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    Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. It is a gram-positive, motile bacillus that forms terminal spores giving it a drumstick appearance. The spores can persist for years in the environment and are resistant to heat and disinfectants. C. tetani is not invasive but produces toxins that are absorbed through nerve endings and cause muscle spasms throughout the body. Symptoms of tetanus include painful muscle spasms, with an incubation period of 6-12 days. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism by producing a potent exotoxin that blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. There are various

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    Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. It is a gram-positive, motile bacillus that forms terminal spores giving it a drumstick appearance. The spores can persist for years in the environment and are resistant to heat and disinfectants. C. tetani is not invasive but produces toxins that are absorbed through nerve endings and cause muscle spasms throughout the body. Symptoms of tetanus include painful muscle spasms, with an incubation period of 6-12 days. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism by producing a potent exotoxin that blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. There are various

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    746 views25 pages

    CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI Rashmi 777

    Uploaded by

    renu
    Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. It is a gram-positive, motile bacillus that forms terminal spores giving it a drumstick appearance. The spores can persist for years in the environment and are resistant to heat and disinfectants. C. tetani is not invasive but produces toxins that are absorbed through nerve endings and cause muscle spasms throughout the body. Symptoms of tetanus include painful muscle spasms, with an incubation period of 6-12 days. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism by producing a potent exotoxin that blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. There are various

    Copyright:

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    of 25

    CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

    MORPHOLOGY
    • Gram positive-bacillus with terminal
    round spore
    • Drum stick apperance
    • Non-capsulated
    • Stately motile (except tetani-serotype VI)
    • Spores
    • Classification: 10 serological types (I TO X)
    RESISTANCE
    • Spores can persist for years.
    • Most of them are killed by boiling for 10 to 15 mins
    but some resist for boiling for upto 3 hours.
    • Autoclaving
    • Disinfectants:-
    • 1. Hydrogen peroxide kill the spores.
    • 2.Phenol and Mercuric chloride solution are
    ineffective.
    BIOCHEMICAL REACTION
    PATHOGENICITY
    • C. tetani- little invasive power
    • Germination and toxin production occurs,
    absorbed via motor nerve ending and
    transported to CNS .
    • There are 2 toxins –1)Tetanolysin
    2)Tetanospasmin
    Mechanism of action of Tetanus
    toxin-
    TETANUS
    • Causative agent-Cl.tetani
    • It is tonic muscular spasm usually at site of infection .
    • Transmission- 1.Abrasion,wounds and puncture.
    • 2.surgery without asepsis.
    • 3.Otogenic tetanus.
    • Incubation period is 6 to 12 days .
    Sequence of events in Tetanus-
    Complications
    Laboratory Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis of tetanus should always be made on
    clinical grounds
    • Specimen: site of injury
    • Microscopy: Gram staining: drum stick appearance
    • Culture:
    • 1) Robertson’s cooked meat broth: meat turn black
    and foul odour.
    • 2) Swarming type of growth: polymixin B
    • 3) Deep agar shake culture: spherical fluffy balls like
    colonies
    • 4) Blood agar: hemolysis due to production of
    hemolysin (tetanolysin)
    • Toxigenicity test: 1) In vitro hemolysin inhibition test
    2) Mouse inoculation test
    Clostridium Botulinum
    • Causative agent for Botulism.
    • Morphology- Gram positive,motile with peritrichate
    flagella,subterminal spores.
    • Spores- Heat and radiation resistant.
    • Classification –
    8 types of C.botulinum strains have been identified
    (A,B,C1,C2,D,E,F and G).
    All are neurotoxin except C2which is enterotoxin.
    PATHOGENICITY
    • C.botulinum is non-invasive.
    • Toxin-
    Exotoxin-It is not relesed during life of organism but
    produced intracellularly and appears in medium only
    on cell death and autolysis.
    Toxin isolated in pure crystalline form. Lethal dose for
    human 1-2micro gm .
    Toxin is stable being inactivated after 30-40 min.
    • Action –Blocks release of acetylcholine at synapse
    and NM junction .It produces flaccid paralysis.
    • Onset-Diplopia,Dysphagia and Dyarthria.
    • Therapeutic use
    • C.botulinum toxin A block release of Ach at
    neuromuscular junction .
    • IM Injection of toxin used to treat Strabismus.
    • The botulinum toxin can be toxoided.
    BOTULISM
    • Disease caused by C.botulinum is botulism .
    CLASSIFICATION- 1.Food-borne botulinum-.Source of
    infection is meat and meat products. No vomiting
    and diarrhea .
    2.Wound Botulism- It is by wound
    infection. Gastrointestinal components are absent.
    C.botulinum Type A is responsible.
    3.Infant Botulism-It is Toxico-
    infection.spores are ingested and produce toxin.
    Demonstrated in blood.Sudden infant death
    syndrome has been observed.
    • Specimen : Food or feces
    • Microscopy : Gram positive sporing bacilli
    • Animal inoculation : mice and guinea pig intraperitoneally.
    • Culture : ① Blood agar – haemolytic with fimbriated border
    ②Robertson cooked meat broth – black coloued
    meat particle with foul odour in A ,B ,F strain (proteolytic )
    Pink coloured meat particle in C , D, E strains (saccharolytic ).
    • Serotyping
    Toxin demonstration (mouse bioassay)

    Detected in : ① Specimens
    ② Ingested food
    Specimens injected into mouse , develops paralysis after 48 hrs .
    This can be inhibited by prior administration of antitoxin .
    • Treatment-
    • 1.Botulinum antitoxin : given immediately
    Neutralises free toxin molecules .

    • 2.Antibiotics –Penicillin.

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