Sandalwood Genetic Diversity
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Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Polynesian Sandalwood (Santalum insulare) by chloroplastic and nuclear microsatellite markers: definition of genetical provenances in Pacific Islands and Asia
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Sandalwood Genetic Diversity
- 1. REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SANDALWOOD RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AANNDD EEXXTTEENNSSIIOONN IINN TTHHEE PPAACCIIFFIICC IISSLLAANNDDSS AANNDD AASSIIAA -- 2288 NNoovveemmbbeerr--0011 DDeecceemmbbeerr 22000055,, NNaaddii,, FFIIJJII TTeecchhnniiccaall ppaappeerr ooff FFrreenncchh PPoollyynneessiiaa NNยฐยฐ33 Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Polynesian Sandalwood (Santalum insulare) by chloroplastic and nuclear microsatellite markers: definition of genetical provenances Jean-Franรงois Butaud a,c , Jean-Marc Bouvet b, Emeline Lhuillier b, Fanny Rives b & Daniel Verhaegen b โข a Forest department, Rural development service (SDR), Tahiti โข b Genetic Laboratory, CIRAD-forรชt, Montpellier, France โข c Natural Products Laboratory (LCSN), University of French Polynesia (UPF), Tahiti
- 2. Introduction and main parts of this presentation โข Molecular studies on chloroplast and nuclear DNA with microsatellite markers โข Leaf samples from 10 islands (9 in FP and Mitiaro from Cook Islands) โข Aims : genetic diversity and structure, phylogeography of S. insulare in Eastern Polynesia
- 3. Distribution of Polynesian sandalwood in Eastern Polynesia
- 4. Chloroplast DNA study โข Chloroplast DNA haploid and maternally inherited : transmission by seed and not by pollen โข No recombination linked with sexual reproduction : low rythm of mutations โข Informations on the phylogeography of S. โข Estimation of the neutral diversity (not submited to natural selection) โข This study used 4 markers and defined the chlorotype by a combination of 4 alleles
- 5. Chloroplast DNA study โ Genetic diversity โข Marquesas show the highest diversity โข Relatively to its size Australs-Cook is diverse Archipelago Island n na ne He Society Tahiti 65 4 1.21 0.19 Moorea 78 3 1.96 0.49 Raiatea 14 2 1.32 0.25 Total 157 5 1.66 0.4 Marquesas Nuku Hiva 56 4 1.45 0.31 Ua Pou 7 1 1 0 Hiva Oa 37 3 1.1 0.06 Tahuata 23 5 3.17 0.71 Fatu Hiva 1 1 1 0 Total 124 9 3.02 0.67 Australs-Cook Raivavae 48 2 1.65 0.40 Rapa 14 1 1 0 Mitiaro 2 1 1 0 Total 64 3 2.42 0.59 Eastern Polynesia 11 islands 345 17 5.47 0.82
- 6. Chloroplast DNA study โ Genetic structure โข 36% of variation between archipelago, 31% between islands and 33 within islands โข 69% within the Australs, 64% Marquesas, 21% Society 100 Nuku Hiva Fatuiva 674 Australs-Cook islands Rapa Moorea Tahiti Ua-Pou 327 Hiva Oa Tahuata 417 691 557 Raiatea 950 900 Raivavae Cook 561 Society islands Marquesas islands Australs-Cook islands Marquesas islands
- 7. Chloroplast DNA study โ Geographical distribution โข Geographical distribution of chlorotypes โข Homogeneous Society, Marquesas 2 groups, Rapa isolated in Australs-Cook โข Mitiaro and Raivavae have the same chlorotype Minimum spanning network of the chlorotypes : 2 groups on the tips, 1 in the middle Correspondance with geography K J M C B P A F G N L H D I Q E O
