THAI FOREST BULLETIN

ISSN 0495-3843 

THAI FOREST BULLETIN 

(BOTANY) No. 37 

THE FOREST HERBARIUM 

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE AND PLANT CONSERVATION 

BANGKOK, THAILAND 

DECEMBER 2009

THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) 

Published by The Forest Herbarium (BKF) 

Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation 

Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 

Advisors 

Chamlong Phengklai, Leena Phuphathanaphong and Chawalit Niyomdham 

Editor 

Thawatchai Santisuk 

Contribution Editor Managing Editor 

Paul Wilkin (K) Rachun Pooma (BKF) 

Editorial Board 

Kongkanda Chayamarit (QBG), David A. Simpson (K), John A. N. Parnell (TCD), 

David J. Middleton (E), Paul Wilkin (K), Peter C. van Welzen (L), 

Hans-Joachim Esser (M), Tim Utteridge (K) and Richard Saunders (HKU) 

Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) (TFB) publishes papers on plant taxonomy (especially 

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and in morphology, palynology, cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, anatomy and other 

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THE FOREST HERBARIUM 

BKF Staff: Chana Phromdej, Thawat Ting-Nga, Thirawat Boonthavikoon, Somran 

Suddee, Piyachart Trisarasri, Preecha Karaket, Thanongsak Jonganurak, 

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Coordinator: Nannapat Pattharahirantricin 

Front Cover: Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hook.f. (Photographed by R. Pooma)

THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 1–8. 2009. 

Anadendrum (Araceae: Monsteroideae: Anadendreae) in Thailand 

PETER C. BOYCE 1 

ABSTRACT. As part of the Araceae project for the Flora of Thailand a study of Anadendrum was undertaken 

with the result that all three species hitherto collected in Thailand are considered to represent new taxa. A key to 

the lianescent aroid genera in Thailand and a key to Thai Anadendrum are presented. All species are illustrated. 

KEY WORDS: Araceae, Anadendrum, taxonomy, key, Flora of Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

Anadendrum is taxonomically by far the least-known lianescent aroid genus 

in tropical Asia. The problems besetting researchers are several-fold. To begin with, 

historical types are for the most part woefully inadequate. They were mainly preserved 

post anthesis so that the spathes are unknown for most of the described species. In addition 

field notes for the types (indeed for almost all existing specimens) are poor to effectively 

nonexistent and field sampling is patchy in the extreme. Lastly, groups of species that 

are immediately recognizable as distinct in nature look indistinguishable from one 

another when preserved. In essence, working from herbarium specimens alone is wholly 

inadequate but nonetheless time constraints mean that a workable account for the flora 

must be produced without recourse to a much-needed full scale, field-based revision. 

Given the above, I have opted for the pragmatic but unorthodox approach of not 

attempting to match Thai collections to any previously described species (a futile exercise 

in any case given the poor condition of almost all historical types) but instead have 

chosen to describe all species as new. Of course I am aware that this will in all probability 

produce redundant names once a full and thorough revision is undertaken but given that 

there is no sign of such a revision being undertaken in the near future I am confident that 

this approach will at least produce a temporarily stable taxonomy for Thailand, and from 

this allow other workers a point of reference from which to review their own Anadendrum 

flora and, it is hoped, spur someone to undertake a much needed field-based revision for 

the genus throughout its entire range. 

Similar methodologies have been used by workers on Dieffenbachia Schott 

(Croat, 2004) and Stenospermation Engl. (Croat, 2007), two neotropical genera which 

are similarly speciose, insufficiently known and poorly served by their historical typespecimens. 

In both instances all of the novelties described have stood the test of time 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 phymatarum@googlemail.com

2 

THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) 37 

The species here described here are all from the south of Thailand. To date 

there are no confirmed collections from the north of Thailand, which is curious since 

Anadendrum is abundant in adjacent central and northern Vietnam and through into S.W. 

China. Incidentally, none of the species from China and Indochina are described; the 

names applied to them in the Floré Générale de l’Indo-Chine (Gagnepain, 1942), and the 

Flora of China (Li, 1979) are all misidentifications. 

KEY TO THE LIANESCENT AROID GENERA OF THAILAND 

1. Fruits each a discrete indehiscent berry 

2. Flowering plants with leaf blades pinnately divided and usually fenestrate; inflorescences solitary or at most three 

held loosely together in a weakly spiral arrangement; fruits ovoid, white at maturity Amydrium 

2. Leaf blades always entire; inflorescences several together distichously arranged; fruits truncate, red at 

maturity Anadendrum 

1. Fruits a ‘monsterocarp’, i.e., not a discrete berry, dehiscent via shedding of the stylar plate 

3. Fruits each with one to few large, curved seeds 

4. Seeds 2 – 4 per fruit on an intrusive parietal placenta; leaves entire or pinnately divided with pin-holes along 

the mid-rib Epipremnum 

4. Seed 1 per fruit on a basal placenta; leaves always entire Scindapsus 

3. Fruits each with numerous small, straight seeds Rhaphidophora 

ANADENDRUM 

Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45. 1857; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 539. 1893; Ridl., 

Fl. Malay Penin. 5: 115. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1090. 

1942; Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 113, Pl. 11, 1997.— Anadendron Schott in Oesterr. Bot. 

Wochenbl. 7: 118. 1857, orth. var. 

Slender to moderate evergreen lianescent to hemiepiphytic herbs lacking 

trichosclereids. Leaves distichous, frequently forming a terminal fan on the active shoot. 

Lamina obliquely ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire; primary lateral 

veins pinnate, running into marginal vein, higher order venation reticulate. Petiole 

pulvinate apically, with petiolar sheath extending part way or fully to the base of the 

pulvinus, sheath persistent or marcescent. Inflorescence 1–10 or more in each floral 

sympodium. Peduncle relatively long, erect at first, later spreading with the spadix 

erect. Spathe oblong-ovate, boat-shaped to reflexed, white, greenish white, rarely deep 

green or blotched purple, rostrate apically and overtopping the spadix, caducous during 

anthesis, rarely persistent into or marcescent during early fruiting. Spadix long-stipitate, 

cylindric. Flowers bisexual, perigoniate; perigone membranaceous, a single cup-like 

structure, truncate, equalling or just shorter than gynoecium. Stamens 4, free, filaments 

relatively short, broad, spathulate, connective slender, thecae linear-elliptic, dehiscing 

by longitudinal slit. Gynoecium with ovary obconic or obpyramidal, subquadrangular, 

1-locular, ovule 1, anatropous, funicle short, placenta basal, stylar region as broad as 

ovary, stigma transversely oblong. Fruits a berry, distinctly truncate apically, subglobose, 

orange red with a distinctive transverse stigmatic remnant. Seed rounded, subglobose, 

testa smooth, glossy, embryo large, endosperm absent. 

At least 30 species (the majority undescribed) distributed from Thailand northwards 

to southern China and southwards through Malesia as far as Borneo and the Philippines. 

At least 3 species in Thailand, all (as defined here) endemic.

ANADENDRUM (ARACEAE: MONSTEROIDEAE: ANADENDREAE) IN THAILAND (P.C. BOYCE) 

KEY TO THE SPECIES 

1. Lamina ovato-cordate to oblong, base truncate to weakly cordate or slightly cuneate; drying dull grey. Spathe 

creamy green with scattered purple blotches. Spadix fertile portion not exceeding 2 cm long 1. A. griseum 

1. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, base never cordate or truncate; drying black-brown or 

chestnut brown. Spathe whitish or greenish white. Spadix fertile portion exceeding 2.5 cm long 

2. Petiole 12–20 cm, petiolar sheath extending 4/5 length of the petiole, degrading into fibres. Peduncle 

spreading to declinate with the spadix erect, much shorter than to exceeding petiole. Leaves drying black-brown 

2. A. marcesovaginatum 

2. Petiole 6–12 cm, petiolar sheath extending to the base of the pulvinus, marcescent and then deciduous but 

not fibrous. Peduncle erect, exceeding petiole. Leaves drying chestnut brown 3. A. badium 

1. Anadendrum griseum P.C.Boyce sp. nov., ab aliis specibus Anadendri Thailandensi 

spadice fertili brevi (vix 2 cm longo); laminis foliorum ovato-cordatis ad basin cordatis 

vel vix cuneatis et in stato sicco griseis; spatha cremeo-viridi maculis purpureis instructa 

diversa. Typus: Thailand, Narathiwat, Bacho District, Budo-Sungai Padi N.P., Pacho 

Falls, Wongprasert 9912-79 [BKF140328] (holotypus BKF). Fig 1. 

Evergreen, medium-sized, slender to moderate lianescent herb to 2 m. Stem of adult 

plants root-climbing. Leaves distichous, scattered on climbing shoots but congested into 

loose fans at shoot tips where flowering occurs. Lamina ovato-cordate to oblong 14–20 

by 9–10 cm, base truncate to weakly cordate or slightly cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, 

briefly apiculate, medium green when fresh, drying dull grey; primary lateral veins 

pinnate, 4–7 per side, running into marginal vein, interprimary veins almost obscured, 

all higher order venation reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 6–10 cm, petiolar sheath 

extending to just below the pulvinus, margins and then whole sheath soon marcescent. 

Inflorescence 1–6 in each floral sympodium. Peduncle spreading with the spadix erect, 

much shorter than to exceeding the petiole of the preceding foliage leaf, 4–7 cm, each 

peduncle subtended by membranous, later papery cataphylls and the whole synflorescence 

subtended by several such cataphylls. Spathe elongato-ovate, in bud apically strongly 

rostrate and basally contracted onto the stipe, gaping, then spreading and then reflexed 

at anthesis, then soon caducous, ca 3.5 by 2.5 cm, creamy green with scattered purple 

blotches. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion 1.75–2 by 0.5 cm, greenish white at anthesis, 

green post-anthesis, stipe 0.5–0.8 cm, green. Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous, 

just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens: filaments short, broadly linear, anthers shorter 

than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal, tetragonal, stylar region 2 by 3 mm, rhomboidal, 

truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit a subglobose truncate-topped berry, green when 

immature, bright glossy red with black stigmatic remains when ripe. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Songkhla, [Nam Tok Boripat, 28 March 1997, Boyce 

1210 (BKF, K)], Narathiwat [type]. 

Distribution.— Endemic. 

Ecology.— Damp evergreen lowland forest; altitude 200 m. 

Vernacular.— None recorded. 

Uses.— None recorded. 

Notes.— Immediately recognizable by the usually cordate-based laminae and the 

creamy green spathe limb with purple blotches. In the fresh state leaves are glossy medium 

green but specimens always dry distinctively dull grey, hence the specific epithet. 

3

4 


Figure 1. Anadendrum griseum P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation. Prepared from 

Wongprasert 9912-79 [BKF140328]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub. 

A 

B


2. Anadendrum marcesovaginatum P.C.Boyce sp. nov., ab omnibus speciebus generis 

ceteris vagina longitudine 4/5 partes petioli aequanti demum in fibras degradanti, 

pedunculo patenti vel declinato, spadice fertili 2.5 cm longo excedenti, foliorum lamina 

in statu sicco nigro-brunnea differt. Typus: Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Khao Luang 

N.P., Ka Rom Falls, 8° 22.42’N, 99° 44.21’E, 3 Sept. 1996, Wilkin 856 [BKF115915] 

(holotypus BKF; isotypus K). Fig. 2. 

Evergreen, medium-sized, moderate lianescent herb to 2 m. Stem of adult plants 

root-climbing. Leaves distichous scattered on climbing shoots, barely congested into 

loose fans at shoot tips where flowering events occur, these flowering modules soon 

overtopped by primary shoot reiteration and then displaced to appear morphologically 

lateral. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, weakly oblique, 22–25 by 

8–9 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate, apiculate, dark green above, paler below when 

fresh, drying black-brown above, very slightly paler below; primary lateral veins pinnate 

ca 7 per side, running into marginal vein, interprimary veins slightly less prominent, 

higher order venation reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 12–20 cm long, petiolar 

sheath extending 4/5 length of the petiole, membranous but soon turning papery, thence 

degrading into fibres before falling to leave a papery scar. Inflorescence 1–3 in each floral 

sympodium. Peduncle spreading to declinate with the spadix erect, much shorter than to 

exceeding petiole, 4–7 cm long, each subtended by membranous, later papery cataphylls 

and the whole synflorescence subtended by several such cataphylls. Spathe lanceolate, 

strongly rostrate and also contracted onto the stipe, gaping, then reflexed at anthesis, 

then soon caducous, ca. 5 by 2.5 cm, very pale green. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion 

2.5–3 by 0.5 cm, greenish white at anthesis, green post-anthesis, stipe 0.5 cm, green. 

Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous, just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens with 

short, broadly linear filaments, anthers shorter than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal, 

tetragonal, stylar region 3 by 3 mm, rhomboidal, truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit 

a subglobose truncate-topped berry, green when immature, bright glossy red with black 

stigmatic remains when ripe. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat [type], Phatthalung. 


Ecology.— Evergreen forest; altitudes 100–200 m. 



Notes.— The long petioles with soon-marcescent petiolar sheaths and plants 

drying black-brown are diagnostic. In drying very dark A. marcesovaginatum approaches 

A. microstachyum (Java) which differs, among other characters, in having persistent 

petiolar sheaths. 

3. Anadendrum badium P.C.Boyce sp. nov., a Anadendro marcesovaginato petioli 

vagina pulvinum distalem attingenti demum marcescenti non fibrosa, pedunculo 

inflorescentiae erecto (non patenti nec declinato), folio in statu sicco badio differt. Typus: 

Thailand, Songkhla, Ton Nga Chang, 18 Jan. 1992, Niyomdham 2912 [BKF112370] 

(holotypus BKF). Fig. 3. 

5

6 


Figure 2. Anadendrum marcesovaginatum P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation. 

Prepared from Wilkin 856 [BKF115915]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub. 

A 

B


A 

Figure 3. Anadendrum badium P.C.Boyce: A. flowering shoot; B. detail of leaf abaxial venation. Prepared from 

Niyomdham 2912 [BKF112370]. Original artwork by Miss Pajaree Inthachub. 

B 

7

8 


Evergreen, medium-sized, slender lianescent herb to 1.5 m. Stem of adult plants 

root-climbing. Leaves distichous, scattered on climbing shoots, congested into loose fans 

at shoot tips where flowering occurs. Lamina oblongo-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, 

oblique, 11–24 by 4–8 cm, base subacute, apex acuminate, briefly apiculate, medium 

green above, paler below when fresh, drying uniformly chestnut brown; primary lateral 

veins pinnate ca 6 per side, arising alternately from either side of the midrib, running 

into marginal vein, interprimary veins more or less invisible, higher order venation 

reticulate. Petiole pulvinate apically, 6–12 cm, petiolar sheath extending to the base of 

the pulvinus, membranous and very soon marcescent and falling. Inflorescence 1–3 in 

each floral sympodium. Peduncle erect, exceeding petiole, 11–14 cm, each subtended by 

membranous, later papery cataphylls and the whole synflorescence subtended by several 

such cataphylls. Spathe oblongo-lanceolate, apex strongly rostrate, base very weakly 

contracted onto the stipe, limb gaping, then reflexed at anthesis, then soon caducous, ca 

3 by 1.5 cm, creamy yellow. Spadix stipitate, fertile portion ca 3 by 0.5 cm, creamy at 

anthesis, green post-anthesis, stipe 1 cm, green. Flowers bisexual, perigone membranous, 

just exceeding the gynoecium. Stamens with short, broadly linear filaments, anthers 

shorter than filaments. Gynoecium obpyramidal, tetragonal, stylar region 2.5 by 2.5 mm, 

rhomboidal, truncate, stigma transverse-linear. Fruit a subglobose truncate-topped berry, 

green when immature, bright glossy red with black stigmatic remains when ripe. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Trat [Ko Chang N.P., Khlong Phlu Falls, 12°3’56”N, 

102°18’50”E, 23 March 2001, Chayamarit et al. 2851 [BKF132856] (BKF)]; PENINSULAR: 

Songkhla [type]; Phatthalung [Tha Mot, 30 km S of Phatthalung, 07°20’N, 100°05’E, 5 

Oct. 1991, Larsen et al. 42165 [BKF120188] (AAU, BKF, PSU)], Narathiwat [Chatwarin 

Falls, 12 Feb. 1991, Niyomdham 2077 [BKF124074] (BKF)]. 





Notes.— Immediately recognizable in the dry state in drying chestnut brown 

(badius in Latin, whence the trivial epithet). Living plants can be confused with A. 

marcesovaginata (see above) but differ in the erect (not spreading to declinate) peduncles 

exceeding the petiole of the subtending foliage leaf, and the petiolar sheath reaching the 

base of the distal pulvinus. 

REFERENCES 

Croat, T.B. (2004). Revision of Dieffenbachia (Araceae) of Mexico, Central America, 

and the West Indies. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 668–772. 

Croat, T.B., Bay, D.B. & Yates, E.D. (2007). New Species of Stenospermation and 

Xanthosoma (Araceae) from Bajo Calima, Valle Department, Colombia. Novon 

17: 298–305. 

Gagnepain, F. (1942). Aracées. In: H. Lecomte (ed.), Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 6: 

1075–1195. Masson et Cie, Paris. 

Li, H. (1979). Araceae, Lemnaceae. In: C. Y. Wu & H. Li, Flora Reipublicae Popularis 

Sinicae 13(2): 1–242. Beijing, Academia Sinica.


The Magnoliaceae of Thailand 

Hans PeTer nOOTeBOOM 1 & Piya CHaLerMGLin 2 

ABSTRACT. The Flora of Thailand treatment in 1975 recognised eight genera and 13–16 species in Thailand. 

Morphological studies and research using DNA sequence data, including nuclear DNA, have shown that only 

one genus occurs in Thailand, Magnolia L. Since 1975 many more species have been found to occur in Thailand, 

both newly described taxa and new records. Thus a new treatment for Thailand is presented recognising 25 species 

in a single genus, Magnolia. Keys are given to flowering and fruiting material, and synonymy, descriptions and 

supporting information provided. 

KEY WORDS: Magnolia, Magnoliaceae, Thailand, taxonomy, keys. 

MaGnOLiaCeae 

A.Juss., Gen. Pl. : 280. 1789 (Magnoliae); Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 12. 1922; Dandy, 

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 259. 1927; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 

2: 281. 1973; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 561. 1988; in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 2: 

391. 1993. 

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or with an indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves spirally 

arranged, simple, entire (or 2–10 lobed in Liriodendron, not in Thailand), penninerved, 

evergreen (or deciduous, not in Thailand); stipules present, at first enclosing and 

protecting the innovations, later caducous and leaving an annular scar around the node. 

Flowers terminal or pseudoaxillary on a short shoot (brachyblast) in the axils of the 

leaves, bisexual (rarely unisexual, 1 species in Thailand), on a peduncle which can be 

a brachyblast; peduncle bearing 1 or more caducous spathaceous bracts which leave 

annular scars; perianth spiral or spirocyclic, simple or more or less differentiated in calyx 

and corolla, perianth numbers (tepals) (6–)9–36, free, imbricate; stamens numerous, 

free, spirally arranged, filaments short, anthers linear, 2-locular, dehiscing introrsely 

or latrorsely, connective usually more or less produced into an appendage; gynoecium 

sessile or stipitate on a gynophore; carpels usually many, rarely 1 or few, spirally arranged 

(but in Pachylarnax Dandy seemingly not), free or (initially) concrescent; ovules 2 or 

more, biseriate on the ventral suture. Fruit apocarpous or syncarpous; fruiting carpels 

opening along the dorsal and/or ventral suture, or circumscissile; seeds 1 or more in each 

fruiting carpel, large, in dehiscent carpels hanging from the elongated spiral vessels of the 

funiculus, with arilloid testa, rarely, in some indehiscent fruits adherent to the endocarp; 

endosperm copious, oily; embryo minute. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden Branch, P. O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 

2 Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Mu 3, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 

12120 Thailand.

112 


Distribution.— Two genera. Liriodendron in North America and China and 

Magnolia in temperate and tropical SE and E Asia and from North America southward 

through the West Indies and Central America to S Brazil. 

Ecology.— Magnoliaceae, easily recognised from the spicy smell of broken 

parts and the prominent stipules and ring-shaped stipule scars, are nowhere common in 

Thailand. They occur in lowland and lower montane forest of different kinds to ca 2200 

m elevation. 

Uses.— The wood of Magnoliaceae, in general, is light and easily worked, but 

usually not very durable. The North American Liriodendron tulipifera L. yields an 

important timber and this has been used extensively for the interior finish of houses, and 

for door panels, etc. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) 

Figlar & Noot. and M. montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (from Peninsular Malaysia and 

Indonesia) are reported to have wood as durable as that of Tectona grandis L.f. (Heyne, 

1950; Burkill, 1966). The bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson and of other 

species in China is used as a valuable drug. Many species of Magnolia and their hybrids 

are cultivated in temperate gardens. In Thailand, Magnolia x alba (DC) Figlar. and M. 

champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre are commonly planted since very long time as temple trees; 

their flowers are sold in the markets, and are used for decorating the hair or are strung into 

garlands. Also Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. is a common garden plant, but a more recent 

introduction and therefore not in this treatment. Of our 25 or so Magnoliaceae, 2 taxa, 

Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & Noot. and M. 

praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. are truly enormous trees, with mighty grey, columnar 

boles, but they are too rare to be of any economic importance for timber. 

Magnoliaceae Taxonomy 

The Magnoliaceae were once regarded by many botanists to be one of the most 

primitive families of all Angiosperms. The main reason is that in the Magnolia-type of 

flower, the floral parts (perianth-lobes, stamens, and carpels) are indefinite in number and 

are free and spirally arranged on an elongated axis thus conforming closely to the generally 

accepted putative ancestral form of Angiosperm flower. According APG II, however, 

they belong to the Angiospermae clade Magnoliids (close to the Monocots) and the order 

Magnoliales to which also belong the Annonaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, 

and the Myristicaceae. 

There are two subfamilies, Liriodendroideae with two species, one in North 

America and one in China, and Magnolioideae with ca 240 species. 

In the subfamily Magnolioideae the taxonomy is rather chequered. In the past, 

two tribes, each with a few to several genera, were recognized. Careful morphological 

research and observations of living plants (Figlar, 2000; 2002a; 2002b) as well as DNA 

research (Kim et al., 2001; Azuma et al., 1999; 2000; 2001; Nie et al. 2008)) have led 

to the reduction all genera to Magnolia. This classification differs markedly from that of 

Keng (1975) who recognised eight genera of Magnoliaceae (Magnolia L., Manglietia 

Blume, Talauma A.Juss., Kmeria Dandy, Pachylarnax, Aromadendron Andrews ex 

Steud., Michelia T.Durand and Paramichelia Hu) and 13–16 species in Thailand. 

Since 1975 many more species have been found to occur in Thailand, both newly 

described taxa and new records. This is reflected in the treatment presented below.

Conservation status 

THE MAGNOLIACEAE OF THAILAND (H.P. NOOTEBOOM & P. CHALERMGLIN) 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae (Cicuzza et al. 2007) indicates that 112 Magnoliaceae 

taxa are threatened with extinction in the wild according to the IUCN Red List categories 

and criteria; Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU). A 

further nine taxa are considered to be Near Threatened (NT) and 10 are recorded as Data 

Deficient (DD). These Data Deficient species have been so recorded because there is 

insufficient information to apply the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Nevertheless, 

these taxa are considered to be threatened either in national Red Lists or based on 

suspected forest decline and so they are included in the list of globally threatened species. 

In total the results of the above evaluation indicated that 131 Magnoliaceae taxa are 

threatened with extinction at a global scale. This is over half the known taxa within the 

family. Approximately 100 species, however, are Not Evaluated (NE). The published 

conservation status assessments are given below for the Thai species of Magnolia, 

including some which have been shown to fulfil the criteria for Least Concern (LC). 

MaGnOLia 

L., Sp. Pl.: 535. 1753; Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 259. 1927; in Hutchinson, 

Gen. Fl. Pl. 1: 55. 1964; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 285. 1973; Noot., 

Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 568. 1988; Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 88. 2004.— Michelia L. , 

Sp. Pl.: 536. 1753.— Talauma Jussieu, Gen. Pl.: 281. 1789.— Manglietia Blume, Verh. 

Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 9: 149. 1823.— Aromadendron Blume, Bijdr.: 10. 1825.— 

Pachylarnax Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 260. 1927.— Elmerrillia Dandy, 

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 261. 1927.—Kmeria Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 

1927: 262. 1927.— Paramichelia Hu, Sunyatsenia 4: 142. 1940. 

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA IN THAILAND (FLOWERING PLANTS) 

1. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast 2 

Flowers terminal on the twig 12 

2. Stipules free from the petiole 3 

Stipules adnate to petiole 6 

3. Connective appendage 3–4 mm long, twigs pubescent, gynoecium silvery appressed- pubescent 

18. Magnolia mediocris 

Connective appendage 0.5–1.5 mm long, twigs silky or puberulous, gynoecium greyish-puberulous, 

ferrugineously silky or pubescent 4 

4. Petiole 30–40 mm long, hairy, leaf blade obovate, base rounded, brachyblast puberulous 6. Magnolia citrata 

Petiole 10–25 mm long, glabrous, leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, base cuneate, attenuate, or attenuate- 

cuneate, brachyblast silky or pubescent 5 

5. Leaf blade hairy beneath, twigs silky, stipules silky, brachyblast silky, stout, with 1 node, flower white, yellow 

or yellowish, connective appendage triangular, gynoecium ferrugineously silky or pubescent 

19. Magnolia philippinensis 

Leaf blade glabrous beneath, twigs puberulous, stipules puberulous, brachyblast pubescent, slender, with 

2 nodes, flower orange yellow, connective appendage very long, narrowly triangular, gynoecium greyish 

puberulous 16. Magnolia koordersiana 

6. Stipules adnate to the petiole for 0 to 5 %, leaf blade puberulous beneath, base attenuate, cultivated 

1. Magnolia x alba 

Stipules adnate to the petiole for 15 to 100 %, leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy, pubescent beneath, or 

tomentose beneath, base cuneate, broadly cuneate, or rounded 7 

113

114 


7. Leaf blade 11–14 cm broad, connective appendage 3–4 mm long 21. Magnolia rajaniana 

Leaf blade 2–10 cm broad, connective appendage 0–2.5 mm long 8 

8. Flower yellow or orange yellow 5. Magnolia champaca 

Flower white 9 

9. Leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath, petiole glabrous, gynoecium greyish puberulous 

23. Magnolia sirindhorniae 

Leaf blade pubescent beneath, petiole hairy, gynoecium greyish or densely golden yellow silky 10 

10. Connective appendage triangular, twigs pubescent or silky, hairs yellowish brown, (fruiting carpels connate, 

but becoming mostly free on dehiscence with some carpels splitting via the dorsal suture while apical parts 

of others with circumcissile dehiscence) 6. Magnolia champaca x baillonii 

Connective appendage very long, narrowly triangular, twigs villous or puberulous, hairs pale brown or 

yellowish (fruiting carpels at least finally free or connate) 11 

11. Twigs puberulous, hairs yellowish, leaf blade glaucous below, apex acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast 

puberulous, gynoecium densely golden yellow silky (fruiting carpels at least finally free, dehiscing along the 

dorsal suture) 9. Magnolia floribunda 

Twigs villous, hairs pale brown, leaf blade not glaucous below, apex shortly acuminate,peduncle or 

brachyblast pubescent, gynoecium greyish silky, fruiting carpels connate 2. Magnolia baillonii 

12. Receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height (fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, 

splitting into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella 

persistent with the attached seeds, or becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes like 2 laterally 

recurved horns) 13 

Receptacle cylindrical, much longer than wide, carpels attached around it (fruiting carpels at least finally 

free or connate) 15 

13. Flowers bisexual, carpels 2–4, twigs glabrous, stipules free from the petiole, peduncle or brachyblast 0.5–20 

mm long (fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or 

less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella persistent with the attached seeds) 

20. Magnolia praecalva 

Flowers unisexual, carpels 7–15 14 

14. Petiole 25–45 mm long, carpels 10–15 7. Magnolia duperreana 

Petiole 15–25 mm long, carpels 7–10 24. Magnolia thailandica 



16. Twigs hairy at least when young, leaf apex rounded or mucronate, flower yellow or yellowish, connective 

appendage triangular with a sharp pointed tip 4. Magnolia carsonii var. drymifolia 

Twigs glabrous, leaf apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, flower pink or white, connective appendage 

triangular or setaceous 17 

17. Tepals 9, subequal, connective appendage triangular, 1–2 mm long (fruits cylindrical) 11. Magnolia gustavii 

Tepals 18–36, very unequal, connective appendage setaceous, 12–15 mm long (fruits subglobose, or 

ellipsoid) 8. Magnolia elegans 

18. Twigs glabrous 19 

Twigs hairy or on stipule scars minutely hairy 22 

19. Peduncle or brachyblast hairy 22. Magnolia siamensis 

Peduncle or brachyblast glabrous 20 

20. Peduncle or brachyblast 3–4 mm thick, flower yellow or yellowish, connective appendage very long, 

narrowly triangular, number of ovules per carpel 4 or more,( fruits cylindrical) 25. Magnolia utilis 

Peduncle or brachyblast 6–16 mm thick, flower white, connective appendage triangular, number of ovules 

per carpel 2 (fruits ellipsoid) 21 

21. Outer tepals tinged red or purple, twigs 6.5–10 mm diam., petiole 45–90 mm long, gynoecium conical 

13. Magnolia hodgsonii 

Outer tepals greenish, twigs 6–7 mm diam., petiole 20–55 mm long, gynoecium ellipsoid 

3. Magnolia betongensis 

22. Number of ovules per carpel 4 or more, midrib when dry not or slightly prominent above, intramarginal vein 

not close to the margin 23 

Number of ovules per carpel 2, midrib when dry prominent above, at least towards base, intramarginal vein 

close to the margin 25 

23. Peduncle or brachyblast glabrous, with 2 nodes 4. Magnolia hookeri 

Peduncle or brachyblast hairy, with 1 node 24


24. Flower pink or white, petiole glabrous, leaf blade narrowly obovate, peduncle or brachyblast 4–5 mm thick 

15. Magnolia insignis 

Flower purple or red, petiole hairy, leaf blade elliptic or obovate, peduncle or brachyblast 6–9 mm thick 

10. Magnolia garrettii 

25. Carpels 5–15, leaf apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast slender 

17. Magnolia liliifera 

Carpels 40–100, leaf apex acute, rounded, or very shortly acuminate, peduncle or brachyblast stout 26 

26. Twigs hairy at least when young, leaf blade hairy beneath, outer tepals white (fruiting carpels free, clustered 

close together) 12. Magnolia henryi 

Twigs glabrous, leaf blade glabrous beneath, outer tepals greenish (fruiting carpels connate) 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA IN THAILAND (FRUITING SPECIMENS) 

1. Fruits pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast 2 

Fruits terminal on the twig 11 

2. Fruiting carpels connate 2. Magnolia baillonii 

Fruiting carpels at least finally free or staying basally connate, but for the rest free 3 



4. Peduncle or brachyblast with 1 node (gynoecium ferrugineously silky or pubescent) 19. Magnolia philippinensis 

Peduncle or brachyblast with 2 or 3 nodes (gynoecium greyish puberulous or silvery appressed-pubescent) 5 

5. Leaf blade obovate, 11–30 by 8–18 cm 6. Magnolia citrata 

Leaf blade elliptic 6 

6. Leaf blade pubescent beneath, 6–13 by 3–5 cm, twigs pubescent, stipules silky, apex of leaf blade acuminate 

(flower white, connective appendage 3–4 mm long) 18. Magnolia mediocris 

Leaf blade glabrous beneath, 6–23 by 3–9 cm, twigs puberulous, stipules puberulous, apex of leaf blade very 

shortly acuminate (flower orange yellow, connective appendage 0.5 mm long) 16. Magnolia koordersiana 

7. Leaf blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath, 11–26 by 5.5–10 cm, stipules adnate for 30 to 60 %, apex of 

leaf blade rounded or shortly acuminate 23. Magnolia sirindhorniae 

Leaf blade pubescent or tomentose beneath, stipules adnate for 15 to 100 %, apex of leaf blade acuminate. 8 

8. Leaf blade 17–30 by 11–14 cm, tomentose beneath, twigs tomentose (connective appendage 3–4 mm long) 

21. Magnolia rajaniana 

Leaf blade 2–10 cm, pubescent beneath, twigs pubescent, silky, or puberulous (connective appendage 0–2 mm 

long) 9 

9. Fruiting carpels connate, some dehiscing circumscissile, but for the rest becoming free and dorsally dehiscent;leaf 

blade 14–25 by 5–9 cm (gynoecium greyish silky) 5. Magnolia champaca x baillonii 

Fruiting carpels free (gynoecium greyish puberulous, or densely golden yellow silky) 10 

10. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, or narrowly obovate, 7–14 by 2–4.5 cm, twigs puberulous, peduncle or 

brachyblast with 1 node (flower white, connective appendage 2 mm long) 9. Magnolia floribunda 

Leaf blade elliptic or ovate, 10–30 by 4–10 cm, twigs pubescent, peduncle or brachyblast with 2 or 3 nodes 

(flower yellow or yellowish, or orange yellow, connective appendage 0–1 mm long) 

4. Magnolia champaca 

11. Receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height 12 

Receptacle cylindrical, much longer than wide, carpels attached around it in a spiral 14 

12. Carpels 2–4, stipules free from the petiole, fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting into 2–4 

valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a columella persistent with the 

attached seeds 20. Magnolia praecalva 

Carpels 7–15, stipules adnate to petiole, fruiting carpels becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes like 

2 laterally recurved horns 13 

13. Petiole 15–25 mm long, leaf blade 10–20 by 3–6 cm 24. Magnolia thailandica 

Petiole 26–45 mm long. Leaf blade 11–30 by 5.5–10.7 cm 7. Magnolia duperreana 

14. Fruiting carpels connate 15 

Fruiting carpels at least finally free 20 

15. Stipules free from the petiole, gynophore under fruit present 8. Magnolia elegans 

Stipules adnate to petiole, gynophore under fruit absent. 16 

16. Fruiting peduncles slender, leaf blade pubescent or glabrous beneath, 12–22 by 3.8–7 cm 17. Magnolia liliifera 

Fruiting peduncles stout, leaf blade glabrous beneath 17 

115

116 


17. Peduncle with 4–18 nodes 18 

Peduncle with 1–3 nodes 19 

18. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100 %, leaf blade elliptic or obovate, 21–33 by 8.5–12 cm 

22. Magnolia siamensis 

Stipules adnate for 30 to 80 (to 100) %, s leaf blade obovate or narrowly obovate, 21–38 by 7–15 cm 


19. Petiole 45–90 mm, stipules adnate for 90–100%, leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic or obovate to 

narrowly, obovate19–50 by 6.5–12 cm (outer tepals tinged red or purple) 13. Magnolia hodgsonii 

Petiole (20–)35–55 cm, stipules adnate for 30 to 80(to 100) %, leaf blade obovate or narrowly obovate, 

21–38 by 7–15 cm (outer tepals greenish) 3. Magnolia betongensis 

20. Stipules free from the petiole, petiole 6–12 mm long 11. Magnolia gustavii 

Stipules adnate to petiole, petiole 15–110 mm long 21 

21. Peduncle with 4–7 nodes, twigs appressedly long-pilose, stipules adnate for 90–100 %, midrib prominent 

above at least towards base 12. Magnolia henryi 

Peduncle or brachyblast with 1 or 2 nodes, twigs glabrous, or pubescent, stipules adnate for 30–75 %, midrib 

not or slightly prominent above 22 

22. Leaf blade narrowly obovate 23 

Blade elliptic or obovate 24 

23. Peduncle 4–5 mm thick, with 1 node, leaf blade 10–26 by 4–10 cm, apex acuminate (outer tepals tinged red 

or purple, inner tepals creamy) 15. Magnolia insignis 

Peduncle 8–12 mm thick, with 2 nodes, leaf blade 20–30 by 5–8 cm, apex acute, or shortly acuminate (all 

tepals white) 14. Magnolia hookeri 

24. Fruits cylindrical, twigs glabrous, peduncle or brachyblast 3–4 mm thick, fruiting carpels beaked (flower 

yellow or yellowish) 25. Magnolia utilis 

Fruits ovoid, twigs pubescent, peduncle or brachyblast 6–9 mm thick, fruiting carpels not beaked (flower 

purple or red) 10. Magnolia garrettii 

1. Magnolia x alba (DC) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 21. 2000.— Michelia x 

alba DC, Syst. 1: 449. 1817; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 286. 1973; 

Fl. Thailand 2(3): 262. 1975. Type: the plate of Sampaca domestica IV alba, Rumphius, 

Herb. Amb. 2: 200. 1741.— Michelia longifolia Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 

Kunsten. 9: 155. 1823; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1:15. 1922. Type: Blume s.n. (L, sheet 

908. 126-1242). 

Tree to 30 m high, and 30–120 cm diam. Twigs greyish-pubescent or puberulous. 

Stipules with only the base adnate to petiole; pubescent or puberulous. Leaves evenly 

distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 15–50 mm, hairy, stipular scars 3–25 mm long 

(but mostly short); blade puberulous beneath, ovate, 15–35 by 5.5–11 cm; base with 2 

ridges decurrent on the petiole, attenuate; apex acuminate, acumen 7–30 mm; pairs of 

lateral nerves 12–18, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation 

beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast densely greyish-pubescent, 10–17 mm long, 

slender, with 2–3 nodes; pedicel very short or absent. Flowers many, pseudoaxillary on a 

brachyblast, white; tepals 10–14, subequal, 1.5–5 cm long; white; stamens 9–11 mm long, 

connective appendage 1 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, 

greyish puberulous; gynophore 4–7 mm long; carpels 8–12; styles black. Gynophore 

under fruit present. 

Thailand.— Cultivated. 

Distribution.— Cultivated. 

Vernacular.— Champi (จำปี ). 

Notes.— Fruits are seldom seen because the plant often is sterile and probably a 

hybrid between M. champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre and M. montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot.


2. Magnolia baillonii Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1: t. 2. 1879.— Michelia baillonii 

(Pierre) Finet & Gagnep., Mém. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1: 46. 1906; in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1: 

39. 1907.— Aromadendron baillonii (Pierre) Craib, Fl. Siam.: 26. 1925. — Paramichelia 

baillonii (Pierre) Hu, Sunyatsenia 4: 144. 1940; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 266. 1975. 

Type: Indo China, Pierre 750 (holotype P; isotype a).— Talauma spongocarpa King, 

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47bis. Type: Assam, Sibsagar, Calc. Bot. 

Gard. Collector 102 (holotype CaL, isotype L).— Talauma phellocarpa King, Ann. 

Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47ter. 1891. Syntypes: Assam, Sibsagar, Peal s.n. 

(isosyntype L) and Mann s.n. (non vidi). 

Tree to 35 m high, and 30–100 cm diam. Twigs pale brown, appressed-villous. 

Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–50 %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 

15–35 mm, hairy, stipular scars 7–17 mm long; blade appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs 

straight (wavy), elliptic or narrowly elliptic to ovate or narrowly ovate, 6–25 by 3.5–8 cm; 

base cuneate to broadly cuneate; apex faintly shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 

9–22, meeting in an intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct, prominent, densely 

netted. Brachyblast appressed-pubescent, 10–15 mm long, slender, 1.5–2.5 mm thick, 1 

node; pedicel present, 0.1–0.5 mm. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast; fragrant; 

white; tepals 8–21, subequal; 2.5–3.2 by 0.4–0.6 cm, very narrow, nearly linear; stamens 

6–7 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 1–2.5 mm long, filaments 1–1.2 

mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse, 4–5.5 mm long; gynoecium stipitate, greyish 

silky, narrowly ovoid, 5–8 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long; styles red, 0.8–1.2 mm 

long. Fruiting peduncles 20–25 by 3–5 mm. Fruits obovoid or cylindrical, 6–10 by 3–5 

cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels circumcissile 

and falling, dehiscing along the dorsal suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to 

the torus (midribs of carpels persistent on the fruiting axis after carpels dehisce); fruiting 

carpels glabrous; gynophore under fruit present. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep, Doi Inthanon, Doi Non Ngao), 

Chiang Rai (Doi Luang National Park); EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima (Khao Yai 

National Park), Chaiyaphum (Ban Nam Phrom); SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi (Thong 

Pha Phum National Park), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan National Park). 

Distribution.— China (Yunnan), Assam, Burma, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest, tropical rain forest, dry evergreen forest. Altitude 

500–1,300 m. 

Vernacular.— Champi pa (จำปี ป่ า). 

Conservation status.— NE. 

3. Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978.—Talauma 

betongensis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 7. 1925; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 

258. 1975. Type: Thailand, Peninsular, Pattani, Betong, Kerr 7449 (holotype K; isotype 

BM).— Talauma obovata Korthals, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 98. 1851 non Magnolia 

obovata Thunb. 1794.— Magnolia candollii (Blume) H.Keng var. obovata (Korthals) 

Noot., Blumea 32: 374. 1987; Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 585. 1988.— M. liliifera (L.) Baill. 

var. obovata D.G. Frodin & R.H.A.Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr. Magnoliaceae: 

71. 1996. Type: G. Pamatton, Korthals s.n. (lectotype L; isolectotype BO).— Talauma 

117

118 


oblanceolata Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 286. 1925, emend. Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. 

Kew 1928: 192. 1928; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 294. 1973. Type: 

Singapore, Fraser’s Hill, Ridley 155590 (holotype sinG; isotype K).— Magnolia 

sclerophylla Dandy, J. Bot. 66: 47. 1928. Type: Malaysia (Borneo), Sarawak, Sarekas 

Paku, Haviland 3148 (holotype BM; isotype K).— Talauma levissima Dandy, Bull. Misc. 

Inform. Kew 1928: 191. 1928. Type: Malaysia, North Borneo, Ridley 9047 (holotype K; 

isotype sinG). 

Small tree to 12 m high and 30–40 cm diam., glabrous (except sometimes between 

the upper bracts). Twigs 6–7 mm thick in innovations. Stipules adnate to petiole for 

30–80(–100) %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole (20–)35–55 mm, 

often conspicuously dilated at base, black when dry, stipular scars 12–50 mm long; blade 

glabrous beneath, obovate or narrowly obovate (or sometimes elliptic), 21–38 by 7–15 

cm; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex rounded or very shortly acuminate, acumen 

0–10 mm; pairs of lateral nerves (10–)14–20; midrib when dry prominent above, at least 

towards base; often meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation 

beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle stout, 20–40 mm long, at top (6–)8–12 mm 

thick, 2–18 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm. Flowers terminal on the twig, 

white; tepals 9; outer tepals 3, greenish; inner tepals erect 6; stamens 12–30 mm long, 

connective appendage triangular, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, 

narrowly ellipsoid; carpels 40–100, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruits ellipsoid, 6.5– 

12(–15) by 4.5–7 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels 

circumcissile and falling, while also dehiscing partially along the ventral suture, the basal 

parts remaining adnate to the torus; fruiting carpels glabrous, 2–4 cm long, beaked (beak 

falling off); scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 8–12 mm long. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phatthalung, Songkhla, Yala. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. 

Ecology.— Tropical rain forest, usually at low altitude, rarely up to 1,700 m. 

Flowering April–May; fruiting June–September. 

Vernacular.— Leng keng (เล็งเก็ง). 


4. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. : t. 3. 1879.— Michelia 

champaca L., Sp. Pl.: 536. 1753; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 15. 1922; H.Keng in T.C. 

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 286. 1973; Fl. Thailand 2(3): 258. 1975; Noot., Fl. Males., 

ser. I, 10: 601. 1988. Type: Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Hermann Fl. Zeyl. 144 (BM). 

Tree to 50 m high and 80–180 cm diam. Twigs pubescent. Stipules pubescent, 

adnate to petiole for 50–100 %. Leaves: evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 

14–35(–40) mm, hairy, stipular scars 7–39 mm long; blade, especially on midrib and 

nerves, pubescent beneath, elliptic or ovate, 10–30 by 4–10 cm; base decurrent with 2 

ridges on the apical half of the petiole, cuneate to rounded; apex acuminate (acumen often 

obliquely folded when dry), acumen 7–13(–25) mm; pairs of lateral nerves 14–23, meeting 

in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 

Brachyblast densely pubescent, (5–)10–18(–25) mm long, slender, 2(–3) nodes; pedicel


present or absent, 0–1 mm. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, yellow or yellowish 

to orange yellow; tepals 15, in several inconspicuous whorls, subequal; stamens 6–8 mm 

long, connective appendage 0–1 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium 

stipitate, greyish puberulous; gynophore 2–5 mm long; carpels 25–35, number of ovules 

per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles slender, hairy. Fruits cylindrical, fruiting 

carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture (carpels basally adnate to the axis to shortly 

stipitate); gynophore under fruit present. 

