Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to The kingdom protista
Similar to The kingdom protista (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
The kingdom protista
- 2. Kingdom Kingdom Protista Protista land plants evolve • Recent plants, ~500 mya Division Phaeophyta, Division Phaeophyta, first brown plants first brown plants • “Standard” eukaryote cells Motile cells usual No multinucleate cells • Non-standard chloroplasts
- 3. • • General features General features - - defining characteristics defining characteristics • • Morphological lineages Morphological lineages – – - - use morphology to anticipate evolution use morphology to anticipate evolution - - reveal variations in life history & gametes reveal variations in life history & gametes • • Ecology Ecology – – understanding interactions with understanding interactions with environment and other species environment and other species • • Evolution Evolution – – diversity & change over time diversity & change over time • • Commercial interests Commercial interests – – exploit ecology & life history exploit ecology & life history Things we will cover for brown algae Things we will cover for brown algae
- 4. General features General features 250+ genera (29 in HI) 250+ genera (29 in HI) 2,000 species (60 in HI oceans) 2,000 species (60 in HI oceans) Ocean lovers Ocean lovers Natives and Natives and invasives invasives Morphological Range Morphological Range: : filaments to complex filaments to complex multicell multicell organisms organisms Ocean Forests Ocean Forests Reef algae Reef algae Intertidal Intertidal Recently arrived Recently arrived eukaryotes eukaryotes - - well suited to well suited to coastal habitats coastal habitats Subtidal Subtidal
- 6. Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesis photosynthesis General features General features • • Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a a Others Others • • Carotenoids Carotenoids • • UV absorbing molecules UV absorbing molecules Storage Storage Products Products Growth Growth • • Chlorophyll Chlorophyll c c • • Fucoxanthin Fucoxanthin
- 7. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Pigments & Pigments Chl Chl a, c a, c Chl Chl a, c a, c sunlight sunlight • Light energy is harvested by the cell thylakoids thylakoids • Only specific colors are absorbed • • Other colors are reflected Other colors are reflected back to your eye back to your eye fucoxanthin
- 8. Chlorophyll a & c Phytol Chain of Chl a missing in Chl c Tetrapyrrole Ring
- 9. Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesis photosynthesis • • Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a a Others Others • • Carotenoids Carotenoids • • UV absorbing molecules UV absorbing molecules Storage Storage Products Products • • Laminarin Laminarin Starch Starch (C) (C) Growth Growth • • Every cell can divide Every cell can divide • Multicellular organisms: Fragments Fragments regrow regrow • True tissues General features General features • • Chlorophyll Chlorophyll c c • • Fucoxanthin Fucoxanthin • • Mannitol Mannitol Sugar Sugar (C) (C)
- 10. Cell wall structure Cell wall structure Two essential parts: • fibers of cellulose (rigid), a glucose polymer • gels of polysaccharides (flexible) as ALGINATE
- 11. Cell wall structure Cell wall structure Two essential parts: • fibers of cellulose (rigid), a glucose polymer • gels of polysaccharides (flexible) as ALGINATE “Copolymer” blocks of sugars Guluronic (G) Mannuronic (M)
- 12. General features General features What is in a typical What is in a typical phaeophyte phaeophyte cell? cell? • Unusual membrane system around chloroplast and nucleus • Pyrenoid large, stalked and surrounded by laminarin starch • Chloroplasts have grana
- 13. Xenogenous Xenogenous hypothesis hypothesis Evolution of Evolution of eukaryotes eukaryotes Mereschowsky, 1905; 1910 heterotrophs heterotrophs Autotrophs Autotrophs - - green and red algae green and red algae Simple cells Simple cells phagocytosis phagocytosis
- 14. General features General features How are How are phaeophyte phaeophyte cells unusual? cells unusual? • “New” membranes around chloroplast & nucleus Second eukaryote Repeated Repeated endosymbioses endosymbioses First step: Second step:
- 15. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy “Strategy” ” Gamete Gamete Zygote Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis is associated with Zygote Germination Meiosis is associated with Zygote Germination Zygotic Meiosis Life History Zygotic Meiosis Life History DOES NOT OCCUR DOES NOT OCCUR IN BROWN ALGAE IN BROWN ALGAE
- 16. Morphological lineages Morphological lineages • • Evaluate adult form to gain insight in possible Evaluate adult form to gain insight in possible evolutionary processes. evolutionary processes. • • Step Step- -by by- -step acquisition of new traits step acquisition of new traits via genetic change. via genetic change. • • Examine reproductive cells and other characters Examine reproductive cells and other characters as additional data. as additional data. • • Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses to test with molecular data. to test with molecular data.
