/ROSOLIC Broth 

36/100ml 42/100ml 3/100ml 0/100ml 

FECAL COLIFORM count (MF) 23/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml

Table 4.9 ABR Second Surface Water Analysis Results 

Sample ID: ABR Project (North San Pedro) DATE: 19 May, 2006 

PHYSICAL UNIT METHOD RESULTS 

4-18 

Sample C1 Sample C2 Sample C3 Sample L1 

CONDUCTIVITY µs/cm CONDUCTIVITY (probe) 52,700 52,300 51,800 65,200 

pH unit pH/ISE meter (probe) 8.25 8.42 8.09 8.32 

SALINITY ppt Mercuric Nitrate titration 36.48 36.44 36.43 47.7 

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS 

(TSS) ppm Colorimeter 2 3 2 5 

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 

(TDS) ppm CONDUCTIVITY (probe) 26,400 26,100 25,900 32,600 

TOTAL HARDNESS (as CaCOз) ppm EDTA Titration/ UV VIS Spectro 6,355 6,295 6,245 8,195 

TOTAL NITRATE (NOз) ppm Cadmium Reduction/ UV VIS Spectro 

PhosVer / Orthophosphate/ UV VIS 

3.6 2.7 2.3 2.8 

PHOSPHATE (PO4) ppm Spectro 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 

SULPHATE (SO4) ppm Sulfa Ver 4/ UV VIS Spectro 3,870 3,840 3,830 4,420 

1 1a 2 2b 

TOTAL COLIFORM count m-ENDO Broth (MF) 72/100ml 204/100ml 518/100ml 142/100ml 

ESCHERICHIA COLI (E.coli) count m-ENDO Broth (MF) 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml 

FECAL COLIFORM count m-FC/ROSOLIC Broth (MF) 2/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml 0/100ml

5.0 Wastewater Disposal 

5.1 Nature of Wastewater 

Chapter 5 

Wastewater is a combination of the liquid and water carried wastes from residents, 

commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions, together with any ground water, 

surface water and storm water that may be present. It is expected that the wastewater 

generated by the project will be that of Domestic wastewater. 

Domestic wastewater is the spent water originating from all aspects of human sanitary 

water usage. It typically institutes a combination of flows from the kitchen, bathroom and 

laundry, encompassing lavatories, toilets, baths, kitchen sinks, dishwashers, and washing 

machines. Domestic wastewater as the name implies, principally originates in residences, 

commercial and institutional establishments and is also referred to as sanitary sewage. 

5.2 Wastewater Characteristics 

Raw or untreated sewage is mostly pure water. In fact, sanitary wastewater comprises 

about 99.9 % water and 0.1% impurities. Most of these impurities are biodegradable 

organic material and pathogenic microorganism. Sea water on the other hand is only 

about 96.5 % water and 3.5 % impurities. Although sea water has more impurities than 

sanitary sewage, it’s not the concentration but the type of impurities that’s important. For 

this reason wastewater is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and biological 

composition. 

The expected characteristics of the wastewater produced by the project site will be that of 

a typical domestic housing development as shown in table 5.1. Fresh, aerobic wastewater 

has been said to have the odor of kerosene or freshly turned earth. Fresh sewage is 

typically gray in color as well. 

*Table 5.1 Typical Composition of untreated domestic sewage 

Weak Medium Strong 

Constituent (all mg/l, except for settleable solids) 

Alkalinity (as CaC03) 50 100 200 

BOD 100 200 300 

COD 250 500 1000 

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 100 200 350 

Settleable Solids 5 10 20 

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 200 500 1000 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TON) 20 40 80 

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 75 150 300 

Total Phosphorus 5 10 20 

* adapted from Davis-Cromwell: Introduction to Environmental Engineering, pp 353 

5-1

5.3 Waste Water Production 

The ABR Project will produce wastewater as a result of its operation. It is estimated that 

the entire development will require about 40,070 gallons of water a day at full operation 

and 100 % occupancy rate. For the purpose of the environmental engineering calculations 

the wastewater production was calculated as 70 % of the water demand as it is normally 

the standard. 

Table 5.2 Projected Wastewater Production according to Facilities 

Water Demand 

Type 

Unit 

Description 

Maximum 

Occupancy 

Units 

(gals/day) 

Total Volume 

(gallons) 

A Hotel 112 50 3,920 

B Hotel Suites Type A 24 50 840 

C Hotel Suites Type B 36 50 1,260 

D Water Cabanas 36 50 1,260 

E Beach Front Villas 126 50 4,410 

F Beach Cottages 72 50 2,520 

G Apartments 88 50 3,080 

H Future Developments 78 50 2,730 

I Owner's Club House 6 50 210 

J Employee Housing 289 30 6,069 

K Transient Visitors 100 25 1,750 

Totals 967 Persons 45.9 28,049 

As can be seen from the table, the total volume of wastewater generated during full 

operation and occupancy is 28,049 gallons a day. Type H produced 47 % of the 

wastewater volume which is followed by Type A with 18 %. These volume percentages 

can fluctuate according to time of day, occupancy and project activity. 

Since these volumes vary and considering the project layout, the wastewater and 

treatment was divided into zones or tiers as the developer refers to it. There are four 

developmental zones, each having its own treatment plant and sanitary sewer system. In 

addition, each zone will have its own highly treated wastewater reservoir tank as 

described in the previous chapter. These tanks can be interconnected between the zones if 

it is so required. 

In addition the whole concept of each zone having its own treatment plant is to facilitate 

future expansion without having to purchase a big treatment plant from the beginning. 

Moreover, it reduces the piping distances thereby reducing the risks of raw sewage 

spillages and equipment downtime. 

5-2

5.4 Environmental Wastewater Load 

Considering the different infrastructures of the project and the nature of the generated 

wastewater, the typical strong load will be used as illustrated in table 5.1. TSS and BOD5 

are basically 300 mg/l, with 80 mg/l for TKN, and 20 mg/l for Phosphorus and 300 mg/l 

for TOC. This is the typical daily load that any treatment method will have to handle to 

reduce the concentrations to the acceptable national effluent standards. The pH of all 

these wastes will be in the range of 6.5 to 8.5, with a majority being slightly on the 

alkaline side of 7.0. 

Table 5.3 Project Domestic Wastewater Profile 

Typical Daily Resort 

Constituent Wastewater (mg/l) Load (kg/day) 

Alkalinity (as CaC03) 200 30.4 

BOD 300 45.6 

COD 1000 152.0 

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 350 53.2 

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1000 152.0 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 80 12.2 

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 300 45.6 

Total Phosphorus 20 3.0 

Phosphorus may appear in many forms in wastewater. Among the forms found are the 

orthophosphate, polyphosphates, and organic phosphates. For the purpose of table 5.3, all 

these are grouped as total phosphorus. Similarly, the TKN is a measure of the total 

organic and ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater. 

5.5 National Environmental Effluent Standards 

The Environmental Protection Effluent Limitation Regulations came into force in 1995, 

at which time the Department of the Environment commenced enforcing the Regulations. 

The regulations are intended to control and monitor discharges of effluent into any inland 

waters or the marine environment of Belize. The standards as per the Second Schedule of 

the Environmental Protection Effluent Limitation Regulations are shown in table 5.4 

below: 

Table 5.4 Effluent Limitation Standard for Commercial Activities 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5-3

5.6 Wastewater Treatment Options 

The wastewater treatment options are expanded and rationalized in Table 5.5 below: 

Table 5.5 Wastewater Treatment Options 

OPTION DISCUSSION 

1. Septic Tanks This option will not function as a consequence of the existing soil 

plus Soak-aways or condition, which is mainly comprised of coarse sand, coupled with 

Leach-fields the fact that these systems do not treat the effluent properly making 

the quality of the effluent inadequate for disposal at surface levels. 

Contamination into the sea, lagoon and underground water systems 

(cenotes) will occur in regards to BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates and 

pathogen persistence. 

For this reason, this option is not recommended because it can 

degrade the environment especially since the project is located near 

the reef, which is an ecologically fragile environment and also 

because the project is in Bacalar Chico Reserve. These systems can 

also affect the general sanitation and health of the area and affect 

bathers, swimmers and other living marine organisms at risk. 

5-4

2. Prefabricated 

Secondary 

Treatment Plant 

A prefabricated metal treatment plant would utilize little space, be 

capable of handling large volumes and would provide an excellent 

treatment of the project’s wastewater. Moreover, the treated 

effluent could be recycled into the project’s water demand. Postchlorination 

would make the water pathogen free and suitable for 

the flushing of toilets, for irrigation and fire fighting purposes as 

well as for other non potable uses. The excess effluent would be 

discarded into the environment with no problem as the treatment 

levels would meet and supercede the national standards. This is 

especially important as the project is located in an ecologically 

fragile environment. 

The level of treatment of this system would ensure that the area 

surrounding the project remains pathogen free as much as possible, 

which is a pre-requisite for possible swimming and other possible 

water based recreational activities. 

Preferred Option – The ABR Project will employ Option 2 as the preferred option. The 

system recommends is a series of prefabricated treatment plant. ABR will employ the 

"Purestream ES Model BESST" or approved equivalent treatment plant. BESST is an 

acronym used for a Biologically Engineered Single Sludge Treatment. The BESST 

system is based on the principals of single sludge treatment for efficient BOD, TSS and 

nutrient removal, and sludge blanket clarification for efficient solids separation. Also, 

with its efficient use of the mixed liquor, the BESST system produces less sludge build 

up. This process places all these components into one vessel thereby reducing the 

parameters to much less than required by the national standards. 

The efficiency of the process, and velocity gradient sludge blanket clarifier, produces 

effluent quality well below 10 mg/l BOD5, < 10 mg/l TSS, less that 1 mg/l Ammonia, 

less than 10 mg/l Total Nitrogen (

Free Ammonia Loading by 97.5% and Total Phosphate Loading by some 80%. The 

projected performance of the BESST Treatment is summarized in Table 5.6. 

Table 5.6 Projected Performance of BESST Treatment Plant. 

Constituents 

Typical wastewater 

post treatment 

Daily load reduction 

post treatment 

Total Suspended Solids 10 mg/L 97% 

Total Organic Nitrogen 5 mg/L 67% 

Free Ammonia 1 mg/L 97.5% 

BOD5 (5 day) 10 mg/L 97% 

Phosphate 2 mg/L 80% 

5.8 Wastewater Recycling 

The recycling of wastewater is an important factor in reducing the projects water demand. 

For the purpose of the ABR project, this wastewater will be recycled. The treated 

wastewater will be post chlorinated by a chlorination system as described in the previous 

chapter. This process is necessary to remove any harmful pathogens and the treated water 

will be conveyed to the zone’s holding tank. 

As described earlier in the chapter, the development will be divided into four 

developmental zones which could also be described as four sewer zones each with their 

respective holding tanks. ABR will recycle 46 % of its wastewater for the flushing of 

toilets. All water lines will be color coded. The remaining volume or about 40 % will be 

used for the irrigation of lawns, hedgerows and other related non potable uses and most 

importantly for fire combating intentions as portrayed in table 5.7. 

Table 5.7 Wastewater Alternative Uses. 

Purpose Description 

Wastewater 

Irrigation 

Fire Fighting 

Lawns, hedgerows, shrubs ect 

Fire combating 

Other Non potable uses 

All excess wastewater will be discharge into the receiving environment. The developers 

will ensure that the discharge wastewater meets and exceeds the environmental 

guidelines for the discharge of effluent. 

5-6

Fig. 5.1 Proposed Project Sewer Treatment Zones (Zone 1) 

5-7

Fig.5.2 Proposed Sewer Treatment Zones (2 &3) 

5-8

6.0 ENERGY GENERATION 

6.1 Energy Demand 

Chapter 6 

The ABR project will consist of a tourism sector and a residential sector. Both sectors will 

target tourism visitors, both local and international, as well as retired full time and part 

time residential inhabitants. The tourism sector comprises mainly of different size condos 

and villas, and amenities such as Restaurants, Retail shops and the Ecological Cultural 

Center. These facilities at full operation will require an overall constant, adequate and 

reliable source of energy. 

The energy requirements of this project are expected to be mainly for domestic and semicommercial 

purposes. Industrial activity, if any will be limited to the boat storage areas, 

construction work, and maintenance activities. The energy requirements are described in 

table 6.1. The daily energy demand at full occupancy and operation will be about 13,181 

kilowatt hours 

Table 6.1 Project Energy Demand 

Yearly Energy Daily 

Unit Use x Demand 

Type Facility Quantity Equivalent (10,000 kwh) (kwh) 

A Hotel 56 1.0 560,000 1,556 

B Hotel Suites Type A 8 4.0 320,000 889 

C Hotel Suites Type B 12 4.5 540,000 1,500 

D Water Cabanas 12 3.5 420,000 1,167 

E Beach Front Villas 42 2.0 840,000 2,333 

F Beach Cottages 12 3.5 420,000 1,167 

G Apartments 22 3.5 770,000 2,139 

H Future Developments 13 3.5 455,000 1,264 

I Owner's Club House 1 3.5 35,000 97 

J Employee Housing 1 2.0 20,000 56 

K Restaurant and Bars 3 2.5 75,000 208 

L Spas Cabanas 6 4.0 240,000 667 

M Others (Admin/lighting) 2 2.5 50,000 139 

Totals 162 4,745,000 13,181 

4,745 MWh 13.181 MWh 

* Other facilities include the piers, security equipments, road side and walkways illuminations etc. 

A typical hotel, villa and cottage designs were used to calculate the energy requirements 

for the project. As well, it is assume that the energy use includes lighting and the use of 

common domestic appliances. It is estimated that there will be a demand of about 200 kwh 

- 400 kwh during construction of the project. All of the energy demand will be gotten from 

a portable gas powered generator. 

6-1

6.2 Energy Supply Source 

The project site is located some 27 miles from the San Pedro Town and some 16 miles 

from the last BEL transmission line as the crow flies. Since there is no transmission line 

near the project site, ABR Limited is considering the installation and use of diesel 

generators as its primary source of producing electrical energy. The use of diesel 

generators will probably be supplemented by electrical energy provided by BEL in the 

future. It is anticipated that electrical energy will reach the project site as the area 

develops. It is uncertain, however, when this process will be facilitated but what is certain 

is that any impact related to diesel generation will be drastically reduced once connected to 

BEL’s transmission line. 

With this in mind, the project will install diesel generators to produce and meet its 

electrical demand. The project will utilize three diesel generators with a combined capacity 

of 1,320 KW a day. Generators will be purchased according to the project’s energy 

demand. These generators will eventually be used as back up generator units once the 

project is connect to the town’s grid. These generators will be housed in sound attenuation 

enclosure to reduce any noise pollution and will be installed in the Utilities area of the 

proposed project. The utilities area is hidden away from the visiting population and will be 

located on the western portion of the project property. Trained technicians and skilled 

workers will service and maintain the generators in good working order. 

Plate a. Typical diesel generator Plate b. Generator sound attenuation house 

6.2.1 Alternate Energy Source 

Alternate energy can be derived from a myriad of sources including thermal, solar, wind, 

tidal, natural gas and nuclear energy. Solar panels and wind energy are recommended as 

secondary sources of electricity but their use is limited to night time lighting. These two 

options may be used along with the generator energy source. The site has a good potential 

for solar and to wind power but these should be chosen as optional. The various options 

6-2

for energy generation are compared in table 6.2 These options however are secondary 

sources of electricity which are designed to reduce the overall dependence on the 

generators 

Table 6.2 Comparison of alternate energy sources for ABR 

Criteria Solar Power Wind Power Generators 

Installation Cost High High Low to Medium 

Operation Cost Low Low Medium 

Reliability Dependent on available Dependent on wind Very reliable 

radiant energy speed 

Environmental Low Low Medium 

Pollution 

Capacity Requires battery 

storage for night time 

use 

6-3 

Requires large 

windmill to electrify 

one house 

Able to work 

continuously 

From an environmental standpoint the use of solar or wind power is preferred as it results 

in very low environmental pollution. Both of these sources have zero emission. However 

both these options cost significantly higher than a diesel generator to install and operate. 

Solar power is only able to operate during the day when radiant energy is available even 

though the electricity generated may be stored in battery cells for use at a later time. This 

increases the cost of this option. Wind energy is dependent on the duration of the wind as 

well as the wind speed. Wind energy also requires more space as the installed wind vanes 

occupy a large amount of space. Wind vanes usually measure a minimum of 75 feet in 

diameter. Thus for this project these will not be appropriate. 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Natural gas have the ability to drastically reduce the 

overall energy demand. This type of fuel is primarily used as cooking fuel, but technology 

has expanded their range. For example, generators running on LPG or Natural gas can 

drastically reduce cost and pollution as well as for water heaters (pool, spa or showering). 

6.3 Power Transmission Lines 

Once the diesel generators are operational, power transmission lines will need to be 

installed. This will mainly involve the electrification of the different infrastructures. Most 

of the power transmission lines will be laid underground. This will increase the aesthetic 

appeal of the project site as well as reduce the risk of fallen power lines in the event of a 

storm. However, underground cable systems have to be insulated are more expensive, and 

have a higher maintenance cost. The route with the least environmental impact will be 

followed throughout the project. However, the final design layout and routes of the power 

transmission lines will need to be approved by a certified electrician. 

6.4 Fuel Management, Health and Safety 

The project will also require fuel for its operational purposes. The fuel sources (diesel,

gasoline and butane) are readily available from the commercial sector. The demand will be 

according to the different facilities such as the hotel, restaurants and most importantly the 

diesel generators, as well as the maintenance facilities. 

64.1 Cooking Fuel 

Fuel such as butane and propane used for cooking and refrigeration if necessary will be 

stored using the recommended guidelines. Each facility such as the hotel and restaurants 

will store these fuels at the back of each building with the proper containment measures. 

The transportation of butane and propane will be the responsibility of the supplier, who 

will follow the recommended guidelines for the transportation of Hazardous Materials. 

The supplier will also be responsible for the refilling and/or replacement of any faulty or 

corroded container. Cylinder will be filled in San Pedro town and taken to the project site 

via boat or barge. The cylinders will be offloaded at the Basil Jones Municipal pier and 

transported to the site. 

6.4.2 Fuel Storage and Transportation 

Fuel for the project will be transported by a 10,000 gallons fuelling barge to the site. Fuel 

will be pumped into the barge at a Fuelling Depot location and taken to the Basil Jones 

pier where it will discharge into an awaiting tanker. Proper pumping equipment will be 

used but will not be fixed. The tanker will then take the fuel to the site and discharge the 

fuel into the respective holding tanks. The handling of fuel will follow the standard 

protocol for the loading and unloading of fuel in the sea. The fuel demand for the 

generators of this capacity can range anywhere from 79 gallons/hr to 150 gallons/hr. For 

this reason, fuel for the generators will be stored in two- 15,000 gallons Above Storage 

Tank [AST] contained in a re-enforce concrete containment wall. Fiber glass piping will 

be used for the fuel transmission lines. The containment wall will be constructed so as to 

hold 110% of the volume of the tank. This volume will supply the project generators site 

and with the necessary fuel needed for development and operation. 

The fuel supply will be managed by ABR with the assistance of a designated Fuel 

Supplier. The installation of the AST tanks will be ensured to follow the environmental 

clearance process, which requires the application of operation of a service station, and 

follow up inspections by relevant authorities, including DOE and the National Fire Service 

(NFS). The transportation of fuel will be the responsibility of the supplier and ABR, who 

will follow recommended guidelines for the transportation of Hazardous Materials. 

The accidental spill of fuel will be avoided as much as possible. An Oil Spill and Fire 

Contingency Plan will be developed to address all issues pertaining to spills, leaks and 

fires both on the island and at sea. The plan will contain mitigation measures (booms, kits), 

clean up processes as well as the required training for safety and health. Additional 

information is explained in Chapter 8. 

6-4

Fig. 6.1 Above Ground Storage Tank that will be used for ABR 

6.5 Impacts and Mitigative Measures 

The installation of the diesel generators will create negative environmental impacts in the 

following areas: 

Orientation to the site will focus on the environmental contributions of these 

structures. Management should place these towers in less visible locations 

provided there is enough wind. It should also be possible to hide the lower 

portions behind small trees. 

Negative impacts will result from the sitting and placement of the diesel generator. 

These are in the form of diesel and waste oil spills and leaks. All spills and leaks 

will be mopped up and disposed according to the environmental guidelines. All 

waste oil or contaminated fuel will be removed from the island and taken to Belize 

City and other destinations that may prove viable for recycling. 

Negative impacts will result from the operation of the generators. Noise 

displacement will be minimized by individual engine houses enclosed in a central 

generator building with acoustic tiling. 

Batteries from the system will eventually wear out and will have to be replaced. In 

view of their toxic nature they will be removed from the island and taken to Belize 

City and other destinations that may prove viable for recycling 

6-5

Table 6.3 Matrix of potential impacts to the environment within the project area as a result of 

power generation, plus proposed mitigative measures and residual impact ratings 

Category of 

Project 

Activity 

A. 

Construction 

Phase: 

B. 

Operational 

Phase: 

Preferred 

Options for 

Carrying out 

Project Activity 

1.0 Diesel 

Generators 

2.0 Backup 

Diesel Generator 

Direct and 

Indirect biological 

and physical 

Impacts 

Excessive noise 

pollution 

Pollution risk due 

to accidental spill 

from fuel and oil 

storage tanks 

Air pollution and 

combustion fumes 

6-6 

Recommended 

Mitigative Measures 

Use silencers on muffler, 

route muffler pipes 

underground. Use 

acoustic tiling on wall of 

shed, use generator 

housings 

Place fuel tank in an 

enclosed bond wall with 

110% capacity of fuel 

tank 

Transport fuel in sealed 

containers and seaworthy 

vessels only 

Keep machines properly 

serviced used 

recommended fuels and 

additives only 

System Same as above Same as above 

1.0 Diesel 

Generators 

Excessive noise 

pollution 

Pollution risk due 

to accidental spill 

from fuel and oil 

storage tanks 

Air pollution and 

combustion fumes 

Enclose engine in 

generator house having 

acoustic tiling. Route 

mufflers underground to 

muffle vibrations. 

Place fuel tank in an 

enclosed bond wall with 

110% capacity of fuel 

tank 

Transport fuel in sealed 

containers in seaworthy 

vessels only 

Keep machines properly 

serviced used 

recommended fuels and 

additives only 

2.0 Backup 

Diesel Generator 

System Same as above Same as above 

Residual 

Impacts 

Mag/ Dir/ 

Dur/ Slope 

low/ dec/ 

short/ 

local 

low/ dec/ 

short/ 

local

7.0 SOLID WASTE 

7.1 Solid Waste Categories 

Chapter 7 

An essential component in the management of solid waste is that a proper procedure be 

devised to sort and categorize these waste. In sorting solid waste the development 

intends to create a differential system, assigning each class of solid waste to a different 

treatment category. The four broad categories of solid waste are: 

1. Construction and Field Waste (Waste category 1) 

2. Household and Kitchen Waste (Waste category 2) 

3. Industrial Waste (Waste category 3) 

4. Toxic Waste (Waste category 4) 

7.2 Projected Solid Waste Production and Waste Category Profile 

ABR is a proposed transit to residential site with an important tourism component. The 

proposed undertaking will result in increased population growth over the years, increased 

visitation to the site, and an increase in the temporary and full time labor force. This 

increase in population will result in an increase of solid waste production. Although full 

occupancy is difficult to achieve at any given time, it is recommended that solid waste 

management needs to be put in place for maximum occupancy at the project site. 

It is hard to project how much waste will be produced by each visitor and staff at the 

resort, however the development will have the means and capacity to house up to 578 

guest at full capacity (between the hotels , condos and villas) who will be served by a 

complement of staff equivalent to 0.5 staff per guest or 289 persons at full capacity. 

Although its difficult to predict, its suffice to say that upper scale tourists resorts consume 

far more processed goods, cleaning products and disposable goods (Conservation 

International, 1999) than the local population or staff who will be producing nearer to the 

Belizean average. 

The Belize Solid Waste Management Project [Stantec 1999] estimates that the average 

person in San Pedro was producing about 4.8 lbs of solid waste per day as per Table 7.2. 

This was well above the amounts being produced in inland locations like Belize City (3.4 

lbs/capita/day) and Orange Walk Town (2.8 lbs/capita/day). It is expected that the 

average high roller at ABR will be producing at least as much solid waste per day as the 

average San Pedrano. Likewise, the staff and office workers would be producing a little 

less than the average. The profile of the average householder as an 

investor/retiree/vacationer with higher income levels tend to fit these profiles especially 

in the case of the higher end condos and villas to the north of the property. 

On the assumption that these extrapolated figures will hold for the ABR resort, then one 

arrives at the following figures for domestic waste production at the resort recalling the 

7-1

following dwelling/accommodation capacities: 

- Hotel = 56 rooms (>112 person capacity) 

- Hotel Suites = 18 separate structures = ( 60 person capacity ) 

- Beach Front Villas = 14 separate structures as duplex units = (126 person 

capacity ) 

- Workers = 2 or 3 structure =(289 workers capacity, 0.5:1) 

- Transient Visitors = 100 visitors to the site, including from neighboring 

Mexico 

Table 7.1: Projected Domestic Waste Production for ABR during Operational Phase. 

No of Lbs per Projected Solid Projected Solid 

Capita Waste Waste 

Type Facility 

Producers 

in 

per 

day 

Production Production 

Category (ppcd) per Day (lbs) per week (lbs) 

A Hotel 112 4.8 538 3,763 

B Hotel Suites Type A 24 4.8 115 806 

C Hotel Suites Type B 36 4.8 173 1,210 

D Water Cabanas 36 4.8 173 1,210 

E Beach Front Villas 126 4.8 605 4,234 

F Beach Cottages 72 4.8 346 2,419 

G Apartments 88 4.8 422 2,957 

H Future Developments 78 4.8 374 2,621 

I Owner's Club House 6 4.8 29 202 

J Employee Housing 289 3.0 867 6,069 

K Transient Visitors 100 3.0 300 2,100 

Totals 4.5 3,941 27,590 

Table 7.1 shows that at full occupancy (see chapter 4), the resort can expect to produce in 

the order of 3,941 lbs (3.9 Cubic Yards) of domestic waste per day or 27,590 lbs (27.6 

cubic yards) per week. Although full occupancy may never be achieved given the nature 

of the development, the systems adopted for the site must have enough capacity to 

accommodate the waste at full capacity continuously or otherwise it will be viewed as 

potentially inadequate. 

The system adopted for managing this waste must be efficient and environmentally 

dependable. It should also be noted that in terms of waste management, volumes are a 

more useful quantity to consider than weight. This is especially true for ABR where its 

solid waste will be out by marine vessels (eg. Boats docked at the Basil Jones pier) where 

space will be at a premium and cost prohibitive. This suggests that somewhere along the 

line it will be in the resort’s interest to purchase a good quality compactor, however with 

this the resort can take many measures to reduce its waste output and save cost. 

7-2

According to the BSWMP (Stantec 1999), there is no data on the volume of the 

municipal versus domestic waste, as there is no separation at source for Belize at the 

different municipalities. Municipal waste includes waste generated by the commercial 

and business sector located within or near municipalities. Municipal waste also includes 

very little industrial waste in Belize Municipalities. 

Table 7.2: Estimated Solid Waste Generation for Belize Municipalities. 

Tons per Tons per 

City/Town Population annum day lbs/capita/day 

Belize City 49,050 29,770 81.6 3.4 

Orange Walk 13,483 6,365 17.4 2.8 

San Ignacio/Santa Elena 13,260 7,104 19.5 2.9 

Stann Creek 7,888 4,680 12.8 3.3 

San Pedro 4,499 3,900 10.7 4.8 

Belmopan 8,130 3,510 9.6 2.6 

Benque Viejo 5,088 2,080 5.7 2.5 

Dangriga 8,814 3,120 8.5 2.1 

Punta Gorda 4,329 1,560 4.3 2.2 

TOTAL 114,541 62,089 170.1 26.6 

MEAN 6,899 18.9 3.0 

Source: Stantec 2001, & CS0 2000 

The project is not expected to produce any industrial waste, as no industrial activity is 

planned. Waste will be similar to that produced for other Belize municipalities as 

described in the following section. 

7.3 Types of Waste 

Belize has little data on volumes and types of materials being disposed onto open air 

landfills, incineration, burial etc. The Belize Solid Waste Management Project (Stantec, 

2000) and the Central Statistical Office, 2000, estimate that most domestic waste is 

organic (60%), while the remaining consists of metals, plastics; glass, other waste (5%) 

and paper comprises 20%. The production of waste for ABR is expected to be similar, 

except for the inclusion of construction material to be produced during the construction 

period. 

The composition of municipal waste in Belize has been estimated as follows: 

Organics 60% Plastic 5% 

Metals 5% Paper 20% 

Glass 5% Other Waste 5% 

Source: BSWMP/Stantec 1999 and CSO, 2000. 

