Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Therapeutic uses and Nutraceutical Recipies of Tiny

Seeds of Lepidium sativum (Haleem)
Jyoti, M.1 Seema Gupta2
Kanta Rani3 FC College for Women, Hisar
Deepika Gulati4*
Govt P.G College, Hisar

Corresponding Author:- Deepika Gulati4*

Abstract:- Haleem (Lepidium sativum ) an annual herb  Names of Haleem Across Different Countries:
which is easily cultivated all over the world.As seeds are
tiny in size, peppery taste and are packed with nutrients  English : Cress,Common Cress, Garden cress, pepper
like iron, fiber ,folate ,vitamin C,A,E And K protein and cress
many more. As the haleem crop matures within 90 days ,  Spanish : Lepido, Mastuerzo, berrohortense, lepidio,
it does not require fertilizers. This paper reviews berro de jardín
medicinal properties and uses in the food industry.  German : Gartenkresse Italian Agretto, Cressione
 French :Cresson de fontaine, Cressanalenois,
I. INTRODUCTION Passeragecutivee
 Arabian : Habburshad
Haleem or Alliv (Lepidium sativum ) is an annual  Russian : Kress-Salat Portuguese Masturco, Mastruco,
edible fast growing herb in the world.It is widely used in Agrião-Mouro, Herba Do Esforzo.
Africa, India ,China and other eastern countries. Ethiopia is
the native place of Haleem .In India it is cultivated as a salad  Vernacular Names of Haleem Plant in India (Prajapati
plant and culinary herb (Wealth of India ,1998) in Madhya and Dave, 2018)
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh .In Ayurvedic
pharmacopeia it is used as an official herb in India. Haleem
 Hindi :Chandrasur, Halam, Chansur,Halim
seeds possess various biological properties like antioxidant,
 Sanskrit : Raktabija, Chandrika,Charmahantri, Pashu,
antitumor, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, hypoglycemic,
Mehana, Karika, Nandini, Karavi, Bhadra,Suvasara,
allelopathic and bronchodilator properties. In ayurveda it is
Vasapushpa,Chand Shura
used to pacify vata and kapha (wealth of India,1998). All the
 Himachali: Haloyen Urdu Halim
parts of this herb like root, stem, leaves ,seeds and whole
herb are consumed in the form of salad ,sprouts, seasoning,  Kashmiri :Alian Punjabi Halium, Holan, Shargundai,
garnishing and leaves are cooked with other vegetables Tezak
also.It is also cultivated as indoor plant due to less  Marathi : Haliv,Ahaliva, Gujarati Asheliyo, Asaliya
requirement of water. It is rich in phytochemicals,alkaloids,  Assamese: Candriki, Halim Shak Bengali Halim Shak,
poly and monounsaturated fatty acids. In ancient times, Alevarie
Romans and Egyptians used these seeds for health  Malayalam: Asali Oriya Hidamba saga
promoting benefits.Haleem seeds are used in the form of  Telugu: Adiyalu, Adeli Tamil Alivirai, Ativerai
natural source and no additives and preservatives are added  Manipuri : Chantruk Kannada Allibija, , Kurthika
(Prajapati and Dave,2018).
II. MORPHOLOGY
 Taxonomic Classification
Plants are erect ,glabrous and attain a height of up to
 Kingdom : Plantae 50 cm.Leaves are lobed with linear segments. At the bottom
 Division : Magnoliophyta of the stem leaves are long shaped and small green feather-
 Class :Magnoliopsida like leaves on the opposite side of the stalk at its top.
 Order : Brassicales Although there is a difference in the shape of leaves but
 Family : Brassicaceae their taste is same.
 Genus : Lepidium
Flowers are whitish or pinkish in colour small sized
 Species : sativum
arranged in raceme inflorescence. The pods are obovate in
shape ,very small in size (5mm.) enclosing small
seeds(Vaishnavi et.al 2020).The seeds are small ,
peppery,oval shaped, pointed and triangular at one end
,smooth about 3-4 mm.long,1-2mm.wide reddish-brown in
colour a furrow present on both surfaces extending up to 2⁄3