- 17. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Meiosis is associated with Spore Production Meiosis is associated with Spore Production
- 18. Growth & Growth & morphology morphology Order Ectocarpales Evolution has taken a simple shape Evolution has taken a simple shape Morphological Lineage #1 to more complex but related forms to more complex but related forms: • • Multi filamentous genera Multi filamentous genera All cells appear virtually identical - internally Genetic change Genetic change Hincksia Ectocarpus Ralfsia
- 20. Life history by Life history by observation observation Ectocarpus Same motile cell has 2 behaviors ? Where’s meiosis ? Where’s meiosis ?
- 21. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” mitosis Ectocarpus sp. isogametes recognition zygote germling spores germlings adults mitosis meiosis mitosis
- 22. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Meiosis is associated with Spore Production Meiosis is associated with Spore Production
- 23. Reproduction Reproduction and gametes and gametes Equally sized gametes Unequal gametes Egg & sperm gametes Zygote – diploid cell via fusion of gametes Isogamy Anisogamy egg Oogamy 2 Gametes – opposite strains always fuse
- 24. Minimal diversity Minimal diversity in gamete shape… in gamete shape… Swimming gametes have 2 flagella like greens Equal length flagella Iso kont • But flagella of swimming cells are unequal in length and HAIRY Unequal length flagella Hetero kont Laterally inserted
- 25. Minimal diversity Minimal diversity in gamete shape… in gamete shape… These males gametes show the limited diversity among brown algae Reds – spermatium Greens – biflagellate to stephanokont males
- 26. Minimal diversity in spore shape • Most brown algal spores swim • 2 flagella • Settlement ?
- 27. Spatoglossum sp. Scytosiphon sp. Diversity Tropical Diversity Tropical Orphans Orphans Colpomenia sp Rosenvingea sp. Hydroclathrus sp.
- 28. Growth & Growth & morphology morphology Order Dictyotales Morphological Lineage #2 Evolution has taken a simple filament: Evolution has taken a simple filament: Multiseriate Multiseriate tissues create sheets or blades tissues create sheets or blades From apical cell or meristem areas Dictyota Dictyopteris Padina
- 30. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” mitosis meiosis Dictyota oogametes recognition zygote spores germlings adults mitosis tetra spores
- 31. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Meiosis is associated with Spore Production Meiosis is associated with Spore Production
- 32. Growth & Growth & morphology morphology Evolution has taken a simple shape: Evolution has taken a simple shape: • • constrained into lamina constrained into lamina Morphological Lineage #3 Order Laminariales • • large large sporophyte sporophyte generations generations Laminaria Alaria Macrocystis
- 34. Ecology Ecology Kelp forests Kelp forests sustain coastal sustain coastal diversity diversity epiphytic pelagic benthic understory
- 35. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Macrocystis
- 36. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Ecklonia cava Spores Egg and sperm
- 37. Growth & Growth & morphology morphology Morphological Lineage # 4 Order Fucales Sargassum obtusifolium Ectocarpus Dictyopteris sp
- 38. Order Fucales Diversity Diversity Sargassum thunbergii Gunma Japan Sargassum cristaefolium Guam
- 39. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Meiosis is associated with Gamete Production Meiosis is associated with Gamete Production
- 40. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” Sargassum sp. recognition zygote juvenile adult vegetative cell detail meiosis oogametes
- 41. Life History as a Life History as a “Strategy” “Strategy” 1 free living entity 1 free living entity Cells must pass through this cycle Cells must pass through this cycle • to add new genetic individuals to population
- 42. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1 4 7 9 12 13 17 0 50 100 150 200 250 B i o m a s s - w e t w t , g / m 2 Duration of study, mo Reef region, m from shore Frondose Frondose Algae of Algae of Wakiki Wakiki, , by M S. Doty 1969 by M S. Doty 1969 All browns were native species Most abundant biomass near shore Dictyotales Dictyotales, , Fucales Fucales representatives on representatives on reefs reefs Ecology of Hawaiian Ecology of Hawaiian Reef Algae. Reef Algae.