- 8. Chloroplast DNA study โ Discussion โข Genetic diversity of S. insulare as high or higher than diversity continental of species : wide range of habitats and numerous islands โข High differentiation between archipelagoes and islands : low migrant number due to oceanic distances โข Australs-Cook : - high differentiation of Rapa due to geological history - similarity between Mitiaro and Raivavae : exchange in the same geological archipelago โข Complex structure in Marquesas โข Recent genetic exchange in the more homogeneous Society โข Phylogeography : chlorotypes endemic to each archipelago and Australs between Society and Marquesas โ One successful colonisation on each archipelago โ Colonisation of Eastern Polynesia possibly by Australs-Cook archipelago (geological age, geological story of Tuamotuโฆ) โข Pattern of pseudo-vicariance / Complex of metapopulations in each archipelago with no recent relations
- 9. Distribution of Polynesian sandalwood in Eastern Polynesia
- 10. Nuclear DNA study โข Nuclea DNA di- or polyploid, pater- and maternally inherited โข Recombination linked with sexual reproduction : high rythm of mutations โข Informations on the phylogeography of S. but mainly on the intra-population dynamism โข Estimation of the neutral diversity (not submited to natural selection) โข This study used 8 markers and defined genotype by a combination of 2x8=16 alleles
- 11. Nuclear DNA study โ Clonality โข 45% of clones depending of the islands โข Linked with man induced vegetative multiplication Populations Samples Genotype number % of clones Marquesas 144 62 57 Fatu Hiva 3 2 33 Hiva Oa 36 6 83 Tahuata 22 9 59 Nuku Hiva 76 40 47 Ua Pou 7 5 29 Society 164 58 65 Tahiti 77 40 48 Moorea 72 16 78 Raiatea 15 2 87 Australs 76 36 53 Raivavae 62 34 42 Rapa 14 2 86 Total 384 156 45
- 12. Nuclear DNA study โ Genetic diversity โข Society and Marquesas diversity are similar โข Australs is less diverse Populations N NA R Ho He MARQUESAS 64 6.13 5.72 0.41 0.55 FATU HIVA 2 1.75 1.44 0.44 0.44 HIVA OA 8 3.00 1.44 0.48 0.44 TAHUATA 9 3.00 1.45 0.40 0.45 NUKU HIVA 40 4.63 1.49 0.47 0.49 UA POU 5 2.63 1.44 0.50 0.44 SOCIETY 60 6.50 5.69 0.37 0.51 TAHITI 41 5.00 1.42 0.37 0.42 MOOREA 17 3.13 1.37 0.36 0.37 RAIATEA 2 2.13 1.56 0.44 0.56 AUSTRALS 38 3.25 3.23 0.29 0.33 RAPA 2 1.50 1.27 0.31 0.27 RAIVAVAE 36 2.50 1.28 0.29 0.28 TOTAL 162 8.75 - 0.39 0.69
- 13. Nuclear DNA study โ Genetic structure โข 27% of the variation between archipelago, 24% between islands and 50 within islands โข Between islands Fst=0,5 (0,68 between Rapa and Raivavae ; 0,07 between HO and Tahuata) โข Between archipelago Fst>0,3
- 14. Nuclear DNA study โ Multilocus genotypes โข Nuku Hiva splited in high and low elevation populations โข South Marquesas homogeneous โข Ua Pou in unexpected place Marquesas Nuku Hiva "Haut" Ua Pou UP-C Hohoi Teepo UP-D Poutetainui F-A Omoa Tahioae Toovii Vaioa NH-V NH-U NH-AE NH-AB Haut TD HO-A Hanaava o HO-B Vaikooi Vaikooi HO-C HO-E Mokoa u HO-F Taaoa NH-H Haut TD TU-B Cรดte Nord Est TU-G TU-E Cรดte Sud TU-D Cรดte Sud TU-H Hanami ai Vaitahu Faanui TU-I NH-B NH-E Haut TD NH-F NH-G NH-I NH-K NH-J NH-L Maauu NH-M NH-N Vaiteheii NH-O NH-Q NH-S Tahioae Vaioa NH-W NH-X NH-Y NH-Z NH-AA NH-AF NH-AG NH-AJ NH-AL Vaiteheii NH-AM NH-AN UP-A Haakuti Vaihaoa UP-B Hakaheta u UP-E 60 91 86 63 59 69 83 60 Fatu Hiva Haut de Terre Dรฉsert e Haut TD Toovii crรชtes Toovii crรชtes Toovii crรชtes Toovii Haut TDToovii Tahioae Vaioa Toovii Motuhee Nuku Hiva "Bas" Hiva Oa 0 0.2 Tahuata