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
downward, a slight wing like extension present on both the water and gets covered with colorless mucilage . Botanical
edges of the seed. The Seed coat swells when soaked in description of garden cress plant Characteristics

Table 1 Physical Characteristics of Garden Cress Seeds

Height Leaves Shape Flowers Pods Harvesting Time
47-50cm Lobed shape with linear Small, white to pinkish in Obovate,5 mm length 90 days after sowing
segments colour seeds

Table 2 Parameters

Table 3 Dimensions of Seeds

Width Thickness Sphericity Bulk density True Density Porosity Weight of
(mm) (mm) (%) (kg/m3) (kg/ m3) (%) 1000 seeds (g)
2.60 1.20 0.94 54.59 729.74 1230 40.67 1.86

 Cultivation of Seeds:
Best season for the cultivation of haleem seeds is winter ,but it is grown in all the seasons as it requires little moisture. For
cultivation, the seeds of haleem are mixed well with manure and are sown 5-6 cm.deep in the soil . The seed are cultivated in
wide rows. Growth of garden cress plants is very rapid and crop matures after 90 days of germination (Vaishnavi et.al.,2020 ).

Microscopic characters of the seed as revealed by Bigoniya et.al(2011) that endosperm is composed of thick walled
polygonal cells surrounding the small sized polygonal embryo.

 Phytochemical Constituents :
Lepidum sativum seeds are rich in calcium, iron,folic acid,vitamin A and vitamin C.Secondary metabolite glucosinolate is
the major component in( Gokavi et.al.2004 )garden cress seeds.Nutritional composition of garden cress seeds per 100 gm.is

Table 4 Phytochemical Constituents

Protein Carbohydrates Fiber Ash Moisture
24.2%, 30.7% 11.9% 7.1% 2.9%

 Total Essential Amino Acids is 47.08% which Include

 Histidine : 3.87 gm
 Threonine :2.66 gm
 Arginine : 4.51 gm.
 Valine 3.04 gm.
 lcium :266.35 gm
 Methionine: 0.97 gm.
 Phenylalanine: 5.67 gm
 Isoleucine : 5.11 gm
 Lycine : 6.26 gm

Table 5 Essential Amino Acids

Histidine Threonine Arginine Valine lcium Methionine: Phenylalanine Isoleucine Lycine
3.87 gm 2.66 gm 4.51 gm 3.04 gm. 266.35 gm 0.97gm 5.67 gm 5.11 gm 6.26 gm

Table 6 Non-Essential Amino Acids

Proline Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Serine Glycine Alanine Tyrosine
5.84gm 9.76gm 19.33 gm. 4.96 gm 5.51 gm 4.83 gm 2.69 gm

Table 6 Minerals in Garden Cress Seeds Are

Calcium Copper Iron Magnesium Manganese Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Zinc
266.35 mg 5.73 mg 8.31 mg 339.23mg 2.00 mg 608.63 mg 1236.51 mg 19.65 mg 6.99 mg
Singh and Pashwan, (2017)

