9. Trunk diameter at base and breast height (1.3m) in 9 populations of
Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Aniwa E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Trunk Diameter (cm)
Dia. @ base
DBH
10. Heartwood % by Population
40
30
20
10
0
Aniwa Ponive Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
Heartwood %
19%
34% 29% 36%
27%
21%
19%
32%
Dia @
base (cm)
11. Tree habit proportions by population
80
60
40
20
0
Ponive Santo Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Aniwa Moso Tanna
% Present
ST
TF
MS
12% 14% 16% 43% 13% 22% 42% Canopy 33%
Gap Fr.
12. 24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Spread (sq m)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Gap
Single Trunk 56%
Trunk Forking 40%
Multistemmed 4%
13. 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
% trees with
‘Seedlings’
Recruitment
Recruitment per tree
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
0
Number of propagules
80% 54% 7% 24% 34% 43%
10.6 4.1 1.0 2.7 4.6 Mean No. 4.6
21. Candidate Species for Genotype x Host
• Micromellum minutum
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
• Pterocarpus indicus
Grows more frequently with trees of high oil quality in most of the sample
sites
• Litsea imthurnei
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
22. Mean Leaf Length & Width in Vanuatu Sandalwood Populations
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Population
Length/Width (mm)
Mean Length
Mean Width
23. Nested ANOVA: Length versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 36.218 23.00 6.018
Accession 45.390 28.82 6.737
Aspect 33.588 21.33 5.795
Error 42.304 26.86 6.504
Total 157.500 12.550
Nested ANOVA: Width versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 2.907 11.77 1.705
Accession 6.808 27.57 2.609
Aspect 6.890 27.90 2.625
Error 8.088 32.75 2.844
Total 24.693 4.969
36. Yield & Composition of volatiles extraction by various extraction techniques
Moretta P (2001) Extraction and variation of the essential oil from Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Ph.D. thesis, University of W.A.
37. Summary
• Significant divergence found between populations for a range of characters
• Significant tree-to-tree variation for important oil characters
• Variation in heartwood %, which is independent of DBH
• Heartwood and bark-blaze colour have no relationship with heartwood oil quantity or quality and
cannot be used as a selection criteria
• Considerable potential for short term improvement in oil quality using highest quality individuals
from each population
• Two highest quality populations (Santo & Malekula) are known to have a high incidence of
homozygosity.
• Require greater species survey to identify other ‘high quality’ populations and individuals.
• Continuous variation found for all oil constituents
• Very little evidence for vegetation type to have any influence on the oil characters measured
• Three possible candidate species for use in the host by genotype interaction experiment
Micromellum minutum, Pterocarpus indicus & Litsea imthurnei