KEY TO THE VARIETIES 

Leaves more or less elliptic with cuneate to rounded base, the acumen often rather short. Petiole with a stipular scar 

from 0.3 of its length up to 0.7 of its length. Tree to 50 m high and ca 180 cm diam. 4b. var. pubinervia 

Leaves ovate with cuneate-attenuate base; the acumen often quite long. Petiole with a stipular scar up to shortly below 

its middle to up to the apex. Tree 2–5 (to ca 30 m) high and 50 cm diam. Cultivated 4a. var. champaca 

4a. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. champaca 

Vernacular — Champa. 

Notes — Widely cultivated. 

4b. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & 

Noot., Blumea 49: 10. 2004.— Michelia champaca L. var. pubinervia Blume, Ann. Mus. 

Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 72. 1868; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 603. 1988.— Michelia 

pubinervia Blume, Fl. Java Magnoliaceae 14, t. 4. 1829. Type: Indonesia, Blume 670 

(holotype L; isotype BO). 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. 

Vernacular.— Champa pa (จำปาป่ า). 

Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude 20–1,000 m. Flowering March–April; 

fruiting May–June. 


5. Magnolia champaca x baillonii (undescribed hybrid). 

Tree to 20 m high and at base 50–200 cm diam. Twigs 2–5 mm thick in innovations, 

appressed-pubescent to silky; hairs yellowish brown. Stipules adnate to petiole for 40– 

75 %, appressed-pubescent to silky. Leaves with petiole 20–35 mm, hairy; blade silky 

appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs straight, yellowish brown, ovate, 14–25 by 5–9 cm; 

base cuneate; apex slightly acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 9–14, 

meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin (4–5 mm); reticulation beneath 

distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast with appressed hairs, pubescent to silky, 10–20 mm 

long, slender, 1.5–3 mm thick, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm. Flowers 

pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, creamy white; tepals 12–15, subequal; outer tepals 3–4, 

4–5.5 by 0.9–1.1 cm, spathulate; inner tepals 8–12, narrowly obovate, 4–5 by 6–8 mm 

broad; stamens 8–10 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 1–1.5 mm 

119

120 


long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyish silky; gynophore 5–7 

mm long; carpels 25–43. Fruiting peduncles glabrous, 2.2–3.8 cm long by 3–4 mm thick. 

Fruits cylindrical, 5–15 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate, but becoming mostly free on 

dehiscence with some carpels splitting via the dorsal suture while apical parts of others 

falling away circumscissile; carpels lenticelled, glabrous, 1.5–2.2 cm long; gynophore 

under fruit present, 15–20 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok, Chiang Rai; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri; 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 


Ecology.— Single tree in preserved area, and cultivated as temple tree. Dry 

evergreen forest. Altitude 100–500 m. 

Vernacular.— Champa khao (จำปาขาว). 


Notes.— The fruit looks exactly intermediate between the fruits of M. champaca 

and M. baillonii. The hybrid has the same chloroplast DNA sequences as M. champaca, 

which is the mother plant. (H. Azuma, pers. comm.). 

Figure 1. Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin: A. habit with ripening fruit (Smitinand 90-269); B. flower buds 

(Chalermglin 420410); C. flower (Chalermglin 420410).


6. Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 52: 559. 2007. Type: Thailand, 

Chiang Mai, Mae Taeng distr., Mon Angket, Smitinand 90-269 (BKF 96932) (holotype 

BKF). Fig. 1. 

Tree to 35 m high and 100–150 cm diam. Twigs 5–7(–10) mm thick in innovations, 

conspicuously elliptic, lenticellate, the youngest parts minutely appressed-puberulous, 

hairs yellowish. Stipules free from the petiole, the margins yellowish puberulous. Leaves 

evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 30–40 mm long (and 3–4 mm thick), blade 

minutely yellowish hairy; obovate, 11–30 by 8–18 cm; base rounded (but narrowed 

near the petiole); apex shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 9–11, meeting in an 

intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 

Brachyblast minutely yellowish appressed-puberulous, 15–35 mm long, slender, 3–4 mm 

thick, 2–3 nodes; pedicel minute or absent. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast; 

strongly fragrant; white; tepals 9, subequal; 4–4.5 by 0.8–1.5 cm, thick fleshy, narrowly 

obovate or spathulate; stamens 9–12 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular 

(to subulate), 1–1.5 mm long, filaments 2–3 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; 6–7 

mm long; gynoecium stipitate, brownish greyish puberulous, 8–14 mm high; gynophore 

6–8 mm long; carpels 6–10, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting carpels 

at least finally free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; glabrous, 5–7.5 by 3.5–5 cm, 

gynophore under fruit present, 30–40 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei. 

Distribution. — Endemic. 

Ecology. — Hill evergreen forest (tropical rain forest). Altitude 1,200–1,400 m. 

Flowering: April–May; fruiting May–October. 

Vernacular. — Champi chang (จำปี ช้าง). 


Notes.— The leaves when crushed give a licorice smell, the outer seed coat smells 

like Cymbopogon citrata (lemon grass/ta krai). 

7. Magnolia duperreana Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch.: 1: t. 1. 1879.— Kmeria duperreana 

(Pierre) Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 262. 1927; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 

2260. 1975. Type: Cambodia, Knang Repœu, Pierre 749 (holotype P). 

Small or medium sized tree to 20(–30) m high and 25–30 cm diam., sparsely 

minutely hairy at least on stipule margins, glabrescent. Twigs glabrous, vegetative buds 

finely short-pubescent; stipules adnate to petiole for 75–100 %, puberulous. Leaves with 

25–45 mm long petiole; blade glabrous beneath except midrib which bears some scattered 

hairs, elliptic or obovate, 11–30 by 5.5–10.5 cm; base cuneate, or attenuate; apex rounded 

or acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 12–14, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close 

to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 30–50 mm long; Brachyblast 

30–50 mm long in male flowers; stout or slender, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal 

on the twig; unisexual; white; in male flowers tepals subequal, 8–13; in female flowers 

outer tepals 3–4, 2.5–3 by 1–1.2 cm; inner tepals 6–9; stamens 12 mm long, connective 

appendage triangular with a sharp pointed tip, anthers subintrorse. Receptacle short, the 

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carpels attached at about the same height. Gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous; carpels 

10–15, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruits when young subglobose, 2–3 by 2–3 cm, 

fruiting carpels when young connate, but becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 lobes 

like 2 laterally recurved horns, glabrous, 2.5–3.5 cm long. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Trat (Khao Kuap). 

Distribution.— Cambodia 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 900–1,300 m. Flowering April–May; 

fruiting June–October. 

Vernacular.— Matum khao (มะตูมเขา). 


8. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978; Noot., Fl. 

Males., ser. I, 10: 577. 1988; Gardner et al., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 70. 2007.— 

Aromadendron elegans Blume, Bijdr.: 10. 1825; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. 

Malaya 2: 283. 1973); Fl. Thailand 2(3): 259. 1975.— Talauma elegans (Blume) Miquel, 

Ann, Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 70. 1868; Ridl., J. Straits Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 33: 38. 

1900. Type: Java, Blume (holotype L; isotype BO). 

Tree to 55 m high and 80–115 cm diam., nearly glabrous (only stipules with hairs 

at the apex). Stipules free from the petiole. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; 

petiole 8–20(–25) mm; blade glabrous beneath, glaucous below or not, elliptic or narrowly 

elliptic, 7.5–22(–27) by 3–6(–8) cm; base attenuate-cuneate, or sometimes rounded; apex 

(very) shortly acuminate, acumen 3–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 11–16, meeting in an 

intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, very densely netted. 

Peduncle or brachyblast 30–50(–60) mm long, slender; pedicel present, 1–6 mm. Flowers 

terminal on the twig, white; tepals 18–36, very unequal; outer tepals 4, light yellowish 

green, narrowly obovate or elliptic; 4–7 cm long by 1.5–1.8 mm broad; white; stamens 

60–70, without the appendage 8.5–9.5 mm long, connective appendage setaceous, 12– 

15 mm long, filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium shortly stipitate, 

glabrous; number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles glabrous. Fruits subglobose 

or ellipsoid, 5–7 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate into a fleshy syncarp, when ripe 

falling off in irregular masses, glabrous; gynophore under fruit 4–6 mm long; scars of 

perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 4–6 mm long. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat (Thung Song), Phangnga (Ton 

Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary). 

Distribution.— Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java. 

Ecology.— Lowland rainforest. Altitude: 50–300 m. Flowering February–March; 

fruiting April–August. 

Vernacular.— Thang ke (ทังเก). 


9. Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 21. 

2000.— Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep., Mém. Soc. Bot. Fr. 52 (Mém. 4(1)):


46. 1906 [1905 publ. March 1906]; Gagnep. in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl. 

1: 48. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 259. 1975. Type: China, Yunnan, Bons d’ant 

s.n. (holotype P).— Michelia microtricha Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. 

Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 58: 145. 1921. Type: China, Yunnan, Dali, Ten 339 (holotype 

C, isotype W).— Michelia kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 166. 1922; 

Fl. Siam. 1: 26. 1925. Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Kerr 4679 (K).— M. 

microtricha (Handel-Mazzetti) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 23. 2000.— Michelia 

manipurensis auct. non Watt ex Brandis: Craib, Fl. Siam. 1: 27. 1925. 

Tree to 20 m high and 30–60 cm diam. Twigs 2–3 mm thick in innovations, 

appressed-puberulous; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 15–70 %, appressedly 

puberulous. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 10–20 mm, hairy; blade 

appressed-pubescent beneath (when young also above), often glaucous below, hairs 

straight, yellowish, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 7–14 by 

2–4.5 cm; base broadly cuneate or rounded; apex acuminate, acumen 5–15 mm long; 

pairs of lateral nerves 8–13, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; 

reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast appressed-puberulous, 3–7 

mm long, 3 mm thick, 1(–2) nodes. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white (or 

yellowish white); tepals 10–13, subequal; 2.5–5 by 0.4–1 cm (inner tepals narrower); 

stamens 6–9 mm long, connective narrowly triangular, 2 mm long, anthers latrorse or 

sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, densely golden yellow silky; gynophore 5–8 mm long; 

number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles hairy. Fruits cylindrical, 

2–8 cm long; fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; gynophore under 

fruit present. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Khun Huai Pong, Doi Suthep, Doi 

Inthanon, Doi Ang Khang), Nan (Doi Phu Kha); NORTH-EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradueng). 

Distribution.— South China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam 

Ecology.— In or along the edge of lower montane forest, in open savannah or 

mossy forest at medium altitudes. Altitude 1,100–2,200 m. Flowering February–March; 

fruiting April–November. 

Vernacular.— Kaeo mahawan (แก้วมหาวัน). 


10. Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 184. 2006.— Manglietia 

garrettii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 166. 1922; Fl. Siam. 1: 26. 1925; Gagnep. 

in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 37. 1938. Fig. 38; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 

252. 1975. Type: Thailand, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pha Kao, Garrett 119 (holotype K). 


densely brown-pubescent. Stipules adnate to petiole for 50–75 %, pubescent. Leaves 

crowded at the end of the branchlets; petiole 30–50 mm, hairy, dilated at base; blade 

with minute, scattered, appressed hairs or glabrous beneath, hairs brown or red, elliptic 

to obovate, 18–35 by 7–12 cm; base cuneate or broadly cuneate; apex shortly acuminate; 

pairs of lateral nerves 12–25, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; 

reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle densely brown-pubescent, 15–50 mm long, stout, 

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6–9 mm thick, 1 node; pedicel present or absent, 0–2 mm long. Flowers terminal on 

the twig, purple or red; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 5–6.5 by 2.5–3.5 cm, thick 

fleshy; inner tepals 6, slightly smaller; stamens 11–15 mm long, connective appendage 

triangular, 1–3 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ovoid, 25– 

35 mm high; carpels 60–80, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more; styles black, 2–3 

mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, lenticelled, glabrous, 1.5–5 cm long by 6–9 mm thick. 

Fruits broadly ovoid, 4–9 by 3.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, 

becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along 

the ventral suture; fruiting carpels glabrous, dorsal faces of ripe carpels 1–3.2 cm long, 

shortly beaked; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 11–12 mm long; 

seeds 9–14 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son, Tak, Nan, 

Phitsanulok. 

Distribution.— SW China, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,000–1,850 m. Flowering April–May; 

fruiting June–October. 

Vernacular.— Montha pa (มณฑาป่ า). 


11. Magnolia gustavii King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209. 1891. Type: 

India, Assam, Makum Forest, Mann s.n. (holotype CaL; isotypes K, L 0038355). 

Tree to 15 m high and 50 cm diam., glabrous (buds rarely pubescent at apex). 

Terminal buds 7–9 mm long, ca 2 mm wide; stipules free from the petiole. Leaves with 

6–12 mm long petiole; blade glabrous beneath, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 13–30 by 3.5– 

9.5 cm; base cuneate; apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, acumen 5–20 mm; pairs of 

lateral nerves 15–18, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; reticulation 

beneath distinct, densely netted. Peduncle glabrous, 30–40 mm long, slender, 1.5–2 mm 

thick, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal on the twig (often overtopped by the 

terminal bud and the flower seemingly axillary), pink or white; tepals 9, subequal; outer 

tepals 3,3–4 by 7–10 cm; inner tepals 6; stamens 7–12 mm long, connective appendage 

triangular, 1–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium stipitate or not, glabrous, cylindrical, 

13–19 mm high; gynophore 0–4 mm long; carpels 25–35, number of ovules per carpel 2. 

Fruiting peduncles stout, 4–5 cm long by 3–5 mm thick. Fruits cylindrical, 8–12 by 2–4 

cm, fruiting carpels connate in developing fruit, at least finally free, dehiscing along the 

dorsal suture; glabrous; gynophore under fruit absent or present, 0–4 mm long; scars of 

perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 10–16 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak; SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi. 

Distribution.— India (Assam), Burma. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1200–1300 m. Flowering September– 

October; fruiting November–February. 

Vernacular.— Champi doi (จำปี ดอย).


Conservation status.— EN. 

12. Magnolia henryi Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; Gagnep. in P.H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl. 1: 41. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 253. 1975. Type: China: 

Yunnan: near Simao, Henry 12782 (holotype K; isotypes a, e, MO, ny).— Talauma 

kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 226. 1922; Fl. Siam.: 1: 25. 1925. Fig. 39. 

Type: Thailand, Nan, Doi Tiu, Kerr 5860 (holotype K). 

Tree to 10 m high and 20–40 cm diam. Twigs 4–6 mm thick in innovations, long 

appressed-pilose; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 90–100%. Leaves evenly 

distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 40–110 mm, hairy when young, soon glabrescent; 

blade sparsely appressed-pubescent beneath, hairs straight, elliptic to obovate, 20 –130 by 

7–30 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or rounded; midrib when dry prominent above, at least 

towards base; pairs of lateral nerves 14–20, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the 

margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle long appressed-pubescent, 

50–80 mm long, stout, 4–7 mm thick, 4–7 nodes; pedicel absent. Flowers hanging, terminal 

on the twig; sweet scented; white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, reflexed, greenish 

outside, 4.5–6.5 by 2.5–3.5 cm, white, obovate or elliptic; inner tepals 6, obovate, 4.5–6 

cm long; white or creamy; stamens 12–15 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 

0.5–1.5 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, narrowly ovoid, 

25–40 mm high; carpels narrowly long-ellipsoid, 85–95, number of ovules per carpel 

2; styles brown, 4–9 mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 5–8 cm long. Fruits 

narrowly ellipsoid, 10–15 by 3–5 cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, 

becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along 

the ventral suture; glabrous; gynophore under fruit absent. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Rai, Phayao, Nan, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok. 

Distribution.— SW China, Burma, Laos. 

Ecology.— Evergreen forest. Altitude 660–900 m. Flowering April–May; fruiting 

June–August. 

Vernacular.— Montha phu (มณฑาภู). 

Conservation status.— NT. 

13. Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 

129. 1976.— Talauma hodgsonii Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 74. 1855; Gagnep. in 

P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, Suppl. 1: 31. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 258. 1975.— 

Magnolia candollii var. obovata (Korth.) Noot., Blumea 32: 374. 1987, pro parte. Type: 

India, Sikkim, Hooker s.n. (holotype K; isotype L). 

Small tree to 15 m high and 20–50 cm diam. Twigs 6.5–10 mm thick in innovations, 

glabrous. Youngest twigs and peduncles glaucous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 90–100 

%. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 45–90 mm, dilated at base; blade 

glabrous beneath, elliptic to narrowly elliptic or obovate to narrowly obovate, 19–50 

by 6. 5–12(–20) cm; base cuneate or attenuate; apex with obtuse tip rounded or shortly 

acuminate, acumen 0–20 mm; midrib when dry prominent above, at least towards 

base, pairs of lateral nerves 9–20, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; 

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reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle glabrous, 15–25 mm long, stout, often glaucous, 

directly under fruit, 6–16 mm thick, 1–3 nodes; pedicel present, 1–8 mm long. Flowers 

terminal on the twig; sweet scented; white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, recurved, 5–9 

by 2.5–4 cm, tinged red or purple, obovate; inner tepals 6, obovate, thick, fleshy, smaller 

than outer tepals; white or creamy; stamens very many, 15–20 mm long, connective 

appendage triangular, 1–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, 

conical, 25–35 mm high; carpels 80–100 (or more), number of ovules per carpel 2, 1.5–2 

mm long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long by 8–14 mm thick (at 

the top). Fruits ellipsoid, 10–15 by 3.5–5 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the 

apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral 

suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to the torus; glabrous, 2–4 cm long, shortly 

beaked, beak 2–10 mm long; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 8–20 

mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Tak, Lamphun; SOUTH- 

WESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— India (Assam), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma. 

Ecology.— Shaded understory tree of primary evergreen rainforest. Altitude 

250–1,300 m. Flowering April; fruiting June–October. 

Vernacular.— Montha doi (มณฑาดอย). 

Conservation status.— LC. 

Notes.— This species is very close to Magnolia rabaniana (Hook.f. & Thomson) 

H.J.Chowdhery & P.Daniel, Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Basionym: Talauma rabaniana 

Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75. 1855. It differs in the longer petioles (usually more 

than 4 cm versus less than 4 cm, but there is an overlap), in the leaves being generally 

bigger, and in the peduncles being glabrous versus often appressed-hairy when young in 

Magnolia rabaniana Hook.f. & Thomson. Moreover, the peduncles and the twigs beneath 

them are often glaucous (but not always so!) in M. hodgsonii. Both species occur in 

Assam, M. hodgsonii was described from Sikkim. 

14. Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & W.W.Sm.) D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayar, Indian J. Bot. 3: 

171. 1980.— Manglietia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 273. 1911. 

Type: Burma, Cubitt 20, 302A, 327 (syntypes K). 

Tree to 25 m high and 30–70 cm diam. glabrous or hairy at least in innovations. 

Twigs in innovations greyish-pubescent. Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–40 %. Leaves 

with petiole 20–30 mm long; blade underside paler than upper side, glabrous, narrowly 

obovate, 20–30 by 5–8 cm; base cuneate; apex acute or shortly acuminate, acumen 0–15 

mm; pairs of lateral nerves 16–28, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the 

margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 23–35 mm long, 

stout, 8–12 mm thick, without pedicel with 2 nodes; pedicel present, 2–4 mm. Flowers 

terminal on the twig, white; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 6–8 by 2.5–3 cm, green at 

base, upper part milky white, obovate; inner tepals 6, ovate, 6–8 cm by 40–50 mm broad; 

white; stamens 10–12 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous; 

carpels 90–110, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles stout,


2.5–3.5 cm long by 8–12 mm thick. Fruits ovoid to subglobose, 7–10 by 5.5–6.5 cm, 

fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which is 

along the dorsal suture and sometimes also along the ventral suture, glabrous, shortly 

beaked; gynophore under fruit absent. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Ang Khang). 

Distribution.— SW China, Burma. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,300–1,400 m. Flowering March– 

April; fruiting May–October. 

Vernacular.— Montha khao ang khang (มณฑาขาวอ่างขาง). 


Notes.— This species was already known for some time as “White Ang Khang 

Magnolia or Manglietia” without proper identification. In April 2007 we could assess its 

identity with the help of Dick Figlar. 

15. Magnolia insignis Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal.: 5, t. 1. 1824.— Manglietia insignis (Wall.) 

Bl. Fl. Javae 19–20: 22, in obs. 1828; Hook. in Hook. & Thoms., Fl. Indica 1: 76. 1855; 

Hook.f & Thomson in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872, incl. var. angustifolia (nom. 

inval.) and var. latifolia. Type: Nepal, Wallich 873 (holotype K). 

Tree to 30 m high and 60–120 cm diam. Twigs 3.5–6 mm thick in innovations, 

when young on the nodes ferrugineous- or yellowish brown-pubescent. Stipules adnate 

to petiole for 30–60 %, with appressed reddish pubescence. Leaves with 18–35 mm 

long petiole, not or only slightly dilated at base; blade, except the midrib which may be 

hairy, glabrous beneath, narrowly obovate, 10–26 by 4–10 cm; base cuneate or broadly 

cuneate; apex acuminate, acumen 15–25 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 15–21, meeting in 

an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. 

Peduncle, especially the pedicel, minutely appressed-puberulous, 10–20(–25) mm long, 

stout, 4–5 mm thick, without pedicel 1 node; pedicel present, 1–20(–25) mm long. Flowers 

terminal on the twig; erect, fragrant; pink to white; tepals 9–12, subequal; outer tepals 

reflexed, 3,4–7 cm long, outside dark purple, inside tinged red or purple, obovate; inner 

tepals 6, obovate, 5–7 cm long; creamy (depending on age often tinged pink); stamens 

red, 8–12 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 0.8–1.2 mm long, anthers introrse; 

gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ovoid or ellipsoid, 15–25 mm high; number of ovules 

per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruits ovoid to ellipsoid, 7–12 cm long, fruiting carpels fused 

clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which is along the dorsal suture. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok (Phu Hin Rongkla National Park). 

Distribution.— SW China, India, Nepal, Assam, Burma, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,300–1,650 m. Flowering April; 

fruiting May–October. 

Vernacular.— Mon thi ra (มณฑิรา). 


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16. Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 22. 2000; 

Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Gardner et al., Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 69. 2007.— Michelia 

koordersiana Noot., Blumea 31: 111. 1985. Type: Sumatra, Palembang, Lematang ilir, 

van der Zwaan voor Thorenaar E 997, (hotoype L; isotypes BM, BO, K). 

Tree to 30 m high and 60–100 cm diam. Twigs finely appressedly puberulous (or 

only so directly under the terminal bud), often zigzag. Stipules free from the petiole, 

puberulous (to nearly glabrous). Leaves distichous; petiole 10–20 mm long; blade 

glabrous beneath, elliptic, 6–23 by 3–9 cm; base with 2 ridges decurrent on the petiole, 

cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex very shortly acuminate (often obliquely folded when 

dry), acumen (0–)3–8 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 7–13, meeting in an intramarginal 

vein not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast 

appressed-pubescent, 9–17 mm long, slender, 2 nodes; pedicel present, 0. 5–1 mm. 

Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, orange yellow; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 

3, 1.2–2.2 by 0.2–0.3 cm, membranous; inner tepals 6, coriaceous, 1.2–2.2 cm long by up 

to 4 mm broad; orange yellowish; stamens 5–7 mm long, connective appendage narrowly 

triangular, 0.5 mm long, anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyishpuberulous; 

gynophore 4–6 mm long; carpels 8–12, number of ovules per carpel (3-)4 or 

more. Fruiting peduncles slender, hairy, puberulous. Fruits cylindrical, fruiting carpels 

free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long; gynophore under fruit 

present. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon (Nam Tok Ngao National Park), Phangnga 

(Sri Phangnga National Park, Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary), Songkhla (Khao Nam 

Khang National Park). 

Distribution.— Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Primary evergreen forest, usually in well-drained areas along ridges or 

on sloping ground. Altitude: 130–650 m. Flowering November–February; fruiting April. 

Vernacular.— Champi thin thai (จำปี ถิ่นไทย). 


17. Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill., Hist. Pl. 1:141. 1868.— Liriodendron liliiferum L., 

Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 755. 1762.— Talauma liliifera (L.). Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.: 6. 1891. Type: 

Rumphius, Herb. Amb. t. 69. 1755.—Talauma candollii Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. 

Kunsten 9: 147. 1823; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 293. 1973; Fl. 

Thailand 2(3): 256. 1975. Type: Indonesia, Java, Salak, Blume s.n. (lectotype L, sheet 

nr. 908. 126–1939).— Talauma mutabilis Blume, Fl. Javae 19–20: 35: t. 10, 11, 12B. 

1829; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Indonesia, Bantam, Blume, (lectotype 

L, sheet nr. 908. 126–1903).— Talauma mutabilis var. longifolia Blume, Fl. Javae 19–20: 

37. 1829.— Talauma longifolia (Blume) Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 17: 38. 1916; 

Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (lectotype L., sheet 908. 

126–1918).— Talauma kunstleri King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58(2): 373. 1889; Ridl., Fl. 

Malay Penins. 1: 16. 1922. Type: Malaysia, Perak, King’s collector 6383 (holotype BM; 

isotype K).— Magnolia craibiana Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 105. 1929. 

Type: Thailand, Khao Luang, Kerr 15537 (holotype BM; isotype K).


Usually a small tree, 4–20 m high and 2–60 cm diam. Twigs 3–5(–7) mm thick in 

innovations, when young often appressedly long pilose. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100 

%. Leaves: Evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 5–30 mm, with same indument as 

twigs or glabrous, often conspicuously dilated at base; blade (finely) appressed-pubescent 

or glabrous beneath, hairs straight or circular-curved or straight as well as circular-curved 

at base, more or less elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 12–22(–27) by 3. 8–7(–9. 5) cm; base 

cuneate to attenuate-cuneate; margin running down on petiole until top of stipular scar; 

apex shortly acuminate or acuminate (rarely acute), acumen (0–)10–25(–35) mm; midrib 

when dry prominent above, at least towards base; pairs of lateral nerves (7–)10–15(– 

20); usually meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath 

distinct, laxly netted to densely netted. Peduncle with long brown appressed pubescence 

or glabrous, 20–40(–50) mm long, usually slender, at the top 2–6 mm thick, 1–7 nodes 

(sometimes a reduced leaf at a node, rarely with a second flower in the axil); pedicel 

present, 1–3 mm. Flowers terminal on the twig, white to cream, often red tinged or violet 

at base, sometimes light red or purplish; tepals 9, subequal; outer tepals 3, 1.5–3.5 by 1–2 

cm, tinged red or purple or greenish, oblong; inner tepals in 2 whorls, 6, shorter than to 

as long as outer tepals, linear to spathulate; white; stamens 8–13 mm long, connective 

appendage triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, 

narrowly ellipsoid; carpels 5–15, number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles rather 

slender. Fruits ellipsoid, 4–7.5 by 2.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the 

apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral 

suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate to the torus, glabrous, 1.5–2.5 cm long; 

scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 3–7 mm long; seeds 6–20 mm 

long. 

Thailand.— Recorded from all regions. 

Distribution.— China (Hainan), India (Andaman Islands), Laos, Cambodia, 

Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser 

Sunda Islands. 

Ecology.— In all kinds of forest and on different types of soil, from 0–1,700 m. 

Flowering March–July; fruiting June–September. 

Vernacular.— Montha (มณฑา). 


Notes.— All varieties other than the type variety are now placed in synonymy 

with it. 

18. Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar, Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.: 23. 2000.— 

Michelia mediocris Dandy, J. Bot. 66: 47. 1928. Type: China, Hainan, Five Finger 

Mountains, Mcclure in CCC 8593 (holotype BM).— M. subulifera Dandy, J. Bot. 68: 

212, 1930. Type: Vietnam (Annam), Nhathrang, Poilane 6497 (holotype P; isotype K).— 

M. rubriflora Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou, Pakistan J. Bot. 37: 559 (-562; Fig. 1). 2005. Type: 

China, Rhenzhang Zhou 0265 (holotype iBsC). 

Tree to 35 m high, and 80–150 cm diam. Twigs with greyish to reddish appressed 

pubescence. Stipules free from the petiole, hairs reddish brown, pubescent or silky. Leaves 

with petiole 15–30 mm long; blade with very fine reddish brown appressed pubescence 

129

130 


beneath, elliptic, 6–13 by 3–5 cm; base cuneate to broadly cuneate; apex (shortly) 

acuminate, acumen 7–20 mm; pairs of lateral nerves 9–15 (inconspicuous), meeting in 

an intramarginal vein close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 

Brachyblast densely finely brownish-yellowish appressedly puberulous, 6–8 mm long, 

(2–)3 nodes. Flowers pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white; tepals 9, subequal; outer 

tepals 3, 1.8–2.2 by 0.5–0.8 cm; inner tepals 6; stamens 10–15 mm long, connective 

appendage 3–4 mm long, anthers 8–14 mm long; gynoecium stipitate, greyish silvery 

appressed-pubescent (to silky), cylindrical, 9–11 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long; 

carpels 7–14, number of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles hairy, finely 

greyish appressedly puberulous. Fruits cylindrical, 2–5 cm long; fruiting carpels free, 

dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1–2 cm long; gynophore under fruit present; 

seeds 5–8 mm long. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan National Park). 

Distribution.— China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Evergreen forests. Altitude 400–1000 m. Flowering September– 

October; fruiting November–February. 

Vernacular.— Champi phet (จำปี เพชร). 


19. Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm., Bull. Sc. France Belgique 27: 206, 270. 1896.— 

Michelia philippinensis (P.Parm.) Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 263. 1927; 

Noot., Blumea 31: 118. 1985.; Fl. Males. ser. I, 10: 604. 1988.— Michelia sp. H.Keng, Fl. 

Thailand 2(3): 265. 1975. Type: Philippines, Luzon, San Cristofal, Cuming 783 (holotype 

MeL; isotypes a, BM, K, L, ny). 

Tree to 20 m high and 20–30 cm diam. Twigs 1–2 mm thick in innovations, silky, 

hairs dark ferrugineous. Stipules (nearly) free from the petiole, with dark ferrugineous 

appressed silky hairs. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 10–25 mm 

long; blade appressed-pubescent beneath (glabrescent); above when young often with 

same indument as beneath; hairs straight, brown or red, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6.5– 

11 by 2–4 cm; base cuneate or attenuate; apex acuminate or shortly caudate, acumen 

4–11 mm (with blunt tip); pairs of lateral nerves 7–13, meeting in an intramarginal vein 

not close to the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast dark 

ferrugineously silky, 6–7 mm long, stout, ca 2 mm thick, 1 node (near the top). Flowers 

pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white to yellow or yellowish; tepals (6–)9–17, subequal; 

outer tepals 3, 1.5–3 by 0.7–1.2 cm; inner tepals 3–14, narrower than outer ones; stamens 

6–10 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 0.5–1 mm long, anthers latrorse or 

sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, hairs appressed, ferrugineous, silky or pubescent, 

narrowly ellipsoid, 5–8 mm high; gynophore 3–5 mm long; carpels 12–16; ca 2 mm 

long. Fruiting peduncles stout, hairy, 2–3 mm thick. Fruits cylindrical, 4–6 by 2–2.5 

cm, fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture, glabrous, 1.2–1.5 cm long; 

gynophore under fruit present. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok (Phu Miang Wildlife Sanctuary); NORTH- 

EASTERN: Loei (Phu Kradueng National Park, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary).


Distribution.— Philippines. 

Ecology.— (Edge of) hill evergreen forest. Altitude 1,200–1,300 m. Flowering 

August–September; fruiting October–June. 

Vernacular.— Champi nu (จำปี หนู). 


Notes.— The Thai material is similar to that of the Philippines. The flowers, 

however are bigger. 

20. Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 95. 2004.— Pachylarnax 

praecalva Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 260. 1927; H.Keng in T.C. Whitmore, 

Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 291. 1973; Noot., Fl. Males., ser. I, 10: 593. 1988; Gardner et al., 

Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 35: 70. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Penang, Haniff 4067 (holotype K; 

isotype sinG). 

Tree to 50 m high and 100–150 cm diam., glabrous. Twigs 2.5–4 mm thick in 

innovations. Stipules free from the petiole. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; 

petiole 15–30 mm, dilated at base; blade glossy above, less so beneath; elliptic or obovate, 

7–20 by 3–5.5 cm; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; margin recurved; apex rounded 

or acute; pairs of lateral nerves 12–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to 

the margin; reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 0.5–20 mm 

long (sometimes much longer), stout, 1–3 nodes (rarely many); pedicel present, 1–3 mm. 

Flowers terminal on the twig; tepals 9(–10), subequal; 2.5–3 cm long; stamens 17–20 

mm long, connective appendage, narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long, anthers introrse; 

receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height; gynoecium not stipitate, 

elongate obovoid, entirely hidden within androecium; carpels 2–4, number of ovules per 

carpel 4–8. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 4–6 mm thick. Fruits subglobose (before 

opening), 3.5–6 by 3.5–6 cm, fruiting carpels connate into a loculicidal fruit, splitting 

into 2–4 valves, the carpels more or less separating from each other later; in the centre a 

columella persistent with the attached seeds; scars of perianth and stamens along torus 

under fruit 3–6 mm long. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phangnga (Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary), Songkhla, 

Satun (Taleban National Park). 

Distribution.— Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude: 500–650 m. Flowering January–March, 

fruiting April–June. 

Vernacular.— Cham la (จำลา). 


21. Magnolia rajaniana (Craib) Figlar, Proc. Int.. Symp. Magnoliac.: 2000: 23.— 

Michelia rajaniana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 225. 1922; Gagnep. in 

P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo–Chine, Suppl. 1: 52. 1938; H.Keng, Fl. Thailand 2(3): 262. 1975. 

Type: Thailand, Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, Kerr 5342 (holotype K). 

131

132 



tomentose; hairs brown-ferrugineous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 50–70 %, tomentose. 

Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 20–50 mm long, hairy; blade greyish 

tomentose beneath, elliptic to ovate, 17–30 by 11–14 cm; base broadly cuneate to rounded 

(sometimes slightly attenuate); apex hardly acuminate (with obtuse tip); pairs of lateral 

nerves 15–22, meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin. Brachyblast 

appressed reddish silky, 10–15 mm long, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present, 0. 5–1.5 mm. Flowers 

pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, white or yellow or yellowish; tepals 12, outer tepals 3, 

2.5–5 by 1.2–1.6 cm, inner tepals 6, much narrower than outer tepals; stamens including 

the appendage 7–8 mm long, connective appendage narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm long, 

anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, densely golden yellow silky, 8–12 

mm high; gynophore 4–6 mm long; carpels 25–30. Fruiting peduncles stout, hairy, 1.2–2.5 

cm long. Fruits cylindrical, 4–10 cm long; fruiting carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal 

suture, lenticelled, glabrous, 1–3 cm long; gynophore under fruit present, 10–30 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Non 

Long, Pang Bo, Doi Inthanon), Nan (Doi Phukha National Park), Lamphun (Doi Khun 

Tan National Park), Lampang (Chae Son National Park), Phrae. 


Ecology.— In lower montane forest, or at edge of hill slope. Altitude 1,000–1,300 

m. Flowering April–May; fruiting June–August. 

Vernacular.— Champi ratchani (จำปี รัชนี). 


22. Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1976. — 

Talauma siamensis Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 105. 1929; H.Keng in T.C. 

Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 293. 1973; Fl. Thailand 2(3): 257. 1975. Type: Thailand 

(Siam), Put 936 (holotype BM; isotype K).— Magnolia candollii (Blume) H.Keng var. 

candollii for the synonym Talauma siamensis, Noot., Blumea 32: 371. 1987. 

Small tree to 15 m high and 20–40 cm diam. Twigs 4–8 mm thick in innovations, 

glabrous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 100 %. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; 

petiole 23–60 mm, often conspicuously dilated at base; blade glabrous beneath, elliptic or 

obovate, 21–33 by 8.5–12 cm; apex acute to rounded or shortly acuminate; midrib when 

dry prominent above, at least towards base; pairs of lateral nerves 10–19, meeting in an 

intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct. Peduncle pubescent, 30–35 mm long, 

stout, 8–12 mm thick, 5–7 nodes; pedicel present. Flowers terminal on the twig, white; 

outer tepals 3, 3.5–5 by 1–1.5 cm; inner tepals 6, smaller and narrower; stamens 12–30 

mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, ellipsoid; carpels 7–25, 

number of ovules per carpel 2. Fruiting peduncles stout. Fruits ellipsoid, 6–10 by 4–5 

cm, fruiting carpels connate, when mature the apical parts of the carpels circumcissile and 

falling, dehiscing partially along the ventral suture or not, the basal parts remaining adnate 

to the torus, glabrous (when ripe), 4–7 com long, 5–10 mm long (recurved) beaked; scars 

of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 4–7 mm long. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi, Trat; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi; 

PENINSULAR: Chumphon.


Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Tropical rain forest. Altitude 50–800 m. Flowering August–October; 

fruiting November–February. 

Vernacular.— Yi hup pli (ยี่หุบปลี). 


23. Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 45: 245. 2000.— Michelia 

sirindhorniae (Noot. & Chalermglin) N.H.Xia & X.H.Zhang, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 13: 

518. 2005. Type: Thailand, Lop Buri Province 220 Km N of Bangkok, Chalermglin 

420621 (holotype BKF; isotype L). 


appressedly puberulous (glabrescent). Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–60 %, pubescent 

to puberulous. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 25–40 mm, yellow to 

brown when dry, stipular scars 14–25 mm long; blade minutely (scattered) hairy beneath; 

sparsely short hairy, glabrescent above; hairs brown or red, elliptic, 11–26 by 5. 5–10 

cm; base cuneate to rounded; margin not recurved; apex rounded to shortly acuminate; 

pairs of lateral nerves 10–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein close to the margin; 

reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. Brachyblast appressed-puberulous, 13–22 

mm long, slender, 1.5–3 mm thick, 2–3 nodes; pedicel present, 0.5–3(–4) mm. Flowers 

pseudoaxillary on a brachyblast, (greenish) white; tepals 12–15, subequal; outer tepals 

3–4, 4.5–5 by 1.2–1. 5 cm, thick, fleshy, spathulate; inner tepals 8–12, spathulate; stamens 

6–12 mm long, connective appendage triangular, 1 mm long, filaments 3.5–4.5 mm long, 

anthers latrorse or sublatrorse; gynoecium stipitate, greyish appressed-puberulous, ovoid 

to narrowly ovoid, 10–12 mm high; gynophore 8–10 mm long; carpels 25–35, number 

of ovules per carpel (3–)4 or more. Fruiting peduncles slender, 2–2.5 cm long. Fruiting 

carpels free, dehiscing along the dorsal suture; glabrous, 1–1.4 cm long; gynophore under 

fruit present; scars of perianth and stamens along torus under fruit 3–6 mm long. 

Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; CENTRAL: Lop Buri. 


Ecology.— Primary rain forest in fresh water swamp. Altitude 60–170 m. 

Flowering April–May; fruiting June–September. 

Vernacular.— Champi sirindhorn (จำปี สิรินธร). 


24. Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin, Blumea 47: 541. 2002. Type: Thailand, 

Phetchabun, Nam Nao, Smitinand 559 (BKF 4848) (holotype BKF; isotypes P, Us). 

Fig. 2. 

Tree to 30 m high and 40–100 cm diam., glabrous or sparsely minutely hairy 

on stipule margins and scars, glabrescent. Twigs 2.5–3.5 mm thick in innovations, on 

stipule scars often minutely hairy; hairs yellowish. Stipules adnate to petiole for 95–100 

%, hairy at the apex only. Leaves evenly distributed, spirally arranged; petiole 15–25 mm, 

stipular scars 14–25 mm long; blade glabrous and glaucous below, elliptic, 10–20 by 3–6 

cm; base attenuate-cuneate; apex rounded or shortly acuminate; pairs of lateral nerves 

133

134 


12–15, meeting in an intramarginal vein; reticulation beneath distinct, densely netted. 

Peduncle glabrous, 25–32 mm long (in male flowers 20–30 mm long); 1.5–2.5 mm 

thick, 1 node; pedicel absent. Flowers terminal on the twig; unisexual; strongly fragrant; 

(greenish) white; in female flowers tepals 8–13, very unequal, outer tepals 4–5, 2.5–3.5 

by 0.5–1.5 cm, thick, fleshy, obovate; inner tepals 4–8, linear, terete; in male flowers 

tepals 5–7, subequal, inner tepals obovate; stamens 15–18 mm long, anthers introrse; 

receptacle short, the carpels attached at about the same height; gynoecium not stipitate, 

glabrous, 13–15 mm high; carpels 7–10, number of ovules per carpel 2; styles yellow, 

2.5–4 mm long. Fruiting peduncles slender. Fruits when young subglobose, 2.5–3.5 com 

long; fruiting carpels when young connate, but becoming free, after dehiscence forming 2 

lobes like 2 laterally recurved horns, thick, woody, glabrous, 1.7–2.7 cm long; seeds red, 

15–17 mm long. 

Figure 2. Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin: a. habit (Chalermglin 410530); b. female flower 

(Chalermglin 450417-2); c. male flower (Chalermglin 450417-2); d. young fruit (P. Chalermglin 

410719); e. ripe fruit (Chalermglin 411203).


Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun; Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTH- 

WESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 


Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest, tropical rain forest. Altitude 600–1,150 m. 

Flowering April–May; fruiting June–October. 

Vernacular.— Champi si mueang thai (จำปี ศรีเมืองไทย). 


25. Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar, Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.— Manglietia utilis 

Dandy, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 310. 1927. Type: Burma, Southern, Parker 2320 

(holotype K).— Manglietia dolichogyna Dandy ex Noot., Blumea 31: 95. 1985.— 

Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49: 95. 2004. Type: 

Malaysia, Sabah, Ranau, Hot Spring, SAN 41051 (holotype L; isotype san). 

Tree to 30 m high and 40–150 cm diam. Twigs 3.5–6 mm thick in innovations, 

glabrous. Stipules adnate to petiole for 30–60 %. Leaves crowded at the end of the 

branchlets; petiole 15–45 mm, stipular scars 10–16 mm long; blade minutely (scattered) 

hairy or glabrous, glaucous or not beneath, elliptic or obovate, 15–35 by 5–12 cm; base 

cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; apex shortly acuminate, acumen 3–15 mm; pairs of lateral 

nerves 10–15; inconspicuously meeting in an intramarginal vein not close to the margin; 

reticulation beneath distinct, laxly netted. Peduncle glabrous, 20–40 mm long, stout, 

3–4 mm thick, 1–2 nodes; pedicel present or absent, 0–12 mm. Flowers terminal on 

the twig; strongly fragrant; yellow or yellowish (when older base of tepals becoming 

reddish); tepals 9, subequal (becoming smaller from outer to inner whorl); outer tepals 

3, (3–)5–8 by 2–4 cm, greenish, obovate; inner tepals 6, spathulate, 4–6 by 15–20 mm 

broad; yellow; stamens including the appendage 12–20 mm long, connective appendage 

narrowly triangular, 2.5–4 mm long, anthers introrse; gynoecium not stipitate, glabrous, 

cylindrical or conical; carpels 50–70, number of ovules per carpel 4 or more; 1.8–2.2 mm 

long. Fruiting peduncles stout, glabrous, 2–4 cm long. Fruits cylindrical, 4–13 by 2–4 

cm, fruiting carpels fused, clustered close together, becoming free at dehiscence which 

is along the dorsal suture; fruiting carpels glabrous, 1.2–1.8 cm long; scars of perianth 

and stamens along torus under fruit 10–20 mm long; seeds 2–11 in each carpel, 4–6 mm 

long. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Tak; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, 

Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Phangnga. 

Distribution.— Burma, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo. 

Ecology.— Tropical lower montane forest. Altitude 600–1,100 m. 

Vernacular.— Champa luang (จำปาหลวง). 


Notes.— In continental Asia the flowers are larger than in Borneo. 

135

136 


Figure 3. Magnolia baillonii x champaca: a. flower; b. fruit; M. floribunda: c. flower; M. garretti: d. flower; M. 

henryi: e. flower; M. insignis: f. flower. Photographs H.P. Nooteboom.


Figure 4. Magnolia x alba: a. flower; M. hodgsonii: b. flower; M. utilis: c. flower; d. fruit; M. sirindhorniae: e. 

flower; f. fruit. Photographs a–d. H.P. Nooteboom; photographs e–f. P. Chalermglin. 

137

138 


aCKnOWLeDGeMenTs 

The first author thanks Mr. Thinakorn Komkris for inviting him, together with a 

small group of members of the Magnolia Society, to study many species of Magnolia in 

the field in many areas of Thailand north of Bangkok. Also the species cultivated by him 

and several other Thai amateurs of Magnolia proved to be very useful. Furthermore I 

thank the two reviewers for their valuable comments. 

reFerenCes 

Azuma, H., Thien, L.B. & Kawano, S. (1999). Molecular phylogeny of Magnolia 

(Magnoliaceae) inferred from cpDNA sequences and evolutionary divergence of 

the floral scents. Journal of Plant Research 112: 291–306. 

________. (2000). In: Y. Liu, H. Fan, Z. Chen, Q. Wu & Q. Zeng (eds), Proceedings of 

the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, pp 219–227. Beijing, 

China, Science Press,. 

