Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia - 2022

Catalogue of
Fungi of Colombia
Edited by
Rafael F. de Almeida
Robert Lücking
Aída Vasco-Palacios
Ester Gaya
Mauricio Diazgranados
Catalogue of
Fungi of Colombia
Catalogue of
Fungi of Colombia
Edited by
Robert Lücking
Aída Vasco-Palacios
Ester Gaya
Kew Publishing
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
© The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2022
Text © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt
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be held responsible for any consequences arising from use of the information contained herein. The views expressed in this work are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher or of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, or Instituto Humboldt.
First published in 2022 by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK, in association with the Instituto de Investigación de
Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A #16-29, Bogotá, Colombia.
www.kew.org
ISBN 978-1-84246-790-9
eISBN 978-1-84246-791-6
Distributed on behalf of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in North America by the University of Chicago Press, 1427 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 606037, USA.
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Kew’s mission is to understand and protect plants and fungi, for the wellbeing of people and the future of all life on Earth.
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Corresponding author: Mauricio Diazgranados, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, United Kingdom
E-mail: M.Diazgranados@kew.org
Front cover photo credit: Fungi mosaic made from photographs included in this book, based on the photograph of the species Cyptotrama asprata
(Basidiomycota) by Nataly Gómez-Montoya. Design cover by R.F. Almeida; back cover background photo credit: Ganoderma (Mauricio Diazgranados
© RBG Kew); back cover fungi photo credits: Lepidostroma calocerum (Robert Lücking ©), Tetrapyrgos alba (Nataly Gómez-Montoya © RBG Kew),
Pleurotus djamor (Nataly Gómez-Montoya © RBG Kew), Cordyceps nidus (Robert Lücking ©), Dacryopinax spathularia (Kent Brothers © RBG Kew),
Cyathus striatus (Aída Marcela Vasco-Palacios ©), Aseroe rubra (Nataly Gómez-Montoya © RBG Kew), Xylaria multiplex (Robert Lücking ©), Phyllobaeis
imbricata (Robert Lücking ©), Cladonia secundana (Robert Lücking ©)
Funded by: Implemented by:

Contents
Preface 7
Executive Summary 11
Foreword 13
Acknowledgements 15
List of Contributors 17
Chapter 1 The Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC) project: delivering mycological 19
knowledge to support conservation and sustainable development
Chapter 2 Two Centuries of Mycological History in Colombia 33
Chapter 3 Diversity of Fungi of Colombia 45
Chapter 4 Diversity of Basidiomycota in Colombia 49
Chapter 5 Diversity of Non-Lichenised Macro-Ascomycota of Colombia 67
Chapter 6 Diversity, Ecogeography, and Importance of Lichens of Colombia 77
Chapter 7 Diversity of Environmental Yeasts of Colombia: A Systematic Review 93
Chapter 8 Micromycetes of Colombia: Focusing on the Hidden Diversity 105
Chapter 9 Diversity of Rust and Smut Fungi of Colombia 113
Chapter 10 A Critical Assessment of Biogeographic Distribution Patterns of Colombian Fungi 121
Chapter 11 Diversity, Functional Groups, and Community Structure of Fungi of Colombia 139
Chapter 12 Useful Fungi of Colombia 151
Chapter 13 Biotechnology of Fungi of Colombia 165
Chapter 14 Fungal Conservation in Colombia 175
Chapter 15 Fungi in Colombian and International Biological Collections 189
Chapter 16 Annotated Checklist of Fungi of Colombia 209
Checklist 216
Laminae 427
Index of Families 459
Index of Genera 463
Alphabetical List of Synonyms 473
Alphabetical List of Misapplied and Doubtful Names 507

Dibaeis columbiana
6[Robert Lücking] CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA
Preface
Fungi have played an essential role in shaping the Earth’s of botany in academia until 1969, when the North American
biosphere for the past one billion years. They might have ecologist Robert Whittaker proposed that they should be
been one of the few life forms inhabiting landmasses over placed in their own kingdom, separate from plants. Twenty
500 million years ago, perhaps associated with terrestrial years later, the first DNA-based studies of fungi revealed that
algae, even before early land plant lineages arose. Lacking fungi are indeed more closely related to animals than plants.
roots, early plants may have relied on fungal partners for The knowledge on fungi accumulated during the past
endophytic mycorrhiza-like associations, allowing them to 500 years led to ground-breaking discoveries for modern
thrive on primordial mineral soil. In a process known as science, such as antibiotics or the use of fungi in food
biological weathering, fungal hyphae would secrete organic production and biotechnology. Nonetheless, most of this
acids to dissolve rocks and extract nutrients held within, knowledge was based on temperate fungas from Europe
and for water acquisition. In return, plants would transfer or North America. The diversity of Neotropical funga and
carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis to their their potential uses started to be uncovered only in the
fungal partners. Widespread today in associations known 1800s when European nations began to study the natural
as mycorrhizae or lichens, this exchange of resources resources of their colonies in the New World. Since then,
between fungi and early land plants or other photosynthetic several floras have been published for different countries
organisms helped to ignite the Earth’s biosphere growth, in Central and South America or for larger regions, such
evolution, and diversification into ever more complex as Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, or the entire Neotropics,
organisms, communities, and ecosystems. Nowadays, over which in some cases covered groups of fungi such as
ninety per cent of known land plants associate with at least lichens. Yet, compared to vascular plant and even bryophyte
one fungal partner, and some are entirely dependent on floras, megadiverse countries in South America, including
fungal assistance to survive. The symbiotic rise of land Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, still lack
plants and their fungal partners also had dramatic effects any comprehensive taxonomic study of their funga.
on our atmosphere, with the increased absorption of Through the Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia, we want to
carbon dioxide by plants over millions of years producing showcase the significant progress that has resulted from
a massive rise in oxygen concentrations, supporting the a partnership between Colombia and the UK (see Chapter
emergence of much larger, more complex animal life forms, 1). These joint efforts enabled us to compile the first broad
from early tetrapods to humans. assessment on the history of mycology in the country
Fungi have also directly impacted the daily life of human (Chapter 2), expand on the general diversity of the Colombian
society along with their cultural evolution during the past
funga (Chapter 3) and on the diversity of the main groups
300,000 years, being used as food, for ritualistic purposes,
of true fungi (Chapters 4–9), assess the biogeography
as medicinal sources, or by causing diseases affecting
of selected taxa (Chapter 10), and elaborate on fungal
our crops, livestock, and own bodies. Nonetheless, the
ecology (Chapter 11), uses (Chapter 12), biotechnological
documented history of the uses and impact of fungi through
potential (Chapter 13), conservation (Chapter 14), and
time within human societies is greatly fragmented, not the
biological collections (Chapter 15). The first checklist of
least because there have always been major doubts regarding
fungi and fungi-like organisms for Colombia (Chapter 16) is
their nature. In medieval European societies, naturalists
complemented by indexes of families, genera, synonyms,
diverged in assessing the relationships of fungi with other life
misapplied and dubious names, and a laminae section with
forms, some considering them closer to animals and others
photographs of selected taxa for proper illustration.
as a “mixture” of animal and algal traits, best positioned
within plants. It was only in 1728 that Antoine Jussieu read
a paper to the Paris Academy stating the urgent need to USING THIS CATALOGUE AND THE COLFUNGI ONLINE PORTAL
recognise fungi as a section of plants. Since then, even if Free access to a large amount of information on the diversity
their separate nature had been well established at the turn of fungi in Colombia is available to everyone for the first
of the 19th century, fungi remained confined as a section time for over 7,000 accepted species. Accessing the web
CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA 7

PREFACE
portal from this Catalogue is made easy by clicking on the while promoting the exchange and transfer of knowledge
hyperlink on the species name or by reading the QR code of between researchers from the UK and Colombia.
the species, or by typing a scientific or common name of the
species, genus, family, or any keyword that describes the SHARING KNOWLEDGE FAIRLY
fungus or its uses, in the search bar on the homepage of By gathering data from different sources, ColFungi enables
colfungi.org access to valuable information, enriches the data and
The search results show all the relevant fungi species its potential uses, and maximises the visibility of local
profiles that the user can explore. The pages in each profile resources. Only publicly available content is used and, as
show the classification and status of the fungal name part of the content collection process, we aim to ensure that
(whether it is an accepted name, synonym, misapplied or publishers have respected the Nagoya Protocol (a part of the
dubious) and the habit, description, ecology, distribution, Convention on Biological Diversity that aims to ensure the
uses, common names, and conservation status when fair and equitable sharing of benefits obtained from the use
known and available. Images of fungi in the field and from of genetic resources), as well as Colombian laws regarding
fungarium specimens are also featured when available, the dissemination of traditional knowledge.
along with any other information about the species, as well ColFungi is part of Kew’s Plants of the World Online portal
as links to other sources. The ColFungi portal has advanced (plantsoftheworldonline.org) and therefore offers structured
search and filtering options tailored to the fungi of Colombia. content adjusted to standards that facilitate the distribution
Advanced search allows users to build customised queries and exchange of information with global data resources. It
on the data based on their interests. is also part of Kew’s initiative on Useful Plants and Fungi
The taxonomic backbone of ColFungi and the Catalogue (UPF), benefiting from UPF databases and its standards and
of Fungi of Colombia is based on the Index Fungorum applying them to fungi in Colombia. These actions make
(IF: indexfungorum.org) and Species Fungorum (SF: information about fungi of Colombia more widely available,
speciesfungorum.org), adjusted by consultation of recent both in Colombia and among the international community.
reference works, and will be updated over time. Other
metadata, such as distribution, have been extracted COLLABORATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
from public occurrence repositories, such as the Global
ColFungi is building a strong collaborative network between
Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, gbif.org) and
the UK and Colombian researchers and institutions,
institutional and personal databases from digitised
including universities, fungal collections, non-governmental
Colombian herbaria/fungaria.
organisations, associations, and national institutes. The
project involves 37 researchers and collaborators from
INTRODUCING COLFUNGI TO YOU
Kew’s scientific departments, 35 researchers from the
Access to information on fungi is essential to expand our Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC) and 25
knowledge of fungal diversity, allowing us to conserve Colombian partner institutions that cover most regions and
them, along with their habitats and ecosystems, and to cities, and international experts studying the Colombian
make sustainable use of them, achieving the benefits they funga from countries such as Brazil, Mexico, the USA,
provide to our societies. ColFungi is a free access online Canada, and Germany.
portal built by experts that offer accredited information on The Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia and ColFungi
Colombian fungi. It is a detailed resource that provides for gather and link information from other portals (such as
the first time high-quality taxonomic information along with the Information System on Biodiversity of Colombia - SIB
a wide range of data and information for all groups of fungi Colombia), the Catalogue of Plants and Lichens of Colombia,
in a single resource. the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Index
In order to have information on all known Colombian fungi Fungorum, databases from national and international
in a single web page, ColFungi also shares a large amount fungarium and strain collections, and data generated by
of information, such as herbarium/fungarium specimens, mycological researchers during their investigations, providing
species descriptions, maps, images, information on an additional window to the available data and expanding
traditional and potential uses and sustainable practices, the access to information on Colombian fungi. As a result,
and relevant literature and links when available. As a the visibility of all linked resources is expanded, providing
dynamic tool with a rapidly growing amount of information, it reciprocal benefits to RBG Kew, the Humboldt Institute,
provides a valuable resource for a wide variety of audiences the Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC), and
and users, ranging from researchers and practitioners to other academic and environmental institutions in Colombia
legislators, teachers, and schoolchildren. and abroad.
ColFungi contributes directly to the objectives of Both the Catalogue and the portal provide opportunities
Colombian governmental organisations to develop national for Colombian mycologists and their international
and regional biodiversity catalogues while supporting the collaborators and volunteers and interns to contribute to the
transformation of the Colombian economy towards green project. The exchange of skills and experience has provided
growth. It also maximises the impact of scientific research great benefits to all the institutions involved and has helped
and highlights the value of fungal diversity in Colombia to strengthen capacities in Colombia.
8 CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA

PREFACE
ENRICHING INFORMATION
The value of species profiles in ColFungi is increased with
expanded data on the biology and ecology of the species when
available. To this end, different resources are used to access
information on the distribution, threats, uses, and availability
of the underlying resources, such as herbarium/fungarium
specimens and strain collections. These specimens are dried
fungi or parts thereof labelled with a wealth of information
about the species and its environment. Digitising specimens
includes assigning a unique barcode, capturing an image
of the sample and labels, and transcribing data from the
labels. A compendium of 7,241 species of Colombian fungi
has been currently recorded, most from Colombian herbaria,
fungaria, strain cultures, and international collections. How
many additional uncatalogued collections exist is unknown.
CONSERVATION STATUS
Extinction risk assessments depend on knowledge of
species distribution and the threats they face. The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria data
available for fungi to date are assessed through the ColFungi
profiles and in this Catalogue. Also, some species are
placed in extinction risk categories according to the regional
or national lists of threatened species in Colombia.
USES
The Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia and ColFungi teams have
been collecting information on useful fungi from different
sources to enrich the content of the species profiles. The
data and images from these collections were compiled from
published sources and added to the species profiles to
provide a valuable information resource on the various uses
of Colombian fungi – from culinary to cultural.
EXPANDING PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND POSSIBILITIES

The Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia and the ColFungi portal
are resources that are free to access and built by experts,
with accredited information on the Colombian funga. They are
designed to support research, learning, development, and
innovation for sustainable growth, economic development,
and well-being. The basic data can be used as a source of
information about Colombian fungi and to accelerate species
discovery. Also, both resources represent hopefully useful
and essential sources of information for practical actions on
conservation, management, legislation, and policy.
Robert Lücking
Aída M. Vasco-Palacios
Ester Gaya
Editors

Staheliomyces cinctus
[Tatiana Sanjuan]
Executive Summary
Colombia has a great comparative advantage over other In addition to the checklist, we have included a series
countries in being the second most biodiverse country of chapters written by specialists to provide some context
globally. Its biological resources are a key asset for for the actual knowledge about funga in Colombia. These
changes in its productive matrix. However, to plan a solid perspectives on the state of knowledge on the Fungi of
bioeconomic strategy, the first step is to consolidate the Colombia, covering the diversity of the main groups of fungi
current knowledge of the rich diversity of plants and fungi found in the country and the history of mycological studies
in the country. Arising from the collective efforts of the in Colombia, are presented alongside chapters on their
Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research biogeography, biotechnology, conservation, ecology, uses,
Institute (Colombia), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew— and presence in national and international collections. The
under the Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia Project supplementary materials that follow the checklist will allow
and Colombia Bio—and the mycological community in users, to explore open questions and opportunities in order to
Colombia, this Catalogue is presented as a source of develop new ideas on consumption/production alternatives
baseline information about the great diversity of fungal and pattern changes, species conservation, and new
species in Colombia, now linked and accessible through a technologies, to influence positive social and environmental
single online portal—ColFungi (Colombian Fungi Resources impacts, and to inspire new generations. Importantly, this
made Accessible). The Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia compilation also points out the information gaps we have
Project Team and national and international mycologists on the diversity, conservation, and sustainable uses of the
have consolidated expert generated and accredited country’s fungal diversity, which will serve as the basis for
information on Colombian fungi. For the first time, high- planning actions to fill these gaps, thereby supporting the
quality and up-date taxonomic information is presented conservation and sustainable use of the Colombian funga
alongside data on uses, morphology, known geographic for the benefit of society.
distributions, habitats, life forms, vernacular names, and We hope that this Catalogue and ColFungi, as its dynamic
field images taken from the field by several mycologists who resource, will be used by the audience as a useful reference
have donated to the project. This goal required generating for decision-making, production, and demand building.
a list of the species that occur in Colombia and associating We expect a broad audience (from scientists, students,
all reported taxonomic information for those species from interested public, politicians, stakeholders, regulators,
all available databases and literature sources. For further producers, and consumers), who together can work to
details, check Chapter 16. allow Colombia as a Nation to achieve its Mission on Green
Tracking species as their names change through time and Growth, and to use and conserve its natural resources in an
maintaining links to their uses, distributions, conservation integrated, equitable and sustainable way.
status, and common names is an endless task. It is the
reason for linking the printed version of the Catalogue to a
dynamic online portal. We still need to gain scale on those
tasks. Still, we are confident that technological advances
in artificial intelligence and in curation fields will accelerate
both the taxonomy and the integration of traditional and
scientific knowledge needed to support alternative and
sustainable uses for Colombia’s plant and fungal resources
and to facilitate their conservation. It is also important to
remember that we currently know less than 5% of Colombia’s
expected diversity of fungi. For this reason, this is a base list
of species representing the funga of the country, but our
knowledge will increase over time, and this information will
be updated on the ColFungi portal.

Coprinellus disseminatus
[Robert Lücking]
Foreword
Colombia houses some of the most diverse ecosystems of fungi and humanity. Medicinal, edible, tinctorial, and more
on earth. This diversity is not only of animals and plants uses are thoroughly described in this book, which is a delight
but also of fungi, the mysterious Kingdom of life that feeds, to read and a delight to look through.
heals, clothes, harms, and certainly delights us. In this But this project is not only about describing and
extraordinary, publication which represents the joint effort illustrating species. This project is about collaboration, and
of many scientists and researchers worldwide, you will be interconnection is the essence of fungi. This pioneering effort
submerged in the wonder and magic that the fungal Kingdom to document the species of fungi in Colombia and their uses
provides through concise data and superb photography. for human benefit forms the basis of an ongoing investment
However, what makes this edition so extraordinary is that in building platforms for digital access to information about
it not only presents the charismatic mushrooms and conks fungal species and their uses, as well as a digital platform
but, more uniquely and delightfully, it takes us on a deep dive to create and promote value chains that facilitate the
into the invisible world of yeasts, rusts, and smuts, as well sustainable use of fungi in Colombia. This information is not
as the intriguing and fundamental diversity of endophytes. only useful in the context of the difficulties that humanity
The latter is seldom shown in any books on fungi. is facing on earth today, but also as proof of how fungal
With over 7,200 species of macro- and microscopic fungi technologies discovered in the past hold the keys to the
found in Colombia listed in this book, you will have the most health and sustainability of people and the planet in the
in-depth induction into the funga of this unique part of the present and future. The virtuous symbiosis of international
world. This book will provide you with a unique view of how researchers from Kew, which houses the largest fungarium
species are intertwined and sometimes are used by their globally, and Colombian and Latin American researchers
plant and animal allies, including us humans. Through well- who know their habitats like no other can only be a two-
curated and analysed data that give you a sophisticated times virtuous collaboration. Although it seems obvious,
understanding of the role of fungi in Colombian ecosystems, these symbioses are not frequent and are seldom enabled
and most importantly, their role in ecosystems at large, your by many institutions at the same time. Therefore, this
appreciation for the fungi can only grow. With the data on endeavour is truly pioneering and reveals a multi-faceted
the conservation status of fungi—and detailed infographic view of the diversity of Colombian fungi.
illustrations that convey these powerful data--you will gain an Fungi are not exempt from or immune to the same threats
integral understanding of these extraordinary and fundamental animals and plants face. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation,
organisms. But most importantly, this book highlights the overuse of pesticides and fungicides, and climate change
information gaps in our knowledge of the funga of Colombia affect the funga, fauna and flora equally. Understanding
and proposes a way forward for different groups of fungi. the world beneath our footsteps, a world in which fungi
The photography you will see in this book is astonishing. play symbiotic and decomposing roles, enables us to look
Rarely do we get to see so many species of fungi in such at forests, prairies, city parks and even your garden in a
perfect conditions and at such high magnification. Through different light. With this understanding comes care, and care
this book, you will observe structures rarely glimpsed triggers action. This book invites us to come together to
while walking through a forest. With every photograph, the protect the habitats that house this unique fungal diversity,
importance of these organisms for Colombian ecosystems and it is a call we should all answer.
are portrayed with delight, making the book a versatile
publication that is not only a guide for mycologists or people Giuliana Furci – Founder & CEO, Fungi Foundation
with a developed understanding of these organisms but also Harvard University Herbaria Associate
a guide for beginners and nature enthusiasts of all ages and Dame, Order of the Star of Italy
from anywhere and everywhere in the world. Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Fungal Conservation Committee
The way in which the ethnic groups and indigenous Advisory Board member – Society for the Protection of
peoples of Colombia use different species of fungi provide Underground Networks SPUN
a unique opportunity to delve into the cultural co-evolution Santiago, Chile, February 2022

Pannaria andina
[Robert Lücking]
Acknowledgements
The Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia is the result of the efforts numerous specialists from several countries who contributed
of countless people and institutions, representing one of to the elaboration or revision of the updated checklist or
the main products of the project Useful Plants and Fungi with valuable information on local or regional uses of the
of Colombia (UPFC), led by the Royal Botanical Gardens species. We also thank those colleagues who contributed to
Kew and the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources the book or its chapters with metadata or images, besides
Research Institute (IAvH) in Colombia. the various chapter authors also Álvaro Rúa, Ana Cristina
This book is substantially based on the ColFungi portal, Bolaños, and Gineth Adriana Calderón, and those who acted
developed and maintained by the Biodiversity Informatics as academic reviewers of the various chapters and made
and Spatial Analysis team (BISA) at RBG Kew. This portal valuable suggestions, especially Bianca R. da Hora, Celeste
uses several databases as primary sources, such as the Heisecke, Manuela Dal Forno, Patricia Fiuza, Raquel Negrão,
Catalogue of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (Bernal et al., Tiara Cabral, and Tom Prescott. Additionally, we thank
2019), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Giuliana Furci for the wonderful foreword that conveys the
The Mycology Collections data Portal (MyCoPortal), Index importance of this book.
Fungorum, databases from Colombian fungal collections We would also like to thank our Project Manager David
(HUA - Ana Esperanza Franco, COL - Lauren Raz, ANDES-F, Hammond, Project Officer Kaitalin White, and Communication
and UBDC - Bibiana Moncada) and personal data generated Specialists Camila Gutierrez and Maria del Pilar Mira Ponton
by Colombian mycologists during years of research. Special for their enormous support of the Useful Plants and Fungi of
thanks to the BISA team, especially Joaquim d’Souza and Colombia project through to the entire process leading up
Malcolm Stone, for making all the information available from to the publication of the present Catalogue. Additionally, we
the ColFungi portal and providing the PURLs, which allowed would like to thank the successive directors and researchers
the production of the QR codes. The data central repository of the RBG Kew, IAvH, and the Ministry of Environment and
team, especially Bob Allkin, is also acknowledged for working Development Sustainable of Colombia. We hope that they
on consolidating the data and the taxonomic backbone. continue to support future mycological studies in Colombia.
Also, many thanks to those that provided invaluable Special thanks to all institutions and research groups that
support towards the compilation of the preliminary lists, dedicated their time and data to the project. Countless
references, specimens, common names, and all information people and institutions supported this Catalogue in different
related to species and their respective uses and conservation ways, and to all of them, our deepest gratitude.
status, integrating these metadata into the central data Finally, we are very grateful for the support of the funders
repository. This refers especially to Kew’s digitisation team regarding the production costs of this book, RBG Kew for
(Laura Green, Ellie Graves, and Priscila Reis), Julia Carretero, providing the research support and internal services, the
and the colleagues from IAvH (Alejandra Aguilar-Giraldo, IAvH for contributing field data and literature resources,
Daniel Jiménez-Pastrana, Lina Isabel Guevara-Ruiz, Henry all mycologists and their institutions/fungaria for their
Agudelo, and Fabio Ávila). A special thanks to the Asociación contribution of databases and images of fungal diversity and
Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC) for the scientific for the curation of all catalogue records, and Kew Publishing
support and constant advice during the project execution. for the final copy editing and layout. This book was especially
We further thank the “Spatial Analysis and data” team supported by a Professional Development & Engagement
from RBG Kew for producing the species distribution maps grant under the Newton-Caldas Fund partnership. The
available in the ColFungi species profiles, especially Carolina project grant is funded by the UK Department for Business,
Tovar, Ian Ondo, and Justin Moat. We thank all staff, past and Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) alongside Colombia’s
present, of their respective institutions for logistic support Minciencias and delivered by the British Council. For further
in developing the contents of this book, as well as the information, please visit www.newtonfund.ac.uk.

Campanella caesia
[Robert Lücking]
List of Contributors
CONTRIBUTORS INSTITUTION
Adriana Corrales Universidad del Rosario, Colombia
Aída M. Vasco-Palacios Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
Anabel Barona-Colorado Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia
Angelis Marbello Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Bibiana Moncada Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose Caldas, Colombia
Carolina Castellanos-Castro Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
Cristina Benjumea Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
Dahyana Bolanos-Burbano Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia
David Diaz-Escandon University of Alberta, Canada
David Hammond Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Diego Simijaca-Salcedo Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico
Edier Soto-Medina Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Ester Gaya Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Fabiola Eugenia Gonzalez-Cuellar Universidad de Cauca, Colombia
German Torres-Morales Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
Gregory Mueller Chicago Botanic Garden, USA
Joaquim de Souza Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Julia Carretero Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Kaitalin White Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Kent Brothers Grupo Micólogos de Colombia, Colombia
Luis Fernando Coca Herbario Universidad de Caldas, Colombia
Marcela Guevara-Suárez Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Margarita Jaramillo-Ciro Universidad de San Buenaventura, Colombia
Maria Camila Bados-Lopez Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia
Maria del Pilar Mira Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Martha Cardenas Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Martha L. Ortiz-Moreno Universidad de los Llanos, Colombia
Mauricio Diazgranados Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón Universidad Icesi, Colombia
Mauricio Salazar-Yepes Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Meike Piepenbring Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Melissa Palacio Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Natalia Bolaños Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Natalia Vargas-Estupiñan Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
Nataly Gomez-Montoya Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
Paul Kirk Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Pedro Jimenez Universidad Militar Nueva Grana, Colombia
Rafael Felipe de Almeida Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Robert Lucking Botanischer Garten, Germany
Rocío Peña-Cañon Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
Silvia Restrepo Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Tatiana Rojas Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia
Tatiana Sanjuan Grupo Micólogos de Colombia, Colombia
Tiziana Antonella Cossu Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Tiziana Ulian Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Viviana Motato-Vasquez Universidade del Valle, Colombia
Yeina Milena Nino Fernandez Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia - Tunja, Colombia

Tropical rain forest in the
Guaviare department, Colombia
[Mauricio Diazgranados]
Chapter 1
The Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC) project: delivering mycological
knowledge to support conservation and sustainable development
Mauricio Diazgranados1*, David Hammond1, Tatiana Rojas2, Kaitalin White1, María del Pilar Mira1, Carolina Castellanos-Castro2, Camila Gutierrez1
& Tiziana Ulian1
1
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
2
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
*Corresponding author: m.diazgranados@kew.org

Keywords: bioeconomy, fungi uses, green growth, plant uses, sustainable development.
ABSTRACT
Colombia ranks second in the world in biodiversity and is recognised as one of the most ethnically diverse countries. Despite
its biocultural richness, the country is marked with vast social inequality and rural poverty. Following decades of internal
armed conflict, the country’s 2016 Peace Agreement has provided new opportunities for socio-economic growth, which could
represent either a threat to Colombian biodiversity or an opportunity for sustainable development based on the country's
treasured natural resources. The Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC) project aimed to develop pathways to enhance
nature’s contribution to people in Colombia through increasing, consolidating and making accessible the knowledge on its
useful plants and fungi for the benefit of local communities. The project has provided a framework to develop and promote
a market for useful indigenous species and their high-value products while protecting the surrounding natural resources. It
has produced over 140 dissemination outputs, including books, booklets, scientific journal publications, technical reports,
websites, online portals, and educational tools. Also, it has delivered capacity-building events, reaching a broad audience.
With the participation of a multinational team, the project compiled and generated knowledge on over 36,000 plants and fungi,
developed pathways for tackling socio-environmental challenges and contributed to Colombia’s green transformation.
RESUMEN
Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar en el mundo en biodiversidad y es reconocido como uno de los países con mayor diversidad
étnica. A pesar de su riqueza biocultural, el país está marcado por una gran desigualdad social y pobreza rural. Tras décadas
de conflicto armado interno, el Acuerdo de Paz de 2016 del país ha brindado nuevas oportunidades para su crecimiento
socioeconómico que pueden representar tanto una amenaza para la biodiversidad colombiana como una oportunidad para un
desarrollo sostenible basado en sus preciados recursos naturales. El proyecto Plantas y Hongos Útiles de Colombia (UPFC)
tuvo como objetivo desarrollar vías para mejorar la contribución de la naturaleza a las personas en Colombia, mediante
el aumento, la consolidación y la accesibilidad del conocimiento sobre sus plantas y hongos útiles para el beneficio de
las comunidades locales. El proyecto ha proporcionado un marco para desarrollar y promover un mercado para especies
autóctonas útiles y sus productos de alto valor, al mismo tiempo que se protegen los recursos naturales circundantes. Así,
este proyecto ha producido más de 140 productos de difusión, incluidos libros, folletos, publicaciones en revistas científicas,
informes técnicos, sitios web, portales en línea y herramientas educativas. También se han realizado eventos de creación de
capacidad, llegando a una amplia audiencia. Con la participación de un equipo multinacional, se ha recopilado y generado
conocimiento sobre más de 36.000 plantas y hongos, y se desarrollaron vías para abordar los desafíos socioambientales y
contribuir con la transformación verde de Colombia.
COLOMBIA’S RICH BIODIVERSITY IN DANGER store of global carbon among other functions (Millennium
Our life and well-being rely on the environmental goods Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). However, the conversion
and services provided by plants and fungi. Not only do of natural habitats—primarily for farming—is fuelling land
they provide us with products, such as food, medicines, degradation, undermining the well-being of two-fifths of the
natural fibres, fuel, building materials, and cosmetics, human population, and raising the risk of migration and
but they also act to purify the air, enrich the soil, protect conflict (IPBES, 2018). Therefore, the preservation and
against erosion, regulate water flow and quality, and sustainable use of this biodiversity are essential to human
provide habitats for animals while acting as a significant well-being and future economic prosperity.

CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1. Origin and conservation status of plant and fungal diversity in Colombia, based on data collected in this project.
Plants Useful plants Fungi Useful fungi Plants & fungi Useful Plants & fungi
Cultivated 1,077 1,077 21 N/A N/A N/A
Naturalised 677 638 20 N/A N/A N/A
Native 27,134 5,830 7,200 25 28,398 5,855
Endemic 9,473 478 203 8 9,679 486
Threatened 1,061 249 63 3 1,071 252
TABLE 2. Plant and fungal diversity in Colombia, based on data collected by this project (useful vs non-useful).
Plants Useful plants Fungi Useful fungi Plants & fungi Useful Plants & fungi
Species 28,947 7,472 7,241 374 36,087 7,790
Genera 3,583 2,140 1,790 192 5,346 2,318
Families 395 258 455 99 843 356
Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries on As deforestation proceeds, the disappearance of traditional
Earth, hosting at least 28,947 plant species (24% endemic; knowledge on the conservation, use and management of
>1,000 threatened), 3,583 genera, and 395 families plants and fungi accelerates with biodiversity loss.
(Table 1). The country ranks third in the diversity of plants With its unique and extraordinary biocultural diversity
worldwide and is a centre of origin of tomatoes, peppers, and richness, Colombia can become an exemplar for
potatoes, chillies and many other crops and their wild achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United
relatives (Diazgranados et al., 2020, Negrão et al., 2022; Nations, 2015), by reducing inequality and poverty based
Khoury et al., 2014). The fungal diversity in Colombia is also on the sustainable use of its useful plants and fungi whilst
impressive, with at least 7,241 species belonging to 1,790 reducing the degradation of its natural resources. Although
genera and 455 families (Table 2). Given that the observed native non-crop plants and fungi have great potential to
ratio between fungi and plant species in well-studied areas improve livelihoods and to support economic development
is 9.8:1, Colombia could harbour up to 300,000 species, in the country, knowledge on the most useful native
of plants and fungi representing 9% of the global diversity species remains highly dispersed, largely inaccessible, and
(Gaya et al., 2021). susceptible to disappearing over time.
Colombia is also described as one of the most ethnically
diverse countries in the world, with 85 different ethnic CAN THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY BECOME
groups and 68 recognised native languages. The knowledge PART OF THE SOLUTION?
associated with useful plants and fungi can be as rich as the Despite the unique biological and cultural richness of
cultural variety. The country has been considered a “cradle Colombia, vast social inequality and marked poverty in
for modern ethnobotany”, with a plethora of recent studies rural areas have triggered more than six decades of internal
on this topic (Bernal et al., 2011), although ethnobotanical conflict. Plant and fungal diversity and its associated
knowledge is still vastly under-documented in this region cultural knowledge could tackle socio-environmental
(Cámara-Leret et al., 2014). challenges by boosting rural employment and incomes,
Regrettably, the country lost just under six million hectares improving people’s livelihoods, reducing inequalities, and
of forest between 1990 and 2015, at an average rate of supporting peace. Improving access to critical biological
237,000 hectares per year (FAO, 2015). This deforestation information and the development of markets for natural
is mainly due to agricultural expansion, urban development, ingredients, while meeting sustainability benchmarks,
and illegal mining, driven by inadequate political decision- can boost the stake of marginalised communities in the
making, often not supported by science (Eufemia et al., 2019; national economy by adding value to their traditional
Sabater et al., 2017; Salazar et al., 2021). Land-use change knowledge. Simultaneously, this process would empower
is threatening Colombia’s impressive cultural and biological meaningful participation, leading ultimately to more stable
diversity, and researchers and conservationists are now in a and equitable socio-economic outcomes. This approach
race to protect it (Andrade-C., 2011; WWF-Colombia, 2017). tackles a number of SDGs, most notably those related to

CHAPTER 1
poverty alleviation, health improvement, empowerment of 4. Apply a VCN framework to improve local communities’
the disenfranchised, sustainability of economic growth and livelihoods in three pilot areas (WP4).
promotion of peace (United Nations, 2015).
In recent years, Colombia has established several DOCUMENT KNOWLEDGE ON USEFUL PLANTS AND FUNGI
policies promoting the sustainable use of biodiversity OF COLOMBIA (WP1)
to reduce the social gap and to consolidate peace
whilst following a green growth approach to economic Native non-crop plants and fungi have great potential to
development (Baptiste et al., 2017). The country has improve livelihoods and economic development in the
stated its intention to develop as a bioeconomy, which country. However, high-quality information on their uses and
is “an economy that efficiently and sustainably manages properties remains scarce or inaccessible. This WP aimed
biodiversity and biomass to generate new value-added to gather and compile this information to boost Colombia’s
products, processes and services based on knowledge bioeconomy and to benefit local communities.
and innovation” (CONPES, 2018). The commitment of Significant effort to document Colombian floral and fungal
the Colombian government to green growth has been diversity has been carried out in recent years. Still, hundreds
demonstrated through the Colombia Bio programme, of sources of published information had not been compiled
and its principal aim to foster the development of the and made readily available. The project brought together a
bioeconomy through science, technology, and innovation. binational team of researchers who collected and compiled
As an offspring of this overarching national effort, the data from available datasets and publications; digitised
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project (UPFC) was data that were not readily available; scanned specimens,
supported by a Professional Development & Engagement illustrations, and records from scientific collections (from
grant under the Newton-Caldas Fund partnership. The herbaria, fungaria, and libraries); generated an image bank of
£2.5 million grant was funded by the UK Department for the useful plants and fungi of Colombia; developed species
Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the distribution maps and models; and created species profiles
Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology and Education that are available online through the project’s portals.
(MinCiencias) and was delivered by the British Council over The gathered information was analysed to identify
28 months from November 2019 to February 2021. taxonomic and geographic gaps and assessed for quality
and potential contribution to conservation practices, among
THE USEFUL PLANTS AND FUNGI OF COLOMBIA other aspects. In all, six research questions on useful
The overall goal of the UPFC was to develop pathways plants and fungi were addressed, each with a scientific
to enhance nature’s contribution to people in Colombia output (https://in-colombia.org/):
by increasing, consolidating, and making accessible the
knowledge on its useful plants and fungi for the benefit • How can we assess the comprehensiveness (in quantity
of local communities; and to promote a market for useful and quality) of the information available for each
indigenous species and their high-value products to motivate species?
the sustainable use of biodiversity whilst protecting the • Are there taxonomic gaps in the available information?
surrounding natural resources. • Are there geographic gaps?
This project documented and broadly disseminated
knowledge on useful plants and fungi of Colombia across • What are the most likely factors influencing the observed
a wide range of audiences. Outputs targeted policy and taxonomic and geographic patterns?
decision-makers in government, local NGOs, scientists, • Which geographic areas are important for conservation?
educators, and private and public companies, aiming to
• Can traditional knowledge erosion be mitigated through
boost bioeconomic development. The project’s long-term
Citizen Science?
vision was to support Colombia’s economic future by
promoting the sustainable expansion of its bioeconomy,
Results from initial activities helped us to identify
based on its unique plant and fungal diversity, whilst
poorly surveyed areas of the country for useful plants and
conserving its natural resources and associated
plants in general (Bystriakova et al., 2021), which informed
traditional knowledge.
subsequent fieldwork and ethnobotanical priorities for WP1
The UPFC project was structured as four work packages
(Figure 1).
(WP), each with a specific objective:
In addition to the research questions, three tools were
designed to manage and collect data on useful plants
1. Document knowledge on useful plants and fungi of
and fungi, specifically: 1) the shinyCCleaner tool, to clean
Colombia (WP1).
georeferenced records in the R environment (Ondo et al.,
2. Synthesise and disseminate knowledge on useful unpub.); 2) an online survey form built in ESRI Survey123,
plants and fungi of Colombia using various platforms for to collect ethnobotanical information from mobile devices;
different audiences (WP2). and 3) a Plant Use Data Management tool, with modules for
3. Develop a framework for creating a sustainable value data entry and exportation, taxonomic reconciliation, and
chain network (VCN) from plant and fungal diversity (WP3). classification of uses, among other functions.

CHAPTER 1
A B
Percentage of
well-surveyed
cells
FIGURE 1. Survey completeness for all vascular (A) and useful (B) plants by bioregion (Bystriakova et al., 2021). Percentage of 10×10 km
well-surveyed grid cells, defined as those with ≥ 25 observations, calculated by bioregion.
SYNTHESISING AND DISSEMINATING KNOWLEDGE ON The project built two websites (https://www.kew.org/
USEFUL PLANTS AND FUNGI OF COLOMBIA (WP2) upfc, in English; and https://in-colombia.org/, in Spanish)
Access to information about plants and fungi and their uses to inform the public and disseminate project outputs. In
underpins our collective effort to further understand their addition, it built on the previously created ColPlantA portal
diversity in Colombia, allowing us to better conserve species, (http://colplanta.org/), further synthesising knowledge
habitats, and ecosystems and to use them sustainably to the of Colombian plants and improving the user experience,
benefit of society. Knowledge must be available for different content and infrastructure (Diazgranados et al., 2020). It
audiences to empower Colombia to protect and sustainably also created a companion portal for Colombian fungi, i.e.,
utilise its valuable plants and fungi. This WP aimed to build ColFungi (http://colfungi.org/) (Figure 2). Each portal was
a comprehensive synthesis and to disseminate this through accompanied by an explanatory booklet (Diazgranados et al.,
various media, including online portals, scientific journal 2020; Gaya et al., 2021) designed for a general audience.
publications, books, booklets, reports, magazine and news Comprehensive annotated checklists for both plants
articles, social media streams and educational tools. and fungi, along with a range of thematic chapters, are
This wide range of dissemination outputs and formats presented here and in the Catalogue of Useful Plants of
was aimed strategically to reach a broad audience of Colombia as a reference for scientists and for the long-term
policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners, including preservation of knowledge.
those in governmental, monitoring and developmental aid A survey analysis was conducted to understand how
agencies, regulatory bodies, conservation organisations, much Colombian society knows about their native diversity
biobusinesses, schools and universities. Potential of plants and fungi and their uses as part of this WP. An
users included: innovators, developers, bioeconomists, online national survey was developed to collect information
herbal and food entrepreneurs (including plant and fungi on how Colombians generally use plants and fungi. Semi-
importers, suppliers and retailers), biotechnologists, structured interviews of 20 experts from different sectors
bioenergy experts, agronomists, forestry engineers, crop of society, including academia, civil society, NGOs, and
specialists, horticulturalists, arborists, weed scientists, the private sector, were also undertaken. These experts
forest managers, wildlife managers, health professionals, provided information regarding the state of knowledge of
biopharmaceutical scientists, medicine regulators, useful plants and fungi, advising on the limitations and
conservationists, naturalists, photographers, environmental opportunities of various studies and the inclusion of plants
consultants, library managers, students, professors, and fungi in value chains.
researchers (biologists, botanists, ecologists, chemists, In consideration of socio-cultural components, a
agronomists, biomedical researchers, ethnobiologists, Spanish-language storytelling series, “Somos Historias”,
among others), scientific editors, people interested in was developed, which was designed to identify and promote
culture and gardening, and the general public. practices and relationships that underlie the value chains of

CHAPTER 1
key plants. The co-creation of short videos that portrayed the their habitats and ecosystems, use them sustainably, and
practices, knowledge, and relationships of local producers enjoy the benefits they provide to society. In 2020, the UPFC
with these plants and their environment promoted value project delivered ColFungi, an authoritative, expert-driven,
chains and increased project visibility to a broader audience open-access online portal for information on Colombian
while also gathering qualitative information on the local use fungi and their uses. ColFungi is an entirely new tool backed
of the species. by the expertise of Colombian mycologists and presenting
Last, the project published over 50 blogs and notes in the integrated content on the fungi of Colombia. For the first time
press to raise awareness on the importance of useful plants ColFungi is a content aggregator site—it collects
and fungi for the well-being and prosperity of Colombians information from Kew’s databases and various external
and humanity. sources, displaying it in one place while preserving the
appropriate links and citations. By bringing together data
COLFUNGI, A NEW PORTAL DEDICATED TO THE FUNGI OF from a wide range of sources, ColFungi aims to synthesise
COLOMBIA and unlock valuable information, including potential uses
Access to information about fungi and their uses, it is of fungi, while maximising the visibility of local resources.
essential to understand their diversity, conserve them and Only publicly available content is used and, as part of the
FIGURE 2. ColPlantA (https://colplanta.org/) and ColFungi (https://colfungi.org/) site homepages.

CHAPTER 1
content gathering process, steps are taken to ensure that research and the distribution of species, collections,
publishers have respected the Nagoya Protocol (part of the taxonomy, ecology, geography, and economic uses.
international Convention on Biological Diversity that aims to ColFungi contributes directly to the Colombian
ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from government’s goals of developing national and regional
the utilisation of genetic resources) as well as Colombian catalogues of biodiversity while supporting the transformation
laws relating to traditional knowledge. of the economy to drive green growth. It also maximises the
ColFungi is also part of Kew’s Useful Plants and Fungi impact of research and highlights the value of fungal diversity
project (UPF), and takes advantage of UPF’s databases and in the country, promoting knowledge exchange and transfer
standards by applying them to Colombian fungi data. This between the UK and Colombian researchers and end-users.
infrastructure provides a platform for reliable information on
Colombia’s useful fungi to be made more widely available. DIGITAL OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES
The UPFC bioinformatics work team developed The project reached a range of audiences and created new
ColFungi based on the initial infrastructure of ColPlantA alliances and opportunities for collaboration through an
and incorporated recommendations from a detailed UX array of varying virtual events and social media activities.
analysis. The current version contains 9,400 scientific Despite the recent challenges presented by the coronavirus
names, 7,241 species profiles including 308 with images, pandemic, the project found new methods to engage with its
and 251 full species and uses descriptions. Alternative target audiences through virtual events, such as Hay Festival
names (including common names) and local checklists Cartagena Virtual, Hay Festival Digital Queretaro 2020,
are also available. The taxonomic backbone of ColFungi is Sabor Barranquilla 2021, Hay Festival Cartagena 2022, the
taken from the Index Fungorum and Mycobank databases, Colombian Chef Masterclass series, and virtual workshops,
and common names from published material, especially reaching over one million viewers. In addition, it delivered
field guides. more than 23 virtual conferences, five seminar presentations,
The UPFC project team, in collaboration with more than three teaching modules, 30 socialisation workshops, and
a dozen Colombian and European mycologists, produced a 15 radio interviews. It had more than 90,000 engagements
companion booklet to the ColFungi portal (Gaya et al., 2021). in its social media accounts (Facebook and Twitter). It also
The booklet contains a significant overview of the current published ten blogs and more than 90 popular articles and
state of knowledge of Colombian fungi and mycological media notes, which helped broaden the project’s recognition.
FIGURE 3. The VCN website (“Red de Ingredientes Naturales – Colombia”; https://redin-colombia.org/), displaying the registration form for
connecting to the market chain. The site also includes a blog, a serving BOT, and a practical guide to understanding the legal processes in
Colombia for developing and commercialising natural ingredients or products of any kind from non-crop plants and fungi.

CHAPTER 1
BUILDING A VALUE CHAIN NETWORK TO SUPPORT agencies related to the production, distribution, and
COLOMBIA’S BIOECONOMY (WP3) exportation of bioproducts from Colombia. Access to
Innovative projects to deliver natural ingredients or other the live quiz platform in Kahoot can be found through
bioproducts to the market often fail because a viable the link https://kahoot.it/challenge/00115304 or in the
market has not been established. The project developed practical guide.
a value chain network (VCN) centred on a digital platform
to provide pathways to develop such markets, facilitating To establish a baseline about the current status of the
interaction between local, national and international actors Colombian bioeconomy, researchers produced a 124-page
in the production, refinement, distribution and exportation report (Rojas et al., 2020), also freely accessible at https://
of plant- and fungi-based products. The VCN aims to enable in-colombia.org/. Highlights included:
the symbiosis between plant and fungal diversity, knowledge
of its uses, and local livelihoods that depend on it. It is the 1. A prioritisation exercise for potential species in Colombia’s
first VCN focused on useful plants and fungi for Colombia bioeconomy.
and South America 2. A broad directory of companies engaged in the use of
The VCN connects scientists, technologists, innovators, prioritised plant species of native plants and fungi (25
producers, and consumers, enabling the flow of materials in total).
downstream (e.g., the supply of natural ingredients produced
3. A Science, Technology, and Innovation capability analysis
by local communities to consumers) and information
around the Bioeconomy and Natural Ingredients sector.
upstream (e.g., consumer demand to producers) whilst linking
products to species names based on a taxonomic backbone. 4. A multi-criteria value chain infrastructure for biodiversity-
This functionality allows two-way linking between the VCN based products.
platform and the scientific portals (ColPlantA and ColFungi), 5. A case study of the value chain analysis for the first
enabling users to browse specific uses, read exciting plants prioritised species, naidí (Euterpe oleracea), in the Pacific
and fungi species profiles, and contact product providers coast region of Colombia.
directly. A website for the VCN (https://www.redin-colombia.
org/) was created in Spanish to maximise outreach among 6. A search for and analysis of patents and publications
the Colombian audience (primary users) (Figure 3). related to naidí in Colombia and the rest of the world.
In addition, the project delivered the first comprehensive Finally, to inform the VCN, a standard for controlled
practical guide (174 pages) to understanding the Colombian vocabulary on natural ingredients and bioproducts was
legal processes for developing and commercialising natural- developed, which included a harmonised table and
ingredient products from non-crop plants and fungi (Rojas et accompanying explanatory report. The standard will allow the
al., 2021, available at https://redin-colombia.org/guide/). This classification, indexing, cataloguing, description, and analysis
freely available guide is in Spanish and is organised around of these ingredients and products. It was based on the
four central roles within the value chain: producer, refiner, harmonisation of three classification structures linking natural
national wholesaler/retailer, and exporter. Content focuses ingredient products: Kew’s Economic Botany Data Collection
on permissions, regulatory compliance, and certification Standard (EBDCS), the UN Central Product Classification
concerning three types of natural ingredients: harvested scheme (CPC) and the Departamento Administrativo Nacional
non-timber forest products, nursery-grown products, and de Estadistica’s Clasificacion Central de Productos (DANE
genetic material products. It articulates processes related to CPC). These three structures were reconciled based on
intellectual property rights, benefit-sharing agreements, and the concept, definition, and rules to identify a common,
threatened species, among others related to national and core standard linking botanical (e.g., species), national and
international regulations, compliance, and market access. international bioproduct classificatory structures.
Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff
from the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, IMPLEMENTING A VALUE CHAIN NETWORK IN THREE PILOT
ProColombia, natural product companies, and NGOs. AREAS OF COLOMBIA (WP4)
Two online tools were created to accompany the guide: Three biodiverse pilot areas of Colombia recently affected by
the armed conflict were selected to test the potential of the
1. A serving BOT, which is an automated tool designed to VCN framework to improve the livelyhoods of impoverished
guide users to obtain information from within the guide communities (food security, health, and prosperity): Bahía
by answering a series of targeted questions regarding Solano (Chocó), Becerril (Cesar), and Otanche (Boyacá)
their needs and the type of commercial role they play (Figure 4).
within the value chain (e.g., producer, refiner, distributor, The selection of the areas considered several criteria
retailer, exporter). The serving BOT is accessible via the within five categories: environmental, social, governance,
VCN website (https://redin-colombia.org/). business, and economic factors (Diazgranados et al., 2021).
2. An online quiz in Spanish, drawing upon the information The implementation included:
contained within the guide, it tests users’ knowledge
regarding documentation, certification and responsible 1. Assessment of the useful local plants and fungi resources.