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Uses of Different Parts of Herb Haleem  Antidiabetic Effect of Halim Seeds :
Roots of this plant are used in second syphilis and Haleem seeds have a significant role in controlling
tenesmus.In syphilis root powder is taken with Luke cow’s diabetes. Alkaloids like lepidine and glucotropaeolin present
milk. in haleem seeds are beneficial against diabetes (Abdullah
and Abdullah 2007;Singh and Pashwan,2017).Halim seeds
 Leaves : show hypoglycemic effect which is independent of insulin
Decoction ( three times a day) is used for curing secretion thus decreases the blood glucose level (Prajapati
diuretics which is prepared by boiling leaves in water (Mali and Dave ,2018).
et al., 2007;Agarwal and Sharma., 2012).Leaves along with
seeds also show antimicrobial activity(Ibrahim and Kabid  Anticancer Property
,2020).120 reference. As haleem seeds are rich in various phytochemical and
antioxidants such as tocopherols, carotenoid, eugenol,
 Herb: terpenoids, glucosinolates, 3'5'- dimethoxyacetophenone
Paste of whole herb is used as an expectorant in hexadecanoic acid,methyl esters.
asthma and cough which is taken four times a day . In
bleeding piles an infusion of crushed herb with water is As haleem seeds are rich in alpha linolenic acid and
taken twice a day (Falana et.al.2014,). phytochemicals such as terpenoids, organosulfur compound
alkaloids and phenolic compounds, these compounds protect
 Seeds: against different types of cancer. (Khan et.al.2008).
Seeds are used in curing abdominal coli,as Secondary metabolite like glucosinolate present in haleem
aphrodisiac, asthma,pleurisy ,hypertension, renal diseases, seeds inhibit the proliferation of carcinogenic
leprosy and rapid bone fracture healing.Seeds are mostly cells.Diwaraka et.al.(2008),Barba et.al.,2016;Rajasekaran
used as poultice in sprain,leprosy and skin diseases. Roasted and Suresh,2021).Haleem seeds also prevent breast cancer
seeds mixed with ghee and sugar are given for relieving due to the presence of Omega- 3 and Omega - 6 fatty
general weakness and to lactating mothers for increasing acid.(Mahassni et.al.,2013) and arrest the cancer cell cycle
the milk secretion.(Mali et.al.2007). and cause apoptosis (cell death of cancer cell).

 Phytochemical Constituents of Haleem Seeds :  As a Galactagogue :

Garden cress seeds are rich in alkaloids,cardiac As Haleem seeds are rich in iron and proteins,it
glycosides,anthraquinone glycosides,tannins ,steroids stimulates the secretion of milk in lactating mothers (Singh
flavonoids. Seeds are also rich source of iodine et.al.2015) . It is given postpartum for increasing the milk
(Shipard,2003).These seeds contain variety of phenolic secretion (Pattnaik ,2003). Ten gm.of seeds are sufficient for
compounds which are shown below: enhancing the milk secretion.wellness much.com2021

 Gallic Acid  Antianaemic Effect :

 Protocatechuic Acid Being rich in heme iron ,which is easily absorbed in
 Coumaric Acid the intestine,it best for anemic patients by increasing
 Caffeic Acid hemoglobin level , (Singh and Paswan,2017) . After half an
 Coumaric acid hour of the intake of haleem seeds, Vitamin C which is a
 Caffeic Acid source of ascorbic acid increase the absorption of iron. L-
ascorbic acid facilitates iron absorption by forming a chelate
 Ferulic Acid
with ferric iron at acid pH converting them to ferrous state
 Vanillic Acid
that remains soluble at the alkaline pH of the duodenum
 Caffeoylquinic acid
which gets easily absorbed .
 Coumaroylquinic Acid
 Kaemferol  Regulation of Menstrual Cycle :
 Querecetin Haleem seeds serve as an emmenagogue which
stimulates blood flow in the uterus and pelvic area which
 Therapeutic uses of Halim Seeds: induce menstruation. Haleem seeds contain
glycosides,flavonoids, sterols,saponins,tannins etc.which
 Bone Healing and Fracture regulate the menstrual cycle (Singh et.al.2015).
Seeds of Haleem are used for healing the fractured
bones or accidental injury ,when consumed with fresh water  Antioxidant Property :
or warm milk.For fast recovery, the powder of haleem seeds Antioxidant property in Haleem is due to the presence
mixed with water is applied on the affected area.Fracture of phenolic compounds such as tocopherols in the seeds. It
healing property of haleem was also experimentally proved acts as a free radical scavenger (Malar et.al.2014) and due to
on the rabbit in the laboratory ( Sharma et.al.2011).Dixit antioxidant potential (Prajapati and Dave,2018) it reduces
et.al.2020 suggested the bone healing property in rats are glutathione level in the kidney (Muhammad et.al.2012 ).
due to presence of calcium and phosphorus in high amount.