7-3

Construction waste will include (i) construction rubble [concrete and wood material], (ii) 

plastics, (iii) paper [primarily from cement waste bags], (iv) scrap metal, and; (v), small 

quantities of glass. Food waste during the construction period will be negligible. 

7.4 Waste Category I – Construction and Field Waste 

(i) Construction Waste – At ABR almost all the waste produced during this phase 

will come from construction of the resort’s infrastructure. The resort intends to construct 

88 condo units and 56 villas of different size ranges, besides a 105, room hotel, spas, and 

ancillary and auxiliary facilities such as an Ecological and Cultural Center. Buildings will 

be built out of organic natural materials such as timber, however foundations will 

particular will require large volumes of concrete since they will also house the water 

cisterns for the houses. 

It is commonly assumed in building construction that between 5-10% of all building 

materials will eventually be discarded as waste and purchasers will normally allow for 

this. Beside the usual scraps and discards common to construction sites generally, the 

development must also get rid of wrappings and packing, which will be considerable 

given the amount of building materials and furnishing which will be imported. 

Construction waste will include pieces of concrete, wood ends, nails and other ferrous 

products, casing materials, piping and wires among others. An average of 5-10m 3 of 

compact waste materials will be produced on average from each of the villa structures 

and probably the same from the structures giving an estimated total volume of between 

375 – 750m3 of discarded construction waste, which will be produced over the life of the 

project. The hotels and remaining facilities including the piers will probably produce 

another 100 -125m3 of waste. 

Once the owners of the residential stock takes charge of their buildings further 

construction, alteration or additions may take place as allowed under the Code of 

Covenants signed between the developer and his clients. This may include structures such 

as store sheds laundry areas and staff quarters. 

All inorganic construction waste produced at the site such as plasterboard, mortar, tiles 

will be retired to the lower areas on the rear of the property as landfill. Wood pieces will 

be recycled as will other materials that can find additional application around the site. 

Organic materials such as wood that cannot be recycled further will be collected and 

burned in open air fires or given to the communities as firewood. 

(ii) Field Waste - The little field waste produced will be from clearing of certain trees 

to erect structures but as noted in Chapter 2 it is the intention of the developer to retain as 

much of the native vegetation as possible. Notwithstanding this the shear size of the 

island and number of buildings to be erected will have a considerable footprint. 

Calculations of the footprint of the villas and condos alone suggest that they will take up 

approx. 11 acres. The plants from these areas will have to be removed not to mention 

additional clearing for site enhancement (e.g. small gardens), ventilation and to allow 

7-4

natural lighting. 

The trees cleared from the property will have little commercial value however some may 

be gainfully deployed into the construction effort as formworks, otherwise they will have 

to be collected piled and burned in open air fires under close supervision. 

7.5 Waste Category II – Domestic Waste 

During the operational phase of the development between 75 -85 % of all the waste 

produced will fall into this category. Although often overlooked, it is important to 

remember that the range of domestic waste can run the full gamut of waste categories and 

therefore the term “domestic” refers more to origin than to a specific waste category. The 

resort must ensure that domestic waste is sorted into appropriate groupings before 

disposal. To achieve this, waste must be stored in separate containers depending on 

whether they are biodegradable, non-biodegradable or toxic and properly labeled so that 

all conscientious individuals feel comfortable and encouraged in using them. 

The amount of this type of waste produced on the island is expected to be large given the 

size of the development and the fact that much of the food produced for the residents will 

be by catered restaurant type arrangements. The various offices and households will 

supplement this amount considerably by their daily production of waste paper etc. 

7.5.1 Domestic Waste disposal 

Due to the pre-existing conditions, the options for solid waste disposal are limited to two 

options: Option A and B, on site disposal, and Option C, disposal at the San Pedro 

landfill site. The solid waste is also classified into groups mainly organic and inorganic, 

with organic being combustible and non combustible. 

Table 7.3 is a summary for the solid waste disposal for ABR. The first option considered 

was Option A, the option to dispose solid waste at a site within the project area. The 

second option was to consider the incineration of combustible waste and the 

transportation of the non combustible waste to the existing San Pedro Municipal landfill, 

after approval by the relevant authorities. 

7.5.2 Selection of the preferred option 

The advantages and disadvantages for each option were discussed and analyzed. Taking 

into consideration the fragility and ecological sensitive nature of the area, Option C was 

chosen. The analysis identified that it would be environmentally and ecologically 

beneficial to install a medium size incinerator to incinerate all the combustible waste 

produced on site. This incinerator would be installed at the back of the property, in the 

direction of the prevalent winds. The incinerator will have a capacity of incinerating over 

500 lbs/day of combustible waste. 

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Table 7.3 ABR Solid Waste Disposal Options 

OPTION 

A 

Disposal 

Option A-1 is the 

composting of the organic 

waste and disposing of the 

inorganic/combustable 

waste within a disposal site 

on the property. 

Composting in soils that 

are high in salinity could 

pose a problem to the 

bacteria. 

The compost would have 

to be utilized within the 

island. 

A disposal site on the 

property for the inorganic 

would contaminate the site 

with pests and diseases as 

well as the need for 

adequate land. Water 

contamination can also 

occur given the nature of 

the fragility of the area. 

OPTION 

B 

Disposal 

Option B is the composting 

of the organic waste within 

the site and carting the 

inorganic/combustable waste 

to San Pedro Site 

Composting in soils that are 

high in salinity could pose a 

problem to the bacteria. 

The compost would have to 

be utilized within the site. 

The carting of the inorganic 

and combustible waste to 

San Pedro could easily be 

handled by the service boat 

that will commute on a 

regular basis. But space 

would be at a premium and 

its not hygienically safe to 

transport this waste with 

other products or items. 

OPTION 

C 

Disposal 

Option C is the composting of 

the organic waste within the 

property, incineration of the 

combustible waste and carting 

the non combustible waste to 

San Pedro 

Composting in soils that are 

high in salinity could pose a 

problem to the bacteria. 

The compost would have to be 

utilized within the property. 

The incineration of the 

combustible waste would 

drastically reduce the waste 

volume. Non Combustible 

waste will be separated and 

carted out to the San Pedro 

landfill. The volume will be 

far less that Option A-2 and 

would be safe to transport. 

All the non combustible waste will be carted to the San Pedro landfill. Waste will be 

stored on site until a sizeable load can be taken. ABR will make every effort to 

consolidate its load in order to reduce boat traffic in the area. The project will also 

encourage the composting of its organic waster. The organic waste generated by the 

project will basically consist of food scraps, grass and hedge trimmings and clippings. 

ABR will install composting bins to process the organic waste thereby producing a rich 

source of nutrient for the existing landscape. 

7.6 Waste Category III and IV - Industrial and Toxic Waste 

For the purpose of this assessment industrial waste will refer to all waste products 

produced from the operation of machinery and other mechanized equipment. Within this 

list will fall objects such as used tires, batteries, used oil and grease and discarded 

electronic equipment among others. Most transportation type waste will come from the 

expected large fleet of golf carts and boats. Used tires will be stockpiled and taken out to 

7-6

the landfill when ready. Used batteries and waste oil will be contained in the containment 

walls constructed for the fuel tanks. These will be adequately stored and discarded by a 

certified disposal for recycling. 

Toxic waste is outright dangerous to human health and should only be handled with 

specialized equipment and carefully disposed of far away from any inhabited area. 

7.7 Waste Minimization Strategies 

Transportation of waste materials from the site by whatever means will be an expensive 

proposition given the fact that ABR is a great distance from San Pedro where the waste 

disposal site is located. The developers will understandably be loath to bear this cost and 

will therefore aggressively pursue other less expensive options as long as they are 

compatible with maintaining sound environmental values. The developer is therefore well 

advice to subscribe to the new terminology associated with solid waste management. The 

three R’s as it’s called refer to reduction, recycling and reuse of the generated solid 

waste. This process should be greatly incorporated as a proposition of reducing the solid 

waste thereby reducing the overhead expenses associated with the incineration of such 

waste. 

These options are now examined in turn with a view of applying them to solving the 

expected waste disposal problems of the site. 

(i) Reduction – The developer of the resort should work with all the inhabitants 

of the area both permanent and transient to create a hierarchy of waste 

management where simply reducing the amounts of waste generated should be 

a priority. Such a reduction can take many forms but is especially evident in 

such ways as reducing the amounts of shopping bags and packaging brought 

from the store by buying products with less packaging and taking ones own 

bag to calculating construction materials more accurately to take account of 

waste etc. He should also purchase his goods in bulk obviating the need for 

many small packages. 

(ii) Reuse - Once materials are bought they should be reused as many times as 

possible. There are many opportunities for reusing products such as 

substituting Styrofoam plates and cups with regular plates to putting used 

clothes up for sale as second hand items etc. 

(iii) Recycle – Many of the items that the residents and staff of the development 

uses will be recyclable. Items such as glass can be crushed and reused in 

concrete. By the same token buying drinks in glass bottles which can be 

exchanged at the store instead of plastic can help to reduce waste volumes 

(although they may incur higher transportation cost). Composting kitchen 

waste is another example where useful products can be obtained for 

gardening, soil conditioning etc from waste which would otherwise be 

discarded. In Belize there are established business operations that will take 

paper cardboard and metal waste for recycling into useful products e.g. toilet 

paper. Used tires can be recycled and used for road barriers or as flower pots. 

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7.7.1 Waste Minimization Volumes 

As gotten from the Waste Minimization Strategies, much of the generated waste 

produced by the project during operation will consist of domestic waste. Applying the 

composition percentages from section 7.3, the following yields can be obtained as from 

the table below: 

Table 7.4 Waste Reduction Yield for ABR after WMS 

Solid Waste Volume Waste 

Composition Percentages Generated Composition Minimization 

(lbs) (lbs) Strategy 

Organics 60 2,364.6 Composting 

Plastic 5 197.05 Recy/Incin 

Paper, Cardboard 

Glass 

20 

5 

3,941 

(3.94 yd 

788.2 

197.05 

Comp/Incin 

Recycling 

Metal 5 197.05 Landfill/Recy 

Other Waste 5 

3 ) 

197.05 Landfill/ Incin 

Totals 100% 3,941 lbs 

As can be seen from table 7.4, about 60 % of the solid waste produced during operation 

can be recycled by composting. Moreover, waste such as card board, paper, grass 

trimmings, hedge trimmings and wood chippings can be added as well. The end result of 

the composting process is a rich fertilizer that can be added to the landscape. 

Considering the volume of waste to be composted, the project will utilize a composting 

system with a processing capacity of 40 – 200 pounds per day of biomass per system. 

This system is ideal considering the current national occupancy rate of Belize (see table 

7.4b). With this in mind the project will install 7 of these systems around the project site. 

Additional tubs will be installed as needs be to facilitate the occupation increase. 

7.8 Garbage Collection 

The garbage depot will be divided into two sections, one for organic (putricible) and the 

other for inorganic refuse. Inorganic waste will divided into combustible and non 

combustible. Combustible waste would include cardboard, paper, and certain plastics. 

7-8

Table 7.4b Waste Reduction Yield for ABR according to Occupancy 

Composition Percentages 

Volume Occupancy Occupancy 

Composition Levels Levels 

(3,941 lbs) 70% 40% 

Organics 60 2,364.6 1,655.2 945.8 

Plastic 5 197.1 137.9 78.8 

Paper, cardboard 20 788.2 551.7 315.3 

Glass 5 197.1 137.9 78.8 

Metal 5 197.1 137.9 78.8 

Other Waste 5 197.1 137.9 78.8 

Totals 100% 

3,941.0 2,758.7 1,576.4 

3.9 yd 3 

7-9 

2.8 yd 3 

1.6 yd 3 

Non combustible waste, such as glass, scrap iron, and PVC will be compacted and 

transported to the San Pedro landfill. Carting out of the solid waste will be done 

whenever possible or when a complete load has been accumulated. 

7.8.1 Educational Program. Solid waste collection and disposal will also include an 

educational program so as to inform and educate the staff, management and residents as 

to the collection schedule, waste separation, the need to store waste in containers, 

collection frequency etc. At all times the relevant authorities will be involved in 

reviewing components or all parts of the solid waste management plan to further increase 

the disposal efficiency. 

7.8.2 Collection Schedule. Waste from the condos, villas, hotels and other building will 

be collected daily. The worker’s quarters will be serviced once a week initially, then 

twice a week, and later on a daily basis if the demand increases to warrant daily 

collection. The precise collection days will be finalized after discussion with residents 

and management, and will be determined on the demand needs. 

7.8.3 Reporting Requirements and Compliance Monitoring. 

All relevant information will be made available to all pertinent authorities such as the 

SWMA, Ministry of Health, and the Department of the Environment. 

ABR Limited will ensure that contractual obligations, if any, are fulfilled at all times, and 

any guidelines and the monitoring of these guidelines and practices will be done 

internally, wherever possible. Any gross violations requiring notification to the 

enforcement authorities will be done as soon as possible, if necessary.

8.0 Disaster Management 

8.1 Introduction 

Chapter 8 

The Disaster Management Plan for ABR Limited will focus on four potential types of disasters 

that could affect the operation and livelihood of the resort in some way or the other. The four 

types that are refer to are both anthropogenic and natural in origin. A more comprehensive and 

detail plan shall be develop for the ABR once the resort is in operation. These disasters are 

outlined in table 8.1 below and further summarized in the chapter: 

Table 8.1 Disaster Preparedness Plans for ABR Limited 

Disaster Description Response Plan Stages 

Hurricanes and This natural phenomenon can Hurricane Alert, Response, 

tropical storms drastically affect the resort’s Preparedness Plan Recovery 

infrastructure and operation 

should a hurricane strike the 

caye. 

Fire This anthropogenic and to Fire Prevention Response 

some extent natural event and Response 

poses a serious problem to the 

infrastructure and occupants of 

the resort. 

Plan 

Fuel/oil Spills This incident affects the soil Spill Contingency Response, 

and leaks and water on a whole if not 

properly addressed. 

Plan (Tier levels) Recovery 

Sea level Rise This phenomenon can affect Tidal Rise Alert, Response 

the resort over the years to 

come. 

Contingency Plan 

ABR Limited will take into considerations these four disasters and plan accordingly in order to 

mitigate and remediate the negative effects these disasters could have on the infrastructure and 

operation of the project. 

8.1.1 Management Structure 

The management and staff (employees) of ABR will formulate an Emergency Committee to 

address the aforementioned disaster management plans. The committee will be charged with 

electing an Emergency Coordinator, who shall direct all the activities outlined by the plans. The 

committee shall also appoint assistants should the one in charge is not available. The 

emergency committee must conduct periodic meetings to address important issues concerning 

the disaster management plans. Such important issues should be the objectives of the 

committee, their roles and responsibilities, updates as well as their terms of reference (TOR) 

which they will abide by. 

8-1

8.2 Hurricane Preparedness Plan (Evacuation Plan) 

This is the most common natural phenomenon occurring in Belize and the only one that would 

require a full scale evacuation. Belize lies within the hurricane belt, and is vulnerable to high 

wind and storm surge. During the past 100 years, Belize has been hit several times by major 

hurricanes. Belize has been hit 40 times by storms ranging from tropical depressions to 

hurricanes (Usher, 2000). The return period for storms since 1870 is three (3) years, and the 

vulnerability increases from North to South (Usher 2000). 

The hurricane season in Belize commences officially on June 1 st and ends on November 30 th . 

As part of its overall Management Plan, the EIA has also considered the issue of safety needs 

resulting from potential threats other than hurricane. The Hurricane Preparedness Plan (HPP) is 

aimed at making reasonable preparations should ABR Limited be threatened by an imminent 

Tropical Depression or Hurricane strike. This is to enable the developers to protect their 

employees and assets, and also to ensure that the project is able to continue to function after the 

hurricane has passed. 

For this plan to be effective there will be a full meeting between the management and the 

employees to review the plan prior to the beginning of the Hurricane Season every year: There 

will also be simulation exercises in relation to various elements of the plan. 

8.2.1 Purpose of Plan 

The purpose of this hurricane preparedness plan is to: 

(i) increase awareness to land owner, management and others of the need for hurricane 

preparedness, 

(ii) To establish the coordinating mechanisms necessary for ABR to prepare and 

implement measures to safeguard property and lives of all concerned during the 

threat of a storm or hurricane. 

The basic responsibilities of the ABR Management is to ensure that the coordinating 

mechanism that will ensure maximum safety of property or lives during an incoming storm, is 

put in place, and to make sure the developer or residents/guests are familiar with the 

mechanism. 

8.2.2 Storm Information System 

The “official alert” system for hurricane entails coordination between the management of ABR, 

National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) and the Belize National 

Meteorological Service (NMS). The ABR Management will also supplement their information 

on the threat of a hurricane from the Internet with satellite tracking maps. The emergency 

coordinator will therefore activate the Hurricane Plan. 

8-2

8.2.3 NEMO Storm Categories 

ABR will follow the official alert system currently in place by NEMO. 

Hurricanes Categories and Wind Speeds can be described by the following: 

Tropical Depression 29 mph – 38 mph 

Tropical Storm 39 mph – 73 mph 

Hurricane Category 1 74 mph – 95 mph 




Hurricane Category 5 Above 155 mph 

8.2.4 NEMO Summary of Hurricane Warning Flags 

ABR will adopt the official Warning Flag System as follows: 

Flags Phases 

One Red Flag Preliminary Alert Phase (Storm/Hurricane Watch) 

One Red flag with Black Center RED I Phase (storm or hurricane watch) 

Two Red Flags with Black Centers RED II (Warning Phase) 

One Green Flag Green Phase ( ALL CLEAR) 

8.2.5 Pre-Season Preparation 

At the beginning of May each year the Emergency Committee of ABR Limited will elect an 

Emergency Coordinator and he/she will ensure that the following items are available and properly 

maintained ready for use and that every member of staff is familiar with this document: 

- Emergency lighting, including both plug-ins and flashlights with spare batteries and bulbs. 

- Electrical tape with spare heavy-duty extension cords. 

- Standard first aid kits fully up to complement. 

- Rainwear, rubber boots, hard hats, gloves, swim vests. 

- All hand held radios are functional with spare batteries and chargers. 

- Duct tape minimum 12 rolls 2”. Spare rope 5/8” 200 feet. 

- Tools, hammer, nails. Sledge hammer, axe. 

- Lumber, both 1” and 4”, also plywood sheeting for protection of windows etc. 

- Ladders, tow bar/chain. 

8-3

- At least two tarpaulins for damage control. 

- Wrecking bars for use afterwards. 

The Emergency Coordinator will ensure that all of these equipments are checked and available at all 

times during the hurricane season. During the hurricane season, any overhanging trees at ABR will 

be trimmed. The Emergency Coordinator of ABR Limited will also ensure that all buildings and 

assets such as equipment, boats and vehicles are photographed (digital with date) at the beginning of 

each hurricane season, for possible insurance claims. 

The Emergency Coordinator will also ensure that all company boats are inspected for 

serviceability and maintained with full fuel tanks at all times. The assignment of boats for 

hurricane emergency response purposes will be made at the beginning of the hurricane season. 

All portable electrical generators will also be inspected and the fuel tanks maintained full. All 

fire and portable water pumps will be similarly inspected and kept in a state of readiness. 

The Emergency Coordinator will also ensure that all non-national employees are registered with 

their respective Embassies or Consuls. 

8.2.6 Implementation Plan during Threats 

Preliminary Alert - Hurricane Watch 

This is the First Phase, and means that a storm or hurricane may threaten within 72 hours. A 

storm or hurricane is within 21° N 80° W of Belize. 

Actions to be Taken: 

(i) The Emergency Committee should be prepared to convene and take action if the Belize 

Weather Bureau issues a warning. 

(ii) Stay informed by radio and television of the storm progress. 

(iii) Obtain hurricane tracking chart for Committee members and project management, 

(iv) Obtain the contact number etc. from the ABR Management, including residents and 

guests with marine vessels, and inform vessel owners of the alert phase, 

(v) Ensure that contact is made with all guests and captains of vessels, whether by direct or 

indirect means to alert them of the phase and to make initial contact. 

(vi) Prepare a checklist (electronically) of items required in the event of a strike 

(vii) The Emergency Coordinator will identify and categorize items or equipment to be 

removed as follows: list of equipment to stay, and list of those to be removed to 

designated site. 

(viii) Prepare a tentative list of all the guests and management staff on the island. 

Hurricane Warning – Red 1 Phase (Watch) 

During this phase, a hurricane may threaten within (36) thirty-six hours. A hurricane or storm 

is located within 20° N 85° W. 

8-4

Actions to be taken: 

(i) Advise all vessel Captains to leave the marine areas immediately and take their 

vessel to safe harbor. 

(ii) The Emergency Coordinator will advise all employees and available human 

resources to install the hurricane shutters on the villas, hotel and other buildings. 

(iii) Advise all occupants of the island including guests and employees to be prepared 

to evacuate the island upon the recommendations of NEMO. 

(iv) Identify official shelter for ABR Limited guests and island residents and any 

other employee in need of such shelters, 

(iv) The ABR Limited Management will identify employees to report to work after 

the hurricane or after the Green Phase all clear is given. 

(iv) Update NEMO on all actions taken. 

Hurricane Warning – RED 2 Phase 

Whenever Phase 2 (Red) is given, this means that a hurricane is likely to strike Belize within 

(24) twenty-four hours. 


(i) The checklist of items required will then be printed and each head of department 

will be provided with a checklist, 

(ii) The precautionary list (See below Annex 1) will be printed and provided to each 

head of department, 

(iii) Final hurricane preparations should be concluded 

(iv) Evacuation of employees, guests and residents should be completed 

Fourth Phase – Green (All Clear) 

This is the ALL CLEAR, which will be declared by NEMO after the hurricane has passed and it 

is safe to return to review the effects of the hurricane. 


(i) The Emergency Committee will attempt to return and survey the project site as soon as 

possible, 

(ii) The Emergency Committee will immediately make a brief report on all damages 

(supported with photographs), and prepare an estimate of damages, and submit the same 

to NEMO and Management for their perusal. 

(ii) Employees of the project ownership will report as previously advised. 

(iii) Clean-up phase will commence with the assistance of project employees, and all 

available human resources, where possible. 

8-5

8.2.7 Safety Precautions 

These precautions will be made available to each caye occupant and employees in the event of a 

hurricane. These will be delivered during Phase 2 – Red Warning Phase, and shall be updated 

every year by the Emergency Committee. 

The following are some basic precautionary guidelines: 

1. Pay no attention to rumors. Only rely on the official reports and weather advisories but under 

no circumstances telephone the Weather Services, nor any other national radio station) or 

B.T.L. exchange as this will hamper the hurricane tracking and information service for 

everyone. 

2. Close and secure all hurricane shutters properly. 

3. Be sure that a window or door can be opened on the side of the house opposite to the one 

facing the wind. 

4. Be sure that you have an adequate supply of drinking water as well as canned food or other 

food that needs no cooking or refrigeration. If you own a coal or kerosene stove get it into 

working order and procure a supply of kerosene and coal as it may come in handy after a 

hurricane. 

5. Keep a good flashlight handy as well as candles and storm lanterns as the electricity supply 

will likely be cut off or knocked out during the storm. 

6. Check on everything that may blow away or be torn loose during a storm and store them inside 

the buildings if possible. Remember that garbage cans, garden tools, signs, awnings and other 

objects may become weapons of destruction in hurricane winds. 

7. If the center of the “eye” of the storm passes directly over you, there will be a lull in the wind 

lasting from a few minutes to half an hour or more depending on the speed of movement of the 

hurricane. Remain in a safe place. Make emergency repairs if necessary during the lull, but 

remember that the wind may return suddenly from the opposite direction, frequently with even 

greater violence. 

8. Never leave your shelter until the official “ALL CLEAR” has been given. 

8.3 Fire Prevention and Response Plan 

Fire outbreaks are considered a life-threatening event should it occur. It is therefore important 

to have a conscientious approach to the likelihood of this event. This plan outlines the standards 

and practices that will minimize the risk of fire danger, and in case of fire, provide for 

immediate suppression and notification. Presently, the National Fire Service closest fire station 

is 18 miles away in San Pedro Town. Any fire incident occurring on the project will have to be 

dealt with locally. 

8-6


The purpose of this Fire Prevention and Response plan is to: 

(i) increase awareness to guests, management and others of the need for a fire 

prevention and response plan, 

(ii) To establish the coordinating mechanisms necessary for ABR Limited to prepare 

and implement measures to safeguard property and lives of all concerned should a 

fire occur in a building 

(iii) Indicate all possible evacuation routes for each condo, villa and other buildings on 

the property. 

The basic responsibilities of the ABR Management is to ensure that the coordinating 

mechanism that will ensure maximum safety of property or lives during a blaze, is put in place, 

and to make sure the developer or residents/guests are familiar with the mechanism. 

8.3.2 Fire Prevention 

Fire prevention is an important aspect in precluding its occurrence. While water is plentiful at 

the project site, its immediate availability may not be possible. Measures designed to prevent 

and control fires include: 

I. Use of fire retardant material 

The use of nonflammable building material will be encouraged within the project. For example 

the use of sheet roofing instead of shingles will be encouraged and the use of fire rated doors 

and fire resistant barriers. 

II. Qualified personnel to install electrical system 

Only certified wiring Technicians will be allowed to carry out any electrical work on the 

premises. This will need to be approved by the Belize Electricity Limited. 

III Building Codes 

The project will call for the construction of condos, villas, a hotel and commercial buildings, 

with heights above (1) one and (2) two stores high. A set of building codes will be developed 

by the engineers of the project, in order to ensure adequate construction of buildings. The 

engineering standards will also include provisions for adequate and safe wiring; plumbing, 

heating, and cooling systems are also in conformity with acceptable building codes. 

8.3.3 Fire Protection Equipment/Systems 

All the units and buildings on the property will be protected from fire in one form or another. 

ABR will install these systems to protect lives and property. The following are fire detection, 

notification and suppression systems that can control a fire. 

8-7

1) Fire alarm detection and notification systems. 

Smoke and heat detectors: The project will install fire detection equipment in the form 

of smoke and heat detectors in each of the units and in the building hall ways and 

walkways. The smoke/heat detectors will activate the smoke alarm possibly signaling a 

fire or of something burning. 

Manually activated pull station: Certain buildings will also have a manually activated 

pull station in the event that someone sees a fire. It is essential that both guests and staff 

are aware of these warning devices and their potential use in detecting fires. 

2) Fire Suppression Systems. 

Sprinkler Systems: The only sprinkler system that will be installed is in the hotel’s upper 

level floor. This is because of the high risk of a delayed response. Sprinklers will be 

installed in every unit of the floor and water for this system will be gotten from the 

recycled wastewater via a pressurized system. 

Hydrants: Fire hydrants will also be used on the project. These hydrants will be spaced 

out according to each developmental zone and zone densities. Water for these hydrants 

will be gotten from the recycled wastewater. A portable water pump with hoses will be 

coupled to the hydrants and used to extinguish the fire. 

Commercial Kitchen hood exhaust/suppression system (foam): This only applies to the 

restaurants on the property. Industrial ranges have an exhaust hood to vent fumes and 

integrated in the hood is a fire suppression system consisting of a foam water mixture. 

Fire Extinguishers: ABR will install multi-purpose dry chemical (Class ABC) fire 

extinguishers. Dry chemical extinguishers will range in sizes of 5 lbs to 10 lbs and will 

be installed in every building, condo, and villa as well as in the hotel rooms. These will 

also be installed at key areas such as hallways, walkways, piers, containment walls, 

generators, electrical panels, maintenance areas, ect. 

8.3.4. Fire Response 

It is difficult to portray a response plan for the project site considering the different scenarios 

that might arise from a fire. It is important though, to have in mind certain tips and guidelines as 

to the advent of a fire. These guidelines may come in the form of a fire combating plan where 

by trained workers would utilize the fire extinguishers to extinguish small fires or utilizing the 

fire hydrants and sprinkler system to smolder bigger flames. 

Another important guideline also comes in the form of an evacuation plan involving fire. 

Although an unlikely occurrence, it is important that the project develops such a plan, 

especially for the hotel, restaurants and other areas constantly congested by guests and visitors. 

The evacuation plan will involve the use of evacuation cards to disseminate the procedures and 

conditions necessary for an evacuation. These cards must be handed out and made known to 

each member of staff and management as well as permanent residents on the resort. These cards 

should also be posted in each building, condo, villa, as well as public areas. 

8-8

8.4 Spill Contingency Plan 

The Spill Contingency plan provides an organizational structure and procedures for preparing 

and responding to spills and leaks. This plan is to be used by ABR Limited in response to 

petroleum product spills and/or leaks. 

Each spill is different and it is not practical to develop a spill response procedure, which will 

encompass every situation. It is better to understand the goals of the response plan in order to 

tackle every spill situation. Such understanding coupled with training will enable those 

involved in the response effort to determine the best practical procedures given the various 

conditions. 