CHAPTER 1
FIGURE 4. UPFC fieldwork activities in the pilot areas. Top left: collecting useful plants and fungi with the help of local “sabedores” (wisdom
people). Top right and bottom: species prioritisation workshops with local communities. Photograph credits: Mateo Fernández (top left),
Sabina Bernal (top right and bottom right), and Edgar Padilla (bottom left).
2. Evaluation of the market status based on local native among others) and analysis of statistics from the potential
diversity. implementation. The project published a booklet to connect
3. Assessment and modelling of current and potential experiences in local communities within the three pilot areas
outcomes of the VCN implementation. with a broader, more general audience. It included highlights,
notes on the prioritisation of species, stories from local
4. Identification of the most promising species and types of initiatives and experiences (Quiñones-Hoyos et al., 2021).
natural ingredients.
5. The gleaning of lessons from the implementation and THE UPFC TEAM
community feedback. The UPFC project was led by RBG Kew in collaboration
with the Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
The project expected that implementing the VCN would Alexander von Humboldt in Colombia. It directly involved
support an improvement in family livelihoods over the 85 people (50 from Kew and 35 from Humboldt Institute)
middle- to long-term through its role in facilitating diversified, and received contributions from 34 other researchers from
market-based approaches to income generation. 26 institutions across Colombia and Europe, including the
The social impact assessment carried out during the Asociación Colombiana de Micología, Ascolmic. The Diverse
implementation of the VCN will allow the measurement and gender-balanced participation was achieved in all
of middle- and long-term changes in cultural, economic, activities to ensure a more inclusive environment and in line
and social outcomes. The outcome monitoring activities with SDG5 (Empower women). We have been collaborating
implemented at the time of writing include participant surveys to include minorities such as indigenous people, Afro-
(gender, age, locality, ethnic group, family composition, Colombians and the LGBT+ community, always following

CHAPTER 1
RBG Kew’s and Humboldt Institute’s policies on diversity the University of Cali (GIM/CICBA), the Research Group in
and inclusion. From the total of 115 project participants, Environmental Sustainability (SUSA) of the Universidad de
64 (56%) were female, and 51 (44%) were male. The project los Llanos, the Research Group of Biology and Conservation
deemed this gender balance appropriate given the traditional of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia in
tendency for science to be a male-dominated discipline. Tunja, the Research Group of Biology and Microorganisms
(BPM) of the Universidad del Valle, Universidad Santiago de
REACHING COMMUNITIES ACROSS SOCIETY Cali, Colombian Mycology group and the Colombian Group
The UPFC project built and maintained connections with of Lichenology (GCOL).
other government and non-government initiatives. Through Fieldwork was carried out through a participatory
various fora and media, objectives and outcomes were approach involving local organizations, social leaders, and
communicated to the Presidency of the Republic, the communities from the veredas of Caño Rodrigo and Río
National Committee of Sustainability, the Green Business Maracas in Becerril (Cesar), and Altazor, Betania, Camilo,
Bureau of the Ministry of Environment, the Programa de Cunchalita, Curubita, El Carmen and Nazareth in Otanche
Transformación Productiva (PTP) of the Ministry of Commerce, (Boyacá) (Figure 5).
ProColombia, the Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales In conclusion, the UPFC project played a pivotal role
del Pacífico John von Neumann (IIAP), and the Green Growth by reaching communities across society, promoting the
Mission (GGM) created by the Colombian National Planning conservation and sustainable use of the country’s plants
Department in 2017. and fungi, combining traditional and scientific knowledge
The GGM, together with Biointropic Corporation and to boost the national bioeconomy, and raising awareness
Suricata Consulting, identified seven factors to boost about the importance of these resources for the country. On
the country’s bioeconomy: 1) research and technological a broader scale, it represents a sustainable development
development; 2) regulatory framework; 3) market dynamics; 4) model of green growth in megadiverse nations worldwide.
human capital; 5) financing and investment; 6) environmental
or ecosystem services; and 7) infrastructure. By contributing UNEXPECTED IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES DUE TO COVID-19
directly to factors 1–4, the project supported GGW’s mission The pandemic of 2020–21 had significant impacts on
and the Green Growth Policy, i.e., “Promote by 2030 the where and how the UPFC project team carried out their
increase in productivity and economic competitiveness of work due to the restriction of travel and facility access,
the country, while ensuring the sustainable use of natural recruitment delays, and the shortage of human resources.
capital and social inclusion, in a compatible way with the Mitigation plans proved effective in buffering some of the
climate”. effects, especially regarding WP1, WP2 and WP3 workflows
It engaged the Colombian National Board of Natural and timelines, through increased teleconferencing and
Ingredients (Programa de Interés estratégico-PINE), an online stakeholder consultations with several cross-cutting
initiative led by the Program Colombia+ Competitiva of contingency actions. However, the capacity building (e.g., the
SwissContact as part of a 5-year plan to boost natural internship and research visitor programmes) and fieldwork
ingredients for cosmetics. The Humboldt Institute, leader of activities had to be considerably scaled down, and future
the board’s six sub-activities regarding the governance and funds could help to strengthen the implementation of the
competitiveness of value chains from native fungal and plant VCN at the national scale.
species, was vital in maintaining this interaction.
The project also connected with private-sector PATHWAY TO IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
organisations such as Crepes & Waffles, the Chamber SOCIAL WELFARE
of Food Industry, the National Association of Industrials This project has developed novel pathways to enhance
of Colombia (ANDI), Corpocampo, Naidí Pacífico SAS, nature’s contribution to people in Colombia. It has made
Fondo Acción, Planeta CHB SA, Partnerships for Forest, available ‘state-of-the-art’ knowledge on the nation’s useful
MUCHOCOL, UNIANDES (Faculty of Economics), Apsacesar, plants and fungi while unveiling how this information can be
Envol-vert, Selvacéutica S.A.S., E3 Asesorías, Corporación used to promote and develop markets for these species and
Boyapaz, Alianza Quinchas, among many others. their high-value products.
The mycological work was made possible through Beyond the delivery of specific outputs, a broader set of
extensive collaboration with the mycological community project outcomes were achieved, such as:
in Colombia and Europe, including the Colombian
Association of Mycology (ASCOLMIC), Botanischer Garten • A significant increase in online, open-access knowledge
und Botanisches Museum in Germany, BioMicro Group at on the useful plants and fungi of Colombia.
School of Microbiology of the Universidad de Antioquia,
the Group of Taxonomy and Ecology of Fungi of the • Increased capacity of Colombian scientists to research
Universidad de Antioquia (TEHO), Universidad de los plant and fungal diversity and uses.
Andes, Universidad del Cauca, Universidad del Rosario, • Increased public perception and awareness about the
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Universidad importance of plant and fungal diversity and their uses to
de San Buenaventura, the Research Group in Mycology of support green growth in Colombia.

CHAPTER 1
FIGURE 5. Map of urban centres of main collaborators, and pilot areas selected for the implementation of the VCN
framework: Bahía solano (Chocó), Becerril (Cesar), and Otanche (Boyacá). Photograph credits: Mateo Hernández
(Becerril), Mauricio Diazgranados (Otanche), and Daniel Uribe (Bahía Solano).

CHAPTER 1
• Improved opportunities for alternative local income of Colombia's diversity of useful plants and fungi and
streams based on value-added to bioproducts through will inform policy and decision-makers in government
VCN development, at least in the three pilot areas. and non-government organisations to boost sustainable
• Supported expansion of a natural ingredients market at biobusinesses and support national and international-
the national level. scale connections. The VCN may improve the livelihoods
of communities at the national scale, providing
• Opportunities opened for further improvement to new opportunities to reduce poverty, reduce gender
people’s livelihoods in the three pilot areas. inequality, and improve health and well-being.
• Informed development of a bioeconomy, bringing • Long-term (10–15 years): Colombia will rise as a
together science, policy, and industry. successful exemplar of a developing country that is
• The predicted spillover effects included: expanding its bioeconomy based on its unique plant and
fungal diversity whilst preserving its natural environment.
• Increased interest by Colombian institutions in
expanding plant and especially fungal research.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND REMARKS
• Enhanced recognition of market possibilities for
natural ingredients based on native species of plants The project has contributed significantly to the Colombian
and fungi at the Colombian national level. Green Growth Policy’s scope to “Promote by 2030 an
increase in productivity and economic competitiveness of
• The incentive to develop specific areas of commercial
the country, while ensuring the sustainable use of natural
businesses based on natural ingredients from native
capital and social inclusion, in a compatible way with
Colombian plants and fungi, e.g., by the British and
the climate”. While the transformation of a country must
Colombian Chamber of Commerce, ProColombia,
be seen as a very complex, long-term process, usually
among others.
involving all levels of society, the UPFC project is confident
• Expansion of Colombian bioeconomy by strengthening that its outputs and outcomes have supported Colombia’s
industrial endeavours to add value to useful plant transformation towards a greener, more sustainable
and fungal products. economy by enhancing critical baseline knowledge on
plants and fungi, and by re-imagining how access to and
In addition to the contributions to the United Nations practical use of this information could be improved through
SDGs, the project outputs and activities also contributed open-access digital platforms and tools. The impact of the
to several objectives of the CBDs Global Strategy for Plant UPFC project will continue, with the information generated
Conservation (GSPC), particularly those linked to ecosystem here being made broadly available to Colombian companies
goods and services (GSPC1), recognition, respect and in the agricultural, pharmaceutical, food, human health,
maintenance of indigenous and local community knowledge and personal care sectors that have an interest in the
(GSPC 5), and improved awareness of the urgency of plant sustainable development of biodiversity-based (bio-based)
conservation and public participation (GSPC 6). products. Colombia’s green transformation has begun!
As most communities in rural Colombia are male-
dominated, with men focused on farming, mining and
construction, the project emphasised pathways for women Acknowledgements
to play leading roles in obtaining and commercialising The UPFC project thanks all the researchers and contributors who
natural ingredients, potentially bringing additional income made this project possible: Adriana Corrales, Aida Marcela Vasco-
to their household. Thus, the implementation of the VCN Palacios, Alba Nohemi Téllez A., Alejandra Aguilar, Alejandra Osejo,
could improve gender equality and opportunities, supporting Alex Monro, Aline Dufat, Amalia Díaz, Ana Cristina Bolaños-Rojas,
SDG5 (Empower women). Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano, Ana Garrido, Andrea Baquero,
Angélica Herrera, Angie Karina Rengifo Fernandez, Anna Haigh,
The project pathway to impact on economic development
Benedetta Gori, Bibiana Moncada, Bob Allkin, Camilo Garzón,
and social welfare was based on a stepwise approach:
Carlos Cortés, Carolina Quiñones, Carolina Soto, Carolina Tovar,
Catalina Mesa Sánchez, Clara Morales, Cristian Lasso-Benavides,
• Short-term (1–3 years): the project documented and Dairon López, Daniel Jiménez, Daniel López, David Bishop, David
broadly disseminated knowledge on the useful plants and Díaz-Escandón, Diana Marcella Moreno, Diego Simijaca-Salcedo,
fungi of Colombia, reaching both general and academic Edier Soto-Medina, Eduardo Toledo Romero, Edwin Rios, Ehidy
audiences, as well as policy and decision-makers. It also Rocio Peña-Cañón, Elizabeth Hodson, Ellie Graves, Emmerson
contributed to capacity building. Last, by implementing Pastás, Ester Gaya, Fabiola Eugenia González-Cueller, Felipe
the VCN in three pilot areas, the project aimed to García, Germán Torres, Giuliana Furci, Harrie J.M. Sipman, Henry
support improvements to communities’ livelihoods by Agudelo, Henry Yesid Bernal M., Hugh Pritchard, Ian Ondo, James
establishing a baseline that can be monitored and by Morley, Jenny Williams, Jennyfer Andrea Aldana Mejía, Joaquim
d’Souza, Joseph Ruff, Julia Carretero, Justin Moat, Laura
providing some initial training to communities.
Green, Laura Kor, Lee Davies, Lina Guevara, Louise Colville,
• Mid-term (3–10 years): the project outputs will increase Luis Fernando Coca, Lynn Parker, Malcolm Stone, Marcela
awareness in Colombian society about the importance Cely, Margarita María Jaramilo-Ciro, Mariana Pizano Noguera,

CHAPTER 1
Mario Murcia, Mark Nesbitt, Martha Lucía Ortiz-Moreno, Mateo Gaya E, Vasco-Palacios AM, Vargas-Estupiñán N, Lücking R, Carretero
Fernández, Mauricio Ramírez-Castillón, Mauricio Salazar-Yepes, J, Sanjuan T, Moncada BBA, Bolaños-Rojas AC, Castellanos-Castro
Meike Piepenbring, Melanie-Jayne Howes, Mimi Tanimoto, Nadia C, Coca LF, Corrales A, Cossu T, Davis L, Dsouza J, Dufat A, Franco-
Molano AE, García F, Gómez-Montoya N, González-Cuellar FE,
Bystriakova, Natalia Vargas-Estupiñán, Nataly Gómez-Montoya,
Hammond D, Herrera A, Jaramillo-Ciro MM, Lasso-Benavides C. Mira
Nestor García, Nestor R. Salinas, Nicolas Black, Pablo Hendigo, MP, Morley J, Motato-Vásquez V, Niño-Fernández Y, Ortiz-Moreno ML,
Paola Acosta, Paola Andrea Torres-Andrade, Paul Kersey, Paul Peña-Cañón ER, Ramírez-Castrillón M, Rojas T, Ruff J, Simijaca D,
Wilkin, Priscilla Reis, Rafael Felipe de Almeida, Raquel Negrão Sipman HJM, Soto-Medina E, Torres G, Torres-Andrade PA, Ulian T,
Baldoni, Rene Camacho, Robert Lücking, Rose Taylor, Sabina White K, Diazgranados M (2021) ColFungi: Colombian resources for
Bernal, Santi Gómez, Sarah Phillips, Silvia Restrepo, Tatiana Fungi Made Accessible. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 36p.
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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Milliken, Yeina Milena Niño-Fernández, and Yih Wen Fung. The Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. 656 p. doi: 10.5281/
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Jarvis A, Rieseberg LH, Struik PC (2014) Increasing homogeneity
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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2
Anthropozoomorphic pendant
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 2
Two Centuries of Mycological History in Colombia
Aída M. Vasco-Palacios1,2 & Bibiana Moncada2,3,4,5
1
Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental y Grupo BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
2
Asociación Colombiana de Micología - ASCOLMIC, Grupo BioMicro.
3
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D–54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
4
Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
5
Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología - GCOL.
Corresponding authors: aida.vasco@udea.edu.co;. Ibmoncada@udistrital.edu.co.

Contributions: both authors contributed equally to the concept and writing of this chapter.
Keywords: biodiversity expeditions, diversity, funga, expedición botánica, ethnomycology, Francisco José de Caldas.
ABSTRACT
Current knowledge about the Colombian funga results from countless expeditions, researchers, and national and foreign
institutions that have contributed to the development of mycology in Colombia for more than two centuries. This historical
timeline will probably remain incomplete because several historical accounts are difficult to track down, but four different
periods are highlighted: 1. Fungal knowledge from pre-Hispanic times is still incomplete despite efforts to compile the
biocultural heritage of ancestral knowledge of indigenous, root, and traditional farming populations; 2. The 19th century’s
study of the funga started with The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada and was followed by other important
expeditions; 3. The 20th century was a period marked by expeditions of European naturalists, but Colombian mycologists
also started to develop areas such as phytopathology and clinical mycology; 4. From the 1970s to today, the knowledge on
Colombian funga has grown due to the contributions of foreign and national mycologists, with about 80 Colombian research
groups studying fungi nowadays. In each of these periods, some notable events and influential figures left their mark on the
historical memory of Colombian mycology.
RESUMEN
El conocimiento sobre la funga colombiana es el resultado de innumerables expediciones, investigadores e instituciones
nacionales y extranjeras que por más de dos siglos han aportado a su desarrollo. En este capítulo se presenta un breve
recuento de esta historia dividiéndola en cuatro períodos, mencionando hechos destacados y personajes influyentes
que han dejado huella en la memoria histórica de la micología colombiana. En el primer periodo se reconoce la relación
de las diferentes comunidades ancestrales colombianas con los hongos, vestigios que se pueden encontrar en piezas
prehispánicas en el Museo del Oro de Bogotá y en publicaciones iconográficas. A pesar de los esfuerzos en la recopilación
del patrimonio biocultural de conocimientos ancestrales de poblaciones indígenas, raizales y campesinas tradicionales,
aún está lejos de completarse. El segundo período denominado siglo XIX, coincide con la participación de Francisco José
de Caldas en la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada, quien reporta el primer hongo para Colombia.
Posteriormente Sir William Jackson Hooker describe varias especies de hongos y líquenes de las colecciones realizadas
por Alexander von Humboldt y Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland durante sus viajes por el país. Y finalmente, la edición del
Prodromus Florae Novo-Granatensis de José Jerónimo Triana y Jules Émile Planchon (1863–1867), con las colaboraciones
de Joseph-Henri Léveillé (Hongos) y William Nylander (Líquenes). El tercer período, del siglo XX hasta 1970, inicia con la
Expedición de Otto Fuhrmann y Eugène Mayor conocida como la expedición Helvética, inspirando a micólogos como Carlos
Chardón y Rafael Toro, quienes lideraron el primer inventario de hongos de Colombia. Posteriormente, el establecimiento
de la carrera en ciencias agrícolas en la Universidad Nacional sede Medellín en 1927, contribuyó sustancialmente a la
formación de micólogos y al conocimiento de los hongos fitopatógenos. Así mismo, la micología clínica tuvo su inicio con las
investigaciones de Alfredo Correa y Alfonso Jaramillo; hacia los años sesenta aparece la primera micóloga médica Angela
Restrepo-Moreno, creadora de una de las más importantes escuelas micológicas de América Latina, posteriormente, en
Bogotá, la reconocida micóloga Elizabeth Castañeda ha liderado el estudio de los hongos que causan enfermedades. El
cuarto período comprendido entre los 70s y la segunda década del siglo XXI, debería considerarse el periodo de iluminación
micológica, pues no solamente fue el tiempo con mayores visitas de especialistas internacionales, sino también el despertar
de la micología nacional en todas las áreas conocidas hoy. Especialistas en diversos grupos y líneas conformaron sus
propias escuelas y han formado a las nuevas generaciones de investigadores. Reciente dos hechos han transformado
la historia de la micología, ambos involucrando el trabajo en equipo como fuente de progreso. El primero de ellos, la
conformación de grupos de investigación que ha fortalecido los procesos de investigación y formación de capital humano,

CHAPTER 2
además de generar un reconocimiento colectivo de las actividades de investigación a nivel nacional e internacional. Y
Finalmente, en el 2019, la consolidación de la Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC) que tiene como misión,
además de conectar a todos aquellos que investigan en hongos en Colombia, generar resultados científicos que puedan
integrarse a las políticas públicas nacionales, y conlleven a la inclusión de los hongos en las agendas nacionales a fin de
orientar y gestionar la protección, manejo y uso de la funga del país.
INTRODUCTION FUNGI IN PRE-HISPANIC TIMES AND THEIR BIOCULTURAL

Summarizing the history of mycological studies in Colombia HERITAGE
is not a simple task. This historical timeline will probably The documented history of mycology in Colombia spans
remain incomplete as several historical accounts come from a little over 200 years. However, there is evidence of the
extensive grey literature and historical archives that are traditional use of fungi, especially macrofungi, by indigenous
difficult to track down. Nonetheless, the relationship between communities before pre-Hispanic times in various regions
fungi and the indigenous people of Colombia is ancient and of Colombia. Pérez de Barradas (1954) documented
evidenced by pre-Hispanic art pieces in the Bogotá Gold pectorals and pieces that contained figures allusive to fungi
Museum and iconographies in some historical books (e.g., in his work entitled Pre-Hispanic Goldsmithing of Colombia.
Pérez de Barradas, 1954; Schultes & Bright, 1979). The Schultes & Bright (1979) revisited the gold pectorals of the
biological heritage of Colombia’s extant indigenous and Museo del Oro in Bogotá, presenting evidence for the use
traditional farmers has been compiled by ethnomycologists of mushrooms by the indigenous cultures of the Darien,
but is still far from being fully documented. However, the Sinú, and Quimbaya regions (Figure 1). Later, Schultes et
known history of mycological studies in Colombia starts, as al. (2000), in their book entitled Plants of the Gods, further
far as we know, in 1785 with la Real Expedición Botánica del pointed out the use of mushrooms by various communities,
Nuevo Reino de Granada (the Royal Botanical Expedition to including in magical-religious rituals. Fungal representations
New Granada, which was a former jurisdiction of the Spanish are found in the iconography of several pre-Hispanic cultures
Empire corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, throughout the country, showing their knowledge and close
Panama, and Venezuela) and continues to this day. In these cultural relationship with fungi (Velandia et al., 2008).
236 years, mycology in Colombia has significantly developed
thanks to foreign naturalists who carried out expeditions
collecting specimens in the national territory and who
contributed to the knowledge of the Colombian funga during
the first 200 years.
In recent times, Colombian mycology has been in the hands
of renowned national and international researchers. Studies
in Colombian arbuscular mycorrhiza, macrofungi, microfungi,
and lichens, little known until recently, were accelerated
after the visits of specialists such as Carlos Chardon and
Rafael Toro (Puerto Rico), Ewald Sieverding (Germany), Kent
Dummont, Rolf Singer, Roy Halling, and Greg Mueller (all from
the United States), Gastón Guzman (México), Leif Ryvarden
(Norway), and Harrie Sipman (Germany). In turn, these foreign
researchers trained countless Colombian mycologists over
the years. As advances in science prevailed, fungi were not
left behind, and it is towards the end of the 20th century
and at the beginning of the 21st studies in clinical mycology,
biotechnology, and bioprospecting took off. Even today, these
areas are studied by the greatest number of researchers
in the country after those studying fungal biodiversity. The
instatement of research groups focusing on fungi brought
with it the association of specialists, strengthening the
development of research and human resources, and
generating a collective recognition of research activities at
the national level. Recently, the Asociación Colombiana de
Micología (Colombian Association of Mycology) - ASCOLMIC
facilitates connections between the groups and researchers FIGURE 1. Anthropozoomorphic pendant. Caribbean Plains - Serranía
working with fungi. We hope this network, along with this de San Jacinto / Bajo Magdalena. 1000 AD to 1700 AD. Found in
book, will help develop mycology and fill the information gaps Betancí, Córdoba, Colombia. 10.7 x 8.6 cm. Gold Museum Collection,
we detected. Bank of the Republic. Photograph by Robert Lücking.

CHAPTER 2
The traditional use of fungi by Colombian indigenous (Bolivar), and part of the Río Magdalena (1820–1821)
communities continues until the present. Colombia comprises (Delprete et al., 2002; Baldini & Guglielmone, 2012). In 1882,
an enormous cultural diversity, including 85 indigenous Sir William Jackson Hooker described 73 species of fungi,
peoples, three distinct Afro-Colombian ethnicities, the 12 new to science, collected by Alexander von Humboldt
Romani people, and traditional farming communities (DANE, and Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland in Venezuela and
2007). These communities primarily depend on environmental deposited at the Kew Gardens herbarium (K).
resources, hunting, fishing, and gathering wild products such Shortly after the middle of the 19th century, José Jerónimo
as fruits, buds, and mushrooms, and producing food using Triana and Jules Émile Planchon (1863–1867) published
fermentation. The use of mushrooms as food, in traditional the Prodromus Florae Novo-Granatensis, including a lengthy
medicine, and for societal and religious rituals has been chapter on lichens (Lichenes) elaborated by the Finish
recorded for the Uitoto, Andoke, Muinane, Bora-Miraña, and lichenologist and mycologist William Nylander (Nylander,
Yukuna-Matapí of the Amazon (e.g., Landaburu & Pineda, 1863). He described numerous new species based on
1984; Urbina, 1986; Vasco-Palacios et al., 2008), as well the collections of the German botanist Alexander Lindig,
as for the Ingas in Putumayo (Sanjuan, 1999), the Embera- who lived in Bogotá and undertook botanical expeditions
chamí in the Pacific tropical forests (Cayón & Aristizábal, to the surroundings and other areas, including Choachí,
1980), the U'wa in the eastern foothills of the mountain Fusagasugá, Tibacuy, and Villeta (Cundinamarca), Honda
range in the Nevado del Cocuy (Rocheraux, 1959), the (Tolima), and Muzo (Boyacá). Another chapter of non-
Kokonucos in Cauca (Gonzalez-Cuellaret al., 2021), and the lichenised fungi, by the French mycologist Joseph-Henri
Wayuu in the upper Guajira, who use fungal spores as facial Léveillé (1863), enumerating 63 species, was based on
sunscreen (Villalobos et al., 2017). Traditional farmers from collections by Hooker, Justin Goudot, and Lindig (Herbarium,
Boyacá and Santander use mainly ectomycorrhizal species Muséum National d' Histoire Naturelle).
associated with oaks (Quercus humboldtii) as a food source
(Peña-Cañón & Enao-Mejia, 2014). 20TH CENTURY TO THE 1970S
At the beginning of the 20th century, field expeditions to
19TH CENTURY Colombia were very popular among European naturalists.
Until July 20th of 1810, Modern Colombian territory was The Swiss parasitologist Otto Fuhrmann and the Swiss
known as part of the Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of mycologist Eugène Mayor undertook further scientific
Granada. The first inventory of Colombia’s biodiversity dates exploration in Colombia within the Helvetic Expedition
to 1783–1816 when The Royal Botanical Expedition to New (Fuhrmann & Mayor, 1914). Their results contributed to the
Granada was led by the Spanish priest José Celestino Mutis knowledge of various groups of fungi, mainly pathogens
(Díaz-Piedrahita, 1991). Around 20,000 plants and 7,000 and lichens. This work constituted the first extensive
animals were collected and documented. The specimens systematic treatment of Uredinales (rusts) studied by Mayor,
collected in this expedition were published in a series of and Pucciniales, by the German mycologist Paul Sydow and
books, in which volume 2, published a posteriori (Aguirre & his son Hans Sydow, from Berlin (Gómez-Gutiérrez, 2011;
Calonge 1985), entitled Algae, Lichens, Fungi, Liverworts, Buriticá-Céspedes et al., 2014). The collected materials
and Mosses, included 15 fungi (seven Basidiomycota and represent 156 species currently deposited at the University
eight Ascomycota, three of them being lichenised). The of Neuchatel herbarium (NEU) in Switzerland (Pardo-Cardona,
original illustrations were edited with complementary texts 2001; Gómez-Gutiérrez, 2011). The German lichenologist
and scientific determinations were done by Jaime Aguirre and mycologist Gustav Lindau, also from Berlin, studied
(Colombian bryologist and lichenologist) and Francisco de the lichens collected in this expedition reporting 64 taxa,
Diego Calonge (Spanish mycologist). Unfortunately, the including the then-new species Lecidea mayorii. The holotype
original plates of this volume do not have information on of this species was unfortunately destroyed during the 1943
the place, date, collector, or artist, except plate VI, called a bombing in the Berlin herbarium (Botanischer Garten und
posteriori Cookeina sulcipes, made by the Colombian artist Botanisches Museum Berlin, B).
Francisco Javier Matis on April 14th, 1785 (Figure 2e). This The Helvetic Expedition inspired the Puerto Rican
plate was documented for the first time by Calonge (1986). mycologists and pathologists Carlos Chardón and Rafael
As an update to Volume II, we have compiled plates III, IV, Toro to carry out the Mycological Explorations of Colombia
VI, and VIII, added photographs of the species “in situ,” and supported by the Colombian government (Chardón & Toro,
updated their taxonomy (Figure 2). 1930). They registered 610 species of fungi collected
Francisco José de Caldas (1803) provided the first between 1926 and 1930 in the surroundings of Medellín, the
known report on a phytopathogenic fungus, a description Magdalena Valley, the Pacific coast, the Valle del Cauca, and
that coincides with the wheat leaf rust, Puccinia graminis the mountain ranges of the departments of Cundinamarca
(Figure 2). Later, the Italian botanist and naturalist Luigi and Tolima. This work included mostly phytopathogenic
Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, during his expedition to the Antilles fungi and some macrofungi, later recognised as the first
and the Caribbean coast of Colombia (1816–1821), made modern inventory of Colombian fungi. Frank D. Kern and
considerable collections of plants, algae, and fungi from Herbert Whetzel (Uredinales), Julian Miller (Xylariaceae),
Santa Marta (Magdalena), Barranquilla (Atlántico), Mompóx and Jay Seaver (Discomycetes), Dr. L.O. Overholts (Higher

CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2. Species drawn in Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica Tomo II and their possibly corresponding or
similar species. A–B Cladonia meridensis, previously identified as Cladonia didyma. C–D Stereocaulon ramulosum.
E–F Cookeina sulcipes. and G–H Trametes versicolor (Jar. Bot. Mad. 86).

CHAPTER 2
Basidiomycetes), Dr. 1Y. FI. Weston Jr. (Phycomycetes), (Figure 3). The collection of phytopathogenic fungi gave
Dr. Charles Chupp (Cercospora) collaborated in that rise to the Tibaitatá collection, currently at Corporación
publication. Most of these collections were deposited in Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA.
foreign herbaria, especially at Cornell University (CUP) and A few years later, in 1936, the Spanish botanist and
Pennsylvania State University (PACMA) herbaria, the latter pharmacist José Cuatrecasas, motivated by the celebration
now transferred to the US National Fungus Collections, of the second centenary of the birth of Mutis, reported
USDA-ARS (BPI). In addition to the contributions of Chardon, two species of fungi and 22 lichens, collected by himself
in 1927, higher education in agricultural science was and currently held in the National Herbarium, Smithsonian
established at the Faculty of Agricultural Science in Medellín Institution (US) (Cuatrecasas, 1936). Between 1937–
and at the Plant Health Service (PHF) of Colombia (Ministry 1939, George Willard Martin (1937, 1938, 1939a, 1939b)
of Industries). These developments were fundamental to published a serial publication on the “New or noteworthy
the development of phytopathology in Colombia. Enrique fungi from Panama and Colombia”. His collections from the
Pérez Arbeláez, botanist and catholic priest, head of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta in the Magdalena department
Botany Department at the PHF, implemented a methodology enriched our knowledge about the funga of this biodiversity
suggested by Chardón and Toro, both recognised for initiating “hotspot”. Martin described eight new species of
phytopathology in Colombia. This method includes drawings microfungi from this area. The exploration of parasitic fungi
of plant host, the symptoms, and the different stages of associated with plants of agronomic importance continued
pathogenic fungi. Part of those drawings (1940–1944) was during the 1950s with Carlos Garcés and Rafael Obregón,
rescued by Pablo Buriticá-Céspedes and published in 1996 both professors at the Facultad de Agronomía (Faculty
of Agronomy), which was integrated into the Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, as their Medellín headquarters, and
of some of their students (Pardo-Cardona, 2001).
Clinical mycology arises from the need to know the fungi
that cause diseases, including endemic diseases. In the
1930s, the study of human pathogenic fungi in Colombia
focused on skin diseases and their annexes. One of the
first important contributions is the monograph Contribution
to the study of mycosis in Antioquia (1929), by doctors
Alfredo Correa and Alfonso Jaramillo, from the Universidad
de Antioquia, which included aspects of the classification,
laboratory science, and clinical relevance of medically
important fungi. In this same period, dermatologists were
particularly interested in systemic mycoses, the study of how
fungi affect internal organs. Around the 1940s, publications
on systemic mycosis started with the publications on
Blastomycosis by Miguel Serrano (Serrano, 1943). In this
first stage, microscopic examination and isolation in culture
were used. Still, the initiation of pathophysiology changed
the orientation of the diagnosis of mycoses, with clinicians
trying to identify the fungus causing the disease and its
mechanisms of action or alteration (Galvis-Pérez et al., 2013).
In the early 1960s, research in paracoccidioidomycosis
was consolidated thanks to Angela Restrepo-Moreno. She
was the first woman in medical mycology in Colombia, a
field previously exclusively male-dominated. In 1962, she
compiled a series of cases of various mycoses, giving
the first overview of the state of the art, including cases
caused by Cryptococcus and Sporothrix. Thanks to her
dedication to teaching, Restrepo-Moreno formed one of the
most important schools in this area in Latin America. In
Bogotá DC, Elizabeth Castañeda del Gordo studied fungi
that cause human diseases from a very young age. Later,
at the National Institute of Health, she and her team made
Colombia one of the leaders in Latin America in identifying
this type of agent. Currently, Colombia is well established
FIGURE 3. Illustration of Puccinia graminis Pers. (Pucciniaceae) and recognised worldwide in this area, with many research
made by Alberto Franco 1940. Iconography of the National groups dedicated to the study of mycoses, thanks to the
Phytopathology Service, personal collection of Dr. Pablo Buriticá. efforts of these two women.

CHAPTER 2
THE 70S TO THE SECOND DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY Liquenología- GCOL (Colombian Group of Lichenology), with
During the last third of the 20th century, knowledge on the the support of the German mycologist Robert Lücking in 2010.
Colombian funga increased largely due to contributions This prompted the study of lichenology with great contributions
by foreign mycologists visiting the country. Some of such as: the consolidation of reference collections in several
these scientists left their legacy by training Colombian Colombian herbaria such as Herbario Forestal Gilberto Emilio
mycologists. Particularly, during this period, the expeditions Mahecha Vega, Sección no Vasculares, Universidad Distrital,
of Kent P. Dumont (New York Botanical Garden – NYBG) (UDBC), Herbario Luis Sigifredo Espinal-Tascón, Universidad
in Colombia during 1968 provided the base for further del Valle (CUVC), and Herbario Universidad de Caldas (FAUC);
unveiling of the richness of Colombian fungi. The project the description of new species (Lücking et al., 2017); the
Mycological Flora of Colombia was a program established publication of several ecological (Soto et al., 2012; Chilito
in 1974 between the New York Botanical Garden and et al., 2016; Simijaca et al., 2018), phylogenetic/systematic
the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales — ICN (Institute of (Lücking et al., 2014; Moncada et al., 2014; Coca et al., 2018),
Natural Sciences) at Universidad Nacional de Colombia. bioindication (Díaz-Escandón et al., 2016; Correa-Ochoa et
From 1978 to 1983, this project amassed about 4,000 al., 2020), microbiome (Sierra et al., 2020), and conservation
collections from the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá, (IAVH, 2019) studies; besides training specialised Colombian
Cauca, Cundinamarca Boyacá, Caquetá, and Valle del personnel (see Chapters 6, 14). At the same time, Norma
Cauca. It was the first international project for which the Valencia-Islas and Leopoldo Rojas, with their research group,
main collections were deposited in a Colombian herbarium began their studies in bioprospecting of lichen substances
(Herbario Nacional Colombiano, COL). As a result of this (e.g., Rojas et al., 2015; Leal et al., 2018). Lichens went from
project, ten publications have been produced under the title being one of the least known groups of fungi in Colombia to
Los Hongos de Colombia I–X, with descriptions and records one of the most well-studied (Lücking et al., 2021).
of macrofungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, In addition to the Mycological Flora of Colombia project
as well as phytopathogenic fungi, moulds, lichens, and and ECOANDES, numerous international researchers have
myxomycetes (e.g., Dumont et al., 1978; Guzmán & Varela, visited the country. One of the relevant mycologists in the
1978; Pulido-L., 1983). 20th century, Rolf Singer, travelled around the country and
Another significant contribution to mycology, particularly described more than 200 new species from Colombia (Mueller
lichenology and macrofungi in Colombia, was the binational & Wu, 1997). Dennis (1970) presented a brief contribution to
framework ECOANDES project between the Netherlands Colombia’s funga, including macrofungi species and various
and Colombia (1980–1983). This has been the most taxonomic groups and non-true fungi (myxomycetes). Later,
comprehensive large-scale ecological project developed in Roy Halling (NYBG, USA), Greg Mueller (Field Museum, USA),
the Colombian Andes to date. Systematic expeditions were and other colleagues conducted pioneering studies of fungi
developed along transects in four mountain ranges, including associated with montane oak in Colombia and Costa Rica
the three Cordilleras (Parque Nacional Natural los Nevados – (1986 – 1988). Collections of those expeditions are deposited
PNNN, Tatamá and Sumapaz) and the Sierra Nevada de Santa in the Herbaria of the Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), NY, and F
Marta. Lichens (Sipman, 1986, 1989, 2005; Aguirre, 2008b) (see Chapter 15). Other important mycologists that contributed
and macrofungi were studied (Pulido-L. & Boekhout, 1989a, to the knowledge of Colombian funga were Dennis Desjardin
1989b; Pulido-L., 2005, 2008), contributing to the knowledge (University of Tennessee, USA), Tim Baroni (SUNY Cortland,
of these groups in altitudinal gradients, and considerably USA), Gaston Guzmán (Instituto de Ecología de Xalapa, México),
increasing the number of species known for the country. a specialist in agaricoid fungi, and Leif Ryvarden, working with
The first Colombian studies on foliicolous lichens were done polypore fungi (University of Oslo, Norway). More recently,
by the German ecologist Sieghard Winkler and his student Colombian mycologists have carried out studies on macrofungi
Rainer Nowak, both in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and (Chapters 4, 5). Important contributions to the funga from the
the Chocó region (Nowak & Winkler, 1970, 1975). During this Amazon ecosystem have been made since 2001 by a project
period, the Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, based at the focused on exploring the diversity and ecology of saprotrophic,
Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum (BGBM) in Berlin, ectomycorrhizal, and entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. Franco-
emerged as a leader of lichenological studies in Colombia, Molano et al., 2005; López-Quintero et al., 2012; Vasco-
supporting the Dutch ecologist Jan Wolf in his pioneering Palacios et al., 2018, 2019, 2020; Sanjuan et al., 2015). This
studies of canopy epiphyte communities (Wolf, 1993, 1994, initiative has been widely supported by Dr Teun Boekhout, a
1995). Sipman also mentored and consolidated Jaime Aguirre Dutch mycologist who was part of the ECOANDES and visited
as the first Colombian lichenologist. Sipman and Aguirre made Colombia in the 80s. The best-studied regions are the Andean
important contributions among which are the first key to the region of the central, eastern, and western cordillera, mainly in
lichens of Colombia (Sipman & Aguirre, 1982), and three places close to the large cities and both ectomycorrhizal fungi
lichen catalogues and checklists (Aguirre, 2008a; Sipman et associated with Quercus humboldtii and saprotrophic fungi
al., 2008; Sipman & Aguirre, 2016). Towards the end of the (Vasco-Palacios & Franco-Molano, 2013; Peña-Venegas &
1980s, Juan Luis Rubiano began to work in bioindication using Vasco-Palacios, 2019; Vargas & Restrepo, 2019; Chapter 10).
lichens as model organisms (Rubiano, 1987, 1988). Colombian mycologists and lichenologists are actively working
One of the most important recent events in the study of on the threat assessment of fungal species and are among
lichenised fungi was the creation of the Grupo Colombiano de the leaders in these efforts in South America (Chapter 14).

CHAPTER 2
Studies in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) also started in environments separated by important geographical barriers
the 1970s. Colombia was one of the first countries in South such as the Andes or different latitudes. Two years later,
America to study these organisms. At the end of the 1970s, Llanos & Kjoller (1976) presented microorganisms that
studies of AM in crops began at The International Centre for attack crude oil and hydrocarbons. As part of the series
Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) with Reinhardt Howeler and James Hongos de Colombia, John Veerkamp & Walter Gams (1983)
Spain, who isolated for the first time the species Glomus described three new species of soil fungi. Several species
manihotis, and Entrophospora colombiana (Schenck et al., of Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Talaromyces have been
1984). During the 1980s, Ewald Sieverding, considered the described from isolates of Amazonian soils (Houbraken et
father of AM studies in Colombia, in a cooperation project al., 2010; López-Quintero et al., 2013; Yilmaz et al., 2016).
supported by the German Technical Cooperation Agency Since the 1980s, Maria Caridad Cepero de García has
(GTZ), collected almost 1,200 ecotypes (Sieverding, 1984, dedicated her professional life to the study of fungal biology,
1989a, 1989b; Sieverding & Howeler, 1985). This was training several microbiologists and biologists in this area.
a starting point for the “Mycorrhizal Collection”, one of Biological control using microorganisms has a long history
the most important AM collections in the world and Latin in Colombia, emphasising the biological control of insects in
America during the eighties. The collection preserves 44 crops. The development of this field began in the 1970s when
species of AM, of which 86% are from Colombia (Garcia et microorganisms were imported from the USA to control insect
al., 2000). Those AM strains had been used as reference diseases in cotton (Cotes, 2014). Now, the entomopathogenic
cultures to develop a new AM fungal taxonomic classification fungus Lecanicillium lecanii is routinely used to control whitefly
that includes molecular data, resulting in 12 new species in this crop. Trichoderma was incorporated into the production
from Colombia (Peña-Venegas & Vasco-Palacios, 2019). of cut flowers in Colombia to control Fusarium oxysporum
Important contributions in AM have also been made in cloves. Later, in the 1990s, the Centro Nacional de
by Colombian researchers such as Marina Sanchez de Investigaciones de Café – Cenicafé (National Coffee Research
Prager (Marina Sanchez, 2007, 2010), Marina Correa de Centre) – promoted the production of Beauveria bassiana for
Restrepo (Romero et al., 2004) and Eduardo Guerrero Forero the control of the Coffee Berry Borer (Hipothenemus hampei).
(Guerrero, 1996), among others. Peña-Venegas et al. (2006) This project promoted the development of biological control
made an essential contribution to the Illustrated Catalogue of with microorganisms and encouraged producers and research
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae of the Colombian Amazon. institutes to dedicate a large part of their efforts to developing
With the rise of studies on pathogenic fungi in the country biopesticides (Cadena, 2005). The Corporación Colombiana
during the 1960s and early 1970s, the Asociación Colombiana de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (Colombian Agricultural
de Fitopatología y Ciencias Afines (Colombian Association Research Corporation), led by Dra Alba Marina Cotes
of Phytopathology and Related Sciences) was organised in since 1994, defined a comprehensive research strategy
1974, bringing together experts on the subject and generating for biological control, including a multidisciplinary team of
the Colombian Phytopathology journal, still active and with researchers. They also established infrastructure, including a
wide recognition in the country. Probably one of its most pilot plant, for the semi-commercial scaling of biopesticides,
prominent members was Dr. Pablo Buritacá Céspedes, who making Colombia the leading country in South America in
published on rusts from the late 1960s until a few years ago the development, production, and commercialisation of
(e.g., Buriticá-Céspedes, 1978, 1991; Buriticá-Céspedes & biopesticides (Cotes, 2014)
Hennen, 1980; Buriticá-Céspedes & Pardo-Cardona, 1996; For more than three decades, biotechnology has been a
Buriticá-Céspedes & Salazar, 2007; Buriticá-Céspedes et al., guide for developing areas such as medicine, agriculture,
2014). Buriticá-Céspedes (2014) was the first to describe and the food industry, among others, in Colombia. The use
genera and native species of Uredinales directly collected by of fungi in this area has been led by Dr Lucia Atehortua from
him throughout the Colombian territory and covering hitherto the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr Sandra Montoya from
unexplored areas. His work includes “Buriticá’s collection”, the Universidad de Caldas. Production of edible mushrooms
which constitutes more than 3,000 specimens deposited at has also been important in Colombia, and we can mention
the Museo Micológico, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carmenza Jaramillo from Manizales, Caldas in this context.
Medellin (MMUNM). Rusts are currently one of the best- This topic is developed in more detail in Chapters 12 and 13.
studied groups in Colombia, thanks also to Luis Molina-Valero, Fungi have been part of the biocultural heritage of pre-
Víctor Manuel Pardo-Cardona, and Mauricio Salazar-Yepes Hispanic and current groups of the country. At the beginning
(Chapter 9). The smut fungi (Ustilaginales) were studied by of this chapter, we referenced most of the current studies
Meike Piepenbring, who published an annotated checklist in published on this topic. Part of this traditional knowledge
2002, after visiting Colombia in 1998 (Chapter 9). has been lost due to the acculturation of communities and
Inquiries into the historical development of microfungi the loss of ecosystems. Therefore, collecting ancestral
studies are very difficult. This group of fungi includes soil knowledge has become important in different regions of
fungi, endophytes, crithidia, and moulds, which belong to the country. For example, at the Universidad Pedagógica y
various phylogenetic groups within the Fungi kingdom (e.g., Tecnológica de Tunja (UPTC), Universidad del Cauca, and
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Mucoromycota, Universidad de Antioquia, there are research groups and
Chrytidiomycota) (Chapter 8). In 1971, Alvin Lee Rogers hotbeds in ethnomycology, and several training courses have
studied keratinophilic species comparing the mycobiota of been conducted in this discipline (Vasco-Palacios, 2021).

CHAPTER 2
AT PRESENT more generalists and include fungi in their research lines

In the early 21st century, Colombian mycology was of research. Most groups belong to public universities and
substantially strengthened by the creation of several research institutions in areas such as biodiversity, systematics,
groups affiliated with universities, research centres, the taxonomy, and conservation. Meanwhile, the activities of
government, and non-government organisations. To date, private entities tend to develop research focused mainly on
there are around 97 mycological research groups in Colombia, clinical mycology and biotechnology (Figure 4b).
most of them (55%) concentrated in Antioquia, Bogotá DC, The 97 mycological research groups in Colombia represent
and Valle del Cauca (Figure 4a). These research groups carry only 1.66% of the total number of research groups in the
out activities in all known areas of mycology, whereas those country (Figure 4c), underlining the need to increase the
working on specific topics include: Grupo Colombiano de number of researchers in this field. However, 40 of these are
Liquenología, Grupo de Investigación en Micología, Grupo classified in the highest categories of the MinCiencias (Science
de Micología y Fitopatología, Grupo Micólogos de Colombia, Ministry) (Figure 4d), demonstrating their productivity and high
Micología Médica, Micología Médica y Experimental, Química level of research, as well as their important contributions to
de Hongos Macromicetos Colombianos, and Taxonomía science. Participation of male versus female researchers in
y Ecología de Hongos, among others. Other groups are the leadership of these groups is surprisingly only slightly
disproportionate, with 56% of led by
men and 44% by women (Figure 4e).
Although the mycological community
has grown substantially, it has been
very scattered and isolated. In 2019,
the Colombian Association of Mycology,
ASCOLMIC, was consolidatedunder the
leadership of Tatiana Sanjuán, Viviana
Motato, and Aída Vasco. The aim of
the association is to group people
and organisations whose scientific,
technical, and educational activities
are related to mycology to promote its
development in Colombia. Currently, the
association brings together about 80
mycologists belonging to 62 of the 97
groups registered in MinCiencias and
active in the field of Colombian mycology,
and we hope to continue growing and
consolidating in the upcoming years.
The initial results of ASCOLMIC were the
First Colombian Mycology Colloquium in
2020, its second edition in 2021, and
the cooperative participation of some
of its members in the Project of Useful
Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC,
led by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
and Alexander von Humboldt Biological
Resources Research Institute (IAVH;
Gaya et al., 2021 and this Book). The
result of this joint work is this catalogue
and updated list of fungi of Colombia,
written by national specialists and
international colleagues, whose efforts
have contributed significantly with
their efforts to the knowledge of the
Colombian funga.
After signing the peace agreement
FIGURE 4. A Mycological Research groups in Colombia (MRGC) 2019-2021. B Research
lines vs affiliation of the groups to the public (in green), private (in blue) and mixed research with the Armed Revolutionary Forces
entities (in yellow) (see supplementary file 1 for additional information). C Percentage of Colombia (FARC), the Colombian
MRGC with others. D MRGC Classified Minciencias 2019-2020. E MRGC Leadership. government launched the project
F MRGC associated with ASCOLMIC. Colombia Bio to explore the biological

CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 3
Rhytidhysteron columbiense
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 3
Diversity of Fungi of Colombia
Ester Gaya1, Viviana Motato-Vásquez2,3 & Robert Lücking4*
1
Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK.
2
Grupo de Investigación en Biología de Plantas y Microorganismos (BPM), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad
del Valle, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
3
Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali, Colombia.
4
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
*Corresponding author: r.luecking@bgbm.org

Keywords: animals, Colombian biodiversity, insects, global estimate, plants.
ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a brief overview of the diversity of fungi of Colombia, both in comparison with other organisms and
in a global context, including an assessment of the current state of knowledge and an estimate of the actual species
richness. The current checklist of fungi of Colombia, including lichenised and fungus-like organisms unrelated to the true
Fungi, comprises 7,241 species. Assessments of biodiversity-rich countries are usually based on plants and vertebrates,
but here we provide an expanded perspective, including fungi and selected invertebrates. The documented diversity of fungi
of Colombia is lower than that of plants, vertebrates, and insects, which we attribute to the lack of rigorous taxonomic
studies and systematic inventories. Colombia ranks second in plant and vertebrate diversity in the world, trailing only Brazil.
However, in terms of known fungal diversity, Colombia is not among the top ten countries and even far behind smaller
temperate countries, such as France, Italy, the UK, Germany, and Japan, again highlighting the need for much additional
work. Estimates of the existing species richness of fungi of Colombia oscillate between 27,430 and 380,000 species,
depending on the extrapolation method. Although these numbers may seem exaggerated, currently reported numbers
for the United States already exceed 45,000 and estimates for Mexico predict up to 260,000 species. To catalogue the
diversity of the Colombian funga fully, a thorough assessment is needed, including molecular studies of presumably known
taxa that may include morphologically cryptic species and effective detection methods for ecologically hidden fungi.
RESUMEN
Este capítulo proporciona una breve introducción a la diversidad de hongos de colombia, tanto en comparación con otros
organismos como en un contexto global, incluyendo una evaluación del estado actual del conocimiento y una estimación
de la riqueza real de las especies. El listado actual de los hongos de colombia comprende 7.241 especies, incluyendo
especies liquenizadas y organismos similares a los hongos pero no relacionados con los hongos verdaderos, tales como
los oomicetes y los mixomicetes. Si bien las evaluaciones de los países ricos en biodiversidad generalmente se basan
en plantas y vertebrados, aquí brindamos una perspectiva ampliada, la cual incluye los hongos e también invertebrados
seleccionados. La diversidad documentada de hongos de colombia es menor que la de plantas (26,150 especies),
vertebrados (7,607) e insectos (68,000), lo que atribuimos a la falta de estudios taxonómicos rigurosos e inventarios
sistemáticos. Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar en diversidad de plantas y vertebrados en el mundo, solo detrás de Brasil.
Sin embargo, en términos de diversidad fúngica conocida, Colombia no se encuentra entre los diez primeros países
del mundo e incluso muy por detrás de algunos países templados más pequeños, como Francia (24,840 especies),
Italia (22,700), el Reino Unido (20,000), Alemania (15,295) y Japón (14,000), lo que también destaca la necesidad de
mucho trabajo adicional. Las estimaciones de la riqueza de especies existentes de hongos de colombia oscilan entre
27,430 y 380,000 especies, según el método de extrapolación. Si bien estos números pueden parecer exagerados, los
números reportados actualmente para los Estados Unidos ya superan las 45,000 y las estimaciones para México predicen
hasta 260,000 especies. Para catalogar completamente la diversidad de los hongos de colombia, se necesita inventarios
exhaustivos, los cuales incluyen estudios moleculares de taxones supuestamente conocidos que pueden incluir especies
morfológicamente crípticas, tanto como métodos efectivos de detección de hongos ecológicamente escondidos, a travez
del metabarcoding ambiental.

CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION & Thines, 2017; Burki et al., 2019; James et al., 2020).
Fungi represent one of the three major eukaryotic life forms These include the Oomycota (egg fungi or water moulds),
on our planet, besides plants and animals (Burki et al., Hyphochytridiomycota, and Labyrinthulomycetes (slime nets),
2019). Mycology, the study of fungi, was traditionally treated which form separate lineages within the Heterokontophyta
as a branch of botany, but fungi are more closely related (part of the SAR supergroup and related to brown algae and
to animals than plants (Figure 1). To further complicate diatoms), as well as the Phytomyxea within the Rhizaria (also
matters, fungi are not a natural group, with fungal life forms part of the SAR supergroup). Other fungus-like organisms are
convergently evolving several times among eukaryotes. We represented by the Myxogastria or Myxomycetes (plasmodial
can even find fungus-like bacteria in the Actinomycetales slime moulds) within the Amoebozoa, the Acrasida (cellular
(Ventura et al., 2007). Although nearly 99% of all fungi slime moulds) within the Discoba, and the Fonticulida (another
are representatives of the kingdom Fungi, fungus-like group of cellular slime moulds) within the Cristidiscoidea,
organisms are also found in various other clades (Beakes a clade basally related to the Fungi and together with the
FIGURE 1. Simplified Tree of Life highlighting the position of the true Fungi (dark brown) and other fungus-like organisms (light brown) relative
to animals (Animalia) (blue) and true plants (Viridiplantae) (dark green) and plant-like organisms (light green) (compiled after Burki et al.,
2019 and James et al., 2020, as well as various other sources for specific clades). Unranked major groups above kingdom are indicated
to the right.