Azuma, H., José G. García-Franco, J.G., Rico-Gray, V. & Thien, L.B. (2001). Molecular 

phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate 

disjunctions. American Journal of Botany 88: 2275–2285. 

Burkill, I.H. (1966). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula 

(London). ed. 2: 1491. Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives. 

Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & Oldfield, S. (2007). The Red List of Magnoliaceae. Cambridge, 

Fauna and Flora International. Pp52. Available online at http://www.globaltrees. 

org/downloads/FFI-Magnolia%20Red%20List%20lo-res.pdf. 

Figlar, R.B. (2000). Proleptic branch initiation in Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania 

provides basis for combinations in subfamily Magnolioideae. In: Y. Liu, H. Fan, 

Z. Chen, Q. Wu & Q. Zeng (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on 

the Family Magnoliaceae: 14–25. Beijing, China, Science Press. 

________. (2002a). Those amazing Magnolia fruits. Journal of the Magnolia Society 37: 

7–15. 

________. (2002b). Phyllotaxis in Magnolia fruits. Journal of the Magnolia Society 37: 

26–28. 

Heyne, K. (1950). De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, Ed. 3: 622, 625. 

‘S-Gravenhage & Bandung, W. van Hoeve. 

Keng, H. (1975). Magnoliaceae. In: T. Smitinand & K. Larsen (eds) Flora of Thailand 2: 

251–267. Bangkok, Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand. 

Kim, S., Park, C.-W., Kim, Y.-D. & Suh. Y. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships in family 

Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 88: 

717–728. 

Nie, Z.-L., Wen, J., Azuma, H., Qiu, Y.-L., Sun, H., Meng, Y., Sun, W.-B., & Zimmer, E. A. 

(2008). Phylogeny and biogeographic complexity of Magnoliaceae in the Northern 

Hemisphere inferred from three nuclear data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics & 

Evolution 48: 1027–1040.

THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 139. 2009. 

Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for A. monophyllum Sridith (Rubiaceae) 

CHRISTIAN PUFF 1 

ABSTRACT. A new name, Argostemma siamense, is provided for A. monophyllum Sridith (1999), which is a 

later homonym of A. monophyllum Ridley (1927). 

KEY WORDS: Flora of Thailand, Rubiaceae, Argostemma siamense, nom. nov. 

When publishing Argostemma monophyllum Sridith (1999), the author overlooked 

the earlier epithet monophyllum, which had already been used in the genus by Ridley 

(1927), making the name used a later homonym. This is formally corrected below. 

Argostemma siamense Puff, nom. nov.― Argostemma monophyllum Sridith, Nordic J. 

Bot. 19: 171 (1999) [non A. monophyllum Ridl., J. Bot. 65: 27. 1927], nom. illeg. Type: 

Thailand, Loei, Phu Luang, Phusomsaeng & Bunchuai 8 (holotype BKF; isotype K). 

Argostemma siamense is one of the most attractive species in the genus, often 

densely covering stream-side rocks in the Eastern part of Thailand (cf. Puff et al., 2005: 

plate 3.4.7. C, Puff & Chayamarit, 2006: fig. B). The species belongs to a group of Asiatic 

Argostemma taxa characterized by a reduced stem system with a large, solitary leaf (due 

to the drastic reduction of one of the leaves of an opposite pair, making it markedly 

anisophyllous). Species names reflect this condition: Argostemma monophyllum 

Ridl. (India: Assam), A. unifolium Benn. (Peninsular Malaysia), A. unifolioides King 

(Peninsular Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia). While largely sharing a similar vegetative 

morphology, these species differ in floral characters, and A. monophyllum Ridley is not 

identical with A. siamense (A. monophyllum Sridith). 

REFERENCES 

Puff, C., Chayamarit, K. & Chamchumroon, V. (2005). Rubiaceae of Thailand. A pictorial 

guide to indigenous and cultivated genera. 1–245. The Forest Herbarium, National 

Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. 

Puff, C., & Chayamarit, K. (2006). Plants of Khao Yai National Park. National Park, 

Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and 

Environment, Bangkok. 

Ridley, H.N. (1927). The genus Argostemma. Journal of Botany 65: 24–41. 

Sridith, K. (1999). Four new species, a new variety, and a status change in Argostemma 

Wall. (Rubiaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 171–178. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Faculty Center of Botany (formerly Institute of Botany), University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, 

Austria.


A new species record of Argostemma (Rubiaceae) for Thailand 

KiTichATe SRidiTh 

ABSTRACT. A new species record for Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand was discovered during 

a taxonomic revision of the genus for the Malay Peninsula (including the most southern part of Peninsular 

Thailand). 

KEY WORDS: new record, Argostemma, Rubiaceae, Thailand. 

iNTROdUcTiON 

The genus Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) is distributed widely in tropical and 

sub-tropical Asia with two disjunct species in eastern Africa, although, most taxa are 

confined to SE Asia (Sridith and Puff, 2000). In Thailand, Craib (1880) produced a list 

of species and their the localities, and recorded 41 taxa occurring throughout the country. 

More recently, the genus has been revised for Thailand, with 31 taxa recorded (Sridith, 

1999b). New information based on the most recent taxonomic revision (Sridith, 1999a) 

has been taken into account during the taxonomic revision of the genus for the Malay 

Peninsula (including the southern part of Peninsular Thailand). In this latest treatment 

(unpubl. data), unseen specimens including types from the herbaria of the Royal Botanic 

Gardens, Kew (K) and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden Universitybranch 

(L) together with new collections from Phangnga, Peninsular Thailand indicated 

that there is a new species record for Thailand: Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke. 

deScRiPTiON 

Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 43. 1880. Type: Burma 

(Myanmar), Moulmein, Parish 62 (holotype K!). Fig. 1. 

Perennial herbs, attached to the substrate with dense, much-branched matted 

roots. Stems erect, unbranched, 3–15 cm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite, in 1 or (rarely) 

2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several times larger than the others and internodes 

between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate), strongly anisophyllous, leaf blades 

membranaceous, ovate, attenuate, base round or subcordate, apex acute or acuminate, 

large leaf (leaves) 50–160 by 50–150 mm, small leaf (leaves) (4–)10–17(–25) by 1–5(– 

14) mm, midrib with several pairs of ascending lateral veins both prominent and raised 

below, glabrous on both surfaces, petioles 1–4 mm or subobsolete; stipule oblong or 

elliptic-ovate, ca 1 by 2–5 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, umbel-like, 

1–4 inflorescence(s) per each plant, 4–19(–24)-flowered, peduncles 40–120 mm long, 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 PSU-Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 

90112, Thailand.

A NEW SPECIES RECORD OF ARGOSTEMMA (RUBIACEAE) FOR THAILAND (K. SRIDITH) 

glabrous; bracts 4 or 5, of unequal size, fused basally and forming a cup-like involucrum, 

oblong or ovate, apex round or acute, 3–5 by 2–3.5 mm, green, venation inconspicuous, 

glabrous; pedicels 5–10 mm long, entirely glabrous. Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic. 

Calyx persistent, chartaceous, green; calyx tube very short; calyx lobes triangular, ca 1 

by 1 mm, erect, venation inconspicuous, glabrous. Corolla white, star-shaped, glabrous; 

corolla tube very short, 1.5–2 by 2.5–3 mm; corolla lobes, triangular, 2–2.5 by 1.5 mm, 

spreading, venation conspicuous. Stamens 5, free, inserted at the base of the corolla tube, 

filaments 0.4–0.6 mm long, slender; anthers connivent into a cone-like structure, yellow, 

subbasifixed, oblong, ca 1 mm long, opening by apical pores. Ovary 2–locular, globose, 

ca 1 by 1 mm, glabrous; style filiform, 2.5–5 mm long, long-exserted above (2–4 mm) the 

stamens, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruit capsular, globose, 1.5–2 by 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, 

crowned by a persistent calyx, opening by an apical operculum. Seeds numerous. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Lampang [Doi Khun Tan National Park, Maxwell 94- 

816 (L)]; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi [Kwae Noi River basin, Linthin near Sai Yok, 

Kostermans 1407 (L), Sangkhlaburi, Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, Ban Sa-ne 

Pong, Maxwell 93-903 (L)]; PENINSULAR: Phangnga [Wat Prachum-yodhi (a monastery), 

Mueng Phangnga district, Sridith et al. 998 (PSU)]. 

Distribution.— Myanmar (Moulmein). 

Ecology.— On wet limestone in mixed deciduous forest in shaded areas, 200–400 

m altitude. Flowering July to August. Fruiting July to August. 

Critical notes.— The mode of anther dehiscence in the original description (Clarke, 

1880) was misleading. It stated that the anthers of this species dehisce by their whole 

length, indicating that they open by means of a longitudinal slit. The anthers do, in fact, 

open by means of apical pore. When considering the vegetative characters, the specimens 

from Kanchanaburi and Phangnga provinces have noticeable broad cordate leaves with 

distinctly (very) short petioles (subobsolete), while those from Lampang resemble the 

type specimen (sessile). It is assumed here that the different leaf shapes, i.e. elliptic vs. 

cordate; short/subobsolete petiole vs. sessile petiole, represent within-species variation. 

Similar levels of variation are found in many other Argostemma species. Conversely, their 

floral characters are not that variable. 

This new species record differs from the other Argostemma species in Thailand, 

which have opposite leaves in one or (rarely) 2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several 

times larger than the others, internodes between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate) 

and are strongly anisophyllous with star-shaped flowers by having free stamens, and 

each flower with a long-exserted style (2–4 mm) (compared with flowers having anthers 

coherent and forming an anther-cone, and style barely exerted, < 1 mm). 

Concerning the distribution range, the species in question occurs on both sides of 

the Tenasserim Range (West side of Tenasserim in Moulmein [Parish 62 (K)], Myanmar; 

East side of Tenasserim in Kanchanaburi [Kostermans 1407, Maxwell 93-903 (L)] and 

Tak?, Thailand) and continuing along the eastern branch of the Tenasserim Range to 

Northern Thailand (in Lampang [Maxwell 94-816 (L)], possibly continuing to Chiang 

Mai, Nan, Phitsanulok and Phetchabun). The southernmost range of this species might be 

in the locality of the most recent collection in Phangnga province, Peninsular Thailand. 

More populations from other localities of the same habitats in Northern Thailand should 

be expected, possibly displaying more variation in leaf shape. 

141

142 

A 

THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY): 37 

Figure 1. Argostemma kurzii C.B.Clarke: A. flower; B: habit. (Scale bars = 1 cm), all from Maxwell 93-903. 

Drawn by Monraj Intarasiri. 

B

A NEW SPECIES RECORD OF ARGOSTEMMA (RUBIACEAE) FOR THAILAND (K. SRIDITH) 

A key is presented below to the taxa of Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) from Thailand 

which have leaves opposite, in one or (rarely) 2 pairs (then always a solitary leaf several times 

larger than the others and internodes between leaf pairs very short, i.e. pseudoverticillate) and 

are strongly anisophyllous with star-shaped flowers (modified from Sridith, 1999b). The use 

of A. siamense Puff as a nomen novum for A. monophyllum Sridith follows Puff (2009). 

KEY TO ARGOSTEMMA KURZII AND CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES 

1. Flowers star-shaped with anthers coherent ; style as long as or slightly longer than stamens (ca 0.5–1 mm 

longer than stamens) 

2. Leaves broadly ovate; stamens basifixed; style as long as or slightly longer than anther cone (exerted for 

< 0.5 mm) (Peninsular Thailand) A. unifolioides King 

2. Leaves ± elliptic; stamen semi-medifixed; style much longer than anther cone (exerted for ca 1 mm) 

(Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern and Central Thailand) A. siamense Puff 

1. Flowers star-shaped with free stamens; style much longer than stamens (exerted for ca 5 mm) 

A. kurzii C.B.Clarke 

AcKNOWLedGeMeNTS 

The author would like to express his gratitude to the European Commission (EU) 

and the former ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) at Los 

Baňos, the Philippines, for their financial support of the project “The genus Argostemma 

Wall. (Rubiaceae) of Malay Peninsula and Peninsular Thailand” (project no. RE-THA- 

002). This project made it possible for the author to work in the herbaria of EU countries. 

Special thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. Fritz Adema, a former curator of the National 

Herbarium of the Netherlands, University of Leiden branch (L), Leiden, the Netherlands 

and their kind staff; Dr. Diane Bridson, Dr. Aaron Davis and Miss Sally Dawson, at 

the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), United Kingdom for their kind 

hospitality during the author stay in both herbaria and for their kind help in arranging 

specimens on loan (including types) for the author at Prince of Songkla University, 

Thailand. Finally, Mr. Monraj Intarasiri is thanked for his illustration. 

ReFeReNceS 

Clarke, C.B. (1880). In: J.D. Hooker, Flora of British India, Vol. 3, Caprifoliaceae to 

Apocynaceae: 45. L. Reeve & Co., London. 

Craib, W.G. (1932). Florae Siamensis Enumeratio: A List of Plants Known from Siam: 

26–36. The Bangkok Time Press, Ltd., Bangkok. 

Puff, C. (2009). Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for A. monophyllum Sridith 

(Rubiaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 37: 139. 

Ridley, H.N. (1927). The genus Argostemma. Journal of Botany 65: 25–41. 

Sridith, K. (1999a). Four new species, a new variety and a status change in Argostemma 

(Rubiaceae) from Thailand. Nordic Journal of Botany 19: 172–178. 

________. (1999b). A synopsis of the genus Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand. 

Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 27: 86–138. 

Sridith, K. & Puff, C. (2000). Distribution of Argostemma Wall. (Rubiaceae), with special 

reference to Thailand and surrounding areas. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 28: 123–137. 

143


Gastrodia verrucosa (Orchidaceae), a new, but not unexpected, record for Thailand 

SOMRAN SUDDEE 1 & BOB HARWOOD 2 

ABSTRACT. The discovery of Gastrodia verrucosa in Thailand gives a better picture of the distribution of that species. 

KEY WORDS: Gastrodia, Orchidaceae, new record, Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

Seidenfaden (1978) estimated there were about 30 species in the genus Gastrodia, 

occurring from eastern Sumatra to Japan in the north and New Zealand in the south. He 

recorded 2 species in Thailand, G. javanica (Blume) Lindl. and G. siamensis Rolfe ex 

Downie (= G. exilis Hook.f.). Recently Suddee (2005) described G. fimbriata, a species 

endemic to Kaeng Krachan National Park, Phetchaburi province. As only one population 

was found, he stated the need for effective protection of the habitat. Seidenfaden & Wood 

(1992) recorded G. verrucosa from Sumatra and Java, and stated that it also occurs in 

Japan, on the Bonin Islands and Ryukyu Islands. They then noted that ‘the large gap 

between the two distribution areas seems to call for fuller study’. The discovery of this 

species in Thailand fills part of that large gap. 

NEW RECORD 

The recently collected specimen from Thailand was found in the rainforest of the 

Soi Dao mountains in Chanthaburi province in the southeast of the country. The single 

plant seen was growing at 1200 m altitude. The only access to the area is by a walking 

trail that starts at about 300 m altitude. The date was 22 nd October (2008) and October is 

the wettest month of the year in the area. Climbing in heavy rain from 300 m to 1200 m on 

often steep, slippery tracks is rather discouraging for most botanists and individual plants 

of Gastrodia verrucosa are small and relatively difficult to see, so it is likely the plant 

is more common than the one collection suggests. It possibly also occurs in Cambodia 

because the collection location is less than 30 km from the Cambodian border and there 

are similar mountains and habitats on the Cambodian side of the border. 

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GASTRODIA IN THAILAND 

1. Lateral sepals only joined to each other at the base; lip usually >8 mm long G. javanica 

1. Lateral sepals joined for most of their length; lip usually

GASTRODIA vERRUCOSA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW, BUT NOT UNExPECTED, RECORD FOR THAILAND 

(S. SUDDEE & B. HARWOOD) 

2. Flowers smooth externally, apex of sepals and petals erose 

3. Lip with 2 truncate-rounded calli near apex, apex not fimbriate G. exilis 

3. Lip with 2 linear-oblong calli near base, apex fimbriate G. fimbriata 

2. Flowers warty externally, apex of sepals and petals entire to erose G. verrucosa 

Gastrodia verrucosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 175. 1856; Comber, Orch. Java: 85. 1990; 

Seidenf. & Wood, Orch. Pen. Malay. Sing.: 140 (Fig. C–F), 141. 1991; Comber, Orch. 

Sumatra: 115. 2001.— Gastrodia holtumii Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 38. 1929. 

Fig. 1. 

Holomycotrophic rhizomatous geophytes. Rhizome tuberous, horizontal, constricted 

at intervals, fleshy, 3 cm long, 8–10 mm in diam., with fibrous roots. Inflorescences erect, to 

10 cm long, bearing 2–4 flowers; scape dark brown, fleshy, with 2–3 tubular membranous 

sheaths. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, to 10 mm long. Pedicels 0.8–1.2 cm long. Sepals and 

petals, except for the free tips, united into a short campanulate tube, slightly gibbous on 

anterior part of base. Sepals with the free parts orbicular-ovate, 7–8 mm long, 9–10 mm 

wide at base, pale pinkish-brown, warty outside; dorsal sepal emarginate; lateral sepals 

slightly larger than dorsal sepal, slightly hooded at apex. Petals orbicular-ovate, 4–5 mm 

diam., margin entire near base, erose at apex. Lip and column enclosed by the sepal 

tube. Lip attached below sinus between lateral sepals, ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 by 4–5 mm, 

apex blunt acute-obtuse, margin irregular dentate, concave, with a thickened emarginate 

median band below epichile and two small calli at base. Column 7–8 mm long, with 

triangular-acute wing on each side beside anther cap. Stigma at base of column. Pollinia 

reddish yellow. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi [Soi Dao Nuea, 22 Oct. 2008, Harwood 

2030 (BKF)]. 

Distribution.— Japan, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra. 

Ecology.— In lower montane rain forest. Altitude 1200 m (in Thailand). 

Conservation Status.— Locally threatened. With only one location known in 

Thailand, we are obliged to list the species as threatened. However, as discussed above, 

it is possibly more common, and the habitat of the one known location is within a large 

protected area (Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary). Outside Thailand G. verrucosa has a 

broad distribution (see above). 

Notes.–– Tuyama (1982) described Gastrodia shimizuana Tuyama from the 

Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and noted that two other species he had previously described, 

Gastrodia confusa Honda & Tuyama and Gastrodia boninensis Tuyama, had been 

declared synonymous with G. verrucosa by Garay and Sweet (1974). We have not 

had the opportunity to examine specimens of G. shimizuana, but suspect that it is also 

synonymous with G. verrucosa, as the characters Tuyama used to distinguish the two 

species are quite variable. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We would like to thank David Middleton and Thamarat Phutthai for the beautiful 

photographs, and the staff of Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary for making us welcome 

there. 

145

146 


Figure 1. Gastrodia species in Thailand: A. G. exilis Hook.f.; B. G. fimbriata Suddee; C. G. javanica (Blume) 

Lindl.; D. G. verrucosa Blume. (A. & D. photographed by Bob Harwood; B. by David Middleton; C. by 

Thamarat Phutthai). 

REFERENCES 

Comber, J. B. (1990). Orchids of Java, pp. 84–85. Kew, Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

________. (2001). Orchids of Sumatra, pp. 114–115. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Kew. 

Garay, H.A. & Sweet, H.R. (1974). Orchids of Southern Ryukyu Islands. Cambridge, 

Mass., Botanical Museum, Harvard University. 

Seidenfaden, G. (1978). Orchid Genera in Thailand vI. Neottioideae Lindl. Dansk 

Botanisk Arkiv 32: 179–181. 

Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J. (1992). The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, 

pp.139–141. Fredensborg, Denmark, Olsen & Olsen. 

Suddee, S. (2005). A new Gastrodia from Thailand. Harvard Papers in Botany 9: 435. 

Tuyama, T. (1982). A new Gastrodia from the Ryukyus. Acta Phytotaxonomica 

Geobotanica 33: 380–382. 

C 

A 

B 

D


The monotypic genus Zippelia Blume (Piperaceae): a new record for Thailand 

CHALERMPOL SUWANPHAKDEE 1 & PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI 1 

ABSTRACT. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume is a new record for Peninsular Thailand from Khao Luang National 

Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat. A description, line drawing and photographs are provided. 

INTRODUCTION 

During preparation of a revision of the family Piperaceae for the Flora of Thailand 

Project, it has become evident that three specimens from Krung Ching waterfall, Khao 

Luang National Park, Nakhon Si Thammarat, represent Zippelia begoniifolia Blume. 

Thus this new record is described below. 

Generic limits of the poorly known genus Zippelia have long been obscure and 

sometimes it has been placed in the family Saururaceae or Piperaceae (Wu & Wang, 1957; 

1958). Its floral organization closely resembles that of Saururus (Saururaceae) except for 

a syncarpous ovary, a single basal ovule, and a different order of stamen initiation than 

that in the rest of Piperaceae (Tucker et al., 1993). Zippelia is sometimes treated under 

Piper L., but we retain as a separate taxon (as did Tebbs 1993), because of its unique fruit 

with glochidiate hairs and because it has a different basic chromosome number; x = 19 in 

Zippelia, but x = 13 in Piper. 

Zippelia is a monotypic genus, the smallest in terms of numbers of species in 

Piperaceae. It is widely distributed in Southern China and SE Asia (Yongqian et al., 1999). 

ZIPPELIA 

Blume in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1614. 1830; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3(1): 

128. 1880. Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 25. 1924; C.Y.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7(2): 193. 

1958; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 167. 1963; Yongqian, Nianhe & M.G.Gilbert, Fl. 

China 4: 110. 1999.— Circaeocarpus C.Y. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 253. 1957. 

Perennial erect herbs or subshrubs, flowers bisexual, monoecious. Stem glabrous, 

node swollen, fleshy, densely pellucid-punctate, with a ring-like stipule scar at each node. 

Leaves alternate, membranous, glabrous, caducous, with palmate veins, glabrous or 

puberulous. Inflorescence terminal, leaf-opposed, racemose, solitary, erect. Flower lax on 

rachis, pedicellate; floral bracts 6, conchiform or ovate-lanceolate; stamens 6, anther on 

short filament; ovary globose, muricate; stigmas 3–4. Infructescence terminal or almost 

so, erect. Fruit drupaceous, with dense glochidiate hairs. 

One species in tropical Asia. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 

Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.

148 


Figure 1. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume: A. branch with infructescence; B. glochidiate hairs on fruit. (from 

Maxwell 85-1129). Drawn by Pajaree Inthachub.

THE MONOTYPIC GENUS ZIPPELIA BLUME (PIPERACEAE): A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND 

(C. SUWANPHAKDEE & P. CHANTARANOTHAI) 

Zippelia begoniifolia Blume in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1651. 1830; C.DC. ex 

Winkler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst 49: 352. 1913; Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat Soc. special 

number: 209. 1921; Yongqian, Nianhe & M.G.Gilbert, Fl. China 4: 110. 1999. Type: 

Indonesia, Borneo, Winkler 2743 (not located).— Z. lappacea Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar.: 76, 

t. 16. 1838.— Z. begoniaefolia Blume in Miq., Syst. Piperac. 2: 548. 1844 & in Fl. Ind. 

Bat. 1(2): 456. 1859; C.Y.Wu & W.T.Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 193. 1958; Backer 

& Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1: 167. 1963.— Piper zippelia C.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 

16(2): 256. 1869. Type: Indonesia, Zollinger 2847 (G-DC!, K).— P. lappaceum C.DC. 

in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1: 68. 1910; King, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 35: 339. 

1912.— P. begoniaefolia (Blume) Quisumbing, Philipp. J. Sci. 43: 189. 1930.— Zippelia 

lappacea Blume, Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 25. 1924.— Circaeocarpus saururoides 

C.Y.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 253. 1957. 

Perennial herb 40–80 cm high, glabrous. Stem rooting at basal nodes, roughly 

striate; petioles 2–5 cm long. Leaves membranous, dark green above and green below, 

ovate, cordate or obliquely cordate, symmetric or asymmetric, 5–14 by 7–16 cm, densely 

pellucid dotted, apex acuminate or acute, base auriculate, oblique, cordate, glabrous, 

venation palmately 5–7-nerved, whitish when dry. Inflorescence 15–30 cm long. Flowers 

lax on rachis; peduncle much longer than rachis, floral bract 1.2–1.5 mm wide, stalk as 

long as or slightly shorter than bract; stamens white-yellowish; ovary greenish-white, 

1–2 mm wide. Infructescence cylindric, 4–8 by 1–2 cm; peduncle 7–11 cm long. Fruit ± 

globose ca 5 mm in diam, with glochidiate hairs 2–5 mm long; fruit stalk 1–3 mm long. 

Figs.1 & 2. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat [Krung Ching waterfall, Khao 

Luang National Park, 15 Dec. 1985, Maxwell 85-1129 (BKF, PSU); same locality, 1 June 

1986, Maxwell 86-324 (BKF, CMU); same locality, 24 March 2008, Suwanphakdee 224 

(BK, BKF, KKU)], Yala [Khao Pi Sat, 1 May 1998, Niyomdham & Puudja 5495 (BKF), 

Khao Han Kut, 27 March 1998, Niyomdham 5346 (BKF). 

Distribution.— China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. 

Vernacular.— Cha plu phon nam (ชะพลูผลหนาม). 

Ecology.— Shaded area along streams in primary evergreen forest, limestone 

bedrock, alt. ca 325 m; flowering and fruiting May–July. 

Notes.— Zippelia begoniifolia has distinct glochidiate hairs on its fruit. The leaves 

appear similar to those of Begonia. 


We gratefully thank the directors, curators and staff of AAU, BK, BKF, CMU, 

DMSC, KKU, PSU and SING for permission to study the specimens and references. We 

also would like to thank to Miss Pajaree Inthachub for the line drawing. This work was 

supported by Biodiversity Research and Training Program, a joint program supported 

by the Thailand Research Fund and National Center for Genetic Engineering and 

Biotechnology, grant no. R_149026. 

149

150 


Figure 2. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume: A. branch with inflorescence and infructescences; B. inflorescence; 

C. infructescence; D. fruits. (Photograped by C. Suwanphakdee). 

REFERENCES 

Tebbs, M.C. (1993). Piperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer & V. Bittrich (eds), 

Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: II Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. 

516–520. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. 

Tucker, S.C., Douglas, A.W. & Han-Xing, L. (1993). Utility of Ontogenetic and 

Conventional Characters in Determinning Phylogenetic Relationships of 

Saururaceae and Piperaceae (Piperales). Systematic Botany. 18: 614–641. 

Wu, C.Y. & Wang, W.T. (1957). Preliminary study of the flora of subtropical areas of 

Yunnan. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 6: 183–254. (in Chinese). 

_______. (1958). Preliminary study of the flora of subtropical areas of Yunnan. 

Modification. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 7: 193–196. (in Chinese). 

Yongqian, C., Nianhe, X. & Gilbert, M.G. (1999). Piperaceae. In: Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. 

(eds) Flora of China, Vol. 4: 110–141. Beijing, Science Press & St. Louis, Missouri 

Botanical Garden Press


Isodon walkeri (Lamiaceae), a new record for Thailand 

PIYACHART TRISARASRI 1 & SOMRAN SUDDEE 1 

ABSTRACT. Isodon walkeri, a rheophyte from Phu Langka National Park, is newly recorded for Thailand. The 

species is described and illustrated. 

KEY WORDS: Isodon, Lamiaceae, rheophyte, Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

The recent revision of the tribe Ocimeae (Labiatae/Lamiaceae) for continental 

South East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) included 9 genera with 

a total of 77 taxa (Suddee et al. 2004a, 2004b & 2005). The genus Isodon belongs in 

the Ocimeae and 6 species are currently known from Thailand: I. ternifolius (D. Don) 

Kudo, I. coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kudo, I. eriocalyx (Dunn) Kudo, I. meeboldii 

(W.W.Smith) Suddee, I. hispidus (Benth.) Murata and I. lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex 

D.Don) H.Hara. Suddee et al. (2004a) reported the occurrence of the rheophytic species 

I. walkeri from Sri Lanka, India, Southern China, Northern Burma, Northern Laos and 

Northern Vietnam, but not from Thailand. To quote from Steenis (1981): ‘rheophytes are 

plant species which are in nature confined to the beds of swift-running streams and rivers 

and grow there up to flood-level, but not beyond the reach of regularly occurring flash 

floods’. 

From plant collecting trips to northeastern Thailand and from herbarium specimen 

studies, the authors found I. walkeri in streams at Phu Langka National Park by the Mae 

Khong River, Nakhon Phanom Province. The species is newly recorded for Thailand. 

ISODON 

(Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. 9: 162 (1840); Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku 

Imp. Univ. 2(2): 118. 1929; H.W.Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 69(4): 291. 1988; H.W.Li & Hedge 

in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 269. 1994; A.J.Paton & Ryding, Kew Bull. 53(3): 

723–731. 1998. Lectotype: Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd (chosen by Codd, 

1986) (basionym: Plectranthus rugosus Wall. ex Benth.). 

Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs. Stems quadrangular or roundquadrangular, 

glabrous or pubescent and usually hollow inside. Leaves membranous to 

chartaceous, usually serrate or sometimes serrate-crenate, lower pairs petiolate, upper pairs 

usually sessile. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, usually branched, forming a small or 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok 

10900, Thailand.

152 


large panicle; cymes sessile or pedunculate, lax or dense, few to many-flowered; lower 

pairs of bracts similar to leaves, gradually reduced in size upwards, persistent; bracteoles 

present, short, caducous or persistent. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, straight 

or declinate, subequally 5-toothed or bilabiate with posterior lip 3-lobed and anterior lip 

2-lobed; tube 10-nerved, usually twice or more as long as teeth, without spur at anterior 

base. Corolla with posterior lip subequally 4-lobed, usually pubescent with sessile glands 

on back; anterior lip concave or flattened, glabrous inside, usually pubescent with sessile 

glands outside; tube tubular, straight or declinate, usually gibbous on posterior side 

near base. Stamens exserted or included in anterior corolla lip; insertion of anterior pair 

varying from above the middle of corolla tube to the base of anterior corolla lip, glabrous 

or only slightly pubescent at base; posterior pair inserted near the base of corolla tube, 

sparsely or densely villous at base. Style shortly bifid with subequal branches, shorter or 

longer than stamens. Ovary glabrous. Disc with anterior side well or slightly developed. 

Nutlets oblong, ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth or minutely tuberculate, producing mucilage 

when wet or not. 

About 95 species in Africa, Southern China, Indochina, Sumatra and Peninsular 

Malaysia. Seven species in Thailand. 

Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 60: 237. 1985; H.W. Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 

69(4): 323, f. 5K. 1988; H.W.Li & Hedge in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 278. 

1994; Phuong, J. Biol. 17 (4, special vol.): 37. 1995; Phuong, Fl. Vietnam 2: 49. 2000.— 

Plectranthus walkeri Arn., Nova Acta Car. Nat. Cur. 18: 354. 1836; Arn. in A.DC., Prodr. 

12: 58. 1848; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 617. 1885; Gamble, Fl. Madras: 1120. 1924; 

Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14: 41. 1940.— Rabdosia walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara, J. Jap. 

Bot. 47: 202. 1972. Type: Sri Lanka, Hb. Hort. Soc. 1839, Mackenzie s.n. (neotype K, 

chosen by Suddee, 2004a).— Plectranthus stracheyi Benth. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 

618. 1885; Dunn, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 6 (28): 139. 1915; Doan in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 948. 1936; Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14 (1): 44.1940.— Isodon 

stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook. f.) Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2(2): 136. 

1929.— Rabdosia stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook.f.) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: 201. 1972; 

H.W.Li in Z.Wu & H.W.Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 66: 483, f. 103, 11. 1977; Phuong, 

Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 19: 154. 1982. Type: India, Kumaon, Surja valley, Strachey & 

Winterbottom 9 (holotype K!; isotype BM!).— Plectranthus veronicifolius Hance, J. Bot. 

23: 327. 1885.— Isodon stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Kudo var. veronicifolius (Hance) 

Kudo, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2(2): 136. 1929. Type: China, Hainan, 21 

Nov. 1882, Henry Herb. propr. 22298 (holotype BM!).— Plectranthus brandisii Prain, J. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 59 (4): 296. 1890; Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14: 

44. 1940. Type: Burma, Pegu, Brandis 813 (K!, lectotype chosen here). Figs. 1 & 2. 

Erect or ascending annual herb to 50 cm tall. Stems sometimes rooting at 

nodes below, quadrangular, puberulous below, puberulous or glabrous above. Leaves 

chartaceous, narrowly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 12–115 by 12–25 mm, apex acute 

or acuminate, base cuneate or attenuate and decurrent onto petiole, margin serrate above 

the middle, entire below, scaberulous on veins above and beneath, otherwise glabrous or 

glabrescent, dotted with minute sessile glands beneath or on both sides, veins prominent 

beneath; petioles subsessile to 20 mm long, puberulous or pubescent; crushed leaves 

slightly smell of mint. Inflorescence terminal, forming a narrow panicle, 5–25 cm long;

ISODON WALKERI (LAMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (P. TRISARASRI & S. SUDDEE) 

axis with indumentum similar to stem but less dense; verticils 5–35 mm apart; cymes lax, 

few to many-flowered, lateral branches short, not conspicuously cincinnate; bracts elliptic 

or lanceolate; bracteoles oblong or linear, 0.5–2 mm long, obtuse, ciliate, pubescent, 

caducous or persistent; pedicels slender, 2–4 mm long at anthesis, 2–5 mm long in fruit, 

pubescent. Calyx green or greenish-purple, tubular-campanulate, conspicuously 2-lipped, 

ca 2 mm long at anthesis, 2–4 mm long in fruit; posterior lip shortly 3-lobed, ovate, 

acute at apex, median lobe broadest; anterior lip 2-lobed, ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at 

apex, subequal in length to posterior or longer; tube declinate, 10-nerved, twice as long 

as calyx teeth, puberulous on nerves, with sessile glands, not gibbous at anterior base. 

Corolla white, straight, 6–7 mm long, pointing downward; posterior lip deeply 4-lobed, 

lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, slightly pubescent, with sessile glands 

on back, two median lobes slightly larger than lateral lobes, with scattered dark purple 

dots inside; anterior lip orbicular, 2–3 mm long, equal or slightly longer than posterior, 

flattened, glabrous; tube straight, 3–4 mm long, only slightly gibbous above posterior 

base, slightly dilated at throat, pubescent on anterior side inside, glabrous or glabrescent 

outside. Stamens long-exserted from anterior corolla lip, villous at base, posterior pair 

inserted near the base of corolla tube, anterior pair inserted around the middle of corolla 

tube; anthers dark purple. Style subequal to anterior stamens. Disc obscurely lobed. Nutlets 

brown, ovoid or oblong, 1–2 mm long, smooth or minutely tuberculate, producing a small 

amount of mucilage when wet. 

Thailand.— NORTH-EASTERN: Nakhon Phanom [Ban Phaeng District, Phu Langka 

National Park, in stream above Tat Pho waterfall, 19 Jan. 2003, Suddee, Puudjaa & 

Chatrupamai 1746 (BKF); idem., 27 Feb. 2007, Suddee, Trisarasri, Tanaros & Ritphet 

3055 (BKF); Ban Phaeng District, Phu Langka National Park, Tat Kham waterfall, in wet 

places by the running stream, 24 Feb. 2003, Wongprasert et al. 032-19 (BKF)]. 

Ecology.— In sandy soil in sandstone river beds in dry evergreen forest, on rocks 

beside stream; altitude 150–200 m in Thailand, to much greater altitudes elsewhere. 

Flowering & fruiting November – February. 

Distribution.— India, Sri Lanka, South China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam. 

Conservation.— The species is considered to be rare in Thailand. Two small 

populations have been found in two waterfalls in the same National Park, separated by 

about 4 km. The National Park needs to ensure these populations are protected. 

Notes.— The main characters which distinguish I. walkeri from other related 

species are the narrow lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate leaves shapes, the leaf base being 

decurrent onto petiole, and the rheophytic habit. The specimens Kurz 575 (K!) and Kurz 

2405 (K!) are paralectotypes of Plectranthus brandisii Prain. Brandis 813 (K) was 

chosen as the lectotype because it is the most representative of the three former syntype 

specimens. 


We would like to thank Thawatchai Wongprasert for his specimens, and David 

Middleton and Bob Harwood for useful suggestions. We would also like to thank Arthit 

Kamgamnerd for the illustrations, Pachok Puudjaa, Montri Tanaros, Chandee Hemrat, 

Surin Chatrupamai, Nikhom Ritphet and Suwat Suwanachat for their assistance in the field. 

153

154 


Figure 1. Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara: A. habit; B. inflorescence; C. flower; D. fruiting calyx; E. nutlet when 

wet (all from Wongprasert et al. 032-19 (BKF). Drawn by Arthit Kamgamnerd.

ISODON WALKERI (LAMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (P. TRISARASRI & S. SUDDEE) 

Figure 2. Isodon walkeri (Arn.) H.Hara: A. habitat; B. habit; C. & D. inflorescences. Photographed by Somran 

Suddee (A–B.); Montri Tanaros (C); Piyachart Trisarasri (D). 

REFERENCES 

Codd, L.E. (1986). The Validity and Typification of Isodon (Schrader ex Bentham) Spach 

(Lamiaceae). Taxon 35: 717–718. 

Suddee, S. & Paton, A.J. & Parnell, A.J.N. (2004a). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae 

Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in continental South East Asia. I. Introduction, Hyptidinae 

& Hanceolinae. Kew Bulletin 59: 337–378. 

________. (2004b). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in 

continental South East Asia. II. Plectranthinae. Kew Bulletin 59: 379–414. 

________. (2005). A taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort. (Lamiaceae) in 

continental South East Asia. III. Ociminae. Kew Bulletin 60: 3–75. 

Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (1981). Rheophytes of the world. Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Alphen aan 

den Rijn, The Netherlands. 

A 

C 

B 

D 

155


Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae, Paniceae) in Thailand 

Jan FRiTs VELDKaMP 1 

ABSTRACT. The Australian/Malesian species Xerochloa imberbis R.Br. (Gramineae) has been found in the 

Gulf of Thailand from Prachuap Khiri Khan to Chonburi and represents a very much neglected generic record 

for SE Asia. The synonym Kerinozoma Steud. is lectotypified. Descriptions of the genus and its only SE Asian 

species are given. 

KEY WORDS: Australia, Gramineae, Kerinozoma, Malesia, Paniceae, Xerochloa, Thailand. 

Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae) is a much-overlooked genus with three rare, but 

locally common halotolerant species and mainly occurs in Australia. Clayton & Renvoize 

(1986) only mentioned Australia, but in the generic synonymy they included Kerinozoma 

suraboja Steud. (“suraboja” = Surabaya, the major marine harbour in E Java). It belongs 

to the mainly Australian subtribe Spinificinae Ohwi (1924) of the Paniceae R. Br. whose 

members are adapted to very arid habitats and so have a predisposition for distribution 

along sea shores. Because the rachis of the inflorescence does not end in a spikelet, but in a 

point, it is part of the so-called “bristle grass clade” discussed in a morphological cladistic 

analysis by Zuloaga et al. (2000). This monophyletic group includes all panicoid taxa in 

which at least some terminal inflorescence branch meristems are converted into setae or 

bristles. Within this clade the subtribe seems to be exceptional for the combination of 

spatheate inflorescences and disarticulation at the base of the inflorescence (at least in the 

female ones). However, no species of Xerochloa appears to have been included in any 

molecular analysis to date (see e.g. Doust et al., 2007). 

Another remarkable feature is that at least X. imberbis is monoecious: the spikelets 

have a male lower floret and a female upper one. 

For Thailand it was listed by Nanakorn & Norsangsri (2001), but without any data 

on its distribution there. Recently, two collections from Prachuap Khiri Khan made in 

2005 and 2007 were received in Leiden (L) and prompted my curiosity. Further inquiries 

on what Nanakorn & Norsangsri had based their earlier report showed that two collections 

are present in BKF, one made in the same province (1966), the other in Samut Songkhram 

(1957), where it was already common then (Pooma, in litt.). Surprisingly, Cope (in litt.) 

reported the presence of no less than 4 collections by Kerr between 1920 and 1928 from 

Chonburi and Samut Sakhon indicating that the species has been in Thailand for many years. 

This is a generally overlooked genus for Continental Asia. Admittedly, Clayton et 

al. (2006+) reported it for “Tropical Asia”, but this included Malesia as well, from where 

it was already long known, and (Clayton et al., 2002+) mentioned the current species for 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

XEROCHLOA R.BR. (GRAMINEAE, PANICEAE) IN THAILAND (J.F. VELDKAMP) 

“Indochina and Malesia”, but this represents very low resolution distribution data. 

The type species, X. imberbis R.Br., occurs in W Australia to Queensland (Webster, 

1987), but is also found in Indonesia: Java and Madura in mangroves, salt pans, shrimp 

farms, and other saline places near the coast, which generally are not enticing to collectors 

(Monod de Froideville,1968). 

Its presence in Thailand represents a far disjunct distribution, but as Kerr already 

collected in 1920, it appears to be a natural one and thus it may be expected to occur 

in similar inhospitable places on the East coast of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and 

Bangka. 

XERochLoa 

R.Br., Prodr.: 196. 1810. Type: Xerochloa imberbis R.Br.— Kerinozoma Steud., Syn. Pl. 

Glumac. 1: 358. 1854.— (Cerinozoma Zoll. ex Kuntze in T.Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. 

Phan.: 112, 618. 1903, orth. var.). Lectotype: Kerinozoma suraboja Steud. (= Xerochloa 

imberbis R. Br.), here designated (suggested by Clayton & Renvoize). 

Monoecious perennials, branching intravaginally at base, tufted or decumbent 

and rooting from the nodes. Culms solid. Ligule collar-shaped, membranous, ciliolate. 

Panicle composed of fascicles of 2–6 spikes in the axil of a spathe, each with a spatheole 

at base; racemes deciduous, with few spikelets, rachis ending in a point. Spikelets solitary, 

abaxial, sessile, in 2 rows in cavities of the rachis, laterally compressed. Glumes very 

unequal; first glume small, 0–3-nerved; second glume shorter than the spikelet, 5-nerved. 

Lemmas chartaceous; first one paleate, male or neuter, with a dorsal groove; stamens or 

staminodes 2 or 3, filaments connate; second lemma female with staminodes, or bisexual, 

fusiform, 2-nerved, germination flap absent, margins laying flat on the palea, muticous. 

Staminodes 2 or 3. Styles more or less connate, stigmas free. Hilum ovate; embryo more 

than half as long as the caryopsis. 

Distribution.— Australia with three halotolerant species, of which one in Malesia 

and possibly introduced in Thailand. 

Etymology.— Xerochloa from Gr. xeros (ξερος, dry) and chloa (actually chloë, 

χλοη, grass)(Backer, 1936: 631), alluding to its biotope 

Kerinozoma from Gr. kèrinos (κηρινος, wax-like) and zooma (ζωμα, girdle), 

referring to the white waxy spathe (Backer, 1936: 301). 

Xerochloa imberbis R.Br., Prodr.: 97. 1810. Type: Brown 6143 (holotype BM; isotype 

K, E).— Kerinozoma cheribon Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 358. 1854.— Kerinozoma 

littoralis Zoll. (Syst. Verz.: 57. 1854, nom. nud.) ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 404. 1857, 

nom. superfl.— Xerochloa littoralis (Zoll. ex Miq.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn., Paris 

2: 1019. 1829, nom. superfl.— Xerochloa cheribon (Steud.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 

18: 4. 1947. Type: Zollinger 3238 (holotype P; isotype G).— Kerinozoma suraboja 

Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 358. 1854. Kerinozoma collina Zoll. (Syst. Verz.: 57. 1854, 

nom. nud.) ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 404. 1857, nom. superfl. Type: Zollinger 2968 (holotype 

P; isotype G). 

157

158 


Culms wiry, floating, ascending to tufted and erect, 0.1–0.6 m tall, glabrous. 

Ligule truncate, 0.15–0.5 mm long. Blades linear, involute to nearly subulate, 2–12 cm 

by 1–3 mm, acute. Inflorescence branches 1–1.5 cm long. Rachis smooth to scaberulous, 

terminal point 3–4 mm long. Spikelets 3–5 per spike, ovate-oblong, 5.5–9 mm long, 

glabrous. First glume ovate, 1–2.75 mm long, obtuse; second glume 4–5.5 mm long, 

5-nerved, margin broadly scarious, acute. Lower lemma 3-nerved; upper lemma ovatelanceolate, 

apex falcate. Anthers 3–4 mm long. 

Figure 1. The distribution of Xerochloa imberbis in Thailand along the Gulf of Thailand coast.

