9. Trunk diameter at base and breast height (1.3m) in 9 populations of
Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Aniwa E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Trunk Diameter (cm)
Dia. @ base
DBH
10. Heartwood % by Population
40
30
20
10
0
Aniwa Ponive Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
Heartwood %
19%
34% 29% 36%
27%
21%
19%
32%
Dia @
base (cm)
11. Tree habit proportions by population
80
60
40
20
0
Ponive Santo Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Aniwa Moso Tanna
% Present
ST
TF
MS
12% 14% 16% 43% 13% 22% 42% Canopy 33%
Gap Fr.
12. 24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Spread (sq m)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Gap
Single Trunk 56%
Trunk Forking 40%
Multistemmed 4%
13. 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
% trees with
โSeedlingsโ
Recruitment
Recruitment per tree
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
0
Number of propagules
80% 54% 7% 24% 34% 43%
10.6 4.1 1.0 2.7 4.6 Mean No. 4.6
21. Candidate Species for Genotype x Host
โข Micromellum minutum
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
โข Pterocarpus indicus
Grows more frequently with trees of high oil quality in most of the sample
sites
โข Litsea imthurnei
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
22. Mean Leaf Length & Width in Vanuatu Sandalwood Populations
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Population
Length/Width (mm)
Mean Length
Mean Width
23. Nested ANOVA: Length versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 36.218 23.00 6.018
Accession 45.390 28.82 6.737
Aspect 33.588 21.33 5.795
Error 42.304 26.86 6.504
Total 157.500 12.550
Nested ANOVA: Width versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 2.907 11.77 1.705
Accession 6.808 27.57 2.609
Aspect 6.890 27.90 2.625
Error 8.088 32.75 2.844
Total 24.693 4.969
36. Yield & Composition of volatiles extraction by various extraction techniques
Moretta P (2001) Extraction and variation of the essential oil from Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Ph.D. thesis, University of W.A.
37. Summary
โข Significant divergence found between populations for a range of characters
โข Significant tree-to-tree variation for important oil characters
โข Variation in heartwood %, which is independent of DBH
โข Heartwood and bark-blaze colour have no relationship with heartwood oil quantity or quality and
cannot be used as a selection criteria
โข Considerable potential for short term improvement in oil quality using highest quality individuals
from each population
โข Two highest quality populations (Santo & Malekula) are known to have a high incidence of
homozygosity.
โข Require greater species survey to identify other โhigh qualityโ populations and individuals.
โข Continuous variation found for all oil constituents
โข Very little evidence for vegetation type to have any influence on the oil characters measured
โข Three possible candidate species for use in the host by genotype interaction experiment
Micromellum minutum, Pterocarpus indicus & Litsea imthurnei