CHAPTER 3
latter forming the Holomycota (Figure 1). The true fungi are In terms of known species, Fungi currently rank third
named Fungi (as a scientific name written in upper case and amongst the three large kingdoms, with 150,000 species
italics) to distinguish them from other fungus-like organisms, (Lücking et al., 2021a), after Animalia (animals), with 1.66
whereas the non-scientific term “fungi” also encompasses million known species (Zhang, 2013), and Viridiplantae
all unrelated fungus-like organisms (as a vernacular name (plants), with at least 350,000 known species (Christenhusz
written in lower case and standard font; Thines et al., 2020). & Byng, 2016; The Plant List, 2021). Fungi are clearly
The convergent evolution of the fungal lifestyle within the least well-known of these three kingdoms, given that
the eukaryotes is comparable to the situation in plants estimates predict a much higher number of species,
(Burki et al., 2019; James et al., 2020): the true plants between 1.5 and 6.3 million (Blackwell, 2011; Hawksworth
are grouped in the kingdom Plantae (corresponding to the & Lücking, 2017; Baldrian et al., 2021). These estimates
unranked Viridiplantae), but other multicellular plant-like would place Fungi as the second-largest kingdom after
organisms are found in the related red (Rhodophyta) and animals, including estimates for unknown arthropods (see
brown algae (Phaeophyceae), the latter classified within below), but far ahead of plants. Predictive estimates of
the Heterokontophyta and thus more closely related to the global fungal diversity are based on diverse considerations,
Oomycota, Hyphochytridiomycota, and Labyrinthulomycetes including a mean global fungi:plant species ratio of between
(Figure 1). Fungi are sessile (like plants) and heterotrophic 6:1 and 10:1, but also taking into account accumulating
organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis (like evidence of hidden diversity among presumably known
animals), with various strategies to obtain carbohydrates. species, with a mean ratio of over 10:1, as well as a wealth
These strategies range from the decomposition of dead of data emerging from environmental sequencing studies
organic material (saprotrophs) to attacking living organisms (Baldrian et al., 2021; Lücking et al., 2021a). Cataloguing
(pathogens, parasites, or carnivores) to forming different this unknown diversity is the major challenge for mycology
types of mutualistic symbioses with phototrophic plants, in terms of time and resources and how to deal with fungi
algae, and cyanobacteria (mycorrhizae and lichens) (Dix & only known from sequence data (Lücking et al., 2021a).
Webster, 1995; Mueller et al., 2004; Piepenbring, 2015; Much of this unknown fungal diversity is expected to be
Watkinson et al., 2016). Endophytic and endolichenic fungi found in tropical regions, such as Colombia.
are ubiquitous as asymptomatic inhabitants of plants, plant-
like organisms, and lichens (Rodriguez et al., 2009; U’Ren et DIVERSITY OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA IN THE TREE OF LIFE
al., 2012). They are often classified as symbionts (e.g., in the
FUNGuild database; Nguyen et al., 2016), but their biological The ColFungi project (Gaya et al., 2021; https://colfungi.
roles are diverse and often unknown, and they should only org) represents the first compilation of data on all groups
be considered symbionts if there is actual evidence for this of fungi of Colombia into a single resource, including
(Arnold & Lewis, 2005; Bolívar-Anillo et al., 2016; Bastias nomenclatural and taxonomic checks. This project resulted
et al., 2021). Indeed, the diversity of potential life forms of in a total of 7,241 accepted species of fungi for Colombia,
endophytic and endolichenic fungi has been dubbed the encompassing a high diversity of fungal life forms, including
“endophytic continuum” (Schulz & Boyle, 2005). mushrooms and lichen-formers, plant- and animal-
Although mostly invisible (“ecologically hidden”), fungi pathogenic microfungi, moulds, yeasts, among many others
are crucial components of most ecosystems on earth, being (Figure 2). By itself, the number of 7,241 species is difficult
particularly involved in nutrient cycling (Dix & Webster, 1995; to evaluate, but when put into a taxonomic and geographic
Watkinson et al., 2016). In addition, they have played, and context, it illustrates the current state of knowledge of the
continue to play, important roles in ancient and modern Colombian funga.
cultures (Guzmán et al., 2003; Dugan, 2008). These Country- or region-based comparisons of biodiversity
include their uses as food, in industrial, biotechnological, are often presented in the context of global conservation
and pharmaceutical applications, and in biomonitoring and approaches, but these listings are usually limited to plants
mycoremediation (Nimis et al., 2002; Rhodes, 2014; Hyde et and vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
al., 2019; see also Chapter 13). and fish; e.g., Butler, 2016, 2019), whereas fungi are rarely
Fungi also hold several records among living organisms. included in such comparisons. Colombia is currently ranked
For instance, species of Armillaria (honey mushrooms) form second among the ten most biodiversity-rich countries in
several of the largest known single organisms on earth, plant and vertebrate species richness, trailing Brazil but
with biomasses corresponding to up to three blue whales ahead of Indonesia, China, Mexico, Peru, Australia, India,
(Smith et al., 1992; Schmitt & Tatum, 2008; Anderson et al., Ecuador, and Venezuela (Butler, 2016, 2019). According to
2018). The widespread Schizophyllum commune (split gill) these listings, Colombia has 51,220 plant species, 2,053
and Coprinopsis cinerea (gray shag), both model fungi, have fish, 1,878 birds, 771 amphibians, 601 reptiles, and 442
been shown to develop more than 20,000 mating types mammals, and updated numbers for all vertebrate groups
or “sexes” (Kothe, 1999; Casselton & Kües, 2007). The are consistently higher (Table 1). Notably, with 7,241 known
lichenised fungus Buellia frigida in dry valleys of Antarctica species, fungi would rank second in this enumeration
forms thalli that are among the oldest documented for Colombia.
organisms on earth, in part estimated at over 6,500 years Still, this ranking would be misleading: plants and fungi
old (Green et al., 2012). essentially represent entire kingdoms, whereas, in terms of

CHAPTER 3
A B C D E
F G H I
J K L M
N O P Q
R S T U V
W X Y Z
FIGURE 2. Examples of fungi of Colombia representing a diversity of lifestyles and phenotypes of spore-bearing structures. A Campanella
caesia. B Cordyceps nidus. C Laetiporus sulphureus. D Candida sp. E Auricularia mesenterica. F Tolypocladium capitatum. G Laccaria
laccata. H Boletus sp. I Yoshimuriella peltigera. J Scleroderma flavidum. K Panaeolus semiovatus. L Cyathus striatus. M Phillipsia
domingensis. N Rhytidhysteron columbiense. O Cerioporus scutellatus. P Hericium erinaceus. Q Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus. R Leotia lubrica.
S Geastrum pectinatum. T Cora elephas. U Rhodotorula sp. V Calostoma cinnabarinum. W Trametes versicolor. X Collybia plectophylla.
Y Chlorociboria aeruginascens. Z Phallus indusiatus. Photographs: A, B, C, F, G, I, J, N, O, Q, T, W, Y: Robert Lücking. D, U: Mauricio Ramírez.
E, L, R, S: Aída Vasco-Palacios. H, V: Bibiana Moncada. K, M, P, Z: Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano. X: Ana Cristina Bolaños.

CHAPTER 3
TABLE 1. Updated totals for the number of known species of selected groups of organisms in Colombia. The global totals exclude fossil taxa.
Butler Proportion of
Updated
Group (2016, Global total updated figures Reference(s) for updated figures
figures
2019) vs global total
Animals — — 1,530,000 — Zhang (2013); this paper
Vertebrates 5,745 7,607 57,102 13.2% This paper
Mejia & Acero (2002); Maldonado-Ocampo et al. (2008);
Fish 2,053 3,700 32,000 11.6%
Nelson et al. (2016); DoNascimento et al. (2018)
Amphibia 771 836 8,348 10.0% Acosta-Galvis (2019); Frost (2021)
Reptiles 601 634 11,440 5.5% Uetz et al. (2021)
Birds 1,878 1,909 9,159 20.8% Barrowclough et al. (2016); Avendaño et al. (2017)
Mammals 442 528 6,451 8.2% Burgin et al. (2018); Mammal Diversity Database (2021)
Invertebrates
Insects — 68,000 1,000,000 6.8% This paper
Papilionoidea — 3,642 18,768 19.4% Garwood et al. (2021)
Formicidae — 1,100 13,809 8.0% Fernández et al. (2019); Bolton (2020)
Staphylinidae — 800 48,000 1.7% Newton et al. (2005)
Cicadellidae — 679 22,000 3.1% Freytag & Sharkey (2002)
Odonata — 335 6,000 5.6% Pérez-Gutiérrez & Palacino-Rodríguez (2011)
Blattaria — 133 4,330 3.1% Vélez (2008)
Arachnida — 1,546 57,126 2.7% Perafán et al. (2013)
Bernal et al. (2016a, b, 2019); Diazgranados et al. (2021);
Plants 51,220 26,150 350,000 7.5%
The Plant List (2021)
Vascular plants — 24,500 316,000 7.8%
Bryophytes — 1,650 34,500 4.8%
Fungi — 7,241 150,000 4.8% Gaya et al. (2021); Lücking et al. (2021a); this paper
Ascomycota — 4,564 93,632 4.9% Gaya et al. (2021); Kirk (pers. comm. July 2021); this paper
Basidiomycota — 2,318 50,460 4.7% Gaya et al. (2021); Kirk (pers. comm. July 2021); this paper
species richness, vertebrates are only a small fraction of globally (Bolton, 2020). The most comprehensive and most
the animal kingdom, the diversity of which is concentrated recent checklist of Colombian butterflies (Papilionoidea)
among arthropods (Stork, 2018). Indeed, the known insect compiled data on 3,642 species out of a global number of
diversity of Colombia alone should easily surpass that of 18,768 (Garwood et al., 2021). According to Stork (2018),
vertebrates and likely even plants. For instance, Newton et about one million insect species have been named, which
al., (2005) listed nearly 800 species only of Staphylinidae means that globally, Staphylinidae corresponds to 4.8%,
(rove beetles) for the country, out of a total of 48,000 known Papilionoidea 1.9%, Formicidae 1.4%, Odonata 0.6%, and
globally, and Vélez (2008) enumerated 133 species of Blattaria a little over 0.4% of that number. Extrapolating from
Blattaria (cockroaches), compared to 4,330 worldwide (Table these proportions in the case of Colombia implies that a
1). Pérez-Gutiérrez & Palacino-Rodríguez (2011) reported total of between 17,000 and 194,000 insect species are
335 species of Odonata (dragonflies), out of a global total of likely known from the country, with a median of 43,350 and
around 6,000. For Formicidae (ants), Fernández et al., (2019) a mean of 68,000 (Table 1). Although the exact number has
listed 1,100 species for Colombia, compared to over 13,800 not yet been compiled, this extrapolation is far ahead of the

CHAPTER 3
7,241 fungi and even ahead of the actual known number of a result, in biodiversity-rich countries, such as Colombia,
plant species (see below). even though the number of fungal species is expected to be
Compared to the 51,220 species of plants reported for higher than in extra-tropical areas, the absolute number of
Colombia (Butler, 2016, 2019), the number of 7,241 fungal mycological studies is much lower. For instance, a search
species also appears relatively low, with a fungus:plant in the Web of Science [https://www.webofscience.com/
species ratio of 1:7. However, the figure of 51,220 plant wos/woscc/basic-search], using the string <(ALL=(Fungi))
species goes back to outdated sources, being recently AND ALL=(Country)>, retrieved around 16,000 results
corrected to about 26,150 species in the Catálogo de Plantas between 1900 and 2020 for the U.K. (England, Northern
y Líquenes de Colombia (Bernal et al., 2016a, b, 2019) and Ireland, Scotland, Wales), but only 1,155 for Colombia.
the most recent compilation of ColPlantA (Diazgranados Unfortunately, reliable estimates of known fungal diversity
et al., 2021). Based on the corrected number, Colombia’s are difficult to obtain for most countries due to the lack of
fungus:plant species ratio currently amounts to about comprehensive databases or checklists, exceptions being
1:3.6, still much lower than ratios of between 6:1 and 10:1 lichenised fungi and macrofungi (Feuerer & Hawksworth,
obtained from well-studied extra-tropical areas (Hawksworth 2007; Gaya et al., 2021). Also, the nature and detail
& Lücking, 2017). In terms of global diversity, Colombia of existing compilations may differ markedly between
harbours 4.8% of the 150,000 known fungal species and countries, making comparisons challenging. Nevertheless,
7.5% of the 350,000 known plant species (Table 1). While we attempted to compile existing data to compare Colombia
these percentages are in the same order of magnitude, they with selected countries within and outside the tropics (see
do not consider the much more limited state of knowledge of Gaya et al., 2021; here updated).
global fungal diversity. The highest number of fungi, including all lifestyles,
Fungi and fungus-like organisms are currently arranged has been reported for the United States (Table 2), with
into 64 classes (Species Fungorum 2021), of which 36 have approximately 45,000 species (Perlmutter & Weakley,
been reported from Colombia. The remaining 28 classes are 2018; Bates et al., 2018; Esslinger, 2019). However, this
species-poor, with between one and 321 species globally. impressive number is tentative, as, for non-lichenised
These remaining classes potentially occur in Colombia fungi, current names and synonyms have not been fully
but are challenging to detect, as they largely represent sorted out. After India, with 29,000 species, France
ecologically hidden microfungi. Among the 36 classes remarkably ranks third, with 24,840 species, followed
present in Colombia, 11 are overrepresented compared to by China (23,927) and Italy (22,700) (Roux, 2012; Onofri
global proportions, by a factor of up to 6.5 (Figure 3). The et al., 2013; Medardi, 2006; Venturella et al., 2011;
seven most overrepresented classes are Glomeromycetes Nimis, 2016; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy
(factor 6.5), Coniocybomycetes (3.9), Mortierellomycetes of Sciences, 2018; Gargominy et al., 2020; Wang et al.,
(4.3), Schizosaccharomycetes (4.0), Lecanoromycetes 2020; Wei, 2021). We had originally reported 20,500
(3.8), Candelariomycetes (3.8), and Arthoniomycetes (3.6). species for Brazil (Gaya et al., 2021), but a reanalysis of the
Four of these seven classes have low species numbers in underlying data, including accepted names vs synonyms,
Colombia, between one and 26, so the observed deviations led to a correction, with now 13,950 species (see Table
are not meaningful, but the three remaining classes are 2). This number is still substantially higher than the 5,719
represented by higher species numbers: Lecanoromycetes species reported by Maia et al., (2015), the latter likely
(2,167), Arthoniomycetes (189) and Glomeromycetes (106). an underestimate based on an incomplete list of selected
The substantial overrepresentation of Lecanoromycetes records for particular groups.
and Arthoniomycetes is because these mostly lichen- Among the countries assessed here, Colombia ranks
forming fungi are much better studied than any other seventh for lichenised fungi (see Chapter 6). In comparison,
larger group of fungi in Colombia (Gaya et al., 2021), so the overall number and particularly the number of non-
the observed deviations are based on study bias. On the lichenised fungi is comparatively low, with Colombia currently
other hand, five important classes that are highly diverse taking 13th place. In terms of species density and species
in tropical regions but substantially underrepresented per log10(area), Colombia also ranks comparatively low,
and understudied in Colombia are Dothideomycetes, particularly when compared to its richness in other groups
Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes, and of organisms, leading us to the question: how many species
Laboulbeniomycetes (Figure 3). of fungi can we expect in Colombia?
DIVERSITY OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT HOW MANY SPECIES OF FUNGI ARE THERE IN COLOMBIA?
Knowledge on organismic diversity is unevenly distributed Predictive estimates of species richness are naturally
across the planet, and even the absolute state of speculative, especially for ecologically largely hidden
knowledge is opposed to the estimated diversity in a organisms and in groups where taxon concepts have not
region. This scenario is largely because there are more been fully resolved. Several approaches exist to predict
specialists per area working in regions with fewer species species numbers on the basis of known species and
per area for almost any group of organisms, particularly other data. One possible approach is the assumption that
fungi (Hawksworth, 2001; Piepenbring et al., 2018). As Colombia’s species per log10(area) estimate should be

CHAPTER 3
FIGURE 3. Comparison of the proportional phylogenetic diversity of Fungi and fungus-like organisms at the class level between Colombia
and the global funga. The percentages indicate the number of species per class compared to the corresponding total. Selected classes
that are over- or underrepresented in Colombia are marked in dark grey, and the corresponding percentages are indicated. For detailed
data, see Suppl. File S1.

CHAPTER 3
TABLE 2. Comparison of numbers of known fungal species between selected countries. The number of 16,900 macrofungi for the United
States is an estimate based on Bates et al. (2018). The corrected total for Brazil (13,950; as compared to 20,500 reported in Gaya et al.,
2021) is based on the accepted number of fungal names for Brazil on SpeciesLink (approximately 11,330), minus the number of lichenised
species in that database (approximately 1,690), plus the updated number of lichenised species based on Aptroot (2021).
Density
Country / All Lichenised Macro-
[species / Reference(s)
Territory fungi fungi fungi
log10(km2)
United Perlmutter & Weakley (2018); Bates et al. (2018); Esslinger
45,000 4,341 16,900 6,578
States (2019)
Sarbhoy et al. (1996); Singh & Sinha (2010); Manoharachary &
India 27,000 2,714 — 4,450
Nagaraju (2016); Sinha et al. (2018)
France 24,840 2,917 — 4,276 Roux (2012); Gargominy et al. (2020)
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2018);
China 23,927 3,050 7,138 3,427
Wang et al. 2020; Wei (2021)
Onofri et al. (2013); Medardi (2006); Venturella et al. (2011);
Italy 22,700 2,704 4,198 4,143
Nimis (2016); Checklist of Italian Fungi (2021)
United Legon & Henrici (2005); Smith et al. (2009); Dines & McCarthy
20,000 2,000 3,100 3,343
Kingdom (2014); Clubbe et al. (2020)
Germany 15,295 1,946 6,120 2,754 Wirth et al. (2011); DGfM (2021)
Japan 14,000 1,906 4,160 2,510 Hosoya (2006); Katumoto (2009); Ohmura & Kashiwadani (2018)
Lewinsohn & Prado (2005); Maia et al. (2015); Aptroot (2021);
Brazil 13,950 4,310 2,300 2,013
SpeciesLink (2021)
Australia 12,870 4,003 4,000 1,869 May et al. (2004); McCarthy (2020)
Canada 12,800 2,262 4,500 1,829 Perlmutter & Weakley (2018); Bates et al. (2018); Esslinger (2019)
Venezuela 8,300 1,801 — 1,392 Marcano et al. (1996); Itturiaga (2000); Hernández-M. (2021)
Guzmán (1998a, b); Cifuentes (2008); Aguirre-Acosta et al.
Mexico 7,632 2,722 2,900 1,212
(2014); Herrera-Campos et al. (2014); Bates et al. (2018)
Vasco-Palacios & Franco-Molano (2013); Gaya et al. (2021);
Colombia 7,241 2,559 1,239 1,210
Lücking et al. (2021b); this paper
Hywel-Jones & Boonpratuang (2001); Chandrasrikul et al. (2011);
Thailand 7,300 1,292 2,100 1,278
Buaruang et al. (2017); Hyde et al. (2018); Index Fungorum (2021)
Malaysia 3,804 — — 689 Chua et al. (2012)
Costa
3,500 1,740 2,000 743 Halling & Mueller (2005); Mueller et al. (2007)
Rica
Piepenbring (2004); Rodriguez de Flakus et al. (2016); Melgarejo-
Bolivia 2,234 1,353 500 370
Estrada et al. (2020a, b)
Panama 1,807 325 300 370 Piepenbring (2007)
comparable to that of a well-studied temperate country, (see Chapter 6), this would result in approximately 35,000
such as the United States. Colombia encompasses an area species of non-lichenised fungi. Since about 5,000 species
of 1.143 million km2, compared to 9.834 million km2 for of non-lichenised fungi are known from Colombia (Gaya
the United States. The latter has 6,578 fungal species per et al., 2021), nearly 30,000 still need to be catalogued.
log10(km2), so with log10(1,143,000) = 6.058, one would However, the actual number could be even higher because
expect 6,578 x 6.058 = 39,850 species for Colombia tropical ecosystems on average support higher small-scale
(Table 3). This figure is about 5.5 times higher than the species richness than temperate areas, which means
currently known number. Given that lichen-forming fungi that patterns found in the United States or other largely
have been estimated at nearly 5,000 species for Colombia temperate countries cannot be directly transferred.

CHAPTER 3
TABLE 3. Various predictions of the actual species richness of the globally known fungi as a basis, the estimate would range
Colombian funga using different approaches. between 105,600 and 182,400 species, still much higher
than the estimate based on log10(area) extrapolation (Table
Prediction Approach 3). Such estimates may seem unrealistic, but figures in the
same order of magnitude, namely (100,000–)200,000(–
Adjusted according to a proportion of well-
27,430 260,000) species of fungi, have been proposed for Mexico
studied class Lecanoromycetes
(Guzmán 1998a, b; Aguirre-Acosta et al., 2014).
Species versus log10(area) relationship The fungus:plant species ratio is another commonly
39,850
using the USA as a benchmark used measure for predictive species richness estimates
(Martin, 1951; Hawksworth, 1991; Hawksworth & Lücking,
Colombian proportion of global estimated
2017). Empirical data for this measure vary widely, ranging
richness, using known fungi as a benchmark
105,600 from 1.8:1 to 19.1:1, depending on the ecosystem and
(4.8%) and 2.2–3.8 million estimated
–182,400 sampling methods. Thus, while plants within a given area
fungal species globally (Hawksworth &
can be sampled quite accurately, fungal sampling restricted
Lücking, 2017)
to macroscopically visible fungi and within a limited time
156,900 frame will naturally and often grossly underestimate fungal
Fungi:plant ratio between 6:1 and 10:1
–261,500 diversity, as evidenced by a study performed in Panama
(Piepenbring et al., 2012). The ratio also depends on the
Colombian proportion of global estimated
group of fungi. For example, rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes)
richness, using known plants as a
165,000 show lower empirical fungus:plant species ratios between
benchmark (7.5%) and 2.2–3.8 million
–285,000 1:10 and 1:100, with more realistic ratios ranging between
estimated fungal species globally
1:4 and 1:20, resulting in estimates for the diversity of
(Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017)
rust fungi alone in Colombia of between 2,500 and nearly
Colombian proportion of global estimated 13,000 species (Salazar-Yepes & Alves de Carvalho Júnior,
richness, using known amphibia as a 2013). However, these approaches have largely not been
220,000 tested using molecular approaches, both in terms of taxon
benchmark (10.0%) and 2.2–3.8 million
–380,000 concepts in rust fungi and the detection of species not
estimated fungal species globally
(Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017) producing spore-bearing structures. In addition, fungus:plant
species ratios vary with latitude, higher ratios in temperate
areas going along with substantially lower plant diversity,
which requires a downwards correction when extrapolating
A similar prediction is achieved when considering the globally (Tedersoo et al., 2014). Estimates may be further
phylogenetic diversity of fungi of Colombia at the class level misguided by outdated numbers for plant diversity, such
(Figure 3). As outlined above, the largest overrepresented as the earlier - reported exaggerated figure of 51,220 plant
class is Lecanoromycetes (30.3% in Colombia versus 7.9% species for Colombia (see above). Studies that include more
globally), which includes most of the lichenised fungi, a sophisticated sampling methods, such as long-term plots
group particularly well-studied in Colombia. If we assume and/or metabarcoding, show overall fungus:plant species
that the global proportion of Lecanoromycetes is relatively ratios of between 6:1 and 10:1. However, such studies
constant across terrestrial ecosystems dominated by woody have been mostly restricted to temperate ecosystems
plants, then Colombia would be expected to harbour at least (Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017). Given the number of 26,150
27,430 species of fungi to render the current number of plant species currently known from Colombia, applying the
2,167 Lecanoromycetes at a proportion of 7.9%. fungus:plant species ratio approach would thus result in
Another approach is to look at proportional richness 156,900–261,500 species of fungi for Colombia, a figure
per organism group in Colombia relative to the known comparable to that derived from the proportional richness
global diversity of the group. The observed values range approach (Table 3).
between 4.3% for insects and 20.8% for birds, with others Although a reliable estimate of fungal diversity in
in between, e.g., 7.5% for plants, 8.2% for mammals, and Colombia remains speculative, we can safely assume that
10.0% for amphibia (Table 1). Relying on well-studied groups the predicted figure is perhaps an order of magnitude higher
and taking into account how species in particular groups can than the currently number of known species. Apart from the
successfully disperse, that is, how sizable average species sheer size of that number, the more daunting perspective is
ranges probably are, for fungi, one could assume values the effort required to document this largely unknown diversity,
similar to those of plants or amphibia (or butterflies), that requiring a large task force of experts in the different fungal
is, 7.5%–10.0% (–19.4%). The global estimate of between groups and consequent application of modern methods of
2.2 and 3.8 million species (Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017) biodiversity research. Unfortunately, molecular approaches
would give an estimate of (165,000–)220,000–285,000(– to catalogue fungi are still limited in Colombia. We performed
380,000) species for Colombia when applying the 7.5%– a structured search in the NCBI GenBank [https://www.ncbi.
10.0% range (the 19.4% range probably being too high). Even nlm.nih.gov/genbank], using the string <Fungi[organism]
taking the currently observed 4.8% for known Colombian vs AND (5.8S[title] OR ITS1[title] OR ITS2[title] OR “internal

CHAPTER 3
A B
FIGURE 4. Number of NCBI GenBank accessions obtained using the fungal ITS barcoding marker (A) and number of biosamples from
metabarcoding studies using various markers (B), adjusted for area size [relative to log10(area)] for countries across the Americas.
transcribed spacer”[title]) AND country>, for all countries a global context, the inventory of fungi of Colombia is still
in the Americas, to assess how many accessions of the at its onset in terms of expected numbers. Although a good
fungal ITS barcoding marker exist for each country, and then balance of taxonomic groups has been studied to date in
divided the number by log10(area), to filter the area effect. Colombia, including a wide array of macro- and microfungi
The United States ranks two orders of magnitude ahead of and fungi representing different lifestyles, the development
Colombia, whereas Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador, of mycology is not at a level comparable to that in temperate
Brazil, and Argentina rank one order of magnitude ahead countries, in which non-professional mycology also plays a
(Figure 4A). We further queried the NCBI Sequence Read critical role in performing inventory work. We believe that
Archive [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra] using the country mycology in Colombia can only develop further if the focus
name and recording the number of resulting biosamples, also is not only on applied approaches, but more resources are
dividing them by log10(area) to obtain an estimate of existing provided for basic scientific studies, allowing the adoption of
metabarcoding studies. Again, the United States ranges modern technologies, such as molecular (meta-)barcoding
two orders of magnitude ahead of Colombia and most other at a broader scale. In parallel, fostering taxonomic specialist
countries except Canada (Figure 4B). groups for the various taxa is necessary, particularly for
Considering that it took about 200 years to arrive at a list taxa that remain grossly understudied. The formation of
of just 7,241 species of fungi known from Colombia using associations, such as the Asociación Colombiana de Micología
mostly traditional inventory methods, efforts have to be (ASCOLMI) and the Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología (GCOL)
increased by about two orders of magnitude to catalogue an can be considered an excellent initiative to achieve this goal.
additional at least 30,000 species within a reasonable time
frame of 15–20 years. For this to happen, there needs to
be a paradigm shift in the political and societal support for Acknowledgements
this kind of work in Colombia, and across Latin America and Paul Kirk is warmly thanked for putting data from Index Fungorum
other tropical regions in general. and Species Fungorum at our disposal and for assistance with
obtaining data on the checklist of fungi from China. Kevin Hyde,
CONCLUSIONS Gareth Jones, and Gary Perlmutter assisted with obtaining
references regarding fungal diversity in Thailand, Malaysia, and
The first assembly of a critical checklist of the Colombian North America. Meike Piepenbring and Mauricio Salazar-Yepes
funga is a milestone in the state of knowledge of fungi in provided thoughtful reviews that helped to improve this chapter,
the country. However, compared to other organisms and in and Rafael Felipe de Almeida assisted in linguistic editing.

CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 4
Panaeolus semiovatus
[Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano]
Chapter 4
Diversity of Basidiomycota in Colombia
Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano 1*, Melissa Palacio 1,2 & Nataly Gómez-Montoya 1
1
Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos -TEHO, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia - UdeA,
Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
2
Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500,
Prédio 43.433, Campus do Vale, Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
*Corresponding author: ana.franco@udea.edu.co

Keywords: biodiversity, Basidiomycetes, conservation, funga, macrofungi.
ABSTRACT
Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet due to its geographical location and its great diversity in
ecosystems and climates, which give rise to the high richness and diversity of its funga. Its funga will probably prove to
be one of the most diverse in South America. In the present study, we analysed the dataset for Basidiomycota provided
by the ColFungi project and the Herbarium of the University of Antioquia (HUA). Statistical analyses show a high diversity
of Basidiomycota, especially for Agaricomycetes in oak and lowland forests. Also, evidence of the lack of studies for some
departments of Colombia, such as the Guaviare, is provided. Regarding the conservation of fungi, it is observed that only a
few studies have been carried out for Basidiomycota macrofungi in Colombia, since only 22 species have been assessed to
date for their extinction threat.
RESUMEN
Colombia es uno de los países más biodiversos en el planeta debido a su ubicación geográfica y su gran diversidad de
ecosistemas y climas, por lo que promete una alta riqueza y diversidad de hongos, y probablemente se constituya en uno de
los países más diversos de Sudamérica respecto a su funga. En el presente trabajo se hace la recopilación de datos para
Basidiomycota, suministrados por el KEW y el Herbario de la Universidad de Antioquia (HUA). Análisis estadísticos demuestran
alta diversidad en cuanto a Agaricomycetes, principalmente para los ecosistemas de roble y tierras bajas, así como también
la falta de estudios para algunos departamentos de Colombia, como Guaviare. En cuanto a la conservación, se observa que,
en el país, se han realizado pocos estudios sobre macrohongos de Basidiomycota, ya que hasta el momento solo 22 especies
han sido evaluadas.
INTRODUCTION the planet’s diversity (Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017). Of this

The Colombian funga promises to be one of the richest in total, about 41,270 species belong to Basidiomycota (He
South America given its varied geological history, alongside et al., 2019). For Colombia, there are nearly 7,241 species
its topography, climatic conditions, wide range of vegetation recorded, of which 2,318 species are Basidiomycota (Gaya
types, and high biodiversity (Franco-Molano & Uribe-Calle, et al., 2021), representing 5.78% of Basidiomycota species
2000; Franco-Molano et al., 2005; World Atlas, 2021). It worldwide (pers. observ.).
has been speculated that Colombia offers one of the richest The current classification of Fungi was proposed by
vascular plant floras in the new world and possibly the richest Tedersoo et al. (2018). It includes nine sub-kingdoms and
in the world for its equivalent size (Gentry, 1978). Because 18 phyla, conserving Dikarya as a subkingdom, besides
of the association between plants and fungi (Hawksworth, the Entorrhizomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
1991), there is every reason to believe that the Colombian Basidiomycota was proposed by Moore (1980) with
funga may be just as rich as its flora. However, the studies of diagnostic characters such as the presence of sexual spores
fungi in Colombia are still at early stages when compared with or basidiospores exogenously produced on the sterigmata
those on other taxonomic groups. Fortunately, mycological of cells called basidia (holobasidia and phragmobasidia);
explorations of the Colombian funga have increased in the presence of the dolipore septa that divide the hyphae
recent decades due to the increasing number of mycologists into cells, these septa having a barrel-shaped swelling or
trained abroad or in Colombian universities (refer to Chapter parenthesome that surrounds the central pore; and the
2). At present, it is suggested that there are between 2.2 presence of fibula or clamp connections in filamentous
and 3.8 million fungal species worldwide, of which around species, which allow the exchange of nuclei between cells
120,000 are scientifically accepted, representing 3-8% of (Cepero de García et al., 2012; Watkinson et al., 2016;

CHAPTER 4
He et al., 2019). Currently, Basidiomycota comprises of 341 million years (He et al., 2019). Tremellomycetes
four subphyla: Pucciniomycotina with nine classes, include saprotrophic, animal and fungi parasites, or can be
Ustilaginomycotina with four classes, Wallemiomycotina commensals with fungi and lichens (Millanes et al., 2011;
with a single class, and Agaricomycotina with three classes Weiß et al., 2014). The class includes asexual yeasts and
(He et al., 2019). fungi with conspicuous and gelatinous basidiomas such as
Pucciniomycotina has more than 8,000 described Tremella (Weiß et al., 2014). Finally, the Agaricomycetes
species and represents a group that diverged at least have an evolutionary history dating to at least 298
406 million years ago (He et al., 2019). This subphylum is million years ago and include 30,143 described species
characterised by predominant asexual or anamorphic stages distributed in 19 orders (He et al., 2019). Recent studies
in most lineages. In fact, only these stages are known in suggest that resupinate basidiomas that are fully attached
some classes, such as Tritirachiomycetes. Pucciniomycotina to the substrate provide the most likely ancestral trait for
species play different roles in ecosystems, but they are Agaricomycetes (Sánchez-García et al., 2020). Furthermore,
better known as phytopathogens and parasites of animals the pileate-stipitate morphology (e.g., agaricoid and boletoid)
or other fungi (Aime et al., 2014; Malysheva et al., 2021). is correlated with high rates of diversification, suggesting
Ustilaginomycotina, with more than 1,800 described species, that this morphology represents a key character in the
has a minimum age of divergence of 430 million years (He et success of Agaricomycetes (Varga et al., 2019; Sánchez-
al., 2019). This subphylum comprises plant parasitic fungi, García et al., 2020).
such as Jamesdicksonia irregularis, and other economically Ecologically speaking, species of Basidiomycota are an
important fungi, such as Ustilago maydis, a model organism essential part of natural ecosystems, with many recycling or
used to study the interaction between plants and their degrading organic matter and shaping communities of plants
specific parasites (Begerow et al., 2014). Wallemiomycotina through parasitic and symbiotic interactions. Saprotrophic
is a recently proposed group of unicellular fungi (Zhao et al., fungi are those that degrade organic matter such as dead wood
2017), that includes xerophilic, osmophilic, and halophilic and litter (Posada et al., 2012). They play an essential role
fungi (Zajc & Gunde-Cimerman, 2018). in forest ecosystems as they are one of the largest recycling
Within Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina has the largest groups (Robledo & Urcelay, 2009). On the other hand, many
number of described species, around 30,800, and its species are essential in conserving ecosystems by forming
evolutionary history dates to at least 406 million years a mycorrhizal symbiosis with trees and shrubs (Tedersoo et
ago (He et al., 2019). Agaricomycotina are divided into al., 2018). Some species can associate with termites and
three classes mainly characterised by the presence of leafcutter ants, generating a complex symbiosis in which
macroscopic structures called basidiomas, which are insects feed on the cultivated fungi. Other species within this
used for sexual reproduction (He et al., 2019; Kirk et al., phylum are parasitic and can cause mild or potentially lethal
2008). Basidiomas vary from very small structures, like infections in animals and humans. In the case of plants, rusts
those in Mycena spinosissima, to very large such as those and smuts represent the most critical pathogens (Watkinson
in Termitomyces titanicus. The basidiomas also present et al., 2016). Around 41,270 Basidiomycota species have
different morphological patterns named: agaricoids, been recorded globally, making this phylum the second most
boletoids, polyporoids, resupinates, clavaroids, coralloid, speciose after Ascomycota (He et al., 2019).
gasteroids, and secotioids (Cepero de García et al., 2012; From a biogeographic point of view, some members
Varga et al., 2019). These types of basidiomas have emerged of Basidiomycota show remarkable patterns of origin and
through multiple evolutionary convergences in the history of distribution directly related to their habitat types, being
Basidiomycota (Hibbett & Binder, 2002; Sánchez-García et influenced by geological history, vegetation, whether native
al., 2020). According to He et al., (2019), this subphylum or introduced, climate, and anthropogenic impacts (Halling
currently comprises three classes: Dacrymycetes, & Mueller, 2002). In Colombia, geological events have
Tremellomycetes, and Agaricomycetes. played essential roles in determining distribution. These
Dacrymycetes comprise 146 described species events are well documented, by Halling & Ovrebo (1987),
distributed into two orders, with an estimated minimum Halling (1996), Halling & Mueller (2002), and Mueller et
divergence time of 298 million years ago (He et al., 2019). al., (2006), among others (see Chapter 10). In Colombia,
It is also the sister group of Agaricomycetes (McLaughlin et ectomycorrhizal fungi, which may have diversified later in the
al., 2016; Zamora & Ekman, 2020). This class comprises Jurassic (208 – 146 million years ago), present a limited
species characterised by having sterigmatized or bifurcated distribution that corresponds with the distribution of their
holobasidia (except for Unilacryma unispora), and by the hosts, and are more abundant and diverse at 2,200–
presence of continuous parenthesomes that cover the 3,200 m altitude where most of the oak forests (Quercus
dolipore septa (Zamora & Ekman, 2020). Dacrymycetes humboldtii) are found (Avella-Muñoz & Rangel-Churio, 2014).
includes saprotrophic fungi that produce gelatinous, waxy, Colombian ectomycorrhizal fungi from oak forests show
fleshy, or cartilaginous basidiomas with yellow to orange affinities with northern temperate taxa, migrating from
colouration due to their carotenoid pigments (Zamora & north to south along with those forest communities (Halling,
Ekman, 2020). 1996, Chapter 10). Another important Fagaceae associated
Tremellomycetes comprise nearly 500 accepted species with ectomycorrhizal fungi is Colombobalanus excelsa, a
distributed in five orders, with an evolutionary history species endemic to the Colombian Andes of which there

CHAPTER 4
are eight populations located between 1,800 and 2,200 TABLE 1. List of fungal species categorised by the IUCN for
altitude (Davila et al., 2012). However, very few mycological Colombia. LC- least concern. CR- critically endangered. VU-
explorations have been carried out in this type of forest, and vulnerable. NT- near threatened. DD- data deficient.
few results have been published. Another ectomycorrhizal-
forming tree from which some agarics have been described is IUCN
Population
Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae), an endemic Species Red List
trend
species, described from the Colombian Amazon at 300 m category
altitude (Londoño et al., 1995). Some non-native plants, Amanita fuligineodisca Decreasing VU
such as Pinus, Eucalyptus, and Cupressus trees, are also able
to form these symbiotic associations. These species were Amanita sepultipes Decreasing VU
introduced into the country in the 1950s and 1960s bringing
their ectomycorrhizal fungi hidden in their roots (Vargas et Austroboletus amazonicus Unknown CR
al., 2019). Nevertheless, these exotic fungi compete with
native fungal species, invading other ecosystems such as Binderoboletus segoi Unknown DD
the oak forest (Vargas et al., 2019). The saprotrophic agarics
Cantharellus guyanensis Unknown LC
registered for Colombia are cosmopolitan or have restricted
distribution giving good biogeographical information (Halling Clavulina kunmudlutsa Unknown DD
& Mueller, 2002; see Chapter 10).
Regarding the conservation of fungi in Colombia, it is Clavulina tepurumenga Unknown DD
essential to note that the IUCN has been working on the
conservation assessment of species of macrofungi only Coprinus comatus Stable LC
in recent years (Dahlberg & Mueller 2011; IUCN, 2021).
Worldwide, 328 Basidiomycota species (IUCN, 2021) have Cortinarius aurantiobrunneus Decreasing NT
been evaluated and placed in the following categories:
Cymatoderma sclerotioides Decreasing NT
Critically threatened (12 species), Endangered (57 species),
and Vulnerable (110 species). The remaining species have Fomitiporia bambusarum Increasing LC
been evaluated as least concern, deficient data, or almost
threatened. Specifically for Colombia, there are few studies Gloiocephala quercetorum Decreasing NT
[e.g., Amanita sepultipes (Vargas-Estupiñan et al., 2020)
and Austroboletus amazonicus (Vasco-Palacios et al., 2020)] Hericium erinaceus Decreasing LC
(Table 1, Chapter 14) on fungal conservation as fungi are
not mentioned in Colombian environmental legislation, Lactifluus hallingii Decreasing VU
and their socio-political interest is not of much relevance Leccinum andinum Decreasing NT
(pers. observ.). The only group of fungi contemplated
within Resolution 213 of 1977 of the National Institute of Lycoperdon perlatum Stable LC
Renewable Natural Resources and Environment (INDERENA)
are lichens, which are mentioned in the resolution as non- Phylloporus fibulatus Decreasing VU
vascular epiphytes (Resolution 213, 1977). The goal of
this chapter is to present the current state of knowledge of Suillus luteus Stable LC
the Basidiomycota in Colombia in terms of their diversity,
Tylopilus bulbosus Decreasing NT
ecology, and conservation.
Tylopilus obscurus Decreasing NT
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two fungi databases for fungal occurrences in Colombia
were used: the ColFungi database comprising more than
7,000 species, and the Herbarium of the University of
Antioquia (2020) with more than 13,000 records from which RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
only Basidiomycota records were considered. Statistical Currently, there are 2,386 species of Basidiomycota
analyses and graphics were made using R studio version recorded for Colombia (including mushrooms, stinkhorns,
1.3.959 (RStudio Team, 2020) and Microsoft Excel (2020). puffballs, earth stars, shelf fungi, gelatinous fungi, smuts,
The data used for the analyses were divided by ecosystem rusts and yeasts, among others) (Gaya et al., 2021). These
into six groups as follows: oak forest, coniferous forest species are classified within three of the four subphyla
(mainly dominated by Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica), recognised by Tedersoo et al., (2018) and He et al., (2019):
mixed forest, Amazon Forest (in the departments of Agaricomycotina (1,642 species), Pucciniomycotina (579
Amazonas and Caquetá), lowland forest (below 1,400 masl, species), and Ustilaginomycotina (84 species) (Figure
excluding previous ecosystems), and other ecosystems (for 1). To date, there are no records for Wallemiomycotina
urban areas or or areas lacking information). in Colombia.

CHAPTER 4
4% Analysing the diversity of Basidiomycota by their

taxonomical classes, we found that Agaricomycetes is the
1% richest class with 1,560 species, followed by Pucciniomy-
cetes (553 species), Tremellomycetes (67), Ustilaginomy-
cetes (60), Exobasidiomycetes (21), Microbotryomycetes
95% (16), Dacrymycetes (15), Cystobasidiomycetes (5), Attrac-
tiveiellomycetes (4), and Malasseziomycetes (3) (Figure 2).
The Pucciniomycetes, with more than 500 species mostly
corresponding to plant pathogens like Puccinia fuhrmannii,
are part of the list of rusts in Colombia (Céspedes et
al., 2014). Regarding the Tremellomycetes, 23 species
are known as parasites that grow on fungi, lichens, and
animals, and there are 14 saprotrophic species, including
the edible Tremella fuciformis. This class also includes
Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic pathogen with
tropism towards the central nervous system of humans
(CNS) (Kwon-Chung et al., 2014).
Although Colombia probably harbours a high richness
and diversity of fungi, studies on its funga are still scarce
(Gómez-Montoya et al., 2021). Most studies in Colombia
have been carried out mainly in the Andean region,
especially in the departments of Antioquia, Valle del Cauca,
and Cundinamarca (Gómez-Montoya et al., 2021) (Figure 3).
Therefore, our results might be biased bacuse mycologists
are mostly located in research institutions within these
Dacrymycetes Tremellomycetes Agaricomycetes
areas, and their distribution does not reflect the actual
FIGURE 1. Species number by classes in the subphylum diversity of these organisms in these departments (Figure
Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) based on the ColFungi database. 3). The best-sampled ecosystems in Colombia are oak
Dacrymycetes photo by F.E.García and remaining photographs by forest, mixed forest, lowland forest, and the Amazon Forest
the authors. (Figure 4).
FIGURE 2. Number of records grouped by class. Abundance by class is shown using the HUA database.

CHAPTER 4
FIGURE 3. Richness of Basidiomycota macrofungi and their distribution by departments of Colombia (modified from Gómez-Montoya et al.,
2021). Amazonas: ama; Antioquia: ant; Arauca: ara; Atlántico: atl; Bolivar: bol; Boyacá: by; Caldas: cl; Caquetá: cq; Casanare: cs; Cauca:
cau; Cesar: ce; Chocó: cho; Córdoba: co; Cundinamarca: cun; El Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina: asps; Guainía:
gn; Guaviare: gv; Huila: hu; La Guajira: gua; Magdalena: ma; Meta: met; Nariño: na; Norte de santander: ns; Parque Nacional Natural Los
Nevados: PNNN.
The high diversity of Agaricomycetes present in these seen in mycological explorations in easily accessible areas
ecosystems corroborates Mueller & Halling (1995), who and ecosystems and/or where mycologists or people with
documented a high level of diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi mycological training are located. The need to carry out
and a high degree of endemism, between 30–100%, for inventories and/or monitoring is reaffirmed in places such
these ecosystems in Costa Rica and Colombia. Likewise, as the department of Guaviare, which has no records of
López-Quintero et al., (2012) showed great diversity in Basidiomycota, or in the departments of Atlántico, Arauca,
terms of funga for the Amazon lowland forests, where Córdoba, Casanare, Guainía, La Guajira, Sucre, Vichada,
saprotrophic fungi show high diversity. The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa
The results here presented are an example of the Catalina, with only one to eight records (Gómez-Montoya et
efforts made to know the funga of Colombia, especially al., 2021). It is also important to emphasise the need for
the Basidiomycota. In recent decades, progress has been more studies on other ecosystems currently categorised as

CHAPTER 4
FIGURE 4. Number of records grouped by ecosystems. Abundance by class is shown using the HUA database.
critically endangered, such as tropical dry forests, shrubs, References

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CHAPTER 5
Cordyceps nidus
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 5
Diversity of Non-Lichenised Macro-Ascomycota of Colombia
Tatiana Sanjuan1* & Kent Brothers2
Grupo Micologos de Colombia, Bogota DC, Colombia.
1
Independent Mycologist, Cumberland, BC, Canada.