XEROCHLOA R.BR. (GRAMINEAE, PANICEAE) IN THAILAND (J.F. VELDKAMP) 

Thailand.— CENTRAL: Samut Sakhon [Tachin = Ta Chin, 13˚32’N 100˚14’ E, 

31 March 1926, Kerr 10664 (K), 24 Oct. 1926, Kerr 11052 (K)], Samut Songkhram 

(formerly part of Bangkok) [ca 13˚22’N 100˚E, Pak Nam, 9 Jan. 1957, Smitinand 3696 

(BKF)]; SOUTH-EASTERN: Chonburi [Bang Pla Soi, 27 Jan. 1920, Kerr 3967 (K), 13˚23’N, 

100˚59’E]; SOUTH-WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan [Sam Roi Yot (not Rachaburi!), ca 

12˚13’7”N 99˚58’21”E, 7 Aug. 1966, Larsen, Smitinand & Warncke 1213 (aaU, BKF, 

K), Kuiburi, KM 37 on road no. 1020 near Khao Daeng, 12˚7.54’N 99˚37.56’ E (and not 

as on the label 12˚7’54”N 99˚37’56”E), 26 April 2005, Pooma et al. 5289 (BKF, E, L!), 

(ibid., 12˚8.858’N 99˚57.829’ E, not 12˚88’58”N 99˚57’83”E, 30 April 2007, Pooma et 

al. 6710 (a, aaU, BKF, E, GZU, K, KEP, L!, sinG), Hua Hin, Khao Tao, 12˚34’ N 

99˚57’ E, 8 Nov. 1928, Kerr 16118 (K)]. 

Said to be very common along the Gulf of Thailand coast from mid Prachuap 

Khiri Khan to Chonburi, especially near shrimp and salt farms (Fig. 1). 

Distribution.— Malesia: Java (N coast: Jakarta, Ceribon, Pekalongan, Semarang, 

Rembang, Surabaya), Madura, W Australia to Queensland. 

Ecology.— Littoral in mangroves, on beaches, along fish ponds, roadsides, on 

heavy loam, occasionally inundated, also inland along salt creeks and lakes, up to 100 m alt. 

Collector’s notes.— Erect grass, tufted, nodes pale green. Spikelets purplish 

brown. Glumes greenish. Stigma purple and white. Anthers whitish. 

acKnoWLEDGEMEnTs 

Dr. Rachun Pooma (BKF) is very much thanked for sending scans of specimens 

present in BKF, for correcting localities, and information about the distribution of the 

species in Thailand, and Dr. T.A. Cope for the holdings in K. Ms. A.V.M. Walsmit Sachs- 

Jansen (L) after having seen my amateurish attempts volunteered to make the distribution 

map. 

REFEREncEs 

Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen: 

301, 631. Noordhoff, Groningen. 

Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1986). Genera graminum: 307. Her Majesty’s Stationery 

Office, 

Clayton, W.D., K.T. Harman & H. Williamson. (2002 onwards). World grass species: 

descriptions, identification, and information retrieval (accessed 27 September 

2009). 

________. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Both sites: http:// 

www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html (accessed 27 September 2009). 

Doust, A.N., Peenly, A.M., Jacobs, S.W.L. & Kellogg, A.A. (2007). Congruence, 

conflict, and polyploidization shown by nuclear and chloroplast markers in the 

monophyletic “bristle clade” (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae). Systematic Botany 

32: 531–544. 

159

160 


Monod de Froideville, C. (1968). In C.A. Backer & R.C. Bakhuizen v.d. Brink f. (1968). 

Flora of Java 3: 577. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen. 

Nanakorn, W. & Norsangsri, M. (2001). Species enumeration of Thai Gramineae: 60. 

Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai. 

Ohwi, J. (1942). Gramina japonica IV. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 11: 56. 

Webster, R.D. (1987). The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae): 261–264. Cramer, Stuttgart. 

Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. & Giussani, L.M. (2000). A cladistic analysis of the Paniceae: 

a preliminary approach, in Jacobs, W.L. & Everett, J., Grasses: systematics and 

evolution: 123–135. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia. 

iDEnTiFicaTion LisT oF asian coLLEcTions 

Backer Mar 1903; 4681; 7572; 15292; 19331; 24151; 26624; 26809; 37548; 37571; - 

Bakhuizen v.d. Brink 2120; - Balansa 30-11-1886; - Beumée A 9. 

Clason-Laarman D 102; - Coert 163; 1091; 1132. 

Danser 24-10-1925; 5504, 8266; - De la Savinière 1161; - Dorgelo 732; 953; 1933. 

Hallier f. 61; 82. 

Koorders 42644. 

Kuntze 5482. 

Larsen, Smitinand & Warncke 1213. 

Pooma et al. 5289; 6710. 

Smitinand 3696. 

Van der Meer & Den Hoed 2004; 1933; 2045; 2083. 

Van Ooststroom 13032. 

Van Steenis 7213; 17432. 

Vorderman 13. 

Zollinger 2968 (T); 3238 (T)

THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 37: 9–14. 2009 

Ariopsis (Araceae: Colocasieae) a new generic record for Thailand & preliminary 

observations on trans-Himalayan biogeography in Araceae 


ABSTRACT. Ariopsis Nimmo (Araceae: Colocasieae) is reported as a new generic record for Thailand with a 

single species (A. protanthera N.E.Br.). The genus and species are described and illustrated. A key to the genera 

of the Colocasieae and Caladieae in Thailand and a brief overview of trans-Himalayan biogeography in the 

Araceae are presented. 

KEY WORDS: Araceae, Ariopsis, new record, key, Flora of Thailand, biogeography. 

INTRODUCTION 

While based at the Forest Herbarium as part of a BRT-funded project to complete 

the Araceae account for the Flora of Thailand, the author was passed a specimen of an 

unidentified aroid from northeastern Thailand, and a photograph of clearly the same 

species, from a different locality, to determine. By its unique vegetative appearance the 

specimen was readily identified to the genus Ariopsis, hitherto unrecorded in Thailand. 

The single collection comprises three plants all in fruit. The combination of almost 

ripe fruits associated with still slightly immature leaves, plus the diminutive habit and 

trans-Himalayan distribution convincingly identifies the specimen as A. protanthera 

N.E.Br., a species hitherto recorded from Assam in northeastern India) and northern 

Burma (Mayo et al., 1997). 

Ariopsis is a diminutive ephemeral plant easily overlooked, even when fertile, as 

‘just an Alocasia seedling’ and it is thus no great surprise that it has remained undetected 

in Thailand for so long, especially since Araceae usually receive scant attention from 

fieldworkers who often regard aroids as too difficult to collect. 

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 

Ariopsis is a genus of two species in the Colocasieae probably most closely related 

to Remusatia Schott and Steudnera K.Koch (Cabrera et al., 2008). The generic type, A. 

peltata Nimmo, is restricted to the Western Ghats of India (Mayo, et al., 1997) while the 

other species, A. protanthera N.E.Br. is distributed from the tropical eastern Himalaya 

(Assam) through northern Burma and in this paper is shown to occur in northeastern 

Thailand. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


10 


In vegetative form Ariopsis is somewhat intermediate between Remusatia (with 

which it shares globose tuberous stems) and Steudnera (also with a wholly peltate leaf 

lamina that is often glaucous abaxially). From either genus Ariopsis is readily differentiated 

by the inflorescences in which the synandria are connate apically, forming a continuous 

surface punctured by cavities (‘pits’) with somewhat prominent margins and with the 

thecae of adjacent synandria encircling the pits and shedding pollen into them, each pair 

of thecae belonging to a different synandrium. 

For much of its history, Ariopsis has been treated as monospecific, with A. 

protanthera N.E.Br. considered merely a diminutive morph of A. peltata Nimmo. During 

the preparation of plates for The Genera of Araceae (Mayo et al., 1997) the opportunity 

arose to study living collections of Ariopsis from the Western Ghats (the region from 

which A. peltata was described) and northeastern India (the original collecting locality of 

A. protanthera), with the result that the species proved to be readily separable. The salient 

identification points are outlined in the key below. Also included is Hapaline Schott 

(Araceae: Caladieae) a genus that is often encountered in the wild and can be confused 

with Colocasia Schott. 

KEY TO ARiopSiS SpECIES AND THE GENERA OF THE COLOCASIEAE & CALADIEAE IN THAILAND 

1. Spathe differentiated into an upper limb and lower part separated by one or sometimes two pronounced 

constrictions 

2. plant with conspicuous erect aerial stolons bearing along their distal portion numerous barbed bulbils 

Remusatia 

2. plant without conspicuous erect aerial stolons; if stolons present then these decumbent and bearing 

tubercules at the tips 

3. Mature infructescences declinate to pendent; berries small (4 mm), red when ripe, odourless; seeds large, few 

per fruit Alocasia 

1. Spathe not differentiated into an upper limb and lower part by constrictions 

4. Synandria connate, thecae of adjacent synandria encircling pits in the spadix, each pit with a somewhat 

prominent upper margin; leaf peltate 

4. Synandria not so; leaf peltate or hastate 

5. plants diminutive, not exceeding 12 cm; petioles very slender, 6–14 cm long, lamina 5–10 by 4–10 cm. 

Plants flowering before leaf emergence, fruits well developed when leaf expansion occurs. Transhimalaya, 

including North and Northeastern Thailand Ariopsis protanthera 

5. Plants robust, to 40 cm tall; petioles stout, 18–30 cm, lamina up to 15 by 40 cm. Plants flowering after leaf 

emergence, fruits ripening as leaves begin to yellow prior to shedding. Western Ghats, India Ariopsis peltata 

6. Spathes brightly coloured (internally commonly yellow or purple-red);female flowers with staminodes; 

stem a repent or suberect epigeal rhizome Steudnera 

6. Spathe white; female flowers without staminodes; stem a hypogeal tuber or stolon Hapaline 

ARIOPSIS 

Nimmo in J.Graham, Cat. pl. Bombay: 252. 1839; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 519. 1893; 

Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 275, pl. 99 & 129B, 1997. 

Very small to medium-sized slender seasonally dormant lithophytic herbs with 

milky latex. Stem a ± subglobose tuber. Leaves usually solitary, rarely few together. 

petiole very slender. petiolar sheath fairly short. Lamina peltate, cordate-ovate or only 

emarginate basally, thin, often glaucous below, posterior lobes very short; primary lateral

ARIOpSIS (ARACEAE: COLOCASIEAE) A NEW GENERIC RECORD FOR THAILAND & pRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 

ON TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRApHY IN ARACEAE (p.C. BOYCE) 

veins pinnate, radiating from petiole insertion, forming submarginal collective vein, 

marginal vein also present, higher order venation reticulate. Inflorescence 1–3 in each 

floral sympodium, appearing before or with leaves. peduncle very slender, equalling to 

much longer than spathe, erect to spreading. Spathe ovate, boat-shaped, fornicate, not 

constricted, gaping widely, not convolute at base, marcescent. Spadix shorter than spathe; 

female flower zone adnate to spathe, very short and few-flowered, sometimes separated 

from male zone by short, free, naked axis; male flower zone fertile to apex, relatively 

thick, cylindric-conoid, many-flowered. Flowers unisexual, perigone absent. Female 

flower an ovoid to ovoid-oblong ovary, 1-locular, ovules many, orthotropous, placentae 

4–6, parietal, extending from base to apex of locule, stylar region absent, stigma stellate 

with 4- to 6-laciniate lobes, lobes initially erect, later spreading and reflexed. Male flower 

a peltate synandrium, connate filaments forming a stipe longer and narrower than dilated 

common connective, thecae subglobose to ellipsoid, dehiscing by oval pore, synandria 

all connate apically, forming a continuous surface punctured by cavities with somewhat 

prominent margins into which pollen is shed from the 6(–8) surrounding thecae (each pair 

of thecae belonging to a different synandrium). Fruit a 4–6-angled berry, stigma persistent, 

many-seeded. Seed oblong, apically narrowed and obtuse, with indistinct strophiole, testa 

thickish, longitudinally costate, embryo axile, small, endosperm copious. 

Distribution.— 2 species distributed with one in Western India (A. peltata) and the 

other (A. protanthera) in the tropical & subtropical eastern Himalayas through northern 

Burma to northern Thailand. Fig. 1. 

Ariopsis protanthera N.E.Br., Rep. Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew 1877: 51. 1877. Hook.f., Fl. 

Brit. India 6: 519. 1893; Mayo et al., Gen. Araceae 275, pl. 99 & 129B, 1997.— Ariopsis 

peltata f. protanthera (N.E.Br.) Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr. 4. 23E: 

130. 1920. Fig. 2. 

Very small, slender, seasonally dormant, lithophytic herbs with milky latex, to 12 

cm tall. Stem a ± subglobose tuber, ca 2 cm diam., mostly clustered, covered with fibrous 

cataphyll remains. Leaves solitary. petiole very slender, 6–14 cm, sheath very short; lamina 

peltate, cordate-ovate, 5–10 by 4–10 cm, membranaceous, pale green above, glaucous 

below, posterior lobes short, fully fused; primary lateral veins pinnate radiating from 

petiole insertion, forming submarginal collective vein; higher order venation reticulate. 

Inflorescence 1–3 in each floral sympodium, appearing before the leaves. peduncle very 

slender, 4–5 cm, much longer than spathe, erect to spreading. Spathe ovate, boat-shaped, 

2–2.5 by 1 cm, not constricted, fornicate, gaping widely at anthesis, not convolute at base, 

marcescent, dull yellow. Spadix shorter than spathe, ca 1.5 by 0.4 cm; female flower zone 

adnate to spathe, ca 4 mm long, few-flowered; ovaries rhombic-ovoid to rhombic-ovoidoblong, 

ca 3 by 4 mm, pale green speckled purple, stylar region very short, stigma stellate 

with 4–6 lobes, lobes initially erect, later spreading and reflexed, whitish green; sterile 

interstice free, naked, ca 3 mm long; male flower zone fertile to apex, cylindric-conoid, 

ca 1 cm by 4 mm, many-flowered, dirty very pale yellow; synandria peltate, the connate 

filaments forming a stipe longer and narrower than dilated common connective, synandria 

all connate apically, forming continuous surface punctured by cavities with somewhat 

prominent margins into which pollen is shed from the 6(–8) surrounding thecae of which 

each pair of thecae belongs to a different synandrium. Fruit a 4–6-angled berry, ca 5 by 5 

mm, pale green, stigma persistent. 

11

26f -27 Tribes & Genera Acro 18/7/97 7:29 Page 276 

12 


276 

F 

E 

D 

THE GENERA OF ARACEAE 

C H 

L K 

A B G J 

Figure 1. Ariopsis: A. habit × 1; B. spadix × 6; C. gynoecium × 15; D. gynoecium, longitudinal section × 15; 

E. section through male portion of spadix to show synandrium arrangement × 10; F. infructescence 

Plate 99. Ariopsis. A, habit × 1; B, spadix × 6; C, gynoecium × 15; D, gynoecium, longitudinal section × 15; E, section through male por- 

× 6; G. habit in flower, showing branching of tubers × 1; H. leaf × 1; J. spadix × 6; K. berry × 6; 

tion of spadix to show synandrium arrangement × 10; F, infructescence × 6; G, habit in flower, showing branching of tubers × 1; H, leaf × 

1; J, spadix L. × seed 6; K, × berry 12. × Ariopsis 6; L, seed × peltata: 12. Ariopsis A. peltata: Talbot A, Talbot 496 (K); 496 (K); B–E. B–E, Bogner 1922 1922 (Kew (RBG, spirit collection Kew spirit 56425); collection 

F, Barnes 

1087 (K); 56425); A. protanthera: F. Barnes G–H, Cult. 1087 Kew.1851 (K); A. (K); protanthera: J, Kurz s.n. (K); G–H. K–L, Cult. Cult. Kew. Kew.1851 1851 (Kew spirit (K); collection J. Kurz 58040). s.n. (K); K–L. Cult. 

Kew. 1851 (Kew spirit collection 58040). plate © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Used 

with permission. Original artwork by Eleanor Catherine.

ARIOpSIS (ARACEAE: COLOCASIEAE) A NEW GENERIC RECORD FOR THAILAND & pRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 

ON TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRApHY IN ARACEAE (p.C. BOYCE) 

Figure 2. Ariopsis protanthera: plants in habitat in Nong Khai. photographed by Rachun pooma, Forest 

Herbarium. Used with permission. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak [Thi Mo Bo Falls, Tha Song Yang, 29 May 2008, 

pooma et al., 7071A-B (BKF)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Nong Khai [phu Wua Wildlife 

Sanctuary, 21 May 2004, pooma et al., 4203 (BKF!)]. 

Distribution.— From NE India (Assam) through N Burma. 

Ecology.— Dry seasonal evergreen forest, on rocks by stream; altitude 300 m. 



TRANS-HIMALAYAN BIOGEOGRAPHY 

The extension in the known distribution of Ariopsis protanthera fits well a trans- 

Himalayan distribution pattern that is shared with many other aroid species occurring 

through the forested hills and mountains of the southern North-East Himalayan foothills 

south and east into northern parts of Thailand. Quite a number of other aroids have a 

similar distribution and continue into southwestern China and further south into the Lao 

pDR and Vietnam (Boyce, in prep.). 

Aroid species in Thailand that have a partial to complete trans-Himalayan 

distribution include: 

Amorphophallus (A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson). 

Arisaema (A. consanguineum Schott, A. roxburghii Kunth). 

13

14 


Alocasia (A. acuminata Schott, A. cucullata (Lour.) G.Don, A. navicularis (K.Koch & 

C.D.Bouché) K.Koch & C.D.Bouché, A. odora (Lindl.) K.Koch). 

Colocasia (C. fallax Schott). 

Pothos (p. chinensis (Raf.) Merr., p. scandens L.). 

Remusatia (R. pumila (D.Don) H.Li & A.Hay & R. vivipara (Roxb.) Schott). 

Rhaphidophora (R. decursiva (Roxb.) Schott, R. glauca (Wall.) Schott, R. hookeri Schott, 

R. megaphylla H.Li, R. peepla (Roxb.) Schott, R. pertusa (Roxb.) Schott). 

Scindapsus (S. maclurei (Merr.) Merr. & F.p.Metcalf, S. officinalis (Roxb.) Schott). 

Steudnera (S. discolor N.E.Br.). 

REFERENCES 

Boyce, p.C. (in prep.) The biogeography of trans-Himalayan aroids and implications for 

aroid taxagenesis in Thailand and Indochina. 

Cabrera, L.I., Salazar, G.A., Chase, M.W., Mayo, S.J., Bogner, J. & Dávila, p. (2008). 

phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from 

coding and noncoding plastid DNA. American Journal of Botany 95: 1153–1165. 

Mayo, S.J., Bogner, J. & Boyce, p.C. (1997). The Genera of Araceae. Kew, Royal Botanic 

Gardens, Kew. xii + 370 pp.


A review of Pothos L. (Araceae: Pothoideae: Pothoeae) for Thailand 


ABSTRACT. An account of Pothos for Thailand is presented as a precursor of the forthcoming Flora of 

Thailand treatment. Eight species are recognized of which two (P. wallichii Hook.f. and P. neoroxburghii 

P.C.Boyce) represent new records for Thailand; the latter name is a nomen novum for long-overlooked and 

much obfuscated P. roxburghii de Vriese, nom. illeg. (non P. roxburghii Schott). 

KEY WORDS: Araceae, Pothos, taxonomy, key, Flora of Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

Pothos L. is a genus of ca 65 species of subtropical and tropical, predominantly 

forest-dwelling, root-climbing hemiepiphytes distributed from Madagascar to Western 

Oceania (east to Vanuatu) and China (north to Hubei) to Australia (south to Queensland, 

New South Wales). Recent revisions have established an alpha-taxonomy for Malesia 

(Hay, 1995; Boyce & Hay, 2001), Thailand, and Indochina (Boyce, 2000). 

Boyce (2000) published a precursory account for the Flora of Thailand but then, 

for a variety of reasons, final collation of the Thai Araceae account was delayed until 

last year. While undertaking updating and final compilation of the aroids, the author 

discovered two new Thai records for Pothos, including a necessary nomen novum. Given 

that these two additional species represent a more than 30% increase in the number of 

Pothos for Thailand an updated precursor account is provided here. 

POTHOS 

L., Sp. Pl. 968. 1753; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 551. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 

127. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte (ed.), Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1082. 1942; Mayo et al., Gen. 

Araceae, 98–99, Pl. 5 & 108A, 1997; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 147–204. 2000; P.C.Boyce 

& A.Hay, Telopea 9: 449–571. 2001.— Tapanava Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 470. 1763.— 

Batis Blanco, Fl. Filip. 791. 1837.— Goniurus Presl, Epimel. Bot. 244. 1851, ‘1849’.— 

Potha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 742. 1891, orth. var. 

Small to very large, slender to rather robust hemiepiphytes. Stems rather woody, 

lower branches rooting, upper ones free and hanging in most species, nodes rarely bearing 

short, clustered spines, buds of lateral shoots sometimes perforating the leaf sheath or ± 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


16 


infra-axillary. Leaves distichous, juvenile plants of some species with a shingle form. 

Petiole pulvinate apically, either broad, completely flattened and usually auriculate 

apically, or morphology normal with a long sheath, sometimes sheath reduced to a pair of 

hyaline ridges. Lamina linear-lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, mostly sometimes oblique; 

primary lateral veins either mostly arising near base of blade, long arcuate, and running 

into marginal vein near apex, or pinnate, weakly differentiated, forming submarginal 

collective vein, 1–2 marginal veins also present and these crossing the primary lateral 

veins to produce a distinctive ‘pothoid’ venation; higher order venation reticulate. 

Inflorescence morphologically axillary or infra-axillary, solitary or forming short free, 

very rarely elongating and rooting, synflorescences of several inflorescences, bearing 

4–6, or more rigid, coriaceous cataphylls at the base. Peduncle very short to very long, 

sometimes reflexed. Spathe ovate to linear, rarely very long, persistent into fruiting. 

Spadix globose, ovoid, cylindric, ellipsoid or obovoid, sessile to long-stipitate, densely 

or laxly flowered. Flowers bisexual, perigoniate; tepals 4–6, usually fornicate, free or 

partially to completely connate. Stamens 4–6, free, filaments oblong, flattened, connective 

slender, thecae ellipsoid, dehiscing by a slit. Gynoecium with ovary ovoid-oblong or 

depressed, (2?–)3-locular; ovules 1 per locule, anatropous, funicle short, placenta axile at 

base of septum, stylar region sometimes as broad as ovary, stigma discoid-hemispheric to 

umbonate. Fruit an ellipsoid to ovoid, berry 1(–3)-seeded, usually red or rarely whitish or 

dull purple when ripe. Seed ellipsoid, testa smooth, embryo large, endosperm absent. 

Distribution.— Ca 75 species distributed from Madagascar through to India, the 

subtropical eastern Himalayas, throughout subtropical and tropical Asia into the tropical 

western Pacific and tropical eastern Australia. Eight species in Thailand, none endemic. 

KEY TO THE SPECIES 

1. Leaf with petiole expanded and flattened, the leaf resembling that of many Citrus species 

2. Stipe of spadix sharply bent at anthesis, fertile portion of spadix held adjacent to peduncle; inflorescences 

generally arising in many leaf axils along a flowering branch 7. P. scandens 

2. Stipe of spadix ± straight at anthesis; inflorescences either few at shoot tips, or arising singly in most axils 

of a flowering branch 

3. Peduncle not more than 2.5 cm long, green or purple; spathe green or purple; spadix stipe never exceeding 

1.5 cm long; fertile portion ovoid, ca 3.5–13 by 3–11 mm, white to cream at anthesis 

4. Inflorescences few per flowering shoot, mostly at the tips; spathe green 1. P. chinensis 

4. Inflorescences many per flowering shoot; arranged along the entire distal portion; spathe purple 

6. P. roxburghii 

3. Peduncle 4–10 cm long, dull orange-yellow; spathe white; spadix stipe 2.75–4 cm long; fertile portion 

clavate, 12.5–15 by 10–12 mm, mid-yellow 5. P. macrocephalus 

1. Leaf with petiole slender, canaliculate 

5. Spadix with flowers densely clustered, the whole appearing uniformly cylindrical 

6. Spathe deeply cucullate, deep purple; inflorescence carried below the flowering shoot on a sharply deflexed 

peduncle 3. P. kingii 

6. Spathe lorate or lanceolate; inflorescence erect or spreading, peduncle not sharply deflexed 

7. Peduncle less than 1 mm diam., arching, inflorescence spreading; spathe 4–5 cm long, lanceolate 

8. P. wallichii 

7. Peduncle 2–3 mm diam., erect or curving and ultimately ascending, inflorescence held erect, spathe 

2.5–10 cm long, lorate 4. P. leptostachyus 

5. Spadix with flowers scattered along a slender axis 2. P. curtisii

A REVIEW OF POTHOS L. (ARACEAE: POTHOIDEAE: POTHOEAE) FOR THAILAND (P.C. BOYCE) 

1. Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 210. 1948; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 

6: 552 (sub. P. cathcartii). 1893; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine, 6: 1086–1087 

(sub. P. cathcartii, yunnanensis & balansae). 1942; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 155. 2000.— 

Tapanava chinensis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 14. 1837.— Pothos seemannii Schott, Aroid. 22, 

t. 43. 1856–7; Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45. 1857.— P. cathcartii Schott, Aroid. 

22, t. 44–45. 1858 (as ‘cathcarti’).— P. warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 2. 1898.— 

P. balansae Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 3. 1898.— P. yunnanensis Engl., Pflanzenr. 

21(IV.23B): 28. 1905.— P. chinensis (Raf.) Merr. var. lotienensis C.Y.Wu & H.Li, Acta 

Phytotax. Sin. 15: 101. 1977. Fig 1 A–B. 

Small to very large, slender to robust, homeophyllous root-climbing hemiepiphyte 

to 10 m. Stem weakly four-angled, slightly compressed or terete in cross section, midgreen, 

becoming greyish brown with age; fertile shoot often branching to three or 

more orders. Leaves many. Petiole broadly winged, obovate-oblong to linear-oblong or 

elongate-triangular, 5–14 by 0.5–2 cm, with 2–3 secondary veins and numerous veinlets 

per side, base decurrent to clawed, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate; lamina ovate 

to elliptic or lanceolate, 3–21 by 1.5–25 cm, leathery, drying chartaceous. Flowering 

shoot much abbreviated, arising from most of the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile 

shoots, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 3–15 mm sequentially longer cataphylls. 

Inflorescence 1–2. Peduncle rather stout, 3–25 by 1.5–2.5 mm, erect to variously curved, 

green to brown-tinged; spathe 4–12 by 4–10 mm, ovate, concave, margins in-rolled, 

base cordate, clasping and slightly decurrent on the peduncle, apex fornicate to recurved, 

acute to subacute with a rather stout mucro, greenish white to green, occasionally faintly 

purple-tinged, somewhat waxy; spadix stipitate; stipe , terete in cross section, 5–10 by 

1–1.25 mm, erect, straight, green; fertile portion globose to ovoid, 3.5–13 by 3–10 mm, 

pale green to white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit 

obclavate to ovoid or ellipsoid, 1–1.8 by 1–1.4 mm, mid-green ripening to scarlet, often 

with basal chartaceous tepal remains. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan, Lampang, Phrae, Tak, Phitsanulok, 

Phetchabun; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; SOUTH-WESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Saraburi; SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chanthaburi; 

PENINSULAR: Phangnga. 

Distribution.— Nepal through NE India and Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma to SW 

China, including Hong Kong (type), Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Vietnam, Taiwan. 

Ecology.— On rocks and trees and in clearings in tropical or subtropical primary 

or disturbed lowland wet or dry evergreen forest, rainforest, sandstone, limestone, granite, 

clay, loam or sandy soil; altitude: 250–1970 m. 

Vernacular.— Kho kio yan (คอกิ่วย่าน) 

(Surin); tong ngum (ตองงุม), cak khep (คักเข็บ), 

tun wa (ตุนวา), wai takhep (หวายตะเข็บ) (Chiang Mai); wai tamoi (หวายตะมอย) (Nakhon 

Ratchasima); ta khap khio (ตะขาบเขียว) (Loei); phlu chang (พลูช้าง) (Peninsular); Hmab 

Ntsua Nees (Hmong dialect, Nan). 

Uses.— Used fresh and applied topically on insect and animal bites [Brun et al. 

502]; decoction from entire plant used in bath to treat tumours [Brun et al. 704] and 

drinking for anti-cough [Anderson 5572]. 

17

18 


Notes.— Confusion between P. chinensis and P. scandens is possible. In flower 

P. chinensis is immediately recognizable by the straight, not bent, stipe and the generally 

larger, paler, fewer, more scattered inflorescences. Additionally, P. scandens produces 

solitary inflorescences whereas P. chinensis frequently produces inflorescences in 

pairs. Generally P. scandens has flowering shoots arising at many of the leaf axils of 

long pendent fertile shoots, thus there are often numerous inflorescences. By contrast, 

P. chinensis tends to produce flowering shoots only in the most distal leaf axils of short 

spreading fertile shoots, thus inflorescences are rather few. Inflorescence colours also 

differ; purple spathe and cream fertile spadix in P. scandens, green spathe and white to 

yellow fertile spadix in P. chinensis. Field observations have detected a faint sweet odour 

from inflorescences of P. chinensis but no detectable odour from P. scandens. 

Sterile material of P. chinensis can be difficult to differentiate from P. scandens. 

Generally the petioles are less than half as long as the lamina, and the lamina is twice or 

more as broad as the petiole, narrower and with an attenuate apex. However, variation 

is such that intermediates are common. A feature noted in P. chinensis, but yet to be 

recorded for P. scandens, is the occurrence of flagelliform foraging shoots. 

2. Pothos curtisii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 1279 

(sub P. latofolius). 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 186. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 

9: 547. 2001.— P. peninsularis Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 3, 1: 381. 1920.— 

P. latifolius Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893, nom. illeg., non P. latifolius L.— P. 

kunstleri Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 554. 1893.— P. maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 

554. 1893. 

Slender, heterophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 3 m. Stem (juvenile) ca 1.5 

mm diam., terete to slightly angled in cross section, shingle-leaved; stem (mature) ca 6 mm 

diam., terete in cross-section. Leaves scattered, spreading. Petiole slender, canaliculate, 

rounded abaxially, 2–10.5 cm by 1–6 mm, base decurrent, apex prominently pulvinate; 

petiolar sheath distinct, prominent, erect, apically ligulate in young growth, ligule later 

disintegrating, base amplexicaul or decurrent to almost free; lamina broadly to narrowly 

oblong-elliptic, 8–26 by 1.6–9.5 cm. Flowering shoot much abbreviated to rarely rather 

elongated through reiteration, leafless or occasionally bearing developed but undersize 

foliage leaves. Inflorescence solitary on each reiterating flowering shoot but many such 

shoots arising sequentially; peduncle somewhat robust, strongly curving or straight, the 

inflorescence held erect, 2.5–6.5 cm by 1–4 mm, mid green; spathe linear-triangular to 

narrowly oblong, 3.4–6.7 by ca 1 cm, base rounded, annulately inserted onto peduncle, 

apex acuminate, slightly rough to smooth, pale brown tinged reddish pink; spadix stipitate; 

stipe 3–19 by 1–2 mm, terete; fertile portion 3.5–13.5 cm by 0.5–3 mm, very slendercylindric, 

occasionally sterile at the tip, pale greyish pink, older inflorescences blackish 

red. Flowers 3 by 2.1 by 1.6 mm diam., widely scattered, arranged in a lax spiral along 

the spadix. Infructescence not observed. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra). 

Ecology.— Wet hill and lowland evergreen forest; altitudes 60–600 m.




Notes.— Pothos curtisii is the only species of the luzonensis group (see Boyce 

& Hay 1998) occurring in Thailand. Fertile material is unmistakable by the slender 

spadix and scattered flowers. Sterile specimens may be confused with other species of 

the Allopothos supergroup, especially those occurring in the same region of peninsular 

Thailand (e.g. P. kingii and P. leptostachyus). Pothos leptostachyus and P. kingii have 

thinly chartaceous leaves, while P. curtisii has more coriaceous leaves. 

3. Pothos kingii Hook.f, Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 131. 

1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 189. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 515. 2001.— P. 

grandispathus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 48. 1904 (‘grandispatha’).— 

P. ridleyanus Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 8: 150. 1935.— P. ellipticus Ridl., J. Straits 

Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 48. 1904, nom. illeg., non P. ellipticus Moon ex Miq. Fig. 1C. 

Moderate, slender, heterophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 7 m. Stem 

(juvenile) ca 3 mm diam., terete in cross section, shingle-leaved; stem (mature) to 8 

mm diam., terete in cross section. Leaves dense. Petiole slender, 4–12 cm by 2–2.5 mm; 

petiolar sheath extending to pulvinus, clasping basally on juvenile and mature sterile 

shoots, prominent and sheathing to 4/5 of its length on fertile shoots; lamina ovate to 

elliptic or lanceolate, 5–25 by 2.5–9 cm, stiffly chartaceous, air drying dull green with 

the midrib pale yellow and prominently raised. Flowering shoot elongated, leafy, arising 

from most of the mid to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle 

reflexed by ca 90° at the base, the inflorescence held inverted beneath the shoot, 2–5 cm 

by 1.5– 2.5 mm, stout, yellow to orange-brown; spathe ovate, deeply cucullate, 4–10 by 

2.5–6 cm, base slightly decurrent on the peduncle, apex acute, deep purple inside and out, 

softlyleathery and rather prominently net-veined; spadix sessile, cylindrical, 2.5–7 cm by 

3–8 mm, deep purple-brown. Flowers ca 1 mm diam. Infructescence not observed. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, 

Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type). 

Ecology.— Shady to open areas in wet primary evergreen forest, often on steep 

slopes. Frequently, but not exclusively, associated with limestone; altitudes 50–450m. 



Notes.— Unique due to its deeply cucullate, softly leathery, deep purple spathe, 

P. kingii is restricted to southern Peninsular Thailand and a few localities in Peninsular 

Malaysia where it occurs in wet forest. Fertile specimens are instantly recognizable but 

sterile material could be confused with vegetatively similar P. lorispathus (to which P. 

kingii is allopatric), and P. curtisii. The last is known from one locality in Peninsular 

Thailand but is widespread and locally common in Peninsular Malaysia. 

19

20 


4. Pothos leptostachyus Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 71. 1860; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 

130 (sub. P. lorispathus (‘lorispatha’). 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 195 (sub. lorispatha). 

2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 498. 2001.— P. lorispathus Ridl., J. Straits Branch 

Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86: 310. 1922 (‘lorispatha’). Fig. 1D. 

Moderate, robust, (heterophyllous?), root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 8 m. Stem 

(mature) to 6 mm diam., terete in cross-section; fertile shoots seldom branching, stem 

of fertile shoot to 4 mm diam., densely clothed with leaves. Leaves dense. Petiole 

slender, 3–7 m long; petiolar sheath somewhat prominent, extending to just below apical 

pulvinus, basally clasping, apically briefly auriculate to slightly ligulate; lamina oblongelliptic, 

often falcate, unequal, occasionally quite strongly so, 10–34 by 2.5–10 cm, base 

rounded, apex acute to acuminate, very briefly tabulate, stiffly but thinly chartaceous, 

air drying dull greenish. Flowering shoot arising from below the leaf axils of fertile 

shoots, abbreviated, usually leafless but with 1–several well-developed cataphylls, very 

occasionally with one or more fully developed but reduced leaves. Inflorescence solitary 

but flowering shoots almost always reiterating and thus several inflorescences at varying 

degrees of developmental maturity often present; peduncle moderately stout, 3–5 cm by 

2–3 mm, erect or curving and ultimately ascending and the inflorescence held erect, dull 

green; spathe lorate, 2.5–10 cm by 5–15 mm, spreading, base auriculate, auricle margins 

inrolled, barely decurrent on the peduncle, apex obtuse, acuminate, mid green; spadix 

stipitate; stipe 8–15 by ca 2 mm, slender, terete, lime green; fertile portion 5–6.5 cm 

by 3–4 mm, cylindrical to tapering slender–cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, base 

unequal, slightly cochleate, creamy yellow. Flowers ca 1.5 mm diam. Infructescence with 

numerous berries; fruit 1–1.5 cm by 5–8 mm, obclavate to ellipsoid, ripening deep scarlet, 

with basal chartaceous tepal remains. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Indonesia (Sumatra, Aceh), Borneo. 

Ecology.— Damp to rather dry evergreen hill forest on limestone; altitude 50–100 m. 



Notes.— Confusion with P. wallichii is possible although the stout (2–3 mm diam.) 

erect peduncles and longer, lorate spathe readily distinguishes P. leptostachyus. 

5. Pothos macrocephalus Scort. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay 

Penins. 5: 128. 1925; P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 172. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 

476. 2001. Fig. 2A. 

Large, robust, homeophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 15 m. Stem 

(juvenile) to 8 mm diam., weakly angled or subterete in cross section; stem (mature) 12 

mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole broadly winged, oblong to obovate-oblong, 5–14 cm by 

5–15 mm, with 4–5 secondary veins per side, base decurrent to clawed, apex truncate, 

rounded or auriculate; lamina ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, 3–18 by 1.5–20.5 cm, with 

2–4 intramarginal veins per side, base rounded to acute, apex attenuate-mucronate to 

acute or attenuate, minutely tabulate, leathery. Flowering shoot much abbreviated,


arising from mostly the middle to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, sometimes arising on 

older leafless parts, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 5–35 mm, sequentially longer 

cataphylls. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle rather stout, 4–10 cm by 1.5–2 mm, erect, dull 

orange-yellow; spathe ovate, 2.5-3 by 2–2.5 cm, flat to convex, base cordate, clasping 

the peduncle, apex slightly raised, acute to subacute with a stout mucro, white, somewhat 

waxy; spadix stipitate; stipe terete in cross section, 2.5–4 cm by 2–2.5 mm, erect, straight, 

pale green; fertile portion ovoid-clavate, 1.25–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-yellow. Flowers 

ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit obclavate to ovoid or ellipsoid, 

1–1.75 by 1–1.4 cm, deep green ripening to scarlet, epidermis of upper part of ovary 

roughened in sub-mature fruits, more or less smooth when ripe. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Indonesia (Sumatra). 

Ecology.— Rainforest on rock along streams, moist evergreen forest on moderate 

slopes. Frequently associated with limestone or granite; altitude 50–300 m. 

Vernacular.— Thao phan dong (เถาพันดง) (Peninsular). 


Notes.— A large distinctive hemiepiphyte which, for the area under review, has 

so far been collected only in Yala and Narathiwat provinces of peninsular Thailand where 

its occurrence is sporadic. The large yellow and white inflorescences are most similar in 

appearance to those of P. gigantipes (S. Vietnam & Cambodia). However, the form of the 

mature and juvenile leaves of these species is quite different. Sterile P. macrocephalus 

can be confused with P. scandens although in the latter the petiole is generally shorter 

than the lamina and overall P. macrocephalus is a more massive plant. 

6. Pothos neoroxburghii P.C.Boyce, nom. nov.— P. roxburghii de Vriese in F.A.W.Miquel, 

Pl. Jungh.: 103 (1851), non Schott, Aroideae: 22 (1856).— P. longipedunculatus Engl., 

Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 27 (1905), nom. illeg., non. Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 93 

(1925), nom. illeg. Lectotype (selected here): Malaysia, Penang, Porter s.n., sub Wallich 

E.I. Cat. No. 4435D (K-WAL!) This is the only physical specimen cited by de Vriese. The 

other syntype is: Wight Icones III: 776. Fig. 2B. 

Large moderately robust, homeophyllous, root-climbing hemiepiphyte to 15 m. 

Stem to 15 mm diam., four-angled or slightly compressed-terete in cross section; fertile 

shoot branching to ca two orders, stem to 10 mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole 2–20 cm by 

5–20 mm, broadly winged, obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, with 2–3 secondary veins 

and numerous veinlets per side, base decurrent, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate; 

lamina 2–10 by 1–4 cm, ovate to elliptic or lanceolate with 2 intramarginal veins per 

side, base rounded to acute, apex attenuate-mucronate, leathery. Flowering shoot much 

abbreviated, arising from most of the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, bearing 

a minute prophyll and a few 3–10 mm, sequentially longer, cataphylls. Inflorescence 

solitary; peduncle slender, 3–15 by 0.5–2 mm, erect to spreading, green to purple-tinged; 

spathe 4–10 by 4–10 mm, ovate, concave, margins flate to slightly concave, base short, 

apex rounded to acute with a tiny, rather stout mucro, maroon; spadix long-stipitate; stipe 

terete in cross section, 10–15 by ca 1 mm, erect, white; fertile portion globose or ovoid 

21

22 


to subclavate, 9–12 by 3.5–10 mm, white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 

1–5 berries; fruit obclavate, 1–1.75 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-green ripening to deep scarlet. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; SOUTH-EASTERN: 

Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Surat 

Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Songkhla, Pattani. 

Distribution.— NW India through Burma. 

Ecology.— On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet lowland to hill 

evergreen tropical forest; altitude 150–450 m. 

Vernacular.— Thao phan dong (เถาพันดง) (Peninsular). 


Notes.— de Vriese erected Pothos roxburghii seemingly unaware that the name 

was preoccupied for a Sumatra species now known as Pothos junghuhnii de Vriese. 

Later uncritical synonymization of de Vriese’s epithet into P. scandens, along with the 

illegitimacy of Engler’s attempt at renaming de Vriese’s concept (as P. longipedunculatus) 

but based upon a new type (thus rendering Engler’s epithet illegitimate) has long 

obfuscated the status of plants that while resembling P. scandens, differ markedly in the 

larger inflorescences with the stipe not reflexing. The new epithet is chosen to continue 

in some way to reflect that Roxburgh, as so often, actually got the taxonomy correct but 

simply failed to get the name published in accordance with modern rules. 

7. Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl.: 698. 1753; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 551. 1893; Ridl., 

Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 127. 1925; Gagnep. in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 1083. 1942; 

P.C.Boyce, Blumea 45: 180. 2000; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 461. 2001.— Batis 

hermaphrodita Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1: 791. 1837.— Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) 

Merr., Sp. Blancoanae: 90. 1918.— P. angustifolius C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 243. 1849.— P. 

chapelieri Schott, Aroideae: 22, t. 35. 1856–1857.— P. exiguiflorus Schott, Aroideae: 21, 

t. 41. 1856–1857.— P. cognatus Schott, Aroideae: 22, t. 42. 1856–1857.— P. scandens L. 

var. cognatus (Schott) Engl. in A.L.P de Candolle & A.C.P. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 

84. 1879.— P. zollingerianus Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 19. 1855.— P. horsfieldii 

Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 178. 1856.— P. decipiens Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 165. 

1859.— P. fallax Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 560. 1860. Fig. 2 C. 

Moderate to rather large, slender to moderately robust, homeophyllous, rootclimbing 

hemiepiphyte to 6 m. Stem 10 mm diam., weakly four-angled or slightly 

compressed-terete in cross section; fertile shoot often branching to four or more orders, 

stem to 5 mm diam. Leaves dense. Petiole 2–14 cm by 5–20 mm, broadly winged, 

obovate-oblong to linear-oblong, with 2–3 secondary veins and numerous veinlets per 

side, base decurrent, apex truncate, rounded or auriculate; lamina 2–10 by 1–4 cm, ovate 

to elliptic or lanceolate with 2 intramarginal veins per side, base rounded to acute, apex 

attenuate-mucronate, leathery. Flowering shoot much abbreviated, arising from most of 

the mid- to distal leaf axils of fertile shoots, bearing a minute prophyll and a few 3–10 mm, 

sequentially longer, cataphylls. Inflorescence solitary; peduncle slender, 3–15 by 0.5–2 

mm, erect to spreading, green to purple-tinged; spathe 4–8 by 4–7 mm, ovate, concave,


margins variously inrolled, base short or somewhat long-clawed, apex rounded to acute 

with a tiny rather stout mucro, greenish to maroon; spadix stipitate; stipe terete in cross 

section, 5–10 by ca 1 mm, erect, the distal part erect to bent through 270°, greenish to 

maroon; fertile portion globose or ovoid to subclavate, 4–10 by 3.5–10 mm, yellow green 

to off white. Flowers ca 1–2 mm diam. Infructescence with 1–5 berries; fruit obclavate, 

1–1.75 by 1–1.5 cm, mid-green ripening to deep scarlet. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Phrae, 

Sukhothai, Phitsanulok; NORTH-EASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum; SOUTH-WESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; 

SOUTH-EASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chachoengsao, Chon Buri, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat; 

PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, 

Songkhla, Pattani. 

Distribution.— Madagascar to India and Sri Lanka (type), through Bangladesh to 

SW China, south Indonesia through Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo and the Philippines. 

Ecology.— On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet to dry lowland to 

hill evergreen tropical to subtropical forest, occasionally on sea cliffs, on a variety of 

substrates including clay, limestone or granite; altitude 0–2100 m. 

Vernacular.— Kho kio (คอกิ่ว) 

(Surat Thani, Yala); cha khep (จะเข็บ) (Central, Lao), 

ta khep (ตะเข็บ) (Central); kao kin bai-lek, kao kin bai noi (Trang), ta khap (Chon Buri), 

wai mai (Myanmar: Shan, Shan dialect), wai so toi (Chon Buri), wai tamoi (หวายตะมอย) 

(Trat, Uttaradit); wai saloi (หวายสะลอย) (Nong Khai); wai nu (หวายหนู) (Chiang Rai); namae-ka-ting 

(นะแมะกะติง) (Malay–Pattani). 

Uses.— In China the plants are used as blood coagulant, principally for wounds. 

Fruits and leaves made into a compress [Keenan et al. 3281 (GH)]. 

