Vetiveria Zizanioides (L.) - HerbalNet Digital Repository

USHZRA 

BOTANICAL NAME: Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash 

!$$A2#g!Ly Poaceae 

5 2 i4;Qi-iYMS 

Udzirn. iValada, Amrinala, Sevya, Samagandhaka, Jalavasa. 

VE&U'

USHIRA Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash

ACTIONS AND USES 

The roots are aromatic, cwhg, refrigerant, diaphoretic, depurative, digestive, car- 

minative, stomachic, antiemetic, constipating, haematinic, haemostatic, expectorant, 

diuretic, febrifuge, stimulant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, alexiteric, soporific, anti- 

spasmodic and tonic. They are useful in hyperdipsia, burning sensation, nausea, 

obstinate vomiting, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, anaemia, haemorrhages, 

haemoptysis, cough, asthma, hiccough, strangury, bilious fever, gout, lumbago, 

sprains, headache, spermatorrhoea, hysteria, insomnia, diarrhoea, dehydration, 

amentia, cardiac debility, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, helminthiasis, spasmodic 

affections, erysipelas, emaciation, general debility, ulcers and skin diseases. 

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES 

Rasa - Tikta, Madhura 

Guna - Laghu, Snigdha 

Veerya - Sheeta 

Vipaka - Madhura 

Doshaghnata - Vatapittashamaka 

Rogaghnata - Daha, Murchha, Netraroga, Agnimandya, Trishna, Chhardi, 

Ajeerna, Atisara, Raktavikara, Raktapitta, Hriddaurbalya, Kasa, Hikka, 

Shwasa, Mootrakrichchhra, Svedamasurika, Kushtha, Vrana, Jwara, Shosha, 

Daurbalya, Visha 

Kamza - Dahaprashamana, Angamardaprashamana, Twagdoshahara, Vamya 

Svedapanayana, Deepana, Pachana, Trishnanigrahana, Chhardinigrahana, 

Stambhana, Raktaprasadana, Raktarodhaka, Balya, Kaphanissaraka, 

Mootrajanana, Stanyajanaka, Svedajanana, Svedadaurgandhyahara, 

Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Wshaghna 

Doses - Powder- 3-6 gm; Cold water infusion- 25-50 rnl; Hot water infusion- 

50-100 rnl. 

SIDDHA PROPERTIES 

Siddha Name: Wlamichuver 

Suvai (Taste): - Kaippu (Bitter) 

Veeriyam (Potency): - Seetham (Cooling) 

Vipakam (Transformation): - Inippu (Sweet) 

Ceikai (Pharmacological action): - Kuzhirchiundaklu (Refrigerant) 

Gunam (Uses): - Used for Headache and Diabetes 

Siddha Pharmaceutical Preparations: - Amirthathy kuligai, Lagu santhanathy 

thylurn, Injy chooranam, Kanthaga rasayanam, Mahaelathy kuzhigai, Mahavasantha

umagaram, Naasiroganasathylum, Nilavembukudineer, Thiratchaathy chmranam, 

Vallarai nei. 

PHARMACOGNOSY 

Roots are fibrous, wiry, upto 2 mm in diameter, longitudinally grooved, cream, 

grey or light yellow to brown in colour; odour strong aromatic; taste slightly bitter. 

Transverse section shows an epidermis composed of tangentially elongated cdls 

having brownish content, followed by a layer of hypodermis of thm-walled cells, 

similar to epidermis; cortex consisting of 2-3 layers of thick-walled, lignified 

sclerenchymatous cells towards periphery and aerenchymatous cells towads tent 

~ single ; layered endodermis with highly thickened inner walls; many layered @- 

cycle with thick-walled, sclerenchymatous cells enclosing radial vascular bundEes 

arranged in a ring. Simple starch grains measuring 8-12 p in diameter are present 

in aerenchyma, pericycle and pith cells. 