The purpose of the plan is to outline the procedures necessary to reduce and contain the effect 

of a spill by means of a well-coordinated response and is intended for the following purposes: 

To increase staff awareness on Spill Response procedures taking into consideration the 

different governmental Tier response levels. 

To define the coordinating mechanisms necessary for Managers and support staff to 

utilize their resources in Response Procedures. 

To establish and define clearly the roles and responsibility of Management in Spill 

Contingency and Response procedures. 

8.4.2 Mechanism 

This plan institutes the need for a timely and effective response to incidents. In order to respond 

rapidly and successfully to a spill, personnel responsible for containing and cleaning up the spill 

must know the steps that need to be followed during and after the spill. Contingency plans 

describe information and processes for containing and cleaning up a spill that occurs in a 

defined area of the project. Because the approaches and methods for responding to oil spills are 

constantly evolving, and each spill provides an opportunity to learn how to better prepare for 

future incidents, contingency plans also are constantly improving and providing increased 

protection to human health and the environment from these accidents. 

8.4.3 Response Policy 

The following tables are DOE Tier levels as described by the National Emergency Preparedness 

Plan for Oil Spills (NEPPOS) 

Table 8.2 Marine Spills Levels 

Tier Quantity (gals) Location Response 

I 1,000-10,000 Coastal/ Marine To be manage by polluter 

II 10,000-100,000 Coastal/ Marine Requires government assistance for 

management 

III >100,000 Coastal/ Marine 

Requires Government and/or external 

assistance 

8-9

Table 8.3 Inland Spill Level 

Level Quantity Location Response 

A 1,000 or poses significant health 

hazard and requires evacuation 

8-10 

On land or 

Inland 

On land or 

Inland 

To be manage by polluter 

Responsible party requires 

GoB assistance to manage 

the discharge. 

For the purpose of this project both Tier I and Level A will be considered. This is especially so 

because of the fuel transportation from the mainland or San Pedro town to the project site, as 

well as the project’s daily operations. 

8.4.4 Fuel Management 

Fuel management is a very critical safety issue considering the remoteness of the project site. It 

is however, not a difficult task to do considering the small to medium volumes that will be 

handled by the project during construction and operation. Fuel will be managed to prevent spills 

and leaks via the following: 

Storage: Fuel will be stored inside a reinforced concrete containment wall. This will be 

designed to contain 110% of the maximum tank volume. To protect against any 

accidental fire the tank will be sited away from all electrical installations within the 

utility zone. 

Documentation: It is important to keep in mind that the project must order the correct 

amount or volume of fuel required for operation. For this reason, all the fuel consumed 

and received must be recorded. 

Maintenance: It is necessary to inspect all containment walls and fuel containers. 

Improper functioning of these can lead to unnecessary spills and leaks. Another 

important issue is fuel lines. The less there are, the better. It is with that reason that the 

fuel tanks must be as close as possible to the generators. 

8.4.5 Waste Oil Management 

Although not required to be developed fully considering the volumes produced, it is important 

however, to reiterate that the project is in an ecologically fragile environment. Small oil spills 

for this matter, do fall under the Spill Contingency Plan. Waste oil will be managed according 

to the following: 

Storage: All waste oil will be stored in properly sealed drums and inside a containment 

wall. This would most probably be inside a fuel tank containment wall.

Handling: Used oils are a legal responsibility of ABR and thus should be handled 

adequately and with care. 

Disposal: Although the volume may be very small, it is important to properly discard 

the accumulated waste oil. Once stored, the waste oil should be disposed in conjunction 

with that of a neighboring resort or industry such as the Ambergris Aquaculture Limited 

hatchery. 

8.4.6 Contingency Equipment 

Spill response equipment is the most important component in the Spill Contingency Plan. This 

equipment can vary depending on the size and type of the activity. For the interest of ABR the 

following equipment will be required: 

Spill response Kits – these will be made available to the maintenance staff and installed 

at key locations such as generators, boats, ect. 

Containment Booms – these are mostly for marine spills and will be deployed in need 

be the case. 

8.4.7 Safety and Response Priorities 

The Emergency Committee for ABR Limited will ensure that the following priorities are taken 

into consideration: 

Safety to human life is the highest priority in any response, and should be ensured that 

all management personnel are protected. 

Containment of incident to stabilize the situation. 

Minimize and prevent any adverse environmental impact 

Basic response information that should be available whenever an action is taken includes the 

following: 

Type of oil involved: this could be lubricating oil, engine oil, waste oil, diesel fuel, and 

gasoline fuel. 

Size of spill: this includes all the Tier levels described by DOE. 

Location of spill: this involves the shoreline and entire caye. 

Prevailing Conditions: choppy seas, windy, rainy, overcast, sunny, calm, low/high tide. 

Environmental sensitivity of potential or actual impact area: this includes the sensitive 

area of the beach and inland locations. 

8-11

9.0 Integrated Social Assessment Review 

9.1 Background 

Chapter 9 

The island of San Pedro Ambergris Caye is situated about 36 miles from Belize City and is the 

largest island in Belize in terms of tourism activities, infrastructure and marine destinations 

(protected areas). The main economic stay and employment opportunities is generated from 

tourism and related activities. The central settlement on Ambergris Caye is San Pedro Town 

(Fig. 9.1), which is the focus of Belize’s marine attractions. The Town is made up of various 

cultural and ethnic groups from within which these communities are the main service providers 

to the tourism industry. 

Demographically, the other nearest town is Corozal, with a calculated population of about 35,829 

(2006) including other smaller villages dotted along Corozal District coast (Fig. 9.1). Similarly, 

the fishing/tourism village of Caye Caulker with a population of about 2,000 is situated about 10 

miles south of the town of San Pedro and about approximately 31 miles from the proposed 

development site. The Mexican border town of Ixcalak is located some 9.8 miles north of the 

proposed development site. 

Over the past two and a half decades, population on the island of Ambergris has increased to 

over 50% due to the rapid increase in tourism activities. Reflecting this dynamism, tourism and 

residential developments have also expanded north of the Town beyond the San Pedro River and 

along the coast to past Boca Bacalar Chico. Scattered along this windward or eastern side of the 

island, are the many residential and holiday homes, hotels and sea-side resorts. Because of its 

pristine environment, areas along both the north eastern and north western sides of Ambergris 

have been declared protected areas with built in conservation zones. 

In terms of infrastructure development, construction materials, equipment, goods and supplies 

are transported weekly from Belize City to the island of Ambergris Caye in large and small cargo 

barges. Locally, smaller barges and boats transfer cargo to areas north of Boca Del Rio (San 

Pedro River) to construction development sites north of the River. 

In terms of transportation and access to and from the town to northern Ambergris, there is a track 

or road commencing from Boca Del Rio to about thirteen miles north of the River; mainly golf 

carts and bicycles utilize this track or road. From this point, the beach area and smaller tracks are 

utilized by locals to access the areas of northern Ambergris. There is no road access to the area 

of the proposed development site however there is a designated road reserve. Noteworthy, the 

main access to areas north is by boat. 

Besides the various hotels/resort scattered along the northern coast of Ambergris Caye, the 

NOVA shrimp farm established in late 1997, is the only other private industrial developer in the 

area. This shrimp farm is located some 13 miles north of the town of San Pedro and has 

established its own private commercial pier adjacent to the property. A small airstrip is located 

9 - 1

Fig. 9.1 – Rural Communities & Urban Centers near the Project Site 

9 - 2

some 1.3 miles south west of the NOVA site. Shrimp larvae from the farm are transported from 

the NOVA site to Cucumber Beach near mile 3 along the Western Highway. 

9.1.1 Introduction 

The proposed development is for tourism facilities on northern Ambergris Caye, situate just 

north of Boca Bacalar Chico and about 21 ± miles north of the town of San Pedro (or about 53 

miles from Belize City along the eastern coast). Proposed development activities include the 

construction of hotel facilities, of 105 rooms and 6 over-the-water cabanas. 

At completion, and at full capacity, the proposed development is expected to have some 578 

residents and holiday-makers, and a staff of 289 persons and an estimated 100 transient visitors. 

The proposed development will also include the construction of two elevated walkways on the 

western or lagoon side of the development. Two piers, one to be utilized for tourism activities 

and the other for hotel loading and unloading of supplies and materials will be constructed on the 

windward side of the development. Tourism activities will include snorkeling, diving, canoeing, 

kayaking, catch and release and fly-fishing. 

It is anticipated that the area of land at both the southern and northern end of the property will be 

left in its natural state as a buffer zone for the proposed development. The Developer will also 

look toward the area of land along the lagoon (Lagoona Cantena) to be left in its natural state as 

part of the Boca Bacalar Chico National Park. 

9.1.2 Core Concerns of the Social Assessment 

The core concerns of the social assessment are intended to identify those social, cultural and 

economic activities within the area and region as it relates to all aspects of the proposed 

development. The social assessment will also identify proposed transportation routes and related 

conservation environments as it relates to the proposed tourism development activities. Only 

after the identification of related core concerns, those associated impacts can then be analyzed 

for both positive and/or negative impacts in respect to the proposed development. 

The following assessment is merely an examination of those issues [that may be] related to 

project development activities and is not intended to change or modify social groups or values of 

communities or daily activities. It is intended to compliment and enhance the execution of the 

development activities during all phases of construction and, completion of the project. It is also 

important to mention however, that the proposed development will bring increased economic 

opportunities to the area and the country on a whole. 

9.2 Demographics 

Those related socio-cultural, economic and demographic data in the area and region of the 

proposed development site will assist in identifying relevant information which may be impacted 

by proposed development activities. 

9 - 3

9.2.1 Population and Housing 

In 2000, population census on the island of Ambergris Caye was estimated at 4,499 with 2,289 

males and 2,210 females and 1,519 households. However, unofficially, population count on the 

whole island is estimated at 15,000 (pers.com.). This is also based on the fact that during the 

last elections, about 5,000 votes were casted (pers. com.). 

The town is hemmed in by highly expensive private properties, particularly on the windward or 

reef-facing side of the caye. Private sector residential, commercial and tourism related growth 

continue to take place in these areas, with increasing higher density near the town center. This 

growth increase has seen the need for additional residential subdivisions to accommodate the 

local San Pedranos and the influx of worker populations. Further town expansion will have to be 

undertaken southwest of the town in the less valuable mangrove swamp. Expansion of public 

residential subdivisions north of the San Pedro River is prohibited by private properties. 

Many private residential subdivisions have been carried out in northern Ambergris on both the 

western and eastern coast of the island north of the San Pedro River. However, these are mostly 

private subdivisions with high price values. It is noted however, that there are remaining public 

lands (on northern Ambergris) which could accommodate local residential subdivision for new 

resident and worker populations, but this effort may prove very expensive as the areas will 

require expensive fill and road access to these areas. 

The proposed development will construct staffing quarters to accommodate temporary and 

permanent worker populations during all phases of development. However, there is a proposed 

road reserve to access the proposed development site, which should facilitate temporary and 

permanent worker populations’ return travel to residential homes in the town of San Pedro. 

9.2.2 Employment 

Ambergris Caye prosperity is dependent on tourism which takes an ever increasing share of the 

islands’ economic and human resources. Over 80% of employment activities are associated with 

the tourism and spin off sectors. In employment terms, the economy of San Pedro is dominated 

by tourism and associated activities. Innumerable job opportunities are created by tourism and 

related activities and services which have attracted many individuals from throughout Belize 

including Caye Caulker, Corozal: immigrants from Central America continue to mix with the 

local and island population. 

Fishing, previously the dominant activity has declined and now only accounts for a small percent 

of full time fishermen. Two non-basic employment sectors include commercial and 

administrative services, and construction, which is largely generated by the tourism industry. 

There are existing worker populations on the island such as tour guides, construction workers, 

hotel mangers, etc, which could be utilized in related infrastructure works and activities during 

and after construction phases of the project. However, any large influx or new worker 

9 - 4

populations not found on the island will marginalize existing worker populations on Ambergris 

Caye. 

9.2.3 Social Infrastructure 

The highest level of infrastructural service is found in Belize City. Based on the analysis of 

population growth and inward migration to the island, the town of San Pedro has a major gap in 

most of its services. For example there is only one high school including a 6 th form, one public 

primary school and 8 private primary schools. The St. Luke’s University School of Medicine 

and University of the Americas are two medical colleges on the island. 

There is one public polytechnic clinic hospital, one dentist, one eye clinic and about 6 private 

clinics. The clinic includes 1 doctor and 4 nurses; which does not satisfy the daily population 

needs. The one doctor is the only public doctor on call on the island. There is no overnight 

hospitalization. Though, private health practices on the island also include two general 

practitioners, the Lions Club and the Wings of Hope for local and international medical 

emergencies. These facilities serve both the locals and tourists alike. 

More recently, an ambulance service was established, a new fire house constructed to house two 

new fire trucks, a tourism center inaugurated, and the San Pedro airstrip and streets were 

resurfaced to ensure safety of people, airplane and vehicular traffic. Future infrastructural 

projects for San Pedro include a new civic center, a new police station, a new stadium, new 

basketball court and new health center. The town also has 12 churches and about 125 bars. 

The proposed development project to be undertaken will not necessarily have any impact on the 

schools in the area. The impact will occur if worker populations with families are relocated to 

the island for work related activities. In terms of emergency services, the recommendation is 

that the proposed development comprises its own in-house doctor and facilities and emergency 

facilities especially in light of the fact that the proposed development site is situated some 21 

miles from the center of San Pedro Town. 

9.2.4 Communication and Services 

In line with world trends in communication, San Pedro Town boasts a TV station, cable network, 

fax machine, fixed regular telephone, cellular and Belize Direct, and internet and email services. 

No communication or other ancillary services have been established at or near the site of the 

proposed development. The nearest partial ancillary service is at least six miles from the 

proposed development site. 

With the advent of the proposed road to be constructed, communication and services at the 

proposed development site should be facilitated. 

9 - 5

9.2.5 Cultural 

Culturally, the island continues to see growth in both ethnic and racial mix. The original 

inhabitants have long since been integrated with new additions to the island. The increase in 

tourism and the construction of new and bigger hotels on the island have seen an influx of 

Central American immigrants to the island to satisfy construction needs. Though integrated, this 

has caused a great deal of impacts to existing lifestyles and local social institutions. It is 

important to mention however, that a large number of Belizeans from all over Belize have also 

migrated to the island for employment within the tourism industry. Many of these individuals 

seek and find employment, and on many occasions a few have returned to the mainland or place 

of origin. 

Noteworthy, the island will continue to see ethnic and racial mix overtime; it is a natural human 

social process. 

9.2.6 Traditional Activities 

In terms of tourism, fishing remains an important economic activity within the Bacalar Chico 

Marine Reserve (BCMR). Fishermen from Sarteneja and Corozal utilize the BCMR for 

extractive commercial fishing, while most of the fishing activity by San Pedro-based users is 

centered on extractive sport or tourism-related fishing. Both of these groups recognize the 

declining economic return of extractive fishing, and the increasing economic potential of 

tourism-related activity, and have enlisted in programs that promise to enhance their capacity for 

more sustainable and economically viable livelihoods. 

Boats from San Pedro make regular day trips to fish on the eastern side of the BCMR for lobster 

and conch, while Fishermen from Corozal and Sarteneja stay and fish in the area for one and two 

weeks. Based on the Bacalar Chico Management plan, two families from Sarteneja and one 

from Corozal Town use the area, setting traps for reef fish from May to September. 

Since the declaration of the BCMR’s zoning regulations, no additional traps have been allowed 

within the reserve. However, a substantial amount of illegal fishing is taking place in the area by 

both Belizean and Mexican fishers alike, but the impact of these activities has never been 

quantified. Again, it is noted, that the number of traditional fishermen from San Pedro has 

declined over the years because of tourism growth and associated activities. 

Information gathered indicated that during various times of the year, the area of the coast 

between Punta Azul and Rocky Point is utilized by various individuals (beach combers) where 

they collect whelks, coconuts, conch etc. The hotels use the whelks for boca (finger food) while 

the shells are recollected and sold to individuals from Belize City to make local jewelry for sale. 

Coconuts from the area are also collected for use in San Pedro. Coconuts and conch are sold on 

the local market for drink and local dishes. 

It is noted that no fishing and or the collection of conch is prohibited in the marine reserve. 

9 - 6

9.3 Land Tenure 

In the early 1990s a large portion of northern Ambergris Caye was in public hands (acquired 

crown lands). Today, all the lands along the eastern coast and to some degree most of the land 

along the western coast of northern Ambergris is privately owned leaving a moderate amount of 

public lands vested in the Government of Belize. 

Land tenure near the proposed development site is private. There was also a proposal for a 

tourism/resort development for the piece or parcel of land immediately south of the proposed 

development site, however this was never materialized. 

Field visit along the coast commencing from the Nova Shrimp farm heading north reveals many 

small local hotels and privately residential developments, one over - the water restaurant and bar 

and one over - the water residential wooden structure. In many cases, perhaps because of the 

limited access to properties along this coast, construction of many the homes were commenced 

but have since been abandoned. It was also noted that there were quite a number of properties 

for sale along this eastern coastline. 

9.4 Transportation/Access 

9.4.1 Sea Access 

Currently, the only access to the proposed development site is by sea. Travel time from San 

Pedro to Boca Bacalar Chico via the eastern or windward side of Ambergris Caye is about one 

hour in moderate weather conditions. Travel time from this eastern side is not recommended in 

heavy seas as boats must pass over the reef at Rocky Point to gain access to the northernmost 

span of the Barrier Reef Lagoon. 

Travel time from San Pedro to the Bacalar Chico Canal entrance via the western side of 

Ambergris Caye is about an hour and a half, with an additional 30 minutes to traverse the 

Bacalar Chico Canal to the eastern side of the BCNP/MR (approx. 29.6 miles). The western 

approach can be used in most weather conditions, however it is only suitable for shallow draft 

vessels as the maximum depth along this coast is about 1.5 - 2.0 meters (or 4.92 – 6.56 ft.). 

Travel time from Sarteneja Village, 20 – 25 kilometers (18 – 23 miles) across Corozal/Chetumal 

Bay, is about an hour and a half, however it is limited to shallow draft vessels. During November 

to March, navigation on the western side is affected by strong northerly winds. Wind speeds 

during these conditions can blow from the North or West at 15 – 25 knots causing rough sea 

conditions and virtually zero navigation visibility. 

Channel Cuts along the eastern or windward side of Ambergris Caye 

The following includes those reef cuts and access areas in the region of the proposed 

development site. These were included in order that the developer and associated employees/ 

9 - 7

marine vessels could get an indication of the inaccessibility of traversing in or near these areas 

during post and completion development phases, as well as to warn as to the dangers especially 

in times of rough seas and during times of emergency. 

Habaneros 

Access to the Habaneros channel, south of Punta Azul, is about 5 miles from the proposed 

development site and has limited characteristics. Access via this point is difficult as there are 

many coral heads which are close to the surface. The depth within the middle of this cut is 2.3 

meters (7.55 feet). 

Punta Azul 

The channel at Punta Azul is 100 meters wide (328.08 ft.), but once inside the reef, the lagoon 

depth is very shallow limiting use to boats with one meter draft. Entry through this access point 

heads parallel to the reef crest and then north once inside the reef. Once inside the reef the 

channel and lagoon area is very shallow. The depth within this channel is 3.35 meters (10.99 ft.). 

In the lagoon the depth varies from 2.55 meters (8.37 feet) to 1.45 meters (4.76 feet). Scattered 

patch reef in the reef lagoon make navigation extremely hazardous. 

Basil Jones 

Basil Jones has the deepest access point through the reef crest north of the San Pedro River (Fig. 

9.2). The narrowest navigable width is 50 – 70 meters (164.04 – 229.66 ft.) at two locations. 

Here, the primary navigational hazard is sun glare between 5:30 and 8:30 a.m. depending on 

travel direction. Large changes in headings to avoid coral configuration combined with sun glare 

have caused locals to hit parts of the reef during passage. Strong currents in this channel have 

also affected navigation. Once inside the reef, the channel and lagoon area is very shallow. 

Smaller Channels between Rocky Point and Basil Jones 

All accesses are very small but navigable by knowledgeable local fishermen and guides under 

very calm conditions. During periods of rough weather and high wave conditions, these cuts are 

not navigable. The three channels have living and dead coral formations that extend to within a 

half a meter (0.16 ft.) from the surface and must be carefully avoided during navigation. 

The shallowest point of these channels is generally on the seaward side of the reef crest where 

depths average 1.5 meters (4.92 ft.). The smallest width encountered within the three channels is 

3 meters (9.84 ft.) and the largest is 5 meters (16.40 ft). However, navigational hazards of corals 

in the channels limit navigation width to 2 and 3 meters (6.56 – 9.84 ft.) respectively. 

9 - 8

Fig. 9.2 Reef Cuts In the Region of the Proposed Development Site 

9 - 9

Channels between Rocky Point and Bacalar Chico 

There are two wide channels north of Rocky Point that have shallow depths (Fig. 9.2). These are 

the Two and Three Channel cuts named for the number of openings in the reef at these sites. 

Access through these channels is possible, weather permitting. 

Two Channel cut has depths of 3.20 meters (10.5 ft.) to the north and 2.20 meters (7.22 ft.) in the 

south and in the middle of the channel the depth is about 2.00 meters (6.56 ft.). However, there 

is a patch reef just inside the reef in the middle of the channel where elkhorn coral comes within 

centimeters of the surface. The length and width of this patch reef is 40.00 and 21.50 meters 

respectively (131.23 and 70.54 ft). 

Three Channel cut is about 2 miles north of the Mexico Border. Near the northern edge of the 

reef crest the depth is 1.50 meters (4.92 ft.); at the southern edge the depth is about 3.00 meters 

(9.84 ft.). In the middle of the channel, the depth is about 5.80 meters (19.03 ft.) and seaward of 

the reef crest the depth is 4.60 meters (15.09 ft.). 

Access into Laguna de Cantena and Chetumal Bay 

Accesses including Bacalar Chico and other tributaries are characterized by red mangrove 

borders and soft sand and silt bottoms with sparse to heavy growth of turtle grass. These 

waterways have areas of restricted width where only one boat at a time can easily pass; two boats 

would be unable to pass each other safely. 

9 - 10 

Depths into the Bacalar Chico and 

Laguna de Cantena begin at the 

cutoff from Bacalar Chico. At the 

turnoff point there is a large boulder 

that comes to within 1.75 meters 

(5.74 ft.) of the surface. Surrounding 

the boulder the depths are 3.50 

meters (11.48 ft.). From here depths 

vary from 3.55 to 1.40 meters (11.65 

and 4.59 ft.) in a small channel that 

leads into Laguna de Cantena. 

Fig. 9.3 Laguna Cantena facing north 

showing a portion of Rocky Point on the 

bottom left and a portion of the proposed 

development site facing east.

Depth in a small lagoon that leads into Bacalar Chico Lagoon is 1.00 and 0.50 meters (3.28 

and 1.64 ft.). The entrance into Bacalar Lagoon has a depth of 1.70 meters and southward across 

this lagoon the depth varies from 1.35 meters to 3.60 meters (4.43 to 11.81 ft) near a sinkhole 

and 1.30 meters and 0.00 (4.27 to 0.00 ft) at the southern end where sea grass reaches the airwater 

interface. 

To get to Laguna de Cantena, Rio Cantena must be followed further south; here the depths vary 

from1.20 to 1.70 meters (3.94 to 5.58 ft.). The entrance from Laguna de Cantena is 1.20 meters 

(3.94 ft.) deep. Within the middle of Laguna de Cantena the depth ranges from 1.00 – 1.60 

meters (3.28 ft – 5.25 ft) and at the southern end, the depth decreases to 0.50 meters (1.64 ft.) 

9.4.2 Road Access 

Currently, there is no real road access from the Town of San Pedro to the proposed development 

site north of Bacalar Chico. In the past, bicycles, golf carts and pedestrians would utilize an 

existing track to access areas north of the San Pedro River. Most of the northern Ambergris 

Caye home rentals are accessible by this sand or access track/road. However, all eastern coastal 

properties can be accessed by water taxis (boats). It is noted that road access to areas of northern 

Ambergris Caye has been one of the limiting factors to development activities. 

In 2006, Northern Ambergris was connected by a bridge over the San Pedro River. Golf carts, 

ATVs, bicycles and pedestrians only are allowed over the bridge. The new triple span bridge, is 

120 feet long and 23 feet wide, and is capable of allowing emergency vehicles passage (as 

necessary). 

The 1992 Land Use and Zoning Plan for Ambergris Caye indicate that “there is an existing 

proposal for a road right of way from the San Pedro River north. The document further 

recommends that a road reserve of 40 feet should be made and “aligned along the most westerly 

edge of the beach ridge where it meets the mangrove flat and that this alignment should be 

mapped immediately.” The road alignment recommended is to be designed at the furthest point 

from the beach to allow site development flexibility as well as prove safer in times of 

emergencies (i.e. hurricanes). The road would be designated public. 

Site visits to the area utilized both the track and the beach areas as in some instances the existing 

track was covered with vegetation. This track is not necessarily passable during the wet season, 

but is regularly used by beachcombers, tourists and locals alike to access the San Juan area. 

Based on the characteristics of the area, and especially near Rocky Point, reinforced road 

infrastructure works will need to be completed. 

Beginning at NOVA, there is an existing proposal for a road reserve near Basil Jones. This 

proposed road will run north along the western boundary of NOVA Shrimp Farm and the eastern 

boundary of BELTRADE to a point, then east along the property boundary of land now or 

formerly Nella Reid. The Developer is in the process of negotiating to purchase the property at 

this point in order to facilitate the free flow of traffic at this point. From here, the road will run 

north in the middle of private subdivisions to near Robles and then along the westerly edge of the 

9 - 11

Fig. 9.4 Proposed Road to Project Development Site 

9 - 12

each ridge where it meets the mangrove flats to behind Rocky Point and Bacalar Chico to the 

proposed development site (Fig. 9.4). 

It is noted that the San Pedro Town Council is aware that there is a proposal for a registered road 

reserve running north of the NOVA Shrimp Farm to near Robles Point. The construction of the 

road to the proposed development site will facilitate and improve new infrastructural services to 

the area, provide road access to areas not currently being developed by existing land owners, 

provide access to the site during all phases of development, will also be important in times of 

emergencies, and therefore will have less impacts on the marine environment. It is also 

important however, that the road should facilitate double lane for the free flow of traffic during 

all weather conditions. This road will require proper stabilization and planning. 

The municipal or public pier near NOVA facility is located about 13.5 miles from the San Pedro 

River and from here along the coast is about 5.1 miles from the proposed development site. This 

municipal pier is utilized by the public to unload cargo and materials to access areas north of this 

point. From this point north, to the proposed development site, field visits were carried out to try 

to locate the registered road reserve as well as to assess topographical conditions of a road 

reserve in the area. 

The proposed development to be undertaken north of Boca Bacalar Chico will also utilize the 

municipal pier to unload construction and other materials: from here it is anticipated that the 

proposed road reserve north of this point (the municipal pier) to the development site will be 

utilized to transfer all other materials and equipment overland etc. to the site. 

9.5 Air Access 

There are dozens of daily flights between Belize City and San Pedro Airport (SPR) on 

Ambergris Caye. Flights leave from both Philip S.W. Goldson International Airport and 

Municipal Airport roughly every hour. Most flights stop en route at San Pedro, stop off at Caye 

Chapel or Caye Caulker to drop off or pick up passengers as is required. 

There are two airstrips on San Pedro Ambergris Caye: one in the center of San Pedro Town, and 

a small public airstrip west of the NOVA facility, about five miles south of the proposed 

development site. The airstrip near NOVA site has been closed for some time now. There is an 

existing proposal by a private developer to purchase 200 acres of land adjacent to this municipal 

airstrip; this developer would like to assist in infrastructure works to rehabilitate this airstrip 

(pers.com). 

9.6 Tourism Activities 

The growth of the tourism industry began in the mid 1960’s when Belize became known for its 

diving. It is estimated that tourism is the single largest contributor to economic growth 

accounting for as much as 17.5% of the total gross domestic product, providing approximately 1 

in 5 jobs (including spin offs), and as much as 25% of total foreign exchange earnings. 

9 - 13

Recent statistics indicate that Ambergris caye had the highest distribution of tourism related 

operatives (excluding tour operators) in the country (Table 8.1). In 2005, there were 92 

registered hotels with 1,259 rooms and 2,208 beds. Registered and trained tour guides were 

noted as 164 with 35 registered tour operators for San Pedro. The island's biggest tourist 

attraction is the Belize Barrier Reef which runs parallel the entire coastline of Belize: Statistics 

indicated that for every 10 visitors, 7 prefer the cayes. 