Notes.— Pothos scandens is unmistakable in its typical aspect, carrying rather 

small inflorescences on bent peduncles. However, the species is highly variable. Some 

populations comprise high-climbing plants bearing tiny inflorescences (Beusekom 

& Smitinand 2150, Geesink et al. 7250, Larsen et al. 44267 and Smitinand 2959 are 

representative of this element). Other populations (collections include e.g. Phusomsaeng 

188, Larsen 9524, Kasin 366) produce rather large inflorescences not exhibiting the bent 

peduncle until very late anthesis or during early infructescence development. 

8. Pothos wallichii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 553. 1893; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 129 

(sub. P. barberianus var. wallichii). 1925; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Telopea 9: 521. 2001.— 

Pothos barberianus Schott var. wallichii (Hook.f.) Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 49. 

1907 & Fl. Malay Penins. 5: 129. 1925. Fig. 2 D–E. 

Slender, (heterophyllous?), root-climbing hemiepiphyte. Stem ca 6 mm diam., subterete. 

Leaves dense. Petiole slender, 6–9 cm long; petiolar sheath margins inrolled and 

thus sheath not prominent, extending to just below pulvinus, basally clasping, apically 

briefly ligulate; lamina lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, 6–16 by 2–5 cm, base acute to 

obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, very briefly apiculate; primary lateral veins arising at ca 

80°, very fine, stiffly but thinly chartaceous, drying dull greenish. Flowering shoot leafy, 

23

24 


arising from the distalmost portions of fertile shoots. Inflorescence solitary. Peduncle 

very slender, 4–11 cm by ca 0.75 mm, arching, very rarely reflexed. Spathe lanceolate, 

4–5 by 0.5–1 cm, spreading to weakly reflexing, base auriculate, auricle margins inrolled, 

barely decurrent on the peduncle, apex acute to acuminate, dull reddish purple 

with paler longitudinal streaks. Spadix briefly stipitate; stipe ca 2 mm long; fertile portion 

slender, cylindrical, 5–7.5 cm by ca 2 mm, straight to slightly curved, base unequal, 

slightly cochleate, creamy yellow. Flowers ca 1.2 mm diam. Infructescence with rather 

few berries, these mostly carried on the basal half of spadix. Fruit ellipsoid, 1–1.2 cm by 

4–5 mm, with a prominent stigmatic remnant, ripening deep scarlet. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phatthalung. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia (type), Java. 




Notes.— A new record for Thailand. Pothos wallichii is immediately recognizable 

by the inflorescences pendent from leafy shoot tips and the slender (less than 1 mm diam.) 

peduncle. It is similar to P. leptostachyus but readily separated by the much more slender 

arching, not erect, peduncles and the generally shorter lanceolate spathe and the glossy 

reddish purple with paler longitudinal streaks, not green, spathe limb. 


This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity 

Research and Training grant BRT R-151008. 

REFERENCES 

Boyce, P.C. (2000). The genus Pothos (Araceae: Pothoideae: Potheae) of Thailand and 

Indochina. Blumea 45: 147–204. 

Boyce, P.C. & A. Hay. (1998). Current advances in the taxonomy of Pothos. In: H. Li et al. 

(eds), Current Advances in Araceae Studies. Acta Botanica Yunnanica Supplement 

X: 43–47. 

________. (2001). A taxonomic revision of Araceae tribe Potheae (Pothos, Pothoidium 

and Pedicellarum) for Malesia, Australia and the tropical Western Pacific. Telopea 

9: 449–571. 

Hay, A. (1995). The genus Pothos L. (Araceae-Potheae) in New Guinea, Solomon Islands 

and Australia. Blumea 40: 397–419.

A 

C 


Figure 1. Pothos chinensis: A-B. note the inflorescence situated at the tip of the flowering shoot; P. kingii: 

C. showing the diagnostic hooded deep purple spathe; P. leptostachyus: D. the erect inflorescences 

and green, lorate spathe distinguish this from the somewhat similar P. wallichii. Images: A–B: 

© Rachun Pooma; C: © Dept. Plant Sciences, Faculty of Research Science and Technology, Unimas; 

D: © Peter Boyce. Used with permission. 

D 

B 

25

26 

A 


B C 

D E 

Figure 2. Pothos macrocephalus: A. the most spectacular Pothos in Thailand; the large white and yellow 

inflorescences are immediately diagnostic; P. neoroxburghii: B. long confused with P. scandens, but 

immediately separable by the straight, not reflexed stipe; P. scandens: C. note the inflorescences in 

each of the leaf axils and the reflexed stipe; Pothos wallichii: D-E. the deflexed peduncle and reddish 

purple, white-striped spathe readily separate this from P. leptostachyus. Images: A–B: © Rachun 

Pooma; C: © David Scherberich; D–E: © Peter Boyce. Used with permission.


Thismia clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand 

SAHUT CHANTANAORRAPINT 1 & AMONRAT CHANTANAORRAPINT 2 

ABSTRACT. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., a species newly recorded for Thailand, is described and 

illustrated. A key to the species of Thismia in Thailand is provided. 

KEY WORDS: new record, Thailand, Thismia clavigera, Thismiaceae. 

INTRODUCTION 

The family Burmanniaceae consists of two different tribes, Burmannieae and 

Thismieae, according to several authors (e.g. APG II, 2003; Jonker, 1938; Maas-van de 

Kamer, 1998; Govaerts et al., 2007). However, in some classifications Thismieae are 

considered as a separate family, the Thismiaceae (e.g. APG, 1998; Larsen, 1987; Merckx, 

2008). According to the World Checklist of Dioscoreales (Govaerts et al., 2007) seven 

genera are recognized in the Thismieae (Thismiaceae): Afrothismia Schltr., Geomitra 

Becc., Haplothismia Airy Shaw, Oxygyne Schltr., Scaphiophora Schltr., Thismia Griff. 

and Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. Of these, Geomitra was reduced to synonymy 

under Thismia by Mueller (1891), and this status was accepted by Stone (1980), Maasvan 

de Kamer (1998) and Merckx (2008). In the monograph of Jonker (1938), Geomitra 

was regarded as closely related to Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon (Blume) Jonker , which has 

coralliform roots, small outer perianth lobes and inner lobes which are connate to form an 

erect mitre with three holes. They are different only in the character of the mitre, which 

in Geomitra has three appendages on the top, but absent in Thismia sect. Sarcosiphon. 

The distinctive character seems to be rather of specific level than of generic level. Hence, 

Geomitra should be regarded as synonymous with Thismia following Mueller (1891), 

Stone (1980), Maas-van de Kamer (1998) and the latest phylogenetic systematic research 

in Merckx (2008). 

The account of the Thismiaceae for the Flora of Thailand has already been 

published (Larsen, 1987), including two species of Thismia Griff. In addition, Thismia 

alba Holttum ex Jonker was recently reported from Ton Nga Chang Waterfall, Songkhla 

(Chantanaorrapint & Sridith, 2007) and T. angustimitra Chantanaorr. has been described 

from Phu Wua, Nong Khai (Chantanaorrapint, 2008). During a field trip to Tarutao Island, 

Satun Province, in May 2008, T. clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell. was discovered as a new record 

for Thailand. Thismia clavigera had been previously collected from Borneo, Sumatra, 

and Langkawi (Beccari, 1977; Jonker, 1938, 1948; Stone, 1980). The description and 

illustration below are based on the Thai specimens cited below. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 PSU-Herbarium, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBiPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of 

Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand. 

2 Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.

28 


Figure 1. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. plant habit with mature flower; B. perianth; C. longitudinal 

section of perianth; D. outer (abaxial) view of three pendulous stamens; E. inner (adaxial) view of 

three pendulous stamens, F. ovary. Scale bars = 1 cm. Drawn by S. Chantanaorrapint.

THISMIA CLAvIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT) 29 

DESCRIPTION 

Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell., Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1890: 235. 1891; 

Blumea 26: 420. fig. 1. 1980.— Geomitra clavigera Becc., Malesia 1: 251. 1877; Monogr. 

Burmann.: 255. 1938; Fl. Males. I, 4: 25. 1948.— Sarcosiphon clavigerus (Becc.) Schltr., 

Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 39. 1921. Type: Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Gadin near 

Lundu, Beccari 2642 (holotype FI). Figs. 1–2. 

Terrestrial, achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic herb. Roots short dichotomously 

branched, forming coralliform, hairy, brownish-white apices. Stems erect, simple, to 15 

cm tall including 1–2(–3) flowers. Leaves scale-like, appressed, 3–8 mm long, triangularovate 

to lanceolate, translucent, apex acute or acuminate. Involucral bracts 3, white, ca 

1.2 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, slightly hooked. Flowers to 6 cm 

long (including appendages); perianth tube urceolate, 1.5–1.9 by 0.6–1.2 cm, narrowed 

just above the ovary, widest in the upper third, bright pink-red, translucent, with 12 

longitudinal ribs, transverse bars inside present; outer tepals 3, white, minute, ca 1 mm 

long, broadly triangular; inner tepals 3, thick, cuneate, broadly fused apically by their 

epidermis to form a mitriform hood above the mouth of the perianth-tube with three 

lateral apertures, aperture 6.5–8.5 mm in diam., top of mitre with three slender claviform 

appendages 1.9–3.2 cm long, all yellow-orange; stamens 6, pendulous from the thickened 

margin of the perianth tube; filaments short, ribbon-shaped, free, yellowish; connective 

broad with a quadrangular wing, apex acute, hairy, indigo blue, translucent, connate to 

form a tube around the style; each with two shallow thecae in adaxial view; theca oblong, 

ca 2 mm long; nectariferous gland present towards apex on the line of fusion between 

each connective; styles short, ca 1 mm long; stigmas ca 2.5 mm long, elliptic-oblong, 

papillae, 3-lobed, lobes slightly folded, apex truncate; ovary inferior, ca 5 mm long, cupshaped, 

blackish. Fruit not seen. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Satun [Tarutao Island, 6°37’23’’N 99°38’10.6’’E, 3 

May 2008, Chantanaorrapint 2022 (PSU)] 

Distribution.— Malaysia (Sarawak, Langawi), Indonesia (Sumatra). 

Ecology.— In primary lowland forest on sandy soil covered by leaf litter over 

sandstone rock at ca 90 m altitude. Flowering in May. 

Notes.— The distinctive characters of this species are: 1) the minute outer tepals, 

2) the mitriform inner tepals with three slender claviform appendages, 3) the distal part of 

stamens acute with transparent hairs, and 4) coralliform underground part. 

Five species of Thismia are known from Thailand. A revised key to the species is 

provided below. 

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THISmIA IN THAILAND 

1. Inner perianth lobes free, spreading or erect 

2. Perianth lobes all equal in size, ± triangular, all 6 with long thread-like appendages 1. T. alba 

2. Outer 3 perianth lobes larger than inner 3, broadly ovate, only inner perianth lobes with long thread-like 

appendages 2. T. javanica 

1. Inner perianth lobes connate at the apex to form a mitre

30 


3. Top of the mitre with three slender claviform appendages, underground part coralliform 3. T. clavigera 

3. Top of the mitre with three fovea, underground part vermiform 

4. Mitre broader than perianth tube, annulus erect 4. T. mirabilis 

4. Mitre narrower than perianth tube, annulus curved 5. T. angustimitra 


The authors would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr Obchant Thaithong, Department 

of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand and Assoc. 

Prof. Dr Kitichate Sridith, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla 

University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand for their valuable comments on the first draft of 

the manuscript. Thanks also due to the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince 

of Songkla University for the laboratory facilities. 

Figure 2. Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.Muell.: A. habit; B. longitudinal section of perianth, C. inner (adaxial) 

view of three pendulous stamens; D. ovary showing stigma; E. underground part. Scale bars: A, B, E 

= 1 cm; C, D = 5 mm. Photographed by S. Chantanaorrapint.

THISMIA CLAvIGERA (THISMIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. CHANTANAORRAPINT & A. CHANTANAORRAPINT) 31 

REFERENCES 

APG. (1998). An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the 

Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553. 

APG II. (2003). An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the 

orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean 

Society 141: 399–436. 

Beccari, O. (1877). Burmanniaceae. Malesia 1: 240–254. 

Chantanaorrapint, S. (2008). Thismia angustimitra (Thismiaceae), a new species from 

Thailand. Blumea 53: 524–526. 

Chantanaorrapint, S. & Sridith, K. (2007). Thismia alba (Thismiaceae), a new record for 

Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35: 34–37. 

Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. 

Yams and their allies. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

Jonker, F.P. (1938). A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het 

Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit de Utrecht 51: 

1–279. 

________. (1948). Burmanniaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed), Flora Malesiana ser. 

I. 4: 13–26. 

Larsen, K. (1987). Thismiaceae. In: T. Smitinand & K. Larsen (eds), Flora of Thailand 

5(1): 124–126. 

Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1998). Burmanniaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) Families and 

genera of vascular plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), pp. 

154–164. Springer, Berlin. 

Merckx, v. (2008). Myco-heterotrophy in Dioscoreales: Systematics and Evolution. 

Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 

Mueller, F.v. (1891). Notes on a new Tasmanian plant of the Order Burmanniaceae. 

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1890: 232–235. 

Stone, B.C. (1980). Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F.v.M. (Burmanniaceae). 

Blumea 26: 419–425.


A new record and a new synonym in Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand 

WITTAYA KAEWSRI 1 , YINGYONG PAISOOKSANTIVATANA 2 & UAMPORN VEESOMMAI 2 

ABSTRACT. The new record Amomum micranthum Ridl. is reported for Thailand. Amomum inthanonense 

Chaveer. & Tanee is reduced to a synonym of A. coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia. 

KEY WORDS: Amomum, Zingiberaceae, Thailand, new records. 

INTRODUCTION 

The genus Amomum Roxb. comprises 150–180 species. They are widely distributed 

in Southeast Asia from the Himalayas to Northern Australia and extend into the central 

Pacific (Kam, 1982; Smith, 1985). Larsen (1996) listed 14 species of Amomum in his 

preliminary checklist of Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Sirirugsa (2001) estimated that there 

are around 15–20 Amomum species in Thailand. Larsen & Larsen (2006) in Gingers of 

Thailand, listed 16 species of Amomum. In the most recent account (Kaewsri, 2006), 

31 species of Thai Amomum were enumerated but only 13 of these were previously 

recognised species, the rest being proposed as new species. Whilst examining herbarium 

collections of this genus for the Flora of Thailand, we found the recently described 

Amomum inthanonense Chaveer. & Tanee (Chaveerach et al., 2008) is a synonym of A. 

coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia (Tong & Xia, 1988), and that A. micranthum Ridl. 

is newly recorded for Thailand. 

1. Amomum micranthum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 138. 1899; Ridl., 

Fl. Malay Penins. 4: 267. 1924. Type: Curtis 2884 (lectotype SING, designated by 

Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 202 (1950)). Fig. 1C, D. 

Rhizome elongate. Leafy shoot slender, 0.9–1.2 m tall. Leaves 19–25; sheath 

glabrous, margin ciliate; ligule entire, apex round, margin ciliate, papery, 1–2 mm 

long; petiole absent; lamina oblong to narrowly oblong, 15–22 by 2–3 cm, glabrous, 

base attenuate, apex acuminate, tip caudate, 1–2.5 cm. Inflorescence densely obovate 

or conical, 3–4 by 2–2.5 cm, dark red; peduncle 8–11 cm long; peduncular bracts ovate, 

ca 0.8–1.4 by 0.8–1 cm, reddish brown, apex hooded, mucronate. Bract oblong to 

obovate-oblong, 1.3–1.7 by 0.7–0.9 cm, brownish red, base pubescent, apex acuminate. 

Bracteole tubular, ca 8 mm long including ovary, apex unequally bifid, creamy white, 

base pubescent. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm long including ovary, apex 3-fid, outer surface slightly 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Corresponding author: Agricultural Science Program, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 71150, 

Thailand. 

2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

A NEW RECORD AND A NEW SYNONYM IN AMOMUM ROXB. (ZINGIBERACEAE) IN THAILAND 

(W. KAEWSRI, Y. PAISOOKSANTIVATANA & U. VEESOMMAI) 

pubescent at base, creamy white. Corolla creamy white, tube glabrous, ca 1.8 cm long 

including ovary, dorsal lobe oblong, ca 8 by 4 mm, apex acuminate, hooded, lateral lobes 

narrower. Staminodes linear, ca 1–2 mm long, base swollen, apex truncate, with sparse 

hair. Labellum obovoid, spreading, 10–12 by 6–7 mm, base attenuate, apex truncate, 

slightly revolute, creamy white with pinkish red dots at base and radiating upward. 

Stamen glabrous, creamy white; filament ca 5 mm long, linear; anther 3–4 by 2–3 mm, 

dehiscing lengthwise; anther crest 3-lobed, ca 4 by 2 mm, creamy white, central lobe ca 

3.5 by 1.0 mm, round, recurved, lateral lobes ca 2 by 1 mm, auriculate, apex acute, erect. 

Ovary cylindrical, ca 3.0 by 1.5 mm; stigma capitate, the aperture narrowly transverse, 

margin hairy; style pubescent; stylodes blunt, ca 2.5 mm long. Fruit subglobose, ca 

1.0–1.6 cm diameter, sparsely covered with fleshy, curved spines, brownish green when 

young, turning dark red when ripe, with persistent calyx and stigma, 1.2–1.4 cm long at 

apex, fruitlets 1–6; seeds angular, ca 7 by 4 mm, aril white. 

Thailand.— SOUTH-EASTERN: Chanthaburi [Khlong Khruea Wai, 25 March 2004, 

Kaewsri 63 (BK, BKF)]; PENINSULAR: Ranong [Krom Luang Chumphon Wildlife 

Sanctuary, 7 April 2004, Kaewsri 84 (BK, BKF)]. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia: Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan. 

Ecology.— Tropical rain forest, dry evergreen forest or bamboo forest, altitude ca 

250 m. Flowering and fruiting April–July. 

Note.— The specimens collected in Thailand are more robust than the type 

specimen. 

2. Amomum coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia, Acta Bot. Yunnan., 10: 208. 1988. 

Wu & Larsen, Fl. China 24: 350. 2000. Type: Tong, S.Q. & Liao, W.D. 24839 (holotype 

HITBC).— Amomum inthanonense Chaveer. & Tanee, Taiwania 53: 7. 2008, synon. nov. 

Type: Thailand: Northern, Chiang Mai, Chom Thong District, Doi Inthanon National 

Park, 17 May 2006, Mokkamul & Chaveerach 316 (holotype BKF, isotype BK). Fig. 

1A, B. 

Rhizome short. Leafy shoot stout, 1.2–3.0 m tall. Leaves 12–14; sheath green, 

reddish-tinged at base; ligule entire, apex drying papery, 0.6–2.0 cm long; petiole 

0.3–1.0 cm long; lamina oblong, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 20–68 by 3–18 cm, 

base attenuate or cuneate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence ovoid, cylindrical or conical, 

emerging near base of pseudostem, 5.0–11.0 by 3.5–4.0 cm, purplish red; peduncle stout, 

4–6 cm long; peduncular bract broadly ovate or orbicular, red, apex acuminate, 1.0–1.5 

by 1.0–2.0 cm. Bract ovate to broadly ovate, 3.5–7.5 by 1.0–2.0 cm, apex acuminate, 

red. Bracteole tubular, 3.6–4.0 cm long, apex 2-lobed, shallowly split ca 2 cm on one 

side, outer surface pubescent, pinkish white. Calyx ca 4 cm long including ovary, apex 

shallowly bifid, split on one side, pinkish white, glabrous. Corolla pinkish white, tube ca. 

4 cm long including ovary, dorsal lobe hooded, oblong, ca 2.5 by 1.0 cm, apex acuminate, 

lateral lobes narrower. Staminodes absent. Labellum elliptic or broadly ovate, spreading, 

ca 3.7 by 1.5 cm, base attenuate, apex round, margin wrinkled, pale yellow, darker 

towards apex, pale red band from base to middle, lateral crimson lines along the band 

from base to middle, with crimson streaks at both sides of base, base white pubescent. 

33

34 


Stamen glabrous, pale yellow; filament ca 6–9 mm long; anther ca 1.3 by 0.3 cm, pale 

yellow, dehiscing lengthwise; anther crest entire, truncate-emarginate or slightly 3-lobed, 

lateral lobes distinct, reflexed, the middle lobe usually disintegrating, spreading, 5 by 3 

mm, pale yellow. Ovary cylindrical, ca 13 by 6 mm, smooth; stigma triangular, aperture 

narrowly transverse, margin hairy; stylodes blunt, ca 8 mm long. Fruit narrowly ovate 

or elliptic, smooth, 4.5–5 by 2.0–3.0 cm, pale green when young, fruit stalk 1.0–1.5 cm 

long; seeds many, angular, ca 5 by 4 mm, brown. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai [Doi Inthanon, 28 July 1988, Phengklai et al. 

7183 (BKF); 18 May 2004, Kaewsri 111 (BK, BKF); Doi Suthep, 8 May 1988, Maxwell 

88-604 (CMU); 15 Sept. 1988, Maxwell 88-1081 (CMU, BKF); 21 May 1990, Maxwell 

90-541 (CMU); Chom Thong, 7 May 1991, Maxwell 91-410 (CMU); 16 June 1991, 

Maxwell 91-557 (CMU); Pang Sa Det, 21 May 2004, Kaewsri 114 (BK, BKF); Doi 

Lon, 16 July 2005, Maxwell 05-451 (CMU)], Kamphaeng Phet [Mae Wong, 8 July 2001, 

Watthana 1395 (QBG)], Nan [Tham Pha Toop, 2 Sept. 1999, Middleton 155 (BKF); Doi 

Phu Kha, 5 July 2004, Kaewsri 137 (BK, BKF); Doi Phu Kha, 22 Aug. 2001, Srisanga 

& Maknoi 2057 (QBG)], Lampang [Chae Son, 24 June 1996, Maxwell 96-876 (CMU, 

BKF)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei [Na Haeo, 25 April 1994, Nanakorn s.n. (QBG)]. 

Distribution.— China: Yunnan. 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen and pine forest, under shady of trees or shrubs, moist 

areas along streams, granite bedrock, altitude 850–2300 m. Flowering and fruiting May– 

September 

A B 

C D 

Figure 1. Amomum coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia: A. inflorescence; B. infructescence; A. micranthum 

Ridl.: C. inflorescence; D. infructescence. (Photographed by W. Kaewsri).

A NEW RECORD AND A NEW SYNONYM IN AMOMUM ROXB. (ZINGIBERACEAE) IN THAILAND 

(W. KAEWSRI, Y. PAISOOKSANTIVATANA & U. VEESOMMAI) 

Note.— This species is found only at high altitude in Northern and Northeastern 

Thailand. The species differs from the original description in its entire labellum (not 

lobed or auriculate) and the fruit lacks the coriander smell. These characters, however, 

are not sufficient to recognise Amomum inthanonese as a species distinct from A. 

coriandriodorum. Amomum coriandriodorum is similar to A. tsaoko Crevost & Lemarie 

in its fruit shape and yellow labellum, but differs in the anther crest lateral lobes of A. 

coriandriodorum being narrower and distinctly reflexed (versus broader and spreading), 

and the labellum base of A. coriandriodorum with clearly crimson streaks (versus obscure 

or absent in A. tsaoko). Although we have not seen the type of Amomum coriandriodorum 

the identity of the Thai plant has been confirmed by Y.M. Xia. 


The authors are very grateful to Prof. Y.M. Xia for her helpful suggestions. We 

should like to thank the curators and staff of BK, BKF, PSU, CMU, QBG and SING 

for their kind permission to access their herbaria and for suggestions made during this 

study. This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity 

Research and Training, grant BRT T_14009. 

REFERENCES 

Chaveerach, A., Mokkamul, P., Sudmoon, R. & Tanee, T. (2008). A New Species of 

Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) from Northern Thailand. Taiwania 53: 6–10. 

Kam, Y. K. (1982). The genus Elettariopsis (Zingiberaceae) in Malaya. Notes from the 

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 40: 139–152. 

Kaewsri, K. (2006). Systematic Studies of the Genus Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in 

Thailand. Ph.D. Thesis, Kasetsart University. 

Larsen, K. (1996). A preliminary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest 

Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35–49. 

Larsen, K. & Larsen, S. S. (2006). Gingers of Thailand. Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden. 

Sirirugsa, P. (2001). Zingiberaceae of Thailand, pp. 63–77. In: V. Baimai and R. Kumhom. 

BRT Research Reports 2001. Biodiversity Research and Training Program. Jirawat 

Express Co., Ltd., Bangkok (in Thai). 

Smith, R.M. (1985). A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae: 1 (Alpineae p.p.). Notes from 

the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 42: 261–314. 

Tong, S.Q. & Xia, Y.M. (1988). Some New Taxa of Amomum from Yunnan. Acta Botanica 

Yunnanica 10: 205–211. 

35


A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand 

CHARAN LEERATIWONG 1 , PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI 2 & ALAN J. PATON 3 

ABSTRACT: A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. in Thailand is presented, including a key to the species, notes 

on distribution, ecology, vernacular names and descriptions for new taxa. Twelve species are recognized, including 

two new species, C. kerrii C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton and C. phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton. C. 

glandulosa H.R.Fletcher is placed as a new synonym of C. bodinieri H.Lév. Lectotypes of C. bodinieri, C. 

lanceolaria Roxb. and C. rubella Lindl. are also designated. 

INTRODUCTION 

The genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) with ca 140 species is mainly distributed 

in temperate, subtropical and tropical Asia, America, Australia and the Pacific Islands 

(Harley et al., 2004). Callicarpa was first described by Linnaeus (1753), based on C. 

americana L. For this study, the genus Geunsia Blume was regarded as synonymous with 

Callicarpa following Cantino et al. (1992), Harley et al. (2004) and Bramley et al. (2009). 

Clarke (1904) was the first botanist who recorded a species of Callicarpa (C. longifolia 

Lam.) from Thailand (Chang Island, Trat). The first preliminary revision of the genus in 

Thailand was undertaken by Fletcher (1938). He enumerated 12 species and two varieties 

and also made a key to species. Later, Moldenke (1980), The Forest Herbarium, Royal 

Forest Department (2001) and Govaerts et al. (2007) published checklists of Callicarpa in 

Thailand with 18, 11 and 14 taxa respectively. Recently, Leeratiwong et al. (2007) reported 

C. furfuracea Ridl., as a new record for Thailand. In addition, they placed C. villosissima 

Ridl. and C. poilanei Dop in synonymy with C. arborea Roxb. and C. angustifolia King & 

Gamble respectively, and five names were typified, namely C. angustifolia, C. furfuracea, 

C. maingayi King & Gamble, C. poilanei and C. villosissima. 

In the process of revising the Thai Callicarpa two new species, C. kerrii 

C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton and C. phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton are 

described and illustrated here. C. glandulosa H.R.Fletcher is placed as a new synonym of 

C. bodinieri H.Lév. Three taxa, C. bodinieri, C. lanceolaria Roxb. C. rubella Lindl. are 

also lectotypified. 

MATERIALS & METHODS 

The account of Callicarpa is presented as a precursor for the Thai Lamiaceae 

account for the Flora of Thailand Project. Each taxon was investigated and compared 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand. 

2 Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 

Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. 

3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.

A SynOPSIS OF THE GEnUS CALLICARPA L. (LAMIACEAE) In THAILAnD 

(C. LEERATIWOnG, P. CHAnTARAnOTHAI & A.J. PATOn) 

with available literature, field collections and herbarium specimens at the following 

herbaria: AAU, ABD, BCU, BK, BKF, BM, C, CMU, E, Hn, K, KKU, ny, PSU, QBG, 

P, SInG, TEX, TCD, US and Department of Biology Herbarium, Chiang Mai University 

(abbreviations according to Holmgren et al. 1990). 

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 

CALLICARPA 

L., Sp. Pl.: 111. 1753 & Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 127. 1754; Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1: 562. 1783; 

Juss., Gen. Pl.: 107. 1789; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 

1: 390. 1832. Type: C. americana L.— Tomex L., nov. Pl. Gen. Diss. Dassow: 5. 1747. 

Type: T. tomentosa L.— Spondylococcos Mitch., Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.- 

Carol. nat. Cur. 8: 218. 1748.–Type: not located.— Johnsonia T. Dale ex Mill., Gard. 

Dict. Abr. ed. 7. 1754, nom. rej.— Burchardia Heist ex Duhamel, Traité Arb. Arbust. 

1: 111, t. 44. 1755, nom. rej.— Illa Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 446. 1763. Type: not located.— 

Porphyra Lour., Fl. Cochinch. ed. 1, 1: 69. 1790. Type: P. dichotoma Lour.— Rodschiedia 

Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab.: 31. 1818. Type: R. serrata Dennst.— Aganon Raf., 

Sylv. Tellur.: 161. 1838. Type: A. umbellata (Lour.) Raf.— Amictonis Raf., Sylv. Tellur.: 

161. 1838. Type: A. japonica (Thunb.) Raf.— Geunsia Blume, Catalogus: 11. 1823 & 

Bijdr.: 819. 1826. Type: G. farinosa Blume. 

Shrubs, scandent shrubs or trees, rarely woody climbers, branches usually obtusely 

4-angled or terete with lenticels; hairs stellate, dendroid, floccose or simple sometimes 

glabrous or subglabrous. Leaves simple, petiolate or subsessile, opposite-decussate 

or apparently alternate in C. pentandra (see notes below), possessing indumentum to 

glabrous and with yellow, brown or red subsessile glands; lateral veins usually curved 

and joined near margin. Inflorescence an indeterminate thyrse with opposite dichasial 

cymes (Fig. 1), except alternate dichasial cymes in C. pentandra; dichasial cymes axillary 

or supra-axillary, pedunculate, subtended by a leaf-like bract (see notes below). Calyx 

campanulate or cupular, actinomorphic, apices 4 or (4–)5(–6) in C. pentandra, lobed 

or subentire, persistent in fruit. Corolla pink, violet or pinkish-violet, rarely white, 

campanulate or tubular, 4-lobed, (4–)5(–6)-lobed in C. pentandra, actinomorphic. 

Stamens 4(–5), equal, epipetalous, long or shortly exserted, filament usually slender, 

glabrous, inserted near the base of the corolla tube; anther elliptic, oblong or ovate, 

dorsifixed, 2-locular, locules parallel, dehiscing by longitudinal slit, except dehiscing by 

apical slit in C. pentandra. Ovary superior, mostly 2-carpellate or rarely 4–5-carpellate in 

C. pentandra, syncarpous, obovoid, ovoid, subglobose or globose, 2 (–4–5)-locular with 

2 ovules per locule, glabrous to hairy, with subsessile glands; style terminal, glabrous, 

mostly slender, long exserted; stigma capitate or peltate, mostly obscurely bifid or rarely 

4–5-fid. Fruit drupaceous, undivided, exocarp thin, mesocarp fleshy and juicy, endocarp 

strongly hard (bony), ripening fruits black, violet or pink, rarely white or red. Seeds 2–4, 

rarely 5–10, exalbuminous. 

Distribution.— About 140 species, widespread in temperate, subtropical and 

tropical Asia, America, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Twelve species in Thailand. 

notes.— The alternate ‘leaves’ of C. pentandra, since they are subtending cymes, 

37

38 

THAI FOREST BULLETIn (BOTAny) 37 

are strictly bracts, not leaves, but are included here to avoid confusion, since they are 

identical in structure to the leaves, and are likely to be understood as such. 

Since the leaf-like bracts (Fig. 1) are identical in form to the leaves, their description 

is covered under ‘leaves’. 

Stalk of leaf-like 

bracts 

Dichasial cyme 

Figure 1. Inflorescence structure in Callicarpa. 

KEy TO THE SPECIES OF CALLICARPA In THAILAnD 

Leaf-like 

bracts 

Indeterminate thyrse 

Peduncle 

1. Corolla (4–)5(–6)-lobed; stamens 5, anthers dehiscing through a pore-like opening at the apex, which splits 

longitudinally towards the base as the anther matures; cymes alternate, more rarely opposite 

10. C. pentandra 

1. Corolla 4-lobed; stamens 4, anthers dehiscing by a longitudinal slit; cymes opposite 

2. Leaf surfaces covered with red subsessile glands 3. C. bodinieri 

2. Leaf surfaces covered with yellow to brown subsessile glands 

3. Subsessile glands on abaxial surface of leaves hidden by dense overlapping hairs 

4. Outer surface of corolla lobes glabrous or sparsely hairy; anthers and ripening fruit pink or violet 

2. C. arborea 

4. Outer surface of corolla lobes densely hairy; anthers yellow or pale yellow; fruits red or black 

5. Stem nodes without an interpetiolar woody ridge; ripening fruits red 9. C. maingayi 

5. Stem nodes with an interpetiolar woody ridge; ripening fruits black 

6. Leaves usually elliptic, oblong or lanceolate; flowers 3–4 mm long, corolla whitish-pink to pink; 

ovary 2-locular, usually glabrous or rarely with sparse, stellate hairs 1. C. angustifolia 

6. Leaves usually ovate, obovate or broadly elliptic; flowers 4–6 mm long; corolla creamy white to 

white; ovary 4-locular, with dense, stellate hairs 5. C. furfuracea 

3. Subsessile glands on abaxial surface of leaves conspicuous, not hidden by hairs 

7. Adaxial surface of leaves covered with more simple hairs than stellate or dendroid hairs 

8. Leaf base cordate or oblique-cordate, simple hairs on adaxial surface of leaves pilose 12. C. rubella 

8. Leaf base cuneate, attenuate or rounded, simple hairs on adaxial surface of leaves scabrid 

9. Abaxial leaf surface with dense, whitish-grey or grey stellate hairs; anthers violet; ovary hairless 

8. C. macrophylla 

9. Abaxial leaf surface with moderate to sparse, brown stellate hairs; anthers yellow; ovary sparsely hairy 

11. C. phuluangensis



7. Adaxial surface of leaves glabrous or covered with more stellate or dendroid than simple hairs 

10. Outer surface of corolla lobes hairy; ripening fruits white 7. C. longifolia 

10. Outer surface of corolla lobes glabrous; ripening fruits black 

11. Abaxial surface of leaves covered with whitish-grey or greyish hairs; leaf base attenuate; corolla 

pink, violet or pinkish-violet 4. C. candicans 

11. Abaxial surface of leaves covered with brownish hairs; leaf base cuneate or rounded; corolla white 

6. C. kerrii 

1. Callicarpa angustifolia King & Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1908: 106. 1908 

& J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 804. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1014. 1909; H.J.Lam, 

Verben. Malay Archip.: 66. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 

ser. 3, 3: 19. 1921; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., 

Kew 1938: 413. 1938; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia 

Mem. II: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; C.Leeratiwong, 

Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai. Forest Bull., (Bot.) 35: 75. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Perak, Jan. 

1885, King’s Collector 7036 (lectotype K!; lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007).— 

C. poilanei Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 502. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 4(7): 816. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938; 

Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Chen 

& M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 8. 1994. Type: Cambodia, Kampot, 

Pum a rong, 13 June 1930, Poilane 17611 (lectotype P!; isolectotype US!; lectotypified 

by Leeratiwong et al., 2007). Fig. 2. 

Thailand.— nORTH-EASTERn: Loei (Phu Kradueng), nong Khai (Phu Wua), 

Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan); EASTERn: nakhon Ratchasima (Pak Thongchai, Sakaerat), 

Buri Ram, Si Sa Ket (Phanom Dongrak Wildlife Sanctuary), Surin; SOUTH-EASTERn: 

Prachin Buri (Krabinburi), Chonburi (Ko Chan), Chanthaburi (Makham, Khao Sabap, 

Pong namron), Rayong (Khao Chamao), Trat (Ko Kut, Ko Chang, Ban Saphan Hin, Huai 

Rang); PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Kapoe, Tha Sae), Surat Thani (nasan), Krabi (Ao Luek), 

nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang), Songkhla (Rattaphum), Satun (Ko Kabeng). 

Distribution.— China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Mostly in both shady and open evergreen, dry evergreen, limestone or 

secondary forest, rarely in mangroves, mixed deciduous or dipterocarp forest; alt. 0–1,300 

m; flowering: November to April; fruiting: January to October. 

Vernacular.— Kalatang (กาละตัง) (Chanthaburi). 

notes.— Callicarpa angustifolia is characterized by a prominently interpetiolar 

woody ridge at the stem nodes, grey to brownish-grey on the abaxial surface of leaves 

and glabrous or with sparsely hairy ovary. The present study found that the ovary is either 

glabrous or hairy, not only hairy as described by King and Gamble (1908). 

2. Callicarpa arborea Roxb., [Hort. Beng: 10. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 405. 1820; 

Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 125. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 11: 641. 

1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 

567. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 511. 1906; King 

& Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 803. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1013. 1909; 

H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. 21. 1919; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 614. 1923; P’ei, Mem. 

39

40 


Figure 2. Callicarpa angustifolia: A. flowering branch; B. stem node with an interpetiolar woody ridge; C1.–D1. 

hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: C1.–C2. stellate hairs, D1. dendroid hair; E. flower; F. pistil 

with glabrous ovary; G. ovary with stellate hairs; H. fruit. All from Leeratiwong 06-275 (PSU). 

Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.



Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 21. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 503. 1932 & 

in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 792. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., 

Kew 1938: 412. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 282. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary 

Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in 

Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 6. 1994; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 

1978; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenaceae: 35. 2002; C.Leeratiwong, Chantar. & 

A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull., (Bot.) 35: 76. 2007. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb. 

t. 2033 (lectotype K!; lectotypified by Rajendran and Daniel, 2002).— C. villosa Roxb., 

Hort. Beng.: 10. 1814, nom. nud.— C. magna Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 641. 

1847; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 386. 1923. Type: The Philippines, 1841, Cuming 

1266 (holotype B; isotypes BM! K!-2 sheets).— C. arborea var. villosa (Roxb.) King 

& Gamble, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1013. 1909; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 615. 1923; 

H.R.Fletcher in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938. Type: as C. villosa Roxb.— C. 

villosissima Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 110. 1920; Moldenke, Fifth Summary 

Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980. Type: Thailand, Surat Thani, 

Tasan, Jan.-Feb. 1919, Kloss 6851 (lectotype K!; isolectotype SING!; lectotypified by 

Leeratiwong et al., 2007).— C. tectonifolia Wall., Cat. no. 1827, nom. nud. 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Muang, Pai, Pang Ma Pha), Chiang Mai 

(Chiang Dao, Chom Thong, Doi Inthanon, Doi Suthep, Fang, Mae Chaem, Mae Rim, 

Mae Taeng, Muang, Om Koi, Pha Hom Pok, Sameung), Chiang Rai (Doi Tung, Huai 

Chomphu, Khun Korn, Mae Fa Luang, Wiang Papao), nan (Doi Phukha), Lamphun, (Doi 

Khun Tan), Lampang (Chae Son, Khun Tan, ngao, Pan), Phrae (Mae Sai, Pakhui), Tak 

(Doi Hua Mot, Doi Musor), Sukhothai (Khao Luang), Kamphaeng Phet (Mae Wong); 

nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (Phu Miang), Loei (Dan Sai, Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang, 

Phu Ruea, Wang Saphung), nong Khai (Phonphisai), Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan), nakhon 

Phanom; SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Kin Sayo, Sangkhaburi, Srisawat, Wangka), 

Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bang Saphan, Bang Saphanyai); CEnTRAL: Saraburi (Phukhae); 

SOUTH-EASTERn: Chonburi (Khao Chalak, Sriracha), Chanthaburi (Khao Soidao); 

PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Ban Son, Khao Kapao), Ranong (Kapoe, Khlong nakha, Kraburi 

(Lam Liang, La-Un), Surat Thani (Kanthuli, Kao Tum, Khao Sok, Tasan), Phangnga 

(Khuraburi, Takua Pa, Khao Tham Thong Lang, Thap Put), Trang (Khao Banthat, Khao 

Chong), Satun (Thung Wa, Thaleban), Songkhla (Ton nga Chang), Pattani (Ban Kaung, 

Tomo), yala (Bannang Sta, Betong, Kauloung), narathiwat (Waeng). 

Distribution.— nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, 

Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines, new 

Guinea. 

Ecology.— In open lowland evergreen to dry or hill evergreen forest; disturbed 

areas in mixed deciduous, dipterocarp or secondary forest, rarely occurs in limestone, 

pine, beach or savannah forest; alt. 0–1,800 m; flowering and fruiting: all year round. 

Vernacular.— Katok chang (กะตอกช้าง), ta mong pasi (ตาโมงปะสี) (yala); khlui 

(ขลุ่ย) (Karen-Chiang Mai); cha paen (ช้าแป้ น), thap paeng (ทับแป้ ง) (Saraburi); due da da 

pu (ดือดะดาปู) (Malay-narathiwat); ten (เตน) (Loei); poe-khwui (เปอควุย), lae-thung (และทุ่ง) 

(Karen-Mae Hong Son); pha (ผ้า) (Central, Chiang Mai); fa (ฝ้ า), fa khao (ฝ้ าขาว), pha khao 

41

42 


Figure 3. Callicarpa bodinieri: A. flowering branch; B. cyme; C. calyx; D. pistil; E. fruits; F1.–F3. hairs on the 

adaxial surface of leaves: F1. simple hairs, F2. stellate hairs, F3. dendroid hair; G1–G2. hairs on the 

abaxial surface of leaves: G1. stellate hairs, G2. dendroid hair. A–D., F1–F3. & G1–G2. from 

Leeratiwong 04-17 (PSU), E. from Leeratiwong 04-150 (PSU). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.



(พ่าขาว) (northern); pha lai (ผ้าลาย) (Peninsular); pha (พ่า) (Central); ma pha (มะผ้า) (Mae 

Hong Son); sak khi kai (สักขี ้ไก่) (Lampang); siam (เสียม) (Chanthaburi); hu khwai (หูควาย) 

(northern, Trang); hu khwai khao (หูควายขาว) (Surat Thani); hu khwai yai (หูควายใหญ่) 

(Chumphon). 

notes.— Callicarpa arborea is the most common species of the genus in Thailand. 

It is distinct in having mostly a tree habit, with dense, greyish-white to white dendriticstellate 

or stellate hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves which obscure the subsessile 

glands, peduncle (>2.5 cm long) usually longer than the stalk of leaf-like bract, violet 

anthers, pubescent ovary and violet fruits. 

3. Callicarpa bodinieri H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 456. 1911; 

Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 288. 1951; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. 

China 17: 11. 1994. Type: China, Guizhou, Pin Fa, 23 June 1903, Cavalerie 1095 

(lectotype E!; isolectotype K!, designated here).— C. seguinii H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. 

Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455. 1911. Type: China, Guizhou, Tou Chan, Cavalerie 2341 

(holotype E!).— C. feddei H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 10: 439. 

1912. Type: China, Guizhou, June 1905, Esquirol 468 (holotype E!).— C. giraldiana 

Hesse, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1912: 366. 1912; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 

31. 1932. Type: not located.— C. tsiangii Moldenke, Phytologia 3: 109. 1949. Type: 

China, Kiangsi, Tunghuashan, Ihwang, 30 June 1932, Tsiang 10081 (holotype NY!).— C. 

glandulosa H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 199 & 414. 1938; Moldenke, 

Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971, syn. nov.–Type: Thailand, Chumphon, Ta ngao, 

16 Jan. 1927, Kerr 11469 (holotype E!; isotypes BK!, BM!, K!, SING!). Fig. 3. 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Doi Saket, Mae Klang), Chiang Rai (Ban 

Lang Lat), Lampang (Chae Son), Uttaradit (Phu Soi Dao), Sukhothai (Sok Pra Ruang), 

Phitsanulok (Thung Salaeng Luang); nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (nam nao, Lom Sak), 

Loei (Phu Ruea, Wang Saphung), Sakon nakhon (Phu Phan); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum 

(Ban nam Phrom, Chulaphorn Dam, Phu Khieo), nakhon Ratchasima (Khao yai, Pak 

Thong Chai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Srisawat, Thung yai naresuan, Thong 

Phaphum), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Kui Buri); PEnInSULAR: 

Chumporn (Ta ngao). 

Distribution.— China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— In open and streamside areas in evergreen, dry evergreen, mixed 

deciduous or secondary forest, rarely in hill evergreen or dipterocarp forest; alt. 50–1,500 

m; flowering: April to October; fruiting: May to January. 

notes.— Callicarpa bodinieri is distinguished by its red subsessile glands on 

stem, leaves and flowers, glabrous ovary and violet fruit. We have examined both type 

specimens of C. bodinieri and C. glandulosa and found that they are conspecific, therefore 

C. glandulosa is reduced as a synonym under C. bodinieri. The original description of C. 

bodinieri was based on Cavalerie 1095 (E, K), Martin & Bodinier 2365 (E) and Martin & 

Bodinier 1996 (E). Cavalerie 1095 deposited at E is designated as the lectotype, because 

it is the best preserved specimen. 

43

44 


4. Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr., Candollea 5: 190. 1934; Backer & Bakh., Fl. 

Java 2: 601. 1965; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 

2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. 

Gard. 6(1): 19. 1982; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 6. 1994. 

Type: as Urtica candicans Burm.f.— Urtica candicans Burm.f., Fl. Ind.: 197. 1768. 