2
*Corresponding author: t_sanjuan@hotmail.com

Keywords: Ascomycetes, fungal diversity, mycology, Neotropics, taxonomy.
ABSTRACT
Ascomycota is the most diverse phylum of the kingdom Fungi, comprising 92,725 species described to date. They are
characterised by producing spores in a sac that resembles a row of peas, a so-called ascus, in higher Ascomycota formed
in structures termed ascomata. In most Ascomycota, the ascomata are primarily microscopic structures, reaching a few
millimeters in diameter, but some Ascomycota produce macro-ascocarps comparable in size to those of higher Basidiomycota.
Unfortunately, there is no straightforward definition of what would constitute macro-Ascomycota, as size differences are often
gradual and workers define "macro" and "micro" in this phylum differently. Globally the larger non-lichenized Ascomycota
are found primarily within the classes Geoglossomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes,
and Xylobotryomycetes. These classes encompass a total of 36,462 species, corresponding to 39% of the currently known
Ascomycota, although not all their members can be considered macro-Ascomycota and there are a few other classes with small
numbers of larger species which are not discussed here. The purpose of this chapter is to elaborate on the state of knowledge
of the diversity of the fungi within these classes in Colombia, based on records in the ColFungi portal and with additional
records from local herbaria, literature, and private collections. In the past ten years, Colombia increased the number of known
species of macro-Ascomycota from 181 to 1,114. Regarding the number of records, Colombia has 6% of the total reported for
the Neotropical region, compared to Brazil with 41%. Notably, the macro-Ascomycota deposited in herbaria outside Colombia
comprises mostly Leotiomycetes, whereas Sordariomycetes are the best represented class in Colombian collections. Rather
than the relative abundance of the various fungal groups, this difference reflects the interest of mycologists who collected
these specimens. A representative inventory for the true diversity of macro-Ascomycota in Colombia is still needed.
RESUMEN
Los Ascomycota son el filo más diverso de hongos, con 92.725 especies. Estos hongos caracterizados por su producción de
esporas en sacos pueden ser saprofíticos patógenos de animales, plantas y otros hongos, y simbiontes, en asociación con
algas, como los líquenes, o trabajando en mutualismo con plantas, como en las ectomicorrizas y los endófitos. De manera
notable, mientras en el mundo, los líquenes corresponden al 13% del total de las especies de ascomicetes registradas, en
Colombia corresponden al 52% de las especies de anotadas en ColFungi, sesgo derivado de su estudio tradicional asociado
a la botánica. En cambio, los macro-Ascomycota no liquenizados, según lo definido aquí, representan un 24% de los registros
de ascomicetes en Colombia, en comparación con 39% en el mundo. Los ascomicetes que tienen su ascoma o estructura
reproductiva asexual a simple vista se ubican en el subfilo Pezizomycotina, en las clases Geoglossomycetes, Leotiomycetes,
Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes y Xylobotryomycetes, además de algunos miembros del orden Eurotiales dentro
de la clase Eurotiomycetes. Para 2013, el listado de macro-Ascomycota de Colombia alcanzaba 181 especies, mientras que
en esta revisión se ha recopilado información de al menos 1,114 especies de esas clases, tomando los datos de ColFungi,
así como de literatura gris, herbarios nacionales y colecciones privadas. En cuanto a las colecciones de especímenes
preservados, Colombia, en comparación con otros países de la región neotropical, se ubica por debajo de Brasil, que posee el
41% de las colecciones, seguido de Costa Rica, con 21% y México con 18%. Colombia y Venezuela, países vecinos con áreas
similares, poseen una proporción del 6% y 8% respectivamente. Cuando se analiza la distribución de las clases de macro-
ascomicetes no liquenizados en los diferentes países de la región, Colombia se destaca por su mayor número de registros de
discomicetes de la clase Leotiomycetes. Esto se debe a los estudios esporádicos de investigadores extranjeros con enfoque
en sus especialidades taxonómicas en la década de los 70 y 80. Sin embargo, cambia cuando se analizan los herbarios
locales no conectados con las bases internacionales, donde se nota que los especialistas nacionales se han enfocado en
la clase Sordariomycetes. Las 1,114 especies de macro-ascomicetes de Colombia no liquenizados registradas a la fecha
superan las 463 especies de Panamá y las 1.483 especies de Ecuador, porque este número incluye además líquenes.
Finalmente, la distribución de los macro-ascomicetes no liquenizados dentro del territorio nacional según su ecología se
da de manera heterogénea de acuerdo con el gradiente altitudinal que va de la cordillera de los Andes hacia la cuenca

CHAPTER 5
Amazónica. Las especies ectomicorrizicas se distribuyen en los bosques nublados de roble, mientras los discomicetes
pueden abarcar desde las alturas de los páramos hasta las selvas bajas. Los Xylariales, en cambio, muestran su mayor
expresión de diversidad y tamaños en las tierras bajas, aprovechando la gran biomasa de lignina y celulosa de los bosques
tropicales. Cabe destacar que los hongos artrópodo-patógenos del orden Hypocreales se distribuyen por el país siguiendo los
patrones de diversidad de los artrópodos que sirven como hospederos, los cuales son más diversos en los bosques húmedos
tropicales bajos; en consecuencia, alli se presenta la mayor riqueza de, especies con 15 géneros y al menos 82 especies. La
presente revisión plantea el desafío de analizar los datos de macro-ascomicetes no liquenizados desde un mayor número de
fuentes secundarias para así estimar de una manera más amplia la enorme diversidad de estos hongos y ubicar los vacíos
de información y las áreas aun sin explorar.
INTRODUCTION mushroomobserver.org) were not considered here, as very

Ascomycota is the most diverse phylum of the kingdom few records can be associated with scientifically validated
Fungi, with 92,725 species described to date (Catalogue of identifications or specimens.
Life, 2021) and probably many more yet to be discovered.
These fungi are characterised by producing spores in a sac, A BRIEF HISTORY OF ASCOMYCOTA RESEARCH IN COLOMBIA
called an ascus, which typically resembles a row of peas, In 1783, the Spaniard José Celestino Mutis was appointed
produced in structures termed ascomata. Ascomata are to carry out a botanical expedition of the viceroyalty of New
mostly microscopic in size, to a few millimetres in diameter, Granada (the former Spanish territory currently comprising
but several classes can produce macro-ascocarps that Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela). He led field
are visible to the naked eye from a distance, and here we surveys for 29 years, initially from a base camp in the
consider them as macro-ascomycetes (Kirk et al., 2008). municipality of Mariquita in the Magdalena Valley and
This phylum encompasses a high diversity of life forms, from the vicinity of Bogotá from 1790 onward. He and his
from saprotrophs growing on different substrata, to parasitic associates collected and documented thousands of vascular
biotrophs of animals, fungi, plants, and others, to symbiotic plants, bryophytes, and fungi during this expedition. One
relationships, such as mycorrhizas and lichens, and can entry in his diary states: “hallé sobre un pequeño domicilio
inhabit terrestrial or aquatic environments (Cepero de García de comején una especie de hongo, que he reducido a Clavaria
et al., 2012). Ascomycota are typically the most numerous militaria. Lo guardo por si hay lugar de pintarlo no siendo
inhabitants of the soil; they also include substantial estas especies muy comunes" (I discovered a species of
numbers of pathogens, such as the yeast Candida albicans, fungus that I determined to be Clavaria militaria on the nest
pathogenic to humans, Fusarium oxysporum, pathogenic of a wood-eating insect), apparently the first report of a
to plants, and Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, a pathogen species of Cordyceps from Colombia. His team included an
of ants that turns them into "zombies" (Andersen et al., incredible illustrator, Javier Matis, who perhaps drew the first
2009; Beug et al., 2014). Within the Ascomycota, at least Ascomycota from Colombia, Phillipsia dominguensis (referred
six classes include non-lichenised macrofungi, such by Mutis to Peziza) (Aguirre-C., 1985).
as Geoglossomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Although Mutis made the first records of Colombian
Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Xylobotryomycetes Ascomycota, it was not until 1928 that the Puerto Rican
(Voglmayr, 2019). Altogether, these classes comprise 36,462 plant pathologists Carlos Eugenio Chardón and Rafael Toro
species that correspond to 39% of the Ascomycota currently performed a comprehensive survey of the funga of Colombia
known worldwide (Catalogue of Life, 2021), although not all (Chardón & Toro, 1930). However, their exploration focused
of these fungi can be considered macro-Ascomycota. on plant pathogens mostly representing micro-Ascomycota,
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the current collected from both natural ecosystems and agricultural
state of knowledge of the diversity of Ascomycota in areas close to the major cities of Colombia. At least a
Colombia, focusing on the classes containing primarily thousand specimens were collected, including the first
non-lichenised macro-Ascomycota. However, in the class records of Camillea, Poronia, and Xylaria.
Eurotiomycetes, in the order Eurotiales, there are also In 1968, Kent Dumont from the New York Botanical
some genera present in Colombia, such as Elaphomyces Garden, began a series of visits to Colombia which took
and Penicilliopsis, which have larger ascomata and will place over the next ten years, collecting more than 20,000
be discussed here. To address this goal, we used the specimens of fungi with the cooperation of the Instituto
database of the ColFungi portal (https://colfungi.org/), the de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), the Universidad Nacional de
Ascomycota database of the National Herbario de Colombia Colombia (UNAL), and the Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura
(COL), Herbario de la Universidad de Antioquía (HUA) as well (ICA). His collections included 3,264 Ascomycota from 15
as private collections. Additionally, this chapter provides a departments of Colombia, most of them in the Andean
broader overview of Colombia's research on Ascomycota region and the Amazon foothills (departments of Caquetá
(see also Chapter 2), alongside some systematic studies of and Putumayo). These specimens were deposited at the
selected groups. Although citizen science records are useful herbaria NY and COL. As a result of this project, a series
sources of information, including for macro-Ascomycota, of publications called "Hongos de Colombia" was published
observations from these (e.g., https://inaturalist.org; www. in ten issues between 1974 and 1983, in cooperation with

CHAPTER 5
several renowned mycologists. Among these publications, worldwide. Among the lichenised Ascomycota (primarily
Carpenter & Dumont (1978) expanded the distribution of the classes Arthoniomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Lecanoro-
Bisporella discendens, found in many localities in the Andean mycetes, Lichinomycetes), Colombia accounts for 19%
region, and Veerkamp & Gams (1983) described new species of those worldwide. However, they constitute 52% of the
of soil fungi, Trichoderma inhamatum and Morteriella ornata. Ascomycota species reported for Colombia. So while
Studies of Colombian Ascomycota by local mycologists Colombia's lichen biota is well known, the same cannot
have, for the most part, been restricted in scope, most be said for non-lichenised Ascomycota. In particular, for
of them focusing on micro-Ascomycota with relevance to classes comprising mostly micro-Ascomycota, such as
phytopathology (Buritica, 1999). In the 1990s, Tobón (1991) Dothidiomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Laboulbeniomycetes,
published a study on the Ascomycota of the Andean region Colombian species represent only 2.4% of those registered
from the department of Antioquia, including 11 species of in the world.
discomycetes. Local mycologists continue to publish studies In comparison, the classes that include non-
on Ascomycota for Colombia, with some of them describing lichenised macro-Ascomycota as here defined, namely
new species, such as Cookeina colombiana (Raymundo et al., Geoglossomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizo-
2020), others encompassing broader systematic studies, mycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Xylobotriomycetes, are
such as that for the genus Cordyceps s.lat. (Sanjuan et al., represented by 36,462 species worldwide and 1,114
2014; 2015). species in Colombia. They represent only 3% of the world
species, and inside of Colombia they comprise 24%, not as
many as the lichens, but more than the micro-Ascomycota.
COLOMBIAN ASCOMYCOTA IN NUMBERS
Overall, the Ascomycota in Colombia are not well sampled
To address the "state of knowledge" of the diversity of and studied. They might also not be as conspicuous and
ascomycetes in Colombia, it is useful to compare species useful as Basidiomycota for local communities in Colombia.
counts of the various taxa in Colombia to those for the Apart from lichens, incentives to study Ascomycota have
world and for similar countries. Referring to Table 1, we see mostly arisen from their medicinal importance or their
that Ascomycota reported for Colombia comprise 5% of the effects on crops (Sipman, 1986; Garces et al., 1999).
92,725 species known worldwide. For yeasts and dimorphic Indeed, throughout humanity’s history, we have mostly
yeasts (subphyla Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina) studied what benefits or harms us, and so the amount of
Colombia registers 9% and 2%, respectively, of species knowledge reflects our anthropocentric point of view.
TABLE 1. Comparison of the number of species of Ascomycota in the world (Catalogue of Life, 2021) with species reported from Colombia.

World Colombian Colombian
Subphylum Class Life form
species species percentage
1,180 106
Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes True yeast 9.0%
(1.3%) (2%)
Pneumocystomycetes 164 3
Taphrinomycotina Dimorphic yeast 1.8%
Schizosaccharomycetes (0.2%) (0.1%)
Arthoniomycetes Coniocybomycetes 12,439 2,352

Lichen 19%
Lecanoromycetes Lichinomycetes (13%) (52%)
Non-lichen non-
Dothideomycetes Eurotiomycetes 37,238 906
yeast micro- 2.4%
Pezizomycotina Laboulbeniomycetes (40%) (20%)
ascomycetes
Sordariomycetes Geoglossomycetes Non-lichen non-

36,462 1,114
Leotiomycetes Orbiliomycetes yeast macro- 3.1%
(39%) (24%)
Pezizomycetes Xylobotryomycetes ascomycetes
73
Incertae sedis
(2%)
Ascomycota identified to class 87,483 4,481 5.1%
Phylum Ascomycota 92,725 4,554 4.9%

CHAPTER 5
FIGURE 1. Collections of classes containing non-lichenised macro-Ascomycetes in Neotropical countries based on GBFI (2021).
Xylobotryomycetes is omitted due to their low number of species. Numbers inside the circles represent the number of preserved specimens.
Shades of grey for each country reflect the corresponding total number of records.
STUDIES OF NON-LICHENISED MACRO-ASCOMYCOTA IN THE to entomopathogenic fungi within Hypocreales and lignicolous
NEOTROPICS fungi from Xylariales. There is a notable difference in
When analysing the composition of Ascomycota classes in taxonomic coverage based on GBIF versus HUA records, likely
collections from each country (Figure 1), in most countries because the GBIF records are biased towards the collections
Sordariomycetes are the most abundant by far. This class made by Kent Dumont in the NY herbarium, who focused on
includes families such as Xylariaceae and Cordycipitaceae, Helotiales (Leotiomycetes) (https://mycoportal.org). In fungi
which are very common in tropical lowlands (Soto-Medina & collections, the abundance of a taxon is often explained by
Bolaños-Rojas, 2013; Sanjuan, 2015). Brazil is currently the the presence of a specialist who worked on it. The number
country with the highest number of digitized records in both of non-lichenised Ascomycota for Colombia (1,114 species)
absolute numbers and proportions (GBIF, 2021). By contrast, is greater than for Panama (483; Pipenbring, 2007) and
in Colombia, Leotiomycetes are more representative, including Ecuador; the latter has a total of 1,483 Ascomycota reported
Leotiaceae, a family with ectomycorrhizal relationships but that number includes lichens (Læssøe & Petersen, 2008;
with oak (Quercus humboldtii) and Trigonobalanus excelsa Batallas et al., 2020). This underlines Colombia's high fungal
(Sierra et al., 2011). Colombia represents the southernmost diversity, matching that of other organisms, such as birds,
distribution of these forest associations originating from the orchids, and amphibians (Álvarez Hincapié et al., 2021).
Northern Hemisphere (Gonzalez et al., 2006). Additionally,
this ecosystem is located in the highlands, where most REPRESENTATIVE GROUPS OF NON-LICHENISED MACRO-
mycological research has been done in Colombia. ASCOMYCOTA IN COLOMBIA
On the other hand, in the Antioquia University Herbarium To date, we have seen the abundance and diversity of
(HUA), Sordariomycetes are the most representative class, Ascomycota, especially the non-lichenised ones, at global
with 381 species recorded to date for Colombia, mostly due and regional scales. However, given Colombia's diversity of

CHAPTER 5
ecosystems, the distribution of macro-Ascomycota is not 3,300 meters, corresponding to cloud forests and Andean
homogeneous across the country, responding to factors such paramos, classified under Holdridge's life zone system
as rainfall, temperature, and altitude (Álvarez Hincapie et al., (Holdridge, 1967) as moist montane forests (MMF) and sub-
2021). The most representative groups of macro-Ascomycota alpine rain paramo (SARP). The Pezizales Cookeina speciosa,
in Colombia can be grouped according to the shape of their Cookeina tricholoma (Figure 2d), and Phillipsia domingensis,
ascoma and/or their role in the ecosystem, relative to the are more frequently collected in lowlands, e.g., in the
most representative biomes of Colombia (Figure 2). Magdalena Valley and in the Amazon foothills and basin,
which correspond to tropical rainforests (RFT). However, a
CUPULATE ASCOMYCOTA new species of Cookeina was discovered recently, namely
The terms "cup fungi" or "discomycetes" are informally used C. colombiana, found in tropical dry forests (DFT) in the
for Ascomycota with discoid, more or less sessile ascomata, Caribbean region (Raymundo et al., 2020). Thus, although
representing the classes Leotiomycetes (including Helotiales discomycetes have been collected mainly throughout the
and some Rhytismatales), Orbiliomycetes (including Orbiliales), Andean, Amazon, and Pacific regions, the Caribbean and
and Pezizomycetes (including Pezizales). Discomycetes have Orinoquia would benefit from more field surveys, as revealed
148 species reported for Colombia, with Lachnum (Helotiales, by the newly discovered species of Cookeina.
Lachnaceae) being the most diverse and abundant, with 30
species and 150 records. Calycina claroflava (Helotiales, HYPOGEOUS ASCOMYCOTA
Helotiaceae) is the most frequently collected species, with Spore-sequestering fungi have evolved several times from
71 specimens in total. As part of the "Hongos de Colombia" different lineages of Ascomycota (Bonito & Smith, 2016).
project, Carpenter & Dumont (1978) recorded more than In Colombia, truffle-like fungi represent Pezizomycetes
70 specimens of C. claroflava, under its synonym Bisporella (Pezizales) and Eurotiomycetes (Eurotiales). These fungi are
discendens. The most extensive collection of discomycetes ectomycorrhizal, associated with oak (Quercus humboldtii)
has been made in the Andean region, between 1,500 and and Trigonobalanus excelsa trees. The false truffle,
FIGURE 2. Representative groups of non-lichenised macro-Ascomycota in Colombia. A Xylaria telfarii, from Tolima in the Magdalena valley.
B False truffle, Elaphomyces muricatus, parasitised by Tolypocladium capitatum, from Boyaca in the Andean region. C Xylobotryum sp.,
from Amazonas in the Amazon basin. D Cookeina speciosa and C. tricholoma, from Antioquia in the Magdalena Valley. E Leotia lubrica and
L. chlorocephala, from Huila in the Andean region. F Annulohypoxylon sp. from Andean cloud forest in Cundinamarca. G Ophiocordyceps
albacongiuae, from Antioquia in the Magdalena valley. (Photographs A, B, D and E by Tatiana Sanjuan; C, F and G by Kent Brothers).

CHAPTER 5
Elaphomyces muricatus (Eurotiales, Elaphomycetaceae) spathulate or strongly stipitate ascomata are found in
has been reported from the department of Cundinamarca species of Geoglossomycetes (Geoglossaceae). Each of
by Guzmán & Varela (1978). However, there are collections these groups is characterized by a specific trophic mode
identified to genus from the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá, (Beug et al., 2014).
Huila, and Tolima, most of them parasitised by species of The genus Leotia (jelly babies; Figure 2e) includes three
Tolypocladium (Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae) (Herbario species in Colombia. Leotia lubrica is the most common,
de la Universidad de Antioquia, 2021) (Figure 2b). found above 2,400 meters as ectomycorrhiza of oak (Quercus
Another false truffle, with specimens housed in HUA, humboltii) in moist montane forests (MMF). The saddle
was collected in the departments of Antioquia and Tolima, fungus, Helvella, is found in the same region, although not
namely Hydnotrya tulasnei (Pezizales, Discinaceae), known only in oak forests but sometimes also in grasslands close
for its good flavour when young. A genuine truffle, Tuber to cloud forests (MWF) in the Andean region. In Colombia,
melanosporum (Pezizales, Tuberaceae), was reported three species of Helvella have been recorded, with Helvella
in 1986 from Antioquia. Given that this name covers a lacunosa being the most frequently collected.
European species of black Tuber, the Colombian specimen Morels are found in anthropized ecosystems in Colombia.
may have been identified erroneously, assuming that the The first formal report of morels was made from Cundinamarca
most common European species may also be present in by Pinzón-Osario & Pinzón-Osario (2017), although Matis had
Colombia. Another record of this genus was reported for already illustrated Colombian morels for the first time in 1783
Cundinamarca in 2019 by the specialist in hypogeous from the Royal Botanical Expedition (Figure 3). No information
about the location was recorded in that study. Given the lack
fungi, Matthew Smith (https://mycoportal.org/portal/
of historical records, it is difficult to know whether morels
collections/individual/index.php?occid=10515278), but no
were originally native or introduced to Colombia by Europeans.
DNA sequences are available for it yet. Truffles, in general,
According to Sanchez (2019), three infra-generic clades are
are undersampled in Colombia and would greatly benefit
present in Colombia: subsect. Elata, sect. Esculenta and sect.
from timely studies, given that oak forests in Colombia are
Rufobrunnea. Standardised cultures were made from a strain
classified as vulnerable by the IUCN due to deforestation for
of Morchella rufobrunnea found in Colombia (Sanchez, 2019).
agriculture and animal breeding activities. Morchella elata and M. gracilis have also been collected in
the countryside of Colombia in the departments of Cesar,
STIPITATE ASCOMYCOTA Cundinamarca, and Quindío.
Some macro-Ascomycota have ascomata supported by a Earth tongues from the class Geoglossomycetes
fleshy stalk (e.g., Pezizales, Helvellaceae), sometimes hollow comprise four species in Colombia: Geoglossum fallax, G.
and filled with jelly and with viscid discs (e.g., Leotiales, nigritum, Trichoglossum hirsutum, and T. walteri. They all
Leotiaceae), or with an alveolate, conical disc supported grow associated with mosses or debris in montane cloud
by a spongy stalk (Pezizales, Morchellaceae). Clavate to forests (MWF) with high precipitation. Also in these cases,
the names for Colombian material have been adopted from
Northern Hemisphere species, and no DNA sequences from
Colombian specimens are available to date. Thus, it would
not be surprising to discover that some species of this group
from Colombia are new to science.
STROMATIC ASCOMYCOTA
The class Sordariomycetes includes Ascomycota producing
perithecioid ascomata in well-developed, often conspicuous
stromata (Kirk et al., 2008). Two orders contain macro-
Ascomycota, namely Xylariales, producing carbonaceous
stroma on woody substrata, and Hypocreales, producing
often brightly coloured stromata on plants, animals, and
other fungi (Beug, 2014).
Xylariales in Colombia comprises nine families, 24 genera,
and 124 species, compared to 16 families, 223 genera, and
2,911 species worldwide (https://colfungi.org; Catalogue of
Life, 2021). This order is distributed throughout the country,
but with more species and collections from lowland tropical
rainforests. A revision of Sordariomycetes from Colombia
for the bamboo Guadua angustifolia evidenced nine new
FIGURE 3. Morels drawn by Matis in 1783, one of the painters records for the country, including Diatrype bermudensis
of the botanical expedition of the viceroyalty of New Granada (Diatrypaceae) (Soto -Agudelo et al., 2016). As expected,
coordinated by Jose Celestino Mutis (courtesy of the Royal Xylaria is the most diverse genus in Colombia with 49
Botanical Garden of Madrid). species, more than Panama with 33 species, but fewer

CHAPTER 5
TABLE 2. Species of Hypocreales described for first time from Colombia and recent new records for the country and their distribution.
Species New species New records Natural region

Akanthomyces sabanensis X Andean region
Beauveria acridophila X Amazon basin, Magdalena Valley
Beauveria diapheromeriphila X Amazon basin
Bionectria grammicospora X Andean region
Bionectria parviphialis X Andean region
Cordyceps nidus X Amazon basin, Choco biogeografic zone, Andean region
Cordyceps pilifera X Amazon basin
Cosmospora annulohypoxyli X Andean region
Cosmospora ustulinae X Andean region
Macronectria jungneri X Andean region
Nectria fusispora X Magdalena valley
Nectria microdisca X Andean region
Nectria rubrostoma X Andean region
Nectria cinnabarina X Andean region
Neonectria dumontii X Andean region
Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae X Magdalena valley
Ophiocordyceps amazonica X Amazon basin, Magdalena valley
Ophiocordyceps araracuarensis X Amazon basin, Magdalena valley
Ophiocordyceps blattarioides X Amazon basin
Ophiocordyceps evansii X Amazon basin
Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila X Amazon basin, Magdalena valley
Ophiocordyceps gracillima X Amazon basin
than Ecuador with 60 species (Pipenbring, 2007; Læssøe approach is necessary to understand the systematics of
& Petersen, 2008). Xylaria metaeformis and X. willsii were this order, which in other parts of the world has revealed
the first species of the genus reported from Colombia, from important antimicrobial properties (Hyde et al., 2019).
wood collected in Bogotá in the 1860s. The most recent Hypocreales comprises eight families, ten genera, and
record is X. bambusicola, collected in Quindio in the lowlands 415 species in Colombia, compared to 14 families, 434
of the Andes region (Soto -Agudelo et al., 2016). Xylariales are genera, and 5,313 species worldwide (https://colfungi.
represented by numerous collections in the HUA herbarium, org; Catalogue of Life 2021). This order has a broad range
with 488 specimens from the Amazon basin and the Choco of trophic modes, as animal, fungal, or plant pathogens,
biogeographic zone, but the Orinoquia region is poorly endophytes, or saprotrophs. As part of the "Hongos de
represented. A study of the distribution of X. telfarii (Figure Colombia" project, Dumont et al. (1976) collected 39
2a) and related species in Colombia confirmed that Xylariales species of Nectriaceae, five of which were new to science
occur predominantly under certain precipitation regimes, with (Table 2) (Schroers, 2001). The latter family, together with
no dependence on temperature (Miñana, 2018). That study Bionectriaceae and Xylariaceae, often have brightly coloured
also revealed sampling gaps for these species throughout stromata that develop on various types of wood (Beug et al.,
Colombia, which could be extended to all genera of this 2014). Both families were reported on Guadua angustifolia
order. Xylariales show high diversity in Colombia, but there in the department of Quindio in Colombia, with four new
are no studies yet based on DNA sequences. A polyphasic records for this country (Table 2) (Soto -Agudelo et al., 2016).

CHAPTER 5
Hypocreales also contain one of the kingdom's most molecular tools. Basic research into these kinds of fungi in
notable and conspicuous fungi, the arthropod pathogens Colombia would likely benefit the country, as they appear to
colloquially called "zombie fungi", distributed among the have considerable biotechnological potential.
Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae
(Sung et al., 2007). In Colombia, 92 arthropod pathogens FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FOR NON-LICHENISED MACRO-
have been reported, and another seven fungal pathogens. ASCOMYCOTA OF COLOMBIA
Most species have been found in lowland tropical forests. Ascomycota of Colombia have mostly been studied as part
Around agricultural areas, such as those for coffee crops, of sporadic visits by foreign mycologists, and more recently
the genera Beauveria, Lecanicillium, and Metarhizium are also by trained local mycologists. Until now, the "Hongos
more frequently collected. However, two species of Beauveria de Colombia" project of Dumont and collaborators in the
were described from undisturbed forests in the Amazon and 1970s continues to be the most complete study to date
Putumayo departments, namely B. diapheromeriphila and on the macro-Ascomycota of Colombia, although these
B. acridophila (Table 2), which represent rare examples of workers favoured sampling areas with easy access at the
sexual forms of this cosmopolitan genus (Sanjuan et al., time, such as those near roads or farms, in an opportunistic
2014). By contrast, Akanthomyces sabanensis was described manner. There have been few inventories in pristine forests
from an urban street of high-level city of Bogotá (Table 2). in areas such as the Orinoquía region or on islands, such
This entomopathogen parasitises scale insects feeding as San Andres and Providencia in the Caribbean or Gorgona
on the emblematic tree Ficus soatensis, its distribution in the Pacific, where many gaps persist. Novel sampling
corresponding to areas of low pollution within the city (Chirivi methodologies are required that include all life forms and
et al., 2015). trophic modes of Ascomycota in a temporal framework to
The distribution of arthropod pathogens follows that assess the importance of these organisms for tropical
of their hosts, which are highly diverse and abundant, ecosystems in Colombia. Finally, it is necessary to train
especially in the Amazon basin. The orders Coleoptera new mycologists with an integrative approach that includes
(weevils and beetles) and Hymenoptera (ants and wasps) traditional taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics.
are the most parasitised in Colombia, with seven and
13 species, respectively, in concordance with the high
abundance and richness of both groups. However, the most Acknowledgements
abundant species in all altitudinal zones, Cordyceps tenuipes
(synonym: Isaria tenuipes), attacks pupae of Lepidoptera We thank Thomas Læssøe and Rosy Batallas for making the
Ecuador data available for this study, and Samuel Guerrero for his
(Sanjuan, 2015). This species is found in lowland tropical
help with the English writing. This review was possible due to the
forests (TRF) as well as in montane moist forests (MMF) financial support of the Grupo Micologos Colombia (NPO).
and shares habitats with Tolypocladium capitatum (synonym:
Cordyceps capitatum). It attacks the hypogeous ascomycete
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CHAPTER 6
Phaeographis galeanoae
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 6
Diversity, Ecogeography, and Importance of Lichens of Colombia
Bibiana Moncada1,2,8, Luis Fernando Coca3,8, David Díaz-Escandón4,8, Margarita Jaramillo-Ciro5,8, Diego Simijaca-Salcedo6,8, Edier Soto-
Medina7,8 & Robert Lücking2,8*
1
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
2
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
3
Herbario Universidad de Caldas (FAUC), Edificio Bicentenario, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, A.A. 275, Caldas, Colombia.
4
Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
5
Modeling and Computational Simulation Research Group (Grupo de Investigación en Modelamiento y Simulación Computacional – GIMSC), School of
Engineering, San Buenaventura University, Carrera 56C No. 51-110, Medellín, Colombia.
6
Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México.
7
Grupo de Ecología y Diversidad Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
8
Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología (GCOL).
*Corresponding author: r.luecking@bgbm.org

Keywords: Cora, Graphis, Lobariella, Sticta, veda
ABSTRACT
Lichenised fungi constitute a substantial portion of the known Colombian fungi, with 2,670 out of 7,241 species. This fairly
high number is not because lichens represent a particularly diverse group of fungi but because they are relatively well-
studied in the country compared to non-lichenised fungi. Lichens have traditionally been defined as a symbiosis between a
fungus (mycobiont), an alga and/or a cyanobacterium (photobionts). A modern definition also incorporates components of the
lichen microbiome, particularly other fungi, and bacteria. However, the scientific names given to lichens strictly refer to the
primary mycobiont. Globally, Colombia ranks among the top ten countries in terms of known lichen diversity. Most top-ranking
countries are outside the tropics, so this supports Colombia’s position among the three most biodiverse tropical countries
worldwide. The total number for Colombia is estimated at 5,000 species, almost twice the number of species currently known.
Unrecognised species are predicted to be found in understudied regions, understudied groups, and in genera where broad
species concepts may include substantial hidden diversity. Diverse ecological studies assess environmental factors, such
as altitudinal range, topography, and habitat diversity, as drivers of lichen biodiversity. On the basis of these findings, the
impact of land-use changes and environmental pollution on lichen communities can be quantified, providing the foundation
for using lichens as bioindicators to monitor ecosystem health and to perform environmental impact studies. However, such
applications first require a systematic inventory of the lichens of Colombia.
RESUMEN
Los hongos liquenizados constituyen una parte sustancial de la funga Colombiana, con 2.670 de las 7.241 especies
conocidas. Este número bastante alto no se debe a que los líquenes representen un grupo de hongos particularmente
diverso, sino a que están relativamente bien estudiados en el país en comparación con los hongos no liquenizados. Los
líquenes se han definido tradicionalmente como una simbiosis entre un hongo (micobionte) y un alga y/o una cianobacteria
(fotobiontes). Una definición moderna también incorpora componentes del microbioma del liquen, en particular otros
hongos y bacterias. Sin embargo, los nombres científicos dados a los líquenes se refieren estrictamente al micobionto
primario. A nivel mundial, Colombia se encuentra entre los diez países con mayor diversidad de líquenes conocida. El pais
de mayor diversidad liquénica conocido es Estados Unidos (4,341 especies), seguido por Brazil (4,310), Australia (4,003),
China (3,050), Francia (2,917), México (2,722), India (2,714) e Italia (2,704). Sin embargo, la mayoría de los países con alta
diversidad liquénica están fuera de los trópicos, lo que respalda la posición de Colombia entre los tres países tropicales
con mayor biodiversidad en todo el mundo. El número total de especies liquenizadas para Colombia se estima en 5,000,
casi el doble del número de especies conocidas actualmente. Se predice que las especies no reconocidas se encontrarán
en regiones poco estudiadas, en grupos taxonómicos poco estudiados y en géneros donde los conceptos tradicionales de
especies pueden incluir una alta diversidad críptica. Históricamente, Colombia es uno de los países más importantes en
cuanto a estudios sobre líquenes neotropicales, junto a Brasil, Cuba y México. Los líquenes de Colombia se documentaron
por primera vez como parte de la Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada y colecciones realizadas por Humboldt
y Bonpland; sin embargo, las colecciones históricas de líquenes más importantes de Colombia son las de Lindig, en su
mayoría estudiadas por Nylander. Consecuentemente, más de 400 tipos se encuentran en los herbarios H y PC, siendo
una referencia histórica esencial para los líquenes (neo) tropicales. Diversos estudios ecológicos han evaluado los factores

CHAPTER 6
ambientales, como el rango altitudinal, la topografía y la diversidad de hábitats, como impulsores de la biodiversidad
de líquenes en Colombia. Con base en estos hallazgos, se puede cuantificar el impacto de los cambios en el uso de
la tierra y la contaminación ambiental en las comunidades de líquenes, siendo la base para el uso de líquenes como
bioindicadores para monitorear la salud de ecosistemas y realizar estudios de impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, tales
aplicaciones requieren un inventario sistemático más profundo de líquenes de Colombia.
INTRODUCTION cases, whereas the vernacular name can be used for the
Lichens have long been treated as a separate group of entire lichen. For example, in the case of the widespread
organisms, even after discovering their symbiotic nature Xanthoria parietina (yellow wall lichen), a species also found
(Lücking et al., 2021). Biologically, lichens are just one in Colombia, the scientific name (X. parietina) applies to the
example of the diverse nutritional types that have evolved mycobiont alone. By contrast, the common name (yellow wall
among the Fungi, including saprotrophs, pathogens, lichen) addresses the entire lichen (Lücking et al., 2021).
mycorrhizas, and even carnivores (Watkinson et al., 2016). Lichens are integral components of terrestrial ecosystems
However, in lichens, the vegetative hyphae form a persistent, and sometimes are the dominant or exclusive life form
macroscopically conspicuous thallus (Honegger, 2012; (e.g., in the Antarctic continent). Even aquatic and marine
Figure 1). By contrast, non-lichenised fungi are characterised lichens have been known for almost 50 years (Seaward,
by ecologically hidden mycelia that are only usually visible 1977; Sanders et al., 2004; Feuerer & Hawksworth, 2007;
due to their spore-bearing structures. Mia˛dlikowska et al., 2014). Lichens are generally believed
After its discovery, the lichen symbiosis has continuously to escape the temperate-tropical diversity gradient, being
been defined as bipartite or tripartite associations between more conspicuous in temperate to arctic regions (Lücking
a fungal partner (mycobiont) and one or two photosynthetic et al., 2011). However, this is a matter of scale: at larger
partners (photobionts; Lücking et al., 2021). Known lichen scales (regional and landscape level), the species richness
mycobionts are only found in the two major phyla of the Fungi, of temperate and tropical regions is comparable, whereas
representing either Ascomycota (99%) or Basidiomycota (1%) at smaller scales (local and habitat level), species richness
(Lücking et al., 2017). At the same time, known photobionts appears to be greater in the tropics (Lücking et al., 2011).
encompass two domains and three kingdoms: Chlorophyta Notably, the highest species richness is found in tropical
and Heterokonta among the eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria lowland rainforests. Nonetheless, lichens are not conspicuous
among the prokaryotes (Friedl & Büdel, 2008; Saini et al., in these ecosystems, and their associated biomass is low.
2019). Recent studies using advanced molecular approaches Yet, a single square kilometre (100 ha) of tropical rainforest
have challenged the bipartite or tripartite nature of the lichen can harbour up to 600 species, including several hundred
symbiosis, postulating that other fungi, in particular yeast- species of foliicolous lichens growing on living leaves (Lücking
like Basidiomycota, as well as certain bacteria, together et al., 2011). For comparison, the best-studied temperate
constitute the lichen microbiome as possible integral regions may yield higher species numbers, but across much
components of the lichen symbiosis (Grube et al., 2015; larger areas, such as the Cévennes National Park in France
Spribille et al., 2016; Lendemer et al., 2019; Hawksworth (973 species within 93,700 ha), Glacier Bay National Park in
& Grube, 2020; Sierra et al., 2020; Grimm et al., 2021; Alaska (831 species within 600,000 ha), and Klondike Gold
Tuovinen et al., 2021). Consequently, the definition of the Rush National Historical Park (668 species within 5,300
lichen symbiosis as a bipartite or tripartite association ha), among others (Roux et al., 2008; Spribille et al., 2010,
of one mycobiont and one or two photobionts has been 2020; Lücking et al., 2011). The main difference between
abandoned in favour of a broader definition encompassing these temperate and the hitherto studied tropical sites is
these additional biological components (Hawksworth & that landscape diversity largely drives lichen diversity in
Grube, 2020; Lücking et al., 2021). the former. By contrast, high species richness has been
Owing to their symbiotic nature, the nomenclature applied reported in tropical locations for more or less homogeneous
to lichens has also posed challenges. Before discovery of ecosystems, indicating that these habitats have a higher
the symbiosis, the scientific Latin name applied to the entire species carrying capacity (Lücking et al., 2011).
lichen, including its photobiont(s), at the time termed gonidia
(Lücking et al., 2021). With the realisation that lichens are BIODIVERSITY OF LICHENS OF COLOMBIA
composed of more than one organism, the need arose to Colombia is home to extraordinary biodiversity, given its
adjust the precise application of the scientific name, which geographic position at the conjunction between Central
was then ruled to apply to the mycobiont alone (Lücking and South America. The country is bordered by two oceans,
et al., 2021). This solution seemed straightforward, but comprises an abrupt topography ranging from sea level to
the argument could be raised that the same fungus may 5,775 m altitude, and has diverse ecosystems (Arbeláez-
form different lichens, so-called photosymbiodemes, when Cortés, 2013; Murcia et al., 2013; Rangel-Ch., 2015). This
associated with different photobionts (Figure 1), differing in great biodiversity also extends to lichens with 2,670 species
ecology or distribution (Goward, 2008). The scientific name reported to date from the country (Gaya et al., 2021; this
should be used for the mycobiont only to account for such paper). Colombia is only surpassed in lichen richness by

CHAPTER 6
A B
C D
E F
FIGURE 1. A–B Thallus of Sticta lobarioides and section of a Parmeliaceae showing the different layers formed by the mycobiont and
the photobiont. C–D Cephalodia in Stereocaulon novogranatense (C) and Placopsis rhodocarpa (D). E–F Photosymbiodeme in Sticta aff.
subscrobiculata, with cyanobacterial lobes emerging from green-algal lobes (E) and vice versa (F). (Photographs by Robert Lücking).

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TABLE 1. Species numbers of lichenised fungi reported from selected regions and countries worldwide.
Species / Species /
Country / territory Number Reference(s)
1,000 km2 log2(km2)
United States 4,341 0.44 187 Perlmutter & Weakley (2018); Esslinger (2019)
Brazil 4,310 0.51 187 Aptroot (2021)
Australia 4,003 0.52 175 McCarthy (2020)
China 3,050 0.32 131 Wei (2021)
France 2,917 4.53 151 Roux (2012)
Mexico 2,722 1.38 130 Herrera-Campos et al. (2014)
India 2,714 0.83 125 Singh & Sinha (2010); Sinha et al. (2018)
Italy 2,704 8.97 149 Nimis (2016)
Colombia 2,670 2.34 133 Gaya et al. (2021); this chapter
Austria 2,349 28.00 144 Hafellner & Türk (2016)
United Kingdom 2,000 8.25 112 Smith et al. (2009); Coppins (2021)
Germany 1,946 5.45 105 Wirth et al. (2011)
Japan 1,906 5.04 103 Ohmura & Kashiwadani (2018)
Galloway & Quilhot (1998); Vargas-Catillo &

Chile 1,880 2.48 96
Sandoval-Leiva (2020)
Venezuela 1,801 1.97 91 Marcano et al. (1996); Hernández-M. (2021)
South Africa 1,751 1.44 87 Fryday (2015); Ahti et al. (2016)
Umaña-Tenorio et al. (2002); Nelsen et al.

(2006); Rivas Plata et al. (2006); Lücking
Costa Rica 1,740 34.00 111
et al. (2007, 2008); Aptroot et al. (2008);
Sipman et al. (2012)
Argentina 1,670 0.60 78 Calvelo & Liberatore (2002)
Finland 1,644 4.86 90 Stenroos et al. (2016)
Bolivia 1,353 1.23 67 Rodriguez de Flakus et al. (2016)
Thailand 1,292 2.52 68 Buaruang et al. (2017)
Philippines 1,234 4.11 68 Paguirigan et al. (2020)
Algeria 1,051 0.44 50 Amrani et al. (2018)
Cuba 1,027 9.35 61 Lücking et al. (in prep.)
Peru 924 0.72 46 Ramos (2014)
Puerto Rico 781 85.79 59 Mercado-Díaz & Santiago-Valentin (2010)
Uruguay 614 3.48 35 Osorio (1972, 1992)
Madagascar 500 0.85 26 Aptroot (2016)
Panama 325 4.30 20 Piepenbring (2007)

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FIGURE 2. A.Part of the “Lindig trail” in the “El Delirio Ecological Reserve”; B leading from the Southeastern outskirts of the municipality
of Bogotá DC at 2,800 m altitude up to the paramo region of El Verjón at 3,400 m altitude, along the Río Fucha; C this area is the type
locality for several species collected by Lindig, among them Sticta peltigerella, which typically grows on mossy boulders in streams and is
an excellent indicator of water quality. (Photographs by Robert Lücking).

CHAPTER 6
the USA (4,341 species), Brazil (4,310), Australia (4,003), Colombia’s most important historical lichen collections
China (3,050), France (2,917), Mexico (2,722), India (2,714), (see Chapter 2). The famous “Lindig trail”, presumably
and Italy (2,704) (Singh & Sinha, 2010; Herrera-Campos et the type locality of many new species described from
al., 2014; Nimis, 2016; Perlmutter & Weakley, 2018; Sinha Bogotá DC, is still preserved in the “El Delirio” Reserve
et al., 2018; Esslinger, 2019; McCarthy, 2020; Aptroot, (Figure 2). Unfortunately, the exact localities of the collected
2021; Wei, 2021; Table 1). These countries are much larger specimens are unknown, as most only indicate “Bogotá”.
than Colombia (USA, Canada, Brazil, Australia, China, and Most of Lindig’s collections were studied in comprehensive
India) or represent much better studied temperate countries treatments by Nylander (1859, 1863a–c, 1864, 1867).
(France and Italy). Among the ten richest countries in relative Over 400 types of names applying to (neo-) tropical species
species density, Colombia ranks fourth with 2.34 species are now housed in the H and PC herbaria. This number is
per 1,000 km2, trailing Austria (28.0), Italy (8.97) and France comparable to names based on type material from Cuba
(4.53), but ahead of Mexico (1.38), India (0.83), Brazil (0.52), and only surpassed by the historical role of Brazil (Marcelli,
Australia (0.52), the USA (0.44), and China (0.32). When 1998). Therefore, the Colombian lichen biota is an essential
considering a logarithmic relationship of species richness historical reference for (neo-)tropical lichens. In modern
with area size, Colombia ranks seventh among the ten most times, Harrie Sipman and collaborators (see Chapter 2) made
species-rich countries [133 species per log2(area)], after the substantial contributions to the knowledge of Colombian
USA (187), Brazil (187), Australia (175), France (151), Italy lichens, with comprehensive checklists enumerating 1,553
(149), and Austria (144), but ahead of China (131), Mexico and more recently 1,674 species (Sipman et al., 2008;
(130), and India (125). Some small countries or territories Sipman & Aguirre, 2016).
with comparatively high species numbers surpass the high Although the currently known 2,670 species already
species density of Italy, ranking far ahead of Colombia as represent a high number, the true diversity of the lichens of
well, such as Puerto Rico (85.8 species per 1,000 km2), Colombia is probably much higher. Three reasons account
Costa Rica (34.0), and Cuba (9.4). Still, no further country for this assumption: 1. understudied and unexplored regions
included in this analysis has a higher species per log2(area) that harbour unknown species; 2. understudied taxonomic
count than Colombia. groups; and 3. refined species concepts in groups that
Overall, the high biodiversity of lichens of Colombia were considered to be well-known. GBIF (https://www.gbif.
reflects that of other groups of organisms for the country, org/occurrence/search?country=CO&taxon_key=180) has
such as plants, vertebrates, and insects (see Chapter 3), and over 55,000 occurrence records for Lecanoromycetes in
further supports the status of Colombia as one of the world’s Colombia, which is by far the largest class of lichenised
17 megadiverse countries (Mittermeier, 1988; Mittermeier Ascomycota. Most of these records are georeferenced, but
et al., 1999; Arbeláez-Cortés, 2013). It also corroborates only 38% correspond to preserved specimens, whereas 62%
Colombia’s position as the second most biodiverse tropical represent human observations, mostly through environmental
country, after Brazil (Butler, 2016, 2019). Most other top- impact assessments. The resulting map shows a clear bias
ranked countries and regions in terms of known lichen of existing collections to the Andean region. By contrast, the
diversity are largely or entirely outside the tropics. Caribbean, Pacific (Chocó biogeographic region), Orinoco,
Historically, Colombia is one of the most important and Amazon regions are grossly undersampled (Figure 3).
countries as regards studies on neotropical lichens, Such pattern is also seen for other organisms (Arbeláez-
alongside Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico. Lichens of Colombia Cortés, 2013). Given that tropical lichens are particularly
were first documented as part of the Expedición Botánica del diverse at lower altitudes and dry forests often harbour
Nuevo Reino de Granada, organised by José Celestino Mutis, unique taxa, many additional species can be expected from
with the collaboration of Francisco José de Caldas, between these four undersampled regions, which harbour large areas
1783 and 1816, with three colour plates representing the of lowland rainforests, savannas, and dry forests (Rincón-
species Baeomyces imbricatus (≡ Phyllobaeis imbricata), Espitia et al., 2011; Lücking et al., 2019; Soto-Medina et al.,
Cladonia didyma, and Stereocaulon ramulosum (Aguirre-C., 2021). A particular hotspot is expected in the geographically
1985; see Chapter 2). Halfway through this monumental isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, where only a few
endeavour, which unfortunately yielded few lichens and non- lichen studies have been carried out so far (Mägdefrau &
lichenised fungi, in 1801 Mutis and Caldas crossed pathways Winkler, 1967; Nowak & Winkler, 1970; Sipman, 1986;
with Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland in Bogotá Ramírez-Roncallo, 2018).
during the travels of the latter two through the northern Understudied taxonomic groups are particularly
Andes (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru). The collections made represented by large genera that are either poorly collected
by Humboldt and Bonpland were treated by Hooker (1822), or lack thorough taxonomic studies because they have been
who reported 73 species, including 12 presumably new to deemed too difficult to study. Two examples are the genera
science, among them Baeomyces imbricatus (≡ Phyllobaeis Graphis (and its recent segregate Allographa) and Usnea.
imbricata), Lecidea parmelioides (= Coccocarpia erythroxyli), In a revision of fungarium specimens, Motta & Amórtegui
Pyrenula marginata (= P. mamillana), Sticta humboldtii, and S. (2018) unveiled 15 new species and 67 new records of
pallida (≡ Lobariella pallida). Graphis and Allographa for Colombia, some of which have
Alexander (Alexandre) Lindig, a German botanist who been published (Motta et al., 2019), raising the number
resided in Bogotá DC between 1859 and 1863, gathered of species known from Colombia by 149%. A molecular

CHAPTER 6
FIGURE. 3. Grid maps of georeferenced records of Lecanoromycetes in Colombia available from GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/
map?country=CO&taxon_key=180), showing records based on preserved specimens (left map) versus all records, i.e., also including
human observations (right map). Size of dots is proportional to number of records per grid. Note that human observation records (mostly
through environmental impact assessments) mitigate sampling gaps particularly in northwestern Colombia.
barcoding study of the genus Usnea suggested that its on average double the number of species in many genera,
true species richness for Colombia may be up to 2.5 times adding another 1,500 species. Thus, a revised estimate,
greater than is currently known (Moncada et al., 2020). considering under- and unexplored regions, understudied
Some examples of refined species concepts are found in groups, and hidden diversity would arrive at a number close
the genera Lobariella and Sticta (Ascomycota) and the genus to or above 5,000 species.
Cora (Basidiomycota). Before molecular studies, the three All major taxonomic groups and biotypes of lichens
genera were presumed to be well-known in Colombia, with are represented in Colombia. However, compared to
four species of Lobariella, 42 of Sticta, and a single species temperate lichen biotas, such as that of the United
of Cora (Sipman et al., 2008). Since then, these numbers Kingdom, crustose groups are overrepresented, particularly
have risen, based on molecular phylogenetic revisions, those primarily confined to tropical regions, such as
to 24, 78, and 49 species, respectively, increasing their Graphidales, Pyrenulales, and Trypetheliales, which feature
species richness by more than 200%. This increase is trentepohlioid photobionts adapted to tropical climates. By
particularly dramatic for the genus Cora, a well-known contrast, orders such as Acarosporales, Baeomycetales,
element of the Colombian Andean region. Lecideales, Pertusariales, Teloschistales, and Verrucariales,
Lücking et al. (2009) estimated the number of lichenised are underrepresented (Figure 4). Additional orders, such as
species in Colombia at 3,600. However, at that point, the Arthoniales, Caliciales, Lecanorales, and Peltigerales, exhibit
magnitude of the hidden diversity in presumably well-known a similar richness in tropical and temperate regions but
groups had not yet been realised. We anticipate that an encompass different species. A particularly diverse group
estimated 3,600 species would perhaps cover additional of tropical lichens are foliicolous taxa, which grow on the
species found in understudied regions or taxonomic groups. living leaves of vascular plants (Lücking, 2008; Mateus et
Yet, hidden diversity in presumably well-known lineages would al., 2012). The Colombian paramos is mentioned in terms

CHAPTER 6
FIGURE 4. Comparison between Colombia and the United Kingdom in terms of the composition of lichenised fungi by order, representing a
tropical versus temperate region. Data from Gaya et al. (2021) and this chapter for Colombia, and Smith et al. (2009) and Coppins (2021)
for the UK.
of ecosystem diversity, featuring a high lichen biodiversity The division of Colombia into ecoregions (IDEAM et al.,
(Sipman, 2002; Cleef, 2008; Madriñán et al., 2013), with 2017) provides an excellent background for investigating
similar habitats only found in parts of Venezuela and tropical lichens beyond their taxonomy and systematics.
northern Ecuador. By contrast, the lichen biota of the Ecological, ecogeographical, and biogeographical studies
Colombian Amazon is broadly shared with neighbouring of Colombian lichens go back to the early 1970s, covering
countries, such as Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, topics such as distribution patterns, landscape ecology,
and Peru (Lücking et al., in prep.). altitudinal gradients, and habitat preferences (Sipman,
1986, 1989, 1998; Ahti, 1992; Wolf, 1993a; Kessler,
ECOGEOGRAPHY OF LICHENS OF COLOMBIA 2000; Aguirre-C. & Sipman, 2004; Pinzón & Linares,
2006; Aguirre-C., 2008; Aguirre-C. & Rangel-Ch, 2008;
Compared to temperate regions in North America and
Pérez-Quintero & Watteijne-Cerón, 2009; Moncada et al.,
Europe, studies on the ecology and distribution of Colombian
lichens are still sparse. Regarding the distribution patterns 2014). Other studies focused on community and population
of Colombian lichens, to date, there is no quantitative structure, substrate specificity, and niche differentiation
analysis, so here we provide a first approach based on (Nowak & Winkler, 1970, 1975; Wolf, 1993b, c, 1994,
the assessment of 2,678 species (Figure 5). According 1995; Soto-Medina et al., 2012, 2015; Zárate-Arias et al.,
to this assessment, most species (35%) are neotropical, 2019). More recent studies have investigated functional
followed by subcosmopolitan (16%), circumpacific (15%), traits of tropical lichens (Chilito-López et al., 2016; Soto-
and pantropical (15%) species. Only a small portion of Medina et al., 2019) or their ecophysiology (Pulido-Herrera
8.5% is currently considered endemic. However, this & Ramos-Montaño, 2016), whereas some classic studies
assessment is preliminary, as molecular studies have analysed lichen-related nitrogen availability and nutrient flux
shown that presumably widespread taxa often represent in tropical forest ecosystems (Forman, 1975; Veneklaas,
species complexes. Thus, we expect the actual proportion 1991). Interactions between lichens and invertebrates,
of widespread, cross-continental species to be lower, specifically regarding lichen-related camouflage, are a
favouring a higher number of neotropical and endemic taxa popular topic in entomological studies (Rivera et al., 2011;
(see Chapter 10). Furthermore, species currently classified Cadena-Castañeda, 2013; Londoño et al., 2017; Lisi et al.,
as circumpacific (i.e., known from the Neotropics and the 2019). The availability of advanced molecular methods in
Eastern Paleotropics) are largely artefactual due to a lack Colombian laboratories has also allowed new investigations
of data from tropical Africa where these species may occur. into the microbiome of paramo lichens, revealing patterns