Employment in the hotel sector for 2005 reportedly was 4,045, an increase of 7.3% over the 

2003 (3,447) figures. Of the 4,045, there were more males (2,153) than females (1,892) 

employed in the industry. In San Pedro, employment in the hotel industry was the highest for the 

country for the last two years with 891; the Cayo District had the second highest (724), and 

Belize District (606) the third highest employed in this sector. 

Table 9.1 Tourism Statistics 

Area 

No. of 

Hotels No. of Rooms No. of Beds 

9 - 14 

Tour 

Guides 

Tour 

Oper. 

Employment 

Belize District 60 913 1383 378 49 606 

Ambergris 92 1259 2208 164 35 891 

Caye Caulker 67 546 895 69 21 145 

Cayo 87 836 1519 183 46 724 

Corozal 29 255 358 35 0 125 

Orange Walk 17 198 337 49 1 126 

Stann Creek 55 460 759 93 21 374 

Placencia 81 575 855 83 29 514 

Toledo 33 255 463 59 7 261 

Other Islands 36 296 550 - - 279 

TOTAL 557 5593 9,327 1,113 209 4,045 

BTB, 2005 

San Pedro is the center of the tourism industry in Belize, offering a wide variety of recreational 

activities ranging from sports fishing, diving, snorkeling, birding, and manatee watching. The 

reef is a quarter mile from the beach of Ambergris Caye making diving easily accessible. There 

are over 30 great dive sites along the island to include Hol Chan Marine Reserve Shark Ray 

Alley etc. (Fig. 9.5). The reef's beauty and richness has put Belize among the top ten dive 

destinations in the world. 

The proposed development site is located within the BCMR and the BCNP. Marine activities by 

the developer can utilize a number public accredited dive sites along the eastern coast of 

Ambergris Caye.

Fig. 9.5 Dive Sites at Ambergris Caye and the Region of the Proposed Development 

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9.7 Regional Planning 

Various planning regimes and regulatory bodies have been set up in regards to planning and 

development of Ambergris Caye and Belize’s Coastal Zone and environment. The following 

includes those related regulatory systems and planning bodies. 

9.7.1 The Ambergris Caye Planning Authority 

In 1993, the Ambergris Caye Planning Authority was renamed the Ambergris Caye Planning 

Committee (ACPC) and is responsible for the implementation of the ACMP. The Ambergris 

Caye Planning Authority of the Central Housing and Planning Authority (Ministry of Housing) 

was established in 1990 under the Housing and Town Planning Act (Chapter 182, Revised 2000) 

to implement the provisions of a declaration to prepare a zoning plan for Ambergris Caye. 

All development plans such as this are to be submitted for vetting by the ACPC. The ACPC 

along with the CHPA carry out a monthly review of all development plans which should be 

submitted at least three days prior to the meeting. After completion of the EIA, a copy should 

also be forwarded to the ACPA. 

9.7.2 The Ambergris Caye Master Plan 

The Ambergris Caye Master Plan (ACMP), have been accepted by Cabinet and provides zoning 

plan for all of Ambergris Caye. Special responsibility for the development and management of 

Northern Ambergris Caye lies with the Northern Ambergris Caye Development Corporation 

(NACDC) set up in 1991 under Act No. 25 of 1991. “The zoning scheme in the Ambergris Caye 

Master Plan includes provisions for the establishment of protected areas in Northern Ambergris 

Caye but none have ever been established as specified in the zoning scheme.” 

9.7.3 Bacalar Chico Advisory Committee 

A Bacalar Chico Advisory Committee (BCAC) was established in 1995 to address all matters 

pertaining to the BCNP/MR. The committee consists of a Chairman (Fisheries Dept.), Secretary 

(CZMI), a representative of ITCF, and representatives of key community groups from San Pedro 

and Sarteneja. The BCAC meets every 6 weeks, with the location alternated between San Pedro 

Town, Sarteneja and Belize City. 

The Fisheries Department has been discussing co-management with the Green Reef 

Environmental Institute, a non-governmental organization based in San Pedro. A Memorandum 

of Understanding (MOU) has been drafted, and is anticipated to be signed as soon as the policy 

guidelines for the National Protected Area System Plan (2004) for Belize have been finalized. In 

the meantime, a letter of intent was given to Green Reef Institute to seek funds to assist primarily 

in the monitoring programs for the protected areas. 

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9.7.4 The San Pedro Town Council 

The San Pedro Town Council is the main entity of local government on the island of Ambergris 

Caye, Belize. Besides day to day planning of the Council, the main duties of the council 

members include the following: Finance, Economic Development, Investment, & Special 

Events; Foreign Relation, Public Relations & Community Education; sanitation, solid waste, 

public works and the environment; Small Business Initiative and Tourism and; parks, 

playgrounds beautification & traffic. 

9.8 Belize Tourism Policy 2005 

In 1998, the first ever National tourism Strategy Plan was developed for Belize. The plan was 

prepared with the goal of developing a strategy and action plan to stimulate economic growth 

while protecting the country’s environmental and natural resources and ensuring benefits to 

locals. The policy adopted focused on ecological-cultural tourism (ecotourism). The 2005 

tourism strategy builds on the 1998 strategy refined to fit today’s global tourism market realities 

and potential. 

The Strategy include policies to be adopted and designed to improve the quality of life for locals 

and communities, coordinated government and industry sector participation, integrated national 

economic, social and cultural benefits, a meaningful balance between the main tourism (stay 

over) and cruise sectors and ensuring that Belize’s destination position in the global tourism 

sector is not compromised. 

The Belize Tourism Policy guides the development of all types of tourism. In essence the new 

tourism policy is predicated on policies to also look at significant changes in the external 

environment. These include but are not limited to: i) increased cruise tourism forecast; ii) the 

impact of cruise tourism on Belize’s eco-tourism sites and; iii) increasing competitiveness Belize 

faces globally and regionally. 

9.8.1 Tourism Master Plan 

The 2005 Belize Tourism Policy addresses the need for the development of a new “Tourism 

Master Plan” as the industry is “facing many development challenges involving land and marine 

use, infrastructure, resource use and visitor impacts.” The Tourism Master Plan will build on 

results of the Phase I policy document and will be guided by priorities and directions established 

within the document. Primarily, the Master Plan will look at (but not be limited to) area plans 

from a tourism perspective integrating considerations to quality of life for locals; development of 

carrying capacity limits at the various sites; policies relating to waste management, land use, 

security and investments and assisting local communities to develop community tourism 

products. 

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9.8.2 Belize Tourism Board 

The Belize Tourism Board is a statutory board within the Ministry of Tourism. Its functions as a 

strategic partnership between government and the private sector is to develop, market and 

implement tourism programs to fulfill the emerging needs of local industries and the 

international tourism market place for the benefit of Belize and Belizeans. The industry is 

promoted worldwide by the Belize Tourism Board, which also involves itself in training of local 

tour guides, licensing of ships and other sustainable approaches to development of the industry. 

9.8.3 Belize Tourism Industry Association 

The Belize Tourism Industry Association (BTIA) is a non-profit private sector membership 

organization that promotes the development of sustainable, eco-cultural tourism for the benefit of 

Belize. The purpose of the BTIA is to serve and promote the interest of its members, to develop 

and promote the Belize Tourism product and to secure and influence the improvement of the 

industry. BTIA currently have a membership encompassing Belize's six districts and all major 

sectors of industry. Its membership is drawn from, but not limited to the tourism sector. 

9.8.4 The National Protected Areas Policy and System Plan 

In 1996, the National Protected Area Policy and System Plan (NPASP) was drafted. However, 

the draft document was never finalized. In 2003, the Ministry of Natural Resources took the lead 

in formulating a national protected areas policy and system plan. This initiative resulted in a two 

year project which specifically focused on developing a work plan for the NPASP and the 

subsequent development of the policy and system plan. 

In 2005, the NPASP was completed and in 2006 was endorsed by Cabinet as the National Policy 

and System Plan on the role and management of Belize’s protected areas inclusive of the Belize 

Barrier Reef Reserve System World Heritage Site (BBRRS-WHS). The aim of the policy is “to 

create a national Protected Area System in which important sites are included in one coherent 

framework that meets all obligations under international agreements to which Belize is a 

signatory.” 

The National Protected Areas Policy is the guiding statement on the role and management of 

Belize’s protected areas. The NPASP is the tool that will be used to implement the policy. The 

plan has five main strategic actions; however, the overall aim of the plan is to create a more 

effective protected area system that provides tangible benefits and is cost effective to manage. 

9.9 The Belize Port Authority 

The Belize Port Authority (BPA) is the statutory body responsible for maintenance and control 

of marine transportation and port facilities. The BPA is important in regulating ship and boat 

traffic which can pose a threat to the BBBRS through groundings crashes and spills. 

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9.10 Cayes Development Policy and the Coastal Zone Management Strategy 

The 2001 Cayes Development Policy and the Coastal Zone Management Strategy were 

developed by the Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute to address the continued 

stress on Belizean Cayes; the need for strategic management in the Belize’s coastal resources 

and; to ensure economic growth is balanced with sound environmental management. Both 

documents address the management of shoreline construction, infrastructure and setbacks, and 

the need to consolidate existing legislations regulations, and guidelines relating to the 

development and sustainable environmental management of cayes throughout Belize. 

9.11 Mooring Buoy Program 

A national mooring buoy program was commenced in Belize as early as 1988. In 1997, mooring 

buoys were set up in the Boca Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve, Hol Chan and Shark Ray Alley 

and in front of the town of San Pedro. The Green Reef Institute has also installed additional 

buoys near the reef to warn of coral and shoal areas. The Belize Fisheries Department is also in 

the process of identifying funds for a National Marine Reserve Mooring Buoy program for 

Belize to deploy additional buoys in all the marine reserves systems in Belize to minimize the 

impacts on coral reefs by anchor damage. 

9.12 Pier Guidelines and Seawall Development 

The Physical Planning Section of the Lands and Survey Department produced a set of guidelines 

in 1999, following the spate of requests for construction or reconstruction of piers after 

Hurricane Mitch. They guidelines seek to promote consistent design criteria for piers. Provisions 

of the guidelines include: i) Length limited to 350 feet; ii) Proper illumination; iii) Minimum 

recommended separation of 1000 feet between piers in rural settings; iv) ‘Proper’ architectural 

design, and use of ‘safe’ construction materials; v) No enclosures and: vi) Public access to be 

allowed. 

The pier guidelines also seek to reduce shoreline congestion and increase public safety and pier 

management. All pier and seawall applications should be sent to the Physical Planning 

Authority for approval. 

The 2000 Coastal Zone Report recommended that the CZMA along with the Physical Planning 

Section of the Lands and Survey Department undertake to develop comprehensive guidelines for 

construction on beaches, incorporating a revision of the pier guidelines, but taking into account 

seawalls, groins, jetties and harbor arms. 

9.13 Local Non Profit Organizations 

Green Reef is the first conservation NGO established in 1997 on San Pedro Ambergris Caye. 

"Green Reef is a non-profit, non-governmental membership organization dedicated to the 

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conservation and sustainable use of Belize's vast barrier reef complex and the associated marine 

environment in order to maintain the integrity of the ecosystems for the benefit of all humans." 

A memorandum of understanding (MOU) has been signed by the Green Reef Institute and the 

Fisheries Department (GOB) for the co-management of the Bacalar Chico marine reserve. The 

MOU allows Green Reef to conduct research within the reserve through permits issued by the 

Fisheries Administrator; Green Reef shall be exempt from paying the Fisheries Department its 

proscribed fees for research conducted within the reserve. 

Among other things, the MOU also states that Green Reef and the Reserve staff shall jointly 

develop and provide the Fisheries Administrator with quarterly financial statements, annual 

reports and reports on any major revision in operations regarding management of the reserve and 

for its part, the Fisheries Department, upon written request from Green Reef, shall provide Green 

Reef with relevant financial information pertaining to the reserve. 

The Fisheries Department shall also, in accordance with the Fisheries Regulations, process all 

applications for scientific research by any other organizations, after consultation with Green 

Reef, and the Bacalar Chico Advisory Committee. Recreational an extractive activities 

pertaining to the Reserve shall be decided jointly by the Parties herein mentioned and the 

Fisheries Department reserves the right to refuse any activity, including extractive activities, 

within the reserve which in its judgment, is not consistent with the goals and legal framework 

governing the reserve. The Fisheries Department shall also provide assistance to Green Reef in 

the form of tax exemptions and other like benefits as are enjoyed by non-profit, nongovernmental 

organizations for the carrying out of activities related to the management of the 

reserve. 

9.14 Protected Areas in the Region 

Marine protected areas are declared under the Fisheries Act allowing multiple uses under a 

zonation scheme which typically designates three zones: 1) General use zones, 2) conservation 

zones and 3) preservation zones. Belize’s marine reserves or protected areas also include 

terrestrial areas, either as islands or adjacent mainland areas. 

Management objectives include protection, scientific, research, visitation, education, 

conservation of marine flora and fauna, natural regeneration of aquatic life, preservation of fish 

breeding grounds and habitats, and for controlled extractive use (within specified zones). Marine 

reserves area also established to provide protection of habitat utilized by manatees. The National 

Parks Systems Act (1981) provides for the creation of protected areas on National Land, which 

includes seabed. 

The proposed development site at Bacalar Chico is located immediately within declared Boca 

Bacalar Chico Marine and National Park Reserve. There are also other identified protected areas 

in the region that forms a network of protected areas of importance to the proposed development. 

The Revised Management Plan for BCNP/MR was designed to serve as a comprehensive 10year 

strategic to addresses both the conservation and economic sustainability needs of the 

BCNP/MR. 

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9.14.1 Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve (BCNP/MR) 

The BCNP/MR spans the northern portion of Ambergris Caye from the Bahía Chetumal on the 

west to the Caribbean Sea on the east, and encompasses a total of 28,169 acres. The northern 

boundary of the BCNP/MR is formed by Belize’s international boundary with Mexico. A portion 

of this boundary is described by the Bacalar Chico Canal which is reputed to have been created 

by the ancient Maya. 

Specifically the BCNP/MR was created because of the following: 

- All known or Found Marine Bird Nesting Sites 

- Marine Turtle Nesting Beach Between Robles Point And Rocky Point 

- Exposed Pleistocene Reef Along The Rocky Point Shoreline 

- Littoral Forest Along Both The Eastern and Western Coast 

- Crocodile Nesting Sites 

- Cenotes And Sink Holes Having Perennial Freshwater Availability For Wildlife 

- Salt Marsh Habitat 

- Bacalar Lagoon 

- Archaeological Sites 

Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve was declared in 1996 and consists of 15,529 acres (Fig. 9.6). The 

coastal region of Bacalar Chico Marine Reserve supports many unique natural characteristics, 

such as Rocky Point. This point is the only location in Belize where the Belize Barrier Reef 

touches the shoreline and hosts nesting activity by Loggerhead, Green, and Hawksbill sea turtles. 

The offshore marine habitat of the reserve is also an important breeding area for Queen Conch, 

as well as a seasonal spawning bank for Nassau Groupers, Black Groupers, Yellowfin Groupers, 

Mutton Snapper, Dog Snapper, Cubera Snapper, Yellow-tail Snappers, White Margate, Horseeye 

Jacks, Permit, Yellow Jacks, and a variety of other reef fishes. Bacalar Chico has been 

recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique geographical features and variety of 

its flora and fauna. 

Bacalar Chico National Park was also declared in 1996 and consists under the National Park 

Systems Act. The national park encompasses 12,640 acres of land and includes the Laguna de 

Cantena, which is one of the largest lagoons in Northern Ambergris Caye. Private lands within 

the National Park boundary acquired prior to designation are regulated by the Lands Department 

under the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Industry. 

Ministerial responsibility for the Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve is shared 

between the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Industry (responsible for National 

Parks, Natural Monuments, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves) and the Ministry of Agriculture 

and Fisheries (responsible for marine reserves). The Ministry of Housing has responsibility 

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through the implementation of the Ambergris Caye Master Plan which applies to all the private 

land within the national park. 

In 2005, eighteen-kilometer of nature trail within the Bacalar Chico National Park was cleared 

by Green Reef with the assistance of Trekforce which is utilized by tourist and park rangers etc. 

The southernmost reach of the BCNP/MR can be accessed overland via a dirt track which 

apparently extends along the east coast. 

Infrastructure within the park include: a headquarters building constructed in the San Juan area, a 

ranger station constructed on the eastern side of the BCNP on lands belonging to ITCF, and a 

new building which houses the staff quarters, a visitor center and a storage area. The BCNP/MR 

is presently equipped with three boats, SCUBA equipment and equipment for the staff to conduct 

research, monitoring, patrols and environmental education. 

The regulations and guidelines for which are described as follows: 

- Research 

All persons intending to conduct research within the reserve must first obtain approval 

from the Fisheries Department. Permits are granted based on research priorities of the 

BCNP/MR. Research permits the geographic boundary for which permission is granted, 

as well as guidelines, which include (but are not limited to) the types and quantities of 

flora and/or fauna allowed for extraction. Regulations and guidelines for each permit may 

be tailored on a case-by-case basis. Licensees should carry their permit at all times while 

conducting research in the marine reserve. 

- Boat Operators 

All persons seeking to operate a boat within the reserve must obtain a license from the 

Fisheries Department. In order to qualify for a license, a person should be a Belizean, 

age eighteen or older, with first preference given to traditional fishers, or former fishers 

conducting tourism activities. Licensees should carry their permit at all times while 

operating a boat in the BCMR. 

- Fishing 

All persons seeking to undertake commercial or sport fishing within the reserve must 

obtain a license from the Fisheries Department. Licenses will only be issued to persons 

whom have traditionally fished within the marine reserve for their livelihood. Licensees 

should carry their permit at all times while fishing in the marine reserve. 

The legislative basis for conservation of private lands within Bacalar Chico National Park is 

administered by the Central Housing and Planning Authority (CHPA) and the North Ambergris 

Caye Development Committee (NACDC) in accordance with the zoning regulations stipulated in 

the Master Plan for Ambergris Caye (ACMP). The ACMP was developed for the Bacalar Chico 

region prior to legislative declaration of the BCNP, and is reconciled with conservation zoning 

and protection recommendations developed by the BCAC. The zoning regulations of the ACMP 

therefore include: 

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Fig. 9.6 Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve (BCNP/MR) 

9 - 23

- Low Density General Residential Land Use Zone For The Eastern Shoreline Extending 

Back To The Shore Of Laguna De Cantena, From The Bacalar Chico Channel South To 

Rocky Point 

- Conservation Area from Rocky Point South to Robles Point 

- A Special Coordinated Development Area Encompassing the Former Pinkerton Estate 

9.14.1.1 Marine Component 

The rationale, objectives and key enforcement and management needs of the BCMR’s four 

management zones include the following: 

General Use Zones (1 and 2) allows for the sustainable management of existing 

traditional uses within the BCMR prior to declaration. This zone lies apart from areas in need of 

greater protection, and it is easily accessible to local fisher folks who use the area for commercial 

fishing (Fig. 9.7). A combination of the zone’s existing fishing banks and proximity to the 

adjacent Conservation Area (I) replenishment area offers fishermen fertile and potentially 

valuable fishing grounds. 

The key objectives of the zones are to provide the opportunity for established uses and activities 

to be continued in a sustainable manner under a stringent monitoring scheme. The key 

enforcement and monitoring needs of the zone also include intensive patrols to institute fisher 

folk compliance, specifically with respect to fishing gear, catch sizes etc. and to deter the 

potential for incursions into conservation and preservation zones. 

- Conservation Zone (I) is essentially a non-extractive zone, designed for baseline 

monitoring, research, education and limited recreational use. This zone represents a transverse 

section of the BCMR, which includes intertidal flats and grass flats, patch reefs, back reef and 

reef crest types and coralline grove formations in the outer reef. The zone serves as a 

replenishing and nursery area and provides habitats for threatened and endangered species such 

as the West Indian Manatee and marine turtles. The key objectives of this zone are to conserve a 

representative sample of certain habitats within the BCMR, to provide an undisturbed area for 

recruitment of species to adjacent areas, and to provide opportunities for research, education, and 

comparison with unprotected areas. The key enforcement and monitoring needs of the zone 

primarily concern control of Illegal fishing, particularly nighttime poaching (Fig. 9.7). 

Conservation Zone (II) is a controlled extraction zone designed to accommodate 

subsistence fishing, recreation and tourism. The zone accommodates all of the different types of 

recreational activities permitted in the reserve, in affording beach areas for swimming, corals for 

diving and snorkeling, areas for canoeing and good areas for fishing. The key objectives of this 

9 - 24

zone are to prevent fishery stocks from overexploitation by commercial fishing and to enhance 

the value of the area for recreational and tourism activities. The key enforcement and monitoring 

needs of the zone include monitoring of catch and gear use, and recreational and tourism impacts 

(Fig. 9.7). 

Preservation Zone (PZ) is closed to visitors, including researchers except under special 

permission. This zone includes fragile patch reefs, back reef, reef crest and fore reef areas, which 

comprise important habitats for commercial species such as the Queen Conch and Spiny Lobster. 

Human impact on this zone has been intense due to easy accessibility and the shallow back reef 

area, and its zoning protection has consequently been designed to restore the area to its original 

condition over time (Fig. 9.7). 

The key objectives of the zones are to preserve an area within the BCMR in an entirely natural 

state, to protect the areas habitat and threatened/rare species. The key enforcement and 

monitoring needs of the zone concern the reduction of illegal usage by Mexican visitors, which 

the area is vulnerable to as a result of its proximity to Belize/Mexico border. 

9.14.1.2 The Terrestrial Component 

The Boca Bacalar Chico National Park lands consist of Crown Lands held by the GOB and 

Private Lands held by independent title. Approximately 80 % of the National Park consists of 

Crown Lands acquired in 1990 by the GOB from the former Pinkerton Estate. Approximately 20 

% of the National Park is within private lands that were titled prior to designation and are held as 

one parcel at San Juan on the west (where BCNP/MR headquarters are located) and as several 

parcels along the entire shoreline on the eastern side of the BCNP. 

The seabed (defined as the land extending seawards from the high water mark of ordinary tides) 

is National Land owned by the Government of Belize under the authority of the National Lands 

Act (Laws of Belize Chapter 191, Revised 2000). Under Crown Land Rules (Statutory Rules and 

Orders 66 of 1939), a 66 ft wide strip of land along all water frontages, measured from high 

water mark, is designated as public easement, but lands titles prior to 1930 included the land to 

the high water mark and in some cases, below the high water mark. 

The area of the proposed development site and associated tourism activities borders both the 

BCNP and the BCMR. As is noted from designated zoning within the BCNP/MR, all 

development and tourism activities to be undertaken will need to follow the management 

objectives of the reserves. 

9.14.2 Hol Chan Marine Reserve 

Hol Chan Marine Reserve is made up of 18.13 km2 of nationally owned land and seabed, the 

latter comprising over 90% of the total area. It includes the seabed, seven small mangrove 

islands, and a narrow strip of mangrove forest on the southern tip of Ambergris Caye (Fig 9.8). 

The Fisheries Regulations 1977 shall apply within the Reserve. 

9 - 25

Fig. 9.7 Management Zones within the BCNP/MR Ambergris Caye 

(See above caption ‘Marine Component” for definition of zones) 

9 - 26

9.14.3 Rocky Point 

The entire beach from Robles Point north is a known turtle nesting site for three species of 

turtles, two of which are on the endangered species list. Along this coast, this is the only known 

point where the reef actually touches the land. 

The 1992 revised master plan for Ambergris Caye, indicate that if the entire 320 acres is zoned, 

proposed zoning would allow the lowest permitted density – i.e. an area in which the maximum 

density allowed is 2 dwelling per acre with a minimum lot size of 14,000 sq. ft. creating the 

potential for the construction of 600 houses. However, given its critical nature, it was 

recommended that a NO DEVELOPMENT policy be adopted for the area. To date, no old or 

new recommendations have been implemented to guide the development of this very sensitive 

area. 

9.14.4 Mexico Rocks 

The area was proposed for protection as it is one of the few areas in Belize with a well organized 

system of patched reef between the coast and barrier reef. The creation of another reserve was to 

alleviate some of the pressure at the Hol Chan Marine Reserve. The long term objective was also 

to put in place management systems for development activities such as pier construction, sea 

walls, sewerage and other discharges onto the beach and the sea, dredging of near shore areas to 

create beaches, vegetation clearance, and alteration of the sea bed. However, the one of the main 

problems was the fact that this 220 acre proposed reserve, was within privately owned lands. To 

date, no old or new recommendations have been implemented to guide development activities in 

this area. 

9.14.5 Little Guana & Los Salones Caye Bird Sanctuaries 

Legislative authority for the declaration, protection and management of bird sanctuaries falls 

under the Ministry of Natural Resources. On September 6, 1977 the Ministry of Agriculture and 

Lands declared seven (7) cayes as Crown Reserves in accordance with the provisions of Section 

6 of the Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 110 of the Laws of Belize, Revised Edition 1957) for 

the protection of waterfowl nesting and roosting colonies. The authority for the management and 

protection of these 7 cayes were subsequently handed over to the Belize Audubon Society. On 

April 26, 1998 the Society and Green Reef signed a MOU giving Green Reef the authority to 

manage Little Guana Cay and Los Salones Bird Sanctuaries (Fig. 9.8). 

9.14.6 UNESCO World Heritage Site 

The coastal area of Belize is an outstanding natural system consisting of the largest barrier reef in 

the northern hemisphere, offshore atolls, several hundred sand cays, mangrove forests, coastal 

lagoons and estuaries. In 1996 the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System was granted World 

Heritage status based on its global significance as a natural site of "outstanding universal value". 

9 - 27

Fig. 9.8 Protected Areas in the Region of the Proposed Development 

9 - 28

The system's seven sites illustrate the evolutionary history of reef development and are a 

significant habitat for threatened species, including marine turtles, manatees and the American 

marine crocodile. The Reef illustrates a classic example of reefs through fringing, barrier and 

atoll reef types. 

The bird sanctuaries are located within the Northern Shelf Lagoon between Chetumal Bay, the 

mainland and Ambergris Caye and comprise three small cayes known as Little Guana and Los 

Salones. Los Salones (two cayes) is situated approximately 3 ¼ miles southeast of the D.O.S. 

Trig Station at Sand Point at Latitude 17° 57′ 20″ N and Longitude 88° 06′ 10″ W. Little Guana 

Caye is situated approximately 2 miles Southwest of the D.O.S. Trig Station at Bracilite at 

Latitude 18° 02′ 50″ N and Longitude 87° 58′ 10″W. The draft management plan includes a 

zoning plan in which various rules is applied. 

The existing boundaries extend to the high water mark surrounding the cayes and do not include 

any of the marine waters or the wetland areas that support the breeding colonies. Little Guana 

Caye is 1 acre (0.4 ha) in size while Los Salones has a combined area of 1.9 acres (0.78 ha). The 

three cayes are National Land and belongs to the Government and people of Belize. As 

mentioned above, these cayes were declared as Crown Reserves under the Crown Lands 

Ordinance in 1977. 

9.14.7 The Corozal Bay Wildlife Sanctuary 

The Corozal Bay Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1998 for the protection of the Manatees. 

The 180,508.5 acres park currently, has no zoning or co-management activities (Fig. 9.8). 

9.15 NGO and Public Consultations 

In conducting the social assessment, contact and/or interviews were conducted with four of the 

major planning authorities and the one NGO on San Pedro Ambergris Caye. These include the 

San Pedro Town Council, the Ambergris Caye Planning Committee, a member of the San Pedro 

NEAC and Mito Paz from the NGO, Green Reef Institute. The main stakeholder concerns 

include the following which they would like to see be addressed within the EIA: 

- Solid and liquid waste disposal, as there are no nearby disposal sites 

- Sewer system, will there be a sewer system plan? 

- Monitoring, who will be responsible for monitoring construction and post 

construction activities, especially in the marine reserve 

- Construction waste, where and how will these be disposed of 

- How will the developer access the development site 

- Dredging activities in the marine reserve and national park 

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- Clearing of littoral forests, mangrove removal and sea grass damage form 

dredging activities 

- Turtle nesting site impacted from increased tourists etc to and through the area 

- Illegal hunting by local workers to the area 

- All marine tourism activities take into consideration and abide by the 

management zones within the marine reserve 

- Hurricane plan be submitted to the San Pedro NEAC for coordination in the 

unlikely event of emergency evacuation 

To expand on one point, one of the main concerns were the fact that the biggest threat in the 

tourism industry were from workers in the industry who (for example), walk the beach and take 

undersize lobster and have no regard for the turtle beach. These workers are also known to spear 

fish and catch out of season marine animals, as the area is shallow and access to these areas are 

easy. Another point of interest is that developments on the northern Ambergris Caye do not 

necessarily provide housing for their workers. This has caused additional concerns as workers 

are known to trespass in private properties, and swim in ‘no swimming areas’. 