Type: Indonesia, Java (holotype G).— Callicarpa cana L., Mant. 2: 198. 1771; Willd., 

Sp. Pl. 1 (2): 620. 1798; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 

4: 127. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 643. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 

885. 1858; Benth., Fl. Aust. 5: 56. 1870; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 

1885; King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 806. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 

1016. 1909; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 68. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. 

Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 20. 1921; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 382. 1923; Ridl., 

Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 25. 1932; Dop, Bull. 

Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 504. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte., Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 793. 

1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 

1: 285. 1951. Type: Indonesia, Java, East Indies, Köenig s.n. (holotype LINN).— C. 

tomentosa (L.) Lam., Encycl. 1: 562. 1783, nom. illeg., non L., 1774.— C. macrocarpa 

Raeusch., nomencl. Bot.: 37. 1797, nom. nud.— C. bicolor Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. 

7: 77. 1806; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 642. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 

889. 1858. Type: not designated.— C. adenanthera R.Br., Prodr. Fl. nov. Holl. 1: 513. 

1810; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 129. 1845. Type: Australia, Queensland, Brown s.n. 

(syntypes BM!, K!).— C. heynii Roth, nov. Pl. Sp.: 82 1821. Type: India, Heyne s.n.— 

C. rheedii Kostel., Alleg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 3: 829. 1834. Type: India, Malabar, Rheede 

s.n.— C. sumatrana Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 888. 1858. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Padang, 

Teysman s.n. (holotype BOG, microfiche!; isotype U!).— C. cana var. dentata H.J.Lam, 

Verben. Malay. Archip.: 73. 1919. Type: not designated.— C. cana var. sumatrana (Miq.) 

H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 71. 1919.— C. cana var. sumatrana (Miq.) H.J.Lam, 

Verben. Malay. Archip.: 71. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 

ser. 3, 3: 20. 1921. Type: as C. sumatrana Miq. 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Doi Suthep), Uttaradit; nORTH-EASTERn: 

Loei (Phu Kradueng); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Ban nam Phrom, Phu Khieo, Thung 

Ka Mang); SOUTH-WESTERn: Uthai Thani (Ban Rai), Kanchanaburi (Hin Dat, Sai yok, 

Srisawat), Prachuap Khiri Khan (Bang Saphan, Pranburi); CEnTRAL: Chai nat, Saraburi 

(Sam Lan), Bangkok; SOUTH-EASTERn: Prachin Buri, Chonburi (Sriracha), Chanthaburi 

(Ta Mai), Trat (Ko Chang); PEnInSULAR: Surat Thani (Kanthuli, Ko Samui), Krabi (Ao 

Luek), nakhon Si Thammarat (Thung Song, Walailak University), Trang (Khao Chong), 

Phatthalung (Khao Pu Khao ya), Songkhla (Kao Seng), yala (Betong). 

Distribution.— India, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular 

Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sumbawa, Sulawesi (Celebes)), East Timor, 

Philippines, new Guinea, Australia. 

Ecology.— Along streams in evergreen and dry evergreen forests and in open 

secondary, dry evergreen, beach and mixed deciduous forests; 0–1,100 m; flowering: 

June to September; fruiting: October to April.



Vernacular.— Kato (กะเตาะ) (Surat Thani); kha pia (ขาเปี ย), pha khi rio ho kham 

(ผ้าขี ้ริ้วห่อคำ), pha hai (ผ้าห้าย), pha hai ho kham (ผ้าห้ายห่อคำ) (Loei); khi on don (ขี ้อ้นดอน) 

(Phitsanulok); chap paeng lek (จับแปงเล็ก) (Chai nat); tok dam (ตอกดำ) (Pattani); ma tue 

khrueang (มะตือเครื่อง) 

(Chiang Mai); ram nat (รำหนาด) (yala); siap sai (เสียบไส้) (nakhon Si 

Thammarat). 

notes.— Callicarpa cana is characterised by the ovate to broadly elliptic leaf 

shape, attenuate leaf base, violet corolla, glabrous ovary and with dense, greyish-white 

stellate hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves and on the outer calyx. 

5. Callicarpa furfuracea Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10(2): 150. 1920 & Fl. Malay 

Penins. 2: 615. 1923; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 301. 1978; C.Leeratiwong, 

Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull, (Bot.) 35: 73. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Pahang, 

Gunong Senyum, June 1917, Evans s.n. (lectotype K!; isolectotypes K!, SING!; 

lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007).— C. maingayi sensu H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. 

Inform., Kew 1938: 413. 1938, non King & Gamble, 1908. 

Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Lang Suan, Tha Sae), Ranong (Khlong Kam 

Phuan), Surat Thani (Chaiya, Khao Sok, Phanom), Phangnga (Thap Put), Krabi, nakhon 

Si Thammarat (Krung Ching Waterfall, Chawang, Khao Luang, Tapchang, Thung Song), 

Krabi (Phanom Bencha), Phuket (Thalang), Trang (Khao Chong), Phatthalung (Khao Pu 

Khao ya), Songkhla (Ton nga Chang), yala (Banang Sta, Thanto), narathiwat (Bacho, 

Sisakhorn, Waeng). 


Ecology.— In shaded and open areas or edge of evergreen, limestone or secondary 

forests; alt. 50–350 m; flowering: December to May; fruiting: March to October. 

Vernacular.— To (เตาะ) (Krabi); plao khon (เปล้าขน), hu khwai khao (หูควายขาว) 

(nakhon Si Thammarat), yan hu khwai (ยานหูควาย), i-ngop (อีโงบ) (Trang). 

notes.— Callicarpa furfuracea differs from other Callicarpa species in having 

an interpetiolar woody ridge at the stem nodes, overlapping stellate hairs on the abaxial 

surface of leaves and the outside of calyx and corolla, white corolla and hairy ovary. Most 

Thai specimens of C. furfuracea were previously misidentified as C. maingayi King & 

Gamble. 

6. Callicarpa kerrii C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton, sp. nov. C. tomentosa affinis sed pilis 

foliorum subtus sparsis dispositis haud stellaris vel dendroideis, calycibus 0.6–1 mm 

longis (haud > 1 mm longis), corollis albis (haud roseis ad violaceis) 2.2–3 mm longis 

(haud 3.5–5 mm longis), antheris 0.6–0.8 mm longis (haud 1.5–2 mm longis) differt. 

Typus: Thailand, Sukhothai, Khao Luang, 3 May 1922, Kerr 5935 (holotypus BK!; 

isotypi BM!, C!, K!, L!). Fig. 4. 

Shrubs or trees, 2.5–8 m high; branches bark brown or blackish-brown, obtusely 

4-angled, with dense, dark brown or brown stellate and dendroid hairs when young, later 

brown or greyish-brownish, cylindrical, with lenticels, scaly, glabrescent. Leaves ovate, 

obovate, broadly elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, 

45

46 


Figure 4. Callicarpa kerrii: A. flowering branch; B. flower; C. calyx; D. pistil with glabrous ovary; E. ovary 

with stellate hairs; F. fruit; G1–G2 hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: G1. stellate hairs, G2. 

dendroid hairs. A–E. & G1–G2. from Leeratiwong 06-322 (KKU), F. from Middleton, Suddee, Davies 

& Hemrat 1040 (BKF). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.



8–40 by 5–23 cm, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse or retuse, base cuneate or 

rounded, margin entire or serrate distally; adaxial surface glabrous or with sparse, brown 

stellate hairs; midrib sunken with dense, dark brown dendroid or stellate hairs; abaxial 

surface with moderate or sparse, pale brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with sparse 

dendroid hairs, with moderate, yellow subsessile glands and with sparse, brown scale-like 

glands, midrib prominent, with dense, brown dendroid hairs mixed with stellate hairs; 

secondary veins 8–12-paired, distinct on both surfaces; tertiary veins reticulate, distinct 

beneath; petiole thickened, obtusely 4-angled, (1–)2–7 cm long, deeply furrowed on 

upper part. Inflorescence with axillary dichasial cymes, 3–6 cm long; peduncle brown or 

dark brown, thickened, cylindrical, 0.5–2.5 cm long, shorter than stalk of leaf-like bract; 

pedicels slightly slender, 0.5–1.5 mm long; bracteoles linear or narrowly lanceolate, 

0.2–8 mm long, caducuous. Calyx brown or greyish-brown, cup-shaped, 0.6–1 mm long, 

outer surface with moderate to dense, greyish-brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with 

sparse dendroid hairs and with sparse, yellow subsessile glands, inner surface glabrous 

with sparse glands; tube 0.7–1 mm long; apex with 4 minute teeth, teeth ovate-triangular, 

0.1–0.2 by 0.1–0.2 mm, apex acute. Corolla white, 2.3–3 mm long; tube 1.8–2 mm long, 

slightly swollen, glabrous with glands on outer surface, glabrous within; lobes ovate or 

rounded, 0.5–1 by 0.5–0.8 mm, apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous with sparse glands 

and with ciliate hairs at margin and apex on outer surface, glabrous with glands within. 

Stamens long exserted; filaments white, slender, 3–4.5 mm long; anthers yellow, ovate 

or broadly elliptic, 0.6–0.8 mm long. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm long, 

glabrous sometimes with sparse, stellate hairs and with sparse, yellow subsessile glands; 

style white, slightly thickened, obscurely bifid. Fruits ovoid or subglobose, 1.8–2.5 mm 

long, depressed at the apex, glabrous, green when young, ripening black; persistent calyx 

1–1.5 mm long; fruit stalks 1–3 mm long. 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: nan [nam Muk, alt. 300 m, 26 July 1926, Winit 1773 

(BK!, BKF!, E!)], Lampang [Mae Ping, alt. 150 m, 19 June 1926, Winit 1701 (BK!, 

BKF!, E!)], Phrae [Sungmen, 13 Jan. 1937, Prachantasen 25 (US!)], [Huai Tham, 7 nov. 

1939, Somkhid 128 (BKF!)], Tak [Doi Muser, Muser waterfall, Mae Sot, 12 nov. 2005, 

Leeratiwong 05-279 (KKU!)], [Doi Muser, 24 Aug. 1961, Chermsirivathana 54 (BK!)], 

[Trail from Rahaeng to Pang Ma Kham Pom, 15 Dec. 1920, Rock 983 (US!)], [Doi Muser, 

7 Dec. 1960, Smitinand 7057 (BKF!, K!, TEX!)], Sukhothai [Khao Luang, 3 May 1922, 

Kerr 5935 (holotype BK!; isotypes BM!, C!, K!, L!)] ; nORTH-EASTERn: Loei [Phu 

Kradueng, 30 nov. 1965, Tagawa, Iwatsuki & Fukuoka T-894 (BKF!, E!, L!, P!)]; SOUTH- 

WESTERn: Phetchaburi [Kaeng Krachan national Park, Ban Krang Ranger substation, 

Kaeng Krachan, 10 Aug. 2002, Middleton, Suddee, Davies & Hemrat 936 (BKF!, Herb., 

Biology, Chiang Mai University!, HUH!, K!)], Prachuap Khiri Khan [Kaeng Krachan 

national Park, Pala-U, Hua Hin, 21 May 2005, Leeratiwong 05-232 (KKU!, PSU!)], [16 

April 2006, Leeratiwong 06-322 (KKU!)], [14 Aug. 2002, Middleton, Suddee, Davies 

& Hemrat 1040 (BKF!, Herb., Biology, Chiang Mai University!, K!)], [Kaeng Krachan 

national Park, La-U forest, Hua Hin, 1 July 1997, Wongprasert s.n. (BKF! 2 sheets)]. 


Ecology.— In evergreen, dry evergreen to secondary forests, common along 

streams; alt. 150–1,100 m; flowering: April to July; fruiting: July to December. 

47

48 


notes.— Most Thai specimens of Callicarpa kerrii were previously identified as 

an Indian species, C. tomentosa (L.) Murr. (C. lanata L.). C. kerrii differs from the latter 

by having moderate to sparse, brown stellate or dendroid hairs rather than dense, grey or 

greyish-brown stellate or dendroid hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves, a shorter calyx 

(0.6–1 mm long rather than > 1 mm long), a white and shorter corolla (2.3–3 mm long 

rather pink to violet 3.5–5 mm long and an shorter anther (0.6–0.8 mm long rather than 

1.5–2 mm long). This species is named after A.F.G. Kerr who collected the type specimen. 

7. Callicarpa longifolia Lam., Encycl. 1: 563. 1785; Willd., Sp. Pl.: 620. 1798; Roxb., 

Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 817. 1826; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 

128. 1845, Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 887. 

1858; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 275. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 

570. 1885; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 

807. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1018. 1909; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 86. 

1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 26. 1921; Merr., 

Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 385. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 616. 1923; P’ei in Mem. 

Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 30. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 509. 1932 & in 

M.H.Lecomte Fl. Gén. Indo-Chine 4(7): 802. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., 

Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 290. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary 

Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, Tree Fl. 

Malaya 3: 301. 1978; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 6(1): 11. 1982; Chen & M.G.Gilbert 

in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 10.1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenaceae: 

39. 2002. Type: Malaysia, Malacca, Sonnerat s.n. (P-LA, microfiche!).— C. lanceolaria 

Roxb., [Hort. Beng.: 10. 1814, nom. nud.] & Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820 & Fl. Ind. ed.2, 1: 

394. 1832; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 129. 1845. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb. 

T. 2178 (lectotype K!, designated here).— C. albida Blume, Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 818. 

1826. Type: not located.— C. roxbughiana Roem. & Schult., Mant. 3: 54. 1827. Type: 

Prince of Wales’ Island, not located.— C. attenuata Wall. ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 

4: 129. 1845. Type: Malaysia, Penang, 1822, Wallich Cat. no.1835.1 (holotype K-W!; 

isotypes BM!, G-DC!, K!-3 sheets, NY!).— C. blumei Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz.: 

53. 1846. Type: not located.— C. longifolia var. floccosa Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 89. 1919. Types: Prince of Wales 

peninsula, Roxburgh s.n. (syntype G-DC microfiche!); Singapore & Manilla, 1839, 

Gaudichaud s.n. (syntype G-DC microfiche!); Indonesia, Java, Thunberg s.n. (syntype 

G-DC, microfiche!); Indonesia, Java, Blume s.n. (syntype) & Junghuhn s.n. (syntype, 

not seen); northern Hollandia Tropical, Brown s.n. (syntype).—C. longifolia Lam. var. 

subglabrata Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. 

Archip.: 87. 1919; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 26. 

1921. Types: Bangladesh, Sylhet, Wallich Cat. no. 1829 (syntypes G-DC microfiche!, 

K-W!); Indonesia, Java, 1849, Zollinger 156 (syntypes G-DC, microfiche!, K!), 223 

(syntypes G-DC microfiche!, K!), 349 (syntype G-DC, microfiche!); Indonesia, Java, 

Blume s.n., Junghuhn s.n.; Phillippines, Cuming 1330 (syntype K!).— C. longifolia var. 

lanceolaria (Roxb.) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 570. 1885; H.R.Fletcher, 

Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 291. 1951; Chen 

& M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 10: 27. 1994. Type: as C. lanceolaria 

Roxb.— C. attenuifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2870. 1915. Type: Philippines,



Agusan, Mindanao, Cabadbaran, Mont Urdaneta, Elmer 13536 (holotype PNH?; isotypes 

HUH, K!, NY!, US!).— C. longifolia var. areolata H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 90. 

1919. Type: Kalao Toa Island, 5 May 1903, Leeuwen & Reijnvaan 1349 (L). 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Pang Ma Pha), Chiang Mai (San Kam 

Phaeng), Chiang Rai (Mae Kok, Mae Chan), nan (Doi Tiu), Phrae (Ban namkai), 

Lampang (Chae Son, Mae Salop), Phitsanulok (Thung Salaeng Luang); nORTH-EASTERn: 

Phetchabun (Lomsak, Phu Miang, Thung Salaeng Luang), Loei (Phu Luang, Phu Ruea), 

nong Khai (Phonpisai); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Phu Khieo), nakhon Ratchasima (Pak 

Thongchai, Pakchong, Khao yai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Sangkhaburi, Srisawat, 

Thung yai naresuan, Wangka), Phetchaburi (Kaeng Krachan, Hua Hin), Prachuap Khiri 

Khan (Bang Saphan); SOUTH-EASTERn: Prachin Buri (Khao yai), Chonburi (Sriracha), 

Chanthaburi (Kapoe, Khao Sabap, Khao Soi Dao, Mak Kham), Trat (Ko Chang, Huai 

Rang); PEnInSULAR: Chumphon (Kapoe, Lang Suan, Thungraya nasak, Tha Sae), 

Ranong (Khlong Kam Phuan, Muang, Khlong nakha), Surat Thani (Bangbao, Khlong 

Saeng, Samui, Krasum), Phuket (nai Chong), Krabi (Khao Phanom Bencha), nakhon 

Si Thammarat (Khao Luang, Lansaka, Ronphibun), Trang (Khao Chong, yan Ta Khao), 

Phatthalung (Pa Bon), Songkhla (Hat yai, Kao Seng, Ko yo, nathawi, Ratthaphum), 

Satun (Tarutao), Pattani (Tomo), yala (Bannang Sta, Wat Tham), narathiwat (Bacho, Rangae, 

Sungai Padi, Waeng, yi-ngo). 

Distribution.— Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, South-East Asia 

through to new Guinea, Australia. 

Ecology.— In open, streamside, disturbed or the edge of secondary including to 

primary evergreen, dry evergreen or mixed deciduous forest, rarely in dipterocarp, hill 

evergreen and beach forests; alt. 0–1,300 m; flowering and fruiting: all year round. 

Vernacular.— Khao tok (ข้าวตอก) (Central, northern); tok (ตอก), tok bai yai 

(ตอกใบใหญ่) (Trang); tok khao (ตอกเขา) (Pattani); chamot (ชะมด), khai pla (ไข่ปลา), lelo 

(เลโล), si se (สีเส) (Chanthaburi); hu khwai lek (หูควายเล็ก) (Chumphon), phlu yuan bai lek 

(พลูญวนใบเล็ก) (Trat). 

notes.— Callicarpa longifolia is variable in the indumentum of its leaf blade 

abaxial surfaces, which varies continuously from hairy to subglabrous. Similarly, the 

ovary can possess stellate pubescence or just sparse stellate hairs at the apex. The specimen 

Collins 1667 was misidentified as C. psilocalyx C.B.Clarke by Fletcher (1938); it is C. 

longifolia. Callicarpa psilocalyx is a distinct species which differs from C. longifolia 

through possessing simple cymes rather than divaricately branched cymes and glabrous 

outer corolla lobes rather than densely hairy outer corolla lobes. It does not occur in 

Thailand. 

Roxburgh (1820) stated in the protologue that C. lanceolaria is a native plant in 

Sylhet forest which was collected by H. Koamoora, but he did not cite any specimen. As 

there is an illustration in Icon. Roxb. (T 2178), it is designated here as lectotype. 

8. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 13, t. 53. 1794; Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 621. 

1798; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 408. 1820 & Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 1: 393. 1832; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 

4: 126. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 644. 1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 

49

50 


2: 274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 

Pl. 2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. 

Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 23. 1921; P’ei in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 23. 1932; Dop, 

Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 505. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 795. 

1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 

1: 283. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 

284. 1980; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 6(1): 24. 1982; Moldenke & A.L.Moldenke 

in Dassan., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 297. 1983; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in W.Z.yi & 

P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 7. 1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenac.: 43. 2002. 

Type: Eastern India, Köenig s.n. (holotype C!).— C. incana Roxb. [Hort. Beng: 10. 1814, 

nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 407. 1820. Type: The illustration in Icon. Roxb. T. 914 (lectotype K!; 

lectotypified by Rajendran and Daniel, 2002).— C. cana Gamble, Darjeeling Pl. List: 60. 

1878, non L. Type: not seen.— C. macrophylla var. griffithii C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, 

Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 1885. Type: Bhutan, 1837–1838, Griffith in Kew Distrib. no. 6041 

(holotype K!).— C. dunniana H.Lév. in Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 456. 

1911. Types: China, Guizhou, Long Tchang, June 1906, Esquirol 869 (syntyes E!, HUH, 

K!); Hoang Ko Chou, 20 June 1898, Séguin 2439 (syntype E!).— C. macrophylla var. 

kouytchensis H.Lév., Fl. Kouy-Tchiou: 440. 1915. Type: China, Guizhou, 7 July 1911, 

Esquirol 3093 (syntype E!); Sept. 1909, Cavalerie 2703 (syntype E!). 

Thailand.— nORTHERn: Chiang Mai (Fang), Chiang Rai, Lampang (Chae Son). 

Distribution.— nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, 

Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, new Guinea, Australia. 

Ecology.— In secondary forest; rarely in dry evergreen forest; alt. 450–950 m; 

flowering: May to August; fruiting: September to Febuary. 

Vernacular.— Phak wai (ผักไว), un on (อุนออน) (northern). 

notes.— Callicarpa macrophylla closely resembles to C. candicans in its stem 

and inflorescences having stellate hairs, the abaxial surface of leaves covered with dense, 

soft, greyish-white to white stellate or dendroid hairs, pink to violet corolla and glabrous 

ovary. However, C. macrophylla is different from C. candicans through having an obtuse 

leaf base, peduncle mostly longer than the stalk of bract and white mature fruits. In 

contrast, C. candicans has attenuate leaf base, peduncle which is shorter than the stalk of 

bract and black mature fruits. 

9. Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1908: 106. 1908 & 

J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74: 804. 1908 & Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins.: 1014. 1909; H.J.Lam, 

Verben. Malay. Archip.: 63. 1919; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & 

Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; C.Leeratiwong, Chantar. & A.J.Paton, Thai Forest Bull., 

(Bot.) 35: 75. 2007. Type: Malaysia, Malacca, 21 nov. 1865, Maingay in Kew Distribution 

1192 (lectotype K!; isolectotypes BM!, K!; lectotypified by Leeratiwong et al., 2007). 

Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: narathiwat (Waeng). 


Ecology.— In shade or margins of evergreen or secondary forest; alt. 250–500 m; 

flowering: March to May; fruiting May to August.



notes.— Callicarpa maingayi is very similar to C. furfuracea but differs in a 

tree-like habit, stem nodes without an interpetiolar woody ridge, shorter corolla (3–4 

mm long), glabrous ovary and red ripening fruits. C. furfuracea is a scandent shrub or a 

woody climber, with an interpetiolar woody ridge on the stem nodes, longer corolla (4–6 

mm long), hairy ovary and black ripening fruits. C. maingayi was first described based on 

the Malaysian material by King and Gamble (1908) which it has a hairy ovary, while in 

Thai materials the ovary is glabrous. 

10. Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. [Hort. Beng.: 83. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 

1820; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 646. 1847; Miq., Fl. ned. Ind. 2: 885. 1858; 

Bakh. in H.J.Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 3: 11. 1921; Merr., Enum. 

Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 387. 1923. Type: Indonesia, Moluccas, not located.— Geunsia farinosa 

Blume, Catalogus: 12. 1823 & Bijdr. Fl. ned. Ind.: 819. 1826; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. 

Archip.: 42. 1919; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 614. 1923; Moldenke, Fifth Summary 

Verbenac. 1: 296. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 286. 1980. Type: Indonesia, Buitenzorg, 

Blume s.n. (holotype L).— Callicarpa cumingiana Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 

11: 664. 1847; Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 3: 383. 1923. Type: The Philippines, 1840, 

Cuming 1707 (holotype B; isotypes K!-2 sheets, PNH).— C. acuminatissima Teijsm. & 

Binn., natuurk. Tijdschr. ned.-Indië 25: 409. 1863. Type: Indonesia, Ceram, de Vriese 

& Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L; isotype BOG).— C. hexandra Teijsm. & Binn., natuurk. 

Tijdschr. ned.-Indië 25: 410. 1863. Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), Minahassae, 

Menado, de Vriese & Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L).— G. cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe, J. 

Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 315. 1884; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 35. 1919. Type: as C. 

cumingiana Schauer.— G. hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord., Meded. Lands Pl. 19: 559. 

1898; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 37. 1919. Type: C. hexandra Teijsm. & Binn.— 

C. affinis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 864. 1910. Type: Philippines, Mindanao, Davao 

Island, Todaya (Apo Mount), June 1909, Elmer 10856 (syntypes HUH, K!, L!, US!), July 

1909, Elmer 11102 (syntypes HUH, K!, L!, US!).— G. hookeri Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7: 

342. 1912. Type: Philippines, Cuming 1773 (holotype HUH; isotypes K!-2 sheets, L!).— 

G. pentandra (Roxb.) Merr., Philip. J. Sc. Bot. 11: 309. 1916; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. 

Archip.: 33. 1919; Moldenke, Fifth Summary Verbenac. 1: 296. 1971; Kochummen in 

ng, Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 305. 1978; Moldenke, Phytologia Mem. 2: 286. 1980. Type: as 

C. pentandra Roxb.— G. serrulata Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37: 27. 1918.–Type: 

Indonesia, Borneo, Sambas, Sungai, 30 Oct. 1893, Hallier B 801 (syntypes L!, U!).— G. 

acuminatissima (Teijsm. & Binn.) H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 32. 1919. Type: as 

C. acuminatissima Teijsm. & Binn.— G. cumingiana var. pentamera H.J.Lam, Verben. 

Malay. Archip.: 36. 1919. Type: not designated.— C. pentandra f. celebica Bakh., Bull. 

Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III 3: 14. 1921. Types: Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), Menado, near 

Gorontalo (Riedel, Ratahan, Koord 19488 (syntype BOG), 19714 (syntype BOG); Loeboe, 

Koord 19499 (syntype BOG), 19509 (syntype BOG).— C. pentandra var. cumingiana 

(Scahuer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 16. 1921. Type: C. cumingiana 

Schauer.— C. pentandra f. farinosa (Blume) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 

3: 13. 1921. Type: as Geunsia farinosa Blume.— C. pentandra f. hexandra (Teijsm. & 

Binn.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 13. 1921. Type: as C. hexandra Teijsm. 

& Binn.— C. pentandra var. cumingiana f. pentamera (H.J.Lam) Bakh., Bull. Jard. 

Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 17. 1921. Type:as G. cumingiana var. pentamera H.J.Lam.— C. 

pentandra var. cumingiana f. dentata Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 17. 1921. 

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52 


Figure 5. Callicarpa pentandra: A. flowering branch; B1–B2. hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: B1. stellate 

hairs, B2. dendroid hairs; C. flowers; D. calyx and style; E. dorsal stamen; F. ventral stamen with 

anther opening by by a short apical slit; G. ovary; H. cross-section of ovary with 4 locules; I. cross- 

section of ovary with 5 locules; J. fruit. All from Leeratiwong 05-204 (PSU). Drawn by C. 

Leeratiwong.



Type: Indonesia, Sumatra, Tarabangie, Lamp, S.n. H.B. 4284 (U!).— G. cumingiana var. 

dentata (Bakh.) Moldenke, Phytologia 5: 8. 1954. Type: as C. pentandra var. cumingiana 

f. dentata Bakh.— G. hexandra f. serrulata Moldenke, Phytologia 5(1): 8. 1954. Type: 

Indonesia, Sulawesi (Celebes), de Vriese & Teijsmann s.n. (holotype L!).— G. pentandra 

var. albidella Moldenke, Phytologia 5: 10. 1954. Type: British Solomon Island, 

Quoimonapu, Malaita, 11 Dec. 1930, Kajewski 2340 (holotype BOG).— G. farinosa f. 

serratula Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 473. 1979. Type: Malaysia, Sabah, Sandakan, The 

logging area, Sg. Sakong Kechil, Sandakan Bay, 12 May 1967, Fox in SAn 57700 (holotype 

Moldenke Herbarium).— G. hexandra var. macrophylla Moldenke, Phytologia 49: 430. 

1981. Type: Malaysia, Sabah, Tawau, The nBT logged over area at mile 26 from Luasong, 

25 Feb. 1979, Fedelis & Sumbing in SAn 89702 (holotype Moldenke Herbarium).— 

G. farinosa var. callicarpoides H.J.Lam ex Moldenke, Phytologia 50: 220. 1982. Type: 

Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Kinabalu, Penokok, S.n. (holotype L!). Fig. 5. 

Thailand.— PEnInSULAR: narathiwat (Waeng). 

Ecology.— Common along the edge of evergreen forest; alt. 100–300 m; flowering: 

March to September; fruiting May to December. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Moluccas, Borneo, 

Sulawesi), Philippines, new Guinea. 

Vernacular.— Po non (ปอนน) (narathiwat). 

notes.— Callicarpa pentandra differs from other Callicarpa species by having 

flowers with 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens and anthers which open at the apex at first. 

11. Callicarpa phuluangensis C.Leeratiwong & A.J.Paton sp. nov. C. pedunculata affinis 

sed lobis corollis et ovaris sparsim pilis ornatis (nec glabis) differt; C. longifolia affinis 

sed pedunculis longior quam petiolus bractis (nec breviter) differt. Typus: Thailand, Loei, 

Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 17 June 2004, Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotypus KKU!; 

isotypi BKF!, PSU!, QBG!). Fig. 6. 

Shrubs 1.5–2 m high, branches greenish-brown or brown, obtusely 4-angled, with 

dense, yellowish-brown or brown stellate hairs mixed with dendroid hairs when young, 

later brown, cylindrical with lenticels, glabrescent; nodes with an interpetiolar woody 

ridge. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, lanceolate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, chartaceous, 

(5–)10–18 by (2–) 3–4 cm, apex caudate or acuminate, base cuneate, margin dentate or 

serrate-dentate; adaxial surface with moderate, brown scabrid hairs mixed with dendriod, 

stellate or two-armed hairs, with sparse, yellow subsessile glands sometimes with sparse, 

brown scale-like glands, midrib flattened; abaxial surface with moderate or sparse, brown 

stellate hairs mixed with pubescent or dendroid hairs sometimes with two-armed hairs and 

with moderate, yellow glands, midrib prominent, with dense, brown stellate or dendroid 

hairs; secondary veins 6–10-paired, distinct on both surfaces; tertiary veins reticulate, 

distinct on both leaf surfaces; petiole slightly thickened, slightly 4-angled, 0.3–1 cm long, 

flattened on upper part. Inflorescence with dichasial cymes, supra-axillary, 2–3.5(–4) cm 

long; peduncle brownish-violet, slender, terete, 1.5–2 cm long, longer than stalk of leaflike 

bract; pedicels slightly thickened, 0.8–1.2 mm long; bracteoles linear or lanceolatelinear, 

0.5–5 mm, caducuous. Calyx greenish-violet, cup-shaped, 0.8–1.3 mm long, with 

53

54 


Figure 6. Callicarpa phuluangensis: A. flowering branch; B. flower; C. vertical section of corolla; D. pistil; E. 

fruit; F1.–F4. hairs on the adaxial surface of leaves: F1. simple hairs, F2. two-armed hair, F3. stellate 

hairs, F4. dendroid hairs; G1.–G4. hairs on the abaxial surface of leaves: G1. simple hairs, G2. two- 

armed hair, G3. stellate hairs, G4. dendroid hairs. All from Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotypus KKU). 

Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.



sparse, brown stellate hairs and with sparse, yellow glands without, glabrous with sparse 

subsessile glands inner; tube 0.7–1.2 mm long; apex with-minute or indistinct teeth, teeth 

ovate-triangular, 0.05–0.15 by 0.05–0.1 mm, apex acute or obtuse. Corolla violet-pink or 

pink, 2.3–3 mm long; tube 1.7–2 mm long, slightly swollen, with sparse, whitish-brown 

pubescent hairs distally without, glabrous within; lobes ovate or rounded-ovate, 0.8–1.2 

by 0.7–1 mm, apex rounded or obtuse, with sparse to moderate pubescence or stellate 

hairs, with ciliate hairs at margin and with sparse glands without, glabrous with subsessile 

glands within. Stamens long exserted; filaments pinkish-white, slender, 4–6 mm long; 

anthers yellow, broadly elliptic, 0.8–1 mm long. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm 

long, with sparse stellate hairs and with moderately dense, yellow glands at the apex; 

style slender especially thickened at the apex, obscurely bifid. Fruits subglobose, 1.8–2.5 

mm long, glabrescent or glabrous and with sparse subsessile glands, green when young; 

persistent calyx 0.8–1.5 mm long; fruit stalks 0.8–2.5 mm long. 

Thailand.— nORTH-EASTERn: Loei [Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 17 June 2004, 

Leeratiwong 04-14 (holotype KKU!; isotypes BKF!, PSU!, QBG!)]. 


Ecology.— In hill evergreen forest; alt. ca 1,300 m; flowering: May to July. 

notes.— Callicarpa phuluangensis is similar to C. pedunculata R.Br. from China, 

Philippines, Indonesia (Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands), new Guinea and Australia, 

but differs by having the outer surface of the corolla and ovary being hairy rather than 

glabrous. It is also close to C. longifolia Lam. var. longifolia, from which it differs in its 

peduncle, which is longer than the stalk of leaf-like bract. This species is only found in 

Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei. 

12. Callicarpa rubella Lindl., Bot. Reg.: 11, t. 883. 1825; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 

130. 1845; Schauer in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 

274. 1877; C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 569. 1885; Kuntze, Rev. Gén. Pl. 

2: 503. 1891; Brandis, Indian Trees: 512. 1906; H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 53. 

1919; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 38. 1932; Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Toulouse 64: 

506. 1932 & in M.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4(7): 796. 1935; H.R.Fletcher, Bull. Misc. 

Inform., Kew 1938: 414. 1938; Chang, Acta Phytotax. 1: 296. 1951; Moldenke, Fifth 

Summary Verbenac. 1: 294. 1971 & Phytologia Mem. 2: 284. 1980; Kochummen in ng, 

Tree Fl. Malaya 3: 302. 1978; Chen & M.G.Gilbert in Z.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 

13. 1994; A.Rajendran & P.Daniel, Ind. Verbenac.: 50. 2002. Type: China, 1822, Potts 

s.n. (lectotype CGE!, designated here).— C. sessilifolia Wall. [Cat. no. 1837, nom. nud.] 

ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 130. 1845. Type: Bangladesh, Pundua, Sylhet, Wallich 

Cat. no.1837 (holotype G-DC, microfiche!, isotype K-W!).— C. tenuiflora Champ. ex 

Benth., in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 135. 1853; Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 709. 

1858. Type: China, Hong Kong, Saywan, Champion 443 (holotype K!).— C. rubella var. 

hemsleyana Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 29: 547. 1900; P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 40. 1932. 

Type: China, Sichuan, von Rosthorn 390 (holotype HUH).— C. panduriformis H.Lév. in 

Fedde, Repert. Spec. nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455. 1911. Type: China, Kouy-Tcheou, Kouy 

yang, May 1898, Chaffanjon 2341 (syntype E!), Tsin Gay, 20 nov. 1898, Labode 2507 

(syntype E!).— C. rubella f. angustata C.P’ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 39. 1932. Type: 

not located. Fig. 7. 

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Figure 7. Callicarpa rubella: A. flowering branch; B1.–B4. hairs on the adaxial surface of leaves: B1. pubescent 

hairs, B2. two-armed hair, B3. stellate hair, B4. dendroid hairs; C1.–C3. hairs on the abaxial surface of 

leaves: C1. pubescent hair, C2. stellate hairs, C3. dendroid hairs; D. cyme; E. calyx; F. pistil; G. fruit. 

A–F. from Leeratiwong 04-41 (PSU), G. from Leeratiwong 04-170 (PSU). Drawn by C. Leeratiwong.



Thailand.— nORTHERn: Mae Hong Son (Doi Huai Puling, Khun yuam), Chiang 

Mai (Chom Thong, Doi Chang Kian, Doi Chiang Dao, Doi Inthanon, Doi Pha Hom Pok, 

Mae Chaem, Mae Taeng, Doi Suthep, Mae Rim, Samoeng), Chiang Rai (Doi Tung, Khun 

Korn, Phu Langka, Wiang Papao), Lampang (Doi Khun Tan), nan (Doi Kunchang, Doi 

Phuka), Uttaradit (nahm Pie), Tak (Umphang), Sukhothai (Khao Luang), Phitsanulok 

(Phu Hin Rong Kla, Phu Miang); nORTH-EASTERn: Phetchabun (nam nao, Thung 

Salaeng Luang), Loei (Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang); EASTERn: Chaiyaphum (Phu Khieo), 

nakhon Ratchasima (Khao yai); SOUTH-WESTERn: Kanchanaburi (Sangkhaburi, Thong 

Pha Phum), Phetchaburi (Khao Pha noen Thung, Kaeng Krachan); CEnTRAL: nakhon 

nayok (Khao yai); SOUTH-EASTERn: Trat (Khao Kuap); PEnInSULAR: Phangnga (Khao 

Phra Mi), Surat Thani (Phanom Bencha), nakhon Si Thammarat (Khao Luang). 

Distribution.— Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, 

Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi (Celebes)), 

Philippines. 

Ecology.— In open and streamside areas in seconday, evergreen, dry evergreen, 

mixed deciduous forests, rarely occur in hill evergreen, pine, dipterocarp and savannah 

forests; alt. 400–2,000 m; flowering: March to July; fruiting: May to December. 

Vernacular.— Khapia dong (ขาเปี ยดง) (Tak, Loei), namlai phisuea (น้ำลายผีเสื ้อ) 

(Loei); pha (ผ้า) (Central, Chiang Mai), choua di pho (Chiang Mai), no chwe di (Karen- 

Chiang Mai), si la (สีลา) (Chiang Mai). 

notes.— Callicarpa rubella is easily recognized by its cordate or obliquely cordate 

leaf base, the short petiole and the violet to pink ripening fruits. Lindley (1825) did not 

cite any specimens in the original publication but he stated that C. rubella was brought 

from China by John Potts in 1822 on a trip sponsored by the Horticultural Society and 

cultivated in a garden at Chiswick. Therefore, Potts s.n. deposited at CGE is chosen here 

as the lectotype. 


We would like to thank the curators and staff of the following herbaria for loans of 

specimens, information and their assistance during visit to their institutions: AAU, BCU, 

BK, BKF, CMU, HUH, K, KKU, L, ny, P, PSU, QBG, SInG, US and Herb. Biology, 

Chiang Mai University. Financial support from the Royal Golden Jubilee Program (no. 

4.B.KK/46/B.1) and Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand 

are acknowledged. 

REFERENCES 

Bramley, G.L.C. (2009). The genus Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) on Borneo. Botanical Journal 

of the Linnean Society 159: 416–455. 

Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. (1992). Genera of Labiatae: Status and 

Classification. In: Harley, R.M. & Reynolds, T., Advances in Labiatae Science: 

511–522. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

57

58 


Clarke, C.B. (1904). Verbenaceae. In: Schmidt, J., Flora of Koh Chang, part 8: 171– 175. 

Bianco Luno, Copenhagen. 

Fletcher, H.R. (1938). The Siamese Verbenaceae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 

Kew 1938: 411–415. 

Govaerts, R., Paton, A.J., Harvey, y. & navarro, T. (2007). World Checklist of Lamiaceae. 

The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the 

Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp (accessed 6 July 2007). 

Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, P.D., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B.J., Grayer, R., Harley, 

M.M., De Kok, R., Kresstovskaja, T., Morales, R., Paton, A.J., Ryding, O. & 

Upson, T. (2004). Labiatae. In: Kubitzki, K., The Families and Genera of Vascular 

Plants: Flowering Plant-Dicotyledons, 7: 267–268. Springer-Verlag, Germany. 

Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, n.H. & Barnett, L.C. (1990). The Herbaria of the World. 8 th 

ed. new york Botanical Garden, U.S.A. 

King, G. & Gamble, J.S. (1908). Plantarum novarum In Herbario Horti Regii 

Conservatarum. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1908: 106. 

Leeratiwong, C., Chantaranothai, P. & Paton, A.J. (2007). notes on the genus Callicarpa 

L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 35: 73–79. 

Lindley, J. (1825). Callicarpa rubella. Botanical Register 11: 883. 

Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. 1 st ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm. 

Moldenke, H.n. (1980). A sixth summary of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, 

Chloranthaceae, Symphoremataceae, nyctanthaceae and Eriocaulaceae of the 

World as to valid taxa, Geographic Distribution and Synonymy. Phytologia 

Memoirs. 2: 284–285. 

Roxburgh, W. (1820). Flora Indica. Vol. 1. The Mission Press, Serampore. 

The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department. (2001). Thai Plant names, Tem Smitinand, 

Revised Edition. Prachachon, Bangkok.


Lecanopteris pumila Blume (Polypodiaceae), a new record for Thailand 

STUART LINDSAY 1 & DAvID J. MIDDLETON 1 

ABSTRACT. Lecanopteris pumila Blume is newly recorded for Thailand. The species is described and a key 

to the Lecanopteris species of Thailand is presented. 

KEY WORDS: Ant-fern, fern, Flora of Thailand, Lecanopteris, Myrmecophila, Myrmecopteris, Polypodiaceae, 

Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Polypodiaceae for the Flora of Thailand was published in 1989 (Tagawa & 

Iwatsuki, 1989). In that work two species of Myrmecophila Christ ex Nakai (a genus 

now treated as a synonym of Lecanopteris Reinw. (Gay et al., 1994)) were listed. Both 

of these species, Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. and L. sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., 

are members of Lecanopteris subgen. Myrmecopteris (according to Gay et al., 1994 and 

Hennipman & Hovenkamp, 1998 – but see note on page 62). All members of this subgenus 

have rhizomes that are densely covered with imbricate peltate scales. In May 2005 a third 

species of Lecanopteris, L. pumila Blume, was discovered in Thailand in the province of 

Yala. This species belongs to Lecanopteris subgen. Lecanopteris. All members of this 

subgenus have rhizomes that are glabrous except for an indument of scattered scales and 

hairs at the apices and, occasionally, persistent in protected grooves of older parts. 

The genus Lecanopteris as a whole has 13 species, 12 of which are confined to 

Malesia. The remaining species, L. sinuosa, is found throughout Malesia from Sumatra to 

Vanuatu, but also extends into southern Taiwan and into northern Australia (Queensland) 

(Gay et al., 1994; Hennipman & Hovenkamp, 1998). 

The rhizomes of all Lecanopteris species have chambers in which ants live. The 

relationship between the ants and the ferns is believed to be mutualistic, the ants being 

provided with a home and the ferns deriving protection from the presence of the ants 

as well as a supply of nutrients from their faeces and other debris deposited inside the 

rhizome (Gay, 1994). Lecanopteris species are sometimes referred to as “ant-ferns”. 

KEY TO THE LECANOPTERIS SPECIES OF THAILAND 

1. Rhizome not covered with peltate scales L. pumila 

1. Rhizome covered with peltate scales 

2. Fronds simple; rhizome 1–2 cm thick L. sinuosa 

2. Fronds pinnatifid; rhizome 3–5 cm thick L. crustacea 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK.

60 


Figure 1. Reproduction (with minor modifications) of the type illustration of Lecanopteris pumila Blume (Fl. 

Javae t. 94B. 1851.) showing details of the habit, sori, venation and sporangia. The original 

illustration, in which the fronds are probably life-sized, is about twice as large.

LECANOPTERIS PUMILA BLUME (POLYPODIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. LINDSAY & D.J. MIDDLETON) 61 

DESCRIPTION 

Lecanopteris pumila Blume, Fl. Javae t. 94B. 1851; Gay et al., Gard. Bull. Sing. 45: 

305. 1994 [‘1993’]; Hennipman & Hovenkamp, Fl. Malesiana, ser. II, Ferns and Fern 

Allies 3: 70, fig. 12c. 1998.— Lecanopteris carnosa var. pumila (Blume) Alderw., Bull. 

Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 27: 3. 1909; Holttum, Fl. Malaya, vol. II. (Ferns) 210, fig. 110. 

1954. – Type: Illustration in Blume, Fl. Javae t. 94B. 1851. Fig. 1. 

For further synonomy see Hennipman & Hovenkamp, Fl. Malesiana, ser. II, Ferns and 

Fern Allies, 3: 70. 1998. 

Rhizome creeping and much branched, 1.5–2.5 cm thick, fleshy, hollow and antinhabited; 

bright pale green when young, blackening with age, glabrous except for a few 

scattered scales and hairs at apices and, occasionally, persistent in protected grooves of 

older parts. Rhizome scales small, dark, somewhat round and with a strongly dentate 

margin, 0.2–0.4 mm diameter. Rhizome hairs also small, 0.1–0.2 mm long, simple or 

once-branched (“Y” shaped), dark brown and glandular. Fronds stalked, pinnatifid, 

entirely glabrous, 19–40 by 5–9 cm, arising from phyllopodia. Phyllopodia hollow, 

prominent, 0.5–1.5 cm high, sometimes replaced by solid spines. Stipes dark brown, 

glabrous, 7–15 cm by 1.5–5 mm, narrowly winged towards the apex. Lamina oblong to 

slightly obovate, bright green, glabrous, thinly leathery, 12–25 by 5–9 cm, deeply lobed 

(i.e. pinnatifid) to within 1 or 2 mm of the rachis, lobes separated by about their own 

width; anastomosing veins with included veinlets but these obscure or invisible in fresh 

fronds (where only rachis and costae are raised both surfaces and easily visible), visible 

in dry fronds, sterile lobes 2.0–4.5 cm by 5.5–10 mm, usually widened somewhat above 

the base, edges entire, apex rounded to acute; fertile lobes 2.5–4.5 cm long, commonly 

5–7 mm wide, the edges lobed, lobes rounded, 2–3 mm long and wide, separated by about 

their own width, each wholly occupied by a deeply sunken sorus and folded backwards 

towards the upper surface. Sporangia ca 0.3 mm long, on stalks to 0.5 mm long. Spores 

monolete, yellow. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Yala [Betong District, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, 

on trail up unnamed ‘1490’ mountain reached from the shores of Bang Lang Reservoir. 