CHAPTER 6
of host specificity (Sierra et al., 2020). Additionally, several These diverse studies have provided insight into which
studies have addressed the impact of land use change on environmental factors drive lichen biodiversity and species
lichen community diversity and composition (Ardila-Rios et richness, demonstrating how the diversity and composition
al., 2015; Pulido-Herrera & Ramos-Montaño, 2016; Ramírez- of lichen communities depend on macroecological features
Morán et al., 2016; Simijaca et al., 2018). driven by altitude and other factors. Moncada et al. (2014)
Colombia served as the target region for one of the demonstrated that (sub-)Andean Forests and Páramo areas
most important broad-scale ecological studies on tropical harbour the highest richness of Sticta species, with the
ecosystems, the ECOANDES project (Van der Hammen Eastern Cordillera as one of the centres of diversity for the
et al., 1983). ECOANDES was an extraordinary example genus. Soto-Medina et al. (2012) found subtle phorophyte
of collaborative work between Colombian and Dutch preferences of lichens, with a stronger dependency on
researchers during the early 1980s (see Chapter 2), leaving a microclimatic factors. Chilito-López et al. (2016) also found
lasting impact in the development of Colombian biodiversity pronounced microhabitat preferences among lichenised
research and resulting in various studies on lichenised fungi taxa correlated with functional parameters, such as growth
(Sipman, 1986, 1989, 1998; Kessler, 2000; Aguirre-C., form. Unfortunately, a comprehensive database in terms of
2008). The study area encompassed all four major mountain functional parameters does not yet exist for the lichens of
systems of Colombia: the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia or tropical lichens in general, but this would be
the Western Cordillera (Tatamá), the Central Cordillera (Los a desirable achievement for the near future to allow more
Nevados), and the Eastern Cordillera (Sumapaz). Besides thorough assessments in trait-based functional ecosystem
more inventory-oriented lichen studies, the ECOANDES analyses (St. Martin & Mallik 2017).
project also produced the seminal dissertation by Jan Wolf Impact studies suggest that the replacement of
on epiphytic canopy communities on Colombian montane natural forests with tree monocultures natural forests
forests, including numerous new data on lichens (Wolf, influence influences lichen communities. Thus, Eucalyptus
1993a-c, 1994, 1995). Starting with the ECOANDES project, plantations in Colombian montane Quercus forests have a
Harrie Sipman became a pioneer in modern lichen research strong dediversification and homogenisation effect, with
in Colombia and a mentor of Jaime Aguirre-Ceballos, who planted trees featuring highly similar lichen communities,
continued the studies on the ecogeography of Colombian leading to low plot-level species richness (Ardila-Rios et al.,
lichens (Aguirre-C. & Rangel, 2008). 2015). Notably, replacing native Quercus forests with Pinus
plantations does not seem to affect diversity metrics but
causes partial species turnover (Simijaca et al., 2018). Pulido-
Herrera & Ramos-Montaño (2016) found a marked edge effect
on lichen community parameters and chlorophyll content
in fragments of Polylepis forests in the páramo zone, and
Ramírez-Morán et al. (2016) associated functional biotypes
with the conservation status of Andean Forest remnants.
IMPORTANCE OF LICHENS OF COLOMBIA

Lichens are important components of tropical ecosystems,
developing conspicuous biomass particularly in montane
forests and paramos, but high diversity, especially in lowland
to lower montane rainforests (Sipman & Harris, 1989;
Lücking et al., 2011). Their ecosystem services encompass
the water and nutrient cycle, generating local humidity and
cloud cover, preventing soil erosion, and contributing to
atmospheric nitrogen fixation (Seaward, 1988; Ahmadjian,
1995; Zedda & Rambold, 2015), as well as diverse
interactions with animals,by supporting nest building or
camouflage (Seaward, 1988).
As symbiotic organisms, lichens have adapted to
diverse conditions that may be averse to other organisms.
However, they are susceptible to abrupt environmental
changes, particularly air pollution, habitat disturbances,
and land-use change. Therefore, they have long been used
as bioindicators of environmental health. In Colombia, since
1977, more than 20 theses have been focused on lichens
as pollution indicators in different areas of the country.
FIGURE 5. Main distribution types among the 2,678 species of The first published studies were those of Rubiano-Olaya
lichenised fungi known from Colombia. (1987, 1988) in Cali and Medellín. From the beginning,

CHAPTER 6
most of these studies were based on lichen community topic have been performed in Colombia (Perico-Franco et al.,
ecology parameters, employing the Index of Atmospheric 2015; Valencia-Islas et al., 2020). Unfortunately, most studies
Purity (IAP), which links the frequency and abundance of do not go beyond reporting the results from standardised
individual taxa to sample species composition, providing bioassays, and potential clinical applications are rarely
a taxon-independent measure for air quality. The IAP was explored (Lücking, 2020). The causes of antibacterial,
also used to determine isocontamination zones in various antitumoral or antioxidative effects are often unclear,
areas of Bogotá DC (Rubiano-Olaya, 2002; Rubiano-Olaya & because the bioactive compounds are not always identified,
Chaparro, 2006; González-Aldana, 2007), Tunja (Simijaca- or substances are tested separately, without considering
Salcedo et al., 2011, 2014), and Quibdó (Mena, 2012), potential interactions with other substances. Another issue
particularly in relation to vehicular traffic (Valois-Cuesta & is inaccurate taxonomy, as experts are rarely consulted,
Mosquera-Palacios, 2014). In Medellín, an updated study and the underlying material is often not documented by
confirmed the usefulness of the IAP across a broader proper voucher material. Fortunately, the aforementioned
range of phorophytes, using air quality monitoring stations Colombian studies are exemplary in this respect, as they
as reference (Correa-Ochoa et al., 2020), and the method cited voucher material and consulted taxonomic experts.
was also employed to assess air quality in suburban areas Although promising, applied approaches using lichens
near Medellín (Quijano-Abril et al., 2021). While broadly depend on accurate assessment of the underlying biodiversity
comparable between regions, the downside of the IAP and hence require rigorous taxonomic studies and inventories
method is that it does not require complete identification using modern methods, including molecular assessments.
of the underlying lichens, as long as they are accurately Therefore, the political support for science should not
recognised as species. Therefore, most of the studies focus on applied aspects alone but should also provide the
mentioned above do not provide complete lists of fully framework for the necessary taxonomic inventories.
identified species, making a proper taxonomic assessment
of urban lichen diversity difficult to obtain. In addition to CONCLUSIONS
biomonitoring using the IAP, a few studies in Colombia have The currently known number of 2,678 species makes
assessed the impact of atmospheric pollutants, including the Colombian lichen funga one of the richest worldwide.
emissions in a sulphur mine in Cauca (Diaz-Escandón et However, the actual number may be almost twice as high,
al., 2016), acid rain (Álvarez-Berrio et al., 2018), and heavy requiring further rigorous inventory works and taxonomic
metals in lichens from Bogotá DC (Rodriguez et al., 2016). revisions, particularly in the understudied regions of the
The potential application of lichens to monitor the impact Caribe, Orinoquía, Pacífico and Amazonía. Unfortunately,
of land use changes are thus far from limited to montane societal and government support for such fundamental
forest ecosystems (Ardila-Rios et al., 2015; Diaz-Escandón studies in Colombia is limited. Instead, there is a strong
et al., 2016; Pulido-Herrera & Ramos-Montaño, 2016; focus on applied aspects, including in the training of young
Ramírez-Morán et al., 2016; Simijaca-Salcedo et al., 2018). students, neglecting the knowledge and tools that are
Unfortunately, standardised protocols for this purpose are necessary to properly assess the underlying taxonomy. Before
not yet available. Ramírez-Morán et al. (2016) assessed the undertaking applied studies, efforts should concentrate on
strategy of using easy-to-identify lichen biotypes instead of providing a complete inventory of the Colombian lichen biota
actual lichen taxa, providing an advantage like that of the so that potential applications can be assessed and explored
IAP. In Colombia, lichens, mosses, and vascular epiphytes more rigorously, taking into account the need for habitat
have been traditionally protected under the Resolución 213 conservation to preserve this diversity. In applied studies,
de 2013 of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarollo Sostenible the focus should be on broadly applicable, standardised
(MinAmbiente), initially aiming to prevent the uncontrolled approaches, such as using lichens as biomonitors of air
harvesting and trade of these organisms. For the past pollution and environmental health. Pharmaceutically
decade, this provision has been implemented to monitor the oriented studies should be more systematically structured
environmental impact of projects related to infrastructure to provide new insight into the potential of lichen secondary
or the exploration of mineral resources. Unfortunately, this metabolites, seeking collaborations for follow-up clinical
approach bears a few problems: sampling protocols are not studies when results are promising.
standardised, the underlying taxonomy is often inaccurate,
and there are conflicts of interest if the entity that carries
out the project is also responsible for the impact report. Acknowledgements
A solution could be a standardised protocol using selected
We are thankful to Paul Kirk and Brian Coppins for providing useful
lichen taxa that are known to be sensitive to environmental
data from Index Fungorum and the British Lichen Checklist and the
changes, such as thelotremoid Graphidaceae or lobarioid reviewer Viviana Motato-Vásquez for her suggestions.
Peltigeraceae (Rivas Plata et al., 2008; Ramírez-Morán et al.,
2016), combined with an assessment of the conservation
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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7
Candida aaseri strain P4, isolated from

wastewater in Cali, Colombia. Cultured
in a synthetic medium to induce lipid
accumulation; picture taken after 72h of
growth (Arcos-Velasco 2020). 9 July 2018.
[Photograph: Lizeth Vanessa Arcos-Velasco, microbiologist.]
Chapter 7
Diversity of Environmental Yeasts of Colombia: A Systematic Review
Mauricio Ramírez-Castrillón 1,2,3*, Anabel Barona-Colorado 1, Maria Camila Bados-Lopez 1, & Dahyana Bolaños-Burbano 1
1
Asociación Colombiana de Micología – ASCOLMIC.
2
Grupo de investigación iCUBO, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
3
Departamento de Ciencias Estadísticas, Exactas y Naturales, Grupo de Investigación en Micología (GIM), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia.
*Corresponding author: mauriciogeteg@gmail.com

Keywords: Andes, diversity, fungal communities, identification, Pacific.
ABSTRACT
Colombia is recognised for its remarkable biodiversity as the country ranked first for bird and orchid richness, second
for amphibians, butterflies, and freshwater fishes, third for palms and reptiles, and fourth for mammals. By contrast, the
diversity of fungi in Colombia is not well known, with at least 7,241 species, a low number compared to that in other tropical
countries. Yeast diversity in paticular has been little explored, and little is known about the sampling efforts within this group
in Colombia. This study reviewed published studies from repositories, databases, and public collections reporting the isolation
and identification of environmental yeasts in Colombia in the years 2000 to 2020. All clinical isolations (human or related to
zoonotic diseases) were excluded. We found 112 species of environmental yeasts occurring in four regions and 11 departments
of Colombia, with 73.4% of yeasts belonging to Ascomycota and 26.6% to Basidiomycota. Thirty-two percent of publications
reported yeasts only to genus level, suggesting the potential to find and describe new species in Colombia. The most common
primary environments were associated with different parts of plants, soils, and animals. Secondary environments for the
reported yeasts were fermented fruits, fermented beverages, soils surrounding sugarcane crops, and soils contaminated
with hydrocarbons. The most representative species were Cryptococcus neoformans (544 strains), Cryptococcus vini (360),
Cryptococcus gattii (243), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (201), and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (107). There is an evident lack of
sampling efforts in several geographic regions of Colombia, such as the Amazon, Orinoquia, Caribbean, Islands, and Oceans.
We emphasise that future studies on the yeasts of Colombia should focus on natural ecosystems in these regions.
RESUMEN
Colombia es reconocida por su gran biodiversidad. Es el primer país con mayor biodiversidad en el mundo de aves y orquídeas,
segundo lugar en anfibios, mariposas y peces de agua dulce, tercer lugar en palmeras y reptiles y cuarto lugar en mamíferos.
La diversidad de hongos en Colombia no es bien conocida, donde hay al menos 7.241 especies, siendo un número bajo
cuando se compara con otros países. Las levaduras han sido poco exploradas y se sabe poco sobre su esfuerzo de muestreo.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar todas las publicaciones, repositorios, bases de datos y colecciones públicas que
reportaron aislamiento e identificación de levaduras en Colombia, entre 2000 y 2020. Algunas de las combinaciones a buscar
en cada base de datos fueron: “yeast AND Colombia”, “yeasts AND diversity AND Colombia OR yeasts AND species AND
Colombia” en inglés y español. Se excluyeron todos los aislamientos clínicos (humanos o relacionados con enfermedades
zoonóticas). De 24.320 reportes iniciales, fueron seleccionados 97 reportes para este análisis. Fueron encontradas 112
especies de levaduras, ubicadas en cuatro regiones (11 departamentos). El 73.4% de las levaduras pertenecen a Ascomycota
y el 26.6% a Basidiomycota. Trienta-y-dos por ciento de las publicaciones reportaron solo géneros de levaduras, sugiriendo
el potencial para encontrar y describir nuevas especies de levaduras en Colombia. En total, fueron reportados 68 géneros
y 112 especies, donde las regiones geográficas con mayor información fueron el Pacífico y la región Andina. Los ambientes
primarios más comunes se asociaron con diferentes partes de plantas, suelo y animales. Los ambientes secundarios que
reportaron levaduras fueron frutas fermentadas, bebidas fermentadas, suelos que rodean el cultivo de caña de azúcar y
suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos. Las especies más representativas fueron Cryptococcus neoformans (544 cepas),
Cryptococcus vini (360), Cryptococcus gattii (243), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (201), y Meyerozyma guilliermondii (107). Fueron
identificados cinco clusters de géneros a partir del análisis de redes, donde es posible identificar grupos de levaduras que
podrían coexistir y ser aisladas simultáneamente. Por ejemplo, el cluster 1 incluye a los géneros Candida, Rhodotorula y
Geotrichum como los más frecuentes. El cluster 2 incluye a Pichia y Saccharomyces como nodos principales, mientras que
los cluster 3 y 4 fueron representados por Cryptococcus y Aureobasidium, respectivamente. Este análisis ofrece el potencial
para comparar, en una forma rápida y fácil, ecosistemas complejos y diferentes para entender como las asociaciones de
levaduras pueden influir las comunidades microbianas. Hay una evidente falta de esfuerzo de muestreo en varias regiones
geográficas, tales como Amazonas, Orinoquía, Caribe y océanos y se hace el énfasis en enfocar los muestreos en estas
regiones, principalmente en ecosistemas naturales.

CHAPTER 7
INTRODUCTION temperature, pH, humidity, and the availability of simple

Yeasts are an artificial group of Fungi whose asexual growth sugars (Carlile et al., 2001). Yeasts are the most common
predominantly results from budding or fission and that do cause of altered foods because they contain fermentable
not form their sexual states associated with a fruiting body sugars and high acidity (Riesute et al., 2020). They are also
(Kurtzman et al., 2011). The great diversity of yeasts is a fundamental part of the microbiota of dairy and meat
reflected in their size, shape, colour, and in the variety of products (Deak, 2007).
species that are pathogenic to plants and animals, besides The knowledge on the fungi of Colombia is also
harmless but very useful species (González & Valenzuela, increasing with reports of 7,241 species in 2021, with a
2003). Yeasts have been used, since ancient times, in high representation of the Ascomycota (4,564 species) and
biotechnology, including the production of bread, beer, and Basidiomycota (2,318 species). However, it remains a long
wine (Hernandez et al., 2011; Kurtzman et al., 2011). These time behind when compared to the knowledge of plants and
microorganisms are often found on leaves and flowers, and animals (Gaya et al., 2021; also see Chapter 3). In the past
insects are an essential vector for spreading yeasts (Becher ten years, the establishment of molecular tools for yeast
et al., 2018). They are usually found on the epidermis of identification (Vasquez-Castillo et al., 2016a), and the
fruits and sometimes penetrate the underlying tissues definition of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (Schoch
through chemically mediated decomposition (Tournas & et al., 2012) and of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear
Katsoudas, 2005). Soil is an essential reservoir, but yeasts rRNA as the primary barcode genes for several groups of
are also often found in freshwater from lakes and rivers fungi (Vu et al., 2016, 2019) have enabled fungal studies
(Monapathi et al., 2020). Their presence depends on to flourish. In Colombia, these advances made it possible
FIGURE 1. Methodological scheme of the five phases of the study.

CHAPTER 7
to report, for example, 89 species of ectomycorrhizal Fungi Literature searches

associated with the Amazon Forest using metabarcoding Literature searches were carried out in English and Spanish,
(Vasco-Palacios et al., 2018), 116 fungal species comprising studies from January 2000 to December 2020,
associated with Boyacá and Santander forests (Vargas & in the following databases: Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scielo,
Restrepo, 2020), and 33 entomopathogenic fungal species Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, and Web of Science.
in the Amazon forests, using the above barcodes (Sanjuan In addition, institutional repositories from universities
et al., 2015). However, the knowledge about yeasts is and editorials were also consulted. Specific keywords,
fragmented for several geographic regions and substrate connectors, and possible combinations were established
types in Colombia, making it challenging to understand their as shown in Figure 1. Finally, we also included the official
richness, ecological roles, or biotechnological potential in database of biological collections from Colombia (SiB
this country. This chapter aimed to summarise the current Colombia, 2021).
knowledge about the diversity of yeasts in Colombia and
to identify taxa of interest in different sectors, such as Data selection
industry, health, and environment.
We used Mendeley v1.19.8 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands) to organise all the literature data, including
MATERIALS AND METHODS author information, journal or publisher, year, and
We conducted literature searches followed by data filtering keywords. For the analysis of information, we screened all
and several analyses using a predefined workflow (Figure downloaded databases by title, keywords, and abstract.
1). Search parameters and data filtering followed PRISMA We applied the following inclusion and exclusion criteria to
recommendations (Figure 2; Page et al., 2021). select final reports:
FIGURE 2. PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for the systematic reviews performed in this analysis.

CHAPTER 7
Inclusion criteria whereas 410 studies were excluded for one or several of the
a. Original papers and documents. following reasons: 1. reports without any yeast identification
(n=16); 2. literature reviews (n=31); 3. duplicated information
b. Papers and documents in English and Spanish.
between original articles and theses (n=13); 4. studies
c. Papers and documents that have isolated yeasts from evaluating other aspects unrelated to diversity, such as
Colombia and identified it, at least to the genus level. clinical isolation, genetic engineering, or bioprocessing
improvement, among others (n=127); 5. studies that were
Exclusion criteria not from Colombia (n=21); and 6. fungal reports that did not
a. Papers without any yeast identification or only metabar- include any yeasts or yeast-like organisms (n=86). We added
coding results. studies that were not found through the literature search but
that were available from other sources to the 66 selected
b. Review papers and documents.
studies, such as documents from university repositories
c. Duplicate papers and documents in different databases and reports from the Colombian collection database SIB
or repositories. (Sistema de Información Biológica). Those were processed
d. Theses already published as papers or books. as described above. Thirty-one reports were also included,
corresponding to three books or book chapters, 17 theses,
e. Papers with clinical isolates.
and nine SIB reports. Literature searches were classified as
f. Papers that do not involve yeast diversity assessments. research papers, book chapters, books, theses, conference
proceedings, book chapters, and database collections.
Data analyses Research papers and theses were the most common type
Selected papers were organised, standardised using of publications found in these years. We highlighted that
Mendeley, and exported to the RIS format (Research several reports corresponded to grey literature and were
Information System) in a plaintext file. This file was imported not submitted to peer-review. Therefore, 97 records of
into VOSviewer v1.6.17 (Van Eck & Waltman, 2010). Two environmental yeasts were selected for the period between
types of analyses were performed: 1. a co-occurrence 2000 and 2020 (Figure 2).
network, where the field “keywords” was updated with the Pioneer reports about yeasts in Colombia were identified,
genera found in each paper; and 2. a co-author network. We but not included in the analyses. The first reports of
showed all keywords or authors in the generated map. The environmental yeast isolates in Colombia were based on
nodes in the reconstructed network represent the genera, the serotyping of clinical and environmental isolates of
whereas the edges (i.e., connections) correspond to a strong Cryptococcus neoformans (Ordoñez & Castañeda, 1994).
and significant correlation between nodes. The clustering These isolates were recovered between 1972 and 1992.
coefficient was defined as how nodes are embedded in In total, 29 strains of C. neoformans were isolated from
their neighbourhood and, thus, the degree to which they environmental samples. Duarte et al. (1994) identified
tend to cluster together. Several characteristics, such as Cryptococcus yeasts associated with species of Eucalyptus
region, category, and specific substrate where yeasts were in a first evaluation of the ecology of C. neoformans var. gattii
isolated, were extracted from each report for analysis. We in Colombia. Caicedo et al. (1996) reported C. neoformans
also updated the taxonomy and nomenclature of all records in pigeon droppings from the urban perimeter of Santiago de
using Mycobank (Robert et al., 2013) or Index Fungorum Cali. In this study, 59 strains of this species were isolated.
(http://www.indexfungorum.org/) and computed the Another study characterised microorganisms with pectinolytic
frequency of inclusion for each genus or species (Table S1). activity from Mangifera indica (mango), such as Pichia
For example, Cryptococcus was updated and separated into kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei), Candida sorboxylosa,
the segregated Vanrija, Papiliotrema, Cutaneotrichosporon, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Candida insectorum (Feoli et
Solicoccozyma, among others. In addition, we organised al., 1997).
the richness and abundance of species in a spreadsheet
according to paper, and we classified reports according to the Diversity of yeasts of Colombia
substrate wherever available. Finally, we included additional We found 173 environmental yeasts belonging to 68 genera.
fields, such as region and year of publication (Table S1). From these, 112 yeasts were identified at the species
level. 73.4% were Ascomycota and 26.6% Basidiomycota.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 288 recorded yeasts, out of 3,557, were not identified by
Literature searches any specific method. However, this number is higher since
24,320 studies were identified from searches in the many reports were excluded from this study because they
abovementioned databases using different combinations of identified no yeast strains. The same species isolated from
English and Spanish keywords. After the removal of 14,977 a different substrate were assumed to be different samples.
duplicates, 8,814 further studies did not pass our initial According to Gaya et al. (2021), the recorded richness of
checks. The remaining 476 studies were assessed for fungi in Colombia differs in the five different geographical
eligibility by scanning their abstracts and results sections. regions recognised in the country. This fact is also true for
After this step, 66 studies were selected for full-text reviews, yeasts but with different geographic patterns evidenced.

CHAPTER 7
The highest yeast species richness was recorded for the and 1,643 yeast strains found (Table 1). In general, different
Pacific region (103 species), followed by the Andean (77 parts of plants were assessed, including fruit pulp (Ramirez-
spp.), Caribbean (eight spp.), and Orinoquia (two spp.) Castrillon et al., 2019), fruit skin (Vanegas Cordoba et
regions. There are no reports of culturable yeasts for the al., 2004), phyllosphere (Medina et al., 2009; Zapata
Amazon region to date (Figure 3). However, Vasco-Palacios Narvaez et al., 2016), seed (Parsa et al., 2016), and cortex
et al. (2018) reported 21 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (Contreras Martinez et al., 2011). A second group included
belonging to the genus Cryptococcus from metabarcoding non-fermented or fermented beverages and foods with
analyses in three different Amazon forests. The seawater 26 samples. For this group, we found 670 yeast strains.
and insular territory from the Caribbean and Pacific oceans The non-fermented beverages studied included sugarcane
also lack information on yeasts. There is no report from juice and fruit juices (i.e., pineapple, blackberry, grape,
islands such as San Andrés, Providencia, Santa Catalina, guanabana, and orange). On the other hand, fermented
or Gorgona. In this sense, mainly the Andean and Pacific beverages included “champús”, “chicha”, kumis, kefir (Alzate
regions, where the main research groups working with yeasts et al., 2016), and fermented juices. The base from each
(see section on Yeast Research Groups of Colombia) are fermented beverage is variable. For example, “Champús”
located, are represented in the sampling efforts for yeasts is generally made with pineapple fruit pulp, “lulo” fruit
in Colombia. We suggest increasing efforts in sampling and pulp and maize seed, while “kumis” uses fermented milk
isolating yeasts from other regions of Colombia, such as the (Chaves-Lopes et al., 2014). Some foods include milk and
Amazon, Orinoquia, Caribbean, Islands, and Oceans. derivatives (Lopez et al., 2010), beebread, and beehoney
Regarding the substrate of isolation, 3,559 strains were (Portillo Carrascal, 2016). We found nine samples from soil
categorised into 12 substrates (Table 1). Plant substrates substrates associated with parks, crops, composting, or
exhibited higher sampling efforts, with 36 samples reported natural ecosystems, such as forests (Miles et al., 2012).
FIGURE 3. Yeast strains, species, genera, and number of reports for different geographic regions of Colombia.

CHAPTER 7
In this category, 162 yeast strains were reported. Yeasts importance of each species. For example, C. neoformans
isolated from animals (nine samples) were reported mainly and C. gattii are clinically significant, with several reports
from faeces (birds, cows, or pigs) or associated with pigs or studying the spreading of strains in different environments
fish (Londoño-Franco et al., 2014), where 239 strains were associated with possible hotspots of contamination for
found. From the air, reports assessed fungal communities humans, such as plants (Granados et al., 2005; Quintero
associated with gravimetric deposition of cells, including et al., 2005), soil (Firacative et al., 2011), animal faeces
environments such as libraries or buildings (Toloza Moreno (Quintero et al., 2005; Virviescas et al., 2018), food (Lopez
et al., 2012, Hernandez et al., 2012; Toloza & Lizarazo 2013; et al., 2010; Daza-Merchan 2011; Lopez Molinello, 2011), or
Mendez-Puentes et al., 2015). Two-hundred-and-forty yeast wastewater (Osorio-Vanegas, 2019).
strains were reported from water, both fresh and wastewater. In our analyses, yeast species were updated to current
Regarding freshwater samples, rivers, lakes and drinking names according to Mycobank (Robert et al., 2013). Several
water were assessed, whereas wastewater included organic yeast names were merged after the initiative 1 Fungus =
sludges, wastewater treatment plants, and leachate waters, 1 Name (Taylor, 2011), and other yeasts had taxonomic
among others. The fermentation industry category included changes, showing different nomenclatures depending on the
all modified environments related to ethanol distilleries. report. Therefore, we combined these cases as synonyms. For
Finally, contaminated environments included samples example, Wickerhamomyces anomalus is the accepted name
containing petroleum derivatives (Delgadillo Ordoñez et al., for several isolates reported in Colombia (Lopez-Arboleda et
2017; Ordoñez-Burbano et al., 2018). al., 2012; Cuervo-Mulet et al., 2015), although this species
was also reported as Pichia anomala (Delgadillo-Ordoñez
TABLE 1. Yeast strains by substrate type. Some reports were et al., 2017) or Candida pelliculosa (Vanegas et al., 2004).
included in more than one category. A similar case occurred with Pichia kudriavzevii, which was
reported with the current name (Delgado-Ospina et al., 2020),
Number of Yeast but also as Candida krusei (Herrera-Lopez et al., 2017; Castillo
Category
reports strains et al., 2018; Osorio-Vanegas 2019) or Issatchenkia orientalis
Plant 36 1,643 (Osorio-Cadavid et al., 2008). Finally, 30 morphotypes of
yeasts were identified only at the generic level. This number
Fermented beverages 6 367 might reflect the inability to identify species with phenotypical
or biochemical tests, the difficulty in separating cryptic
Animals 9 239
species, the inability of chosen molecular marker to separate
Non-fermented beverages 11 162 species within the same genus, or even the possibility that
the yeast under discussion is a species that is to science,
Soil 9 162
such as the case for Candida (Osorio-Vanegas, 2019) or
Freshwater 6 127 Wickerhamomyces (Ramirez-Castrillon et al., 2019).
Food 9 121
Yeast genera network
Wastewater 7 113 The growth and metabolic activities of yeasts are moderated
Fermentation industries 5 79 by a network of strain and species interactions, including
interactions with bacteria and other fungi (Fleet, 2007).
Air 7 19 With the network, we can identify the most frequent and
Contaminated connected yeasts and the association between them. In this
2 7 sense, we analysed the co-occurrence of different genera for
environments (petroleum)
all reports. Our results identified five yeast genera clusters,
9 (SIB where cluster 1 included Candida spp., Rhodotorula spp., and
Without information 520
Collection) Geotrichum spp. as the most frequent yeasts. Other clusters
Total 106 3,557 were represented by the most frequent genera. For example,
cluster 2 included Pichia spp. and Saccharomyces spp., cluster
3 included Cryptococcus spp., and cluster 4 was represented
by Aureobasidium spp. (Figure 4a). The most frequent and
The yeast species with the highest number of strains connected genus was Candida, with 42 reports and 61 genera
reported in the literature were Cryptococcus neoformans (544 connections. The most frequent and connected Basidiomycota
strains), followed by Cryptococcus vini (formerly Kloeckera yeast was Rhodotorula (36 reports; 58 connections). Other
apiculata), C. gattii (243 strains), and Saccharomyces yeast genera were also represented in the networks, such as
cerevisiae (201 strains). Some yeasts were mentioned in a Pichia (26 reports; 53 connections), Meyerozyma (16 reports;
larger number of studies, such as S. cerevisiae (35 studies), 45 connections), Saccharomyces (23 reports; 40 connections),
followed by Geotrichum sp. (23), Candida sp. (21), and C. and Hanseniaspora (11 reports; connections). We highlighted
neoformans (21). By contrast, 59 yeast species were only that Candida was overrepresented in this analysies with 28
isolated once or twice. These results correlate with the species found. On the other hand, we found only five species

CHAPTER 7
of Cryptococcus from 1,297 strains. This network suggests ecosystems in order to understand how the yeast associations
that some coexisting yeasts should be found in the same may influence the microbial communities. Several reports
substrate. The probability of finding yeasts belonging to already support these findings (Barberán et al., 2012; Ma et
Candida or Rhodotorula is high due to their association with al., 2021).
other genera (up to 89.7%) and ubiquitous character (Urbina
& Aime, 2018). In the same sense, Pichia is highly associated Useful yeasts
with Saccharomyces strains, and this result can be related to Yeasts represent a significant potential for modern and
the artificial substrate of fermentation industries or fruit pulps traditional biotechnology. Since ancient times they have been
(Abranches et al., 2001). This analyses offers the potential recognised as protagonists in the production of food, such as
to compare, quickly and most easily, different and complex in the production of bread, or as beneficial participants in the
FIGURE 4. Yeast networks for Colombia. A Genera network. B Author network. Each colour represents different clusters of yeast genera.
The size of the node represents the occurrence of the genus or author by reports.

CHAPTER 7
production of different cheeses (Lopez et al., 2010; Souza del Valle, Cali), who works with Dr Raul Cuervo-Mulet
et al. 2021), probably contributing to the maturation, texture, (Universidad de San Buenaventura, Cali) and Dr Mauricio
and flavour of the cheese. They are also protagonists in the Ramirez-Castrillon (Universidad Icesi, Cali) (Osorio-Cadavid
production of fermented beverages such as wine (Hernandez et al., 2008; Lopez-Arboleda et al., 2010; Gaviria & Osorio
et al., 2011), beer (Walteros-Pinzón et al., 2020; Amaya- 2012; Mambuscay et al., 2013; Silva-Bedoya et al., 2014;
Jimenez & Diaz-Pascal, 2019), and “guarapo” (Rodríguez Argote et al., 2015; Cuervo-Mulet et al., 2015; Ramirez-
Gonzales, 2015), contributing characteristics such as Castrillon et al., 2019). In addition, Dr Raul Cuervo-Mulet
flavour. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most studied yeast works in collaboration with Dr Clemencia Chavez-Lopez
and is very important to the fermentation industry, mainly (University of Teramo). This large group focuses on isolating
in bioethanol production (Tesfaw et al., 2014). Several yeasts from environmental samples for biotechnological
reports isolated wild strains with better performance than purposes, focusing on fermentative yeasts for bioethanol,
commercial strains used in bioethanol, brewing, or bread novelty enzymes, organoleptic characteristics, or diversity.
production. Different strategies were employed to isolate In AGROSAVIA, the group studies yeast for biological pest
S. cerevisiae: first, spontaneous juice fermentation (Daza- control and is led by Dr Alba Marina Cotes, who works with Dr
Merchan 2011; Argote et al., 2015; Cuervo-Mulet et al., Jimmy Zapata and Dr Fernando Rodriguez. They also have a
2015) to produce, fermented beverages, such as champús yeast collection in this research Institute (Cotes et al., 2004,
(Osorio-Cadavid et al., 2008) and chicha (Lopez-Arboleda et 2011; Zapata-Narvaez et al., 2016). In Bogotá, a research
al., 2010) (both made with corn) and kumis (whose base line of pathogenic yeasts, including Cryptococcus, is led by
is milk) (Chaves-Lopez et al., 2012); and second, use of Dr Patricia Escandón (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá),
resources directly associated to bioethanol distillery, such who works alongside Dr Elizabeth Castañeda, Dr Carolina
as sugarcane juice, molasses and tanks, among others Firacative, and others looking for yeasts in environmental
(Vasquez-Castillo et al., 2016b). samples with serotypes that could affect humans (Escandon
Yeasts are used as sources for obtaining B-complex et al., 2005, 2010; Firacative et al., 2011; Velez & Escandon
vitamins, pigments, proteins from unicellular organisms, 2017; Anacona et al., 2018; Virviescas et al., 2018). Several
extracts and biomass, among other products (Vasquez- studies are not connected with the authors mentioned above,
Castillo et al., 2016a). Some yeasts present biological and suggesting that these authors possibly did not work directly in
antifungal control alternatives that facilitate their use as a research line related towards yeasts or fungi but occasionally
controllers of spoilage of food (Buitrago-Estrada & Escobar- published information about yeast isolations. For example, Dr
Romero, 2009), flowers (Zapata-Narvaez et al., 2016), plants, Luz Marina Lizarazo (Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica
and crops (Cotes et al., 2004). Certain reported yeasts can de Colombia, Tunja), who works with environmental biology,
produce products that have potential industrial applications, focusing on aerobiology, has have frequently isolated yeasts.
such as lipases obtained from Candida rugosa (Domínguez de Other authors, such as Trujillo and Echeverry-Hernandez
María et al., 2006). These lipases have been widely used in (2015), Oviedo Zumaque et al. (2009) or Lara Mantilla &
fermentation technologies, biocatalytic assays, detergents, Burgos Portacio (2012), also were found in this analysis but
and solvents. Yeasts have been reported as the feedstock of without connections with research groups focusing on yeasts.
lipids for biodiesel production (Arcos-Velasco 2020). Likewise,
there have been some reports of high biomass production of CONCLUSIONS
yeasts with few nutrients, and their ease of cultivation reported From the 97 selected reports for our analyses, we found
by Olaya & Ossa (2020) represents an enzymatic capacity 173 yeasts belonging to 68 genera, with 73.4% of the
that will allow the development of bioremediation methods. yeasts belonging to Ascomycota. The geographic regions
To achieve these possibilities, several reports isolated with more samples were the Andean and Pacific regions,
yeasts from natural ecosystems or modified substrates. supported by research groups working with yeasts. We
For example, Romero et al. (2017) explored non-fermented suggest isolating and characterising the yeast diversity in
juices, but fruit pulps were also sampled (Argote et al., 2015). other regions of Colombia, such as the Amazon, Orinoquia,
Natural ecosystems included solid-state fermentation of Caribbean, Islands, and Oceans. Cryptococcus, Candida, and
cocoa (Delgado-Ospina et al., 2020) or coffee (Quintero et al., Saccharomyces were the most reported genera for Colombia,
2012), but also sampling from soils (Argote et al., 2015) or air having the most connections with other genera. Specifically,
(Toloza-Moreno & Lizarazo-Forero, 2011; Mendez-Puentes et the most frequent species were Cryptococcus neoformans,
al., 2015). Finally, aquatic systems were sampled to assess C. vini, C. gattii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Meyerozyma
lipid-accumulation or pigment production abilities, such as guilliermondii, and Pichia kudriavzevii. We identified five
wastewater, lakes or drinking water (Silva-Bedoya et al., 2014; clusters of co-occurrences of yeasts, where the probability
Osorio-Vanegas, 2019; Villota et al. 2020). to co-isolate yeasts such as Saccharomyces spp. and Pichia
spp. is high, and should be related to the purpose of the
Research groups working with yeasts in Colombia isolation. Finally, the yeast species reported in this chapter
Eight Colombian research groups that work with yeasts were showed many possibilities for biotechnological exploration,
identified from the published reports (Figure 4b). In Cali, ranging from fermentation, to food, and biofuel industries.
the group is led by Dr Esteban Osorio-Cadavid (Universidad
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 7
We thank the Research Group in Mycology, led by M.Sc. Luz de Cryptococcus gattii aislado de Terminalia catappa en Montería,
Dary Caicedo, and the “Asociación Colombiana de Micología” Córdoba, Colombia. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical, 63(2),
(ASCOLMIC) for the information provided on some reports of yeasts 117-122.
Cotes AM, Villamizar LF, García Murillo PG, Gomez Alvarez MI, Fuentes
of Colombia; and the reviewers Aida Vasco-Palacios and Robert
O, Diaz García A, Florez J, Grijalba EP, Lopez J (2004) Las Levaduras
Lücking for their insightful suggestions. Universidad Santiago de como Alternativa de Control Biológico de Fitopatógenos. Bogotá DC:
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Cotes AM, Zapata Narvaez YA, Diaz García A, García M, Medina C,
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CHAPTER 8
Epicoccum sp.
[Marcela Guevara-Suarez]
Chapter 8
Micromycetes of Colombia: Focusing on the Hidden Diversity
Martha Cárdenas1, Marcela Guevara-Suárez2, Angelis Marbello1, Natalia Bolaños1, Pedro Jiménez3 & Silvia Restrepo1*
1
Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Departamento de ingeniería Química y de alimentos, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
2
Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
3
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
*Corresponding author: srestrep@uniandes.edu.co

Keywords: diversity, Micromycetes, microfungi, polyphasic taxonomy
ABSTRACT
Colombia is a Neotropical country with a highly diverse fauna, flora, and microbial biota. However, mycology is still a developing
field, and currently, Colombia has reported only 5% of the fungal species known worldwide. The goal of this chapter is to
revisit the current state of the knowledge on Colombian microfungi, according to species registered in the ColFungi database,
excluding lichens. For this purpose, we categorised each taxon as macro- or micromycete according to the presence or
absence of macroscopically visible structures. In our definition, a total of 2,498 (57%) out of the 4,406 non-lichenized species
included in the database correspond to microfungi, most of them being members of the subkingdom Dikarya (92%). We found
that early diverging fungal lineages are underrepresented and need to be prioritised in future diversity surveys. Although next-
generation sequencing tools are being used worldwide to explore biodiversity, few studies to date have employed this approach
to assess fungal diversity in Colombia. In general, the relevance of performing an assertive polyphasic identification to species
level and the necessity to enrich our national culture collections are discussed.
RESUMEN
Colombia es considerado un país megadiverso en fauna, flora y microorganismos. En cuanto a los hongos, nuestro país
ha reportado el 5% de las especies conocidas en el mundo. El objetivo de este capítulo fue estudiar el estado actual de la
diversidad de microhongos en Colombia y resaltar los grupos taxonómicos que deben ser priorizados en futuros estudios de
diversidad de hongos en el país. Para este fin, se utilizaron las especies registradas en la base de datos de ColFungi y se realizó
una categorización adicional de las especies, asignándole a cada una la clasificación de macro- o micromicete, de acuerdo con
la presencia o ausencia de estructuras macroscópicamente visibles. Los líquenes fueron excluidos. Del total de 4,406 especies
pertenecientes al reino Fungi registradas en la base de datos de ColFungi, excluyendo los que son liquenizados, el 57% (2,498)
corresponden a registros de microhongos, siendo la mayoría miembros del subreino Dikarya (92%). También encontramos que
linajes basales de hongos, como por ejemplo los zigomicetes (filos Mucoromycota y Zoopagomycota), están subrepresentados
y deben ser priorizados en futuros estudios de diversidad. En los últimos años, las herramientas de secuenciación de nueva
generación han sido usadas para explorar la biodiversidad a nivel mundial. Aunque Colombia ha realizado esfuerzos para
evaluar la diversidad fúngica en el país usando estas aproximaciones, aún siguen siendo pocos los estudios que emplean
estas estrategias para estimar la diversidad fúngica. En este capítulo resaltamos la importancia de realizar estudios polifásicos
dirigidos hasta el nivel de especie, con el fin de tener identificaciones rigurosas y una estimación más precisa de los grupos
más representativos de comunidades fúngicas. Además, recalcamos la necesidad de enriquecer las colecciones nacionales de
microhongos, para incentivar así las investigaciones en torno al aprovechamiento de la diversidad y bioeconomía.
INTRODUCTION eye have traditionally been called macromycetes (Ainsworth,

Fungi are often artificially divided into two informal groups, 2008). Macromycetes are only found in the Basidiomycota and
macro- and micromycetes. This intuitive, human-based Ascomycota, while micromycetes are found across the entire
grouping is based on our possibility to see – or not – these kingdom Fungi (Ainsworth, 2008). Unfortunately, the distinction
organisms without the help of any optical instrument. of macro- versus microfungi is not straightforward, particularly
Vegetatively, all members of the kingdom Fungi, alongside the in the Ascomycota, and varies according to different workers
oomycetes and myxomycetes, are microscopic, but some can (see also Chapter 5). Indeed, most fungi produce structures
develop macroscopic structures in particular stages of their that are visible to the naked eye, and their detection depends
lifecycle. These structures are mainly related to reproduction on closeness and experience, rather than actual size.
(basidiocarps, ascocarps, and stromata), and fungi that In Colombia, microfungal diversity is generally less surveyed
produce such structures at sizes that are visible to the naked than macrofungal diversity. Nonetheless, in recent years,

CHAPTER 8
special attention has been paid to the study of microfungi. more effectively and to assess even complex habitats
Several efforts have been made to collect specimens with a rich microbiota (Lücking et al., 2020). However,
from different natural regions, elucidate their taxonomy, these technically advanced approaches are currently only
understand their ecology, and exploit their biotechnological available for a limited number of laboratories in Colombia.
value (Landínez-Torres et al., 2020). However, there is a need Therefore, hitherto published studies on micromycetes
to continue studying microbial life, for example to better focusing on traditional identification methods often have
understand the functioning of the soil and its ecosystem taxa identified only to the genus or morphospecies level,
services (Álvarez-Yela et al., 2017). Thus, the main goal of leading to an underestimation of the diversity of this fungal
this chapter was to revisit the current state of knowledge group in Colombia.
of the microfungi diversity of Colombia, according to the Fungal identifications remain challenging due to
species registered in the ColFungi database, and to highlight constant taxonomic changes. Where possible, species
the taxonomic groups that need to be prioritised in future identifications should be based on a polyphasic
fungal diversity studies because they have been overlooked, approach, including morphological, anatomical, chemical,
and also due to their potential biotechnological applications. physiological, and molecular data (Lücking et al., 2020).
To this end, we categorised each species, excluding In 2003, DNA barcoding was proposed to standardise
lichenised fungi, as either macro- or micromycete, depending the identification of all organisms to the species level
on the presence or absence of macroscopically visible (Hebert et al., 2003). The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)
structures reported for each species. In addition, we cross- region was proposed as a DNA barcode for the kingdom
checked Mycobank (https://www.mycobank.org/) and Index Fungi (Schoch et al., 2012). Since then, ITS barcoding
Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names. has become an essential tool for species identification in
asp) for the current nomenclature and taxonomy placement fungi. Nonetheless, in some genera, the ITS region is not
of each species. We determined the proportion (number variable enough for species-level identification, making it
of species / taxonomic group) of micromycetes within the necessary to use additional markers, such as β-tubulin
current accepted phyla and subphyla of Fungi (Li et al., 2021; (TUB), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1)
James et al., 2020). We also performed a search of Google and second-largest (RPB2) subunits, and the elongation
Scholar, without time restriction, to look for studies related to factor 1α (EF1) for accurate identification (Lücking et al.,
Colombian fungal diversity with the keywords "Micromycetes 2020). The method to achieve precise identification of
diversity" AND "Colombia"; "Microfungal diversity" AND
"Colombia"; "Microfungi diversity" AND "Colombia", excluding
lichens, and the same terms for Macromycetes. We also
searched for metagenomics and metabarcoding using the
modifiers "Metagenomics" AND "Microfungi" AND "Colombia".
HOW MANY MICROMYCETES OCCUR IN COLOMBIA?

According to the ColFungi database, of the 4,406 species
reported (except for lichenised fungi), 2,498 corresponded
to microfungi in our definition (57%) (Figure 1). The observed
differences are, however, not as substantial as we expected,
possibly due to the fact that comparatively few studies
have focused on conducting microfungi inventories (22 in
total), compared to 32 surveys assessing the diversity of
macromycetes. This scenario is probably not the result of a
lack of interest but may reflect the notion that the study of
micromycetes is more challenging due to their smallness and
often ecologically cryptic nature. To carry out morphological
determination of microfungi, it is necessary to perform
cultures and to induce the production of reproductive
structures, either sexual or asexual (Cepero et al., 2012).
These structures represent essential taxonomic characters
that are required to identify species adequately. This
Macromycetes
determination is often demanding, and the assessment of
fungal diversity may therefore be much more time-consuming Micromycetes
tha it is for macrofungi (Wardle & Lindahl, 2014).
In the past few years, the use of molecular phylogenomics FIGURE 1. Assessment of fungal species reported in the
and metagenomics have profoundly reshaped research and ColFungi database in terms of their grouping into either macro- or
knowledge in the field, becoming essential tools for the micromycetes. Only members of the kingdom Fungi are considered.
ability to survey fungal diversity and to discover new species Lichenised fungi were excluded.

CHAPTER 8
microfungal species there depends on the taxonomic

group, and researchers are responsible for choosing the
best polyphasic approach in each case.
In Colombia, most molecular studies on microfungi are
based on the ITS region. However, the diversity of fungal
species may be underestimated because many cryptic
species often exhibit no variation across the ITS region.
For example, Talaromyces francoae, a new species isolated
from Colombian Amazon rainforests, has an ITS sequence
identical to that of T. apiculatus. Still, BenA and CaM
(additional molecular markers for this genus) showed that T.
francoae was a novel species clearly distinct within members
of the Talaromyces (Yilmaz et al., 2016). Overall, studies have
shown that between 6% and 25% of yeast and filamentous
fungal species (including human/animal pathogenic fungi)
may be indistinguishable by means of the ITS region (Lücking
et al., 2020).
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing has
been useful for evolutionary and phylogenetic robust
analyses. However, genomic data represent a challenge
due to heterogeneity, genome quality and annotation,
and the difficulty of retrieving true orthologous genes (Li Phyla
et al., 2021). In Colombia, few studies are using these
Ascomycota Blastociadiomycota Mucoromycota
approaches, with one of the most exciting studies being
recently published by Landínez-Torres et al. (2019). These Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota Zoopagomycota
authors studied soil fungal biodiversity in upper Andean
Colombian agroecosystems in the department of Boyacá, FIGURE 2. Distribution of micromycetes species registered in the
ColFungi database according to phyla, based on the most recent
detecting more than 150 species of fungi that belong
phylogeny of the Fungi (James et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021).
to the Ascomycota—the dominant phylum—followed by
Basidiomycota and zygomycetes fungi. Several species were
reported as first records for Colombia. Although this study
was developed using a metabarcoding approach, it was phyla (Figure 2). Within Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota), the
able to relate the composition of the fungal community to most diverse genera of micromycetes within Colombia
different uses of soil in the studied agroecosystems. are Penicillium (68 reported species) and Trichoderma (62
Metagenomics of Colombian micromycetes is still reported species). At the same time, for the yeasts within
a relatively unexplored field of study. The goal of the few the Saccharomycotina, Candida was the most representative
studies carried out to date has been to perform metabolic genus, with 26 reported species.
reconstructions rather than to survey fungal community Although Basidiomycota contain a large diversity of
composition. For example, Álvarez-Yela et al. (2017) conducted macromycetes, micromycetes can be found in all its subphyla
a detailed metagenomic analysis to establish the effect of or are dominant in early diverging lineages (Cepero et al.,
anthropogenic intervention on microbial communities and on 2012). Withinin Agaricomycotina, the microfungi recorded for
the biogeochemical cycle dynamics in the soil in two páramo Colombia belong mainly to yeast or yeast-like fungi (Liu et al.,
ecosystems. However, the authors only reported the effect 2015) in the Tremellomycetes (45 species), including seven
of the anthropogenic intervention on the abundance of the species of the genus Cryptococcus. Cryptococcus neoformans
total fungal community and did not differentiate the fungal and C. gattii are responsible for cryptococcosis, often being
taxa associated with each ecosystem. isolated from soil and plant debris, respectively (Vélez &
Escandón, 2020). The microfungi in the Ustilaginomycotina
DIVERSITY OF MICROMYCETES IN COLFUNGI are smut fungi or more rarely yeasts (Spatafora et al., 2017),
Most microfungal species recorded in the ColFungi portal with the smut genera Ustilago and Sporisorium each having
belong to the subkingdom Dikarya (92%). According to the 12 species reported (see also Chapters 7 and 9). Yeasts are
Catalogue of Life (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/ represented by the genus Malassezia, among others (Wang et
taxon/SM), 92,725 species are currently accepted within the al., 2015a). Species in the Pucciniomycotina mainly comprise
Ascomycota and 50,385 within the Basidiomycota, making rust fungi and more rarely yeasts, such as members of
these phyla the two largest in the fungal kingdom. Within the genus Rhodotorula, with five reported species (Wang
ColFungi, 63.6% of the reported micromycetes correspond et al., 2015b). The remaining species are included in the
to Ascomycota, while 28.5% represent Basidiomycota, a Mucoromycota (7.2%) and less than 1% in the Chytridiomycota,
proportion rather similar to the global richness of the two Blastocladiomycota, and Zoopagomycota (Figure 2).