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 

Total ash- Not more than 9%; Acid-insoluble ash- Not more than 6%; McohaH-. 

soluble extractive Not less than 4%; Water-soluble extractive- Not less than 5%; 

Volatile oil- Not less than 1%. 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 

Isobisabolene, khusol, khusinol, khusilal, khusinol oxide, isokhusimol, khusillrol, 

khusimene, khusenic acid, isokhusenic acid, khusimone, cyclocopacarnphenol 

epicyclocopacampheno1 (C-I1 epimer), vetiselinenol and zizanol, zizanene 

levojunenol, epikhusinol, C,, ketones-(+) (1 S, 1OR)- 1,lO-dimethylbicyclo C4.4.01dec-6-en-3-one 

and (+) (6S, 10s)-6, 10-dimethylbicyclo [4.4.0]-dec- 1 -en-3 -one, 

zizanoic, epizizanoic acid, sesquiterpenes, khusol, allokhusiol, zizaene, prezi-c hr'4~,:?&. 

khusiol, isovalencenol, vetiselinenol and isovetiselinenol, isovalesenol, (+)a-cadino1 

cadina-4a-10P-diol, khusinodiol, isokhusinol oxide, acoradiene, zizaens 

solavetivone, p-vetivone, methoxyphenol, o-, m- & p-cresols, eugenol, 4- 

vinylguaiacol, cis and trans isoeugenol, 4-vinylphenol, vanillin, 4-vinyl-2 

methoxyphenol, tricyclic sesquiterpenoids-zizanal and epizizanal, a- & vetivoncs 

bicyclodecenone, epizizanone, acora-2,4-diene and its 10-epimer, 3-isoprogyl-2- 

(3-methylcyclopent-2-eny1)-tetrahydrofuran, 3-isopropyl- 6-methyl-2 -(3methylcyclopent-2-enyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran,12,13-di-nor-6(7-8)-&be@eremophil- 

1 (10)-en-7-one, 8alpha-methyl- 1 1,12,13-tri-nor-eremophil- 1 ( 10)-er,- 7 - 

one, eudsma-5,7-dien-4-01 (cascadadienol), 13-nor-7,8-epoxy-eremophil- 1 (i ~2,-

en- 1 1-one, eremophil, 7(11)-en- lobeta-01, 7,ll-epoxy-eremophila, 1,9-dien-8alpha-01, 

two epimers of 6,12,7,11 -diepoxy-eudesm-4-ene and of 7,11,8,12diepoxy-eremophil-9-ene, 

1,7-cyclogermacra- 1 (10),4-dien- 15-al, 10-epi-acor-3en-5-one, 

10-epi-acora-3,ll -dien- 15-al, (E)-opposit-4(15), 7(11)-dien- 124 13nor-opposite-4(15)-en- 

1 1 -one, 7-epi-cis-dracunculifoliol, elema- 1 , 1 1 -dien- 15-al, 

6,12-epoxyelema- l,3-diene, eremophil- 1 (lo), 6-dien- 12-al, 15-nor-funebran-3one, 

7,15-epoxyprezizaane, 15-nor-prezizaan-7-one, 12-nor-preziza-7(15)-en, 

prezizaan- 15-al, cyclocopacamphan- 12-al, 5,6-seco-6,7-furoeudesman-5-one, 

11,12,13-tri-nor-cis-eudesm-5-en-7-one, 11,12,13-tri-nor-cis-eudesm-5,8-dien-7one, 

13-nor-eudesm-5-en-11-one, 13-nor-trans-eudesma-4(15),7-dien-11-one, two 

oxitranes, 13-nor-4,5-epoxyeudesm-6-en- 1 1 -one and 13-nor-7,8-epoxy-transeudesm-4(15)-en- 

1 1 -one (vetiver oil). 

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 

Insecticidal, antifeedant, excellent insect repellent, diuretic, juvenile hormone like ac- 

tivity, antifhgal. 

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS 

Ushirasava, Ushiradi kvatha, Ushiradi churna, Ushiradya taila, 

Shadangapaniya, Sarvajwarahara lauha, Angamardaprashamana kashaya 

churna, Stanyajanana kashaya churna, Yogarajaguggulu. 

TRADE AND COMMERCE 

The roots on distillation yield vetiver oil, which has good demand in domestic as 

well as international markets. The oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetics 

and to a limited extent for medicinal purposes. The main centres of production in 

India are Bharatpur (Rajasthan), Musanagar (Kanpur district) and some areas of 

West Coast in Kerala. The oil produced in Bharatpur fetches much higher price 

(Rs. 72501- per kg in 2001) than that of South India (Rs. 18001- per kg). 

Retail market price- Roots- Rs. 601- per kg (2001). 