Smaller false summit before reaching the actual summit, 5º58’N, 101º26’E, 24 May 2005, 

Middleton, Chamchamroon, Lindsay, Phuphat & Pooma 3676 (BKF)]. 

Distribution.— Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. 

Ecology.— Reported throughout its range as being epiphytic, on branches of trees 

in mid-montane and montane scrub forest, often in full sunshine. The rhizome can be quite 

substantial forming what Holttum (1954) described as “a crust” on and around branches. 

Altitude ca 1050–1700 m; the specimen above was collected at 1450 m altitude. 

IUCN Conservation Status.— Least Concern (LC). Although this species is 

only known from one collection in Thailand it is in an area of extensive forest and is a 

widespread species in western Malesia. 

Notes.— It seems that the description to go with plate 94B in Flora Javae (Blume, 

1851) was never published. However, we consider the name Lecanopteris pumila 

Blume to be validly published as the plate itself shows details of the habit, sori, venation

62 


and sporangia (Fig. 1), sufficient to validate the name under Arts. 42.3 and 42.4 of the 

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al., 2006). 

The generic name Myrmecopteris Pic.Serm. was published in 1977 (see Webbia, 

31: 239) as a replacement name for the illegitimate Myrmecophila Christ ex Nakai (a later 

homonym of Myrmecophila Rolfe). Gay et al. (1994) and Hennipman & Hovenkamp 

(1998) treated Myrmecopteris as a subgenus of Lecanopteris but did not fulfil the criteria 

for valid publication of the combination at the rank of subgenus. As far as we can tell, 

Lecanopteris subgenus Myrmecopteris is not yet validly published. It is also worth noting 

that molecular phylogenetic studies suggest subgenus Myrmecopteris is paraphyletic 

(Haufler et al., 2003). 

The dimensions given in the description have largely been adapted from Holttum 

(1954), Gay et al. (1994) and Hennipman & Hovenkamp (1998) as the material from 

Thailand, although sufficient to be confident of the identification, is rather scanty for a 

detailed description. The single specimen consists of just one small fertile frond (19 cm 

long, 5 cm wide) attached to a small piece of rhizome. The plant from which this was 

harvested had some larger fronds and much more rhizome material but unfortunately 

these were not safely accessible. 


We thank The Leverhulme Trust for funding our current research on Thai ferns 

and The United States National Science Foundation and the University of Michigan 

Herbarium for funding our fieldwork in 2005. We also thank Voradol Chamchamroon, 

Manop Phuphat and Rachun Pooma for organizing the collecting trip to Hala-Bala 

Wildlife Sanctuary and for their assistance and company in the field; the library staff at 

the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; and Lynsey Wilson for preparing the image. 

REFERENCES 

Blume, C.L. (1851). Flora Javae nec non insularum adjecentium, part 40, t. 94B. 

Gay, H., Hennipman, E., Huxley, C.R. & Parrott, F.J.E. (1994 [‘1993’]). The taxonomy, 

distribution and ecology of the epiphytic Malesian ant-fern Lecanopteris Reinw. 

(Polypodiaceae). Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 45: 293–335. 

Haufler, C.H., Grammer, W.A., Hennipman, E., Ranker, T.A., Smith, A.R. & Schneider 

H. (2003). Systematics of the ant-fern genus Lecanopteris (Polypodiacee): testing 

phylogenetic hypotheses with DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 28: 217–227. 

Hennipman, E. & Hovenkamp, P.H. (1998). Lecanopteris. Flora Malesiana ser. II, Ferns 

and Fern Allies, 3: 59–72. Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden. 

Holttum, R.E. (1954). Lecanopteris. Flora of Malaya, vol. II (Ferns) 208–210. Government 

Printing Office, Singapore.

LECANOPTERIS PUMILA BLUME (POLYPODIACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND (S. LINDSAY & D.J. MIDDLETON) 63 

McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, 

K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, 

N.J. (eds). (2006). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) 

adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, 

July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. 

Pichi Sermolli, R.E.G. (1977). Fragmenta Pteridologiae – VI. Webbia, 31: 237–259. 

Tagawa, M. & Iwatsuki, K. (1989). In: Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (eds), Flora of Thailand, 

Vol. 3, part 4. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.


Towards a stable nomenclature for Thai ferns 

STUART LINDSAY 1 , DAVID J. MIDDLETON 1 , THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD 2 & SOMRAN SUDDEE 3 

ABSTRACT. There have been many changes to family and genus delimitation in Thai ferns since the publication 

of volume 3 (Pteridophytes) of the Flora of Thailand. These changes are discussed and current names for all 

taxa, including those recently described or recorded for Thailand, are presented. A new combination is made 

in Hymenasplenium. 

KEY WORDS: Ferns, Flora of Thailand, nomenclature, Thailand. 

INTRODUCTION 

There are approximately 670 taxa of ferns in Thailand comprising about 5–7% 

of the total vascular flora (Middleton, 2003). The ferns were published in volume 3 

of the Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989) and 596 taxa 

were recognised as occurring in Thailand (excluding the lycophytes: Lycopodiaceae, 

Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae). A number of papers have since been published in 

which new taxa have been described or new records have been added to the pteridophyte 

diversity of Thailand (Mitsuta, 1985; Iwatsuki et al., 1998; Parris, 1998a; Hovenkamp 

et al., 1998; Nooteboom, 1998; Boonkerd & Nooteboom, 2001; Boonkerd & Pollawatn 

2000, 2002a, 2002b, 2006; Lindsay & Middleton, 2004, 2009c; Lindsay et al., 2004, 2008; 

Suksathan, 2004; Boonkerd et al., 2004; Boonkerd, 2006). Of particular significance 

amongst these are Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000), which is a list of all the pteridophytes in 

Thailand (including an additional 27 taxa) with distribution maps and many photographs, 

and Boonkerd et al. (2004), in which many more species were added. A total of 71 fern 

taxa have been newly recorded or newly described for Thailand since the publication of 

the Flora of Thailand accounts. This rate of addition of new taxa and new records to a 

recently completed Flora account reflects the fact that pteridophytes had previously often 

been neglected on traditional collecting expeditions (and were therefore not available 

to Tagawa & Iwatsuki) and is testament to the relatively poor state of our taxonomic 

knowledge of them compared to many angiosperm plant groups. 

The taxonomy of ferns in Thailand has also been subject to considerable flux due 

to differences of opinion over the delimitation of families, genera and species. One need 

only glance at the lists of synonymy to see that very many species have had homotypic 

combinations made in many different genera (e.g. several species of Selliguea also 

have combinations in Polypodium, Phymatopsis, Pleopeltis, Phymatodes, Crypsinus 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK. 

2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 

3 The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok 

10900, Thailand.

TOWarDS a STaBLe NOMeNCLaTure FOr THaI FerNS (S. LINDSaY, D.J. MIDDLeTON, T. BOONKerD & S. SuDDee) 

and Phymatopteris - see Lindsay & Middleton, 2009a). This indecision about the best 

placement of species in genera is also manifest at the family level where the limits of 

several families have changed considerably over time and between contemporary Flora 

projects, leading, in some cases, to the abandonment of families altogether in some parts of 

Flora Malesiana (e.g. Kramer, 1971; Holttum, 1978, 1991) in favour of “groups” of genera. 

In recent years phylogenetic techniques, particularly using molecular data, have 

been used to attempt to solve the many problems in fern familial and generic delimitation 

(see Smith et al., 2006, 2008 and references cited therein). This has led to a greater 

consensus on the delimitation of families and genera. We are eventually beginning to see 

the possibility of stability in the names applied to the ferns of Thailand. 

THE TABLES 

In this paper we apply the family and genus concepts summarised by Smith et al. 

(2006, 2008) to the ferns of Thailand and present the data in two tables. For Davalliaceae 

we follow the more recent generic concepts of Kato & Tsutsumi (2008). In Table 1 the 

families and genera recognised by Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Kato & Tsutsumi (2008) 

are compared to the families and genera recognised in the Flora of Thailand accounts. In 

Table 2 all fern taxa now known to occur in Thailand are listed using the up-to-date family 

and genus concepts from Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Kato & Tsutsumi (2008), with 

occasional modifications from other recent works (e.g. Parris, 2007). These are compared 

to the names used for the same taxon from the Flora of Thailand and from Boonkerd & 

Pollawatn (2000). For species delimitation we follow Tagawa & Iwatsuki (1979, 1985, 

1988, 1989), unless other pieces of taxonomic work have superseded these publications 

(e.g. Hovenkamp et al., 1998), or we have come to our own differing opinion in specific 

groups. In some cases the authorship of names is not the same as has been previously 

published. We have checked the problematic ones and only the correct authorships are 

used without highlighting the discrepancies. Likewise the spelling of specific epithets 

not in conformity with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al., 

2006) has been corrected in all columns without comment. We include taxa which have 

been published as occurring in Thailand. We also include a small number of taxa which 

we provisionally record for Thailand from our own observations but which still await 

formal publication. We acknowledge that this list might be incomplete judging by the 

rate at which taxa have been newly recorded from Thailand in the last 20 years. However, 

this list has been compiled to facilitate the development of an on-line multi-access key to 

the ferns of Thailand (Lindsay & Middleton, 2009b) and new taxa can easily be added to this. 

The “nine new records” in Mitsuta (1985) were not included in the Flora of 

Thailand. Some of them are, however, attributable to species already known from Thailand. 

We have included a genuine additional record (Monachosorum henryi Christ) and as 

yet unconfirmed new records (Thelypteris laxa (Franch. & Sav.) Ching and Diplazium 

doerderleinii (Luerss.) Makino) in Table 2. The new record Diplazium okinawaense 

Tagawa has been synonymised to Diplazium virescens Kunze following Shieh et al. 

(1994). We have redetermined the other material cited in Mitsuta (1985) to taxa already 

reported in the Flora of Thailand, thus: Colysis flexiloba (Christ) Ching var. undulatorepanda 

(C.Chr.) Ching to Leptochilus ellipticus (Thunb.) Noot.; Crypsinus trisectus 

65

66 

THaI FOreST BuLLeTIN (BOTaNY) 37 

(Baker) Tagawa to Selliguea hirsuta (Baker) S.Linds.; Microlepia trichoclada Ching 

to Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex Tardieu & C.Chr.; Thelypteris angulariloba 

Ching to Thelypteris hirsutipes (C.B.Clarke) Ching; and Thelypteris esquirolii (Christ) 

Ching to Cyclosorus falcilobus (Hook.) Panigrahi. 

Major changes in family delimitations 

Table 1 summarises the changes in family delimitation between the Flora of 

Thailand accounts and those currently recognised and lists the genera in each of the 

families. These changes include losing some familiar families altogether, such as 

Parkeriaceae (now in Pteridaceae) and Athyriaceae (now mostly in Woodsiaceae), and 

changing the delimitation of others quite radically, such as Polypodiaceae (which now 

includes Grammitidaceae) and Dryopteridaceae (which has lost Tectaria and its relatives 

and gained genera from Lomariopsidaceae, Davalliaceae and Athyriaceae). Pteridaceae 

has also undergone major changes and is now much larger with five subfamilies which do 

not correspond well to former families; e.g. Pteridaceae subfamily Pteridoideae includes 

only Pteris from the previously delimited Pteridaceae, with all of the other genera 

previously having been placed in Parkeriaceae. 

Major changes in generic delimitation 

Table 2 lists all the currently used names for Thai ferns and compares them to 

Pteridophytes in Thailand (Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000) and Flora of Thailand (Tagawa 

& Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). A total of 191 taxa have a name which is now 

different to the name used in the Flora of Thailand accounts, most of these as a result 

of changes in generic delimitation. Changes in generic delimitation are particularly 

extensive in Davalliaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiaceae and Thelypteridaceae. 

Well known genera such as Grammitis, Polypodium, Trichomanes and Vittaria are no 

longer recognised in Thailand. Table 2 also provides references to the literature on new 

taxa, new records and in cases where the taxon epithet is different to that used in the Flora 

of Thailand account (usually due to synonymy). If there is no reference given then the 

change is made here. Black dots are used to indicate a taxon which is under a different 

name to that used in the original Flora of Thailand account; circles are used to indicate a 

taxon which is new to Thailand, either as a newly described taxon or a new record. 


We thank The Leverhulme Trust for financial support for this work; the Curators 

and Collection Managers of herbaria that have loaned material or welcomed us on visits 

(notably a, BK, BKF, BM, C, CMu, e, K, SING); the library staff of the royal Botanic 

Garden edinburgh for their help in locating or obtaining protologues and other references; 

and Christopher Fraser-Jenkins, John McNeill, Barbara Parris, alan Smith and John 

Thompson for advice and information.

Table 1. Comparison of family delimitation and composition between Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). Note 

that within Pteridaceae the subfamily name Vittarioideae has priority over Adiantoideae (cf. Smith et al., 2006, 2008) and the subfamilial name Cryptogrammoideae, 

which did not exist for Smith et al. (2006, 2008), has now been published (Lindsay & Middleton, 2009a). 


Corresponding family (or families) in Flora of Thailand 

(Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989) 

Smith et al. (2006, 2008) family Genera currently recognized in Thailand. Those in 

bold (26) were not recognized in Flora of Thailand 

ASPLeNIaCeae Asplenium, Hymenasplenium ASPLeNIaCeae 

BLeCHNaCeae Blechnum, Brainea, Stenochlaena, Woodwardia BLeCHNaCeae (Blechnum, Brainea, Woodwardia), 

PTERIDACEAE (Stenochlaena) 

CIBOTIACEAE Cibotium DICKSONIaCeae 

CYATHEACEAE Cyathea CYATHEACEAE 

DAVALLIACEAE Araiostegiella, Davallia, Davallodes, Humata, Wibelia DAVALLIACEAE 

DeNNSTaeDTIaCeae Dennstaedtia, Histiopteris, Hypolepis, Microlepia, DeNNSTaeDTIaCeae 

Pteridium 

DIPTERIDACEAE Cheiropleuria, Dipteris DIPTERIDACEAE (Dipteris), CHEIROPLEURIACEAE 

(Cheiropleuria) 

DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Acrophorus, Arachniodes, Ctenitis, 

Cyrtomium, 

Didymochlaena, Dryopteris, Polystichum), ATHYRIACEAE 

(Hypodematium), DAVALLIACEAE (Leucostegia), 

LOMarIOPSIDaCeae (Bolbitis, Elaphoglossum, Lomagramma, 

Teratophyllum) 

DRYOPTERIDACEAE Acrophorus, Arachniodes, Bolbitis, Ctenitis, Cyrtomium, 

Peranema, Didymochlaena, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, 

Hypodematium, Leucostegia, Lomagramma, Polystichum, 

Teratophyllum 

EQUISETACEAE Equisetum EQUISETACEAE 

GLeICHeNIaCeae Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Gleichenia, Sticherus GLeICHeNIaCeae 

HYMeNOPHYLLaCeae Abrodictyum, Callistopteris, Cephalomanes, Crepidomanes, HYMeNOPHYLLaCeae 

Didymoglossum, Hymenophyllum, Vandenboschia 

LINDSaeaCeae Lindsaea, Sphenomeris, Tapeinidium LINDSaeaCeae 

LOMarIOPSIDaCeae Cyclopeltis, Lomariopsis, Nephrolepis LOMarIOPSIDaCeae (Lomariopsis), DRYOPTERIDACEAE 

(Cyclopeltis), OLeaNDraCeae (Nephrolepis) 

LYGODIACEAE Lygodium SCHIZAEACEAE 

67 

MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris, Christensenia, Ptisana MARATTIACEAE

68 

Corresponding family (or families) in Flora of Thailand 


Smith et al. (2006, 2008) family Genera currently recognized in Thailand. Those in bold 

(26) were not recognized in Flora of Thailand 

MARSILEACEAE Marsilea MARSILEACEAE 

MaTONIaCeae Matonia Absent 

OLeaNDraCeae Oleandra OLeaNDraCeae 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium, Helminthostachys, Ophioglossum OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 

OSMuNDaCeae Osmunda OSMuNDaCeae 

PLAGIOGYRIACEAE Plagiogyria PLAGIOGYRIACEAE 


POLYPODIACEAE (Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris, 

Belvisia, Christiopteris, Colysis, Drynaria, Lemmaphyllum, 

Lepisorus, Leptochilus, Loxogramme, Microsorum, 

Neocheiropteris, Platycerium, Pyrrosia, Selliguea), 

DAVALLIACEAE (Gymnogrammitis), GraMMITIDaCeae 

(Acrosorus, Calymmodon, Prosaptia, Scleroglossum) 

POLYPODIACEAE Acrosorus, Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris, Belvisia, 

Calymmodon, Christiopteris, Chrysogrammitis, 

Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Drynaria, Goniophlebium, 

Gymnogrammitis, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum, 

Lepisorus, Leptochilus, Loxogramme, Microsorum, 

Neocheiropteris, Oreogrammitis, Platycerium, 

Prosaptia, Pyrrosia, Radiogrammitis, Scleroglossum, 

Selliguea, Themelium, Tomophyllum, Xiphopterella 

PSILOTACEAE Psilotum PSILOTACEAE 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cheilanthoideae Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Hemionitis, Notholaena, PARKERIACEAE 

Parahemionitis, Pellaea 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cryptogrammoideae Coniogramme PARKERIACEAE 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Parkerioideae Acrostichum, Ceratopteris PTERIDACEAE (Acrostichum), PARKERIACEAE 

(Ceratopteris) 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Pteridoideae Onychium, Pityrogramma, Pteris, Syngramma, Taenitis PARKERIACEAE (Onychium, Pityrogramma, Syngramma, 

Taenitis), PTERIDACEAE (Pteris) 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Vittarioideae Adiantum, Antrophyum, Haplopteris, Vaginularia PARKERIACEAE (Adiantum), VITTARIACEAE 

(Antrophyum, Vaginularia, Vittaria) 

SaLVINIaCeae Azolla, Salvinia SaLVINIaCeae (Salvinia), AZOLLACEAE (Azolla) 

SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea SCHIZAEACEAE 

TECTARIACEAE Arthropteris, Heterogonium, Pleocnemia, Pteridrys, Tectaria DRYOPTERIDACEAE (Heterogonium, Pleocnemia, 

Pteridrys, Tectaria), OLeaNDraCeae (Arthropteris) 

THELYPTERIDACEAE Cyclosorus, Macrothelypteris, Pseudophegopteris, Thelypteris THELYPTERIDACEAE 

WOODSIACEAE Athyrium, Cornopteris, Deparia, Diplazium ATHYRIACEAE


Table 2. Comparison of the current names for Thai fern species with the names used for the same taxa in Pteridophytes in Thailand (Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000) and 

Flora of Thailand (Tagawa & Iwatsuki, 1979, 1985, 1988, 1989). Two names for a single entry in the third column linked by a ‘/’ indicate that a change was made 

to the name in the “additions and Corrections” section in part 4 of volume 3 of the Flora of Thailand account. Two or more names for a single entry linked by 

a ‘+’ indicate that these taxa are now treated as synonyms. Black dots indicate species whose names have changed since the publication of the Flora of Thailand 

or were changed in the “additions and Corrections” section. Circles indicate species that have been discovered or described since the publication of the Flora of 

Thailand. The reference beside a name refers to the place(s) of publication of the new taxon or record, or the source of information about the change of a name: 1 

Boonkerd (2006); 2 Boonkerd (in press); 3 Boonkerd & Nooteboom (2001); 4 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2000); 5 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2002a); 6 Boonkerd & 

Pollawatn (2002b); 7 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2004); 8 Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2006); 9 Boonkerd & Suksathan (2009); 10 Boonkerd et al. (2004); 11 Fraser- 

Jenkins (1997); 12 Holttum (1982); 13 Holttum (1991); 14 Holttum & Grimes (1980); 15 Hovenkamp (1986); 16 Hovenkamp et al. (1998); 17 Hovenkamp 

& Miyamoto (2005); 18 Iwatsuki et al. (1998); 19 Kato & Tsutsumi (2008); 20 Khullar (1994); 21 Lindsay & Middleton (2004); 22 Lindsay & Middleton (2009c); 

23 Lindsay et al. (2004); 24 Lindsay et al. (2008); 25 Lu (1999); 26 Mitsuta (1985); 27 Murdock (2008); 28 Nakaike (1992); 29 Nooteboom (1997); 30 Nooteboom 

(1998); 31 Parris (1998a); 32 Parris (1998b); 33 Parris (2007); 34 Parris & Latiff (1997); 35 Petchsri, Boonkerd & Baum (2009); 36 rödl-Linder (1990); 37 

Suksathan (2004); 38 Thompson (2008); 39 Zhang (1999a); 40 Zhang (1999b); 41 B. Parris, pers. comm.; 42 J. Thompson, pers. comm.; 43 Adiantum philippense 

var. subjunonicum is reported for Thailand by Boonkerd & Pollawatn (2006) but the combination has not been validly published and the status of the varieties of this 

species need further research; 44 Provisional new records, currently under investigation; 45 Hymenasplenium excisum (C.Presl) S.Linds., comb. nov. Basionym: 

Asplenium excisum C.Presl, Epimel. Bot. 74 (1851 [‘1849’]). Although the name Hymenasplenium excisum has been used in recent literature we can find no 

evidence that the combination has previously been validly published; 46 taxonomic change by current authors; 47 Ebihara et al. (2006). 

NAME IN FLORA OF THAILAND 


CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN THAILAND 

(Boonkerd & Pollawatn, 2000) 

ASPLENIACEAE 

Asplenium affine Sw. Asplenium affine Sw. Asplenium affine Sw. 

Asplenium antrophyoides Christ Asplenium antrophyoides Christ Asplenium antrophyoides Christ 

Asplenium batuense Alderw. Asplenium batuense Alderw. Asplenium batuense Alderw. 

Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching Asplenium confusum Tardieu & Ching 

Asplenium crinicaule Hance Asplenium crinicaule Hance Asplenium crinicaule Hance 

○ Asplenium decrescens Kunze44 Absent Absent 

Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. Asplenium delavayi (Franch.) Copel. 

Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 

Asplenium exiguum Bedd. Asplenium exiguum Bedd. Asplenium exiguum Bedd. 

69 

○ Asplenium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. 10 Absent Absent 

Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium grevillei Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.

70 





○ Asplenium griffithianum Hook. 44 Absent Absent 

○ Asplenium gueinzianum Mett. ex Kuhn. 9 Absent Absent 

Asplenium humbertii Tardieu Asplenium humbertii Tardieu Asplenium humbertii Tardieu 

○ Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. 2 Absent Absent 

Asplenium interjectum Christ Asplenium interjectum Christ Asplenium interjectum Christ 

○ Asplenium khasianum Sledge. 44 Absent Absent 

● Asplenium laciniatum D.Don. 20 Asplenium varians Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Asplenium varians Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 

Asplenium longissimum Blume Asplenium longissimum Blume Asplenium longissimum Blume 


Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. 

Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus Asplenium nidus L. var. nidus 

Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr. Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr. Asplenium nidus L. var. musifolium (Mett.) C.Chr. 

Asplenium nitidum Sw. Asplenium nitidum Sw. Asplenium nitidum Sw. 

Asplenium normale D.Don Asplenium normale D.Don Asplenium normale D.Don 

Asplenium paradoxum Blume Asplenium paradoxum Blume Asplenium paradoxum Blume 

Asplenium pellucidum Lam. Asplenium pellucidum Lam. Asplenium pellucidum Lam. 

Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ Asplenium perakense C.G.Matthew & Christ 

Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. phyllitidis 

Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don. subsp. 

malesicum Holttum 





● Asplenium polyodon G.Forst. 34 Asplenium falcatum Lam. Asplenium falcatum Lam. 

Asplenium rockii C.Chr. Asplenium rockii C.Chr. Asplenium rockii C.Chr. 

Asplenium salignum Blume Asplenium salignum Blume Asplenium salignum Blume 

Asplenium scortechinii Bedd. Asplenium scortechinii Bedd. Asplenium scortechinii Bedd. 

Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Asplenium siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Asplenium simonsianum Hook. Asplenium simonsianum Hook. Asplenium simonsianum Hook. 

Asplenium tenerum G.Forst. Asplenium tenerum G.Forst. Asplenium tenerum G.Forst.






Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don Asplenium tenuifolium D.Don 

Asplenium thunbergii Kunze Asplenium thunbergii Kunze Asplenium thunbergii Kunze 

● Asplenium truncatum Blume. 46 Asplenium caudatum auct. non G.Forst. Asplenium caudatum auct. non G.Forst. 

● Asplenium vittaeforme Cav. 34 Asplenium squamulatum Blume Asplenium squamulatum Blume 

Asplenium yoshinagae Makino Asplenium yoshinagae Makino Asplenium yoshinagae Makino 

Asplenium apogamum N.Murak. & Hatan. Asplenium unilaterale auct. non Lam. / 

Asplenium apogamum N.Murak. & Hatan. 

● Hymenasplenium apogamum (N.Murak. & Hatan.) 

Nakaike 

● Hymenasplenium cheilosorum (Kunze ex Mett.) Tagawa Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett. Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett. 

Hymenasplenium excisum (C.Presl) S.Linds. 45 Asplenium excisum C.Presl Asplenium excisum C.Presl 

○ Hymenasplenium inthanonense N.Murak. & J.Yokoy. 18 Hymenasplenium inthanonense N.Murak. & J.Yokoy. Absent 

● Hymenasplenium obscurum (Blume) Tagawa Asplenium obscurum Blume Asplenium obscurum Blume 

BLECHNACEAE 

Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Blechnum finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 

Blechnum indicum Burm.f. Blechnum indicum Burm.f. Blechnum indicum Burm.f. 

Blechnum orientale L. Blechnum orientale L. Blechnum orientale L. 

Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm. Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm. Brainea insignis (Hook.) J.Sm. 

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. 

○ Woodwardia harlandii Hook. 4,7 Woodwardia harlandii Hook. Absent 

● Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. Woodwardia cochin-chinensis Ching 

CIBOTIACEAE 

Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. 

71

72 





CYATHEACEAE 

Cyathea borneensis Copel. Cyathea borneensis Copel. Cyathea borneensis Copel. 

Cyathea chinensis Copel. Cyathea chinensis Copel. Cyathea chinensis Copel. 

Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. 

Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum 

○ Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel. 44 Absent Absent 

○ Cyathea hymenodes Mett. 44 Absent Absent 

Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Cyathea latebrosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. 


○ Cyathea moluccana R.Br. 10 Absent Absent 

Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. 

Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. 

DAVALLIACEAE 

● Araiostegiella faberiana (C.Chr.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching Araiostegia faberiana (C.Chr.) Ching 

Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr. Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr. Davallia petelotii Tardieu & C.Chr. 

Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. 

Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. 



trichomanoides 



Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii 

Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii Davallia trichomanoides Blume var. lorrainii 

(Hance) Holttum 



○ Davallodes borneense (Hook.) Copel. 30 Absent Absent 

Absent Absent 

○ Davallodes hymenophylloides (Blume) M.Kato & 

Tsutsumi30,19 ● Davallodes imbricatum (Ching) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia imbricata Ching Araiostegia imbricata Ching 

Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel. Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel. Davallodes membranulosum (Hook.) Copel.


CURRENT NAME NAME IN PTERIDOPHYTES IN THAILAND NAME IN FLORA OF THAILAND 



● Davallodes pseudocystopteris (Kunze) M.Kato & Araiostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel. Araiostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel. 

Tsutsumi 

● Davallodes pulchra (D.Don) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel. Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel. 

Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw. Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw. Davallodes viscidulum (Kuhn) Alderw. 

Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm. Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm. Humata angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) J.Sm. 

/ Pachypleuria angustata (Wall. ex Hook. & 

Grev.) C.Presl 

● Humata corniculata (T.Moore) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia corniculata T.Moore Davallia corniculata T.Moore 

Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Desv. / 

Davallia heterophylla Sm. 

Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. / 

Pachypleuria pectinata (Sm.) C.Presl 

Humata repens (L.f.) Diels Humata repens (L.f.) J.Sm ex Diels Humata repens (L.f.) J.Sm ex Diels / 

Pachypleuria repens (L.f.) M.Kato 

Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore Humata vestita (Blume) T.Moore / 

Pachypleuria vestita (Blume) C.Presl 

● Wibelia denticulata ( Burm.f.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn 

● Wibelia divaricata (Blume) M.Kato & Tsutsumi Davallia divaricata Blume Davallia divaricata Blume 

○ Wibelia embolostegia (Copel.) M.Kato & Tsutsumi 10,19 Absent Absent 

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 

Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T.Moore 

Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm. 

Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. ex Kuhn 

Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Microlepia calvescens (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl 

Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn Microlepia firma Mett. ex Kuhn 

73 

Microlepia herbacea Ching & C.Chr. ex 

Tardieu & C.Chr. 


Tardieu & C.Chr. 


Tardieu & C.Chr.

74 





Microlepia hookeriana (Wall. ex Hook.) 

C.Presl 


C.Presl 


C.Presl 

Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd. Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd. Microlepia kurzii (C.B.Clarke) Bedd. 

Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. Microlepia platyphylla (D.Don) J.Sm. 

Microlepia puberula Alderw. Microlepia puberula Alderw. Microlepia puberula Alderw. 

Microlepia ridleyi Copel. Microlepia ridleyi Copel. Microlepia ridleyi Copel. 

Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore 

Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C.Presl 


Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa Microlepia taiwaniana Tagawa 

Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn Microlepia trapeziformis (Roxb.) Kuhn 

○ Monachosorum henryi Christ26 Absent Absent 

○ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. japonicum 

(Nakai) Á.Löve & D.Löve4,6,38,42 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum Absent 

(Desv.) Underw. ex A.Heller 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. 

aquilinum var. wightianum (J.agardh) 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. wightianum 

(J.agardh) r.M.Tryon 

● Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. wightianum 

(J.agardh) W.C.Shieh38,42 r.M.Tryon 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. 

caudatum var. yarrabense Domin 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. yarrabense 

Domin 

● Pteridium semihastatum (Wall. ex J.agardh) 

S.B.Andrews42 DIPTERIDACEAE 

Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl 

Dipteris conjugata Reinw. Dipteris conjugata Reinw. Dipteris conjugata Reinw. 

DRYOPTERIDACEAE 

● Acrophorus nodosus C.Presl Acrophorus stipellatus T.Moore, nom. nud. Acrophorus stipellatus T.Moore, nom. nud. 

Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi






Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi Arachniodes cavalerii (Christ) Ohwi 

Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching Arachniodes chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching 

○ Arachniodes coniifolia (T.Moore) Ching8,10 Absent Absent 

Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching Arachniodes henryi (Christ) Ching 

Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching Arachniodes speciosa (D.Don) Ching 

Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching Arachniodes spectabilis (Ching) Ching 

○ Arachniodes subreflexipinna (Ogata) Ching 4 Arachniodes subreflexipinna (Ogata) Ching Absent 

Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito 

Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp. 

appendiculata 


appendiculata 


appendiculata 

Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu Bolbitis copelandii Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu 

Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis costata (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. 

Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr. Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr. Bolbitis deltigera (Bedd.) C.Chr. 

Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching ex C.Chr. 

Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats. Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats. + Bolbitis appendiculata Bolbitis hookeriana K.Iwats. 

(Willd.) K.Iwats. subsp. vivipara (Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.) 

Hennipman 

Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching 

Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. sinensis 

Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata Bolbitis sinensis (Baker) K.Iwats. var. costulata 

(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

(Hook.) Tagawa & K.Iwats 

Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman 

Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats. Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats. Bolbitis tonkinensis (C.Chr. ex Ching) K.Iwats 

Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott 

Bolbitis virens (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Schott 

var. virens 

var. virens 

var. virens 

75 


var. compacta Hennipman 


var. compacta Hennipman 


var. compacta Hennipman

76 





Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Ctenitis dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

● Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum Ctenitis mannii auct. non (C.Hope) Ching / 

Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum 

Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching Ctenitis vilis (Kunze) Ching 

Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. 

Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. 

Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr. Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr. Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr. 


○ Dryopteris diffracta (Baker) C.Chr. 10 Absent Absent 

Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr. Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr. Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr. 

● Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C.Chr. Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching 

Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr. Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr. Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr. 

Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze 

Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr. Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr. Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr. 

Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching Dryopteris neoassamensis Ching 

Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching Dryopteris neochrysocoma Ching 

Dryopteris polita Rosenst. Dryopteris polita Rosenst. Dryopteris polita Rosenst. 

Dryopteris porosa Ching Dryopteris porosa Ching Dryopteris porosa Ching 

Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching Dryopteris pseudosparsa Ching 

Dryopteris rheophila Mitsuta ex Darnaedi, 

M.Kato & K.Iwats. 





Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) Ching 

Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze 

Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr. Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr. Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr. 

Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore 

Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Elaphoglossum dumrongii Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum Elaphoglossum malayense Holttum





Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum marginatum (Fée) T.Moore 

Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore 

Elaphoglossum stelligerum (Wall. ex Baker) 

T.Moore ex alston & Bonner 





Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst. Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst. Elaphoglossum subellipticum Rosenst. 

Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino 

Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn 

Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa) 

Ohwi 


Ohwi 


Ohwi 

Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl Leucostegia immersa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Presl 

Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum Lomagramma grossoserrata Holttum 

● Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Mett. Diacalpe aspidioides Blume Diacalpe aspidioides Blume 

Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Polystichum attenuatum Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore 

Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr. Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr. Polystichum eximium (Kuhn) C.Chr. 

Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex Ridl. Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex. Ridl. Polystichum lindsaeifolium Scort. ex Ridl. 

Polystichum prolificans Alderw. Polystichum prolificans Alderw. Polystichum prolificans Alderw. 

○ Polystichum pseudotsus-simense Ching8 Absent Absent 

○ Polystichum scariosum (roxb.) C.V.Morton8,10 Absent Absent 

Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching Polystichum semifertile (C.B.Clarke) Ching 

Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst. Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst. Polystichum tenggerense Rosenst. 

Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn 

Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum Teratophyllum ludens (Fée) Holttum 

77 

EQUISETACEAE 

○ Equisetum diffusum D.Don4 Equisetum diffusum D.Don Absent

78 




● Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. subsp. debile (Roxb. ex Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher 

Vaucher) Hauke 

GLEICHENIACEAE 

Dicranopteris curranii Copel. Dicranopteris curranii Copel. Dicranopteris curranii Copel. 

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. 



var. linearis 

var. linearis 

var. linearis 

○ Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f) Underw. 

var. montana Holttum4 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. 

Absent 

var. montana Holttum 




var. subpectinata (Christ) Holttum 





var. tetraphylla (rosenst.) Nakai 





Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum Dicranopteris speciosa (C.Presl) Holttum 

Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa 

● Diplopterygium blotianum (C.Chr.) Nakai Gleichenia blotiana C.Chr. Gleichenia blotiana C.Chr. 

● Diplopterygium longissimum (Blume) Nakai Gleichenia longissima Blume Gleichenia longissima Blume 

● Diplopterygium norrisii (Mett.) Nakai Gleichenia norrisii Mett. Gleichenia norrisii Mett. 

Gleichenia microphylla R.Br. Gleichenia microphylla R.Br. Gleichenia microphylla R.Br. 

○ Sticherus hirtus (Blume) Ching10 Absent Absent 

● Sticherus truncatus (Willd.) Nakai Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng. Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spreng. 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 

Macroglena gemmata (J.Sm. ex Baker) Copel. 

/ Cephalomanes gemmatum (J.Sm. ex Baker) 

K.Iwats. 

Cephalomanes gemmatum (J.Sm. ex Baker) 

K.Iwats. 

● Abrodictyum idoneum (C.V.Morton) 

Ebihara & K.Iwats. 47 

Selenodesmium obscurum (Blume) Copel. 

Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

var. obscurum 

● Abrodictyum obscurum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 

var. obscurum






Selenodesmium obscurum (Blume) Copel., 

pro parte / Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) 

K.Iwats. var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats. 

Cephalomanes obscurum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats. 

● Abrodictyum obscurum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 

var. siamense (Christ) K.Iwats. 

● Abrodictyum pluma (Hook.) Ebihara & K.Iwats. 47 Cephalomanes meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) K.Iwats. Macroglena meifolia (Bory ex Willd.) Copel. 

/ Cephalomanes meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) 

K.Iwats. 

Callistopteris apiifolia (C.Presl) Copel. Cephalomanes apiifolium (C.Presl) K.Iwats. Callistopteris apiifolia (C.Presl) Copel. / 

Cephalomanes apiifolium (C.Presl) K.Iwats. 

Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl Cephalomanes javanicum (Blume) C.Presl 

● Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. + 

Crepidomanes bilabiatum (Nees & Blume) Copel. 

Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel. Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel. Crepidomanes brevipes (C.Presl) Copel. 

Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes christii (Copel.) Copel. 

● Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch Reediella humilis (G.Forst.) Pic.Serm. / 

Crepidomanes humile (G.Forst.) Bosch 

Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes kurzii (Bedd.) Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. 

Crepidomanes latemarginale (D.C.Eaton) 

Copel. 


Copel. 


Copel. 

Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel. Crepidomanes megistostomum (Copel.) Copel. 

● Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. Gonocormus prolifer (Blume) Prantl + 

Gonocormus saxifragoides (C.Presl) Bosch + 

Gonocormus siamensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. / 

Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

● Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker) K.Iwats. Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker) K.Iwats. Microgonium parvifolium (Baker) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. / Crepidomanes parvifolium (Baker) 

K.Iwats. 

79 

Trichomanes bimarginatum (Bosch) Bosch Microgonium bimarginatum Bosch / Trichomanes 

bimarginatum (Bosch) Bosch 

● Didymoglossum bimarginatum (Bosch) Ebihara & 

K.Iwats.

80 





Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel. Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel. / 

Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker 

● Didymoglossum motleyi (Bosch) Ebihara & K.Iwats. Trichomanes motleyi (Bosch) Bosch Microgonium motleyi Bosch / Trichomanes 

motleyi (Bosch) Bosch 

Trichomanes sublimbatum Müll.Berol. Microgonium sublimbatum (Müll.Berol.) Bosch / 

Trichomanes sublimbatum Müll.Berol. 

● Didymoglossum sublimbatum (Müll.Berol.) ebihara & 

K.Iwats. 

● Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. Meringium acanthoides (Bosch) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenst. 


● Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. Mecodium badium (Hook. & Grev.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum badium Hook. & Grev. 

Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker 

● Hymenophyllum blandum Racib. Hymenophyllum blandum Racib. Meringium blandum (Racib.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum blandum Racib. 

● Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. Meringium bontocense (Copel.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. 

● Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. Meringium denticulatum (Sw.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. 

● Hymenophyllum digitatum (Sw.) Fosberg Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K.Iwats. Microtrichomanes digitatum (Sw.) Copel. / 

Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K.Iwats. 

● Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. Mecodium exsertum (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum exsertum Wall. ex Hook. 

● Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr. Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr. Meringium holochilum (Bosch) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum holochilum (Bosch) C.Chr. 

● Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng. Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng. Mecodium javanicum (Spreng.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum javanicum Spreng. 

● Hymenophyllum pallidum (Blume) Ebihara & K.Iwats. Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K.Iwats. Pleuromanes pallidum (Blume) C.Presl. / 

Crepidomanes pallidum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

● Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. Mecodium polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw.






● Hymenophyllum productum Kunze Hymenophyllum productum Kunze Mecodium productum (Kunze) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum productum Kunze 

● Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ Mecodium riukiuense (Christ) Copel. / 

Hymenophyllum riukiuense Christ 

● Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr. Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr. Meringium meyenianum C.Presl / 

Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C.Presl) C.Chr. 

● Vandenboschia auriculata (Blume) Copel. Crepidomanes auriculatum (Blume) K.Iwats. Trichomanes auriculatum Blume / Crepidomanes 

auriculatum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

● Vandenboschia birmanica (Bedd.) Ching Crepidomanes birmanicum (Bedd.) K.Iwats. Trichomanes birmanicum Bedd. / Crepidomanes 

birmanicum (Bedd.) K.Iwats. 

● Vandenboschia maxima (Blume) Copel. Crepidomanes maximum (Blume) K.Iwats. Trichomanes maximum Blume / Crepidomanes 

maximum (Blume) K.Iwats. 

LINDSAEACEAE 

Lindsaea bouillodii Christ Lindsaea bouillodii Christ Lindsaea bouillodii Christ 

Lindsaea chienii Ching Lindsaea chienii Ching Lindsaea chienii Ching 

Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. 

○ Lindsaea dissectiformis Ching10 Absent Absent 

Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev. Lindsaea divergens Hook. & Grev. 

Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer Lindsaea doryphora K.U.Kramer 

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. 

Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. Lindsaea heterophylla Dryand. 

Lindsaea integra Holttum Lindsaea integra Holttum Lindsaea integra Holttum 

Lindsaea javanensis Blume Lindsaea javanensis Blume Lindsaea javanensis Blume 

Lindsaea lucida Blume Lindsaea lucida Blume Lindsaea lucida Blume 

81 

Lindsaea malayensis Holttum Lindsaea malayensis Holttum Lindsaea malayensis Holttum 

Lindsaea napaea Alderw. Lindsaea napaea Alderw. Lindsaea napaea Alderw.

82 




Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. Lindsaea oblanceolata Alderw. 

Lindsaea odorata Roxb. Lindsaea odorata Roxb. Lindsaea odorata Roxb. 

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn 



var. orbiculata 






var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U.Kramer 



Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw. Lindsaea parallelogramma Alderw. 

Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron. Lindsaea parasitica (Roxb. ex Griff.) Hieron. 

Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites var. pectinata 



(Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn 



○ Lindsaea tenera Dryand. 4 Lindsaea tenera Dryand. Absent 

Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon 



var. chinensis 





var. divaricata (Christ) K.U.Kramer 





Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer 

Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Tapeinidium pinnatum (Cav.) C.Chr. 

LOMARIOPSIDACEAE 

Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr. Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr. Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr. 

Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum Lomariopsis lineata (C.Presl) Holttum 

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ 

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl 

Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze Nephrolepis davallioides (Sw.) Kunze 

● Nephrolepis falciformis J.Sm. 16 Nephrolepis falcata auct. non (Cav.) C.Chr. Nephrolepis falcata auct. non (Cav.) C.Chr. 

Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.Forst.) C.Presl 

Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn Nephrolepis radicans (Burm.f.) Kuhn





● Nephrolepis undulata (afzel.) J.Sm. 16 Nephrolepis delicatula (Decne.) Pic.Serm. Nephrolepis delicatula (Decne.) Pic.Serm. 

LYGODIACEAE 

Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Lygodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw. 

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. 

Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats. Lygodium giganteum Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. 

Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex T.Moore 

Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl Lygodium salicifolium C.Presl 

MARATTIACEAE 

○ Angiopteris angustifolia C.Presl10 Absent Absent 

Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. 

Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon 

● Ptisana sambucina (Blume) Murdock 27 Marattia sambucina Blume Marattia sambucina Blume 

MARSILEACEAE 

Marsilea crenata C.Presl Marsilea crenata C.Presl Marsilea crenata C.Presl 

○ Marsilea scalaripes D.M.Johnson 44 Absent Absent 

MATONIACEAE 

○ Matonia pectinata R.Br. 23 Absent Absent 

83 

OLEANDRACEAE 

Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl Oleandra musifolia (Blume) C.Presl

84 





Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr. 

Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching Oleandra undulata (Willd.) Ching 

Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 

Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 

/ Japanobotrychium lanuginosum 

(Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Nishida ex Tagawa 


Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. 

Ophioglossum costatum R.Br. Ophioglossum costatum R.Br. Ophioglossum costatum R.Br. 

Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. 

Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioglossum pendulum L. 

Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. 

OSMUNDACEAE 

Osmunda angustifolia Ching Osmunda angustifolia Ching Osmunda angustifolia Ching 

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda cinnamomea L. 

○ Osmunda javanica (C.Presl) Blume 4,10 Osmunda javanica (C.Presl) Blume Absent 

Osmunda vachellii Hook. Osmunda vachellii Hook. Osmunda vachellii Hook. 

PLAGIOGYRIACEAE 

Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd. Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd. Plagiogyria adnata (Blume) Bedd. 

Plagiogyria communis Ching Plagiogyria communis Ching Plagiogyria communis Ching 

POLYPODIACEAE 

● Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli (Christ) Copel. 31 Acrosorus triangularis (Scort. ex Bedd.) Copel. Acrosorus triangularis (Scort. ex Bedd.) Copel.






○ Acrosorus streptophyllus (Baker) Copel. 31 Absent Absent 

● Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) Hovenkamp Photinopteris speciosa (Blume) C.Presl Photinopteris acuminata (Willd.) C.V.Morton 

Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. 

○ Aglaomorpha drynarioides (Hook.) Roos 10 Absent Absent 

○ Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel. 4 Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel. Absent 

Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching Arthromeris amplexifolia (Christ) Ching 

Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching Arthromeris lehmanni (Mett.) Ching 

Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Arthromeris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

○ Arthromeris proteus (Copel.) Tagawa16 Absent Absent 

Arthromeris tatsienensis (Franch. & Bureau 



ex Christ) Ching 



Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia annamensis (C.Chr.) Tagawa 

Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa Belvisia henryi (Hieron. ex C.Chr.) Tagawa 

Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel. Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel. Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel. 