Two main recommendations by these stakeholders includes: based on its location from the town 

of San Pedro, emergency facilities for the resort should be included in the design plan, and that 

the portion of the property which fall within the national park should be donated to the park. 

9 - 30

Chapter 10 

10.0 Environmental Impacts of Proposed Development 

10.1 General Principles Underpinning Environmental Impacts 

In principle the need to address some requirement(s) of the human species gives rise to the 

definition and implementation of some specific development project(s) or programme(s). In the 

context of the proposed development, the human requirement to be addressed is the need for 

recreation and knowledge of the ecosystem. In the case of the latter this relates to the research 

and educational components of the project. 

Inherent in development projects and programmes are activities which alter the environment, or 

causes some “environmental disturbance”. These environmental disturbances have a number of 

“effects” which in turn leads to “environmental impacts”, which are categorized as being either 

negative or positive. This impact cycle is summarized in Fig. 10.1. 

Fig. 10.1: Environmental Impact Cycle 

Environmental impacts are in principle hierarchal and in this regard are described as being 

sequentially ‘primary’, ‘secondary’, ‘tertiary’, etc., in orientation. An example of this impact 

sequence which specifically relate to the currently proposed project is show in Table 10.1. 

Primary impacts are those impacts arising immediately from particular development activities 

such as land clearing or dredging, and affect basic ecosystem functions such as primary 

productivity, metabolic rate, mechanical damage to anatomical structures and the physical 

destruction of habitats. Parameters relevant in regards to these ecosystem functions are; 

suspended solids, turbidity, macro-nutrients, and dissolved oxygen [See Table 10.1]. 

The ‘primary impact’ parameters in turn have another level of impacts on various ecosystem 

components, which are qualified by both magnitude and direction. This is unlike the ‘primary 

10-1

impacts’, which within the context of the current EIA varies in magnitude only [See EIA Matrix 

outlined in Table 10.1]. In the case of primary or “Level 1” impacts, this may be explained by 

the fact that variations in the magnitude of these parameters in and of themselves are neither 

deleterious nor beneficial. Thus an increase in dissolved oxygen, macro-nutrients, or turbidity are 

neither positive nor negative, until and/or unless they in turn act on some other ecosystem 

component(s). This is in principle the secondary or “level 2” impacts. The consequence of 

increased nutrients on sea-grass productivity near the caye should be beneficial – thus within the 

context of the EIA Matrix outlined in Table 10.1, the impacts are assigned a positive values, i.e. 

they are beneficial. Conversely the impacts of sedimentation on these sea-grass meadows is 

deleterious and is consequently assigned a negative value. 

Primary or level ‘1’ impacts may also have an effect on ‘higher order’ activities, which are 

usually human systems or human development activities. These are generally referred to as 

‘tertiary’ or ‘level 3’ impacts. Thus within the context of the currently proposed project, an 

increase in sedimentation associated with dredging activities could have a deleterious or negative 

impact on seagrass productivity and macro-invertebrate populations in the nearshore seagrass 

beds: These are referred to as ‘level 2’ impacts [See Table 10.1]. The increase in sedimentation 

may also have negative consequences on fishing activities for lobsters and conch, not only in 

regards to the potentially decreased number of lobster and conch in the area, but also as a 

consequence of increasing the incidence of “Trap” loss and the increased amount of time spent 

searching for the traps, or diving for conch, given the poor visibility caused by sediments in the 

water column [See Table 10.1]. The direct impacts to fishing activities are in principle “level 3” 

impacts [See Table 10.1]. 

Under the current analytical process outlined in the EIA Matrix [See Table 10.1], although a 

relationship may exist, the magnitude of change of the particular parameter may be so small or 

insignificant, that no discernible impact is identified: In such circumstances the event is assigned 

a score of “0” in the EIA Matrix. 

10.2 Overview of Environmental Impacts 

The level of adverse, or alternatively, beneficial impacts on the ecosystem and in general flora 

and fauna is a function of the magnitude of the development activity, the nature of the resource 

in question, the capacity of the environment to assimilate these influences and the methodology 

to be applied in relation to the particular project activity. 

The connectivity or hierarchal nature of the impacts of the proposed project has been 

underscored by the integration of a color scheme in the EIA Matrix outlined in Table 10.1. The 

vertical commonality of a particular color in the Matrix has been done to underscore the cascade 

of the impacts of a particular parameter at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of the 

system. 

The primary activities that are likely to give rise to environmental impacts of note are the 

dredging activities, the construction of the swimming beach, the sourcing of potable water, 

10-2

energy generation, the production of sewage and domestic effluents, and the production of solid 

wastes [See Table 10.1]. 

Apart from the ‘ecological oriented’ environmental impacts, the social and economic impacts are 

also relevant. These relates to the impacts of the proposed development on pre-existing economic 

activities in the area such as recreational diving, commercial fishing and maritime traffic in the 

area. 

10.3 Details of the Ecological Impacts 

10.3.1 Dredging Impacts 

The most notable primary aquatic impacts arising from the dredging operations are expected to 

be an increase in sedimentation and turbidity, as well as an increase in BOD and Hydrogen 

Sulphide [See Table 10.1]. 

There are two (2) sets of dredging activities associated with the proposed project, viz: dredging 

in the nearshore areas of the project site to accommodate the construction of the access pier and 

the construction of the over-water cabanas, and the dredging at the Nova Pier four (4) miles 

south of the proposed project site to accommodate the berthing of barged with construction 

supplies and equipment. The volume of material associated with the project site is 7,000 cu yds, 

while that associated with the Nova pier is 1,936 cu yds. These dredging volumes are modest 

given the scale of the seabed to be excavated relative to the wider barrier lagoon. 

The impact of dredging on the reef systems in the area is predicted to be insignificant, thus a 

score of ‘0’ has been accorded to the issue in the impact matrix shown as Table 10.1. This has 

been as a function of the modest scale of the dredging operations, the consistency of the seafloor 

material to be dredged and consequently the mobility of the sediments, as well as the distance of 

the proposed dredging operations to the reef systems. The distance of the reef from the burrow 

pit at the proposed project site is almost a mile [0.8 mile]: This coupled with the fact that the 

prevailing current within the barrier lagoon is north to south virtually eliminate the risk of the 

reef being impacted by the dredging operation. Although the reef is nearer in the area of the 

Nova Pier [0.5 mile], the impact is also expected to be negligible [See Table 10.1]. 

The sedimentation and turbidity impacts associated with the dredging operations were more 

notable for the seagrass beds than they were for the reef: These impacts however were predicted 

to be ‘minor deleterious’ and were accorded a score of ‘-1’ in the Impact Matrix [See Secondary 

Impacts for sedimentation and Turbidity, Table 10.1]. 

The method of dredging to be applied is the ‘Clam Bucket’. The sedimentation impacts are to be 

ameliorated with the deployment of sediment curtains. 

The impacts from the dredging operations are expected to be localized and should be confined to 

the areas immediately associated with the burrow pits in the nearshore seagrass beds [See Table 

10.1]. The ecosystems north and south of the project site, described as the ‘Barrier Lagoon Eco- 

10-3

Construction Phase 

Operational Phase 

M angroves & Nearshore Laguna de Cantena Barrier Lagoon Ecosystem 0.8 - 3.0 M iles N Nearshore & S Ecosystem 0 to 0.8 m ile 

Ecosystem 

of Property 

Seaward of Beach 

Land-based Ecosystem 

Project Site 

Econom ic Activities 

Hum an Settlem ent 

Table 10.1: EIA M atrix ABR. 

LEVEL 1 IM PACTS (PARAM ETRICALCHANG ES) 

ACTIVITIES 

Increased Nutrients 

Increased Sedim entation & Turbidity 

Increased Fecal Coliform 

Increased BOD 

Increased Hygrogen Sulphide 

10-4 

Increased Petroleum Pollution 

Increase in Tem p. Stratification 

Decreased Dissolved Oxygen 

Increase in Salinity 

Increased Tem perature 

Land Clearing 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 

Dredging Nova Main Pier 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 

Dredging Nearshore Developm ent Site Piers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

Dredging Overwater Cabanas Site 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

Placem ent Geotextile Mats for Swim m ing Area 1 1 1 1 1 

Deposition Spoil from Dredging Ops 1 2 1 1 

Land-based Excavation of Spoils to Build Beach 1 1 1 1 

Deposition L/based Spoils for Beach and Bathing Area 2 1 1 1 1 

Deposition Land Fill for Berthing adj. Nova Pier 1 1 1 2 1 

Barging of Construction Supplies to Nova Pier 

Construction Roadway from Nova Pier to Site 1 1 2 2 

Construction Overwater Cabanas 1 2 

Construction Land-based Buildings 3 

Construction of Foot Paths 1 1 1 1 

Construction Boardwalks & Piers Lagoonal Side 1 1 1 1 1 

Construction Children Play Park 1 

Installation Sewer Infrastructure 1 

Installation & Operation Electricity Generation Infrast. 2 1 

Installation & Appl Potable W ater Infrastructure 1 3 1 

Placem ent Fuel Storage Facilities 1 

Overland Freight Traffic 1 

Dockside Berthing Operations Boats 

Dockside Berthing Operations Barges Nova Pier 

Dockside Fueling Operations 1 

Dockside Loading/Unloading Ops Project Site 1 

Nearshore Swim m ing & Beach Use 1 

Snorkelling, Scuba Diving, W ind Surfing etc… 

General Navigation Barrier Lagoon Project Site 

On-Shore Recreational Activities 1 

Land-based Vehicular Traffic 

Occupancy Hotel and Resort Facilities 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 

Coral Cover & Diversity 0 0 0 0 0 

Phytoplankton Productivity +1 -1 0 0 0 -1 

Zooplankton Productivity +1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 

Sea-grass Productivity +1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 

Macro-Invertebrate Population +1 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 +1 -1 -1 +2 -1 

Fin-Fish Population +1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 +1 0 0 +1 -1 

Crocodile Populations 0 0 1 

Sea Turtle Populations 0 0 +1 

Seabird Population 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 

Coral Reef Cover and Diversity 0 0 

General Pelagic Fish Populations 0 0 0 0 

Reef Fish Abundance and Diversity 0 0 0 

Seagrass Productivity 0 0 

Seagrass Finfish Populations 0 0 0 

Seagrass Macro-invertebrate Populations 0 0 0 

General Lobster and Conch Populations 0 0 

Phytoplankton Productivity 0 0 

Zooplankton Productivity 0 0 

Dolphin Populations 0 

Seabird Population 0 0 

Sea Turtle Population 0 

Mangrove Canopy Biom ass +1 -1 

Mangrove Canopy Habitat +1 -1 

Mangrove Prop Root Habitat 0 -1 

Swam p Floor Habitat +1 -1 

Macro-Invertebrate Productivity 0 0 -1 

Macro-algal biom ass and productivity 0 

Crocodile Populations 

LEVEL 2 IM PACTS 

Migratory Bird Population 0 

Zooplankton Productivity 0 

Phytoplankton Productivity 0 

General Species Diversity 0 0 -1 

Decrease in Forest Cover 0 -1 0 

Decrease in Abundance and Diversity Plant Species 0 -1 -1 0 

Decrease Forage Source for Birds 0 -1 -2 

Decrease Abundance & Diversity Reptiles 0 -1 

Increase in Non-Native Plant Species +1 

Invasion Feral Fauna Not Previously Present -2 -1 

Increase in Dom estic Fauna/Pet Species 

LEVEL 3 IM PACTS 

Boat Traffic Barrier Lagoon 0 

Beach Com bing 0 -1 +1 

Recreational Bird W atching -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 

Lobster and Conch Com m ercial Fishing +1 -1 0 +1 -1 0 

Sport & Recreational Fishing +1 -1 0 0 +1 -1 0 

Scuba Diving other water sports activities -1 0 

Mgm t. Activities BCNP/MR 0 

Pathogenic Diseases -1 -1 +1 

Mosquitos, Sandflies &Nuisance Insects -1 +1 

Culture conflicts 0 -1 -1 

Injury and physical traum a -1 -1 -1 -1 

Noise Pollution -1 -1 

Odour pollution -1 -1 0 -1 -1 

Muds & Sight Pollutiom -2 -1 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 -1 -1 

KEY 

Marine W ater Quality Landform Project Site Ecology 

Increased Salinization of Soils 

Increased Erosion 

M inor Change 1 M inor Beneficial Im pact +1 M inor Adverse Im pact -1 

M oderate Change 2 M oderate Beneficial Im pact +2 M oderate Adverse Im pact -2 

M ajor Change 3 M ajor Beneficial Im pact +3 M ajor Adverse Im pact -3 

No Change Relationship exist but no 0 

im pact is expected 

Increase in Noise 

Solid W aste Accum ulation 

Decrease Forest Cover 

Increased Land Run-off 

Attraction of Feral Species to Site 

Increase Hum an vs. W ildlife Interaction 

Increase in pelagic habitat 

Decrease in Benthic seafloor habitat 

Decrease in Nursery Habitat 

Elim ination or Decrease Roosting Habitat 

Increase in Artificial Benthic Habitat 

Decrease Caye-based Habitat for W ading Birds 

Decrease in Seagrass Biom ass 

Decrease Coral Cover and Diversity

system 0.8 – 3 Miles North and South of the Property’ should not be impacted in any measurable 

way: Thus the ‘level 2’ or ‘secondary’ impacts have been accorded a score of ‘0’ at their most 

significant [See Table 10.1]. 

The tertiary sedimentation and turbidity impacts have been assessed the ‘minor adverse’ 

category, save for the ‘muds and sight pollution’ impacts which have assessed as ‘moderate 

adverse’ [See Table 10.1]. The latter is related to the deposition of the dredged spoils on-shore 

in the case of the project site. 

10.3.2 Domestic Effluent Impacts 

The two (2) main impacts relevant to the proposed undertaking are increased nutrients and fecal 

coliform in the water column. 

The situation of increased nutrients in the water column is generally referred to as 

eutrophication. This relates to the macro-nutrients, which are ‘phosphates’ and ‘nitrates’. These 

are generally derived from gray water effluents, as well as sewage effluents from the flushing of 

toilets. 

In general a major source of macro-nutrients in gray water effluents is from detergents. This is 

also relevant to the proposed development. The greater contribution of nutrients would come 

from human waste. The main source of macronutrients would be from the occupancy or 

commissioning of the Hotel, and Theme Park. The magnitude of the ‘primary impact’ from this 

source has been assessed as ‘3’ or ‘major’ [See Table 10.1]. 

The secondary impacts of macronutrients are relevant to both the sea off the eastern side of the 

property, as well as waters of the Laguna de Cantena on the western of leeward side of the 

property [See Table 10.1]. This has been assessed at its most extreme as ‘+1’ or ‘minor 

beneficial’ [See Table 10.1]. The ‘minor’ impact categorization is a function of the sewage 

treatment technology to be applied which incorporates a water recycling scheme with very 

limited discharge of effluents for irrigation and fire fighting purposes [See Chap. 1]. 

The sewage technology to be applied is secondary treatment with the reduction of nutrients to 

levels that are not a threat to the environment and that are well within national standards. The 

system to be adopted for the proposed project is a prefabricated treatment plant or ‘Package 

Plant’ titled a "Purestream ES Model BESST" [See Chap. 5]. The acronym of the systems stands 

for Biologically Engineered Single Sludge Treatment. 

The BESST Plant can reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids by 

97% to less than 10 mg/L [See Annex IV]. Total Nitrogen Loads can be reduced by 67% to less 

than 10 mg/L and Total Free Ammonia Loading can be reduced by 97.5% to less than 1 mg/L 

[See Annex IV]. 

Phosphorus can be reduced by 80% by the BESST System to 2 – 3 mg/L [See Annex IV]. 

10-5

The level of phosphates and nitrates found in the waters in and around the caye, as shown in 

Table 2.1 varies from 0.4 – 0.6 ppm which is relatively low and that would not be considered as 

‘polluting’. 

The minor ‘beneficial’ secondary impacts are an indicator that macronutrients are getting into the 

environment. This is not a measure of the default of the BESST System to be deployed, but a 

function of the runoff from lawns and hedgerows that are to be irrigated by post chlorinated 

effluents. It needs to be noted that the BESST Technology is to be integrated with a recycling 

scheme where the treated effluents are to be chlorinated and stored for future use. 

The issue of fecal coliform associated with the development is an important one. As may be seen 

from Table 2.1, the E. coli readings were zero. The generation of E. coli becomes a significant 

consideration with the commissioning of the development. The primary impact from these 

features of the development has been characterized as ‘major’. The application of the BESST 

Sewage Treatment Technology combined with water conservation measures vis-à-vis the water 

recirculation/reuse scheme dampens and greatly diminishes the potential human health impacts 

from fecal coliform. Thus the ‘Tertiary Impact’ for the potential of ‘Pathogenic Diseases’ has 

been assessed as ‘-1’ or minor adverse [See Table 10.1]. 

10.3.3 Potable Water Impacts 

One of the potential threats of the sourcing of potable water through Reverse Osmosis [RO] is 

the threat of salinization of soils. The primary impacts of this activity are connected with the 

deposition of dredged spoils on-shore, as well as the deployment and operation of the RO Plant 

[See Table 10.1]. The primary impacts have been ranked as major given the volume of water to 

be used and the volume of hypersaline brine to be derived as a corollary to the process. 

The secondary impacts associated with the sourcing of potable water has been assessed as ‘-1’ or 

‘minor deleterious’ [See Table 10.1]. This has been a function of the strategy to supplement the 

RO source with rainwater catchment. The ‘deep well’ injection of the hypersaline brine from the 

RO Process is the main strategy to reduce the ecological impacts from this source. 

The main areas to be impacted are the canopy biomass and a decrease the diversity of plant 

species [See Table 10.1]. This would be in regards to both the littoral forest and the wetland 

mangroves. 

The main tertiary impacts are in relation to ‘odor pollution’ and ‘muds and sight pollution’. 

These have been assessed as ‘minor’ deleterious given the limited scope of the dredging and 

consequent deposition of spoils on-shore and the above-mentioned strategy to supplement the 

RO technology for the sourcing of potable water with rainwater catchment. 

10-6

10.3.4 Solid Waste Impacts 

The generation of solid waste relates to both the construction and operational phases of the 

proposed project. The construction phase activities has the capacity to generate substantial 

volumes of solid wastes. This varies from felled trees and shrubbery in relation to land-clearing, 

to concrete mouldings and form boards from the erection of buildings, to styrofoam packaging, 

wooden planks and metal strips from shipping crates. Other significant solid waste components 

from the construction phase includes: PVC piping, masonry slabs and chippings, food 

wrappings, aluminum cans and beverage cartons, as well as plastic and glass bottles are also 

expected to be a substantial part of the solid waste. Discarded food is also a relevant solid waste 

item during the construction phase. 

During the operational phase of the project solid waste constituent is expected to span a wide 

range of possibilities, encompassing food discards, plastics, paper, glass, metals, rubber and 

wood. The food discard component is expected to increase by orders of magnitude given the 

relatively large numbers of clientele forecasted. Most of the other solid waste components are 

also expected to increase, especially plastics, paper and glass. 

The proposed management scheme for solid waste for the ABR Project Site involves the initial 

separation of the garbage into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. The 

biodegradable components are to then be composted on site using an ‘Earth Tub’: This reduces 

the wastes to a semi-dry mulch and organic fertilizer for gardens and hedge rows. 

During the construction phase of the project, the vegetation accruing from land clearing is to be 

collected and burned on-site. 

The non-biodegradables components are to be assimilated at the project site and transported to 

the San Pedro municipal dump site two (2) to three (3) times per week. 

The two (2) main environmental issues related to the generation and management of solid waste 

are the potential for the attraction of feral animals to the site, and the potential for increasing the 

abundance of nuisance insects. The attraction of feral animals to the main area would be as a 

result of the increased availability of food in the form of discards from the restaurants and other 

vending outlets. The animals relevant in this regard would vary from the raccoon (Procyon lotor) 

to the opossum (Philander opossum), and include vagrant and opportunistic birds such as the 

Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and the Frigate 

Bird ((Fregata magnificens). 

The primary impact has been assessed as ‘2’ or ‘moderate’ in scope [See Table 10.1] and is 

associated with the occupancy of the resort and residential facilities during the operational phase 

of the development. 

The only secondary impact of note would be in regards to the land-based ecosystems [See Table 

10.1]. These impacts have both been assessed in the ‘minor deleterious’ category. The ‘minor’ 

element of the designation relates to the fact that there is to be little or no discarded food lying 

10-7

around in a way that would be available to feral animals, given the regular collection, bagging, 

composting and disposal of this category of waste. 

The impacts to wildlife relates to the availability of food from non-natural sources and the 

consequent ‘fattening’ and proliferation of wild stocks. 

The tertiary impacts in regards to solid wastes have also been assessed as ‘minor’: The ‘adverse’ 

categorization of these impacts relate to the threat of pathogenic diseases and injury from 

potential encounters between the guests or staff and scavenging racoons and birds. The issue of 

‘culture conflicts’ and aesthetic impacts are also of relevance. These impacts have been assessed 

as ‘minor adverse’ [See Table 10.1]. Again, the ‘minor’ categorization of these impacts is related 

to the judicious management of solid wastes that are a part of the response of the ABR 

Management Structure. 

10.3.5 Boating and Dockside Impacts 

The boating and dockside impacts are related to petroleum pollution: These impacts are related 

in large measure to the fueling operation of boats at the head of the pier. Another potential source 

of petroleum pollution would be from the unauthorized and inappropriate discharge of ‘bilges’ of 

boats tied up at the dock for extended periods by clienteles of the facility. 

The primary impacts of petroleum pollution have been categorized as ‘minor’ in scope [See 

Table 10.2] given the non-spillage protocol to be adopted by the ABR Management and the 

relatively small volumes of fuel involved. Two 2,000 gallon storage tanks for diesel and petrol 

are to be installed at the project site in the utility area. These storage tanks are to be enclosed in a 

retaining trough with vertical walls 2.5 ft in height. 

The secondary and tertiary impacts from petroleum are expected to be largely indiscernible in 

scope given the non-spillage protocol mentioned above, and the limited volumes involved. 

10.3.6 Impacts from Energy Generation 

The two (2) main impacts associated with energy generation are petroleum pollution and noise 

pollution. The containment structure to house the bulk fuel tanks on the caye and the nonspillage 

protocol in dispensing fuel greatly reduces the probability of any environmental impact 

from this source. 

The noise pollution issue is of greater relevance than the petroleum pollution issue, in regard to 

energy generation. The installation of diesel generators as the primary source of electricity makes 

noise pollution an important issue. The scope of the proposed development and the overall 

energy requirement of the initiative have resulted in a categorization of the most significant 

‘primary impact’ as ‘2’ or moderate [See Table 10.1]. 

10-8

There are no secondary impacts of note in relation to noise pollution. The ‘tertiary impacts’ have 

been assessed as ‘-1’ or ‘minor adverse’ [See Table 10.1], given the ‘muffling’ of the generators 

and the use of sound-proof tiles on the walls of the generator house [See Chap. 6]. The 

placement of the generators in the ‘utility zone’ away from the hub of the recreational activities 

and residential zone, where they are removed from the centre of human habitation [See Fig. 1.3]. 

10.4 Details of the Social Impacts 

10.4.1 Core Issues of the Social Impact Assessment 

The proposed development site is located just north of Rocky Point and is situated in the middle 

of two protected areas: the Bacalcar Bacalar Chico National Park and Marine Reserve. The 

boundary of the marine reserve at or near the proposed development site is stated as the high 

water mark. The Bacalar Chico Management Plan delineates the area in front of the site as 

General Use Zone 1; however the site also borders Conservation Zone 2. 

The General Use Zone 1 allows for the sustainable management of existing traditional uses 

within the marine reserve prior to declaration. This zone runs from in front of the development 

site north to the Bacalar Chico Canal and is accessible to local fisher folks who utilize the area 

for commercial fishing. The key objective of this zone is to provide the opportunity for 

established uses and activities to be continued in a sustainable manner under a stringent 

monitoring scheme. 

The adjacent Conservation Zone 2 which borders the property is designated as a controlled 

extraction zone designed to accommodate subsistence fishing, recreation and tourism. The zone 

accommodates all of the different types of recreational activities permitted in the reserve, in 

affording beach areas for swimming, corals for diving and snorkeling, areas for canoeing and 

good areas for fishing. The key objectives of this zone are to prevent fishery stocks from 

overexploitation by commercial fishing and to enhance the value of the area for recreational and 

tourism activities. 

It is important to note that the Bacalar Chico Management Plan shows a proposed surveillance 

route at Rocky Point; and two new ranger stations at Rocky Point and Robles. Since the 1990s, 

the terrestrial and marine area between Robles Point and Rocky Point was recognized as an 

important area for marine turtles nesting, breeding area for the Queen Conch, seasonal spawning 

bank for Nassau Grouper the and Yellow-fin Grouper, as well as a variety of other species. It is 

also important to note that specific regulations also govern the BC National Park where hunting 

of wild animals etc. is prohibited. 

Currently, the only access to the site is by boat through an access channel near two cut. Marine 

access to the site from the town of San Pedro is outside the reef. There is no existing real road 

access to the site; however, there is a registered road reserve which commences west of the 

municipal pier near NOVA. Because the area of the coast between Robles and Rocky Point is 

very sensitive in terms of both overland road access and marine traffic, potential impacts on the 

10-9

existing environments will need to be analyzed both in terms of construction and completion 

activities of the project. 

To determine those unintended impacts of the proposed development, the social impact 

assessment (SIA) carried out examined those issues related to proposed development activities 

without intending to change or modify social groups, values, or activities in the area and the 

region [Table 10.1]. In general, the will SIA attempt to provide essential and valuable input for 

higher and more strategic levels of decision making during all phases of development and will 

incorporate data collected and assessed during the social assessment review. The social impact 

assessment is not intended as a scientific evaluation, but merely as guide to assessing those main 

issues of concern. For consideration, other associated direct impacts include increased sea traffic 

and safety to and through the area during and at completion of project, and indirect impacts such 

as basic needs for workers and emergency services. 

The SIA conducted will build on reported information and activities within the existing local and 

regional environments and will identify and analyze those impacts [if any] of the proposed 

development during all phases of construction. In general terms, the impact assessment will 

include analyzing, monitoring and managing the social consequences of proposed development 

activities. 

10.4.2 The Impact Review 

Development projects of any kind can modify or enhance the economic viability of a given area. 

The main purpose of the social impact assessment is to analyze those potential social, cultural, 

economic and transportation impacts, the proposed development may have on the immediate 

area and the region on a whole. Associated impacts will be analyzed for both positive and/or 

negative factors based on the proposal for resort development at its current site. 

In view of proposed development activities, conditions relating to the construction and operation 

of the resort development at it current site was completed by examining those components that 

could potentially affect proposed activities: 

Likelihood and/or probability of impacts to occur 

Magnitude or degree of the impacts and significance 

Mitigating measures 

How the impacts can be reduced (mitigated) or prevented 

In assessing the overall social environment as it relates to the socio-economic, cultural, tourism 

and transportation conditions the potential impacts of the proposed development may have on the 

area and the region, the following components were assessed: 

Existing and Proposed Activities 

Marine Traffic 

10-10

Road Access 

Disturbances (noise, air quality) 

Population/Housing 

Socio - Cultural 

Education/Health Services 

Employment/Safety 

 

Tourism Activities 

 

10.4.3 Sources of Impacts 

Determination and Evaluation 

Project activities were divided for determination and evaluation of potential impacts: 

1) Mag = Magnitude of impact (high, medium, low) 

2) Dir = Direction of impact (positive, negative, no change) 

3) Dur = Duration (months, years, decade) 

4) Scope = area affected (local, long) 

10.4.4 The Social Impact 

10.4.4.1 Existing and Proposed Activities 

Location and size of project and existing uses 

Access to the area by traditional users 

Ability of traditional users to adopt to change 

Increase usage of the area of development by new comers 

The proposed development site is situated in the middle of the Bacalar Chico National Park and 

Marine Reserve. Land tenure in the immediate area and along this eastern coast is private 

holdings. The National Park is Government or national lands. Except for a recently constructed 

wooden structure on the beachfront of the northern adjacent property, there is no other nearby 

developments in the immediate the vicinity of the development site. 

10-11

The current development site and adjacent properties are for the most part still under vegetation. 

Information gathered indicated that there were a proposal for the development of hotel/resort on 

the adjacent southern adjacent property, but this was never materialized. With the advent of the 

proposed development, and an access road to the site, land values and the potential for additional 

private developments will increase. Existing users to and through the area, are the traditional 

fisherfolk and local tour operators mostly from the town of San Pedro. 

During the post-construction and other phases of development, marine traffic to the area and the 

region will increase. Seemingly, there will also transportation of workers and materials to and 

from the site daily. 