CHAPTER 8
Within the Mucoromycota, the Glomeromycotina, subphylum is reported, being represented by seven species.
comprising arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is represented by Basidiobolus ranarum and Conidiobolus coronatus are
106 species, 50 of which belong to three main genera: animal pathogens and can cause a human disease known
Glomus (20), Acaulospora (19), and Scutellospora (11). In as entomophthoromycosis (Morales-López et al., 2018).
a literature review conducted in Google Scholar and Web The remaining five species are insects pathogens (Barta &
of Knowledge by Landínez-Torres et al. (2020), members Cagáň, 2006).
of these subphyla were reported as the most abundant Although not yet known from Colombia, members of the
microfungi of Colombia from the soils in the Amazonian, Zoopagomycotina have bioprospective potential as biological
Caribbean, and Orinoquia regions (Landínez-Torres et al., controllers, as they can be found as nematode predators
2020). Owing to their agronomic relevance, arbuscular and mycoparasites (Spatafora et al., 2017). In the same
mycorrhizal fungi are being studied mainly in cultivated way, species in the Kickxellomycotina are found in the gut
plants, such as Physalis peruviana (Solanaceae), Manihot of arthropods that have an aquatic stage (Spatafora et
esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae), al., 2017). Owing to the high diversity of insects and other
and Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae), among others (Molineros arthropods in Colombia, we expect that surveys of their
Hurtado et al., 2013; Gómez et al., 2020; Peña-Venegas et associated fungal diversity will reveal species of these
al., 2019; Ramírez-Gómez et al., 2019). fungal lineages in the country.
In a biogeographic database of arbuscular mycorrhizal The early-diverging lineages of the fungal kingdom,
fungi, 77 species were recorded for Colombia over the past the zoosporic fungi, are represented by nine species of
50 years, making Colombia one of the Neotropical countries Chytridiomycota and three of Blastocladiomycota. Among
with the highest number of reported species, except for the Chytridiomycota found in Colombia, six species
Brazil, with 182, and México, with 87 species. Countries are catalogued in the database as plant pathogens.
neighboring Colombia, such as Ecuador (28), Peru (52), and Batrachochytrium is the only vertebrate pathogen in this
Venezuela (37), had fewer species listed, indicating that phylum (Cepero et al., 2012), and in Colombia, only B.
in the Andean region, this group of micromycetes is better dendrobatidis is reported. The latter is one of the most
studied in Colombia. However, additional studies are still relevant fungal pathogens because it is responsible for
needed (Stürmer & Kemmelmeier, 2020). chytridiomycosis, a disease that threatens the amphibian
Also, six genera (Dissophora, Actinomortierella, diversity in Colombia and globally (Flechas et al., 2013).
Linnemannia, Podila, Entomortierella, and Mortierella) and In the Blastocladiomycota, Coelomomyces reticulatus
26 species of the Mortierellomycotina are reported in is an animal pathogen that attacks mosquitoes in
the ColFungi database. These species were found in soil particular (Gleason et al., 2010). No anaerobic fungi
samples (Veerkamp & Gams, 1983; Gualdrón-Arenas et (Neocallimastigomycota) have so far been registered in the
al., 1997; Landínez-Torres et al., 2019). Species in the ColFungi database. Members of this lineage are recognised
Morteriellaceae have been isolated worldwide from many for their outstanding lignocellulolytic activity (Solomon et
sources, including roots or decomposing plant material al., 2016).
(Vandepol et al., 2020). New species are expected to be Colombia is likely to be a promising source of zoosporic
described from countries like Colombia, where this fungal fungi due to its abundance of marine and freshwater
group is still underrepresented in listings (Vandepol et al.,
ecosystems. These underrepresented phyla deserve
2020). Members of this family, as well as members of the
more attention as they are expected to include emerging
orders Mucorales and Umbelopsidales (Mucoromycotina),
pathogens (e.g., Batrachochytrium spp., Synchytrium
are considered oleaginous (oil-producing) fungi, valued
spp.). The number of species waiting to be described in
in the food and bioenergy industries (Zhao et al., 2020),
the zoosporic fungi at a global level is high (Voigt et al.,
providing an additional incentive for the study of diversity
2013). The trophic modes associated with the microfungi
and distribution of these fungi in Colombia.
registered in ColFungi are essentially pathogens, either
Mucoromycotina is represented by 16 genera and 47
of plants (1,205 species) or animals (236 species), or
species, with Mucor being the most speciose genus, with 14
saprotrophs (450 species). In addition, 252 species are
recorded species in Colombia. Members of this subphylum,
reported as endophytes. This group of fungi is gaining
such as Absidia, Actinomucor, Circinella, Cuninghamella,
attention among the Colombian research community,
Rhizopus, and Syncephalastrum, are commonly isolated
possibly because of their bioprospecting potential (Strobel
from soil (Landínez-Torres et al., 2020). Apophysomyces
& Daisy, 2003; see Chapter 15).
variabilis (Rodríguez et al., 2018), A. elegans (Ruiz et al.,
2004), Sacksenaea erythrospora (Rodríguez et al., 2016),
Lichtheimia corymbifera, and several species of Rhizopus, CONCLUSIONS
are responsible for mucormycosis disease in humans, The diversity of Colombian micromycetes in the ColFungi
being associated with necrotizing fasciitis (Morales-López database is mainly represented by Ascomycota and
et al., 2018). Basidiomycota. The remaining phyla in the kingdom Fungi are
The Zoopagomycota comprises three subphyla: underrepresented or absent. We encourage the mycology
Zoopagomycotina, Kickxellomycotina, and Entomophthoro community to contribute to diversity assessments,
mycotina. In the ColFungi database, only the latter emphasising the early-diverging fungal lineages, such as

CHAPTER 8
zygomycetes and zoosporic fungi, which need further studies of Bactris gasipaes Kunth in Buenaventura, Colombia. Acta Agronómica,
to better reflect the true diversity of microfungi in Colombia. 62(4), 344-351.
Morales-López S, Ceballos-Garzón A, Parra-Giraldo CM (2018) Zygomycete
In addition, we need to enrich our culture collections to fungi infection in Colombia: literature review. Current Fungal Infection
preserve microfungal diversity and to make it accessible for Reports, 12(4), 149-154. doi: 10.1007/s12281-018-0326-9
applied research. Furthermore, we encourage the use of a Peña-Venegas CP, Kuyper TW, Davison J, Jairus T, Vasar M, Stomph
polyphasic approach, choosing the best molecular markers TJ, Struik PC, Öpik M (2019) Distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal
communities associate with different manioc landraces and Amazonian
for each genus, to assess the microfungal diversity and to soils. Mycorrhiza, 29(3), 263-275. doi: 10.1007/s00572-019-00891-5
achieve assertive identifications to species level. Ramírez-Gómez M, Pérez-Moncada U, Serralde-Ordoñez D, Peñaranda-
Rolón A, Roveda-Hoyos G, Rodriguez A (2019) Diversity of arbuscular
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Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
[Álvaro Rúa]
Curvularia sp.
[Álvaro Rúa]

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9
Chardoniella gynoxidis
[Mauricio Salazar-Yepes]
Chapter 9
Diversity of Rust and Smut Fungi of Colombia
Mauricio Salazar-Yepes1* & Meike Piepenbring2
1
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Museo Micológico-MMUNM, Calle 59A, No. 63-20, Medellín, Colombia.
2
Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Biologicum, Max-von-
Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
*Corresponding author: masalazay@unal.edu.co

Keywords: biodiversity, Exobasidiales, Tilletiales, Ustilaginales.
ABSTRACT
Rust and smut fungi are biotrophic and obligate pathogens of vascular plants with a high species richness on plants growing
in the wild. This group comprises species that cause economically relevant plant diseases affecting cultivated plants. Rust
fungi are represented by Pucciniales (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota), and smut fungi mostly comprise several orders
from Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota) and some additional orders from other Basidiomycota subdivisions. The updated
checklist of rust fungi of Colombia includes 493 species, and the checklist for smut fungi 71 species, with an additional
ten species of Ustilaginomycotina found as yeasts or belonging to Exobasidiales. While the number of rust fungi known
for Colombia has increased during recent years, the knowledge on smut fungi has stagnated since 2002, with relatively
few new records of yeasts being added. Rust and smut records for different departments of Colombia show substantial
information in regions with large urban centres, universities, and active mycologists. By contrast, no records or systematic
surveys are available for many other regions of the country. Estimations of species diversity for the rust and smut fungi of
Colombia suggest that even though the knowledge regarding these fungi in Colombia has increased throughout the past
three decades, we are far from completely documented. Field surveys and analyses of specimens by traditional taxonomic
methods and the generation of molecular sequence data are urgently needed for rust and smut fungi of Colombia, including
closely related groups such as the Exobasidiales.
RESUMEN
Colombia es considerado un país biodiverso, lo cual se debe principalmente a su privilegiada ubicación geográfica,
localizado en la esquina noroccidental de América del Sur en la zona intertropical. Junto a una alta diversidad de plantas,
existe igualmente una elevada diversidad de los microorganismos asociados, entre ellos las royas y carbones, los cuales se
caracterizan por ser patógenos obligados de plantas vasculares con una alta diversidad de especies. Se encuentran sobre
plantas nativas y varias de sus especies pueden causar pérdidas económicamente relevantes en plantas cultivadas de
importancia económica como: arroz, avena, café, caña de azúcar, cebada, frijol, maíz, pinos, soja y trigo entre otras. Ambos,
hacen parte de la división Basidiomycota (Fungi), las royas pertenecientes al orden Pucciniales (Pucciniomycotina) y los
carbones a diversos órdenes de Ustilaginomycotina, así como algunos órdenes presentes en otros grupos relacionados. El
inventario de royas de Colombia incluye 493 especies, y el de carbones 71, además de 10 especies de levaduras del orden
Exobasidiales (Ustilaginomycotina). Si bien el número de especies de royas conocidas para Colombia aumentó durante los
últimos años, el conocimiento de los carbones se mantiene igual desde 2002. Solo se adicionaron algunos nuevos reportes
de especies de levaduras. Los registros de royas y carbones para diferentes departamentos de Colombia muestran que existe
un conocimiento relativamente bueno en las regiones con grandes ciudades, universidades y micólogos activos, mientras
que en otras regiones del país no se cuenta con estudios micológicos de campo relacionados con este importante grupo
de patógenos de plantas. Las estimaciones realizadas sobre la diversidad de especies de royas y carbones existentes en
el país confirman que estamos lejos de un registro completo de la Biota de royas y carbones de Colombia. Son necesarias
cuanto antes expediciones de campo que permitan recolectar en diferentes departamentos plantas nativas o introducidas
de diferentes familias botánicas parasitadas con estos hongos, para luego, realizar los métodos tradicionales de taxonomía
morfológica, así como la determinación de secuencias moleculares para las royas y carbones, y grupos relacionados como
los Exobasidiales. En Colombia, se hace necesario un mayor esfuerzo por estudiar las royas y carbones presentes, y de
esta manera aportar la mayor cantidad de información sobre la biodiversidad presente en las cinco regiones biogeográficas
del país, en las cuales tenemos ecosistemas frágiles, amenazados, y con una deforestación descontrolada en algunos de
ellos, lo que llevará a que muchas de las nuevas especies de royas y carbones no se conozcan. Este hecho, una vez más,
agrega un argumento adicional para la urgente necesidad de su conservación.

CHAPTER 9
INTRODUCTION Morphology and systematics of rust and smut fungi

Colombia is the second most biodiverse country worldwide Rust fungi (Pucciniales) correspond to one of the most
because of its privileged geographical location in the significant orders of Fungi comprising 18 accepted families
intertropical zone of north-western South America (Andrade, and ca. 8,000 species, representing ca. 25% of the
2011). There are five well-defined biogeographic regions in described species of Basidiomycota (Aime & McTaggart,
Colombia (Amazonia, Andean, Caribbean, Orinoquia, and 2021). These fungi parasitise a broad spectrum of host
Pacific). The Andes Mountain range presents a substantial plants, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophytes,
variation in elevation, creating different microclimates (Buriticá and ferns (McTaggart et al., 2016). Rust species usually
& Pardo-Cardona, 1996). As a result, the diversity of vascular show narrow and specific host ranges (Cummins &
plants in Colombia is impressive, with 24,530 species (Bernal Hiratsuka, 2003), representing lineages currently placed in
et al., 2019). So, one can expect a high diversity of their Pucciniales (Pucciniomycetes, Pucciniomycotina) (Begerow
corresponding biotrophic pathogens, such as rust and smut et al., 2018). Rust fungi are the most critical pathogens
fungi. Three fundamental reasons warrant studies related to among Basidiomycota, impacting agriculture and/or native
the diversity of the Colombian funga: 1. knowledge on fungi plant communities, sometimes as limiting factors for the
is strategically important to determine necessary in situ successful cultivation of internationally essential crops
protection measures; 2. demand on fungal bioprospecting (e.g., beans, coffee, corn, pines, soybeans, sugarcane,
is increasing; and 3. interest in phytopathological control wheat, among many others) (Cummins & Hiratsuka,
measures and trade agreements that require signatory 2003) (Figure 1). Four basic morphological structures are
countries to report potential pathogens present in samples.
In recent years, several species of crop plants have been
introduced to Colombia, including forest trees, ornamentals,
and aromatic plants, which have gone from small-scale
cultivation in gardens and orchards to intensive production
for export. As a consequence, new diseases and pathogens
have been reported for different cultivated and native plants,
especially those caused by Pucciniales, with approximately 500
species recorded in little more than a century (Álvarez Morales
& Salazar-Yepes, 2014; Buriticá et al., 2014; Vanegas-Berrouet
& Salazar-Yepes, 2015, 2018, 2020; López-Alzate & Salazar-
Yepes, 2017; Vanegas-Berrouet et al., 2018; González &
Salazar-Yepes, 2019; Barrera-Enriquez & Salazar-Yepes, 2019;
Otálora & Berndt, 2020; Salazar-Yepes & Pardo-Cardona, 2020;
McTaggart et al., 2020; Zea-Fernández et al., 2021). Crops
and ornamental plants in Colombia are commonly affected by
species of rusts (Pucciniales) and smuts (Ustilaginomycotina),
which may cause severe attacks that reduce their aesthetic
value or productivity. In recent years, the number of records for
economically important rust fungi has increased in Colombia,
with the addition of the species Puccinia allii, P. antirrhini, P.
arenariae, P. kuehnii, and Uromyces gladioli (Pardo-Cardona,
2006; Buriticá & Salazar -Yepes, 2007; Buriticá et al., 2014).
Among smut fungi, edible galls formed by Ustilago maydis on
corn (Zea mays) are called “huitlacoche” in Mexico. However,
most species cause economic losses, examples include:
Sporisorium cruentum on Sorghum bicolor; S. scitamineum on
sugar cane (Saccharum sp. cult.); and Ustilago spp. and Tilletia
spp. on cereals such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena
sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum).
In the late 1960s, the potential of Pucciniales as biological
controllers of weed plants began to be explored. Rusts exhibit
favourable characteristics as biological control agents, such
as their high host specificity and are included in various
successful classical biocontrol programs worldwide (Morin et
al., 2006; Hershenhorn et al., 2016). An agreement between FIGURE 1. Symptoms of rust and smut fungi known from Colombia.
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, campus Medellín and A Puccinia oxalidis on leaves of Oxalis latifolia. B Chardoniella
CSIRO-Australia has allowed the search for phytopathogens, gynoxidis on a leaf of Ageratina sp. C Anthracoidea uleana around
including rusts in Colombia, for the biological control of weeds ovaries of Carex bonplandii. D Ustilago hordei destroying an
such as Conyza spp. and Passiflora foetida. inflorescence of Hordeum vulgare. (Photographs by the authors).

CHAPTER 9
FIGURE 2. The life cycle of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis FIGURE 3. The life cycle of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis
(Pucciniales) on Berberis sp. (generations 0, I) and on Triticum (Ustilaginales) on corn (Zea mays). 1n: haploid, P!: plasmogamy,
aestivum (generations II and III). 1n: haploid, P!: plasmogamy, n+n: n+n: dikaryotic, K!: karyogamy, 2n: diploid, M!: meiosis. (Illustration
dikaryotic, K!: karyogamy, 2n: diploid, M!: meiosis. (Illustration by by M. Piepenbring).
M. Piepenbring).
recognized for species belonging to this order: spermogonia, to this developmental stage as a plant parasite, many smut
two anamorphs (aecia and uredinia), teleomorph (telia), fungi grow as yeasts during a saprotrophic developmental
and phragmobasidium (basidia). Different spores are stage. Smut fungi present a high diversity of ultrastructural
formed inside or by the abovementioned structures, such characteristics of septal pores and host plant interaction
as spermatia, aeciospores, urediniospores, teliospores, structures, reflecting complex systematic relationships
and basidiospores (Buriticá et al., 2014). Rust fungi can (Bauer et al., 2001). These micromorphological features,
comprise up to five or six morphological and functionally alongside macromorphological and molecular characters,
different types of spores within their life cycle, with several justify the current classification of smut fungi into different
species requiring up to two, usually unrelated species orders (Bauer et al., 2001, 2006; Begerow et al., 2018).
of host plants to complete their life cycle (Figure 2) Species of rust fungi present themselves as different
(Piepenbring, 2015). Additional ultrastructural characters stages of spores and smut fungi and as plant pathogens
that are typical for rust fungi are nuclei without spindle or yeasts. Until recently, it was permissible to apply more
pole bodies and simple septal pores with characteristic than one name to different developmental forms of the
caps formed by the endoplasmic reticulum (Bauer, 1987; same species. Nonetheless, since 2013, according to the
O’Donnell & McLaughlin, 1981). International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and
Smut fungi are the second-largest parasitic group of Plants, only a single name is valid for all developmental
Basidiomycota, currently comprising more than 120 genera forms of a species. This rule has been applied for yeasts of
and ca. 1,700 species (Kruse et al., 2017). These fungi used smut fungi by Wang et al. (2015). In the case of rust fungi,
to be placed in one (Ustilaginales) or two (Ustilaginales, there are still many species with names that need to be
Tilletiales) orders (Vánky 2012). Owing to their polyphyletic revised according to this rule.
nature revealed by molecular phylogenetics, they are
currently placed into an increasing number of orders within MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ustilaginomycotina (e.g., Dossansiales, Entylomatales, We compiled the current knowledge on rust and smut
Georgefischeriales, Tilletiales, Urocystidales, Ustilaginales), fungi known for Colombia based on literature searches
alongside other plant-parasitic fungi (e.g., Exobasidiales) and on academic databases (i.e., Google Scholar, MMUNM),
some yeast-forming lineages, such as Malasseziales (Vánky, including keywords such as “Pucciniales”, “roya”, “smut
2012). Other lineages traditionally classified as smut fungi fungi”, “Tilletiales”, “Uredinales”, and “Ustilaginales”. All
belong to Microbotryales (Pucciniomycotina) or Entorrhizales retrieved data were compiled into an excel sheet, including
(Entorrhizomycetes) (Begerow et al., 2018). Host plants of the names of families, genera, and species of rust and
smut fungi are primarily herbaceous, with Poaceae and smut fungi reported for Colombia, besides the plant species
Cyperaceae harbouring most of the known smut fungi species they were found parasitizing. In addition, we compared our
(Piepenbring, 2015). The life cycle of smut fungi comprises results from the literature review with the database available
a single generation of spores (teliospores) developing on a at the ColFungi website (https://colfungi.org/) and updated
single host plant (Figure 3) (Piepenbring, 2015). In addition it whenever needed.

CHAPTER 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Frank D. Kern, who published their findings from 1927 to
History of the study and cataloguing of rust and smut fungi 1954 (Buriticá & Pardo-Cardona, 1996). In the second half
in Colombia of the 20th century and after the turn of the millennium
(~1968-2021), research on rust and smut fungi was mainly
The first observations of rust fungi in Colombia date back performed by Colombian researchers, such as Pablo Buriticá,
to those made in 1803 by Francisco José de Caldas, who Luis Alfredo Molina-Valero, Víctor Manuel Pardo-Cardona,
associated the «polvillo” (powder) of cereals with a parasitic and Mauricio Salazar-Yepes (Piepenbring, 2002; Buriticá et
fungus that consumes its nutrients, today known as the al., 2014). The second author of this chapter (MP) visited
wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis) (Caldas, 1803). The first Colombia in 1998 and included her discoveries of smut fungi
record of a rust fungus in Colombia was based on specimens in an updated annotated checklist of smut fungi known for
collected by Triana and Planchon (Comisión Corográfica- this country (Piepenbring, 2002).
Colombia) identified as Trichobasis oxalidis (=Puccinia oxalidis)
parasitizing Oxalis pubescens (Oxalidaceae) collected in the Diversity of rust fungi in Colombia
department of Cundinamarca (Léveillé, 1867). There are three studies presenting catalogues of Pucciniales
After these initial observations, sporadic records of known from Colombia. The first study reported 204 species
rust and smut fungi were reported by foreign mycologists (Kern & Whetzel, 1930), the second 316 species (Buriticá &
throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, until the first Pardo-Cardona, 1996), and the third 456 species (Buriticá
mycological expedition in Colombia was carried out by Mayor et al., 2014). The current diversity of Pucciniales of Colombia
(1913). As a result of this expedition, 158 species of rust fungi comprises 493 species (see Chapter 16). These species
(Pucciniales) were collected and reported for Colombia, 84 represent 67 genera (58 teleomorphs and nine anamorphs),
of which were new to science. Based on Mayor's collections, with Puccinia (226), Uromyces (60), and Phakopsora (18)
Sydow & Sydow (1914) also published new records of fungi being the most species-rich genera in Colombia. Four
for Colombia, including the first three species of smut fungi. teleomorph genera of Pucciniales have been described on
In 1926, Carlos Chardón and his colleague and compatriot the basis of Colombian specimens, namely Chardoniella,
Rafael Toro made numerous collections of fungi, including Chrysocelis, Hennenia (endemic to Colombia), and Uncol. In
several Pucciniales and smut fungi (Chardón & Toro, 1930). addition, 86 species of rust fungi have been described as
Samples collected were sent to Herbert H. Whetzel and new to science based on type specimens from Colombia.
A B
FIGURE 4. Departments of Colombia with numbers of known species. A Rust fungi. B Smut fungi.

CHAPTER 9
Host plants parasitised by rust fungi in Colombia TABLE 1. Diversity of rusts in Colombia and other tropical countries.
comprise 88 vascular plant families (angiosperms and Numbers for smut fungi are very low and do not justify such an
ferns), with Asteraceae (host species for 173 species of rust analysis. a Hennen et al. (2005); Forzza et al. (2010); b Berndt
fungi), Poaceae (130 spp.), and Leguminosae (90 spp.) being (2008); 1 Bernal et al. (2019); 2 Flora do Brasil (2020).
the families with the highest number of reported species of
Pucciniales. According to Cárdenas-López & Salinas (2007), Costa South
Teleomorph Colombia Brazil
some of these host plants are threatened in Colombia, Rica Africa
genera n(%) n(%)a
including Quercus humboldtii (vulnerable). Their host-specific n(%)b n(%)b
parasite, Cronartium quercuum, is equally threatened (López Puccinia 226(46) 264(35) 136(45) 217(40)
& Salinas, 2007).
Uromyces 60(12) 107(14) 39(13) 103(19)
The first molecular phylogenetic study of rust fungi in
Colombia was carried out by Zuluaga et al. (2011), presenting Phakopsora 18(3) 28(3) 11(4) 8(5)
the first molecular sequences for specimens of rust fungi
from Colombia deposited in GenBank. There are sequences Ravenelia 9(2) 41(5) 13(4) 27(5)
for only 37 species of rust fungi, representing only 7% of Prospodium 7(1) 31(4) 10(3) –
the diversity currently occurring in Colombia. This figure is
a meagre percentage, considering the biological diversity of Total number of
493 745 300 546
this large group of plant pathogens. species
Number of vascular
Distribution of known species of rust fungi in Colombia 24,5301 49,9872 12,119 21,000
plant species
A distribution map highlighting the 32 departments of Rust plant ratio 1:49 1:67 1:40 1:39
Colombia is presented (Figure 4), with different colours
reflecting the number of species known for each department. Rust estimates
1,226 2,499 605 1,050
The Antioquia (324 species of rust fungi), Cundinamarca 1:20
(143 spp.), and Caldas (121 spp.) departments are 1:4 6,132 12,496 3,029 5,250
highlighted in green as they show the highest number of rust
species in Colombia. However, 35 out of 125 municipalities 1:9 2,725 5,554 1,346 2,333
in Antioquia (28%) have not yet been explored, lacking any
recorded specimen of rust fungi. No rust fungi have been Diversity of smut fungi of Colombia
reported yet for the five departments highlighted in red
According to the Checklist of Fungi of Colombia (Chapter 16),
(Guainía, Guaviare, La Guajira, Vaupés, and Vichada) (Figure
71 species of smut fungi are currently known on the basis
4). Lack of research and inadequate rust species surveys
of collections of infected plants identified by host species
in the remaining 24 departments suggest that the diversity
and morphology. This number has not increased since 2002,
of Pucciniales in Colombia might be higher than current
the year of the publication of the most recent checklist
estimations. Therefore, intensive research is required to
(Piepenbring, 2002). It is a relatively similar magnitude as
increase our understanding of these fascinating fungi.
the corresponding numbers published for other countries in
the Neotropics, such as Brazil (77), Costa Rica (52), Ecuador
Estimation of the diversity of species of rust fungi of Colombia
(37), and Panama (29) (Piepenbring, 1996, Piepenbring et
Based on studies carried out in Brazil, Central America, and al., 2011).
the United States, Hennen & McCain (1993) proposed that Among the 71 species of smut fungi reported for
the number of species of rust fungi in a region should be Colombia, 66 species belong to Ustilaginomycotina
between 5% (1:20) and 25% (1:4) of the number of plant (Ustilaginales: 42 species, Entylomatales: 8 spp., Tilletiales:
species in the same region. The current rust/plant ratio in 7 spp., Urocystidales: 5 spp., and Georgefischeriales: 4 spp.)
Colombia is 1:49 (Table 1). Using the 1:20 (5%) rust fungi/ and five to Microbotryales (Pucciniomycotina). No species
host estimate, the number of species for Colombia would be of Entorrhizales (Entorrhizomycetes) and Doassansiales
around 1,226, meaning that we currently know only 40% of (Ustilaginomycotina) are known from Colombia. The 71
the species present in this country. When applying the 1:4 species of smut fungi are placed into 25 genera, with
ratio, we obtain an even higher estimate of 6,132 species, Ustilago (11 species), Sporisorium (11 spp.), and Entyloma
of which we currently only know 8%, in tropical countries, (8 spp.) being the most diverse genera in Colombia. In
such as Brazil, only 6% of the existing species would be comparison to the species richness reported from temperate
known to science, which is similar for Costa Rica (9%) and regions (e.g., Europe; Vánky, 1994), the number of species
South Africa (10%) (Table 1). An intermediate ratio of 1:9 belonging to Sporisorium, infecting the plant family Poaceae
(11%) was proposed by Salazar-Yepes & Carvalho (2013). and Cintractia and related genera from the plant family
Based on this ratio, Colombia would have 2,725 species of Cyperaceae is relatively high for Colombia, while in regions
rust fungi (Table 1), of which only 18% are currently known. with a temperate climate, species of Anthracoidea dominate
Therefore, numerous species of tropical rust fungi might still infections on Cyperaceae and species of Ustilago on Poaceae
be unknown to Colombia. (Piepenbring, 2015).

CHAPTER 9
Five species of smut fungi (Aurantiosporium colombianum, our present knowledge (71 species) will correspond to only
Entyloma galinsogae, Kuntzeomyces ruizianae, Thecaphora 12.5% of the existing diversity of smut fungi in Colombia.
polymniae, and Tilletia colombiana) were described as new
species based on specimens from Colombia and are still CONCLUSIONS
recognized as valid taxa. In addition to the aforementioned Regions that have never been visited for mycological surveys
species of smut fungi, five species of Ustilaginales and and estimates of species richness show that our knowledge
three species of Malasseziales are cited for Colombia as of the diversity of rust and smut fungi in Colombia is still
saprotrophic yeasts (Chapter 16). The order Exobasidiales is quite incomplete. Future additional studies are necessary
represented only by two species in the checklist. As evident to sample these fungi in all biogeographic regions of
by records published for neighbouring countries, such as Colombia to order to better understand the composition,
Panama (Piepenbring et al., 2010), many more species of species diversity, biology, life cycles, and geographic and
this group are undoubtedly present in Colombia. Host plants altitudinal distribution of rust and smut fungi, besides other
parasitized by smut fungi in Colombia belong to seven related fungi and their host plants. In addition, it is vital to
families of vascular plants, with Poaceae (34 species) and investigate morphological characters and to generate new
Cyperaceae (22 spp.) being the families with the highest DNA sequences for the collected specimens. Considering
numbers of reported species. All host plants are herbaceous, the elevated rates of deforestation in Colombia and the
except for Cissus spp. (Vitaceae), which are woody lianas lack of human and infrastructure resources available for
and hosts of the smut fungus Mycosyrinx cissi. research, several species of rust and smut fungi might
Several recent studies provided identifications of smut be already extinct and never be known to science. This
yeasts and non-smut fungi based on the sequences of single highlights the urgent need to preserve Colombia’s native
gene regions obtained from isolated yeasts (e.g., Gaviria & and endemic host plants alongside their rust and smut
Osorio, 2012) or in the context of metabarcoding studies (e.g., fungi species.
Větrovský et al., 2020). These records should be treated with
care as their identifications are not as reliable as those from
traditional taxonomic studies. They suffer from incomplete Acknowledgements
reference databases and improper identification algorithms,
We want to thank the curators of rust and smut herbaria in Colombia
such as percentage identities using predefined thresholds. for access to their collections, specimen loans, and literature
As far as we know, no study to date has ever focused on information; Laura Carolina Alvarez-Morales for elaborating the
generating DNA sequences of smut fungi collected in distribution maps; Bibiana Moncada and Robert Lücking for their
Colombia. In addition, thresholds for species delimitation revisions; and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Goethe
are not established (and not recommended, see Lücking University Frankfurt for their institutional support.
et al., 2020), and the ecological significance of a fungal
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and Evolution, 6, 55-64. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2020.06.04 ribosomal 28S. Revista de Biología Tropical, 59(2), 517-540.

CHAPTER 10
Cora elephas
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 10
A Critical Assessment of Biogeographic Distribution Patterns of Colombian Fungi
Aída M. Vasco-Palacios 1,2,3*, Robert Lücking4, Bibiana Moncada3,5, Melissa Palacio6,7 & Viviana Motato-Vásquez3,8,9
1
Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental y Grupo BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
2
Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Carrera 22 # 41 - 80 Apto. 004, 111311 Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
3
Asociación Colombiana de Micología, ASCOLMIC.
4
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-StraßeStraße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
5
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
6
Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos, TEHO, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA,
A.A.1226, Medellín, Colombia.
7
Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500,
Prédio 43.433, Campus do Vale, Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
8
Grupo de Investigación en Biología de Plantas y Microorganismos (BPM), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad
del Valle, Calle 13 # 100-00 Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
9
*Corresponding author: aida.vasco@udea.edu.co

Author Contributions: AVP and RL contributed to the conception of the manuscript; VMV and MP wrote the Biogeography of Colombian
polypores section; AVP wrote the Biogeography of Colombian ectomycorrhizal fungi section; and BM and RL wrote the lichenized fungi,
Biogeography of Colombian lichens: traditional taxonomy versus molecular data section.
Keywords: cryptic species, dispersal, ectomycorrhizae, Gondwanan lineages, Holarctic lineages, lichenised fungi, neotropical distribution,
vicariance, saprotroph.
ABSTRACT
This chapter attempts to assess the distribution patterns of three selected groups of fungi, namely polypores, ectomycorrhizal
fungi (EcM), and lichenised fungi in Colombia. Assessing the biogeography of fungi is difficult because of two key issues:
1. information gaps on their distribution and biology in biodiversity-rich countries, such as Colombia, and 2. the traditional,
phenotype-based species concepts, which make it difficult to recognise cryptic species or species complexes. This latter
aspect is very frequent in fungi, as currently revealed by advanced molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis techniques. For
instance, Polyporus is a widespread genus, commonly found in Colombia with numerous species recorded as cosmopolitan.
However, detailed studies in some Polyporus sensu lato in Brazil and Argentina showed a hidden diversity now accommodated in
different genera such as Atroporus, Neodictyopus, and Bresadolia. On the other hand, the various fungal lineages show different
distribution patterns depending on their biology. This fact evidences how the biogeographic distribution of ectomycorrhizal
symbiont fungi (EcM) is closely linked with the distribution patterns of their host plants, but due to information gaps, their
real distribution ranges are unknown. It has been observed that the EcM fungi associated with Fagaceae in the Andean
region belong to Holarctic lineages, while the species associated with the Fabaceae or Dipterocarpaceae in the Colombian
Amazonia Region come from tropical lineages of Gondwanan origin. Finally, for lichenised fungi, we looked at eight genera
in four families and two classes and phyla: Bunodophoron (Sphaerophoraceae), Neoprotoparmelia (Parmeliaceae), Crocodia,
Lobariella, Podostictina, Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta (Peltigeraceae, all Ascomycota), and Cora (Hygrophoraceae, Basidiomycota).
Comparing traditional taxonomy with modern taxon concepts derived from integrative approaches using molecular and
phenotype data revealed that the proportion of distribution types assessed from the data changed substantially. When using
a traditional taxon concept, 45% of the species were inferred to have a broad, intercontinental distribution, 39% neotropical,
and 12% endemic. On the other hand, using the modern taxon concept indicated that only 4% of them were widespread, 20%
neotropical, and 76% potentially endemic. These findings underline the importance of accurate taxon concepts and proper
knowledge of evolutionary relationships when performing biogeographical analyses of Colombian fungi. As mycologists,
we must then continue to generating information that allows us to understand the historical processes responsible for the
geographical distributions of the different lineages of fungi present in the national territory.
RESUMEN
La biogeografía se encarga de los patrones de distribución global de los organismos, dilucidando los factores y procesos
que conducen a estos patrones. Los estudios en esta área se han centrado en organismos macroscópicos, como plantas
vasculares y vertebrados, dejando de lado microorganismos como bacterias, protistas, algas, plantas no vasculares y hongos.
Por mucho tiempo se consideró que los microorganismos suponían rangos de distribución amplios e intercontinentales para
muchas especies. El «todo está en todas partes» se aplicó durante décadas al pensar en la distribución de la mayoría de

CHAPTER 10
los hongos. Sin embargo, los enfoques filogenéticos moleculares, combinados con el estudio de distribuciones y de las
comunidades de hongos, han dejado ver que la biogeografía de los hongos es compleja. Estos procesos dependen tanto de
la biología de las especies como de modelos de dispersión (expansión de las distribuciones) y vicarianza (fragmentación de
las distribuciones), así como de la historia geológica de los continentes, i.e., migración de los hongos a través de puentes
continentales, y la disyunción relictual continental. Muchas especies consideradas de distribución cosmopolita representan
complejos de especies difíciles de diferenciar con caracteres morfológicos, pero visibles en análisis filogenéticos. Este es el
caso del basidiolíquen Cora y de las especies del grupo neotropical Polyporus. Como se ha explicado en capítulos anteriores, el
conocimiento que tenemos hoy en día acerca de la diversidad, ecología, distribución, asociaciones y estado de conservación de
los hongos en Colombia es aún incipiente, y esto dificulta entender y definir patrones de distribución de las diferentes especies
presentes en el país. En este capítulo hacemos un primer acercamiento para evaluar los patrones de distribución de los hongos
poliporoides comparando la riqueza y composición de las especies. Por ejemplo, en el genero Polyporus son evidentes los
sesgos existentes por la falta de estudios en el género Polyporus muestra los sesgos existentes por la falta de estudios que
integren datos moleculares y análisis filogenéticos, este es el caso de especies que se pensaban ampliamente distribuidas
como Polyporus udus y Polyporus dictyopus, las cuales se consideran complejos de especies e incluso representan géneros
nuevos neotropicales, como es el caso de Neodictyopus. Por otro lado, diversos linajes de hongos muestran diferentes patrones
de distribución. Así es como la distribución biogeográfica de los hongos simbiontes ectomicorrízicos (EcM) está íntimamente
ligada con los patrones de distribución de sus plantas hospederas, sin embargo, debido a los vacíos de información no se
conocen los rangos reales de distribución. Se han reportado un total de 202 especies de hongos EcM en Colombia, de ellas,
56 son especies nuevas descritas a partir de especímenes colombianos y 36 son endémicas, lo que representa una tasa de
endemismo de cerca del 20%. Sin embargo, hay que confirmar la distribución de muchas especies con registros antiguos que
se conocen de pocos o de un único espécimen. En general se ha observado que los hongos EcM asociados a Fagaceae en la
región Andina pertenecen a linajes holárticos, mientras que las especies asociadas a las familias Fabaceae o Dipterocarpaceae
en la Amazonía Colombiana provienen de linajes tropicales de origen Gondwanico. Por último, se realizó un análisis con ocho
géneros de líquenes y comparando conceptos de la taxonomía tradicional con conceptos de taxón modernos; i.e. derivados de
enfoques integradores con datos moleculares y fenotípicos. Encontramos que la proporción de tipos de distribución evaluados
a partir de los datos cambió sustancialmente. Al utilizar un concepto tradicional, se infirió un concepto tradicional, se infirió
que el 45% de las especies tienen una amplia distribución intercontinental, 39% neotropical y 12% endémica. Mientras
que, siguiendo un concepto moderno, solo el 4% tiene distribución amplia, el 20% neotropical y 76 % son potencialmente
endémicas. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de conceptos taxonómicos precisos y un conocimiento adecuado de las
relaciones evolutivas al realizar análisis biogeográficos de hongos colombianos. Como micólogos, debemos seguir generando
información que nos permita comprender los procesos históricos responsables de las distribuciones geográficas del pasado
al presente de los diferentes linajes de hongos en el territorio nacional.
INTRODUCTION Molecular phylogenetic approaches, combined with the

Biogeography deals with the global distribution patterns analysis of distribution patterns and community ecology,
of organisms and the factors and processes that underlie have made it possible to derive much more refined
and lead to these patterns (Lomolino et al., 2017). In the distribution patterns for species of fungi, resulting in many
history of biogeographical studies, there usually has been variations depending on which lineage and ecological
a sharp distinction between macroorganisms, such as traits are considered (Peay et al., 2010; Summerell et al.,
vascular plants and vertebrates, and microorganisms, such 2010; Tedersoo et al., 2014; Song & Cui, 2017). In wood-
as bacteria, protists, fungi (including lichenised fungi) and decomposing polypores, cosmopolitan distributions are
even bryophytes. While macroorganisms were assumed to not rare, possibly explained by human dispersal through
exhibit specific distribution patterns, allowing elaborate the global wood trade (Mueller et al., 2006). However,
detailed classifications of biogeographic regions (Takhtajan this depends on individual cases and the methodological
et al., 1986; Olson et al., 2001), for microorganisms, it approaches, and on which genetic marker was sequenced.
was generally assumed that “everything is everywhere” For example, when employing the fungal barcoding marker
(Baas Becking, 1934; De Wit & Bouvier, 2006; O’Malley, ITS (Schoch et al., 2012), the widespread split gill fungus,
2007). The latter paradigm has frequently been applied Schizophyllum commune (Figure 1a–b), is considered a
for the biogeography of fungi by assuming broad and single species. Still, it shows a distinct geographic structure
intercontinental distribution ranges for many species (e.g. when employing the intergenic spacer (IGS), demonstrating
Wicklow, 1981; Lücking, 2003; Feuerer & Hawksworth, that the global distribution of these fungi was originally
2007; Galloway, 2008; Werth, 2011; Ramírez-Camejo et not caused by humans (James et al., 2001). A complex
al., 2012; Aguilar et al., 2014; Allen & Lendemer, 2015; example in lichenised fungi is Sticta fuliginosa, a presumably
Yang et al., 2016). However, the more recent studies cosmopolitan species forming conspicuous thalli. Molecular
among these have pointed out that the biogeography of data revealed that what has been identified with this name
fungi is much more complex than that implied by such a for the past two centuries corresponds to at least 15 often
simplified paradigm. distantly related species, many with restricted distributions

CHAPTER 10
FIGURE 1. A–B Schizophyllum commune (split gill fungus) photographed in Colombia (A) and Germany (B). C–D Sticta fuliginoides,
photographed in Colombia (C) and New Zealand (D). (Photographs by Robert Lücking.)
(Moncada et al., 2014, 2020; Magain & Sérusiaux, 2015). BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE POLYPORES OF COLOMBIA
Yet, the true S. fuliginosa remains a subcosmopolitan Polypores are a highly diverse group of fungi characterised
taxon, and a newly recognised taxon within this complex, by their growth form and ecology (Figure 2a–f), representing
Sticta fuliginoides, is also subcosmopolitan (Figure 1c–d). In 2,300 species from the 21,000 species of Agaricomycetes
microfungi, the situation is challenging: human-pathogenic within Basidiomycota (Kirk et al., 2008). Species of
fungi and those attacking widely utilised crops tend to polypores are found in various orders but are concentrated
become widespread following human-induced expansions of mainly in Polyporales and Hymenochaetales, which together
the host range and usually evolve into new regional lineages contain around 80–90% of all polypores. These fungi are
(Summerell et al., 2010). most diverse in forest ecosystems on all continents and
These issues make it extremely difficult to assess the are morphologically characterised by a typically poroid
overall biogeographical patterns of fungi in a biodiversity- hymenophore and bracket-shaped to resupinate basidiomata.
rich country, such as Colombia, when relying primarily on They almost exclusively occur as saprotrophs or parasites on
phenotype-based or other taxonomic concepts, besides the dead or living trees, not rarely first attacking living trees and
fact that we do not know the total diversity of the Colombian then continuing as saprotrophs on the dead trees. Only a few
funga and the distribution of these species within and species grow on humus or mineral soil, and even fewer are
outside the country. This chapter refrains from deriving mycorrhizal (Väisänen et al., 1992; Tedersoo et al., 2007).
biogeographical patterns from the entire list of known fungal Polypores are the most critical wood decomposers, playing
species. Instead, we focus on selected groups and specific a pivotal role in forest ecosystems and their food webs by
examples to assess the realistic distribution patterns of recycling wood, the most critical reservoir of organic carbon
species present in Colombia. in the living world (Watkinson et al., 2006, Krah et al., 2018).

CHAPTER 10
A B
D E
FIGURE 2. Fresh basidiomes of polypores. A–B Polyporaceae family. A Polyporus tricholoma. B Polyporus
dictyopus species complex. C Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus (Irpicaceae). D Ganoderma resinaceum
(Ganodermataceae). E Flaviporus liebmanii (Steccherinaceae). F Hymenochaete iodina (Hymenochaetaceae).
(Photographs A, D by Melissa Palacio; B–C, E–F by Viviana Motato-Vásquez).

CHAPTER 10
The species richness and composition of polypores all polypores recorded from Colombia, published through
are influenced by climate and tree species composition in the ColFungi project (Gaya et al., 2021; https://colfungi.org),
forest ecosystems. Higher tree species diversity may result assembling all (reliable) fungi species records for Colombia
in higher polypore species richness (Hattori, 2017), and available in the taxonomic and biodiversity literature. With
tropical forests are recognised for their high diversity of tree this dataset, we tried to answer accurately questions such
species – commonly hundreds of species within 50 ha areas as “where does this polypores species occur in Colombia?”
(Condit et al., 2000). However, assessing host specificity Or even “how many polypore species are known to occur in
can become a challenge in such settings because it may this specific part (department, region, etc.) of Colombia?”
be difficult to identify host species reliably, mainly when the Although we are still far from completing this goal, we hope
basidiomata are produced on dead trees, fallen trunks, or to show the potential of our initiative in this case study.
high up in mature trees. Most polypore species are rare in A total of 84 genera and 223 polypore species have
species-rich tropical forests, whereas there is little evidence been recorded from different Colombian biomes (Figure 3a).
for host specificity in more common species (Lindblad, 2000; However, the representation of data in this kind of map is
Gilbert et al., 2002). Preferences for distinctive habitat types limited as a tool to represent the distribution of species
may be more important than host specificity in determining records (instead of representing species distribution per se).
the distribution of polypores (Lindblad, 2001). Each dot on this map can represent either a single record
Despite significant efforts to characterise the richness of a species or many records of several species collected at
of Neotropical funga, resulting in essential checklists and the same locality. Our data showed a high number of species
inventories of Neotropical polypores (e.g. Carranza & Ruiz- with a single record (35.7% of the records, 80 species),
Boyer, 2005; Silveira & Wright, 2005; Robledo & Rajchenberg, which could be understood more as an index of sampling
2007; Baltazar & Gibertoni, 2009; Vasco-Palacios & Franco- bias rather than as an indicator of the level of endemism.
Molano, 2013), the distribution patterns of polypores
remain poorly known. Biogeographic studies on Neotropical A
polypores are scarce. For instance, De Lima et al. (2018) used
polypores growing in the Brazilian rainforests to reconstruct
biogeographical relationships between the Amazon Forest,
Atlantic Forest, and Caatinga domains. Their results showed
that polypores have distribution patterns similar to those of
woody plants present in Brazilian rainforests. Another study
was done with Phellinotus piptadeniae in the Neotropics
(Salvador-Montoya et al., 2015). This species is a parasitic
polypore, causing heart-rot in some Fabaceae, with a disjunct
distribution in moist and dry forests, including Argentina,
Brazil, and Peru (Elias et al., 2020). The study emphasised
the importance of using host distributions in biogeographical
analyses of parasitic polypores to assess distribution
patterns. This fact illustrates another knowledge gap in
Neotropical polypores, namely species biology, as it is often
not known whether a species is parasitic or saprotrophic (or
both), whether it causes white or brown rot, and whether it is
a specialist or a generalist. B
Based on accurate taxon concepts, the geographic
distribution of species provides the data for biogeography,
macroecology, and conservation science assessments.
Species distributions are typically assessed through point
records, either through human observation or ideally
accompanied by voucher specimens that are permanently
stored in scientific collections. Unfortunately, data about
the geographic distribution of most fungi species known
from Colombia are still insufficient, generating the so-called
Wallacean knowledge shortfall, defined by the fact that
geographical distribution for the majority of taxa is poorly
FIGURE 3. A Distribution and occurrence of records of polypore
understood and contains many gaps (Hortal et al., 2015). This
fungi in Colombia. Each dot represents at least one record of a
situation is particularly difficult for species less well-known single species. B Main areas of the geographical distribution of the
than more charismatic species. Consequently, any effort 223 species of polyporoid fungi registered in Colombia. Blue tones
to compile and analyse distributional data for Colombian indicate species distributed at the American continent,whereas
polypores must be considered preliminary at this point. species distributed in two continents are represented by red tones,
We used a large, recently compiled database containing and those distributed in more than two continental areas in green.

CHAPTER 10
In addition, we provide a first quantitative approach the Andes biome, compared with that in other Colombian
to determining the distribution patterns of Colombian biomes, may also result from the evolutionary history and
polypores based on the assessment of 223 species (Figure geo-climatic characteristics of this biome. Currently, in
3b). Our results showed that most species are currently Colombia, nine species of polyporoid fungi are recognised
reported with a Neotropical distribution (34.1%), followed by as endemic: three of them are described from the Andean
Pantropical (27.1%) and Cosmopolitan (25.1%) distributions, region, three from the Pacific, two from the Amazon, and one
whereas endemic species represent only 4%. However, this from the Caribbean. It is very premature to assess which
information may not be accurate because the taxonomic region supports the greatest richness of endemic species
and phylogenetic concepts of many species in the group with our data. For this reason, although logic indicates
are still debated. In many cases, it has been shown that that we should focus on sampling poorly known places, it
species believed to be widely distributed represent species is important to consider that better-sampled and species-
complexes, which is a factor that contributes to substantial rich areas, such as the Andes biome, may still hold many
gaps and bias in the assessment of fungal biogeography. undescribed and narrowly distributed species.
For instance, in recent decades, phylogenetic studies
have shown that traditional genera, such as Polyporus, are BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN COLOMBIA
polyphyletic, and several new genera have been segregated
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi present different patterns of
or reinstated since then. For example, Polyporus udus,
symbiotic associations with diverse families of Angiosperms
originally described from Indonesia, has been widely
and Gymnosperms (Brundett & Tedersoo, 2018; Corrales et
recorded in the Neotropics. Motato-Vásquez et al. (2018)
al. 2018). Owing to the obligate nature of these relationships,
investigated the phylogenetic relationship of P. udus and
the occurrence of EcM fungi generally coincides with
its purported taxonomic synonyms in South America. This
study showed that specimens from Argentina, Brazil, and the distribution of their associated plant families, which
Paraguay are not conspecific with Paleotropical specimens renders plant distributions critical to understanding the
of P. udus. The Neotropical records are now recognised as the biogeography and abundance of EcM fungi. However,
Bresadolia paradoxa. There are several records of P. udus processes of dispersal and migration in EcM fungi are
in Colombia, and future studies should attempt to untangle not always known. Recent studies have provided data to
these specimens’ true identity, especially because it is help to elucidate apparent disjunct distribution patterns,
a species of importance as a food source for Amazonian with possible scenarios including long-distance dispersal,
indigenous tribes (Sanuma et al., 2016). community migration across land bridges (with possible
In the same way, Polyporus dictyopus is a species that symbiont exchange), relictual continental disjunction and
has been recorded as Cosmopolitan and presents a large multi-hosts (Moser & Horak, 1975; Halling, 1996; Halling
number of heterotypic synonyms (with at least 16 known et al., 2008; Hosaka et al., 2008; Lumbsch et al., 2008;
from tropical and subtropical America). Palacio et al. (2017) Matheny et al., 2009; Hackel et al., in press).
showed that at least five distinct species were hidden under In Colombia, the best - studied ectomycorrhizal systems
P. dictyopus. The authors accommodated these species are those associated with the dominant tree in Andean
in two different genera, Atroporus and Neodictyopus. The Mountain ranges, Quercus humboldtii (Fagaceae) (Vargas &
study only included samples from Brazil, but P. dictyopus Restrepo, 2020; Peña-Vanegas & Vasco-Palacios, 2019).
has been widely recorded from the Amazonian, Andean, and There is another Fagaceae that forms monodominant EcM
Pacific regions in Colombia. However, the identity of these systems, Trigonobalanus excelsa, but this species is poorly
specimens remains unknown. studied (Peña-Vanegas & Vasco-Palacios, 2019). In the
Our compiled data show that the highest concentration of Amazonian region in Colombia, studies have been carried
recorded polypores is in the Andes region within Colombia. out on the diversity of EcM fungi associated with the host
This fact is not surprising since taxonomists tend to collect tree Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) and
more intensively in the vicinity of their workplace. So, areas the Fabaceae hosts Aldina sp. and Dicymbe uaiparuensis
near important research institutions tend to show a higher (Vasco-Palacios et al., 2018; Peña-Vanegas & Vasco-
concentration of species distribution records (Sobral & Palacios, 2019). Most of the research on EcM fungi in
Stehmann, 2009). Most of the undercollected regions Colombia has focused on inventories in few localities in
contain diverse habitats that are suitable for polypores, the Andean and Amazon regions, so we do not know the
so the absence of records indicates strong sampling bias total distribution, biology, or ecology of EcM species in the
(Figure 3a). Nonetheless, sampling bias may not be the country (Chapter 4).
only explanation for the high diversity of polypores in the A total of 207 species of EcM fungi are known for Colombia.
Andean region. This biome is known for its high diversity Of those, 56 are new species described from Colombian
and endemism for many animals and plant taxa (Mutke et specimens, including 36 putative endemics, representing
al., 2014, and references therein). The high biodiversity a rate of endemism of nearly 18% (Table 1, Figure 4 a–f).
of this biome is possibly related to its topographic and Most of these species are associated with Fagaceae in
hydrologic heterogeneity, which resulted in species with the Andean region of the country (43 species), and about
narrow distribution ranges and the differentiation of small 55% of these new species are endemic (24 species) to the
areas of endemism. Thus, the high diversity of polypores in country. Most of these endemic species are known only from

CHAPTER 10
TABLE 1. Data about new species of EcM fungi described from Colombian specimens based on their hosts, including the total of endemic
species. Biogeographic regions are based on biogeographic realms (https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/)
Number of Neotropical Neotropical

Holarctic-
Plant hosts endemic species South American Central American Global
tropical
in Colombia species species
Fabaceae (e.g. Dicymbe
3 37 0 0 2
uaiparuensis)
Dipterocarpaceae
4 40 0 0 1
(Pseudomonotes tropenbosii)
Fagaceae (Quercus spp.) 25 0 33 57 12
Fabaceae (Trigonobalanus
2 0 1 0 0
excelsa)
Non-data, tropical lowland
2 1 0 0 0
forests
Total general 36 48 34 57 15
the type specimen, or, in some cases, are known just from humboldtii being the only species present in South America,
few collections from the type locality (e.g. Lactarius caucae restricted to the Serranía del Darien, a small mountain
Singer, Russula idroboi Singer, Boletus orquidianus Halling). range on the border with Panama, and the Andes Mountains
Even though mycological expeditions have been conducted in Colombia (Hooghiemstra, 2006; Rangel & Avella, 2011).
in Antioquia, Boyacá, Santander, and Tolima in the past 20 Floristic studies in Neotropical Central and South America
years, those did not yield any additional specimens and show patterns similar to that of the fauna concerning the
localities for most of these endemic species (Vargas & Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), which started with
Restrepo, 2020; Peña-Vanegas & Vasco-Palacios, 2019). It the closure of the Panama Isthmus approximately 3.0 Mya
is important to consider that a large number of unidentified (Leigh et al., 2014; O’Dea et al., 2016). Plant communities in
fungal specimens are deposited in fungal collections around montane regions of Central America and the northern portion
of the country. For example, in the fungal collection of the of South America are primarily composed of lineages of
Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), which is the either Holarctic or Austral-Antarctic origin that subsequently
largest in the country, houses more than 12,500 specimens, dispersed south- or northwards. Phytogeographically, Costa
of which only 49% are identified at the species level (David Rica and Panama are more similar to Colombia than either
et al. 2019; Chapter 14). In addition, most of the endemic are to Mexico (Kappelle, 2006). Quercus and its associated
species have no associated barcode sequences that would EcM fungi migrated southwards across the Panama Isthmus
allow corroboration of their inferred restricted distribution. during the last glaciation. The remaining populations are now
Based on the information on the distribution of the geographically isolated because of the absence of cooler
species available on GBIF (http://www.gbif.org), the 207 environments, like those from high mountains, connecting
EcM species have a primarily Neotropical distribution (44%), Panama and Colombia (Halling 1996; Hooghiemstra, 2006;
of those 21% occur in lowland forests in South America, and Halling et al., 2008). Regardless of the available research
16% in mountain areas. Near one third of the species have on Neotropical oak communities, much of the taxonomy,
nordic distribution (14% Nearctic-Neotropical and 12.6% diversity, and biogeographic history of their associated
holarctic-Neotropical). Regarding the EcM species hosted EcM communities in Colombia remains to be explored in-
by Fagaceae, 18% are endemic, 37% have a Holarctic- depth. This lack of knowledge is even more pronounced
Neotropical (17.6%) or Nearctic-Neotropical (19.6%) for Trigonobalanus excelsa. The other two known species
distribution, and only 22% are Neotropical from mountain of Trigonobalanus, are from SE Asia and this Neotropical
areas. In the case of EcM fungi from tropical lowland forests, species is an example of tropical Amphi-Pacific disjunctions
11% are endemic, and 76.8% occur in Neotropical-South (van der Hammen & Cleef, 1983). Therefore, it is very
America (Figure 5A). interesting to know the EcM fungi lineages associated with T.
Quercus (Fagaceae) is an important EcM plant host with excelsa, which could also have a Pantropical origin, contrary
Holarctic distribution. In Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, to those lineages associated with Quercus humboldtii, which
oak forests are primarily found in tropical montane has Holactic origins. Studies of EcM agarics and boletes
ecosystems. The presence of oak forests in Colombia from Quercus forests in Costa Rica and Colombia indicate
represents the southernmost limit of the geographic genus-level affinities with the Northern Hemisphere (59% of
distribution of Quercus in the Americas, with Quercus all EcM species) rather than those from tropical lowlands

CHAPTER 10
FIGURE 4. Endemic species of EcM fungi. A Russula floriformis subsp. floriformis, symbiont with Quercus humboldtii.
B Phylloporus fibulatus symbiont with Q. humboldtii. C Sarcodon rufobrunneus associated with Dicymbe uaiparuensis.
D Gloeocantharellus uitotanus putatively associated with Pseudomonotes tropenbosii. E Austroboletus amazonicus
associated with P. tropenbosii. G Ramaria chocoënsis without information about the possible plant host.
(Photographs A by Adriana Corrales; B–E by Aída Vasco-Palacios; and G by Danny Newman.)