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS 

Coleus vettiveroides roots are good substitute to V zizanioides. 

PROPAGATION AND CIJLTWATION 

It flourishes over rich sandy-loam soils of 6 to 8 pH under warm and damp 

weather conditions. The crop grows luxuriantly where rainfall varies from 100 to 

200 cm and temperature from 30 to 40°C. A medium fertile soil is ideal for its

cultivation. Vetiver is raised from live mot slips planted in field during rainy season. A 

fully grown root clump is divided into 15-20 cm long rooted slips and these are 

planted in rows at 60 x 25 cm spacing to allow 6000 plants per hectare. The freshly 

planted field is given a light irrigation if it does not rain in next one or two days of 

planting; these slips commence sprouting in 7 to 10 days. The planted crop is earthed 

up after 60 days and the ridges are made 30 cm broad and 20 cm high which facili- 

tates higher root development. The initial growth of sprouted vetiver is slow for first 

90 days. The first interculture is recommended at 30 days after sprouting. Two more 

intercultms are given to the crop, viz., the first in February, when the plants resprout 

in the spring and the next in July. The use of chemical weedicides and one pre-emer- 

gence spraying of atrazine or oxadizone controls weed growth for first 60 to 70 days. 

Fertilizers like EYM, P,O,, 60 and nitrogen help in better root yield. Leaf blight 

caused by Cuwularia trifolii is the most serious fungal disease which affects the 

vetiver plants. Two to three spraying of copper fungicide (3%) containing 50% metallic 

copper at the rate of 550 to 725 literha is recommended as a control measure. Crop 

can be dug out between the age of 15 to 18 months. The aerial parts of the growing 

plants are cut off from ground level, the roots are dugout and cleared of mud by 

washing. After cleaning, the mots are separated fbm stump part and dried in shade for 

5 to 7 days to allow it to contain only about 10% moisture. Freshly harvested roots 

give higher oil yield over stored air-dried mots. 

During, tissue culture studies embryogenic callus was induced h m immature inflores- 

cence segments of K zizinwides on Murashige & Skoog's medium supplemented with 

2,4 dichlomphenoxyacetic acid (3.5 mg/l) and kinetin (0.5- 1 mg/l). The callus on sub 

culture to media with no hormones or low levels of 2,; ' (I mgA) developed a large 

number of embryoids, which developed into plantlets on the basal medium or on trans- 

fer to MS medium with low levels of auxins. The regenerated plantlets developed a 

strong root system on MS medium with NAA (1 mgA). 

Callus induction and high frequency regeneration was achieved from mesocotyl 

parts of young seedlings of vetiver when cultured on MS medium supplemented 

with 2,4-D and kinetin. Shoot formation occurred from 40-50 days old pale yel- 

low, nodular callus when subcultured on MS basal medium or MS medium aug- 

mented with BA. Rooting of shoots occurred in MS medium supplemented with 

NAA. Plantlets were then transferred to soil for acclimatization. 

In another trial the explants of young sheath and in vitro basal shoot fragments of 

vetiver were used to study the somatic embryogenesis and shoot formation. The 

results showed that auxin was the key factor for the induction of somatic embryo- 

genesis from the explants. Shoot organogenesis originated from the germination of 

somatic embryos which could be induced on induction media supplemented with 

NAA or low concentration of 2,4-D. An efficient recycle induction, regeneration

and propagation system of vetiver were established. 

Immature inflorescence segments of vetiver were pretreated in liquid MS medium 

with 1 mgA each of 2,4-D, Kn and BAP and induced to form callus on solid MS 

mdurn, supplemented with 2,4-D 5mgA and Kn 1mgA. The callus on subculture 

into MS medium with BAP and NAA formed 20-21 shoots which were rooted 

on MS medium supplemented with IBA. 

In another study crown and leaf slices of in vitro plantlets of a non-flowering 

Vetiveria zizanioides from Java were used to induce compact calli and to regen- 

erate plantlets. Upto 75 percent of crown slices cultured on m ded MS medium 

supplemented with 2,4-D, BA and sucrose developed compact callus. For subse- 

quent regeneration of plantlets, callus induction medium containing sucrose, and 

subsequent transfer to the regeneration medium was the best procedure, regener- 

ating plantlets on around 60 percent of the crown or leaf slices with upto 100 

plantlets per slice. 

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