10.4.4.2 Marine Traffic 

Impact on traditional users to the area 

Increase number of users and vessels to the area 

Impact on natural environment by increased boat usage 

Safety for traditional and other users 

The region in front of the development site has been zoned general use zone 1 by the Bacalar 

Chico management plan which allows for sustainable management of existing traditional uses 

within the marine reserve prior to declaration. The key objective of the zone is to provide the 

opportunity for established uses and activities to be continued in a sustainable manner under a 

stringent monitoring scheme. Information gathered indicates that the area of the proposed 

development is generally utilized by local tour operators from San Pedro for marine tourism 

activities. 

It is expected that there will be a marked increase in the movement of marine vessels to and 

through the area of the development site during all phases. Marine traffic includes transporting 

employees, tourists and other marine traffic to and from the development. Increase of marine 

traffic will require that safety measures be installed for users to and through the area of the 

proposed development. 

10.4.4.3 Road Access 

Impacts from road construction on adjacent properties and the existing environment 

Transportation of construction materials and equipment during all phases of 

development 

10-12

Noise pollution from equipment and machinery transporting materials and supplies to 

the site 

Currently there is no road access to the development site, and very limited access for the 

development of properties on Northern Ambergris Caye. It is noted that there is an existing road 

or track that leads from the San Pedro River to near Journey’s end. This road however, cannot 

support heavy equipment and machinery. Because of the topography of the area, choices 

regarding road construction standards will be influenced by site characteristics and the value of 

the resources to be utilized. 

Recent planning for the area indicates that there has been a proposal for a road reserve on 

northern Ambergris since the early 1990s. With the GOB acquiring the Pinkerton estate in 1990, 

and the approval of huge parcels of lands on Northern Ambergris, property owners have 

increasingly been lobbying for a road to access northern properties. The construction of an all 

weather road on northern Ambergris will not only complement the developer but will also pave 

the way for many undeveloped properties which have been abandoned due to limited access. 

Because of the limitations and hazards for the transportation of equipment and materials to the 

site by marine vessels, road access to the site is most feasible and eco-sensible recommendation. 

The description for the road reserve to the site is described within “road access” within the social 

assessment. This road access have been envisioned by the San Pedro Town Council for over a 

decade: road access recommended is along western property boundaries to include road reserves 

within existing subdivisions along the coast from near the municipal pier to the development site. 

At completion of a road to the property, and during all phases of construction and development it 

is expected that a large amount of materials and equipment will be transported overland from 

near the NOVA shrimp facility to the proposed development site. It is also expected that 

unfamiliar noise pollution will be one of the main concerns of the residents. A walkway along 

the western edge of the development along lagoon will also be constructed. This is not expected 

to have any major impacts, as the walkway will not be constructed in the national park. 

10.4.4.5 Disturbances (noise, air quality) 

Noise pollution from the operation of construction equipment and machinery 

Disturbance from airborne pollutants, contaminants, from proposed activities 

During the construction phase and completion phase, noise and air pollution will be one of the 

main impacts from equipment and machinery. Impacts on road construction works on the 

environment include noise, dust and air pollution. 

10-13

10.4.4.6 Population/Housing 

Temporary/permanent worker population increases 

Voluntary populations from elsewhere in the region 

Unplanned communities 

Pressure on existing resources 

Demand for services 

Impacts on areas of ecological importance 

Because of the demographic location of the proposed development, the area and the region of the 

proposed development site will see increases in worker populations during all phases of 

construction. It is expected that voluntary populations from San Pedro and elsewhere in the 

region will be seeking employment within the new development. 

The area and region of the development site along the Ambergris Caye eastern coast consists 

entirely of private properties, of which there is no available public land for spontaneous or 

unplanned communities. Also, because of the topography the area and the site can only support 

general low density land use. 

The demand for unavailable services not found at the site will put pressures on existing 

resources. Increased populations in the area and the region will also see impacts by users in 

areas of ecological importance. 

10.4.4.7 Socio - Cultural 

Cultural displacement 

Pressure on existing customs and lifestyles 

Locals become marginalized 

Pressure on existing institutions and social groups 

The town of San Pedro is where the core of the population of the island resides. Over the past 

two decades, because of growth tourism activities, the Town have experienced increases in 

population growth from different cultural and ethnic groups, be it local Belizeans, Central 

American Immigrants or North Americans etc. This growth in and of itself has had great impact 

on the lifestyle, culture and social institutions in the Town of San Pedro. 

In the area of the development site, there are no nearby resident population or nearby local 

residential housing. Any additional or new immigrants to the island will place extra pressure on 

existing institutions and social groups. 

10-14

10.4.4.8 Education/Health Services 

Pressure on educational institutions by migrant worker populations 

Pressure on health and sanitary facilities by migrant worker populations 

Locals become marginalized by migrant worker population 

The town of San Pedro is the nearest town from the development with limited educational and 

health services facilities. Because of the demographic location of the project, the relocation of 

additional immigrant populations to the island will place a high demand for housing, schools and 

other ancillary services. The improvement or addition of health facilities will not only 

complement growing needs of the population of San Pedro, but will also afford additional 

available services and facilities for this tourist destination. 

Because the town of San Pedro is some 21 miles north of the project and Belize City with the 

highest level of health and infrastructural services is even farther from the site, it is recommend 

that the Developer include in the project development on site emergency and health facilities for 

onsite personnel and visitors during and after project completion. 

10.4.4.9 Employment/Safety 

Skilled laborers not employed during construction phases; unskilled 

laborers not trained 

Safety measures not installed for all laborers and employment types 

Security and safety of users and visitors to the area 

Endangerment of pier and docking facilities to life and properties 

Employment of locally available employable workers and safety issues are two main concerns 

within new development projects. Unskilled and untrained laborers can also prove very 

expensive to project development. Also of importance, are safety of new infrastructure 

development and the area of the proposed development, for employees, tourist and traditional 

users to and through the area of the terrestrial and marine environment. 

10.4.4.10 Emergency Services 

Staff not trained in basic emergency procedures 

10-15

Emergency service not available on site during and at completion of project 

development 

Emergency facilities not available on the island for employees, visitors and unrelated 

actions 

In most development projects, emergency services are not necessarily built into project design as 

it is one of the least requirements of any development. In most cases, employees and visitors 

alike are seldom aware of dangers relating to project development activities. 

10.4.4.11 Tourism Activities 

Impact of inland and marine attractions 

Carrying capacities of marine and inland sites 

Impact on fishery resources 

Disruption of tourist activities relating to marine traffic through the area 

The proposed development site is within the BCNP and MR. The main concerns within the 

national park and marine reserves are impacts of development activities by both construction 

operations and related tourism activities within these areas. Another main concern is impact on 

turtle nesting site and the no hunting activities. Increased boating activities in and through the 

area may also have some impact on fishery resource and on traditional tourist activities in the 

area. 

10.4.4.12 Economic Impact 

Increased employment 

Increased economic benefits generated by direct expenditure 

Increased revenue for the marine reserve 

Impact on fishery resources by traditional users 

The proposed development will bring increased economic benefits to the area and the region. In 

respect to the marine reserve areas have been zoned for specific areas for activities by traditional 

users. It will generate both on-site direct employment and indirect supply-industry jobs and spin 

off for many other individuals and businesses. Jobs will be created at both local and national 

levels. 

Local workers, especially in the town of San Pedro and the region will be needed throughout all 

phases of the project, and the income generated will boost economic growth and development. In 

addition, some of the construction materials like sand, marl, and gravels are available nearby with 

the capacity to supply a huge quantity of material for road construction. 

10-16

Category of Project Activity 

Existing and Proposed 

Activities 

Table 10.2 ABR Social Impact Summary 

Potential Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures 

- Location and size of project and existing 

uses 

- Access to the area by traditional users 

- Ability of traditional users to adopt to 

change 

- Increase usage of the area of 

development by new comers 

Marine Traffic - Impact on traditional users to the area 

- Increase number of users and marine 

vessels to the area 

- Impact on natural environment by 

increased boat usage 

- safety for traditional users and other 

users 

10-17 

- All development activities scheduled so as not 

to obstruct existing uses and future activities of 

the area 

- traditional users continue to have access to 

areas of traditional uses 

- planned dredging activities avoid areas of 

traditional use by fishermen 

- traditional users flexible to new owner 

proposed activities during and after completion 

of project development 

- development planned so as not to impact on 

traditional user areas and activities 

- machinery and equipment be maintained 

- the Developer and staff should be advised of 

areas of traditional uses 

- the movement of marine vessels to the area 

should be scheduled 

- all watercraft activities be regulated and 

designated markers in places in special impact 

areas 

- workers be transported to and from the site to 

their respective areas during all phases of 

construction 

- safe and secure mooring of craft, when offloading 

materials and equipment at docking 

facility 

- all watercraft activities be monitored and 

regulated 

- Marine traffic through and near the area be 

regulated; buoys and markers should be fitted to 

facilitate day and night vessels in the area 

- Hazardous areas and areas of specific 

importance be demarcated 

Residual Impacts Magnitude 

Direction/Duration/Scope 

- High/positive/decade/local/ long 





- High/medium/months/local 










- High/positive/decade/local/ long

Road Access - Impacts from road construction on 

adjacent properties and the existing 

environment 

- Transportation of construction materials 

and equipment during all phases of 

development 

- Noise pollution from equipment and 

machinery transporting materials and 

supplies to the site 

Disturbances (noise, air 

quality) 

- Opening up access road could increase 

demand pressure on sensitive areas 

- Noise pollution from the operation of 

construction equipment and machinery 

- Disturbance from airborne pollutants 

from proposed activities 

Population/Housing -Temporary/permanent worker population 

increases 

- Voluntary populations from else-where 

in the region 

- Unplanned communities 

- Pressure on existing resources 

10-18 

- [lighted] buoys and markers should be 

installed to facilitate day and night users in and 

through the area 

- road construction be completed so as not to 

cause or create undue impacts on property and 

environment 

- All materials transported should be covered 

and properly secured 

- Equipment and machinery be maintained in 

quality condition 

- All on site materials should be properly stored 

and unused materials disposed of – offsite 

- Carrying capacity studies should be conducted 

to determine acceptable limits of change due to 

increased access and use. 

- All installed equipment such as a power 

generator etc., be enclosed to minimize noise 

impacts during day and night time uses 

- operation of heavy machinery and equipment 

operated during daylight hours 

- Equipment and machinery maintained in 

quality condition 

- No burning of debris allowed 

- Developer provide for all on site needs of the 

workers and visitors (i.e. housing, food, water, 

etc.) 

- Additional staff quarters be constructed at the 

site 

- the area and region of the proposed 

development is private land tenure 

- All adjacent lands are private lands except for 

adjacent protected area 

- Construction workers, personnel, visitors be 


- High/medium/years/local/ long 

High/medium/years/local/ long 

High/medium/years/local/ long 

- High/medium/months/local/ long 

- High/negative/months/local 



- High/no change/decade/local/ 

long 

- High/no change/decade/long 



- High/positive/decade/local/ long

- Demand for services 

- Impacts on areas of eco-importance 

Socio - Cultural - Cultural displacement 

- Pressure on existing customs and 

lifestyles 

- Locals become marginalized 

- Pressure on existing institutions and 

social groups 

Education/Health Services - Pressure on educational institutions by 

migrant worker populations 

- Pressure on health and sanitary facilities 

by increased migrant worker populations 

- Locals become marginalized by new 

influx of migrant worker population 

Employment/Safety - Skilled laborers not employed during 

construction phases; unskilled laborers 

not trained 

- Safety measures not installed for all 

laborers and employment types 

- Security and safety of users and visitors 

to the area 

- Endangerment of pier and docking 

facilities to life and properties 

Emergency Services Staff not trained in basic emergency 

procedures 

- Emergency service not available on site 

10-19 

educated as to existing plan and uses of the area 

- Developer provide for all on site needs of the 

workers and visitors 

- Construction workers, personnel, visitors, etc., 

be educated as to existing plan and uses of the 

area 

- Locally strengthen existing institutions and 

social groups or develop new ones 

- Strengthen existing institutions, and regulatory 

systems 

- the local authorities will need to develop an 

institutional plan to meet the needs of the 

growing population and visitors alike 

- Employ skilled and unskilled laborers from the 

greater Belize 

- Train locals from San Pedro and the region 

with the potential for long term employment 

- All operators be trained and involved in 

development plans, safety procedures and use of 

safety equipment 

- Proper gear be utilized for all labor types 

- Warning signs, buoys, lights etc, be installed in 

the terrestrial and marine environments of the 

development 

- Staff trained in basic emergency procedures, 

and all operational machinery and equipment 

- Install emergency equipment and facilities on 

- High/negative/decade/local/ long 

- High/medium/decade/long 

- High/medium/decade/long/ 

High/negative/decade/local/ long 






- High/positive/years/local 

- High/positive/years/local

during and at completion of project 

development 

- Emergency facilities not available on 

the island 

Emergency Services Staff not trained in basic emergency 

procedures 

- Emergency service not available on site 

during and at completion of project 

development 

- Emergency facilities not available on 

the island 

Tourism Activities - Impact on turtle nesting beach by tourist 

activity 

- impact on turtle nesting beach by 

newcomers to the site 

- Impact on national park (i.e. no hunting 

etc.) 

Economic Impact - Increased employment 

- Increased economic benefits generated 

by direct expenditure 

- Increased revenue for the marine reserve 

- Impact on fishery resources by 

traditional users 

10-20 

site 

- The development should have a sound 

emergency plan and emergency first aid in place 

on site for employees, resident population and 

visitors 

- Emergency plan for accessing facilities on the 

mainland as needed 

- Staff trained in basic emergency procedures, 

and all operational machinery and equipment 

- Install emergency equipment and facilities on 

site 

- The development should have a sound 

emergency plan and emergency first aid in place 

on site for employees, resident population and 

visitors 

- Emergency plan for accessing facilities on the 

mainland as needed 

- visitors and employees be educated as to the 

importance of the site 

- Turtle and other nesting and spawning areas 

should be demarcated as no access zones. 

- planned activity to avoid disrupting nesting 

site 

- no hunting, fishing, setting of traps etc on 

protected area 

- licenses and permits required for various 

activities 

- increased revenue to area and region and 

lifestyle 

- increased domino effects and spin offs on the 

island and the mainland 

- additional income for the marine reserve 







- High/negative/decades/local/ 

long 

- High/negative/decades/local/ 

long 

- High/negative/decades/local/ long 

- High/positive/decades/local/ long 

- High/positive/decades/local/ long 

- High/positive/decades/local/ long

11.0 Impact Mitigation 

Chapter 11 

11.1 General Principles Underpinning Environmental Impact Mitigation 

The mitigation measures to be implemented are in relation to circumventing or ameliorating 

those impacts that have been assessed as having a ‘moderate adverse impact’ or a ‘major 

adverse impact’, as shown in Table 10.1. The four (4) main developmental issues requiring 

specific mitigative responses are: dredging, domestic effluents, solid wastes management, and 

socio-economic concerns. 

11.2 Specific Mitigation Measures 

11.2.1 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Dredging and Land Reclamation Activities 

The issues of concern related to the dredging operation are the navigational and berthing of the 

dredge at the burrow site, as well as the dredging or excavation activity itself. The issue related 

to the navigation and the berthing of the dredge is the threat of physical harm and injury arising 

from collision at sea accidents. This is especially relevant to boat traffic in the nearshore areas. 

The mitigative responses to this are in large part in relation to the placement of navigational 

aids such as buoys and beacons to alert and ward off mariners. This is dealt with in Table 11.1 

below. 

Table 11.1: Mitigation Responses in relation to Dredging Impacts 

Development 

Activity 

1. Actual Dredging 

or Burrowing of 

‘Cutter Head’ 

Primary Impacts 

or Environmental 

Disturbance 

1a. Disturbance of 

seafloor, the 

suspension of fine 

sediments and the 

re-deposition of 

coarse factions. 

Secondary and 

Tertiary Level 

Environmental 

Impacts 

1a1. Direct physical 

destruction of 

benthic habitat, and 

attenuation of light 

impeding 

photosynthesis of 

seagrass, macroalgae 

and other 

autotrophs. 

11-1 

Mitigation 

Measures 

1a1a. Use of ‘Silt 

Curtains’ at burrow 

pit, ensuring that 

lower end of ‘skirt’ 

is resting upon the 

seafloor, and 

ensuring that top of 

the ‘skirt’ is always 

above the surface of 

sea.


Activity 



Disturbance 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

11-2 

Mitigation 

Measures 

1a1b. Monitoring 

and where 

necessary repairing 

and/or replacing 

leaky pipes and 

faulty couplings of 

the spoil discharge 

pipes. 

1a1c. Applying 

velocity reduction 

measures where 

spoils are deposited 

such as baffles to 

precipitate solids 

and curtail turbid 

influences in 

effluent stream. 

1a1d. Decrease time 

frame over which 

the dredging 

operation is to take 

place, to avoid the 

daily re-suspension 

of sediments. 

1a1e. Ameliorate 

the impacts of the 

daily re-suspension 

of sediments by the 

suctioning of 

sediments that have 

resettled.


Activity 



Disturbance 

1b. Decrease in 

Dissolved Oxygen 

and increase in 

BOD. 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1a2. “Blanketing” or 

smothering effects 

on benthic habitat 

and sessile and 

slow-moving 


1b1. Physiological 

stress and lethal 

effects on benthic 

invertebrates and to 

a lesser extent, finfishes. 

11-3 

Mitigation 

Measures 

1a1f. Ameliorate 

the re-suspension of 

sediments by 

confining the 

dredging operations 

to calmer sea states. 

1a1g. Assist the recolonization 


seafloor by seagrass 

and other benthic 

plants as well as by 

invertebrates 

through ensuring 

that the gradient of 

the walls of the 

burrow pits are not 

at an angle that is 

steeper than 35 

degrees. 

1a2a. Institute 

monitoring 

programme to 

ensure that light 

penetration at 

seafloor is at least 

25% of that at the 

surface. 

1b1a. Completion 

of dredging 

operation in as short 

a time-frame as 

possible.


Activity 

2. Navigation, 

Berthing of Dredge 

and Deployment of 

Spoil Discharge 

Pipes. 



Disturbance 

1c. Increase in 

temperatures 

brought about by the 

re-suspension of 

sediments with a 

‘specific heat 

capacity’ capable of 

raising water 

temperatures by as 

much as 4 – 6 C. 

2a. Navigational 

hazard. 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1c1. Lethal and sublethal 

effects on 

sessile and slowmoving 

benthic 


2a1. Threat of injury 

and possibly death 

associated with boat 

traffic. 

11-4 

Mitigation 

Measures 

1c1a. Proper 

deployment of ‘silt 

curtains’ to ensure 

that suspended 

sediments at burrow 

sites are corralled 

and that any redeposited 

sediments 

are ‘suctioned’ and 

rapidly deposited 

on shore. 

2a1a. Ensure that 

marker buoys and 

navigational lights 

are deployed and 

activated on dredge, 

sediment curtains 

and spoil discharge 

pipes – Buoys are 

to be large and 

brightly colored in 

florescent hues: 

Navigational lights 

are to be fully 

operational from 

6:00 a.m. to 6:00 

p.m. on a daily 

basis. 

The primary impacts related to the actual dredging or excavations itself are sedimentation and 

turbidity [See Table 10.1]. The mitigation response to deal with this is to mechanically ‘contain’ 

or ‘corral’ the sediment plume arising from the excavation process through the deployment of 

‘sediment curtains’ [See #1a1a., in Table 11.1]. Other related responses include activities to 

circumvent or ameliorate the re-suspension of sediments, as well as measures that would 

decrease or ameliorate the physiological stress on sessile and slow-moving organisms. 

Secondary effects related to sediments in the water column such as temperature increases are 

also relevant. Responses to these impacts include: the rapid undertaking of the overall dredging 

operation to conceptually decrease the severity and range of impacts in space and time, the 

suctioning or ‘vacuuming’ of re-suspended sediments ashore to decrease the potential of the 

expansive dispersal of sediments, and adjusting the overall mechanics of the dredging operation

to allow for the re-colonization of the area by benthic plants and sessile and slow-moving 

invertebrates [See Table 11.1]. 

11.2.2 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Human Wastes and Domestic Effluents 

The primary impacts associated with human wastes and domestic effluents are: eutrophication 

or nutrient-enrichment, increases in the risks of pathogenic diseases, and increases in BOD and 

suspended solids. The mitigative responses for dealing with these impacts include the 

application of BESST Sewage Treatment Technology and the recycling and reuse of effluents 

[See Table 12.2]. These responses reduce the levels of macro-nutrients, BOD substances and 

suspended solids to levels where they do not constitute a threat to human health, or a risk to the 

integrity of the environment [See Table 11.2]. 

The various impacts and the consequent responses to these have been detailed Table 11.2. 

Table 11. 2: Summary of impacts associated with human wastes and domestic effluents 

Development Primary Impacts Secondary and Mitigation Measures 

Activity 

or Environmental Tertiary Level 

Disturbance Environmental 

Impacts 

1.0 Human Waste 1a. Nutrient 1a1. Stimulus to 1a1a. Installation of 

and Domestic enrichment from the plant growth on land BESST Treatment 

Effluents 

injection of macro- and in the water technology 

nutrients into the column, in the case (Biologically 

environment. of the latter this Engineered Single 

includes 

Sludge Treatment) to 

phytoplanktons, treat waste to 

seagrass and ‘Secondary’ Levels, 

macroalgae, where Total Nitrogen 

including the Loads are reduced to 

possibility of the less than 10 mg/l and 

overgrowth of reefs Phosphorus are 

by macroalgae. reduced to 2-3mg/l. 

1a1b. Reduce effluents 

going into the 

environment by 

recycling effluents to 

flush toilets – effluents 

from BESST 

Treatment Plant will 

be stored and 

disinfected through 

chlorination before it 

is reused for flushing 

toilets. 

11-5


Activity 



Disturbance 

1b. Pathogenic 

microbes that can 

negatively impact 

human health. 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1b1. Infection of 

tourists and staff at 

the project site by 

pathogenic viruses 

and bacteria. 

11-6 

Mitigation Measures 

1a1c. Reduce further 

nutrient loads going 

into the water column 

by using stored 

effluents from BESST 

Treatment Plant to 

irrigate lawn and 

hedgerows. 

1b1a. Thorough 

disinfection of 

effluents potentially 

going into water 

column or otherwise 

making contact with 

humans by use of 

BESST Sewer 

Treatment Plant, 

combined with 

chlorination of posttreated 

effluents. 

1b1b. Reduction of 

effluents going into 

the environment by 

use of BESST 

Treatment Plant and 

incorporation of 

recycling and reuse of 

effluents for flushing 

of toilets and watering 

of lawn.


Activity 



Disturbance 

1c. Suspended 

Solids from undissolved 

components of 

human waste and 

domestic effluents. 

1d. Sedimentation 

associated with 

settlement of 

flocculent faction of 

human waste and 

domestic effluents. 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1c1. Suspended 

solids impedes light 

penetration of the 

water column and 

erode or arrest 

photosynthesis. 

1d1. Blanketing of 

seafloor and 

suffocation of slowmoving 

and 

sedentary 


11-7 


1c1a. Application of 

BESST Treatment 

technology reduces 

TSS to less than 10 

mg/l, this in 

combination with 

effluent recycling and 

reuse regime reduces 

suspended solids to 

insignificant levels in 

the water column. 

1d1a. Application of 



TSS to less than 10 

mg/l, this in 




suspended solids to 

insignificant levels in 

the water column.


Activity 



Disturbance 

1e. Increase in BOD 

substances and 

consequent 

reduction in 

dissolved oxygen. 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1e1. Precipitation of 

physiological stress 

and in extreme 

circumstances death 

in relation to sessile 

and slow moving 


11.2.3 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Solid Wastes 

11-8 


1e1a. Application of 



BOD to less than 10 

mg/l, this in 




BOD to insignificant 

levels in the water 

column. 

The solid waste accruing from the general commissioning of the ABR Resort and 

Condominium Development includes biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. The 

biodegradable components includes in large part discarded and unconsumed food from the 

restaurant and bar and refreshment stands. The non-biodegradable component relates to 

packaging materials, construction wastes and damaged and abandoned equipment and 

equipment parts. A major component of the non-biodegradable wastes would be ‘plastics’ in 

general in the form of bottles, cups, boxes and wrappings. 

One of the major impacts of the wastes generated by the development would be the attraction 

of feral animals and household pests such as rats, raccoons and birds to the area to scavenge. 

The mitigative response to be implemented by the ABR Resort and Condominium Development 

is the judicious collection and segregation of the wastes into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable 

components [See Table 11.3]. These wastes are to be composted and/or 

transported from the project site on a regular and recurrent basis [See Table 11.3]. The 

implementation of a public education campaign focused on the tourists and visitors in general 

will also be a part of the mitigative response [See #1a1b, Table 11.3]. 

The entanglement and ingestion of plastics by sea turtles, birds and other fauna is also a 

relevant concern that will be dealt with in a judicious manner [See #1b2., Table 11.3]. The full 

range of impacts and mitigative responses has been dealt with in the appropriate details in Table 

11.3 below.

Table 11.3: Mitigation Matrix in Relation to Solid Wastes 


Activity 

1.0 Commissioning of 

the resort and 

residential 

components of the 

development. 

Primary Impacts or 

Environmental 

Disturbance 

1a. Discarding of 

waste food and 

associated packaging 

materials. 

11-9 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1a1. Attraction of 

feral animals such as 

rats, raccoons, and 

vagrant birds to the 

project to scavenge 

and in effect shift the 

ecological balance in 

a way not induced by 

nature. 


1a1a. Judicious 

collection of discards 

by staff with 

composting 

biodegradable 

component and 

storage of nonbiodegradable 

component in 

impervious plastic 

bins for transportation 

to San Pedro Landfill 

Site on a sustained 

and recurrent basis. 

1a1b. Definition and 

implementation of 

public education 

campaign focused on 

tourists and visitors in 

general, in the form 

of interactive posters 

and brochures posted 

in strategic locations 

such as restaurants, 

gift shops, and restrooms 

and docks/dive 

shop.


Activity 

Primary Impacts or 

Environmental 

Disturbance 

1b. General 

discarding of cans, 

bottles and plastics in 

general from foods, 

beverages and in 

general packing 

materials. 

11-10 

Secondary and 


Environmental 

Impacts 

1b1. Habitat for 

mosquitoes and other 

insect pests, as well 

as aesthetic pollution 

from odor and 

unsightly 

accumulation of solid 

waste. 

1b2. Entanglement 

and ingestion of 

plastics floating in the 

water column by sea 

turtles, sea birds and 

other fauna in the 

area. 

11.2.5 Mitigation Measures In Relation To Socio-Economic Concerns 


1b1a. Separation of 

discard and refuse 

into biodegradable 

and nonbiodegradable 

components where 

they will be secured 

in plastic garbage 

bags and stored in 

plastic bins for 

transportation to San 

Pedro – 

Biodegradables will 

be composted and 

used as mulch for 

lawns and hedgerows, 

non-biodegradable 

component will be 

transported San Pedro 

Landfill Site on 

regular and recurrent 

basis. 

1b2a. Judicious 

collection, 

confinement and 

disposal of solid 

wastes as described 

above. 

The social impact assessment in principle include the process of evaluating the intended and 

unintended consequences of the development, and identifying and articulating the mitigative 

measures that are to be put in place to circumvent and ameliorate these impacts. Relevant in this 

regard are the issues of the disruption and erosion of economic activities in the area: The most 

pertinent being fishing. The issues of the loss of fishing gears, and declines in the productivity 

of fishing grounds have been dealt with in Table 11.5 below. Pertinent also in terms of resource

use conflicts is the issue of tourism. The area is used as general sea-lane for general marine 

traffic as well as a general ‘sea lane’ for transporting tourists to and from the atolls and 

surrounding cayes. The navigational issues dealing with the relationship of these to dredging 

activities are outlined in Table 11.5 below. 

The issues of employment, safety considerations and other socio-economic aspects have also 

been dealt with in Table 11.4 below. 

Table 11.4: Mitigations In Relation to Socio-Economic Concerns 


Activity 

1. Construction 

Activities 

General Social 

Concerns or 

Impacts 

1a. Temporary but 

potentially marked 

increase in amount 

of people moving 

into the area. 

Specific Social 

Concerns of 

Impacts 

1a1. Increased 

demand on services 

in the area. 

11-11 


1a1a. Construction will be 

planned and strictly 

scheduled such that only 

the absolute amounts of 

people that are needed are 

in the area at any given 

time. 

1a1b. ABR shall seek to 

employ as much people as 

possible from the 

immediate area…In this 

regard all workers save 

for the security personnel 

will be shuttled between 

the project site and San 

Pedro on a daily during 

the construction phase. 

1a1c. ABR will make 

arrangements for food for 

the construction crew by 

either establishing an onsite 

kitchen. 

1a1d. Because of the 

location of the project, all 

development activities 

will be scheduled so as 

not to conflict with 

existing and on-going 

activities in the area.


