Sandalwood Identification and Analysis
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Identification and oil analysis of sandalwood varieties in Vanuatu and Cape York.
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Sandalwood Identification and Analysis
- 1. Identification and oil analysis of sandalwood varieties in Vanuatu and Cape York Vanuatu Department of Forests
- 6. Methodology โข Tree โ Leaf length & width โ Fruit diameter โ Trunk diameter โ Tree height โ Depth of heartwood โ Colour of heartwood & bark blaze โ Est. bud, flower & fruit number โ Heartwood core sample โ Dried leaf sample โ Herbarium specimen
- 7. Methodology โข Environmental โ GPS location โ Aspect โ Canopy gap fraction โ Soil descriptions โข Vegetation โ Vegetation Type โ Recruitment โ Nearest Sandalwood โ Species ID within 5m
- 9. Trunk diameter at base and breast height (1.3m) in 9 populations of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Aniwa E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna Populations Trunk Diameter (cm) Dia. @ base DBH
- 10. Heartwood % by Population 40 30 20 10 0 Aniwa Ponive Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Moso Santo Tanna Heartwood % 19% 34% 29% 36% 27% 21% 19% 32% Dia @ base (cm)
- 11. Tree habit proportions by population 80 60 40 20 0 Ponive Santo Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Aniwa Moso Tanna % Present ST TF MS 12% 14% 16% 43% 13% 22% 42% Canopy 33% Gap Fr.
- 12. 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 Single Trunk Trunk Forking Tree Form Canopy Spread (sq m) 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Single Trunk Trunk Forking Tree Form Canopy Gap Single Trunk 56% Trunk Forking 40% Multistemmed 4%
- 13. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 % trees with โSeedlingsโ Recruitment Recruitment per tree Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 0 Number of propagules 80% 54% 7% 24% 34% 43% 10.6 4.1 1.0 2.7 4.6 Mean No. 4.6
- 14. Vegetation
- 16. Species Frequency Differences Int. Standard Euphorbiaceae 33% Psychotria forsteriana 33% Malaisia scandens 31% Clematis glycinoides 20% Vitex campanulata 19% Diospyros samoensis 19% Eurycles amboinensis 18% Maesa sp. 18% Gyrocarpus americanus 17% Micromelum minutum 16% Pterocarpus indicus 16% Gardenia tannaensis 16% Rhamnella sp. 16% Oplismenus hirtellus 14% Pteris heteromorphophylla 14% Pongamia pinnata 13% Tylophora sp. 12% Acalypha forsteriana 11% Ventilago austrocaledonica 11% Alphitonia ziziphoides 11% Litsea imthurnei 11% Top 5 Santalol Pterocarpus indicus 12% Euphorbiaceae 11% Annona muricata 8% Acacia spirorbis 7% Macaranga dioica 7% Vitex campanulata 7% Rhamnella sp. 7% Tarenna efatensis 6% Macaranga tannarius 6% Elattostachys falcata 6% Cupaniopsis aneityensis 5% Litsea imthurnei 5% Trema orientalis 5% Psychotria forsteriana 5% Phyllanthus ciccoides 5% Maesa sp. 5% Miscanthus sinensis 5% Pteris heteromorphophylla 5% Flacourtiaceae 5% Pittosporum sp. 5% Lantana camara 4% Top 5 Yield Leucaena leucocephala 11% Cordyline fruticosa 10% Syzygium clusifolium 6% Murraya paniculata 6% Tarenna efatensis 6% Albizia lebbeck 6% Derris trifoliata 5% Acalypha forsteriana 5% Eurycles amboinensis 5% Celtis paniculata 4% Aglaia sp. 4% Eugenia sp. 4% Lindsaea sp. 4% Mimusops elengi 4% Ervatamia sp. 4% Similar to Polysias (Nas) 4% Ficus prolixa 4% Streblus pendulinus 3% Gyrocarpus americanus 3% Elattostachys falcata 3% Ficus obliqua 3%
- 17. Species by Species Annona muricata Aniwa 24% -16% 84%* Tamsel 12% - 8% - Tanna -2.7% -2% - Total 8% -4% 6% Bambusa vulgaris Malekula 2% 26% 26% Santo -37% -33% -33% Tanna - 3% -17% - Total -4% 1% 2% Pterocarpus indicus Aniwa -12% -12% -12% Malekula 12% 32% 23% Moso 9% 10% - Ponive 16% 16% - Punalvaad 37% 17% - Santo 40% -40% 4% Tamsel - 4% - 4% - 12% 2% 3% sant yield std
- 18. Species by Species Micromellum minutum Aniwa 0% -20% -20% Malekula 39% 23% 20% Ponive - 4% - 4% - Santo 27% - 13% 4% Tamsel - 4% - 4% - 2% - 3% 16% Macaranga dioica Malekula 9% -11% 3% Ponive 0% 0% - Punalvaad 15% 15% - Santo 0% -40% -7% Tamsel 24% 4% - Tanna -11% 13% - 7% - 3% % sant yield std
- 19. Species by Species Acalypha grandis Aniwa 4% -16% 14% Malekula 13% - 7% 21% Tamsel 20% 40% - Tanna - 2% -21% - 3% - 2% 3% Miscanthus sinensis Moso - 5% - 5% - Santo 37% -23% 10% Tamsel 12% 12% - Tanna - 4% - 3% - 5% - 3% 8% Litsea imthurnei Malekula 13% - 7% 7% Santo 30% -10% 12% Litsea sp. Santo 33% - 7% 16% Total 5% -2% 11% Macropiper latifolium Santo -13% -13% -13% Tamsel - 8% 12% - Tanna - 9% -3% - - 3% - 3% -5% sant yield std
- 20. Species by Species Celtis paniculata Moso -48% - 8% - Ponive -24% - 4% - Punalvaad 5% 25% - Santo -17% 3% - 6% - 8% 4% -1% Ixora triflora Malekula - 7% - 7% 7% Moso - 5% - 5% - Punalvaad -12% -12% - Santo -27% 13% - 4% - 7% - 2% 4% Leucaena leucocephala Aniwa -44% 16% -64% Malekula 8% 28% 20% Moso 0% 0% - Ponive -12% -12% - Punalvaad 5% 25% - Tamsel 12% - 8% - Tanna 9% 13 % - - 4% 11% -9% sant yield std
