Conservation practices to reduce soil erosion in hillsides cultivated with plantain (Musa AAB)
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Mr William Andrés Cardona, AGROSAVIA, Colombia. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
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Conservation practices to reduce soil erosion in hillsides cultivated with plantain (Musa AAB)
- 1. Conservation practices to reduce soil erosion in hillsides cultivated with plantain (Musa AAB) Cardona, W. A.; Silva-Arero, E.; Bolaños-Benavides, M. M.; García-Zapata, D. Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research AGROSAVIA 1
- 2. 2 Introduction 45,379,058 ha (40%) of the surface of Colombia: soil degradation due to erosion (IDEAM and UDCA, 2015). Soils of Colombia: diverse and fragile 58.11%: Entisols and Inceptisols. 28.79%: Ultisols and Oxisols. 7.5%: Mollisols and Andisols. http://www.siac.gov.co/erosion Reality of agriculture in Colombia
- 3. 3 Introduction Malamoud et al. (2009) Among the soil practices proposed to reduce erosion, tracing furrows with level curves is employed (FHIA, 2011). Planting live coverage such as intercropping with plantains (Ruiz and Molina, 2014). Crop rotation, management of crop residues and the type of crop used: to promote changes in the most sensitive OM constituent fractions. To validate with farmers, soil conservation practices in hillsides planted with plantain.
- 4. Municipality of Viotá: 4°26'30.62" N and 74°28'11.32" W, 1,225 m.a.s.l., 25°C, 1,473 mm of annual precipitation and 80% RH. 4 Methodology Municipality of La Vega: 5º2'14.00" N and 74º18'2.60" W, 1,699 m.a.s.l., 20.1°C and 735 mm of annual precipitation. Two plots cultivated with plantain were established in the department of Cundinamarca (Colombia) In both plots Reference controls were established (T0), practices used by farmers, to be contrasting with the conservation practices (T1).
- 5. 5 Methodology - Conservation practices Establishment of the crop with level curves and triangle planting. Application of organic matter: 2 kg/plant was applicated in planting, six and 12 months after planting. Use of biofertilizers: 20 g of AMF/site (>230 spores g-1 of the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Entrophospora). Plant cover management and conservation plan: Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays.
- 6. 6 Methodology Runoff plots. The evaluation was carried out in a period of three months in treatments 0 and 1. Both treatments had an area of 2,010 m2 and a slope of 55%. After heavy precipitation occurred (> 12.5 mm), sampling was carried out. Microbiological soil activity. 100 g/soil were taken at field capacity at a depth of 20 cm per sample in three different plots. Anderson (1982). Fallow (left); T1, conservation practice (middle) and T0, traditional management (right) Physical parameters: Bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, stability index (SI), mean weighted (MWD) and geometric diameter (MGD), and fine (FA) and extreme aggregates (EA).
- 7. 7 Results and Discussion 2256 1863 930 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 MSA(μgC-CO2g-1) Fallow Conservation practice Traditional management The MSA results in fallow: five years without intervention, presence of Eisenia foetida that accelerates the decomposition of organic waste, improving physical properties of the soil (Zapata et al., 2016). In La Vega plot where bean was sowed (legume associated with Rhizobium spp.), MSA increased in contrast with the traditional management that showed a decrease in MSA: the superficial soil layers were exposed to the adverse climatic conditions because they do not have any type of coverage, tending to show nutrient loss processes due to washing and/or some type of water erosion
- 8. 8 Results and Discussion Higher average soil loss in T0 (120 kg ha-1) compared to T1 (40 kg ha-1): positive effect of soil conservation practices on the decrease of soil loss by runoff. Higher colonization percentage of AMF in T1 29.3% vs T0 5%: colonized roots increased their capacity to absorb certain mineral nutrients (specifically, P). The colonization produces physical, biochemical and physiological changes in the colonized roots that lead to a better general state of the plant (Barea et al., 1997)
- 9. 9 Results and Discussion Higher bulk density was found in the soil of T0 (1.11 g cm-3) in comparation with T1 (0.64 g cm-3) and therefore, less movement of the subsurface water of the soil (T0= 2,05 vs T1= 18,7 cm h-1), considered moderate if it is compared with the rapid mobility of water in treatment 1. Parameter T1 T0 Stabilization index (SI) 90.31 55.89 Fine aggregates (FA) 33.61 18.81 Extreme aggregates (EA) 52.55 64.14 Mean weighed diameter (MWD) 1.32 1.91 Mean geometric diameter (MGD) 0.73 1.32 Mesopores 8.90 7.50 Micropores 30.80 39.60 Physical properties showed favorable values in T1 in comparation with T0 in aggregated stability, porous space and hydraulic conductivity; these results agree with Lozano et al. (2010): these practices improve moisture retention capacity in the root zone.
- 10. 10 Conclusions Soil conservation practices in hillsides cultivated with plantain allowed reducing soil erosion by 300%, increasing its microbial activity, improving its physical properties - K, and allowing better aeration of the root system. Acknowledgements This research was carried out with funding from SGR, CTel Secretariat of Cundinamarca, SDDE of Bogotá D.C., under Special Cooperation Agreement Derivative 2. Agroindustrial Technological Corridor.