CHAPTER 10
and temperate areas in South America (22%) (Halling et during the Pleistocene (Vera et al., 2021). While there are
al., 2008) (Figure 5b). These groups also tend towards high some specific examples, in general there is a big gap in the
endemism at the species level (Halling et al., 2008). In knowledge of EcM fungi, particularly those associated with
Russulaceae, a highly diverse family of EcM fungi, Andean Fagaceae. For example, the EcM diversity associated with
species have different biogeographical patterns compared T. excelsa is almost unknown, and therefore we do not know
to those occurring in lowlands in tropical South America. whether this plant host share species of EcM fungi with Q.
The association of Andean Russulaceae with northern humboldtii or not, considering that they present different
temperate plant lineages suggested recent co-immigration origins (Tropical Amphi-pacific vs Holartic). Other little-
with Quercus when the latter colonised the rising Andes known patterns that affect the distribution of the species is
during the Pleistocene (Hackel et al., in press). For example, the arrival of invasive species, such as Amanita muscaria,
Russula floriformis subsp. floriformis and R. floriformis subsp. which has been detected on roots of Q. humboldtii (Vargas
symphoniae were recently described as new from montane et al., 2019).
forest dominated by Quercus and/or Oreomunnea (Fagales) In wet tropical lowland forests, Dipterocarpaceae and
from Colombia and Panama, respectively (Vera et al., 2021) Fabaceae represent two distantly related plant lineages
(Figure 4a). These two subspecies’ morphological and within the angiosperms that have separately evolved the
phylogenetic proximities supported their diversification due ability to form EcM symbioses (Wang & Qiu, 2006). As
to a co-immigration, adaptation and geographic isolation of mentioned before, these hosts occur in tropical rainforests in
Quercus and their symbionts along the Isthmus of Panama the Amazon region, supporting a surprising diversity of EcM
fungi, with a total of 114 morphospecies. However, based
A on the available information (descriptions or keys), only 61
of those morphospecies are correlated to species names,
with 20 corresponding to speciesthat are to science, only
some of which are in process of description (Vasco-Palacios
2016; Vasco-Palacios et al., 2014, 2018). Of the 61 species,
45 were associated with Pseudomonotes tropenbosii
(Dipterocarpaceae) and 42 species with Fabaceae (Table 1).
The discovery of the endemic tree P. tropenbosii emphasises
a phytogeographical link between the Colombian Amazon and
continental Africa and Madagascar (Morton et al., 1999). In
addition, the EcM status of P. tropenbosii indicates that the
EcM habit evolved before the continental separation, and
that radiations of EcM fungi associated with dipterocarps
across continents are explained by co-migrations of the
B fungus and host partners (Halling et al., 2008; Brearley
EcM fungi associated with
Trigonabalanus excelsa et al., 2012; Moyersoen, 2012). In addition, several EcM
(Fagaceae) fungal species that were previously restricted to the Guiana
Holartic lineages
Shield were extended to Central Amazonia in Colombia.

EcM fungi associated with For example, Clavulina is a cosmopolitan genus, with many
Quercus humboldtii (Fagaceae)
species recorded growing in Fabaceae- and Cistaceae-
dominated forests (Henkel et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2011,
EcM fungi associated with 2013). Uehling et al. (2012) proposed the Guyana region
Fagaceae in Costa Rica
as a diversification hotspot for Clavulina. Eighteen species
of this genus were collected from P. tropenbosii forests
Gondwana lineages
EcM fungi associated with in three years of sampling, representing 72% of the total
Dipterocarpaceae species reported from Guyana (Vasco-Palacios & Boekhout,
2022). Similarities in the EcM fungi community structure
EcM fungi associated with between P. tropenbosii, Fabaceae forests, and Pakaraimaea
Fabaceaes (Cistaceae) suggested a low level of host specificity. Nearly
43% of the species associated with P. tropenbosii have also
been reported from Fabaceae forests in the Neotropics
FIGURE 5. A Proportions of distribution of EcM fungi species (Vasco-Palacios, 2016). This scenario is the case for the
with occurrence in Colombia, Neotropical. Blue tones indicate rare ascomycete, Pseudotulostoma volvatum, whose type
species distributed on the American continent, whereas red
specimen was collected associated with ectomycorrhizal
species distributed in two continents, and green are species
in more than two continental areas. B EcM fungi in neotropical
Dicymbe corymbosa (Fabaceae) trees and was also found
oak communities belong to Holarctic lineages. By contrast, associated with P. tropenbosii in Colombia. Species such as
Gondwanan lineages are represented in the EcM fungi of tropical Amanita xerocybe, Craterellus atratus, Clavulina amazonensis,
lowland forests in the Colombian Amazon, African Fabaceae and and Coltriciella oblectabilis are widely distributed in the
Asian Dipterocarpaceae. Amazonian region and the Guyana plateau being associated

CHAPTER 10
FIGURE 6. Lichenised fungi analysed in this chapter. A Bunodophoron melanocarpum. B Neoprotoparmelia multifera. C Crocodia
aurata. D Lobariella sipmanii. E Sticta hirsuta. F Cora elephas. (Photographs by Robert Lücking.)

CHAPTER 10
with multiple hosts (Singer et al., 1983; Henkel et al., 2002, widely distributed, including Gondwanan (American-African)
2012; Smith et al., 2013; Roy et al., 2016). These findings and circumpacific (American-Asian) disjunctions, species
show that, although EcM symbioses seem rare in lowland found across the Northern or the Western Hemisphere,
tropical forests and host plants are often distributed in and pantropical and (sub-)cosmopolitan taxa. The largest
isolated patches, lowland forest EcM fungi may be abundant proportion of a particular distribution type is provided
and may present broad distribution ranges. by Neotropical species (35%), whereas endemic species
Long-distance dispersal combined with low host presumably correspond only to 8.5% (Chapter 6).
specificity may increase the possibility of gene flow To assess this pattern, we looked at eight genera for
between geographically distant populations of these EcM which a large amount of molecular data are available:
fungi (Roy et al., 2016; Tedersoo et al., 2010; Moyersoen, Bunodophoron (Sphaerophoraceae), Neoprotoparmelia
2012; Vasco-Palacios et al., 2018). Other important hosts (Parmeliaceae), Crocodia, Lobariella, Podostictina,
of EcM fungi in tropical lowland forests are Nyctaginaceae Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta (Peltigeraceae, all Ascomycota), and
(e.g., Neea, Guapira) and Polygonaceae (e.g., Coccoloba), Cora (Hygrophoraceae, Basidiomycota). These lichens include
but little is known about these ecosystems and the role crustose (Neoprotoparmelia), fruticose (Bunodophoron), and
of those plant hosts in species distribution throughout foliose lichens (all other genera; Figure 6a–f). We used the
the vast territory of the Amazon region (Vasco-Palacios checklist published by Sipman et al. (2008) to assess the
et al., 2020). Phylogenetic studies in tropical lowland number of species corresponding to these eight genera
EcM lineages are consistent with a Gondwanan origin, in Colombia and their presumed distribution patterns
i.e., phylogeographic links between South America and before molecular studies. We then analysed published and
Africa (Figure 5b) (Moyersoen, 2012; Hosaka et al., 2008; unpublished molecular data to estimate the actual number
Matheny, 2009; Koch et al., 2019). Further studies will help of species in the corresponding trees and their distribution
us to identify distribution patterns of EcM fungi (dispersal ranges (Moncada et al., 2013, 2014; Lücking et al., 2017a,
vs vicariance), as well as host specificity and preferences. b; Soto-Medina et al., 2018; Santos et al., 2019).
Based on Sipman et al. (2008), the eight genera
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF COLOMBIAN LICHENS: TRADITIONAL correspond to 49 mostly phenotypically defined species
TAXONOMY VERSUS MOLECULAR DATA (Table 2), with primarily broad distribution ranges: about
Chapter 6 presents an analysis of the distribution patterns 20% (sub-)Cosmopolitan or in the Southern Hemisphere,
of Colombian lichens, primarily relying on a phenotype- 10% pantropical, 12% circumpacific or in the Neotropics
based species concept but including published results from and Hawaii, and 2% Gondwanan (Figure 7a). By contrast,
molecular data available for some groups. According to that 39% were inferred as Neotropical and 12% as endemic,
analysis, more than half of the species (53%) are presumably somewhat higher than the overall proportions for all
TABLE 2. Species corresponding to the lichenised fungal genera Bunodophoron, Cora, Crocodia, Lobariella, Neoprotoparmelia, Podostictina,
Pseudocyphellaria, and Sticta in the checklist by Sipman et al. (2008).
Currently Original genus from

Species/variety/form Family Distribution
accepted genus Sipman et al. (2018)
Bunodophoron Bunodophoron insigne Sphaerophoraceae Southern Hemisphere
Bunodophoron Bunodophoron melanocarpum Sphaerophoraceae Cosmopolitan
Cora Dictyonema glabratum Hygrophoraceae Subcosmopolitan
Lobariella Lobariella crenulata Peltigeraceae Neotropical-Hawaii
Lobariella Lobariella exornata Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Lobariella Lobariella pallida Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Lobariella Lobariella subexornata Peltigeraceae Neotropical-Hawaii
Neoprotoparmelia Maronina multifera Parmeliaceae Circumpacific
Crocodia Pseudocyphellaria arvidssonii Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Crocodia Pseudocyphellaria aurata Peltigeraceae Pantropical
Crocodia Pseudocyphellaria clathrata Peltigeraceae Pantropical
Pseudocyphellaria Pseudocyphellaria crocata Peltigeraceae Subcosmopolitan

CHAPTER 10
TABLE 2. (continued)

Podostictina Pseudocyphellaria encoensis Peltigeraceae Southern Hemisphere
Pseudocyphellaria Pseudocyphellaria intricata Peltigeraceae Pantropical
Sticta Sticta ambavillaria Peltigeraceae Gondwanan
Sticta Sticta andensis Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta andreana Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta beauvoisii Peltigeraceae Neotropical-North American
Sticta Sticta brevior Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta canariensis Peltigeraceae Subcosmopolitan
Sticta Sticta cometia Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta cordillerana Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta damicornis Peltigeraceae Subcosmopolitan
Sticta Sticta dilatata Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta filicinella Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta fuliginosa Peltigeraceae Subcosmopolitan
Sticta Sticta granatensis Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta gyalocarpa Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta humboldtii Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta impressula Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta kunthii Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta kunthii var. pilosella Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta laciniata Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta laciniata var. denudata Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta laciniata var. laeviuscula Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta laevis Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta lenormandii Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta leucoblepharis Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta limbata Peltigeraceae Cosmopolitan
Sticta Sticta macrophylla Peltigeraceae Pantropical
Sticta Sticta neolinita Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta neopulmonaria Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta obvoluta Peltigeraceae Neotropical-South American
Sticta Sticta orizabana Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta peltigerella Peltigeraceae Endemic
Sticta Sticta peruviana Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta rudiuscula Peltigeraceae ?

CHAPTER 10

Sticta Sticta sinuosa Peltigeraceae Circumpacific
Sticta Sticta subcaperata Peltigeraceae Circumpacific
Sticta Sticta subscrobiculata Peltigeraceae Neotropical
Sticta Sticta tomentella Peltigeraceae Circumpacific
Sticta Sticta tomentosa Peltigeraceae Pantropical
Sticta Sticta tomentosa f. latior Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta tomentosa f. ornata Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta tomentosa var. dilatata Peltigeraceae ?
Sticta Sticta weigelii Peltigeraceae Subcosmopolitan
lichen fungi (see Chapter 6). However, when analysing the Neotropical species will likely shift in favour of the latter.
same genera based on molecular data, the total number However, the global data for these groups suggest that
of species was estimated at 283, almost six times the these species are not intercontinentally widespread.
previous number, demonstrating the high degree of The observed difference between traditional phenotypic
hidden diversity in these taxa. The bulk of these additional and combined molecular-phenotypic species concepts in
species is found in the genera Cora and Sticta, where many these groups is substantial, showing an entirely different
of the phylogenetically defined clades still await formal picture of biogeographic patterns of Colombian lichens
description (Lücking et al., 2014, 2017a). When inferring the (Figure 7a, b). Nevertheless, it is not possible to extrapolate
distribution of these lineages, the overwhelming majority these results to all lichenised lineages in Colombia. The
(95%) was reconstructed as either endemic or Neotropical hyperdiversity of Cora in particular is distorting the picture
(Figure 7b). The exact proportion of truly endemic versus due to the high degree of previously unrecognised, hidden
more widespread Neotropical species is difficult to assess diversity in this genus, from just one to currently 78 species
due to the lack of dedicated inventories in many other recognised in Colombia. Even so, this exercise suggests
Neotropical areas. However, it is to be expected that that biogeographical distribution patterns derived from
many of these species also occur in other South American traditional, phenotype-based species concepts are not
countries, and some may extend to Central America and/ reliable.
or the Caribbean, so the current 75% endemic versus 20%
CONCLUSIONS
Phenoype-based texonomy Phylogeny-based texonomy
A B
FIGURE 7. Proportions of distribution types among species of eight selected lichen-forming fungal genera in Colombia.

CHAPTER 10
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CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 11
Scleroderma flavidum
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 11
Diversity, Functional Groups, and Community Structure of Fungi of Colombia
Adriana Corrales1*, Cristina Benjumea2 & Nataly Gomez-Montoya2
1
Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
2
Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos -TEHO, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia - UdeA,
*Corresponding author: adriana.corrales@urosario.edu.co

Keywords: diversity, endophytes, functional groups, mycorrhizae, saprotrophs.
ABSTRACT
Owing to its tropical location and great diversity of ecosystems, Colombia hosts a high diversity of fungi, which play
fundamental roles in ecosystems as mycorrhizas, saprophytes, endophytes, and pathogens. In this chapter, we describe
a literature review of ecological studies focusing on the most - studied fungal functional groups of Colombia: arbuscular
mycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizas, saprotrophs, and endophytes. To complement the literature review, we used the University of
Antioquia Herbarium (HUA) database, which includes more than 11,000 macrofungi specimens, to run alpha diversity and
network analyses. The alpha diversity analyses were performed using species accumulation curves for the total number of
specimens and specimens divided by ecosystem types (oak forests, mixed montane forests, Amazonian lowland forests,
and extra-Amazonian lowland forests) and with diversity indexes based on Chao 1 and bootstrap estimators. Network
analysis was based on correlation matrices among main ecosystem types. These analyses made it possible to compare the
species richness and diversity patterns among the main ecosystem types. Our results show a high number of collections of
ectomycorrhizal fungi from oak forests, which are typical of this type of ecosystem, and a high alpha diversity for Colombia’s
Amazonian lowland forests. We highlight significant knowledge gaps regarding ecological research in the country as the
diversity patterns of many functional groups of fungi are still unknown. We recommend increasing the number of studies
based on environmental sequencing techniques because these will allow the inclusion species of microfungi.
RESUMEN
Colombia por su ubicación en la región tropical y su gran diversidad de ecosistemas, favorece una alta diversidad en
hongos, los cuales son fundamentales en los ecosistemas dado que juegan papeles importantes como hongos micorrízicos,
saprófitos, endófitos y patógenos. Para el presente trabajo se realizó una revisión de literatura de estudios ecológicos
enfocados en los grupos funcionales de hongos más estudiados en el país. Para complementar la información obtenida en
la revisión de literatura, se utilizó la base de datos del herbario de la Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), la cual incluye más de
11.000 colecciones de macrohongos, para realizar análisis de diversidad alfa y análisis de redes. Los análisis de diversidad
alfa se realizaron con curvas de acumulación de especies para el total de las colecciones y para las colecciones divididas
por tipos de ecosistemas (bosque de roble, bosque montano mixto, tierras bajas amazónicas y otras tierras bajas) y con
estimadores de diversidad basados en Chao 1 y análisis de bootstrap. Los análisis de redes se realizaron con base en
matrices de correlación entre los principales ecosistemas. Con estos análisis fue posible comparar la riqueza de especies
entre los principales tipos de ecosistemas, y a su vez se pudo identificar los principales patrones de diversidad beta para el
país. Los resultados muestran una alta diversidad alfa para los bosques amazónicos de tierras bajas del país, ya que con
menor número de colecciones se obtuvo un número total de 524 especies, con un número estimado de especies entre 638
y 975. Además, se observó un elevado número de especies (474) en los bosques de roble en su mayoría representados por
especies ectomicorrízicas, lo que lo posiciona en el segundo ecosistema más rico en especies de hongos del país con una
riqueza estimada de especies entre 566 y 847. Los análisis de redes mostraron un bajo número de especies compartidas
entre los bosques de roble y los demás ecosistemas; mientras que los bosques montanos mixtos y los bosques de tierras
bajas comparten un número alto de especies. Nuestros resultados muestran la existencia de grandes vacíos de información
en cuanto a investigación ecológica en el país, ya que aún se desconocen los patrones de diversidad de muchos grupos
funcionales de hongos. En especial, se recomienda realizar estudios basados en técnicas de secuenciación de muestras
ambientales, ya que estos permitirán incluir especies de microhongos los cuales no pueden ser estudiados con el uso de
colecciones de herbario.

CHAPTER 11
INTRODUCTION To complement the ecological information available from

Fungi are an essential part of Colombia’s biodiversity, the literature review, we used the University of Antioquia
being fundamental for the country's ecosystem functioning Herbarium (HUA, 2020) specimen database to explore the
(Dighton, 2018), intervening in biogeochemical cycles, diversity patterns of Colombian macrofungi. This database
controlling plant species abundance and distribution, includes 11,313 herbarium specimens collected between
and being vital in food webs (Dighton, 2018). Based on 1962 and 2020 from 21 Colombian departments. This
the most recent review, there are 7,241 species of fungi dataset has been previously curated, and the scientific
reported for Colombia (Gaya et al., 2021). Different species names revised on the basis of the Index Fungorum (http://
are usually classified into functional groups or guilds based www.indexfungorum.org). From the total number of records,
on their strategies for resource acquisition and associated 10,257 had habitat information and they were divided into
functional traits (Zanne et al., 2020). The main functional four ecosystem types and two land covers for this analysis,
groups of plant-associated fungi are saprotrophs, as follows: oak forests (OF, 3,394 specimens) including all
endophytes, mycorrhizaes, and pathogenic fungi (Zanne specimens collected in Quercus humboldtii - or Trigonobalanus
et al., 2020). excelsa - dominated forests; montane mixed forests (MMF,
Saprotrophs are known for releasing an extensive 1,640 specimens) comprising specimens collected in sites
repertoire of digestive enzymes that transform organic over 1,500 m altitude and that were not reported as oak
matter into smaller molecules, which can be later used forests; Amazonian lowland forests (ALF, 2,558 specimens)
by other fungi, plants, and animals (Mata et al., 2003). including specimens that were collected in the departments
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that grow inside of Caquetá and Amazonas; extra-Amazonian lowland forests
plant tissue without causing disease symptoms (Rodríguez (EALF, 2,300 specimens) comprising specimens collected
& Lora, 2016). Endophytes help to promote plant in sites lower than 1,500 m altitude and that were not
growth through various mechanisms such as phosphate collected in the departments of Caquetá or Amazonas;
solubilisation, iron chelation, and modulation of hormonal conifer plantations (171 specimens) including specimens
levels (Bolívar-Anillo et al., 2016). However, this mutualistic collected in habitats with the presence of exotic trees, such
relationship could be altered in extreme conditions such as Pinus patula or Cupressus lusitanica; and urban areas
as low nutrient availability, when endophytic fungi could (194 specimens) comprising specimens collected in urban
become pathogenic (Orjuela, 2018). Mycorrhizal fungi are areas such as neighbourhoods or city parks.
mutualistic fungi associated with the roots of plants that Specimens from the dataset were also assigned
provide water and nutrients to the plant in exchange for sugar to functional groups using the primary lifestyle in the
(Dighton, 2018). There are two main types of mycorrhizal FungalTraits database (Põlme et al., 2020). After assignment,
fungi: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), characterised by the functional groups were reorganised into more general
the formation of arbuscules and vesicles inside the root functional groups as follows: animal parasite, ectomycorrhizal
cells, and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi, characterised by the (EcM), litter saprotroph, mycoparasite, plant pathogen, wood
formation of a hyphal mantle and the Hartig net around the saprotroph, and unspecified saprotroph (including specimens
root cells. Finally, pathogenic fungi typically cause disease classified as “soil saprotroph”, “dung saprotroph”, and
to their host plant due to their antagonistic interactions for “unspecified saprotroph” in the FungalTraits database).
resource acquisition (Dighton, 2018). We also assigned decomposition types, such as white and
The purpose of this chapter is to synthesise the available brown rot, using the same database. Species accumulation
information for the most - studied fungal functional groups curves were used to compare species richness among the
in Colombia—arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi, plant main ecosystem types (oak forests, mixed montane forests,
endophytes, and saprotrophic fungi — in order to elucidate Amazonian lowland forests, and extra-Amazonian lowland
their diversity patterns and community structure in Colombian forests). Total species richness was calculated using the
ecosystems. In addition, we used the University of Antioquia Chao1 and bootstrap estimators in the package vegan in
Herbarium (HUA, 2020) specimen database, which is the the software R v4.1.0 (R Core Team, 2021). A correlation
largest fungarium dataset in the country, to identify the main matrix network graph including the main ecosystem types
diversity patterns of macrofungi in Colombia. was created using the corrr package in R. Only nodes with
correlations higher than 0.4 were included in the graphic to
MATERIAL AND METHODS only show nodes with strong connections in terms of the
number of shared species. Herbarium specimens were
We initially performed a literature review on all topics related grouped by collection year for all statistical analyses to
to the ecology and biodiversity of fungi in Colombia using create a species abundance matrix covering 49 years.
the Google Scholar platform. The following keywords were
used in English and Spanish: “Ecology of Colombian fungi”, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
“Diversity of Colombian fungi”, “Endophytes in Colombia”,
“Mycorrhizal fungi in Colombia”, and “Saprotrophic fungi in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Colombia” without a restriction for the year of publication. All In Colombia, AMF has been the most studied - fungal
available publications were used, including journal articles, functional group in terms of ecology, giving its importance to
books, and theses. plant growth (Begum et al., 2019). Most studies are based on

CHAPTER 11
spore number counts (e.g., Restrepo et al., 2019; Sandoval analysis. In addition, molecular data showed a higher
& Ordoñez, 2019), evaluation of mycorrhizal colonisation number of Archaeosporaceae and Gigasporaceae and
on roots (e.g., Restrepo et al., 2019), and identification of other rare species that are usually undetectable when
morphotypes based on spore morphology (e.g., Posada et using spore morphology due to their infrequent sporulation
al., 2018). However, during the past five years, there has (Peña-Venegas et al., 2021). In another study, Peña-
been an increase in ecological studies using metagenomic Venegas et al. (2020) also compared the diversity of AMF
approaches (Peña-Venegas et al., 2021). Questions regarding using spore morphology and molecular methods. They
the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on AMF spore found similar species richness with both methods (88 with
number, species richness, and species composition have spore morphology and 85 with molecular methods), with
been addressed in anthropogenic and natural ecosystems Glomus being the dominant genus. Several studies from
throughout the Colombian territory (e.g., López, 2009; other sites of Colombia at low and high altitudes also found
Tirado-Ardila, 2017). Glomus to be the most dominant genus (Restrepo et al.,
In general, it has been shown that soil variables have 2019; Peña-Venegas et al., 2021).
a substantial effect on all aspects of AMF ecology. For Regarding changes of AMF communities along
example, Restrepo et al. (2019), studying AMF from cattle altitudinal gradients, there have been two studies. Peña-
ranching systems in the department of Antioquia, found Venegas et al. (2020) studied AMF in an altitudinal gradient
that in lowland ecosystems of the Magdalena Medio, spore between 500m and 1,850 m altitude. They found that the
abundance was negatively correlated with Ca, Mg, K, P, and abundance of AMF spores had a positive correlation with
pH, while in the montane systems of northern Antioquia AMF higher altitudes. This positive correlation with altitude could
colonisation was positively correlated with K. Also, Sandoval be associated with increased phosphorus limitation with
& Ordoñez (2019) found a negative correlation between altitude (Peña-Venegas et al., 2020). Species composition
pH and AMF spore abundance in more acid soils, showing also changed with elevation, with each site showing a
higher spore counts in secondary montane and bamboo characteristic community with few species distributed
dominated forests. By contrast, in coffee plantations in among altitudes. Regardless of this increase in spore
the same sites, AMF spore abundance was negatively abundance and changes in composition, species richness
correlated with Na, K, Mg, Ca, and soil compaction. In a was constant along the altitudinal gradient Peña-Venegas et
similar montane ecosystem, Peña & Botía (2018), studying al., 2020). Studies performed in the Andes mountain range
forests in different successional stages, found that AMF at higher altitudes showed a negative relationship between
soil spore abundance was positively correlated with soil the number of AMF spores in the soil and P content at
organic matter content, temperature, and K, but negatively increasing altitudes (López, 2009; Tirado-Ardila, 2017).
correlated with Fe, P, Ca, Zn, and soil compaction. The degree of anthropic intervention or successional
Regarding AMF species richness and composition, states has been shown to alter the species richness of
Peña-Venegas et al. (2021), using molecular approaches AMF in Colombia. A study by Sandoval & Ordoñez (2019),
in lowland rubber plantations, found that AMF species looking at sites with different levels of anthropogenic
richness was negatively correlated with pH, Ca, Mg, and disturbance (coffee plantation, bamboo - dominated forest,
P. These authors also found that AMF species composition and secondary forest) in the Cundinamarca department,
changed along a Na - availability gradient, with soil texture found that the number of AMF spores in the soil was
being also an important factor structuring the communities. negatively correlated with the degree of disturbance. Soil
Using morphotypes extracted from soil and bait cultures from secondary and bamboo dominated forests showed the
from coffee plantations in the Risaralda department, highest number of AMF spores, while the coffee plantation
Posada et al. (2018) found that AMF species richness had the lowest spore count (Sandoval & Ordoñez, 2019).
was negatively correlated with available P and soil organic In another study, including five different successional
carbon content, and had a positive correlation with soil water stages (pioneer, early-intermediate, intermediate, late-
content and pH. Mahecha-Vásquez et al. (2017), in a study intermediate, and old mature forest), also in the department
done in banana agricultural systems in several Colombian of Cundinamarca, Peña & Botía (2018) did not find significant
departments with high soil P availability, reported low AMF differences in the number of AMF spores in the soil from
species diversity, with species composition being exclusive different successional stages. However, they reported an
to each site. They also found that species richness was inverse unimodal trend between the number of AMF spores
positively correlated with pH, finding more AMF species in in the soils and time after abandonment, with old grown
plantations with higher pH. forest and the “pioneer” stage showing greater abundances
Studies using metagenomic approaches have increased of AMF spores in the soil. This same trend was found by
in recent years. A study done by Peña-Venegas et al. Peña-Venegas et al. (2021) in rubber plantations from the
(2021) comparing traditional morphological and molecular Caquetá department, where plantations over nine years old
approaches in rubber plantations in Caquetá found, with showed a higher richness of AMF than younger plantations.
both approaches, that Glomeraceae was the dominant García et al. (2004) studied the richness of AMF morphotypes
taxon. However, molecular data showed a higher diversity and root mycorrhizal colonisation in plants in different
and more significant differences in species composition developmental stages (seedlings, saplings, and adults)
among sites when compared with spore morphotype in well - preserved montane forest and disturbed paramo

CHAPTER 11
communities near Bogotá. They found that individuals in the number of collections, but our ecological knowledge of
early stages of development growing in sites with minor them is still incomplete. Oak forests are a characteristic
disturbance showed higher mycorrhizal colonisation than ecosystem of the Colombian Andes, present near main
adult individuals or areas with anthropogenic disturbance. cities and universities, and therefore there has been a lot of
In addition, when comparing mycorrhizal colonisation interest in their study. Vargas & Restrepo (2020) and Peña-
between dry and rainy seasons, there was a higher degree Venegas & Vasco-Palacios (2019) documented many species
of mycorrhizal colonisation during the rainy season in all associated with oak forests in Colombia. However, very few
species. In terms of AMF species richness, they report a studies have analysed the influence of abiotic factors on
decrease in richness in the sites with less intervention. EcM systems in Colombia to date. The only study comparing
EcM fungal communities associated with Quercus humboldtii
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi in Colombia is that from Sanchez-Tello (2021). This author
In Colombia, EcM-dominated systems are rare and compared EcM fungal communities in natural and urban
represented mainly by oak-dominated systems in Andean ecosystems in the Cundinamarca department using Illumina
montane forests with Quercus humboldtii as the primary host sequencing data. This author reports a trend for oak trees
and in Dipterocarpaceae/Fabaceae ectomycorrhizal systems growing in natural forests to host a higher species richness
in the Amazonian lowland forests (Peña-Venegas & Vasco- of EcM fungi than oaks growing in Bogotá. In addition, there
Palacios, 2019). The ecology of EcM fungi in Colombia has was a substantial change in EcM fungal species composition
been mostly studied on the basis of collections of fruiting between environments, with Russula and Lactarius being
bodies (e.g., Vargas & Restrepo, 2020). However, some dominant in natural ecosystems while Scleroderma and
recent studies have used metagenomic approaches (e.g., Laccaria dominate in urban trees. These changes in species
Vasco-Palacios et al., 2020). richness and composition could have been associated with
The best-studied systems in the country in terms of higher levels of nitrogen and other pollutants in urban versus
EcM ecology are the white sand and terra-firme Amazonian rural areas, as well as gardening practices applied to urban
forests, with several studies including molecular data and trees.
fruiting body surveys. Vasco-Palacios et al. (2018) studied Given the low number of native EcM host plant species,
EcM fungi associated with Dicymbe and Aldina trees in there has been a notorious the introduction of many exotic
white-sand forests in the department of Amazonas. Based EcM host species such as Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp., and
on molecular data from fruiting body surveys and root tips, Acacia spp. to Colombia, all of which have been introduced
these authors found a high level of endemism and diversity with their associated EcM fungal species. Even though
in EcM fungi with a total of 48 species. They also found there are many potentially introduced and naturalised EcM
that some species reported for these hosts in Colombia fungal species in Colombia, the only species that has been
have already been reported as associated with congeneric studied in detail is Amanita muscaria. Vargas et al. (2019)
hosts in distant sites of Guyana, showing the possibility of documented A. muscaria in exotic tree species and the
long-distance dispersal of EcM fungal species. Also, Vasco- establishment of the species in native EcM host plants like
Palacios et al. (2020) studied fungal communities from Quercus humboldtii. These authors also reported that A.
terra-firme forests dominated by AMF trees (mixed forest) muscaria genotypes found in Colombia have Eurasian origin.
and EcM trees (Pseudomonotes tropenbosii) and white sand
forests with the presence of Dicymbe and Aldina trees. Saprotrophic fungi
These authors found, based on 454-pyrosequencing, a high Fungi, being heterotrophic organisms, use organic matter as
diversity of soil fungi, with the most important soil variables a source of energy for their development, participating in the
structuring the EcM fungal community being soil carbon degradation of organic matter, releasing simple compounds,
content and pH. They also found that soil type and not plant and contributing to carbon cycling in ecosystems (Robledo
community composition were the most important factors & Urcelay, 2009). Within these saprotrophic fungi are the
determining EcM fungal community composition changes. In wood - degrading fungi, composed mainly of the polyporoid
the same geographic area, Peña-Venegas & Vasco-Palacios group. One of the characteristics of this group is that they
(2019) evaluated the composition of AMF and EcM fungal are chemoorganotrophs, using organic compounds through
communities in mature and secondary terra-firme forests oxidation as suppliers of hydrogen to produce energy
and after cassava cultivation. They reported a high species (Schmidt, 2006). These fungi could generate a brown rot
diversity of both AMF and EcM fungi after abandoned (degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose) or a white
transitory cultivars of cassava, suggesting that disturbance rot (degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin)
associated with this agricultural practice does not cause a (Schmidt, 2006). Given Colombia’s high ecosystem diversity,
permanent loss of soil fungal biodiversity. These authors many wood - degrading species have been reported to
also found that AMF and EcM fungi coexist in these forests. date. However, ecological studies regarding this group of
Still, this equilibrium could be altered after disturbance, organisms in Colombia are scarce. Studies on temperate
given that EcM host plants are primarily associated with ecosystems have reported that fungal species that cause
mature forests. brown rot are mainly associated with conifer - dominated
Oak forests are the most studied system in terms of forests. By contrast, species that generate white rot are

CHAPTER 11
primarily associated with hardwoods (Gilbertson & Ryvarden, authors isolated 12 fungi belonging to the genera Curvularia,
1993). However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested in Fusarium, Stemphylium, and Rhizoctonia. Lizarazo-Medina et
tropical ecosystems, such as those from Colombia. al. (2015) analysed leaf and root tissues from Cattleya spp.
Wood fungi are not the only ones that recycle nutrients. growing under greenhouse conditions, finding differences
Several studies have shown that mycorrhizal fungi can in the composition of endophytes according to tissue type,
decompose organic nutrients (Hodge et al., 2001; Aristizábal with Aureobasidium, Botryotrichum, and Colletotrichum being
et al., 2004; Gui et al., 2017). In Colombia, this hypothesis the only genera in both tissues. Rodríguez & Lora (2016)
has been tested in two studies. Aristizábal et al. (2004), studied the endophytes of orchids in Quindío. These authors
studying fungal colonisation in the litterfall of Myrcia identified four genera of endophytic fungi from root isolates:
parvifolia, M. pubescens, and Paepalanthus sp. at different Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, Sclerotium, and Colletotrichum.
soil depths in the Andean region of Colombia, reported the Pastures have also been studied to detect endophytes,
presence of hyphae and vesicles of AMF in the decomposing with Festuca spp. and Phalaris aquatica being studied by
litterfall from all the species and study sites, showing that Serrato (2019). This author found that Fusarium spp.,
this group of fungi could potentially obtain nutrients from Rhizoctonia sp., and Penicillium sp. are potentially non-
decomposing organic matter. In a similar study, Posada systemic endophytic fungi in grasses. Endophytic fungi
et al. (2012), showed that litterfall colonisation increases associated with grasses have also been shown to have
with soil depth in the Colombian Amazon using litterfall of the ability to solubilise phosphates. Pérez et al. (2012),
Eugenia sp. and Syzygium sp. However, saprotrophic fungi through the isolation of endophytes in grassroots in the
decrease with depth due to lower nutrient availability, department of Sucre cattle farms, isolated a total of
giving an advantage to AMF in colonising and decomposing 43 endophyte morphotypes, among which six species
the litterfall. Other studies on the decomposition of belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and
organic matter in the Colombian Amazon region identified Paecilomyces were able to solubilise phosphates. It is
Trichoderma sp. as an important species colonising late- also possible that endophytic fungi participate in nitrogen
stage organic matter, suggesting a primary lifestyle as a cycling, as reported by Saganome (2016), who studied
decomposer (López-Quintero et al., 2013). species isolated from the aquatic macrophyte species
Lemna sp. in the Cundinamarca department and reported
Endophytic fungi that isolates in the genera Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium
The richness of endophytic fungi is very high in the tropics, sp. were capable of oxidising ammonium and nitrite.
with at least one unique species of these endosymbionts per In addition, various studies have focused on finding
plant species (Arnold & Lutzoni, 2007; Lizarazo-Medina et al., possible applications of endophytic fungi, such as evaluating
2015). This richness has been little explored in Colombia, their antagonistic capacity against plant pathogens or
but it is expected to be high, given the great diversity of their antimicrobial activity (González, 2015; Trujillo, 2016;
plants reported for the country (Diazgranados et al., 2019). Montoya, 2019; Mosquera et al., 2020). However, we
Until now, the study of endophytic fungi for the country consider that these studies are mainly associated with
has been directed towards the knowledge of their species phytopathology and therefore they are not included in this
diversity and potential applications, especially in agriculture. chapter.
Vega et al. (2010) studied coffee plants’ leaves, stems, and
beans from Colombia, Hawaii, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. A Diversity and community structure
total of 267 endophytic fungi were isolated from Colombian Most specimens from the HUA herbarium collection
specimens, corresponding to 32% of all the species from all belonged to Basidiomycota (90%), given that this phylum
studied countries. Among the species identified through the includes most of the macromycete species. Polyporaceae,
analysis of the ITS region were Penicillium brevicompactum, Marasmiaceae, and Agaricaceae were the most abundant
P. brocae, and P. oxalicum, all these isolated from leaves. families in lowland and mixed montane forests, while in
Additionally, Salazar & Cepero de García (2005), in a study oak forests, the most abundant families were Russulaceae,
based on isolates from rose leaves (Rosa hybrida) collected Amanitaceae, and Cortinariacea. These differences between
in urban areas of Bogotá, were able to identify 31 isolates, montane forest types are probably due to their dominant
with Nigrospora oryzae, Xylaria spp., Aureobasidium spp., and mycorrhizal type. Saprotrophic fungi were prevalent in mixed
Acremonium sp. being the most isolated endophytes. montane forests compared with EcM fungi in oak forests.
The diversity of endophytes associated with orchids of The Amazonian lowland forests showed a higher proportion
the genera Vanilla, Stanhopea, and Maxillaria has also been of Ganodermataceae (9%) than all other ecosystem types.
studied. Ordóñez et al. (2012) isolated species from the In comparison, extra-Amazonian lowland forests showed a
roots of different Vanilla plants growing in the wild, reporting higher proportion of Xylariaceae (16%) than other ecosystem
a high diversity. In addition, when inoculating the Vanilla types (Figure 1a).
plants with the isolates, they found that some isolates Regarding fungal functional groups, the most important
impacted the aerial biomass, root length, and plant height. functional group in Amazonian lowland forests, extra-
In addition, Córdoba-Díaz et al. (2015) analysed the roots Amazonian lowland forests, and mixed montane forests
of the Stanhopea tricornis orchid in Valle del Cauca. These was “wood saprotroph” (36%, 52%, and 31%, respectively).

CHAPTER 11
FIGURE 1. Number of specimens per ecosystem type for: A the 15 most abundant families and B fungal functional groups in Colombia.

CHAPTER 11
FIGURE 2. Distribution by ecosystem type of fungial species reported as causing white rot, brown rot, or unknown decomposition type.
At the same time, the most important functional group and 1,360, respectively. Mueller et al. 2007 proposed that
in oak forests was, as expected, EcM (58%). The second there could be a 5:1 ratio of plant species to macrofungus
most important functional group for oak forests, mixed species in tropical regions. Based on that number, they
montane forests, and extra-Amazonian lowland forests was calculated an expected number of macrofungi for Costa
“litter saprotroph” (18%, 30%, and 28%, respectively). In Rica of 2,000 species and predicted that about half of the
comparison, EcM was the second most important group macrofungi from tropical South America had been recorded
for Amazonian lowland forests (22%) (Figure 1b). This high to date (6,595 out of 14,000 species). On the basis of
abundance of EcM fungi was expected for Amazonian these calculations, our estimated number of macrofungus
lowlands, given the presence of two important EcM host species for Colombia appears conservative. When
plants in this area. We also found a higher number of comparing the alpha diversity patterns among ecosystem
species that produce white rot (33%) compared with brown types based on the species-accumulation curves, the most
rot (2%; Figure 2) across all ecosystem types (Figure 2). diverse ecosystem was the Amazonian lowlands, with 524
With montane forests showing a lower proportion of white- species and an estimated number of species of 638 and
rot species compared with lowlands (Figure 2). These 975 based on the bootstrap and the Chao1 estimators,
findings are consistent with previous studies concluding respectively. This higher diversity is evidenced in the very
that most forests in Colombia comprise “hardwood” species steep slope shown in the species accumulation curve when
(132 gymnosperms versus 25,870 angiosperms, according compared to the other ecosystems (Figure 3b). The second
to SiB Colombia, 2020), but this hypothesis remains to be most diverse ecosystem type was oak forests (Figure 3b),
tested. However, it is striking that most species had no with 474 species and an estimated number of species
known decomposition type (65%). of 566 and 847 based on the bootstrap and the Chao1,
Regarding alpha diversity, a total of 1,138 species respectively estimators. The mixed montane forests and
were reported for the country. The species-accumulation extra-Amazonian lowland forests showed very similar alpha
curve, including all specimens, did not reach a plateau diversity patterns (Figure 3b) with 430 and 422 species,
(Figure 3a), meaning that there are still many species of respectively, and an estimated number of species between
macrofungi to discover. The potential number of species 518 and 856 based on the bootstrap and the Chao1
based on the Chao1 and bootstrap estimators were 1,867 estimates, respectively. The higher alpha diversity of

CHAPTER 11
A B
FIGURE 3. Species accumulation curves of fungi and 95% confidence intervals for Colombia, based on a specimen dataset from the
Universidad del Antioquia Herbarium (HUA). A Curves for the total number of specimens, B Curves per ecosystem type. Abbreviations: OF-
Oak forests, MMF- Mixed montane forests, ALF- Amazonian lowland forests, EALF- Extra-Amazonian lowland forests.
FIGURE 4. Correlation matrix network graphic with the main ecosystems of Colombia represented by specimens from the Universidad del
Antioquia Herbarium (HUA). Abbreviations: OF- Oak dominated forest, MMF- Mixed montane forest, ALL- Amazonian lowland forests, EALF-
extra-Amazonian lowland forests.

CHAPTER 11
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CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 12
Pleurotus sp.
[Nataly Gómez-Montoya]
Chapter 12
Useful Fungi of Colombia
Natalia Vargas1, Nataly Gómez-Montoya1,2, Rocío Peña-Cañón1 & Germán Torres-Morales1*
1
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia.
2
Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos – TEHO, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia – UdeA,
*Corresponding author: gtorres@humboldt.org.co

Keywords: useful fungi, categories of use, ethnomycology, human communities, mycology.
ABSTRACT
Colombia is considered a megadiverse country with a substantial number of fungal species, many of them regarded as useful
throughout the history of the country. However, many of the uses for fungi have been lost due to the erosion of knowledge.
Making this knowledge visible and compiling it is of great importance as a potential resource for the bioeconomic development
of Colombia and as a part of the livelihoods of society. Therefore, the goal of this study was to discuss the main uses and to
categorise the useful fungi of Colombia based on a systematic review of secondary data. The taxonomy for the scientific names
was checked, the species’ uses were grouped by general and specific categories, and the geographical distribution was recorded
by Colombian regions. As a result, a list of 382 species of useful fungi was obtained and classified into eight general categories of
use. The general category with the highest number of uses is food, followed by medicinal use. Despite several useful fungi having
been reported for Colombia, most of them are underutilised in each category. From this analysis, it is possible to highlight that
Colombia has an important number of useful fungi, most of which are not yet widely used in the country and constitute a potential
resource of natural ingredients and livelihoods, especially for local communities and commercial initiatives.
RESUMEN
Colombia es considerado un país megadiverso con una gran cantidad de especies de hongos. Muchos de ellos se han
considerado útiles a lo largo de la historia del país; sin embargo, gran parte de los usos se han dejado de lado debido a la pérdida
del conocimiento. Visibilizar y recopilar este conocimiento es de vital importancia como fuente potencial para el desarrollo
bioeconómico del país, y como parte de los medios de vida de la sociedad. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue discutir
los principales usos y categorizar los hongos útiles de Colombia a partir de una revisión sistemática de información secundaria
y literatura gris de referencias bibliográficas. Con base en esta revisión, se verificó la taxonomía de los nombres científicos, se
agruparon los usos de las especies por categorías generales y específicas y se registró la distribución geográfica por regiones
colombianas. Como resultado de esta metodología, se obtuvo una lista de 382 especies de hongos útiles, clasificadas en ocho
categorías generales de uso. Respecto a los usos, la categoría general con mayor número de usos es la de alimento, seguida del
uso medicinal. A pesar del uso de especies de hongos, la mayoría de ellas están infrautilizadas en cada categoría. A partir de
este análisis, es posible resaltar que Colombia cuenta con una cantidad importante de hongos útiles, de los cuales la mayoría
no son ampliamente utilizados en el país y constituyen un recurso potencial de ingredientes naturales y medios de subsistencia,
especialmente para comunidades locales e iniciativas comerciales. Las número de publicaciones de investigaciones realizadas
en el país y un incremento en la inversión en investigación básica y aplicada, permitirá descubrir nuevas alternativas de uso
de los hongos para resolver situaciones que afrontamos como sociedad. En este sentido, la conservación de los hongos debe
hacerse de la mano con las comunidades y acorde a su aplicación en diferentes campos, buscando hacer un uso sostenible y
prevenir los impactos negativos que puedan afectar las poblaciones de hongos y su supervivencia.
INTRODUCTION benefits in numerous activities. Hyde et al. (2019) reviewed

Fungi play crucial ecological roles in ecosystems (Gaya 50 ways in which fungi are potentially useful to humanity,
et al., 2021). The adaptation of fungi to diverse habitats, particularly in biotechnology applications, where fungi are
colonisation, and the acquisition of nutrients is facilitated used in products such as antibiotics, antiviral/anticancer
by unique attributes, such as the production of enzymes, drugs, biocontrol agents, biofertilisers, brewing, cosmetics,
secondary metabolites, organic acids, polysaccharides, and enzymes, food colouring, fungicides, mycoremediation,
pigments, among others (Deak, 2009; Erjavec et al., 2012; organic acids, pesticide detoxifiers, pigments,and vitamins,
de Mattos-Shipley et al., 2016; Kadri et al., 2017; Masi et among others. This broad potential applicability necessitates
al., 2018; Hyde et al., 2019). In turn, these unique attributes basic and applied research to discover the ways fungi can be
make fungi of great interest to humans, who harness their useful for human activities in various industries.