- 15. Nuclear DNA study โ Multilocus genotypes โข Group with Raiatea and Moorea โข Segregation of some very low elevation populations of Tahiti Society Orohena crรชtes Aorai sommet Orohena crรชtes T-Y T-Z 0 0.2 Moorea M-B T-AB M-I M-K Fairurani M-C Fairurani M-E M-D M-F M-G M-H M-L M-M M-O M-P T-D T-E T-F T-G T-H T-I T-J T-L T-M T-O T-P T-Q T-R T-S T-T T-U T-V Cรดte Ouest T-AA T-AD T-AE T-AF T-AG T-AJ Pic Vert T-AM T-AN R-A Fetuna 50 92 62 90 78 62 58 55 73 75 52 Fairurani Tohiea Rotui Rotui Rotui Raiatea Pic Vert basses pentes Aorai sommet Aorai sommet Pic Vert Orohena crรชtes Pic Vert T-AK Aorai sommet Orohena crรชtes Aorai sommet Pic Vert Aorai sommet Tahiti var. alticola + Pic Vert Tahiti var. insulare - Pic Vert
- 16. Nuclear DNA study โ Multilocus genotypes โข High differentiation between Rapa and Raivavae โข No structuration inside Raivavae between high island or motu populations Australs RV-P 0 0. 2 RP-B RP-A RV-A RV-B RV-Y RV-Z RV-C RV-D Motu Est Raivavae รฎle principale Motu Vaiamanu RV-E RV-F et Raivavae motu RV-H RV-I RV-J RV-K RV-L RV-M RV-N RV-O RV-Q RV-R RV-T RV-V RV-W RV-X RV-AA RV-AC RV-AD RV-AE RV-AF 100 65 52 52 Rapa Karapoo rahi Anatakuri Nako Vaianaua Petits Motu Petits Motu Motu Sud Ouest Motu Est Anatonu Est Anatonu Ouest Motu Est Motu Vaiamanu Motu Est Anatonu Est Anatonu Ouest Anatonu Ouest
- 17. Nuclear DNA study โ Discussion โข Clonality by vegetative multiplication as a natural adaptation strategy in hard ecological conditions and advantageous today in a man-degraded environment โข Genetic diversity low compared to continental species : fondation effect, no regeneration by seed, overexploitation โข High differentiation between archipelagoes and between islands : metapopulations isolated by ocean โข Possible colonisation of Eastern Polynesia by Australs due to geological history (need of confirmation by phylogeny) โข Intra-island differentiation with the example of Nuku Hiva : fragmentation due to overexploitation or natural differentiation in different ecological areas
- 18. Conclusion and definition of genetic provenances / origins โข Concordance between 2 studies โข Australs Sandalwood is the least diverse and the most endangered โข Phylogeographical hypothesis : Hawaii (age, botany), Australs-Cook (age and genetic) and by Australs : Marquesas (most diverse) and Society (least diverse) โข Botanical varieties : it doesnโt match with Tahiti and Marquesas โข Provenances for conservation and management units Archipelago Provenance Variety Austral Islands Rapa margaretae Raivavae raivavense Cook Islands Mitiaro mitiaro Pitcairn Islands Henderson hendersonense Society Islands Tahiti alticola et insulare Moorea and Raiatea raiateense Marquesas Islands Nuku Hiva high elevation marchionense Nuku Hiva low elevation marchionense Ua Pou marchionense Hiva Oa and Tahuata marchionense Fatu Hiva marchionense
- 19. Distribution of Polynesian sandalwood in Eastern Polynesia
- 20. Acknowledgments โข Lex Thomson and CI foresters for sending leaves from Mitiaro sandalwood โข Alexandre Vaillant and Mireille Poitel from CIRAD for molecular analysis โข Workers of SDR in all the islands visited โข Funds for research from the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Overseas Territory โข Research programme on Biodiversity in the Austral Islands from the Research delegation of French Polynesia