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Anti-Inflammatory Effect :  Panjiri:
This property is due to the presence of imidazole Wheat floor and haleem seeds were slowly roasted in
,essential and non-essential aminoacids in Haleem seeds ( ghee for 10 minutes,on cooling the mixture , jaggery powder
Rehman et.al.2012).The presence of secondary metabolites was added to get nutritious panjiri(Kaur 2013).
like flavonoids, alkaloids, cynogenic glycosides ( traces
),tannins, glucosinolates,sterols,triterpenes also contribute  Chikki :
to inflammatory effect. It is also evident from the For preparing Chikkis ,first of all jaggery syrup is
experimental study by Wadhwa et.al. (2012) on rats and prepared by crushing jaggery and water and heated . To this
observed that Haleem seeds inhibit carageenan - induced mixture roasted peanuts and haleem seed powder is
paw adema and reduced hyperplexia effect. thoroughly mixed and spread on a plate cut into pieces(Jain
et.al.2016).
 Effect on Bronchial Asthma :
Ethanol extract of haleem seeds protects against  Ladoo :
acetylcholine and helps to prevent asthma as reported by Ladoo are prepared by roasting Bengal gram powder
Mali et.al.,(2008).Paranjape and Mehta (2006) concluded (85 gm.) and haleem seed powder (15 gm.) separately to
from the study on males and females of age groups between light brown colour.Then this mixture is fried in ghee (
15 years to 80 years old that one gm powder of haleem 60gm) for 2-3 minutes and allowed to cool.Add sugar
seeds given orally to the patients four times a day was (70gm.) ,mix well and form ladoo(Jain et.al.2016).
effective in such patients.
 UPMA :
 Antifungal Activity: Instant upma prepared by mixing fox tail millet and
Petroleum ether extract 2.5% and 10% of haleem seeds haleem seeds.(Rodge et.al.2018).
have powerful antifungal activity (Adam et.al.,2011).
Sharma et.al.(2012) studied 2-8% of ethanoic extracts of  Dahiwala Bread:
seeds against fungal growth like Fusarium equiseta, This is an instant breakfast and is highly nutritious
Aspergillus flavus,Alternaria alternata.which was very which is prepared by mixing curd with bread slices,then
effective against such fungi. fried in soybean oil and fortified with haleem seed (Agarwal
and Sharma, 2013).
 In Height Increase :
Haleem seeds are helpful in increasing the height as  Health Drink :
these seeds promote the secretion of growth hormones ( A health drink prepared by the adjunction of haleem
Oluwatosin et.al.2018) seeds enhances the nutritional properties of milk.This type
of drink helps to improve growth of lean muscles (Singh
 Oral Contraceptive : and Pashwan, 2017).
Sharief and Gani,( 2004) reported the use of haleem
seeds as an oral contraceptive in mice.  Cookies:
Cookies are prepared by mixing oats flour , Bengal
 Weight Loss : gram flour ,semolina,cardamom powder and haleem seeds
Intake of haleem seeds with water in the morning which overall make dishes in nutrient enrichment (Yadav
before breakfast helps to reduce weight naturally (Singh et.al.2018).
et.al.,2015).
III. CONCLUSION
 Traditional Uses :
As haleem seeds are rich in nutrients, these are Haleem seeds have a wide range of therapeutic
garnished in salads (Mali et.al.2007;Falana et.al.2017).The properties and high nutraceutical potential and can be used
leaves of haleem plant are used as edible vegetables in against malnutrition (Painuli et.al.,2022).Being rich in
Purulia district in West Bengal (Mali et.al.,2007) . nutritional components and bioactive compounds , It could
be used as a supplementary food and it should be popular
 In Diary and Food Products : among people. Seed powder of haleem can be also
Seeds of this plant are used as food supplements in supplemented with whey protein (Doke and
preparing various dishes which are described below: Guha,2014).Therefore planting,conservation and sustainable
use of such nutritionally valuable crop is required.
 Burfee:
In preparing burfee ,Bengal gram floor is slowly Disclaimer:Pregnant and breast-feeding mothers
roasted in ghee and a mixture is prepared by adding should consume haleem seeds only after the consultation of
concentrated sugar solution and 15% haleem seeds ,the Ayurvedic practitioner . As haleem seeds have
mixture is spread and after settling, cut into square pieces hypoglycemic properties, its dose should be taken after the
(Bansal et.al.2013;Jain et.al.2016). advice of Ayurvedic professionals.

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
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