- 21. Candidate Species for Genotype x Host โข Micromellum minutum Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high oil quality in both sites โข Pterocarpus indicus Grows more frequently with trees of high oil quality in most of the sample sites โข Litsea imthurnei Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high oil quality in both sites
- 22. Mean Leaf Length & Width in Vanuatu Sandalwood Populations 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna Population Length/Width (mm) Mean Length Mean Width
- 23. Nested ANOVA: Length versus Population, Accession, Aspect Variance Components Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev Population 36.218 23.00 6.018 Accession 45.390 28.82 6.737 Aspect 33.588 21.33 5.795 Error 42.304 26.86 6.504 Total 157.500 12.550 Nested ANOVA: Width versus Population, Accession, Aspect Variance Components Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev Population 2.907 11.77 1.705 Accession 6.808 27.57 2.609 Aspect 6.890 27.90 2.625 Error 8.088 32.75 2.844 Total 24.693 4.969
- 24. Oil & Heartwood
- 26. Heartwood colour frequency histogram 5D6 6C6 6D5 6D6 6E5 6E6 6E7 7D6 7E5 7E6 7E7 8E5 8E6 8E7 9E5 9E7 25 20 15 10 5 0 Frequency
- 27. Heartwood Saturation Vs Oil Yield mg/g 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 A B C D E F Saturation Category Oil Yield mg/g
- 28. Primary oil constituents in sandalwood populations of Vanuatu 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna Populations Percentage 41% ฮฑ-santalol ฮฒ-santalol cis-nuciferol c-cur12ol 24% 16%
- 29. %b-santalol 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 % b-santalol %a-santalol 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 % a-santalol %cis-nuciferol 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 % cis-nuciferol % c-cur12ol 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 %c-cur12ol
- 30. 30 25 20 15 10 5 1 0 Bi-Tricyclic : Monocyclic Ratio 48% Proportion of trees with a Bi-Tricyclic : Monocyclic Ratio of greater than 1 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna Proportion of individuals
- 31. Ratio of Tri/bicyclic : Monocycyclic Sequiterpenes 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 E-Ponive E-Tamsel E-Punalvaad Moso Tanna Aniw a Malekula S-Wusi S-Penouru Ratio
- 32. %Z-ฮฑ-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Accession % Z-ฮฑ-santalol Aniw a Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 26.5% 3.6% 34.4% 17.6% 40.2% 18.8% Int. Std. 41% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 2 7 9 Indiv Meeting standard
- 33. %Z-ฮฒ-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Accession %Z-ฮฒ-santalol Int. Std. 24% Aniw a Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 14.3% 11.2% 18.7% 14.6% 20.3% 14.9% Int. Std. 16% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 10 5 22 9 19 14 Indiv Meeting standard
- 34. %cis-nuciferol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 3.7% Accession %cis-nuciferol Aniw a Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 10.6% 17.4% 9.8% 4.0% 12.2% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
- 35. Oil Yield for 6 islands in Vanuatu 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% Island % oil Aniw a Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna 1.3% 2.3% 3.6% 1.7% 1.7% 1.9% 2.1% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
- 36. Yield & Composition of volatiles extraction by various extraction techniques Moretta P (2001) Extraction and variation of the essential oil from Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Ph.D. thesis, University of W.A.
- 37. Summary โข Significant divergence found between populations for a range of characters โข Significant tree-to-tree variation for important oil characters โข Variation in heartwood %, which is independent of DBH โข Heartwood and bark-blaze colour have no relationship with heartwood oil quantity or quality and cannot be used as a selection criteria โข Considerable potential for short term improvement in oil quality using highest quality individuals from each population โข Two highest quality populations (Santo & Malekula) are known to have a high incidence of homozygosity. โข Require greater species survey to identify other โhigh qualityโ populations and individuals. โข Continuous variation found for all oil constituents โข Very little evidence for vegetation type to have any influence on the oil characters measured โข Three possible candidate species for use in the host by genotype interaction experiment Micromellum minutum, Pterocarpus indicus & Litsea imthurnei