● Belvisia spicata (L.f.) Mirbel ex Copel. 16 Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel. Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel. 

Calymmodon asiaticus Copel. Calymmodon asiaticus Copel. Calymmodon asiaticus Copel. 

Calymmodon cucullatus auct. non 

(Nees & Blume) C.Presl 

● Calymmodon curtus Parris41 Calymmodon cucullatus auct. non 

(Nees & Blume) C.Presl 

Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ Christiopteris tricuspis (Hook.) Christ 

○ Chrysogrammitis musgraviana (Baker) Parris 32 Absent Absent 

● Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris 33 Ctenopteris moultonii (Copel.) C.Chr. & Tardieu Ctenopteris moultonii (Copel.) C.Chr. & Tardieu 

Xiphopteris khaoluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Xiphopteris khaoluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

● Ctenopterella khaoluangensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) 

Parris 33 

○ Dasygrammitis brevivenosa (Alderw.) Parris41,44 Absent Absent 

● Dasygrammitis mollicoma (Nees & Blume) Parris33 Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees. & Blume) Kunze Ctenopteris mollicoma (Nees. & Blume) Kunze 

85 

Drynaria bonii Christ Drynaria bonii Christ Drynaria bonii Christ

86 




● Drynaria roosii Nakaike28 Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J.Sm. Drynaria fortunei (Kunze ex Mett.) J.Sm. 

Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. Drynaria parishii (Bedd.) Bedd. 

Drynaria propinqua (Wall. ex Mett.) J.Sm. 

ex Bedd. 


ex Bedd. 


ex Bedd. 

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. 

Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd. 

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T.Moore 

● Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd. Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd. Polypodium amoenum Wall. ex Mett. 


● Goniophlebium lachnopus J.Sm. 36 Polypodium garrettii C.H.Wright Polypodium garrettii C.H.Wright 

● Goniophlebium manmeiense (Christ) Rödl-Linder Polypodium manmeiense Christ Polypodium manmeiense Christ 

● Goniophlebium mengtzeense (Christ) Rödl-Linder7 Goniophlebium argutum J.Sm. ex Hook. & Grev. Polypodium argutum (J.Sm. ex Hook. & Grev.) 

Hook. 

● Goniophlebium microrhizoma (C.B.Clarke ex Baker) Goniophlebium microrhizoma (C.B.Clarke ex Baker) Polypodium microrhizoma C.B.Clarke ex Baker 

Bedd. 

Bedd. 

● Goniophlebium percussum (Cav.) Wagner & Grether 16 Goniophlebium verrucosum (Hook.) J.Sm. Polypodium verrucosum (Hook.) Mett. 

● Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. Polypodium persicifolium Desv. 

● Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl + Polypodium subauriculatum Blume + 

Goniophlebium molle Bedd. 

Polypodium beddomei Baker 

Araiostegia dareiformis (Hook.) Copel. / 

Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) 

Ching ex Tardieu & C.Chr. 

Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu 

& C.Chr. 

● Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hook.) Ching ex Tardieu 

& C.Chr. 

● Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. Lecanopteris crustacea Copel. Myrmecophila crustacea (Copel.) Tagawa 

○ Lecanopteris pumila Blume22 Absent Absent 

● Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Myrmecophila sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Nakai 

ex H.Ito 

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk






Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl Lemmaphyllum carnosum (Hook.) C.Presl 

Lepisorus bicolor Ching Lepisorus bicolor Ching Lepisorus bicolor Ching 

Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching Lepisorus contortus (Christ) Ching 

Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching Lepisorus heterolepis (Rosenst.) Ching 

Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum 

Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching Lepisorus nudus (Hook.) Ching 

Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching Lepisorus oosphaerus (C.Chr.) Ching 

Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ching) 

Mehra & Bir 


Mehra & Bir 


Mehra & Bir 

Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching Lepisorus sinensis (Christ) Ching 

Lepisorus subconfluens Ching Lepisorus subconfluens Ching Lepisorus subconfluens Ching 

Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching Lepisorus sublinearis (Baker ex Takeda) Ching 

Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching Lepisorus suboligolepidus Ching 

Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. Leptochilus axillaris (Cav.) Kaulf. 

Leptochilus decurrens Blume Leptochilus decurrens Blume Leptochilus decurrens Blume 

Colysis pentaphylla (Baker) Ching + 

Colysis pothifolia (D.Don) C.Presl 

● Leptochilus ellipticus (Thunb.) Noot. 29 Colysis pentaphylla (Baker) Ching + Colysis pothifolia 

(D.Don) C.Presl 

● Leptochilus hemionitideus (C.Presl) Noot. Colysis hemionitidea C.Presl Colysis hemionitidea C.Presl 

● Leptochilus macrophyllus (Blume) Noot. Colysis macrophylla (Blume) C.Presl Colysis macrophylla (Blume) C.Presl 

○ Leptochilus minor Fée 5 Absent Absent 

Colysis pedunculata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching + 

Colysis wui (C.Chr.) Ching 

● Leptochilus pedunculatus (Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. Colysis pedunculata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching + 

Colysis wui (C.Chr.) Ching 

○ Loxogramme acroscopa (Christ) C.Chr. 4 Loxogramme acroscopa (Christ) C.Chr. Absent 

○ Loxogramme assimilis Ching4 Loxogramme assimilis Ching Absent 

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Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl Loxogramme avenia (Blume) C.Presl 

○ Loxogramme centicola M.G.Price 4,8 Loxogramme centicola M.G.Price Absent 

Loxogramme chinensis Ching Loxogramme chinensis Ching Loxogramme chinensis Ching 

○ Loxogramme cuspidata (Zenker) M.G.Price 4 Loxogramme cuspidata (Zenker) M.G.Price Absent 


Loxogramme duclouxii Christ Loxogramme duclouxii Christ Loxogramme duclouxii Christ 

Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl Loxogramme involuta (D.Don) C.Presl 

Loxogramme lankokiensis (Rosenst.) 



C.Chr. 

C.Chr. 

C.Chr. 

○ Loxogramme porcata M.G.Price4 Loxogramme porcata M.G.Price Absent 

● Loxogramme scolopendrioides (Gaudich.) C.V.Morton34 Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) 

Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) 

C.Presl 

C.Presl 

Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr. Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr. Loxogramme subecostata (Hook.) C.Chr. 

Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching Microsorum heterocarpum (Blume) Ching 

● Microsorum insigne (Blume) Copel. 29 Microsorum dilatatum (Bedd.) Sledge Microsorum dilatatum (Bedd.) Sledge 

Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don) 

Ching 


Ching 


Ching 

○ Microsorum musifolium Copel. 35 Absent Absent 

Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. 

Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. 

○ Microsorum siamense Boonkerd 1 Absent Absent 

Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching Microsorum superficiale (Blume) Ching 

○ Microsorum thailandicum Boonkerd & Noot. 3 Microsorum sp. Absent 

Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching Microsorum zippelii (Blume) Ching 

Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa Neocheiropteris normalis (D.Don) Tagawa 

● Oreogrammitis adspersa (Blume) Parris33 Grammitis adspersa Blume Grammitis adspersa Blume 

● Oreogrammitis congener (Blume) Parris41,33 Grammitis setosa auct. non Blume Grammitis setosa auct. non Blume






Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C.Chr. & 

Tardieu 

● Oreogrammitis dorsipila (Christ) Parris33 Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C.Chr. & 

Tardieu 

● Oreogrammitis reinwardtii (Blume) Parris33 Grammitis bongoensis (Copel.) Copel. Grammitis bongoensis (Copel.) Copel. 

● Phymatosorus cuspidatus (D.Don) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus cuspidatus (D.Don) Pic.Serm. Microsorum cuspidatum (D.Don) Tagawa 

● Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic.Serm. Microsorum rubidum (Kunze) Copel. 

● Phymatosorus membranifolius (R.Br.) S.G.Lu25 Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) Pic.Serm. Microsorum nigrescens (Blume) Copel. 

● Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm. Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm. Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. 

Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv. Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv. Platycerium coronarium (J.Koenig) Desv. 

Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman 

○ Platycerium ridleyi Christ 7 Platycerium ridleyi Christ Absent 

Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium wallichii Hook. 

Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ Prosaptia alata (Blume) Christ 

Prosaptia khasyana auct. non (Hook.) C.Chr. & 

Tardieu 

● Prosaptia barathrophylla (Baker) M.G.Price41 Prosaptia khasyana auct. non (Hook.) C.Chr. & 

Tardieu 

Prosaptia celebica (Blume) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 


K.Iwats. 


K.Iwats. 

Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl Prosaptia contigua (G.Forst.) C.Presl 

Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. Prosaptia obliquata (Blume) Mett. 

● Prosaptia pectinata T.Moore41 Prosaptia leysii (Baker) Ching Prosaptia leysii (Baker) Ching 

● Pyrrosia albicans (Blume) Ching15 Pyrrosia floccigera (Blume) Ching Pyrrosia floccigera (Blume) Ching 

Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching 

Pyrrosia angustissima (Giesenh. ex Diels) 

Tagawa & K.Iwats. 





Pyrrosia costata (C.Presl ex Bedd.) 






Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching Pyrrosia flocculosa (D.Don) Ching 

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Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. + 

Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching + 

Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching + 

Pyrrosia varia (Kaulf.) Farw. 

● Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. 15 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. + 

Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching + 

Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching + 

Pyrrosia varia (Kaulf.) Farw. 

○ Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. lingua 4 Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. lingua Absent 

Pyrrosia eberhardtii (Christ) Ching + 

Pyrrosia heteractis (Mett. ex Kuhn) Ching 

var. heteractis + Pyrrosia heteractis (Mett. ex 

Kuhn) Ching var. minor (C.Chr.) Ching 

Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. heteractis (Mett. ex 

Kuhn) Hovenkamp 

● Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. var. heteractis (Mett. ex 

Kuhn) Hovenkamp 


Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) C.V.Morton 

Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching 

Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching 

● Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum + 

Pyrrosia penangiana (Hook.) Holttum + 

Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching 

Pyrrosia mollis (Kunze) Ching 

● Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G.Price Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G.Price Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C.Presl 

○ Pyrrosia porosa (C.Presl) Hovenkamp var. porosa23 Absent Absent 

● Pyrrosia porosa (C.Presl) Hovenkamp var. tonkinensis Pyrrosia tonkinensis (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia tonkinensis (Giesenh.) Ching 

(Giesenh.) Ching 

○ Pyrrosia rasamalae (Racib.) K.H. Shing10,15 Absent Absent 

Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching 

● Radiogrammitis jagoriana (Mett. ex Kuhn) Parris33 Grammitis jagoriana (Mett.) Tagawa Grammitis jagoriana (Mett.) Tagawa 

● Radiogrammitis multifolia (Copel.) Parris41,33 Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume) 

Grammitis hirtella auct. non (Blume) 

Tuyama 

Tuyama 

● Scleroglossum pusillum (Blume) Alderw. 41 Scleroglossum minus auct. non (Fée) C.Chr. Scleroglossum minus auct. non (Fée) C.Chr. 

● Scleroglossum sulcatum (Kuhn) Alderw. 41 Scleroglossum pusillum auct. non (Blume) 

Scleroglossum pusillum auct. non (Blume) 

Alderw. 

Alderw. 

● Selliguea cruciformis (Ching) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus cruciformis (Ching) Tagawa Crypsinus cruciformis (Ching) Tagawa






● Selliguea ebenipes (Hook.) S.Linds. Crypsinus ebenipes (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus ebenipes (Hook.) Copel. 

● Selliguea enervis (Cav.) Ching Crypsinus enervis (Cav.) Copel. Crypsinus enervis (Cav.) Copel. 

● Selliguea griffithiana (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus griffithianus (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus griffithianus (Hook.) Copel. 

Selliguea heterocarpa Blume Selliguea heterocarpa Blume Selliguea heterocarpa Blume 

● Selliguea hirsuta (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Linds. Crypsinus hirsutus Tagawa & K.Iwats. Crypsinus hirsutus Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

● Selliguea laciniata (C.Presl) Parris Crypsinus laciniatus (C.Presl) Holttum Crypsinus laciniatus (C.Presl) Holttum 

○ Selliguea lateritia (Baker) Hovenkamp 16 Absent Absent 

Crypsinus oxylobus (Wall. ex Kunze) 

Sledge 

● Selliguea oxyloba (Wall. ex Kunze) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus oxylobus (Wall. ex Kunze) 

Sledge 

● Selliguea rhynchophylla (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk. Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hook.) Copel. Crypsinus rhynchophyllus (Hook.) Copel. 

● Selliguea stenophylla (Blume) Parris Crypsinus stenophyllus (Blume) Holttum Crypsinus stenophyllus (Blume) Holttum 

● Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G.Price Crypsinus trilobus (Houtt.) Copel. Crypsinus trilobus (Houtt.) Copel. 

● Themelium tenuisectum (Blume) Parris Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J.Sm. Ctenopteris tenuisecta (Blume) J.Sm. 

● Tomophyllum subfalcatum (Blume) Parris33 Ctenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze Ctenopteris subfalcata (Blume) Kunze 

● Xiphopterella hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Parris33 Xiphopteris hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Holttum Xiphopteris hieronymusii (C.Chr.) Holttum 

PSILOTACEAE 

Psilotum complanatum Sw. Psilotum complanatum Sw. Psilotum complanatum Sw. 

Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cheilanthoideae 

○ Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel) Kunze4 Cheilanthes argentea (S.G.Gmel) Kunze Absent 

Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr. Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr. Cheilanthes belangeri (Bory) C.Chr. 

Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats. Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats. Cheilanthes delicatula Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

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● Cheilanthes formosana Hayata Cheilanthes formosana Hayata Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf., 

pro parte / Cheilanthes formosana Hayata 

Cheilanthes fragilis Hook. Cheilanthes fragilis Hook. Cheilanthes fragilis Hook. 

● Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav. Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf., 

pro parte / Cheilanthes krameri Franch. & Sav. 

● Cheilanthes pseudoargentea (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes pseudoargentea (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) 

Kaulf., pro parte / Cheilanthes pseudoargentea 

(S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. 


● Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf., 

pro parte / Cheilanthes pseudofarinosa (Ching & 

S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. 

● Cheilanthes rufa D.Don Cheilanthes rufa D.Don Cheilanthes rufa D.Don + Cheilanthes subrufa 

auct. non Baker 

● Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu) K.Iwats. Cheilanthes farinosa auct. non (Forssk.) Kaulf., 

pro parte / Cheilanthes siamensis (S.K.Wu) 

K.Iwats. 

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw. Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Sw. 

○ Doryopteris alleniae r.M.Tryon 10 Absent Absent 

Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Doryopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. 

● Hemionitis vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) J.Sm. Gymnopteris vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) Underw. Gymnopteris vestita (Wall. ex Hook.) Underw. 

Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr. Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr. Notholaena velutina Tardieu & C.Chr. 

Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) T.Moore Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) T.Moore 

● Parahemionitis cordata (Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev.) 

Fraser-Jenk. 11 

○ Pellaea timorensis Alderw. 4 Pellaea timorensis Alderw. Absent 

Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Diels 

var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron. 


var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron. 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Cryptogrammoideae 


var. serrulata (Blume) Hieron.






Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu Coniogramme petelotii Tardieu 

Coniogramme procera Fée Coniogramme procera Fée Coniogramme procera Fée 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Parkerioideae 

Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum aureum L. 

Acrostichum speciosum Willd. Acrostichum speciosum Willd. Acrostichum speciosum Willd. 

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Pteridoideae 

Onychium contiguum C.Hope Onychium contiguum C.Hope Onychium contiguum C.Hope 

Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr. Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr. Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C.Chr. 

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link 

Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J.agardh 

Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron. Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron. Pteris asperula J.Sm. ex Hieron. 

Pteris bella Tagawa Pteris bella Tagawa Pteris bella Tagawa 

Pteris biaurita L. Pteris biaurita L. Pteris biaurita L. 

Pteris blumeana J.agardh Pteris blumeana J.agardh Pteris blumeana J.agardh 

Pteris cretica L. Pteris cretica L. Pteris cretica L. 

Pteris dalhousiae Hook. Pteris dalhousiae Hook. Pteris dalhousiae Hook. 

Pteris decrescens Christ Pteris decrescens Christ Pteris decrescens Christ 

Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. 

Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex J.agardh 

Pteris heteromorpha Fée Pteris heteromorpha Fée Pteris heteromorpha Fée 

Pteris linearis Poir. Pteris linearis Poir. Pteris linearis Poir. 

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Pteris longipes D.Don Pteris longipes D.Don Pteris longipes D.Don 

Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris longipinnula Wall. ex J.agardh 

Pteris mertensioides Willd. Pteris mertensioides Willd. Pteris mertensioides Willd. 

Pteris multifida Poir. Pteris multifida Poir. Pteris multifida Poir. 

Pteris nepalensis H.Ito Pteris nepalensis H.Ito Pteris nepalensis H.Ito 

Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. Pteris phuluangensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Pteris plumbea Christ Pteris plumbea Christ Pteris plumbea Christ 

Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris scabripes Wall. ex J.agardh 


Pteris semipinnata L. Pteris semipinnata L. Pteris semipinnata L. 

Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 

Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh Pteris subquinata Wall. ex J.agardh 

Pteris tokioi Masam. Pteris tokioi Masam. Pteris tokioi Masam. 

Pteris tripartita Sw. Pteris tripartita Sw. Pteris tripartita Sw. 

Pteris venusta Kunze Pteris venusta Kunze Pteris venusta Kunze 

Pteris vittata L. Pteris vittata L. Pteris vittata L. 

Pteris wallichiana J.agardh Pteris wallichiana J.agardh Pteris wallichiana J.agardh 

Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm. Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm. Syngramma alismifolia (C.Presl) J.Sm. 

Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. 

○ Taenitis interrupta Hook. & Grev. 10 Absent Absent 

PTERIDACEAE subfam. Vittarioideae 

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. 

Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum caudatum L. 

Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum edgeworthii Hook.






Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu Adiantum erylliae C.Chr. & Tardieu 

Adiantum flabellulatum L. Adiantum flabellulatum L. Adiantum flabellulatum L. 

● Adiantum fragiliforme C.Chr. 46 Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte 

○ Adiantum latifolium Lam. 10 Absent Absent 

○ Adiantum phanomensis S.Linds. & D.J.Middleton21 Absent Absent 

Adiantum philippense L. 43 Adiantum philippense L. Adiantum philippense L. 

Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. Adiantum siamense Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. Adiantum soboliferum Wall. ex Hook. 

Adiantum stenochlamys Baker Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte Adiantum stenochlamys Baker, pro parte 

○ Adiantum thongthamii Suksathan 37 Absent Absent 

Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn Adiantum zollingeri Mett. ex Kuhn 

Antrophyum callifolium Blume Antrophyum callifolium Blume Antrophyum callifolium Blume 

Antrophyum obovatum Baker Antrophyum obovatum Baker Antrophyum obovatum Baker 

Antrophyum parvulum Blume Antrophyum parvulum Blume Antrophyum parvulum Blume 

● Antrophyum vittarioides Baker 39 Antrophyum stenophyllum Baker Antrophyum stenophyllum Baker 

Vittaria amboinensis Fée + Vittaria 

forrestiana auct. non Ching 

● Haplopteris amboinensis (Fée) X.C.Zhang40 Vittaria amboinensis Fée + Vittaria 

forrestiana auct. non Ching 

● Haplopteris angustifolia (Blume) E.H.Crane Vittaria angustifolia Blume Vittaria angustifolia Blume 

● Haplopteris elongata (Sw.) E.H.Crane Vittaria elongata Sw. Vittaria elongata Sw. 

● Haplopteris ensiformis (Sw.) E.H.Crane Vittaria ensiformis Sw. Vittaria ensiformis Sw. 

● Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E.H.Crane Vittaria flexuosa Fée Vittaria flexuosa Fée 

Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites & 

Hook. 

● Haplopteris scolopendrina C.Presl Vittaria scolopendrina (Bory) Thwaites & 

Hook. 

● Haplopteris sikkimensis (Kuhn) E.H.Crane Vittaria sikkimensis Kuhn Vittaria sikkimensis Kuhn 

● Haplopteris taeniophylla (Copel.) E.H.Crane Vittaria taeniophylla Copel. Vittaria taeniophylla Copel. 

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● Haplopteris winitii (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Linds. Antrophyum winitii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Antrophyum winitii Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. Vaginularia paradoxa (Fée) Mett. 

Vaginularia trichoidea Fée Vaginularia trichoidea Fée Vaginularia trichoidea Fée 

SALVINIACEAE 

Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. 

Azolla pinnata R.Br. Azolla pinnata R.Br. Azolla pinnata R.Br. 

Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory 


Salvinia natans (L.) All. Salvinia natans (L.) All. Salvinia natans (L.) All. 

SCHIZAEACEAE 

Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. Schizaea dichotoma (L.) Sm. 

Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. 

TECTARIACEAE 

Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston Arthropteris palisotii (Desv.) Alston 

Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum Heterogonium alderwereltii Holttum 

Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum Heterogonium gurupahense (C.Chr.) Holttum 

Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats. Heterogonium hennipmanii Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum 

Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum Heterogonium sagenioides (Mett.) Holttum 

Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum 

Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum 

Pleocnemia submembranacea (Hayata) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 


K.Iwats. 


K.Iwats.





Pteridrys australis Ching Pteridrys australis Ching Pteridrys australis Ching 

Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C.Chr. & 

Ching 


Ching 


Ching 

Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching 

Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria amplifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. 

Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr. Tectaria angulata (Willd.) C.Chr. 

Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel. Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel. 

○ Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V.Morton4 Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V.Morton Absent 

● Tectaria christii Copel. 13 Tectaria christii Copel. Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr., pro parte 

Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr. absent Tectaria coadunata (J.Sm.) C.Chr., pro parte 

Tectaria crenata Cav. Tectaria crenata Cav. Tectaria crenata Cav. 

Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel. Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel. Tectaria decurrens (C.Presl) Copel. 

Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. 

Tectaria fauriei Tagawa Tectaria fauriei Tagawa Tectaria fauriei Tagawa 

● Tectaria fissa (Kunze) Holttum 13 Tectaria rumicifolia (Ridl.) C.Chr. Tectaria rumicifolia (Ridl.) C.Chr. 

Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr. Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr. Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr. 

Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr. 

Tectaria gymnosora Holttum Tectaria gymnosora Holttum Tectaria gymnosora Holttum 

Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum 

● Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum Tectaria variolosa (Wall. ex Hook.) C.Chr. 

○ Tectaria keckii (Luerss.) C.Chr. 4 Tectaria keckii (Luerss.) C.Chr. Absent 

Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr. Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr. Tectaria laotica Tardieu & C.Chr. 

● Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum 

Ctenitis manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum 

var. manilensis + Tectaria manilensis (C.Presl) Holttum 

var. chupengensis (Ridl.) Holttum 

97

98 





Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel. Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel. Tectaria melanocaulis (Blume) Copel. 

Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. 

○ Tectaria phanomensis S.Linds. 24 Absent Absent 

○ Tectaria pilosa (Fée) r.C.Moran4 Tectaria pilosa (Fée) r.C.Moran Absent 

Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) 



Copel. 

Copel. 

Copel. 

Tectaria rockii C.Chr. Tectaria rockii C.Chr. Tectaria rockii C.Chr. 

● Tectaria semipinnata (roxb.) C.V.Morton Tectaria semipinnata (roxb.) C.V.Morton Tectaria maingayi (Baker) C.Chr. 


○ Tectaria shahidaniana Rusea44 Absent Absent 

○ Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel. 4 Tectaria siifolia (Willd.) Copel. Absent 

Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching 

Tectaria singaporeana (Wall. ex Hook. & 

Grev.) Ching 


Grev.) Ching 


Grev.) Ching 

Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching Tectaria tenerifrons (Hook.) Ching 

Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. Tectaria ternifolia (Alderw.) C.Chr. 

Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel. Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel. 

● Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge Quercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.) Copel. Quercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.) Copel. 

THELYPTERIDACEAE 

● Cyclosorus aridus (D.Don) Ching Christella arida (D.Don) Holttum Thelypteris arida (D.Don) C.V.Morton 

Thelypteris articulata (Houlston & T.Moore) 


Pronephrium articulatum (Houlston & T.Moore) 

Holttum 

● Cyclosorus articulatus (Houlston & T.Moore) 

Panigrahi 

● Cyclosorus asperus (C.Presl) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium asperum (C.Presl) Holttum Thelypteris aspera (C.Presl) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus canus (Baker) S.Linds. 14 Thelypteris repens (C.Hope) Ching Thelypteris repens (C.Hope) Ching 

● Cyclosorus ciliatus (Wall. ex Benth.) Panigrahi Trigonospora ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Holttum Thelypteris ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Ching






● Cyclosorus crassifolius (Blume) S.Linds. Mesophlebion crassifolium (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris crassifolia (Blume) Ching 

● Cyclosorus crinipes (Hook.) Ching Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holttum Thelypteris crinipes (Hook.) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus clarkei (Bedd.) Ching11 Cyclosorus cylindrothrix (Rosenst.) Ching Thelypteris cylindrothrix (Rosenst.) 

K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) e.P.St.John 

Thelypteris evoluta (C.B.Clarke & Baker) 

Tagawa & K.Iwats 

Christella evoluta (C.B.Clarke & Baker) 

Holttum 

● Cyclosorus evolutus (C.B.Clarke & Baker) 

Ching 

● Cyclosorus exsculptus (Baker) S.Linds. Pronephrium exsculptum (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris exsculpta (Baker) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus falcilobus (Hook.) Panigrahi Thelypteris falciloba (Hook.) Ching Thelypteris falciloba (Hook.) Ching 

● Cyclosorus ferox (Blume) Ching Chingia ferox (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris ferox (Blume) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus glandulosus (Blume) Ching Pronephrium glandulosum (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris glandulosa (Blume) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats., nom. illeg. 

Thelypteris heterocarpa (Blume) 

C.V.Morton 

Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Blume) 

Holttum 

● Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume) 

Ching 

● Cyclosorus immersus (Blume) S.Linds. Amphineuron immersum (Blume) Holttum Thelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching 

● Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Ito Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H.Ito Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus lakhimpurense (rosenst.) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Holttum Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Rosenst.) 

K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus larutensis (Bedd.) Ching Sphaerostephanos larutensis (Bedd.) C.Chr. Thelypteris larutensis (Bedd.) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus lebeufii (Baker) W.M.Chu Christella lebeufii (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris lebeufii (Baker) Panigrahi 

● Cyclosorus megaphyllus (Mett.) Ching Sphaerostephanos penniger Holttum, 

Thelypteris megaphylla (Mett.) K.Iwats. 

nom. nud. 

Thelypteris menisciicarpa (Blume) 

K.Iwats. 

Pronephrium menisciicarpon (Blume) 

Holttum 

● Cyclosorus menisciicarpus (Blume) 

Holttum 

99

100 





● Cyclosorus molliusculus (Kuhn) Ching Christella appendiculata (C.Presl) Holttum Thelypteris molliuscula (Kuhn) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus nudatus (roxb.) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb.) Holttum Thelypteris nudata (roxb.) C.V.Morton 

● Cyclosorus opulentus (Kaulf.) Nakaike Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum Thelypteris opulenta (Kaulf.) Fosberg 

● Cyclosorus papilio (C.Hope) Ching Christella papilio (C.Hope) Holttum Thelypteris papilio (C.Hope) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw. Christella parasitica (L.) H.Lév. Thelypteris parasitica (L.) Tardieu 

● Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Copel. Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.) Holttum Thelypteris penangiana (Hook.) C.F.Reed 

● Cyclosorus polycarpus (Blume) Holttum Sphaerostephanos polycarpa (Blume) Copel. Thelypteris polycarpa (Blume) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus prolifer (Retz.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr. Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sw. Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sw. 


● Cyclosorus repandus (Fée) B.K.Nayar & Kaur Pronephrium repandum (Fée) Holttum Thelypteris repanda (Fée) C.V.Morton 

○ Cyclosorus rubicundus (Alderw.) S.Linds. 4 Pronephrium rubicundum (Alderw.) Holttum Absent 

○ Cyclosorus salicifolius (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. 4 Pronephrium salicifolium (Wall. ex Hook.) Holttum Absent 

● Cyclosorus siamensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Panigrahi Christella siamensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Holttum Thelypteris siamensis Tagawa & K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus subelatus (Baker) Ching Christella subelata (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris subelata (Baker) K.Iwats. 

Thelypteris subpubescens (Blume) K.Iwats. + 

Thelypteris latipinna (Hook.) K.Iwats. + 

Thelypteris sumatrana (Alderw.) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus subpubescens (Blume) Ching12 Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holttum + 

Christella latipinna (Benth.) H.Lév. 

● Cyclosorus terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.) 

Amphineuron terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.) 

Thelypteris terminans (J.Sm. ex Hook.) 

Panigrahi 

Holttum 


○ Cyclosorus thailandicus S.Linds. 24 Absent Absent 

● Cyclosorus triphyllus (Sw.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr. Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum 

Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) K.Iwats. 

var. triphyllus 

var. triphyllum 

var. triphylla 

Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) K.Iwats. 

var. parishii (Bedd.) K.Iwats. 

Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum 

var. parishii (Bedd.) Nakaike 

● Cyclosorus triphyllus (Sw.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C.Chr. 

var. parishii (Bedd.) S.Linds. 

● Cyclosorus truncatus (Poir.) Farw. Pneumatopteris truncata (Poir.) Holttum Thelypteris truncata (Poir.) K.Iwats. 

● Cyclosorus tuberculifer (C.Chr.) Panigrahi Thelypteris tuberculifera (C.Chr.) Ching Thelypteris tuberculifera (C.Chr.) Ching






● Cyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Panigrahi14 Thelypteris xylodes (Kunze) Ching Thelypteris xylodes (Kunze) Ching 

● Cyclosorus unitus (L.) Ching Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum Thelypteris unita (L.) C.V.Morton 

● Cyclosorus validus (Christ) Ching Cyclosorus hirtisorus (C.Chr.) Ching Thelypteris hirtisora (C.Chr.) K.Iwats. + 

Thelypteris valida (Christ) Tagawa & 

K.Iwats. 

● Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching Macrothelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching Thelypteris ornata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Ching 

● Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching Thelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Alston 

● Pseudophegopteris sumatrana Holttum Pseudophegopteris sumatrana Holttum Absent 

Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton 

Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching Metathelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching 

● Thelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching Coryphopteris hirsutipes (C.B.Clarke) Holttum Thelypteris hirsutipes (Clarke) Ching 

○ Thelypteris laxa (Franch. & Sav.) Ching26 Absent Absent 

● Thelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching Metathelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching Thelypteris singalanensis (Baker) Ching 

Thelypteris viscosa (Baker) Ching Coryphopteris viscosa (Baker) Holttum Thelypteris viscosa (Baker) Ching 

WOODSIACEAE 

Athyrium anisopterum Christ Athyrium anisopterum Christ Athyrium anisopterum Christ 

● Athyrium cumingianum (C.Presl) Milde Anisocampium cumingianum C.Presl Anisocampium cumingianum C.Presl 

● Athyrium cuspidatum (Bedd.) M.Kato Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pichi-Serm. Kuniwatsukia cuspidata (Bedd.) Pic.Serm. 

Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. Athyrium dissitifolium (Baker) C.Chr. 

Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr. Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr. Athyrium mackinnonii (C.Hope) C.Chr. 

Athyrium setiferum C.Chr. Athyrium setiferum C.Chr. Athyrium setiferum C.Chr. 

Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa Cornopteris opaca (D.Don) Tagawa 

101 

● Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M.Kato Athyrium japonicum auct. non (Thunb.) Copel. Deparia japonica auct. non (Thunb.) 

M.Kato / Deparia petersenii (Kunze) M.Kato

102 





● Deparia subfluvialis (Hayata) M.Kato Athyrium boryanum auct. non (Willd.) Tagawa Deparia boryana auct. non (Willd.) M.Kato / 

Deparia subfluvialis (Hayata) M.Kato 

Diplazium accedens Blume Diplazium accedens Blume Diplazium accedens Blume 

Diplazium bantamense Blume Diplazium bantamense Blume Diplazium bantamense Blume 

Diplazium conterminum Christ Diplazium conterminum Christ Diplazium conterminum Christ 

Diplazium cordifolium Blume Diplazium cordifolium Blume Diplazium cordifolium Blume 

Diplazium crenato-serratum (Blume) 

T.Moore 


T.Moore 


T.Moore 


Diplazium dilatatum Blume Diplazium dilatatum Blume Diplazium dilatatum Blume 

○ Diplazium doederleinii (Luerss.) Makino 26 Absent Absent 

Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tardieu 

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. 

Diplazium heterophlebium (Mett. ex Baker) 

Diels 


Diels 


Diels 

Diplazium leptophyllum Christ Diplazium leptophyllum Christ Diplazium leptophyllum Christ 

Diplazium malaccense C.Presl Diplazium malaccense C.Presl Diplazium malaccense C.Presl 

Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ Diplazium megaphyllum (Baker) Christ 

Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr. Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr. Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C.Chr. 

Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw. Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw. Diplazium muricatum (Mett.) alderw. 

Diplazium petelotii Tardieu Diplazium petelotii Tardieu Diplazium petelotii Tardieu 

Diplazium petri Tardieu Diplazium petri Tardieu Diplazium petri Tardieu 

Diplazium polypodioides Blume Diplazium polypodioides Blume Diplazium polypodioides Blume 

Diplazium prescottianum (Wall. ex Hook.) 



T.Moore 

T.Moore 

T.Moore 

○ Diplazium procumbens Holttum10 Absent Absent






Diplazium riparium Holttum Diplazium riparium Holttum Diplazium riparium Holttum 

Diplazium siamense C.Chr. Diplazium siamense C.Chr. Diplazium siamense C.Chr. 

Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw. Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw. Diplazium silvaticum (Bory) Sw. 

Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum Diplazium simplicivenium Holttum 

Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl Diplazium sorzogonense (C.Presl) C.Presl 

Diplazium subintegrum Holttum Diplazium subintegrum Holttum Diplazium subintegrum Holttum 

Diplazium subserratum Blume Diplazium subserratum Blume Diplazium subserratum Blume 

Diplazium subsinuatum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) 

Tagawa 


Tagawa 


Tagawa 

Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa Diplazium taiwanense Tagawa 

Diplazium tomentosum Blume Diplazium tomentosum Blume Diplazium tomentosum Blume 

○ Diplazium virescens Kunze26 Absent Absent 

Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr. Diplazium xiphophyllum (Baker) C.Chr. 

103

104 


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Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand 

ORATAI NEAMSUVAN 1 , TOSAK SEELANAN 1 & JAN fRITS VELDKAMP 2 

ABSTRACT. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand, is described and illustrated. 

INTRODUCTION 

The genus Chrysopogon Trin. (Poaceae) comprises about 45 species, nine of which 

have been enumerated in a revision for Thailand (Veldkamp, 1999). During a field trip in 

October 2004 to Phu Chi Fa, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand, the first author collected a 

species that could not be identified with this treatment. 

Consulting other literature (e.g. Bor, 1960; Chen & Phillips, 2006; Cope, 1982; 

Shukla, 1996) it soon became clear that this represented C. gryllus (L.) Trin. and therefore 

is a new record for Thailand. Additional collections from Lampang and Loei were found 

in CMU and QBG. This species is described and illustrated below. 

DESCRIPTION 

Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Fund. Agrost.: 188. 1820.–– Type: Rhaetia, Séguier 

s.n. in Herb. Linn. 1211.2. (lectotype LINN!, designated by Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 2: 1863. 

1985).—Andropogon gryllus L., Cent. Pl. 2: 33. 1756.–– Chloris gryllus Honck., Syn. Pl. 

Germ. 1: 437. 1792.–– Holcus gryllus R. Br., Prodr.: 199. 1810., pro comb.–– Pollinia 

gryllus Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 10. 1815.–– Apluda gryllus (L.) P.Beauv., Essai 

Agrost.: 133, 150, 151, 164. 1812., pro comb., excl. t. 23, f. 6; C.Presl, Cyper. Gramin. 

Sicul.: 55. 1820, isonym.–– Rhaphis gryllus Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat.: 69. 1831.–– 

[Andropogon gryllus L. subsp. genuinus Hack. & subvar. typicus Hack. in A.P.de Candolle, 

Monogr. Phan. 6: 551. 1889., nom. inval.].–– Sorghum gryllus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 791. 

1891.–– [Andropogon gryllus L. subsp. eugryllus & forma typicus Asch. & Graebn., Syn. 

Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 44. 1899., nom. inval.]. Fig. 1. 

Sometimes Rhaphis gryllus Trin. (Fund. Agrost.: 188. 1820) is cited, but Trinius 

did not make this combination. 

Caespitose perennials. Culms erect, 1–1.6 m tall. Leaf sheaths keeled, 7–19 by 

0.7–1 cm, glabrous. Ligule 0.1–0.2 mm high. Leaf blades conduplicate, 40–65 cm by 2–6 

mm wide, sparsely pilose. Panicle 10–21 by 3–9 cm wide, with many spikelets, purplish, 

lowermost branches whorled, the longest one simple, 3–7 cm long. Raceme peduncles 2–5 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 

2 National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

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cm long, smooth. Racemes usually with 1 terminal triplet, sometimes with an additional 

proximal pair, joints 4.5–7 mm long, glabrous. Sessile spikelets 7–8.5 mm long (incl. 

callus), callus oblique, pungent, 1–1.5 mm long, setose, hairs c. 3.5 mm long, golden. 

Lower glume ovate–lanceolate, 5–6 by 1.3–1.5 mm, 5–nerved, smooth, but with a row of 

black tubercle-based hooks on both sides of the midrib, distally slightly setose, apex obtuse 

to bidentate. Upper glume ovate–lanceolate, ca 6 by 1.2–2 mm, midrib distally setose, 

without a dorsal fringe of hairs, awn 3–7 mm long. Lower lemma epaleate, lanceolate, 

4–5 by 1–1.5 mm, margins ciliolate, apex obtuse. Upper lemma lanceolate, ca 5 by 1 

mm, awned, awn exserted, geniculate with contorted column and straight arista, 20–40 

mm long, column puberulous, hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Stamens 3. Anthers 1.5–3 mm long. 

Pedicel 4–5 mm long, the sessile spikelet, glabrous, smooth. Pedicelled spikelets with 1 

male floret, 7.5–10 mm long. Lower glume smooth, glabrous, muticous to mucronate, 

mucro 0–5 mm long. Upper glume acuminate to mucronate, mucro 0–2 mm long. Lower 

lemma absent or epaleate, lanceolate, 0–7 by 0–1.1 mm, margin ciliolate, apex acute, 

muticous. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, ca 6 by 0.7 mm. Anthers 3–4 mm long. 

Thailand.–– NORTHERN: Chiang Rai [Phu Chi Fa Forest Park, 27 Nov. 2004, 

Neamsuvan 165 (BCU, L)], Lampang [Doi Luang National Park, 6 Nov. 1998, Petrmitr 

33 (CMU)]; NORTH-EASTERN: Loei [Pha Ta Lern, Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, 13 Oct. 

2000, Norsangsri 1019 (QBG)]. 

Distribution.–– Mediterranean to the Caucasus, Iraq and Arabia, Nepal, India 

(Assam, W Bengal, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Nagaland), S China 

(S Xizang, Yunnan). 

Ecology.–– Open fire damaged grass land, bordering primary evergreen, seasonal 

forest on granite bedrock, 1250–1500 m alt. 

Notes.–– Chrysopogon gryllus is an interesting species in several ways. In “true” 

Chrysopogon species the ultimate partial inflorescence is reduced to a triad of one sessile 

and 2 pedicelled spikelets and this would distinguish it from Vetiveria Bory, where this 

inflorescence is a jointed raceme with several paired spikelets, the distal one being a triplet. 

In C. gryllus there are two main inflorescence types, one “typical” chrysopogonoid, the 

other vetiverioid, with two or three, sometimes even five joints (see Cope, 1980, 1982). 

These two forms have their own, non-overlapping populations: the “typical” one 

disjunctly occurs around the Mediterranean, to the Caucasus, Iraq, and Arabia, and then 

in Nepal, and Assam, E India, S China. The “atypical” one form, early known as C. 

echinulatus (Nees ex Steud.) Will. Wats. occurs in the gap in between, from north-eastern 

Afghanistan to central Nepal with a disjunct population in the Nilgiri Hills of Karnataka, 

S India. However, as was noted by Cope, along the Himalayas there is a gradual west to 

east transition from “typical” echinulatus to “typical” gryllus. Although the two forms are 

floristically inseparable, Cope reduced C. echinulatus to a subspecies of C. gryllus. It is 

interesting to note that the inflorescences from the northern Thailand collections usually 

have triplets of spikelets, but in a few cases in the same inflorescence these are short 

racemes with one pair of spikelets below the triplet. 

Obviously, the traditional use of the inflorescence structure to distinguish 

Chrysopogon from Vetiveria is untenable. See Veldkamp (1999) for a more extensive 

discussion and other examples.

CHRYSOPOGON GRYLLUS (L.) TRIN. (POACEAE), A NEW RECORD FOR THAILAND 

(O. NEAMSUVAN, T. SEELANAN & J.F. VELDKAMP) 

Figure 1. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.: A. habit; B. spikelet pair; C.–F. sessile spikelet: C. lower glume, D. 

upper glume, E. lower lemma, F. upper lemma; G.–J. pedicelled spikelet: G. lower glume, H. upper 

glume, I. lower lemma, J. upper lemma. All from Neamsuvan 165 (BCU, L). Drawn by O. Neamsuvan. 

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The species is immediately recognisable by the row of tubercle-based hooks 

on both sides of the midrib of the lower glume of the sessile spikelet and the glabrous 

pedicels about half as long as or more than the sessile spikelet. 

The description above is based on the cited Thai specimens. 

In Thailand C. gryllus is similar to C. orientalis (Desv.) A.Camus and the key 

below should help to distinguish between the two species: 

Culms rather slender, up to 1 m tall. Blades 3–33 cm long, above glabrous to puberulous. Sessile spikelets: 

callus hairs 1.7–2.85 mm long. Lower glume smooth, glabrous to distally pilulose; upper glume with a 8–17 mm 

long awn. Pedicel hairy C. orientalis 

Culms robust, more than 1 m tall. Blades 40–60 cm long, above sparsely pilose. Sessile spikelets: callus hairs ca 

3.5 mm long. Lower glume smooth, but with a row of black spicules on each side of the midrib, distally sparsely 

setose; upper glume with a ca 6.5 mm long awn. Pedicel glabrous, smooth C. gryllus 


We would like to thank the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, Faculty of Science, 

Chulalongkorn University (CEB_D_11_2006), the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn 

University Fund and the Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Talents 

Project of Thailand (DPST) for funding of this research. We also thank the directors and 

curators of QBG and CMU for making the specimens available for this study. 

REfERENCES 

Bor, N.L. (1960). The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan, excluding Bambuseae. 

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Thai ForesT BulleTin (BoTany) no. 37, 2009 

ConTenTs 

Page 

Peter C. Boyce. Anadendrum (Araceae: Monsteroideae: Anadendreae) 

in Thailand 1‒8 

________. Ariopsis (Araceae: Colocasieae) a new generic record for 

Thailand & preliminary observations on trans-Himalayan 

biogeography in Araceae 9‒14 

________. A review of Pothos L. (Araceae: Pothoideae: Pothoeae) 

for Thailand 15‒26 

sahut Chantanaorrapint & amonrat Chantanaorrapint. Thismia 

clavigera (Thismiaceae), a new record for Thailand 27‒31 

Wittaya Kaewsri, yingyong Paisooksantivatana & uamporn 

Veesommai. A new record and a new synonym in Amomum Roxb. 

(Zingiberaceae) in Thailand 32‒35 

Charan leeratiwong, Pranom Chantaranothai & alan J. Paton. 

A synopsis of the genus Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand 36‒58 

stuart lindsay & David J. Middleton. Lecanopteris pumila Blume 

(Polypodiaceae), a new record for Thailand 59‒63 

stuart lindsay, David J. Middleton, Thaweesakdi Boonkerd & 

somran suddee. Towards a stable nomenclature for Thai ferns 64‒106 

oratai neamsuvan, Tosak seelanan & Jan Frits Veldkamp. 

Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. (Poaceae), a new record for Thailand 107‒110 

hans Peter nooteboom & Piya Chalermglin. The Magnoliaceae 

of Thailand 111‒138 

Christian Puff. Argostemma siamense Puff, a new name for 

A. monophyllum Sridith (Rubiaceae) 139 

Kitichate sridith. A new species record of Argostemma (Rubiaceae) 

for Thailand 140‒143 

somran suddee & Bob harwood. Gastrodia verrucosa (Orchidaceae), 

a new, but not unexpected, record for Thailand 144‒146 

Chalermpol suwanphakdee & Pranom Chantaranothai. The monotypic 

genus Zippelia Blume (Piperaceae): a new record for Thailand 147‒150 

Piyachart Trisarasri & somran suddee. Isodon walkeri (Lamiaceae), 

a new record for Thailand 151‒155 

Jan Frits Veldkamp. Xerochloa R.Br. (Gramineae, Paniceae) in Thailand 156‒160 

Printed at : PRACHACHON CO., LTD. 

35 Soi Pipat, Silom Road, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500, Thailand 

Tel. 66 2636 6550–8 

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