Activity 


Concerns or 

Impacts 

1b. Movement of 

materials and 

supplies and heavy 

equipment into the 

area. 



Impacts 

1b1. Human health 

and safety issues. 

11-12 


1a1e. All and construction 

related activities, 

especially transportation 

will be coordinated with 

the BCNP/MR so as to 

avoid any breaching of 

the rules and regulations 

of that institution. 

1b1a. Safe and secure 

mooring of boats when 

loading and offloading 

equipment and supplies 

will be strictly adhered to 

by the Management. of 

ABR. 

1b1b. Navigation of boats 

to and from San Pedro 

and other locale 

observing international 

and national sea lane rules 

and navigational protocol, 

and ensuring that 

equipment and supplies 

are securely stored and 

fastened during 

transportation. 

1b1c. Access to the 

project site through 

channels in reef in front 

project site shall be 

suspended during periods 

of heavy seas and poor 

visibility conditions.: The 

channel shall be 

adequately marked with 

large florescent buoys and 

beacons that shall be kept 

in operational readiness at 

all times.


Activity 


Concerns or 

Impacts 



Impacts 

11-13 


1b1d. Response to 

construction injury 

includes first aid kit onsite, 

and in severe case 

the deployment of boat to 

ferry injured party (ies) to 

San Pedro. 

1b1e. Berthing of dredge 

securely with adequate 

lighting at nights, and 

deployment of buoys and 

beacons with warning 

flags marking sediment 

curtains and spoil 

discharge pipes. 

1b1e. The Developer shall 

comply with all 

applicable building codes 

and performance 

standards in regards to all 

standing structures. 

1b1f. Proper alignment 

and construction of road 

with focus on safety, 

lower maintenance costs, 

and minimal impacts to 

habitat through which 

road will be built. 

1b1g. All noncombustible 

construction 

wastes including metals, 

plastics, glass, rubber, 

styrofoam, etc are to be 

collected and transported 

to the San Pedro 

Municipal Dump Site.


Activity 

2. Resource use 

conflicts 

3. Operational 

Phase of 

Development. 


Concerns or 

Impacts 

1c. Employment of 

foreigners and 

persons that are not 

from immediate 

areas. 

2a. Loss of habitat 

for lobster and 

conch in nearshore 

seagrass beds at 

project site and 

Nova pier from 

physical destruction 

of seafloor biota, 

and sedimentation 

and turbidity effects 

from dredging. 

2b.Potentianl 

disruption of boat 

traffic traveling in 

the vicinity of the 

dredging operation, 

including fishermen, 

tour guides and the 

staff of the 

BCNP/MR. 

3a. Employment of 

foreigners and 

persons not from 

San Pedro and 

immediate environs. 



Impacts 

1c1. Lack of 

economic 

opportunities for 

people in proximity 

to the development 

site. 

2a1. Potential 

decline in 

recruitment of 

lobsters and conch 

with consequent 

decrease in 

landings. 

2b1. Potentials for 

collisions with 

consequent injury 

and loss. 

3a1. Lack of 

economic 

opportunities. 

11-14 


1c1a. Hiring people from 

San Pedro and its 

environs in circumstances 

where requisite skills and 

competencies are 

available will be a priority 

of ABR. 

2a1a. Deployment of ‘silt 

curtains’ during dredging 

operations greatly erodes 

or eliminates broadcasting 

of sediment plume in area 

thus circumventing or 

ameliorating damage to 

nearshore habitats. 

2b1a. Installation of 

buoys, beacons and other 

navigational aids to ward 

off marine traffic from the 

silt curtains and spoil 

discharge pipes: Also 

relevant is relatively 

small volumes and short 

duration of dredging 

operation. 

3a1a. Hiring people from 

San Pedro in 

circumstances where 

requisite skills and 

competencies are 

available.


Activity 


Concerns or 

Impacts 

3b. Health and 

safety issues. 

3c. Lack of 

amenable 

infrastructure to 

accommodate 

workers on-site. 

3d. Increase in 

marine traffic. 



Impacts 

3b1. Fractures, 

broken bones and 

possible mortality 

from boating 

activities, the 

children play park. 

3c1. Rapid turn-over 

of staff, low 

productivity and 

worker satisfaction. 

3d1. Increase in 

potential for injury 

and trauma from 

navigational 

accidents and 

mishaps. 

11-15 


3b1a. Access by boat to 

emergency services in 

San Pedro. 

3c1a. Staff to be 

transported into San 

Pedro on a daily basis by 

shuttle provided by ABR 

Management. 

3d1a. Ensure that piers 

and docks are well lit 

with adequate berthing 

facilities, and that strict 

protocols are adhered to 

in regards to boarding and 

leaving seaborne crafts.

12.0 Monitoring Plans 

Chapter 12 

12.1 Principles Underpinning Environmental Monitoring 

The principles underlying environmental monitoring for the currently proposed project is 

to observe changes over time that may be associated with some developmental activity. 

Any change arising from the project would vary over time, in both magnitude and 

direction. In the case of the latter it is important to bear in mind that changes in 

environmental parameters may be positive or negative. Thus in principle a monitoring 

programme for the project would not necessarily focus only on the perceived or 

anticipated negative changes precipitated by a given development activity, but also on the 

positive or beneficial changes. The parameter chosen are those that have been identified 

in the analytical process as being affected in the most significant way by the proposed 

development. 

12.2 Specific Monitoring Issues 

The proposed monitoring plan for ABR entail those parameters that have been identified 

was being significant in the EIA Matrix outlined in Table 10.1. A number of these issue 

have also been highlighted in the mitigation plans and matrices associated with the 

previous section [Sec. 11.0]. These issues includes: water quality parameters, biodiversity 

issues, engineering considerations and socio-economic issues. The proposed monitoring 

programme has been developed not only in relation to satisfying the statutory 

requirements of the EIA process, but also as a consequence of the proper implementation 

of the proposed development and its relationship to the integrity of the environment and 

indeed stakeholders in the area. 

The details of the proposed monitoring plan are outlined in Table 12.1 below. 

12 - 1

Table 12.1: Proposed Monitoring Plan for ABR 

Parameter Frequency Critical Level Geographic 

Area 

Phosphate and 

Nitrates 

Water Quality Impact 

Monthly 10 mg/l - 3 sample 

points 

immediately 

off midlatitude 


beach and 

proceeding 

to reef crest 

- Replicate 

of the above 

1 and 2 

miles north 

of project 

site 

- 3 smaples 

in Laguna de 

Cantena at 

shoreline 

300 m and 

500 m from 

shore 

12 - 2 

Priority Agency 

Responsible 

High 

Priority 

DOE


Area 

TSS Monthly 100 mg/l - 3 sample 

points 

immediately 



beach and 

proceeding 

to reef crest 

- Replicate 


1 and 2 

miles north 


site 

- 3 smaples 

in Laguna de 

Cantena at 

shoreline 

300 m and 

500 m from 

shore 

Turbidity Monthly Observing 

disappearance 

of secchi disc 

and comparing 

this over time 

at different 

locations. 

12 - 3 

- 3 sample 

points 

immediately 



beach and 

proceeding 

to reef crest 

- Replicate 


1 and 2 

miles north 


site 

- 3 smaples 

in Laguna de 

Cantena at 

shoreline 

300 m and 

500 m from 

shore 


Responsible 

High DOE 

Priority 

High 

Priority 

DOE


Area 

BOD Monthly 200 mg/l - 3 sample 

(EPA/WHO) points 

immediately 



beach and 

proceeding 

to reef crest 

- Replicate 


1 and 2 

miles north 


site 

- 3 smaples 

in Laguna de 

Cantena at 

shoreline 

300 m and 

500 m from 

shore 

- Total 

Coliform 

- E. coli 

- Fecal 

coliform 

Monthly - 3 sample 

points 

immediately 



beach and 

proceeding 

to reef crest 

- Replicate 


1 and 2 

miles north 


site 

- 3 smaples 

in Laguna de 

Cantena at 

shoreline 

300 m and 

500 m from 

shore 

12 - 4 


Responsible 

High DOE, 

Priority CZMAI 

High 

Priority 

Public 

Health


Area 

Beach Dynamics 

Beach erosion Quarterly Observable - Entire 

loss of beach shoreline on 

material as eastern side 

documented 

by definitive 

measurements. 

of property 

Engineering Aspects 

Safety Construction All lights - Nearshore 

considerations phase aboard the areas Nova 

in relation to activities to dredge as well Pier and 

navigational be done on a as beacons Nearshore 

lights, marker weekly marking the areas 

buoy for the basis. path of the primary 

dredge. 

spoil delivery development 

pipes and site in 

sediment vicinity of 

curtains must 

be functional, 

and all marker 

buoys must be 

deployed 

appropriately. 

pier. 

Technical 

integrity of 

dredging 

operation. 

Construction 

phase 

activity to be 

done on a 

daily basis. 

Inspection of 

sediment 

curtains and 

spoil delivery 

pipe for 

overflows and 

leakages 

respectively. 

12 - 5 

- Done along 

the entire 

path of the 

sediment 

curtains and 

spoil 

delivery 

pipes. 


Responsible 

High 

Priority 

High 

Priority 

High 

Priority 

Fish. Dept. 

Port 

Authority 

Fish. Dept.


Area 

Inspection of - Done along 

land-based de- perimeter of 

watering 

‘bund’ for 

leakages and 

collapse of 

walls 

bund. 

Bird 

Abundance 

Feral Animal 

Population 

(Racoons, 

opossum and 

scavenging 

birds) 

Coral Reef 

Cover and 

Diversity 

Twice per 

year, during 

December 

and in June 

(i.e. winter 

and summer) 

Twice per 

year during 

June and 

December 

Twice per 

year, during 

June and 

December 

Biodiversity 

Population 

changes and 

diversity 

profile to be 

noted and 

compared with 

predevelopment 

situation. 

Population 

changes to be 

observed over 

time. 

Population 

changes and 

diversity 

profiles to be 

compared over 

time. 

12 - 6 

To be done 

on caye, as 

well as over 

sea and in 

Laguna de 

Cantena. 

- Entire 

development 

site. 

- Corals in 

back reef 

areas as well 

as in midlatitude 


the barrier 

lagoon 


Responsible 

High DOE, Fish. 

Priority Dept. 

Moderate 

Priority 

Moderate 

Priority 

High 

Priority 

Forest Dept. 

Forest 

Dept., 

Public 

Health, Fish 

Dept. 

Fish. Dept.


Area 

Finfish Twice per Population - Backreef 

Populations year during changes and area and 

June and shifts in nearshore 

December, diversity to be seagrass 

and observed over beds, as well 

coincident time and as nearshore 

with coral compared with areas of 

reef survey pre- 

Laguna de 

development 

situation. 

Cantena. 

Sea-grass 

biomass and 

density 

Sea-grass Recolonization 

Rate of the 

Burrow Pits. 

Twice per 

year during 

June and 

December. 

Twice 

annually in 

June and 

December. 

Sea-grass 

biomass and 

density to be 

observed over 

time for any 

discernible 

trend that may 

be associated 

with the 

proposed 

development. 

Estimate 

seagrass 

density and 

biomass by 

count and of 

rhizomes and 

stalk per unit 

area. 

12 - 7 

- 4 transects 

300 m in 

length, 

evenly 

distributed 

and 

proceeding 

from the 

beach, with 

sampling 

stations 

every 20 m 

Burrow pits 

at Nova Pier 

and at 

project site 

around piers 

on eastern 

side of 

property. 


Responsible 

High Fish. Dept. 

Priority 

High 

Priority 

Moderate 

Priority 

Fish. Dept. 

Fish. Dept.


Area 

Socio-economic 

Fisheries Quarterly Determine any Assess 

Landings 

changes in the lobster and 

availability of conch 

fishes landings 

harvested in from area 

the immediate bounded by 

area. northern and 

southern 

latitudes of 

property 

from 

shoreline to 

reef crest. 

Historical Quarterly Determine any Monitor use 

useage of area 

changes in the of seas 

area as a dive within 

site. 

project area 

bounded by 

the northern 

southern 

latitudes of 

property 

from 

shoreline to 

reef crest. 

12 - 8 


Responsible 

Moderate 

Priority 

Fish. Dept.

13.0 Alternatives to Development 

Chapter 13 

13.1 Principles Underpinning Alternatives to Development 

The general principle involved in identifying option(s) to the proposed development is to ensure 

that the option chosen, which indeed may be the ‘non development’ option, would result in 

optimal returns in social and environmental capital: In effect the option chosen should bode 

well not only for the developer, but also for the environment and stakeholders in the area. The 

various options are detailed in Table 13.1 below. 

Table 13.1: Options for Development 

Development Issue Option #1 

& 

Justifications 

(Chosen Option) 

Development Concept 

Hotel/Resort + Time-share 

Residential condos and 

Villas: 

Addresses demands of 

market for general San 

Pedro area…And is 

consistent with natural 

endowment of area with 

pristine beaches, sunshine 

and an azure seascape, as 

well as being in tandem 

with the décor and design 

of developments to the 

south.. 

13-1 

Option #2 

& 


Resort: Resort 

facilities alone 

would negatively 

affect strategy to 

generate capital 

necessary to realize 

development that is 

environment 

friendly and in 

tandem with 

configuration of 

neighbouring 

developments. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 

Development) 

Non-Development 

Option: Loss of 

development 

opportunities to the 

tune of US$35 

million in Capital 

Investment and the 

creation of 

temporary 

employment of 250 

persons during the 

construction phase 

of the project, as 

well as full-time 

jobs for 289 

persons, 95% of 

whom are to be 

Belizeans…Th 

generation of 

foreign exchange 

on a annual basis 

has been estimated 

at US$12-$15 

million.


& 



Siting 

Siting of Overall 


Siting of land-based 

facilities. 

Bacalar Chico Area: Siting 

of project within larger 

Bacalar Chico National 

Park and Marine Reserve 

[BCNP/MR] consistent 

with concept of 

complementary 

coexistence…Legal 

provisions made with 

BCNP/MR management 

regime to allow for private 

property and development 

activities that would not 

negatively impact the 

environment, or otherwise 

be at variance with the 

mandate of the Protected 

Area.. 

Land-based Hotel/Resort 

and Residential Facilities: 

Current strategy entails 

siting 90% of 

Infrastructure on higher 

portion of land in current 

area of littoral fores. 

13-2 

Option #2 

& 


Un-Named 

mainland location: 

No other parcel of 

land is available to 

the Developers in 

San 

Pedro/Ambergris 

Caye or any other 

location in 

Belize…Also the 

declared interest of 

the Developers is to 

pursue the 

development of the 

project in the 

configuration that it 

has been submitted 

at the proposed 

location, given the 

natural assets of the 

area. 

Extending Siting of 

Hotel/Resort and 

Resedential 

Facilities Leeward 

Mangrove Low 

Lands: Strategy 

increases pressure 

on ecologically 

sensitive habitat, 

with attendant 

negative impacts to 

fishlife and birdlife. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 


Status Quo 

Situation: The 

project proponents 

have no other 

developments in 

Belize, thus the 

Status Quo 

situation of nondevelopment 

would 

not serve the 

interest of the 

developers or 

indeed the tourism 

industry. 


Option: 

Circumvents any 

environmental 

impacts, however 

failure to yield any 

social or economic 

benefits that are 

consistent with the 

macro-economic 

policies of the 

nation, and that 

are consistent with 

the goals of 

conservation.


& 



Siting of the Over- 

Water Cabanas 

Siting of Over-Water 

Cabanas in Nearshore 

Environment: Current 

siting takes advantage of 

pleasant prevailing winds 

and over-water siting 

capitalizes on vista of the 

sea and seafarers longing 

for gently lapping 

waves…Strategy also 

provides competitive 

advantage in the market 

relative to both local 

experiences as well as 

regional markets such as 

Cancun, Cozumel and 

Guanaha in the Bay 

Islands…Location also 

relieves pressures on 

lowland mangroves on 

leeward side of property, 

as well as providing a 

reprieve from nuisance 

insects during calm 

weather. 

13-3 

Option #2 

& 


Location on North- 

Eastern or South- 

Western End of 

caye: Exposure to 

heavy seastates and 

battering of crafts – 

Would result in 

damage claims and 

loss of clientele to 

more amenable 

locations. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 


Non-development 

Option: Results in 

default position of 

siting all amenities 

and infrastructure 

on land…Issue of 

increased and 

undesired high 

density 

development in an 

area where such 

developments 

would be out of 

character with 

other developments 

in the area, and 

where such 

strategy would 

require exceeding 

two (2) storey 

height for buildings 

adopted by 

developers to be in 

tandem with height 

of vegetation and 

other developments 

in the 

area…Strategy 

would also entail 

use of mangroves 

on leeward side of 

caye for resort and 

housing 

development.


& 



Siting and 

Dimension of 

Access Piers 

Siting of 

Recreational Beach 

Site Chosen Mid-Latitude 

of Property and Length is 

300 m: Siting at midlatitude 

of property optimal 

for servicing of 

facilities…300 m length 

necessary to reach 

required depth to 

accommodate crafts with 

drafts of 1-4 ft. 

. 

Current Siting of Two 

Bathing Beaches: Two 

locations needed given 

extended length of seafront 

of property and 

commitment of developers 

to provide equal 

opportunities to clients 

enjoying northern and 

southern portions of 

property. 

13-4 

Option #2 

& 


Siting at either 

Northern or 

Southern Ends of 

Beach: Eliminates 

advantage of 

equidistance in 

servicing both 

northern and 

southern portions 

of facilities. 

One Bathing Beach 

of Combined 

Capacity of Two 

(2) Beaches in 

Chosen Option: 

This would be 

juxtaposed with the 

origins of the 

access pier where it 

adjoins the 

shoreline and it 

would pose some 

discomfiture with 

bathers and 

persons regularly 

accessing the pier. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 



option: Makes 

project infeasible 

and impractical 

since there is no 

pre-existing pier to 

accommodate the 

sea-based 

transportation 

needs of the 

project. 


Option: The 

absence of a 

bathing beach in 

an environment 

endowed with an 

expansive seafrontage 

and a 

natural beach that 

is not useable 

because of the 

shallow nearshore 

seagrass beds, 

would detract from 

the experience that 

should be a natural 

response to such a 

location.


& 



Bathing Beach 

Construction 

Method 

Dredging Nova Pier 

Location 

Adopted Method of 

Placement of Geo-Textile 

Mat in Nearshore Seagrass 

Bed and Loading with Sand 

Excavated from On-Shore: 

Method chosen is an 

alternative to dredging the 

seagrass beds to produce 

an environment that is safe 

and confortable to the feel 

of bathers and that 

provides the requisite depth 

of water…Strategy of 

loading geo-textile mats 

with sand compresses 

seagrass beds to provide 

required depth. 

Dredging to Allow Access 

to Nova Pier and Shoreside 

Berthing: Dockside 

berthing of freight barge 

necessary during 

construction phase of 

operation and to a lesser 

extent during the 

operational phase of the 

project…Strategy is to offload 

equipment and 

supplies at Nova pier and 

truck them overland to 

project site…Access to the 

13-5 

Option #2 

& 


Dredging Seagrass 

Beds to Produce 

Requisite Depth 

and Feel for 

Swimmers: 

Dredging to the 

extent required to 

produce the bathing 

beach, comes with 

a higher ecological 

cost than the 

chosen method, 

given the degree of 

siltation and turbid 

influences. 

Dredging an Access 

Channel Through 

the Reef to 

Accommodate a 

Barge: This would 

entail creating a 

channel through 

dredging and 

blasting in the reef 

crest of the barrier 

reef, an 

ecologically fragile 

and productive 

ecosystem…This is 

not desirable to the 

developers given 

the eco-friendly 

orientation of the 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 



Option: This is the 

default position 

that would result in 

non-action…This 

would not be of 

benefit to the 

developers or 

clients of the 

facilities. 

The Non 


Option: This is the 

Status Quo position 

that would allow 

neither large crafts 

to access the reef 

at the project site, 

or the Nova Pier to 

the south…This 

coupled with the 

absence of a road 

would make the 

incremental 

overland freighting 

of supplies 

impossible 

arresting the 

development of the 

project.


& 



Dredging to 

Accommodate Pier 

Construction at 

Project Site 

the project site by a freight 

barge is not possible given 

the fact that there are to 

cuts or channels in the reef 

wide and deep enough to 

accommodate a barge. 

Dredging of the Nearshore 

Areas in the Vicinity of the 

Access Pier at the Project 

Site: 

Caye ‘Over-wash 

Mangrove’ area with not 

much solid land on caye, 

mainly mangrove peat and 

muck – Caye currently 

unsuitable for any 

construction activities 

without being reclaimed. 

13-6 

Option #2 

& 


development, the 

ecological costs to 

the environment 

and the financial 

costs and 

technological 

investments. 

Reclaiming 50% or 

75% of Caye: Caye 

relatively small at 

18 acres, and is just 

large enough to 

accommodate 

various components 

of the development, 

thus reclaiming 

smaller portion 

would not be 

consistent with 

providing range 

and quality of 

amenities and 

experiences to 

tourists. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 



Option: No 

standing structures 

possible without 

reclamation – thus 

project would not 

be viable.


& 



Water Supply Reverse Osmosis 

Supplemented by 

Rainwater Catchment and 

Waste Water Recycling: 

Entails the extraction of 

seawater and the 

exhaustion of hypersaline 

by deep-well injection… 

There is no risk of 

contaminating water table 

by saline intrusion.. 

Sewage/Wastewater Installation of BESST 

Treatment Technology: 

This entails ‘secondary’ 

level treatment of sewage 

and the recycling of 

effluents to flush toilets and 

irrigate lawns and hedge 

rows - Option is least 

deleterious on the 

environment, not only in 

terms of direct ecological 

impact, but also because it 

significantly reduces water 

demand, which is a scarce 

commodity on the cayes in 

general. 

13-7 

Option #2 

& 


Reverse Osmosis 

plant for 100% of 

needs: This is 

expensive in terms 

of financial cost, 

energy and 

environmental costs 

in terms of solid 

waste vis-à-vis the 

volumes of 

cartridges or 

membranes to be 

used and the 

disposal of these. 

Septic Tank 

System: Lack of 

freshwater 

resources and 

presence of saline 

influences greatly 

constrains 

functionality of 

‘soak away’ to 

reduce nutrients 

and fecal 

pathogens…Also 

possibility of 

leaching of 

effluents into sea 

which is a threat to 

both human health 

from viruses and 

bacteria, as well as 

threat to the 

environment from 

eutrophic or 

nutrient enrichment 

influences. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 



Option: No source 

of freshwater exists 

on the caye thus 

said nondevelopment 

option 

would make the 

project infeasible. 


Option: This is 

redundant given 

the fact that such a 

development 

cannot take place 

without effective 

waste-water 

treatment.


& 



Solid Waste Chosen Option Separation 

of the Waste into its 

Organic and Inorganic 

Components…Composting 

Organics Using ‘Earth 

Tub’…Inorganic 

Component to be Further 

Separated into Combustible 

and Non-combustible 

Components…Combustible 

Component is to be 

Incinerated On-Site…The 

Non-Combustible 

Component is to be 

Tagged, Bagged, Stored 

and Transported 

Intermittently to the San 

Pedro Landfill Site : Most 

environmentally sound 

option given reduction of 

organic waste to form that 

does not attract feral 

animals or household 

pests…Carting inorganic 

waste away eliminates 

habitat for breeding of 

insect pests and interaction 

of plastics with sea turtles 

and other marine animals. 

Energy Generation Chosen Option Entails Use 

of Diesel Generators 

Supplemented by Solar 

Sources and Wind 

Generators: The 

supplementing of the 

primary diesel generator 

with rainwater catchment 

and wind generators 

reduces the reliance on 

fossils fuel and internal 

13-8 

Option #2 

& 


Burning and Burial 

of Wastes on the 

Caye: Burning and 

burial of wastes 

would result in 

significant aerial, 

aesthetic and 

ecological impacts. 

Diesel Generators: 

Diesel generators 

alone as the source 

of energy for the 

facilities entails 

heavier cost on the 

environment in 

terms of increased 

use of fossil fuel, 

air pollution and 

noise pollution. 

Option #3 

& 


(Non- 



Option: This is untenable 

given the 

volume of garbage 

that would 

accumulate over 

time and the fact 

that a development 

of this magnitude 

would not be able 

to sustain over time 

with this strategy. 


Option: The nondevelopment 

is 

untenable since the 

project cannot 

proceed without 

energy generation 

…This is especially 

relevant given the 

fact that the area is 

beyond the -


& 



combustion both of which 

have positive implications 

for the environment 

…Disposal of spent 

batteries and ion exchange 

cartridges associated with 

both wind generation and 

solar generators are an 

issue for the environment. 

13-9 

Option #2 

& 


Option #3 

& 


(Non- 


Geographic reach 

of the BEL Power 

Grid.

References 

Auil, N. 1997. Manatee Research Progress Report, March – July 1997, Coastal Zone 

Management Project. 

Auil, N.E. (1998). Belize Manatee Recovery Plan, Coastal Zone Management Project. (GEF 

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13-13

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13-14

Chapter 14 

Archaeology Report 

Archaeological Impact Assessment 

Of the ABR Development Property, 

Northern Ambergris Caye, Belize 

Prepared by 

Jaime J. Awe, Ph.D. 

Myka M. Schwanke, B.A. 

Rafael Guerra, Asc. 

San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize 

December 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction…………………………………………………… 14 - 2 

Review of Literature on Coastal Sites in Belize………….... 14 - 2. 

Ambergris Caye in Archaeological Context………………… 14 - 4 

Prehistoric Salt Production on Ambergris Caye………...…. 14 - 8 

Survey and Research Methodology……………………….... 14 - 8 

Description of ABR Property…………………………. 14 - 8 

Survey Methodology…………………………………. 14 - 11 

Excavations and Shovel Tests ……………………... 14 - 11 

Test Pit 1…………………………………………….... 14 - 11 

Test Pit 2………………………………………………. 14 - 11 

Test Pit 3 (shovel test)……………………………….. 14 - 14 

Results of the Investigations………………………………… 14 - 14 

Site Descriptions……………………………………………... 14 - 15 

Ek Luum………………………………………………. 14 - 15 

Valencia……………………………………………….. 14 - 16 

Franco…………………………………………………. 14 - 17 

Conclusions and Recommendations………………………. 14 - 17 

References Cited……………………………………………,, 14 - 19 

Appendix A 

Photos of ABR property and research activities….. 14 - 22 


Table 1: Transect Data for ABR Development. 14 - 10 


Fig. 1: Map of Belize showing location of Ambergris Caye 14 - 5 

Fig. 2: Map of Ambergris Caye with inset showing north 

Ambergris and archaeological sites recorded in the 

area. 14 - 5 

Fig. 3: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of previously 

Recorded archaeological sites. 14 - 7 

Fig. 4: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of ABR 

Property 14 - 9 

Fig. 5: Map of ABR property showing location of transects. 14 - 9 

Fig. 6: Section plans of Test Pits 1 and 2. 14 - 12 

Fig. 7: Section Plan of posthole test. 14 - 13 

Fig. 8: Photo of potsherds discovered on Transect C. 14 - 13 

Fig. 9: Map showing location of Ek Luum, Valencia and 

Franco archaeological sites in reference to ABR 

property. 14 - 16 

14 - 1

INTRODUCTION 

In August of 2006 the authors were contracted by Tunich - Nah 

Consultants to perform an archaeological survey of the ABS property on 

Ambergris Caye. The property covers an area of 185.13 acres and is 

located just north of Rocky Point, on northern Ambergris Caye. In 

accordance with the National Institute of Culture and History laws of Belize 

the purpose of our survey was to investigate whether the property 

contained any features of archaeological significance (both historical and 

prehistorical) and to make provisions for the protection of any such features 

before any development of the property can proceed. The authors spent 

three days surveying the area with the specific purpose of identifying any 

such remains. Archaeologically significant features have been located on 

various Cayes in both southern and northern Belize and many of the 

islands contain evidence of Pre-Hispanic Maya and Colonial Period 

Spanish/British use. The discovery of two ceramic sherds dating to the 

Maya Terminal Classic period ( 850-1000 A.D.), and the proximity of the 

property to several ancient Maya sites confirm that northern Ambergris 

Caye reflects a similar pattern of prehistoric use. This report presents: a) a 

review of the extant archaeological literature on prehistoric coastal 

settlements; b) a description of the area surveyed, c) the methods 

employed by our research, d) the results of our investigations, and e) 

recommendations and options for mitigation of archaeologically significant 

features during the development of the property. 

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON COASTAL SITES IN BELIZE 

In the coastal regions of Belize, important archaeological field work has 

been conducted by several researchers. In the northern Corozal District, 

Diane and Arlen Chase (1981 , 1988) investigated the site of Santa Rita, 

Mathew Boxt ( 1983, 1988) explored the region around Sarteneja, and 

David Friedel, Vernon Scarborough (1978) and their colleagues conducted 

several seasons of research at Cerros. On Ambergris Caye, Tom 

Guderjan, James Garber and others (Guderjan et al. 1989, 1995) 

investigated the northern half of the island, while Elizabeth Graham and 

David Pendergast (1989) conducted research on the southern half of the 

caye, particularly at Marco Gonzalez. In the Stann Creek District, Elizabeth 

Graham (1989) and Jefferson MacKinnon (1989) spent several years 

investigating coastal sites around the Colson Point and Placencia regions. 

In the Belize District, Heather McKillop (1980) and Paul Healy (1989) 

worked at Moho Caye, while Shirley Mock (2005, 2006) and McKillop 

(2002, 2004, 2005) continue to investigate several coastal sites in the 

Belize and Toledo Districts respectively. 

The data collected by all these investigations have served to establish that 

the coastal regions of Belize were an important economic zone for the 

14 - 2

ancient Maya, particularly from Late Preclassic to Historic times (300 B.C. 

– A.D. 1900). On the mainland, just north of Belize City, evidence for 

human exploitation of coastal regions extends much earlier into the Paleo- 

Indian and Archaic periods (10,000 – 2,000) but coeval data for the islands 

are presently still lacking (Hammond 1982; Lohse et al. 2006). A 

description of the results of the research listed above is summarized below. 

During the Preclassic and Classic periods there does not appear to be any 

permanent settlements on the cayes (MacKinnon 1989; MacKinnon et al. 

1987). Despite this apparent pattern, several researchers (MacKinnon 

1989 McKillop 2002, 2005) have found evidence of periodic visits to the 

islands by inland inhabitants for the procurement of shells, fish, salt and 

other marine products. The one exception to this rule appears to be on 

Ambergris Caye. At the Marco Gonzalez site, in the southern end of the 

island, Elizabeth Graham and David Pendergast (1989) found evidence 

which suggests that the earliest occupants of the island settled in this area 

as early as the Late Preclassic period (100 B.C. – 250 A.D.). Thomas 

Guderjan (1993:19) has suggested that this small community may have 

acted as traders for the large coastal site of Cerros on Corozal Bay. 

During the Early Classic Period (A.D. 250 -800) human activity on the 

islands continued to increase. Several island sites, such as those on Moho 

Caye, Caye Caulker, and the sites of Chac Balam, Ek Luum, Marco 

Gonzalez and San Juan on Ambergris Caye (Guderjan 1988, 1993)) , 

experienced a slight rise in population and increased commercial activity. 

By Terminal Classic times (A.D. 800-1000) and certainly in the Postclassic 

period (A.D. 1000 -1500) there are dramatic changes in Maya coastal 

activities. Investigations by Elizabeth Graham (1987, 1994), Jeff 

MacKinnon (1989), Heather McKillop (1987, 1994), Thomas Guderjan et al. 

(1988, 1989, 1993) and Shirley Mock (1994) have all recorded evidence for 

increased activity at this time. All these researchers argue that during the 

Early Postclassic people begin to move out to the coast and Cayes and 

begin to develop a complex trading network that would remain in place until 

well after the arrival of the Spanish at the end of the 15 th century. On some 

islands these settlements represent the earliest evidence for Maya activity. 

Interestingly, many of these Postclassic settlements are located along 

geographic points that may have served as major trans-shipment points 

along established maritime trade routes (Graham 1994; MacKinnon 1989). 

With the increased reliance on sea trade, coastal habitation became more 

common and many cayes, some quite distant from the coast, began to be 

exploited. This is confirmed by Maya settlements as far out as the Light 

House and Turneffe Atolls (personal observation). 

The Late Postclassic period (1300 -1500 A.D.) marks the climax of Maya 

maritime activity in Belize. Ambergris Caye, Wild Cane Caye, Green Snake 

14 - 3

Caye, Moho Caye, and Frenchman’s Caye all have evidence of Late 

Postclassic occupation (McKillop 2002, 2005). At all these sites, 

Archaeologists have recorded evidence for the construction of both 

domestic and ritual architecture, for salt production, the exchange of 

obsidian, and the harvesting of various marine products and pumice. 

For the purpose of this survey it is important to note that despite their more 

widespread distribution, small Postclassic sites along the coast are very 

difficult to locate. McKillop (1994) reports that these sites are often invisible 

to investigators, as the settlements have been severely destroyed by the 

forces of nature (wind, tidal waves and hurricanes). Compounding the 

problem is the fact that there has been a significant increase in sea levels 

(approximately 1 meter in the past 1400 years). The result is that much of 

the area that was once utilized by the ancient Maya is now underwater. 

Today mangrove swamps actually cover numerous communities that were 

once on dry land. During excavations at a site located on Wild Cane Cay, 

McKillop noted, “The distribution of buried deposits (under what is now 

ocean) virtually doubled the size of the ancient site…” (1994:116). 

Numerous other sites, including Tiger Mound, Green Vine Snake, Killer 

Bee, and Pelican One Pot are buried beneath modern red mangrove 

swamps and are invisible from the modern ground surface. Only test pitting 

and excavations can reveal sites in this type of environment. 

Colonial period activity has been well documented on the Caribbean 

region. From the first Spanish voyages in the early 1500’s, Belizean waters 

were well traveled by English, Spanish, and Dutch ships during most of the 

16 th to 19 th centuries. Much of the British shipping activity focused on the 

removal of Mahogany and other hardwoods, but several small settlements 

were established on the mainland and on several Cayes, particularly on St. 

George’s and Ambergris Cayes (Finnamore 1994). 

AMBERGRIS CAYE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT 

Ambergris Caye is located at the northeastern tip of Belize (Figs. 1 -2). 

Although classified as an island, Ambergris actually represents the 

southern extension of the Xcalac Peninsula of the Mexican state of 

Quintana Roo. The border between the two countries is demarcated by a 

feature known as the Bacalar Chico canal. To the south of the canal this 

narrow canal is actually a one mile long anthropogenic feature that was 

constructed by the ancient Maya sometime around A.D. 600. For most of 

its length Ambergris Caye runs parallel to the great Belize barrier reef. The 

one exception to this geography is at Rocky Point where the barrier reef 

converges with the mainland and remains so for about 1 kilometer till they 

separate again at Robles Point. Between Rocky and Robles Points the 

reef heads and currents presented a treacherous passage for ancient 

Maya merchants who transported their goods up and down the east coast 

14 - 4

Figure 1: Map of Belize showing location of Ambergris Caye. 

Figure 2: Map of Ambergris Caye with inset showing north Ambergris and 

archaeological sites recorded in the area. 

14 - 5

of the Yucatan Peninsula. To address this concern we believe that the 

ancient Maya excavated the canal at the north end of Ambergris sometime 

in the 7 th century A.D. The canal subsequently allowed them to move 

goods along the calmer waters on the leeward side of the island. 

Ambergris measures approximately 30 kilometers from the border with 

Mexico to the southern tip of the island. At its widest point the caye is 

slightly less than 4 kilometers wide; at its narrowest it is about 1.5 

kilometers. Ambergris is also very low-lying, with few natural surfaces 

higher than 3 meters above sea level. The windward side of the island, 

particularly the area north of Rocky Point, has the most attractive beaches 

on the caye. Like the rest of the island, however, mangrove swamps, 

marches, and estuarine lagoons, dominate the leeward side. The latter 

description certainly reflects the environment within the ABR property, 

where sandy beaches are located on the eastern seaboard, 2 to 3 meter 

sand dunes form a low ridge a short distance from the beaches, and the 

large Laguna Cantena lies along the western boundary of the property. 

Ambergris Caye has received considerable archaeological attention in the 

past. In the latter half of the 1980’s Thomas Guderjan, James Garber and 

Herman Smith conducted extensive survey and test excavations on the 

northern half of the island. To the south, Elizabeth Graham and David 

Pendergast excavated the large site of Marco Gonzales, and they salvaged 

numerous settlements in and around the modern town of San Pedro. 

Conjointly these investigations concluded the following: 

1. That while they identified some 19 archaeological sites on the island 

(see Fig. 3), it is likely that more intensive field work would identify 

substantially more prehistoric settlements. 

2. That the sea was important to the ancient Maya as an avenue of 

transportation and that Ambergris Caye sites may have served as 

transshipment points for exotic goods moving along the length of the 

Yucatan Peninsula. 

3. That Ambergris Caye was exploited for various marine resources, 

including the production of salt by the “sal cocida” process (see 

description below). 

4. That geo-archaeological evidence indicates that there has been a 

rise in sea levels from the Maya Postclassic period (1400 A.D.) to 

modern times. This evidence has been recorded at mainland 

coastal sites like Cerros in northern Belize (Freidel and Scarborough 

1982; map 5.1), at Moho Caye and Wild Cane Caye (McKillop 

2002:135) and at Marco Gonzalez on southern Ambergris Caye 

(Graham 1994, Graham and Pendergast 1989). 

14 - 6

Fig. 3: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of previously recorded 

archaeological sites. 

14 - 7

PREHISTORIC SALT PRODUCTION ON AMBERGRIS CAYE 

Two methods of salt production were employed by the ancient Maya. 

These are known as the “sal solar” and “sal cocida” methods. Sal solar is 

produced naturally by evaporation and the salt is simply recovered from 

naturally occurring salt beds along coastal areas. The major source for this 

type of salt in the Maya region is from the northern tip of the Yucatan 

Peninsula, north of the modern city of Merida. In the sal cocida method 

salt water or brine is boiled in large pots and the resulting salt is recovered 

in loose form or shaped into salt cakes. The latter method appears to have 

been the primary mode of production along the Belizean coast and 

fragments of the specialized ceramic vessels that were used in the process 

have been found at most coastal sites. On Ambergris Caye, ceramic 

vessels used for salt production were classified as Coconut Walk ceramics. 

Elizabeth Graham (1994) describes these ceramics as friable open 

platters, likely used for making salt cakes. These vessels differ from those 

used for salt production in southern Belize The southern Belize Maya 

predominantly used restricted-orifice jars, spacers, and sockets for 

producing salt (McKillop 2002:112-114). 

On places like San Pedro, salt pans were sometimes naturally created on 

the interior of the island as a result of seasonal conditions. This often 

occurred on small lagoons that were flooded during rainy seasons. One 

such small lagoon, which connects with the Laguna Cantena, is found at 

the western edge of the ABR property. It should also be noted that we did 

discover two ceramic sherds that may have been associated with salt 

production in this area. It is therefore likely that more could be present in 

sub-surface deposits and would be exposed if the area is dredged or 

excavated during construction. 

SURVEY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

Description of ABR Property: 

As we indicate above, the ABR property which we were contracted to 

survey covers an area of 185.13 acres. The parcel is comprised of an 

approximately 1 km long, narrow strip of beach front that rises gently 

towards a 2-4 meter high dune, then gradually drops off towards the west 

where the narrow strip of land is bordered by the Laguna Cantena (Fig. 3). 

A preliminary assessment of the geography of the area (Fig. 4) suggested 

that the property is located south of the ancient Maya sites of Ek Luum and 

Valencia (see description of th ese sites below). Unfortunately, no GPS 

readings of these sites were taken during the 1980’s archaeological 

investigation of the area thus it is difficult to determine the accuracy of this 

14 - 8

Fig. 4: Map of Ambergris Caye showing location of ABR property. 

Fig. 5: Map of ABR property showing location of transects. 

14 - 9

Transect Data for ABR 


All GPS point taken in NAD 27 Central 

Transects Start End Length (m) Distance (m) 

Easting Northing Easting Northing 

A 411716 2005848 411551 2005769 165 0 

B 411721 2005830 411544 2005746 177 18 

C 411740 2005774 411518 2005653 222 56 

D 411752 2005712 411496 2005590 256 62 

E 411764 2005653 411431 2005495 333 59 

F 411772 2005592 411338 2005385 434 61 

G 411783 2005533 411556 2005425 227 59 

H 411793 2005474 411561 2005359 232 59 

I 411810 2005413 411554 2005292 256 61 

J 411829 2005353 411559 2005223 270 60 

K 411843 2005292 411555 2005155 288 61 

L 411862 2005229 411372 2004995 490 63 

M 411882 2005171 411457 2004969 425 58 

N 411902 2005109 411544 2004942 358 62 

O 411922 2005048 411583 2004889 339 61 

P 411948 2004989 411635 2004841 313 59 

Q 411973 2004928 411670 2004784 303 61 

TP1 411717 2005630 23 

TP2 411635 2005591 39 

TP3 411588 2005570 21 

Table 1: Transect Data for ABR Development property, northern Ambergris Caye, Belize. 

14 - 10

assessment. If we are accurate, however, it would indicate that the small Franco 

site (see below) might be within the boundaries of the property. 

Survey Methodology 

Given the property’s apparent proximity to the three archaeological sites noted 

above, we decided to conduct an intensive survey of the property. To achieve 

this goal a total of 17 transects were cut across the property (See Fig. 5). These 

transects were labeled A to Q and they extended east to west from the sandy 

beaches on the windward side of the island, to the Laguna Cantena on the 

leeward side. 

The lengths of each transect and the distances between transects are listed on 

Table 1. GPS coordinates were also taken for all transects and these too can be 

found listed in Table 1. During our survey all the transects were reconnoitered by 

the cutting crew and later double checked by the authors. In addition to searching 

along the transects for evidence of archaeological remains, our crew also 

traversed the areas between the transects. These traverses were made along 

the beach front, the crest of the dune, and along the lagoon side of the property. 

These areas were purposely chosen because previous archaeological surveys 

indicate that they are the typical locations of prehistoric settlements. 

Excavations and Shovel Tests 

In collaboration with the EIA consultant, two test pits and a shovel test were 

conducted on Transect E. The tests were placed on and near the crest of the 

dune, in an area with dark soils. In the descriptions of the Franco and Valencia 

sites it will be noted that areas with dark organic soils are often associated with 

prehistoric middens, hence our choice of location for the test units. Descriptions 

and illustrations (Fig. 6) of the two units and shovel test are provided below. 

Test Pit 1 

The unit measured 1.40 m square and descended 1.6 m below surface. The 

excavation revealed three stratigraphic levels in the unit. The first strata was a 

30 cm layer of humus and roots. The second stratum was mostly sand and 

measured between 50 – 70 cm. The third strata was roughly 60 cm thick and 

consisted of a layer of limestone and sand. 

Test Pit 2 

This unit measured 1.30 m square and descended 2.40 meters from surface. 

Like Test Pit 1, Test Pit 2 had three stratigraphic levels. Level 1 was represented 

by a layer of humus/roots that extended 20-25 cm below 

14 - 11

Fig. 6: Section plans of Test Pits 1 and 2. 

14 - 12

Fig. 7: Section Plan of posthole test. 

Fig. 8: Photo of potsherds discovered on Transect C. 

14 - 13

surface. Level 2 was a grey sandy strata that averaged 25 cm in thickness. 

Level 3 is a layer of limestone and coarse sand, 190 cm in depth. 

Test Pit 3 (shovel test) 

Test Pit 3 was a post hole unit that measured 35 cm in diameter. The unit 

descended 2 meters below surface and ended at the water table. The first level 

was represented by a 36 cm thick layer of humus and roots. Level 2 consisted of 

a grey-coloured, sandy strata 68 cm in thickness. Level 3 was represented by a 

layer of limestone and coarse sand, 96 cm thick. 

RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS 

Surprisingly, none of the test pits recovered any prehistoric remains. This, 

however, likely reflects the fact that both of the nearest sites to the property 

(Franco and Valencia) are located closer to the lagoon, and the fact that they 

only reflect ephemeral occupation by the ancient Maya. It is possible that more 

intensive research could reveal more evidence of prehistoric human activity in 

this zone but this type of excavation was beyond the scope of our survey. 

In contrast to our test pits, the survey along Transect C recovered 2 potsherds 

(Fig.8). The two pieces of pottery were discovered on the surface, at the start of 

the mangrove flats. The first specimen was approx. 1 cm thick with a diameter of 

5 cm. The second specimen was oval in shape, 0.8 cm thick, and 2 cm in 

diameter. Both specimens were poorly preserved and consisted of two small, 

unslipped, friable potsherds reminiscent of pottery classified as Coconut Walk 

ceramics by Elizabeth Graham (1994). If we are accurate in our identification, 

these are the type of ceramics used on coastal sites for the production of salt 

cakes in the sal cocida process described above. It would also suggest that the 

Franco site may have been used for the production of this resource. 

On Transect J we noted two small, mound-like, features. We shovel tested 

around the perimeter of the features but recovered no remains of archaeological 

significance. We therefore suspect that the mound-like features may be part of 

the natural sand dunes. 

Beside these remains, we recovered no other materials of archaeological 

significance. This, however, in no way negates their possible presence on the 

property. As we have noted above, archaeological materials in this type of 

environment are often buried under silt, mangrove swamps or under sand dunes. 

Because we only conducted a limited number of test pits on our survey, we 

cannot rule out the possibility that further archaeological remains from the 

ancient Maya are present on the property. This is particularly noteworthy given 

the fact that the sites of Ek Luum, Valencia are in close proximity to the property, 

and that the Franco Site may actually be within the property boundaries. Our 

discovery of the ceramic fragments and Guderjan and Garber’s (1995) previous 

archaeological investigations strongly supports this assessment. These findings 

14 - 14

should therefore be taken into careful consideration during development of the 

area. To alert all concerned of the archaeology of the immediate area we have 

provided descriptions of all three neighbouring sites below. 

SITE DESCRIPTIONS 

Ek Luum 

Ek Luum, Maya for “Black Dirt”, covers over 17,000 square meters and is one of 

the largest sites on Ambergris Caye (Guderjan and Garbe r 1995:17). The 

settlement is located just north of the ABR property, on the eastern banks of the 

Laguna Cantena (Fig. 9), and about 250 meters from the sandy beaches of the 

windward side of the island. This location provided easy access to reef 

resources and a safe harbour on the more protected leeward side of the caye. 

From its location, the inhabitants of Ek Luum would have also been in sight of 

other prehistoric communities such as Burning Water and Chac Balam on the 

western shores of the Laguna Cantena. 

Archaeological investigations by Guderjan and his colleagues (1993; 1995) noted 

that Ek Luum was occupied for several centuries during the Classic period. 

Guderjan (1993:32 -34) also reports that “Unlike other windward side sites, Ek 

Luum includes monumental architecture as well as residences”. Two structures, 

(Mound 1, and Mound 2) are both approximately 4 meters in height and revealed 

several phases of construction. Around Mound 1 Guderjan et al. (1993, 1995) 

discovered thousands of potsherds of the Coconut Walk variety, while Mound 2 

contained mostly residential debris. It should be noted that the Coconut Walk 

ceramics are similar to those that Elizabeth Graham (1994) proposed were used 

for making salt cakes by the “sal cocida” method. 

Excavations at Ek Luum recovered various other cultural remains. These objects 

include tools produced from local materials such as conch shell, and a few 

exotics like obsidian, chert implements made from Colha flint, and a couple 

pottery vessels. 

Settlement data indicates that the settlement at Ek Luum expanded gradually 

throughout the Classic period. By the end of the Terminal Classic (1000 A.D.) 

period construction activity ceases and the site appears to have been abandoned 

by the onset of the Postclassic period (A.D. 1000-1200). 

14 - 15

Fig. 9: Map showing location of Ek Luum, Valencia and Franco 

archaeological sites in reference to ABR property. 

Valencia 

Valencia (see Fig. 9) is a small prehistoric Maya settlement that is located 

approximately 1 kilometer south of Ek Luum. The site was tested by 

archaeologist Herman Smith in 1987 and reported by Guderjan and Garber in 

their 1995 publication (see References Cited). In the latter publication Guderjan 

(Guderjan and Garber 1995:15) reports that: 

The Valencia site is quite similar in proportions to the Franco site. It 

lies about 1 km north of the Franco site and about 250 – 300m from 

the present beach. Although its area has not been measured 

precisely, it encompasses approximately 100x50 m. A reasonable 

estimate for the depth of the deposit is 60 to 100 cm. 

Potsherds from the site, collected by local fishermen while clearing 

the land to grow vegetables, dated from the Early or Middle 

Postclassic. Unlike the materials from the Franco site, these were 

well made sherds and clearly not manufactured at the site. However, 

the sample bias is clear in that the fishermen probably presented us 

the “best” sherds they found. No formal construction exists. 

14 - 16

Franco 

The Franco site is located about 1 kilometer south of Valencia and very likely is 

within the ABR property (see Fig. 9). The site was tested by Guderjan in 1987 

and reported in the volume by Guderjan and Garber (1995). These authors 

(Guderjan and Garber 1995:15) note that: 

The Franco is situated about 300 m from the present beach on the 

windward side. The site covers about 100x50 m. Test excavations 

indicate that it is a black-dirt deposit with no formal architecture or 

mounds. An ephemeral floor was found in the test unit. This feature 

was very thin and badly disturbed to the degree that it was not 

possible to follow the floor in a lateral excavation. 

In the area of this test the deposit is about 80 cm thick. The 

ceramics recovered from the site were porous, friable, and badly 

eroded, dating to the Late Classic or Early Postclassic periods. Many 

sherds had coarse sand tempering and were very poorly fired, which 

would suggest they were locally manufactured. An adult male burial 

was encountered with no associated grave goods. Based on the 

cultural materials recovered the occupants of the Franco site could 

best be characterized as impoverished. Even the shell tools were 

poorly crafted. 

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

Our survey of the ABR property indicates that this parcel of land is in close 

proximity to two recorded archaeological settlements (the Ek Luum and Valencia 

Sites) and that it likely encompasses the Franco Site. In view of the above we 

recommend that if construction is planned for the area around the locality of 

Franco, that this area should be mitigated prior to construction. Given the 

ephemeral occupation of the Franco site this work could likely be accomplished 

in a relatively short period of time (1 week). 

Developments on other sections of the property should also be sensitive to the 

presence of archaeological remains in the area. To address these concerns we 

recommend that NEAC allows development of the property to proceed but with 

the stipulation that the developer hires someone with past excavation experience 

to observe all land clearing and excavation activities. This individual is not 

required to have a university degree but should be someone with several years 

experience on archaeological projects, and with official clearance from the 

Institute of Archaeology. In Belize many workers with extensive archaeological 

field experience can be found in the communities of San Jose Succotz, Benque 

Viejo, Bullet Tree Falls and San Antonio in the Cayo District. 

This assistant/observer only need be present during the early stages of 

construction. He would be expected to observe preliminary land clearing 

activities, and all excavations associated with such activities as the construction 

14 - 17

of structural foundations, roads, septic systems, canals, and docks. If any 

cultural materials are located, (e.g. ancient garbage heaps and/or structures) 

excavation should be halted in those specific areas and the observer should 

notify the Institute of Archaeology immediately. 

If remains of archaeological significance are located, the developers or 

contractors should be required to contact the Institute of Archaeology 

immediately, then take one of the two options noted below. 

1. Modify their development plan by avoiding the area completely 

and leaving any archaeological material intact. 

Or 

2. Make arrangements with the Institute of Archaeology for the 

professional excavation of the archaeological remains. 

The second option should be expedited in a timely manner and if possible, make 

every effort not to place undue hindrance on the development. Any such 

mitigation must be conducted by a professional archaeologist with adequate 

excavation experience in Belize. The work must also be conducted in compliance 

with the National Institute of History and Culture Act, and the conditions for 

Archaeological research in Belize. 

14 - 18

REFERENCES CITED 

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Chase, Diane 

1981 The Maya Postclassic at Santa Rita, Corozal. Journal of Field 

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Chase, Diane and Arlen Chase 

1988 Postclassic Perspective: Excavations at the Maya Site of Santa Rita 

Corozal, Belize. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph 4, San 

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Finnamore, Daniel 

1994 Sailors and Slaves on the Wood-Cutting Frontier: Archaeology of the 

British Bay Settlement, Belize. PhD dissertation, Department of 

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Friedel, David 

1978 Maritime Adaptation and the Rise of Maya Civilization: The View from 

Cerros, Belize. In Prehistoric Coastal Adaptations: the Economy and 

Ecology of Maritime Middle America, edited by Barbara L. Stark and 

Barbara Voorhies, 239-265. Academic Press, New York. 

Friedel, David and Vernon Scarborough 

1978 Subsistence, Trade and Development of the Coastal Maya. In Maya 

Subsistence, Edited by Kent V. Flannery, 131-155. Academic Press, New 

York. 

Hammond, N. 

1982 Prehistory of Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology, 9(3):349-362 

Graham, Elizabeth 

1986 Resource Diversity in Belize and Its Implications for Models of Lowland 

Trade. American Antiquity 52: 753-767. 

1989 Synthesis of Coastal Data from Colson Point, Placencia and Marco 

Gonzalez, Belize. In Coastal Maya Trade and Exchange, Edited by 

Heather McKillop and Paul Healy. Occasional Papers in Anthropology. 

Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario. 

14 - 19

1994 The Sands of Time: San Pedro, Ambergris Caye. Royal Ontario Museum 

Archaeological Newsletter, Toronto, Ontario. 

Graham, Elizabeth and David Pendergast 

1989 Excavations at the Marco Gonzalez site, Ambergris Caye, Belize. Journal 

of Field Archaeology. 

Guderjan, Thomas H. 

1993 Ancient Maya Traders of Ambergris Caye. Cubola Productions, Belize. 

1988 Maya Maritime Trade at San Juan Ambergris Caye, Belize. Ph.D. 

Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, 

Dallas, TX. 

Guderjan, Thomas H. and James F. Garber 

1995 Maya Maritime Trade, Settlement and Population on Ambergris Caye, 

Belize, Labyrinthos Press, Culver City, California. 

Guderjan, Thomas H., James F. Garber and Herman A. Smith 

1988 San Juan: A Maya Trans-Shipment point on Ambergris Caye, Belize. 

Mexicon 10(2):35-37. 

1989 Maritime Trade on Ambergris Caye, Belize. In Coastal Maya Trade and 

Exchange. Edited by Heather McKillop and Paul Healy, Occasional 

Papers in Anthropology, Trent University, Ontario, Canada. 

Guderjan, Thomas H., James F. Garber, Herman A. Smith, Fred Stross, Helen 

Michel and Frank Asaro 

1989 Maya Maritime Trade and Sources of Obsidian at San Juan, 

Ambergris Caye, Belize.” Journal of Field Archaeology 16:3:363- 369. 

Lohse, Jon, Jaime Awe, Cameron Griffith, Robert Rosenswig, & Fred Valdez Jr. 

2006 Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleo-Indian and Archaic 

Record. Latin American Antiquity. 

MacKinnon, J. Jefferson 

1989 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Prehistoric Maya Settlement, 

Procurement, and Exchange on the Coast and Cays of Southern Belize. 

Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted at the University of Wisconsin, 

Madison. 

MacKinnon, J. Jefferson and Gary Rex Walters 

1987 Archaeological Investigation in the Placencia Area, Stann Creek District, 

Belize, Central America. 1983-1986). Manuscript in the Department of 

Archaeology, Belize. 

14 - 20

McKillop, Heather 

1980 Moho Caye, Belize: Preliminary Investigations of Trade, Settlement and 

Marine Resource Exploitation. Masters Thesis, Department of 

Anthropology, Trent University, Ontario, Canada. 

2002 Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya. University Press of Florida, 

Gainesville. 

2004 The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Inc., Santa Barbara, 

California. 

2005 In Search of Maya Sea Traders. Texas A&M University Press, 

College Station, Texas. 

Mock, Shirley Boteler 

1994 The Northern River Lagoon Site (NRL): Late to Terminal Classic 

Maya Settlement, Saltmaking, and Survival on the Northern Belize Coast. 

Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, 

Austin. 

2004 Maya Traders on the North-Central Belize Coast. In Research Reports in 

Belizean Archaeology, Volume 1, pp359-370. Edited by Jaime Awe, John 

Morris and Sherilyne Jones. Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize. 

2005 The Terminal Classic to Postclassic Ceramics from Saktunja, a Coastal 

Site in Northern Belize. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, 

Volume 2, pp 425-440. Edited by Jaime Awe, John Morris, Sherilyne 

Jones and Christophe Helmke. Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize 

14 - 21

Appendix A 

Photographs of Project Area 

14 - 22

. 

Photo 1: View of Rocky Point 

Photo 2: View of ABR Property Shoreline 

14 - 23

Photo 3: Beachfront of ABR Property. Note Rocky Point at far left. 

Photo: 4 Start of transect along shoreline 

14 - 24

Photos 5—8: Various views of transect through property. (Bottom 

right photo shows transect at start of swamp. 

14 - 25

Photos 9 &10: Transects through swampy area on 

ABR Property. 

14 - 26

Photo 11 & 12: Photograph of Unit 1. 

14 - 27

Photo 13 & 14: Pictures of Unit 2 and 

Posthole Test 1 

14 - 28

Photo 15: Photograph of potsherds recovered on Transect C. 

14 - 29

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