CHAPTER 12
Wild macrofungi constitute an essential non-wood forest et al., 2021; see also Chapter 3). However, no study has ever
product that provide different ecosystem services and have categorised the different uses of fungi found in Colombia.
traditionally been used by many human cultures worldwide Many fungi reported as useful in other countries are not
(Gaya et al., 2021). They are used for many human activities, recognised as such in Colombia due to a lack of research
such as those in the biotechnology, food and pharmaceutical or erosion of traditional knowledge on this topic. This study
industries, and even in the rituals of different indigenous aimed to summarise information and categorise the useful
cultures (Gaya et al., 2021). Many local reports evidence the fungi of Colombia, contributing baseline information about
use of edible and medicinal macrofungi around the world. their uses, levels of use, and potential uses.
For example, areas with tendencies to use fungi include
southern and eastern Europe, Africa, Mexico, Turkey, and
most of Asia (Boa, 2004). In the Americas, a high cultural
richness related to the collection, recognition, and use of We reviewed the literature related to Colombia’s useful
macrofungi has been widely documented in Mexican culture species of fungi by using the Scopus, Google Scholar, and ISI
(Ruan-Soto et al., 2014). Web of Knowledge portals. We searched for fungal species
Colombia’s wide range of climatic zones provides a high lists in Colombia and publications on the utility of fungal
diversity of habitats where organisms can grow (World Atlas, species based on the literature published in Colombia.
2021). Many papers and field guides have documented Information on the useful characters of some species
the funga occurring in Colombian ecosystems, and a high that occur in Colombia was included from publications in
number of species is estimated to occur in the country (Gaya other countries. All references related to uses, distribution,
TABLE 1. Categories of use of fungi in Colombia. TABLE 1. (continued)
Category of use Subcategory Category of use Subcategory

Food type – Edible Medicines – disorders treated –
Food type – Beverages Digestive System Disorders
Food
Food type – Food additives Medicines – disorders treated –
Genitourinary System Disorders
Food type – Unspecified food type
Medicines – disorders treated –
Environmental use - Biofertilizer
Mental Disorders
Environmental use – Indicator plants
Environmental Medicines – disorders treated –
use Environmental use – Pollution Control Nervous System Disorders
Environmental use – Other Medicines – type –
Environmental Uses Medicines Anticancer
Biological control – Type – Control of Medicines – disorders treated –
Biological animal pest
control Skin/Subcutaneous Cellular
Biological control – Type – Control of fungi Tissue Disorders
Materials – Type – Tannins/Dyestuffs – Medicines – disorders treated –
Pigments Blood System Disorders
Materials
Materials – Type – Tannins/Dyestuffs – Medicines – disorders treated –
Cosmetics Nutritional Disorders
Poisons – type – Antimicrobial Medicines – disorders treated –
Poison – type – Antiviral Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
Poisons
Poisons – type – Anthelmintic Social uses –
Hallucinogens
Poison – type – Poison-Toxic
Biotechnology – Textile processing Social uses – Energy cleansing
and purifying
Biotechnology – Paper and pulping Social uses
Social uses –
Biotechnology Biotechnology – Fuels Sacred/spiritual
Biotechnology – Gene sources Social uses –
Biotechnology – Various enzymes functions Symbolic meaning

CHAPTER 12
ecology, and taxonomy of species included in this study can in the food category, followed by medicines, poisons,
be consulted in the ColFungi online portal (www.colfungi.org) environmental uses, biotechnology, social uses, biological
as the species dataset included in this study was included control, and materials. We will focus in the following sections
in that platform. Species use was systematised using a on the discussion: 1. the general aspects of useful fungi, 2.
modified version of Cook’s Economic Botany Standard research findings in Colombia, and 3. cases of fungi used by
categories of use (Cook, 1995) (Table 1). The search effort communities in Colombia.
was carried out for six months between 2020 and 2021
using English and Spanish keywords and modifiers, such as Useful fungi of Colombia
biofertilisers, biological control, biotechnology, edible fungal According to the literature review, 179 species were classified
species, esoteric, fungal enzymes, magic uses, medicinal in the food category. Many macrofungi are characterised by
fungi, pigments, social uses, and useful fungi. Graphics producing sporocarps with different morphologies, several
were made in Excel and the map of Colombian regions of them being edible useful species (Boa, 2004; Prescott
was modified from IGAC (1997). The terminology used in et al., 2018). Agaricales (Basidiomycota) is the order
this chapter is explained as follows: 1. Useful: a species
comprising most of the useful species in the food category,
of fungus categorised according to the modified Economic
edible subcategory (Figure 2), which coincides with the high
Botany Standards, regardless of whether it is used or not
number of reported edible fungi in this taxonomic order
in Colombia; 2. Used: reports of fungi species used by
(Prescott et al., 2018). Several yeast species involved in the
communities in Colombia; 3. Assessed use: research on
production of fermented beverages are classified in the order
the applicability on fungal species in laboratory or field
in Saccharomycetales (Ascomycota). Species in this order
conditions in Colombia; and 4. Underutilised: fungi species
have been consistently involved in the metabolic processes
occurring in Colombian ecosystems without reports of its
of brewing alcoholic beverages (Hyde et al., 2019).
use or assessment in Colombia, but their use is reported in
A total of 131 fungal species were classified in the
other countries.
medicines category. Agaricales (Basidiomycota) has the
highest number of useful species in this category, sometimes
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
with important applications, including the treatment
A total of 382 species of useful fungi occurring in Colombia of digestive and blood disorders, and as the source of
were recorded. According to a modified version of the anticancer and antioxidants bioactive compounds (Table 1).
Economic Botany Data Collection Standards, the useful Some saprotrophic fungi in Polyporales (Basidiomycota)
fungi of Colombia are classified into eight general categories and entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales, Ascomycota)
(Figure 1, Table 1), with the highest number of species (Figure 2) also have great qualities as medicines, being
recognised as essential organisms in traditional medicine,
particularly in Asia (Boa, 2004). Saprotrophic fungal
species classified in this study as food, medicines, and
biotechnology have previously been reported in all regions
of Colombia, with saprotrophic fungi showing the highest
number of species in each region of the country (Figure 3).
A total of 26 species were assigned to the biological
control category, which comprises useful fungi mainly placed
in Hypocreales (Ascomycota) (Figure 2). In this order, most
entomopathogenic fungi are classified and can function as
natural insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi infect their
hosts (arthropods) by penetrating the insect cuticles and
colonising their bodies with fungal microscopic structures
(Roy et al., 2006; Charnley & Collins, 2007; Wang & Leger,
2014). Most products used in biological control are based
on asexual stages of entomopathogenic fungi of Hypocreales
(Wang & Leger, 2014). The entomopathogenic species that
occur in Colombia found in this category have been reported
from all regions of Colombia, except the Caribbean. They are
mostly reported in the Andean region (Figure 3).
Regarding the social uses category, a total of 33
species were classified mostly in Agaricales, particularly
the hallucinogenic Psilocybe species, which are essential
sources of compounds, including psilocybin, the focus of
many antidepressant studies (Davis et al., 2020). Some
FIGURE 1. Percentage of useful fungi of Colombia by category Psilocybe species that occur in Colombia are used in Mexico
of use. as a healing element in religious ceremonies, as important

CHAPTER 12
FIGURE 2. Number of fungal species per order and category of use.

CHAPTER 12
host plants distributed in natural regions of Colombia: the

ectomycorrhizal species have been reported mainly in the
Andean region (Figure 3), and endomycorrhizal species were
mainly reported from the Amazon and Orinoco regions.
According to the Economic Botany Standards (Cook,
1995), the poisons category includes poisonous organisms
and species with antimicrobial, antiviral, and anthelmintic
activity (Table 1). The ability to inhibit the growth of harmful
microorganisms has been studied worldwide (Masi et al.,
2018; Aly et al., 2010; Demain & Martens, 2017; Jakubczyk
& Dussart, 2020). In this study, 45 fungal species were found
to be sources of antimicrobial compounds (Figure 2). Also,
toxic species that can be poisonous to humans and animals
were grouped in this category. Many fungal species produce a
variety of enzymes with potential application in biotechnology.
Saprotrophic species adapted to wood substrates classified
in the orders Polyporales (bracket fungi), some Agaricales,
and some species in the Ascomycota phylum (Figure 2), in
partcular, have been reported as good sources of enzymes
involved in the degradation of pollutants and colourants, and
in the production of bioethanol (Arboleda et al., 2008).
Finally, in the materials category, 35 species that
occur in Colombia have been evaluated to produce natural
pigments (Palacio-Barrera et al., 2019) or have a potential
application reported in other countries. For example, lichens
(Lecanorales) and Agaricales, Boletales, Polyporales,
Auriculariales fungi (Figure 2) produce extracts that have
dyeing properties (Brough 1988; Maldonado & Ibarra, 2016;
Shukla et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2016).
0 87.5 175 350 Km
Research on useful fungi in Colombia

FIGURE 3. Number of useful species per trophic mode in geographic According to the literature, 88 species of useful fungi
regions of Colombia.
have been the focus of research studies in Colombia. This
section shows the main results of the leading research
activities reported in Colombia (Table 2). In the beverages
elements in religious rituals with a symbolic meaning and as subcategory (food), yeast species have been isolated in the
energy cleansing and purifying elements (Bautista-Gonzalez department of Valle del Cauca and studied from traditional
& Moreno-Fuentes, 2014). fermented beverages such as Chicha (Figure 2, Table 2). In
In the environmental uses category, 43 fungal species addition, yeasts that can assimilate and ferment xylose to
were classified into three main subcategories: bioindicators, xylitol are reported as a sweetener (Vanegas-Córdoba et
biofertilizers, and pollution control (Table 1). In Lecanorales al., 2004).
(Ascomycota), where most lichens are placed, a high number In environmental uses, some lichen species have been
of species (Figure 2) have been reported as potential tested for their ability as bioindicators of contamination by
bioindicators of air quality (Rubiano, 1988; Jaramillo-Ciro & sulphur and other pollutants (Rubiano, 1988; Díaz-Escandón
Botero-Botero, 2010; Simijaca-Salcedo et al., 2011; Díaz- et al., 2016) (Table 2). In the biofertilizers subcategory, some
Escandón et al., 2016). Figure 3 shows that useful lichens arbuscular mycorrhizae species have been assessed. For
are mainly found in the Andean region. The mycorrhizal example, Rhizophagus aggregatus has been tested in different
fungi also provide environmental services as biofertilizers. crops, which showed an increase in plant growth compared
Some arbuscular mycorrhizal species of Glomerales and to treatments without mycorrhizae (Jaramillo-Padilla et al.,
Diversisporales (Glomeromycota) (Figure 2) that occur in 2004). Some endomycorrhizal species have been tested as
Colombia have reports of evaluations or applications in an alternative for promoting the germination and growth of
crops or restoration programs (Jaramillo-Padilla et al., 2004; seedlings in the tropical species Gmelina arborea (Zambrano-
Ramírez-Gil, 2019; Osorio-Cadavid et al., 2008). Mycorrhizal González & Díaz-Ariza, 2008; Ramírez-Gil, 2019). The effect
fungi establish a symbiotic relationship between the roots of mycorrhisation and fertilisation on biomass accumulation
of vascular plants and the fungal mycelium and have been in banana plants has also been evaluated (Usuga-Osorio et
applied in various forestry and agriculture programs (Hyde et al., 2008). Similarly, the application of Trichoderma hamatum
al., 2019). Useful mycorrhizal species are associated with has been tested as a biofertiliser, increasing the productivity

CHAPTER 12
TABLE 2. Fungi uses assessed in Colombia.
Category/Subcategory Research / Field References

Food
Saprotrophic yeast isolated from
Beverages López-Arboleda et al., (2010); Osorio-Cadavid et al., 2008
fermented beverages / Laboratory
Production of inositol by
Additives Vanegas-Córdoba et al., 2004
saprotrophic yeast / Laboratory
Environmental use
Endomycorrhiza and saprotrophic Zambrano-González & Díaz-Ariza, 2008; Ramírez-Gil, 2019;
Biofertilizer fungi enhancing plant growth / Usuga-Osorio et al., 2008; Castro-Toro & Rivillas-Osorio,
Nursery and field conditions 2012
Analyses of lichens and Rubiano, 1988; Jaramillo-Ciro & Botero-Botero, 2010;
Bioindicator saprotrophs as bioindicators / Simijaca-Salcedo et al., 2011; Díaz-Escandón et al., 2016;
Field research Guzmán et al., 2004
Endomycorrhizal and saprotrophic
Pollution control Morales et al., 2017; Pérez et al., 2019
fungi / Field research
Biological control
Control of plant Entomopathogens, endophytes /
Castro-Toro & Rivillas-Osorio, 2012; Smith et al., 2013
pathogens Laboratory
Castro-Toro & Rivillas-Osorio, 2012; Gámez-Guzmán et al.,
Control of animal
Entomopathogens / Laboratory 2019; López & Orduz, 2002; Beltrán-Alzate et al., 2008;
pests
Barrios et al., 2016; Villamizar et al., 2004; García et al., 2012
Materials
Tannins/dyestuffs Saprotrophic fungi / Laboratory Palacio-Barrera et al., 2019
Poisons
Endophytes and saprotrophs
Antimicrobial tested for their antimicrobial Miles et al., 2012; Bolívar-Anillo et al., 2016
activity / Laboratory
Biotechnology
Arboleda et al. 2008; Holguín-Múnera et al., 2017; Chaparro
Evaluation of enzyme production
Enzymes et al., 2009; Moya-Álvarez 2012; Moya-Alvarez & Torres
in saprotrophic fungi / Laboratory
2012; Montoya et al., 2014
Fuels Saprotrophic yeast / Laboratory Cifuentes-Triana, 2016
Medicines
Bioactive compounds- Saprotroph macrofungi /
Moreno et al., 2011; Duarte-Trujillo et al., 2020
Antioxidants Laboratory
of crops (Castro-Toro & Rivillas-Osorio, 2012). Some studies Pseudallescheria boydii has potential in bioremediation
have also been carried out in native orchid mycorrhizae, because it presents gene families involved that are in
including species of Ceratobasidium (Mosquera-Espinosa et the degradation of hydrocarbons, such as chloroalkanes,
al., 2010; Ordóñez et al., 2012; Valadares et al., 2015) that chlorocyclohexanes, chlorobenzenes, benzoates, toluene,
provide plant protection or growth stimulation and have been xylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Morales
reported to control fungal plant pathogens on rice seedlings et al., 2017).
(Mosquera-Espinosa et al., 2013). The potential use of fungal A high percentage of species in the biotechnology
species in pollution control has been assessed mainly in category has been the target of several research projects
bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biodegradation, and natural in laboratories and research centres in Colombia (Figure
attenuation. This topic is currently a promising strategy that 2, Table 2). Particularly the ability of some species to
oil companies are being encouraged to implement (Trujillo- decolourise Azure B and Coomassie Blue in solid media
Toro & Ramírez-Quirama, 2012; García & Arango, 2019). has been evaluated, and has a potential application in

CHAPTER 12
decolourisation technology (Arboleda et al., 2008) and in 2012; Bolívar-Anillo et al., 2016). Among them are some
the removal of colourants from wastewater (Holguín-Múnera endophytic species isolated from Frailejón ecosystems
et al., 2017). The potential biotechnological application with antimicrobial activity against Botrytis cinerea
of the enzymes laccase and cellobiose dehydrogenase and Phytophthora infestans (Miles et al., 2012). Some
from Lentinus swartzii, Lentinus crinitus, and Pycnoporus commercial fungal species are the target of research in
sanguineus have been tested for their potential application medicine. For example, that show potential antioxidant and
in decolourisation technologies (Chaparro et al., 2009). The anticancer activities or potential as nutraceuticals have
laccase enzymes from the edible species Pleurotus ostreatus been isolated, identified and analysed from basidiocarps of
were evaluated for potential application in the textile industry Ganoderma lucidum (Moreno et al., 2011) and P. ostreatus
(Pérez-Higuera, 2013). Given the importance of laccase (Duarte-Trujillo et al., 2020), respectively.
in the industry, the effect of Cordyceps nidus extracts on
the laccase activity of P. ostreatus was evaluated, revealing Fungi used in Colombia
an improvement in the enzymatic activity. Cordyceps nidus According to our search, ca. 60 species of useful fungi are
extract is a stimulus for other fungi’s enzymatic activity and currently used in rural and urban regions of Colombia.
biochemical properties (Durán-Aranguren et al., 2020). On
the other hand, the remarkable capacity of Lentinus crinitus Wild macrofungi used by communities in Colombia
to transform agricultural residues increases the content of
proteins, fibre, and nitrogen of the spent substrate, providing Wild macrofungi reported to be used by communities in
different products of interest for agri-food (animal feed) and Colombia (Franco-Molano et al., 2005; Ruíz & Henao, 2006;
agroindustry (Dávila et al., 2020). In addition, some Mucor Vasco-Palacios, 2002; Peña-Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014;
species produce proteases with potential applications in the Villalobos et al., 2017) were classified in the food, materials
food industry (Alves et al., 2005). (cosmetics), or medicines categories (Table 3). The food
Novel strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have category had the highest number of useful species (Table
been evaluated as candidates to improve ethanol production 3), with 36 wild edible species used by rural communities in
due to their ability to consume xylose in the fermentation Colombia, mainly in the departments of Boyacá, Amazonas,
of hydrolysates (Cifuentes-Triana, 2016). Also, the ability of and Putumayo. In addition, six commercial edible species
the yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii to produce oil as raw (Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Lentinula
material for biodiesel has potential as a biodiesel feedstock edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Flammulina
(Ramírez-Castrillón et al., 2017). Finally, the growth and velutipes) are also used in urban areas.
enzyme production of the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix In some regions of Colombia, rural communities have
frontalis, isolated from the rumen of a sheep from a tropical passed on traditional knowledge on the use of edible and
ecosystem, was evaluated in a range of carbon sources and medicinal macrofungi (Peña-Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014;
by varying the form of inoculation (mobile and vegetative Pérez & Piragauta, 2006; Ruíz-Roa et al., 2008; Sanjuan,
states) (Mayorga et al., 2005). 1999; Vasco-Palacios, 2006). Wild edible macrofungi are
Although several entomopathogenic species are used by rural communities in some municipalities in the
currently applied to control animal pests in Colombian department of Boyacá (Table 3). During the rainy season,
crops, some species are being assessed in field and several communities in this region harvest macrofungi for
laboratory conditions. For example, a strain of the species personal use thanks to the oral tradition that transmits
Cladosporium cladosporioides was evaluated against the knowledge from their elders (Ruíz & Henao, 2006; Peña-
spider mite Tetranychus urticae, an important polyphagous Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014; Pérez & Piragauta, 2006;
pest worldwide (Gámez-Guzmán et al., 2019) The biological Ruíz-Roa et al., 2008). Macrolepiota colombiana, known
control of colonies of Atta cephalotes with baits prepared as lechucitas or caicas, and species of Ramaria, known as
with sporulated cultures of Metarhizium anisopliae and manitas, guaras, or pericocas, have a cultural significance
Trichoderma viride has also been evaluated (López & for rural communities. Among other species used by rural
Orduz, 2002). Akanthomyces lecanii has been used for the communities in Boyacá are the ectomycorrhizal Porphyrellus
biological control of cattle ticks (Beltrán-Alzate et al., 2008). indecisus and some saprotrophic fungi such as Crepidotus
Likewise, conidia of M. anisopliae and Metarhizium rileyi have palmarum, Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Hericium erinaceus,
been tested as control agents against Spodoptera frugiperda Lentinula boryana, L. crinitus, Oudemansiella canarii, and
(Grijalba et al., 2018), Beauveria bassiana, Purpureocillium Cantharellus lateritius. All species are given common names
lilacinum, and Akanthomyces dipterigenus has been tested and are cooked according to local culinary preferences (Ruíz
in the control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae & Henao, 2006; Peña-Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014).
(Machado-Agudelo, 2019) and B. bassiana. Cordyceps Peña-Cañón and Henao-Mejía (2014) contributed to the
fumosorosea and P. lilacinum were also tested for their knowledge of these fungi in the department of Boyacá,
ability to control Leptopharsa gibbicarina, an economically recording the use of 16 species by rural communities, of
important pest of oil palm plantations (Barrios et al., 2016). which 11 are reported as useful in the municipalities of
In the poisons category, some filamentous fungi with Pauna and Chiquinquirá. Pérez & Piragauta (2006) recorded
antimicrobial activity have been tested as antagonists of 23 species used by the communities of Arcabuco in the
other fungal plant pathogens in Colombia (Miles et al., department of Boyacá: 14 species used as food, four as

CHAPTER 12
TABLE 3. Fungi used in Colombia.
Category/Subcategory Use description Department References

Food
Saprotroph and ectomycorrhizal Ruíz & Henao, 2006; Peña-Cañón &
Wild edible
macrofungi used by rural Boyacá Henao-Mejía, 2014; Pérez & Piragauta,
macrofungi
communities 2006; Ruíz-Roa et al., 2008
Saprotroph macrofungi used by Amazonas
Wild edible Franco-Molano et al., 2005; Vasco-
Uitoto, Muiname, Andoke, and Inga and
macrofungi Palacios, 2002; Sanjuan, 1999
indigenous people Putumayo
Various
Commercial edible Saprotroph macrofungi used in urban
cities in
mushrooms and rural areas
Colombia
Medicines
Macrofungi used by Uitoto indigenous Franco-Molano et al., 2005; Primer
Fever, Infections, Amazonas
people Coloquio Colombiano de Micología, 2020
Digestive disorders,
Skin disorders Saprotroph macrofungi used by rural
Boyacá Pérez & Piragauta, 2006
communities
Biological control
Control of animal Entomopathogens used in field Espinel-Correal et al., 2018; Alves et al.,

pests conditions 2002
Materials
Tannins/Dyestuffs- Villalobos et al., 2017; Guzmán & Varela,
Wayuu indigenous people La Guajira
Cosmetics 1978
Social uses
Saprotroph macrofungi used by
La Guajira, Franco-Molano et al., 2005; Villalobos et
Symbolic meaning Wayuu indigenous people and Uitoto
Amazonas al., 2017
indigenous people
Environmental use
Commercial product based on
Biofertilizer Bogotá Fungifert, 2020
ectomycorrhizal species
medicines, and three as insecticides. In the municipality of commercialise them in the town centre of the municipality
Moniquirá (Boyacá), 22 species were recorded, with 16 being of Gachantivá (N. Vargas, pers. observ.).
used as food, four as medicinal, and four as insecticides. Several studies have reported the use of fungi by
Ethnomycological explorations continue to document indigenous communities in the Amazon region. Since the
the traditional use of macrofungi among Colombian rural 1980s, the use of fungal species has been reported in
communities, expanding the list of municipalities in the indigenous ethnic groups. Sanjuan (1999) found that Inganos
department of Boyacá with a tradition of macrofungi use for indigenous communities from Caquetá use six species of
food and/or medicine. In fact, in a recent expedition to the fungi, known by them as kallambas, including Oudemansiella
municipality of Otanche (west of Boyacá), two edible species, canarii, Schizophyllum commune, and Favolus tenuiculus. At
Macrocybe titans and Favolus tenuiculus, were recorded as the beginning of the 2000s, Vasco-Palacios (2002), Franco-
useful. The abovementioned cases are examples of the Molano et al. (2005), and Vasco-Palacios (2006) elaborated a
personal use of native species, but fewer cases of direct review of the fungal species used by the Uitoto, Muiname, and
marketing by collectors are reported in Colombia (Peña- Andoke indigenous people of the middle Caquetá, reporting
Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014; Pérez & Piragauta, 2006). their edible and medicinal uses (Table 3). Species such as
Wild macrofungi are shared among people or relatives as Lentinula raphanica, Auricularia delicata, A. fuscosuccinea,
a gift and are exchanged for other products such as wheat Favolus tenuiculus, and three species of Lentinus were
(Peña-Cañón & Henao-Mejía, 2014). In the municipality reported as edible by the Amazonian indigenous people
of Gachantivá (Boyacá), some farmers collect macrofungi (Franco-Molano et al., 2005; Vasco-Palacios, 2002; Sanjuan,
such as Agaricus spp. near their homes in rural areas and 1999; Vasco-Palacios, 2006).

CHAPTER 12
For example, in the medicines category, the species sawdust with wood shavings and rice or sorghum bran, dry
Pycnoporus sanguineus is reported to treat oral mycosis, wood from plantations of Quercus trees (oaks) (Rodríguez &
and Daldinia concentrica is used to treat skin sores (Franco- Jaramillo, 2005), and a mixture of sawdust from the coffee
Molano et al., 2005). Other species such as Bovista plumbea stem, coffee grounds, wheat bran, carbonate, gypsum, and
and Psilocybe cubensis are used to prevent and cure sugar (Varón, 2004) have been used in Colombia. To reduce
dermatological diseases (Villalobos et al., 2017). In the social production time and costs, and to increase the production
uses category, women in Wayuu communities (department of compounds of interest such as beta-glucans, different
of La Guajira) use the spores of some fungi species as studies have been carried out in liquid media, allowing the
sunscreen in religious rituals and dances (Villalobos et fungus and its compounds to be more easily absorbed by the
al., 2017). In the Andean region, rural communities use human body, and also making them soluble and thermostable
the term “dangerous” to refer to the mushroom species (Puerta-Marín & Zapata-Cardona, 2006). Lentinula edodes is
Psilocybe cubensis (Ruíz & Henao, 2006), reporting that originally from Asia, and the strains used in Colombia come
they are sought after by visitors with great interest in their from imported strains in international stocks, mainly from
hallucinogenic effects. Despite this, some local experts the United States, Japan, and China. Some studies have
refer to their medicinal use in hot compresses to treat boils tested its cultivation with substrates that produce optimal
(Pérez & Piragauta, 2006). biological efficiencies (Arias-García et al., 2008; Arredondo-
In the biological control category, several entomo- Peña & Pérez-Martínez, 2007).
pathogenic species are available in markets as agents to In Colombia, some entities help to enhance the cultivation
control pathogens in crops. Colombia has a strong tradition of macrofungi. For example, the National Federation of
in this research field, and companies and research institutes Fungi Growers of Colombia (FEDEFUNGICOL), a non-profit
are developing technologies to produce commercial products organisation, seeks to provide better support to its members
based on entomopathogens (Espinel-Correal et al., 2018). and more opportunities for human communities, sheltering
For example, different products based on Beauveria bassiana different branches of the fungiculture, such as producers of
control the coffee berry borer (Alves et al., 2002). Cordyceps oyster mushrooms, Ganoderma, and shiitake.
fumosorosea is used to control mites, thrips, whiteflies,
and Metarhizium anisopliae is formulated to control beetle Underutilised fungal species
larvae, leaf cutter ants, and mosquito larvae (Espinel-Correal The number of used and/or assessed useful species in
et al., 2018). Colombia compared to the underutilised species (reports
made in other countries) are shown in Figure 4. Regarding
Commercial macrofungi the fungal species present in Colombia and their utility, most
Regarding non-native macrofungi, a few well-known species categories, particularly food, materials, medicines, poisons,
are commercialised in markets or consumed in restaurants and social uses, have a higher number of underutilised
in urban cities. These species are distributed mainly in cool species than the number of used or assessed species.
climates, and their strains have been brought from other
countries for cultivation in Colombia. Agaricus bisporus, the
common champiñón, is the most commercialised species
in urban centres in Colombia, being sold in supermarkets,
squares and small groceries, and dairy and meat stores. The
species with the most reports of use in small businesses
and entrepreneurship in urban areas is the oyster mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus. Different entities, small businesses
and research groups have developed studies to optimise
its cultivation, the development of value-added products,
and the analysis of supply chains (Rodríguez-Valencia &
Jaramillo, 2004; Rodríguez-Valencia et al., 2006; Arias-
García et al., 2008; López-Rodríguez et al., 2008; Montoya-
Barreto et al., 2009; Romero et al., 2010; Suárez-Arango,
2010; Jaramillo-Ruiz et al., 2011; Fernández-Uribe, 2014;
Vargas et al., 2019).
On the other hand, one of the most used and studied
species at an industrial level is Ganoderma lucidum, a species
commonly known as the king of fungi and longevity in Asia. In
Colombia, it is estimated that its research began 12 years
ago, and its industrial cultivation started approximately six
years ago, due to the interest generated by its medicinal
properties (Giraldo, 2013). Among the culture media used to FIGURE 4. Number of fungal species used and assessed in
grow G. lucidum, mixtures of substrates such as hardwood Colombia vs underutilised species.

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSIONS Barrios TCE, Bustillo PAE, Ocampo RKL, Reina CMA, Alvarado MHL (2016)
Eficacia de hongos entomopatógenos en el control de Leptopharsa
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species, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, commonly known as Colombia, showing her mushroom harvest.
shiitake mushroom, is an edible fungus grown in eucalyptus and [Tatiana Sanjuan]
acacia sawdust.
[Tatiana Sanjuan]

CHAPTER 13
Panus neostrigosus
[Martha Ortiz-Moreno]
Chapter 13
Biotechnology of Fungi of Colombia
Martha L. Ortiz-Moreno1*, Rafael F. de Almeida2, Martha Cárdenas3, Marcela Guevara-Suarez4, Angelis Marbello3, Natalia Bolaños3, Pedro
Jiménez5 & Silvia Restrepo3
1
Grupo de Investigación en Sustentabilidad Ambiental (SUSA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad de los Llanos.
2
Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Ecosystem Stewardship, Sustainable Use, Seeds and Solutions, Richmond, TW9 3AE, Surrey, UK.
3
Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Departamento de ingeniería Química y de alimentos, Universidad de los Andes.
4
Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes.
5
Facultad de ciencias básicas y aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
*Corresponding author: mlortiz@unillanos.edu.co

Keywords: biotechnology, funga, mycology, uses.
ABSTRACT
The biotechnological use of fungi has been walking side by side with the development of human well-being since the dawn
of civilisation, enriching our diet with new products, increasing the assimilation of plant sources, and even contributing to
the conservation of protein sources. A qualitative leap in fungi manipulation was made possible with the development of
microbiology, mycology, and the use of molecular tools, laying the foundations for the development of fungal biotechnology.
These advances allowed the better identification of promising strains, understanding the relationship between genes and
phenotypes, and optimising their culture conditions to maximise the obtention of biomass or metabolites of interest to the
industry. In the global context, multiple studies have focused on the characterisation, bioprospecting, and development
of fungal biotechnological products, leading to patents and innovative, high-efficiency industrial processes with reduced
environmental impact. However, despite the great fungal diversity in Colombia, there is still much to investigate in order to
transform the dream of exploiting its funga as a source of biotechnological products that generate social well-being and allow
the positioning of technological innovation within the national productive sectors. Therefore, researchers, companies, and
consumers are urged to support the development of a Colombian fungal biotechnology strategy as an engine for sustainable
economic change.
RESUMEN
El uso de hongos ha acompañado el desarrollo del bienestar humano desde los albores de la civilización enriqueciendo la dieta
con nuevos productos, aumentando la asimilación de fuentes vegetales e inclusive contribuyendo a la conservación de las
fuentes de proteína. Pero es con el desarrollo de la microbiología, la micología y el uso de herramientas de biología molecular
que se dió un salto cualitativo en la manipulación de los hongos para sentar las bases del desarrollo de la biotecnología
fúngica, al lograr una mejor identificación de las cepas promisorias, comprender la relación entre los genes, los fenotipos
y cómo optimizar sus condiciones de cultivo para maximizar la obtención de biomasa o de metabolitos de interés para la
industria. En el contexto mundial son múltiples los estudios que se han enfocado en la bioprospección, caracterización y
desarrollo de productos biotecnológicos fúngicos conducentes al desarrollo de patentes e innovadores procesos industriales
de alta eficiencia y con impacto ambiental reducido. Sin embargo, en Colombia a pesar de su amplia diversidad fúngica aún
falta mucho por investigar para transformar en realidad el sueño de explotar la funga como fuente de productos biotecnológicos
que generen bienestar social y permitan posicionar la innovación tecnológica dentro de los sectores productivos nacionales.
Por ende, se insta a los investigadores, empresas y consumidores a apoyar el desarrollo de la biotecnología fúngica nacional
como un motor de cambio económico sustentable.
INTRODUCTION applied microbiology (Khan et al., 2017). Biotechnology

includes research and the production of bioactive substances
Biotechnology and its applications
and functional foods, cellular and molecular diagnosis,
Biotechnology refers to any technological application that uses disease management with novel approaches, toxicology,
biological systems and living organisms or their derivatives genomics and environmental management, biosecurity
to create or modify products or processes for specific uses associated with the cultivation and processing of different
(United Nations, 1992). Biotechnology comprises basic and organisms, and biofuels, among other applications (Khan et
applied research that integrates different approaches derived al., 2017).
from the technology and application of biological sciences, The organisms studied for biotechnological applications
such as cellular and molecular biology, bioinformatics, and are considered promising because of their tolerance

CHAPTER 13
of environmental stresses, producing metabolites with alcohol for the pharmaceutical industry, and more recently,
possible applications in industry. Additionally, fungi have for the biofuel industry (Nandy & Srivastava, 2018). Starchy
rapid growth and the ability to adapt to the industrial and sugary substrates are used in these fermentation
production of biomass (Bekirogullari et al., 2020). They processes. Still, with the development of third-generation
can also be sources of genes of great interest that can be fuels, the possibility of saccharifying harvest waste or other
transferred to model organisms (Behera et al., 2017). Some substrates to incorporate enzymes of filamentous fungi in
of the most studied organisms in biotechnology are fungi fuel ethanol production have been explored (Nanda et al.,
due to their unique biological characteristics (Nevalainen 2018). Fungal strains are also used to produce citric, acetic,
et al., 2017). gluconic, gallic, kojic, and itaconic acids, fats, and glycerine,
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that are adapted to among other chemical products (Herrera & Ulloa, 1998;
various ecosystems and habitats. Their enzymes participate Money, 2016). Dehydrated yeasts are also an important
in the decomposition of biomass, playing a fundamental role industrial product, used as nutritional supplements in human
in the development of cultivated plants, and collaborating and animal food, as they are rich in proteins and B vitamins
in the maintenance of soil fertility by decomposing complex (Shurson, 2018).
molecules (i.e., starch, cellulose, chitin, fats, and proteins) On the other hand, the maturation and fermentation
into simple elements that can be absorbed by plants and the of cheeses such as Roquefort, Camembert, and similar
soil microbiota (Herrera & Ulloa, 1998; Cepero et al., 2012). types depend on the metabolic activities of certain
Fungi participate in the humification and ammonisation moulds (Canellada et al., 2018). Likewise, the enzyme
phases within the nitrification process, transforming manufacturing industry has only flourished using various
proteins into amides, amines, amino acids, ammonia, and fungi to produce amylases, diastases, invertases, lipases,
ammonia salts (Herrera & Ulloa, 1998). Their role in soil proteases, pectinases, and other enzymes (Wösten, 2019).
fertility is especially important in acidic soils (Herrera & These enzymes are used to produce textiles, paper, leather,
Ulloa, 1998; Hoffland et al., 2004), such as those found in gums, syrups, and fruit juices (Wösten, 2019). The taka-
vast areas of Colombia (Fonte et al., 2019). Fungi are also diastase obtained from various Aspergillus species is used
important agents that participate in the ecological balance, for industrial and therapeutic purposes, as it consists of an
establishing symbiotic, mutualistic, synergistic, parasitic, enzyme complex of sucrase, maltase, lactase, dextrinase,
and even predatory interactions with other organisms amylase, cellulase, pectinase, lipase, peptase, ereptase,
(Herrera & Ulloa, 1998; Cepero et al., 2012). renin, trypsin, catalase, inulase, emulsin, tanases and
Currently, industrialised countries highlight the role of proteases, among others (Herrera & Ulloa, 1998; Kitagaki,
mycology in the human economy due to its great potential 2021).
in biotechnological applications derived from the metabolic Several antibiotics have been obtained from different fungi,
diversity of fungi (Meyer et al., 2020). With sufficient especially from Penicillium and Aspergillus, such as penicillin,
attention and resources, fungal biotechnology, in terms of produced by Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum (García-
the production of food and important bioactive products, Estrada et al., 2020). Likewise, an alkaloid called ergotine
including enzymatic, medicinal, and pharmacological ones, is extracted from ergot (Claviceps purpurea), and used in
can in the future contribute to the economy of developing medicine to combat bleeding associated with childbirth,
countries (Challa et al., 2019), such as Colombia. to induce uterine contractions (Liabsuetrakul et al., 2018),
and in the treatment of migraines due to its peripheral
USES OF FUNGI vasoconstrictive effect (Tfelt-Hansen & Koehler, 2008).
Fruiting bodies of certain Basidiomycota and Ascomycota These are some examples of the wide potential of fungi as
can be used as food by humans (Herrera & Ulloa, 1998; De a biotechnological resource. Thus, the goal of this chapter
Román & Boa, 2004). During certain seasons of the year, they was to review the state of knowledge of the biotechnological
constitute a food alternative for rural populations and even applications of the fungi of Colombia.
a source of income from the commercialisation of sporomes
as culinary delicacies (Christensen et al., 2008). Some of MATERIAL AND METHODS
these edible mushrooms, such as Agaricus bisporus, have To elucidate the biotechnological potential of the fungi
been cultivated for many years in various countries, giving of Colombia, we performed systematic searches on the
rise to an industrial branch of great economic importance reports of biotechnological applications of the genera or
(Carrasco et al., 2020). These mushrooms are sold fresh, species listed in the ColFungi portal during July and August
dried, pickled, or canned (Pardo-Giménez et al., 2017). 2021, with a temporal coverage of studies from between
However, this is not the only use of fungi as they are also used 1990 and 2021. Also, a brief review of studies conducted
in industrial processes to obtain many products, including in Colombia that have described endophyte fungi biology
food, beverages, and important drugs, with a huge impact was also performed. Most of these studies aimed to
on the economy of most countries (Pombeiro-Sponchiado et describe the diversity and, in some cases, tried to uncover
al., 2017; Singh, 2019). the potential of endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents or as
Since ancient times, yeasts have been used to produce producers of interesting metabolites. We also performed
bread, distilled beverages (i.e., beer and wine), and ethyl a search in Google Scholar, without time restriction, to

CHAPTER 13
look for studies related to Colombian fungal diversity with alkaloids, terpenoids) to discourage the consumption of
the keyword’s modifiers “endophytes” AND “Colombia”, their biomass, develop pigments with antioxidant activity,
“Micromycetes diversity” AND “Colombia”; “Microfungal bioaccumulate metals, and produce other biomolecules with
diversity” AND “Colombia”; “Microfungi diversity” AND biological activities that are of great biotechnological interest
“Colombia”, excluding lichens, and the same terms for (Souza et al., 2015; Hyde et al., 2019). In this sense, it is a
Macromycetes. We also searched for metagenomics and priority to advance the knowledge of Colombian funga as it has
metabarcoding studies using the modifiers “Metagenomics” great potential to contribute to the sustainable development
AND “Microfungi” AND “Colombia”. of the country. From the data from ColFungi, we identified
287 plant symbiotrophs that have potential as promoters
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of plant growth that could be used in forest production and
Biotechnological potential of fungi of Colombia annual and perennial agriculture. A total of 3,161 species
of saprotroph-symbiotrophs could be the source of genes,
The ecological role of fungi is very important as they enzymes, and biomolecules of great industrial importance, to
participate in nutrient cycling, playing a fundamental role in name a few example uses. To illustrate the biotechnological
diverse ecosystem services, especially in regulatory ones. potential of some of the genera recorded in Colombia, some
They can also act as predators and parasites that regulate examples will be presented below.
populations of other biological groups. On the basis of
the data from the ColFungi portal from the Royal Botanic Filamentous fungi: Trametes and Xylaria
Gardens, Kew, we identified eight main trophic modes
described for their species: pathogenic fungi feeding only One of the most-studied genera of lignin and cellulose-
on vascular plants (1,073), on animals (154 species), on degrading fungi is Trametes (Basidiomycota, Polyporales;
animals and vascular plants (2), only on bryophytes (1), on Figure 1). Several species (T. pubescens, T. elegans, T.
plant endophytes (2), other fungi excluding lichens (23), and versicolor, and T. villosa) are used for industrial applications
lichens (110). There are also saprotroph-pathotroph fungi, such as the degradation of agricultural waste (Osma et al.,
which can go from consuming organic matter to parasitising 2007; Gonzalez et al., 2013; Velásquez-Riaño et al., 2018),
other organisms under certain conditions. These are to biocatalyze the production of flavours (Mendez et al.,
represented by 176 species that can infect animals, other 2018; Jaramillo et al., 2020), and to bioremedy aromatic
fungi, bryophytes, and vascular plants. There is also a substances and wastewater (Osma et al., 2007; Ortiz-
group of species that can be consumers of organic matter, Monsalve et al., 2019; Mejía-Otálvaro et al., 2021). Degrading
pathogens, and mutualists depending on environmental activity on plant biomass has also been described for native
conditions. These are represented by 135 species, which isolates from Quindío corresponding to the genera Cookeina,
can be endophytes, epiphytes, and ectomycorrhizal. Xylaria (Ascomycota), and Earliella (Basidiomycota; Figure 1)
Another important functional group is the (Chaparro et al., 2009), showing that there are many genera
pathosymbiotrophs, made up of 119 species, mostly that have potential to degrade organic matter that are in
endophytes, although they can eventually parasitise other need of additional studies in Colombia.
organisms. In turn, saprotroph-symbiotrophs can go from
a free lifestyle to establishing symbiotic associations with Yeasts: Saccharomyces and Meyerozyma
different organisms. These are represented by 44 species Yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces (Ascomycota; Figure
that have been obtained from manure, litter, and roots. The 1) have been used in multiple applications as antioxidants
saprotrophs or consumers of organic matter are one of the and anti-topoisomerase I and II for the prevention of
most diverse groups with 1,430 species. They have been cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Correa Soto & Gaviria
obtained from manure, leaf litter and decomposing wood, Mendoza, 2010), in ethanol production from native strains
and the soil. (Garzón Castaño & Hernández Londoño, 2009; Peña-Serna
The symbiotrophs that grow in association with organisms et al., 2012; Walteros Pinzón, 2020), and in the processing
in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, of by-products such as glycerine (Sierra Arenas et al., 2015)
endophytes, epiphytes, and lichenised fungi represent 3,074 and surplus banana pulp (Oviedo Zumaqué et al., 2009).
species. Whereas the symbiotroph-saprotrophs (that is, fungi Likewise, S. cerevisiae has been used for lead bioadsorption
that predominantly live associated with other organisms but, (Pauro Roque et al., 2009) and animal supplementation
under certain conditions, can adopt free lifeforms through (Ramírez et al., 2007). Another widely studied yeast genus
the consumption of organic matter) were represented by 53 is Meyerozyma, which has been used as a probiotic in
species associated with wood (49) and lichens (4). ruminants (M. guilliermondii) (Chaparro et al., 2017; Castillo
Fungi have developed diverse mechanisms to persist in Saldarriaga et al., 2018) and to produce biodiesel (Ramírez-
different types of environments, such as the production of Castrillón et al., 2017). It has also been used for the
lytic enzymes adapted to different environmental conditions, fermentation of cocoa beans (Fonseca Blanco et al., 2020;
which can even degrade xenobiotics (chemical substances Lozano Tovar et al., 2020), and in plant protection against
not normally present in the environment of living organisms). anthracnose in fruits (M. caribbica) (Bautista Rosales et al.,
They can also release antibiotics to compete with other 2013; Ramírez-Castrillón et al., 2019; Navarro-Herrera &
microorganisms, synthesise complex molecules (e.g., Ortiz-Moreno, 2020).

CHAPTER 13
FIGURE 1. A Crepidotus brasiliensis, B Cookeina speciosa, C Favolus tenuiculus, D Auricularia fuscosuccinea,

E Morchella sp., F Lentinus crinitus, G Earliella scabrosa, H Saccharomyces sp., I Panus neostrigosus,
J Pleurotus sp., K Trametes elegans, and L Xylaria hypoxylon. (All photographs by Martha Ortiz-Moreno.)

CHAPTER 13
Edible fungi: Auricularia, Favolus, Morchella, and Hericium because: 1. they have been found in every plant species
Edible mushrooms are of great interest to biotechnology examined to date, 2. researchers keep discovering new
due to their nutritional value and the possibility of offering species of fungi inhabiting plants, and 3. these fungi produce
the consumer biomolecules that can improve or maintain novel bioactive metabolites that can be used in agricultural
their health over time (Kües & Badalyan, 2017). Among the or industrial processes (Strobel & Daisy, 2003).
native fungi with great potential to be explored in Colombia Several problems with the taxonomy of endophytes make
are species of Auricularia, Favolus, Morchella, and Hericium their study and proper characterisation difficult (Miles et
(Figure 1). In Auricularia, Wu et al. (2014) have reported the al., 2012). First, many endophytic fungi do not sporulate
cultivation of A. auricula-judae, A. heimuer, A. americana, and under culture conditions. Thus, they are described as sterile
A. villosula as human food in China. These authors highlight mycelium or listed as morphospecies. In some cases,
that the consumption of these fungi dates back to Imperial molecular identification can help to clarify their taxonomy
China as a culinary delicacy reserved for emperors. By 2013, or at least helps to group some morphospecies. Second,
approximately 4.75 billion kg (fresh weight) of A. auricula- many represent new species to science or belong to novel
judae and other species known as “Heimuer” were grown, groups and do not fit within previously described taxa.
representing a 4 billion USD/year market. This high demand Third, most microorganisms do not grow in culture. Keeping
is due to its attributed anti-ageing properties, and the ability these problems in mind, we reviewed the diversity of these
of these foods to reduce sugar and fat in the blood, improve fungi in Colombia, focusing mainly on those that could be
immunity, and prevent and treat cancer (Wu et al., 2014). taxonomically identified.
In Colombia, Niño et al. (2017) analysed the cultivation Several authors, notably Elizabeth Arnold from Arizona
potential of Auricularia fuscosuccinea and Crepidotus University, have extensively studied fungal endophytes in the
tropics, resulting in the publication of more than 15 studies
palmarum, species with traditional use reported in rural
by her research group on the diversity of these organisms in
communities of Boyacá, obtaining positive results regarding
several tropical plants (Arnold et al., 2000), postulating that
their isolation and growth in substrates such as potato
tropical endophytes might be hyper-diverse. Although the
dextrose agar and malt extract agar. The consumption of
diversity of endophytes has been explored in several tropical
species of Auricularia, as well as Favolus, Lentinus, Lentinula,
countries and different plants, the diversity of native Colombian
Panus, and Pleurotus (Figure 1), has been reported in
microorganisms has not yet been explored extensively.
Amazonian indigenous communities. Thus, it is necessary
The first study of endophytes in Colombia was probably
to rediscover these traditional uses in order to find new food
performed by Dreyfuss & Petrini (1984). They isolated a
products for future world food sovereignty in a context where
few fungi from the plant families Araceae, Bromeliaceae,
access to quality protein and vitamins is increasingly limited
and Orchidaceae in Colombia, Brazil, and France. These
(Vargas-Isla et al., 2013). In addition, Murillo & Suárez
authors described several species of Ascomycota from
(2020) showed that the cultivation of Lentinus crinitus and
orchid species of Epidendrum and Maxillaria. One of the
its use on a laboratory scale is feasible. Meanwhile, Flórez-
most ubiquitous genera reported was Fusarium and its
Sampedro et al. (2016) found that Lentinus and Ganoderma
teleomorphs (Sordariomycetes). Orchids are essential
have anti-HIV activity.
plants in Colombia, encompassing an important commercial
On the other hand, Morchella (Ascomycota) is an edible
crop and the national flower (Cattleya trianae) (https://
fungus highly appreciated in European cuisine. This genus www.cancilleria.gov.co/simbolos-patrios-y-otros-datos-
has been reported in Colombia (Pinzón-Osorio et al., 2017; interes). The study of endophytes in orchid roots has
Baroni et al., 2018) to have great biotechnological potential had exciting potential as the limits between endophytes,
to be explored as it contains immunomodulatory proteins mycorrhizae, and parasites have been difficult to draw for
(Wu et al., 2020), as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial the microorganisms living in those tissues. For example, it
activities (Heleno et al., 2013). In turn, the genus Hericium has not been conclusively demonstrated that either partner
has also been recorded in Colombia (Murillo & Suárez, benefits from their interaction (Bayman & Otero, 2006).
2020), and shows a pleasant taste, high nutritional value, In Colombia, a significant number of altitudinal climatic
and hypoglycaemic activity. In addition, this genus has regions are likely to harbour many diverse microbial
cytoprotective properties for gastric cells (Liao & Huang, communities. According to Strobel & Daisy (2003), the
2019), and it is also neuroprotective (Brahmachari, 2017). number of plant species is so great that researchers looking
Hericium cultivation conditions have been evaluated by for microorganisms that produce novel bioactive products
Buchalo et al. (2005). Pre-treatment with Hericium has even should use creative and imaginative sampling strategies.
been proposed as a strategy to increase the digestibility of For example, one should look for endophytes in plants living
corn stover in ruminants (Moreno et al., 2019). in unique environmental sites that show different strategies
to survive extreme conditions (Strobel & Daisy, 2003).
Endophytic fungi: the hidden diversity Following Strobel’s rationale for plant selection (Strobel
Fungal endophytes colonise internal plant tissues without & Daisy, 2003), Miles et al. (2012) selected the endemic
causing any disease symptom, tissue damage, or apparent Andean giant rosettes (Espeletia complex: Asteraceae) from
damage in their hosts (Kogel et al., 2006; Schulz & Boyle, the paramo ecosystem to look for endophytes, describe
2005). These fungi have captured the interest of researchers their diversity and study their potential as biocontrol agents.

CHAPTER 13
Their results showed that endophyte communities were P. brevicompactum. In this case, no species of Penicillium
dominated by organisms belonging to the Ascomycota, have ever been reported as pathogens of species of Coffea.
with Sordariomycetes predominating over other classes of The authors mentioned that this might imply that these
fungi. An exciting result of this study was that the taxonomic endophytes are not latent pathogens, suggesting that these
composition at the class level resembled that from tropical fungi can protect the plants against insects producing
forests more closely than that from temperate regions. This ochratoxin A (Vega et al., 2006). A more diverse group of
result was surprising as paramo conditions are more similar fungi was found in a posterior study using green coffee
to temperate locations than to tropical forests. Still, it might seeds (Vega et al., 2008). In this second study, fungi from
reflect the close geographical proximity of the paramos with the following genera and species were identified in Colombia:
Colombian tropical forests (pers. observ.). Gibberella sp., Aspergillus tubingiensis, and Penicillium
In Colombia, endophytes have also been studied in olsonii (Vega et al., 2008). In a third study, the same and
cultivated plants (e. g., coffee, Tahiti lime, tomatoes), mainly additional genera and species were discovered: Aspergillus
to find alternatives to control the causal agents of plant sp., A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. pseudodeflectus, Beauveria
diseases. In a first study, 15 morphospecies were isolated bassiana, Beauveria sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Cercospora
from several tissues (branches, leaves, and fruits) of the sp., Cladosporium sp., Clonostachys cf. rosea, Colletotrichum
Tahiti lime (Citrus x latifolia), all belonging to the Ascomycota, sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phomopis sp. Xylaria sp.,
except for two classified as sterile mycelium (Muñoz- among others (Vega et al., 2010).
Guerrero et al., 2021). Two isolates showing biocontrol The host specificity of endophytes is another wide-
activity were identified using the ITS and EF genetic markers open question. In Colombia, one study addressed this
as Xylaria adscendens and Trichoderma atroviride, again, two issue with the hypothesis that one endophyte from the
Sordariomycetes (Muñoz-Guerrero et al., 2021). plant family Melastomataceae, Chrysoporthe cubensis
The genus Fusarium is frequently found in endophyte (Cryphonectriaceae), had a change of host to infect species
studies (Kuldau & Yates, 2000). Isolating endophytes from of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Colombia. Six plant species
tomato roots, Andrade-Linares et al. (2011) obtained 51 from three genera of Melastomataceae were sampled,
fungal isolates with 20 isolates corresponding to Fusarium, with three species of the fungal family Cryphonectriaceae
eight representing sterile mycelia and seven with dark (Aurapex penicillata, C. cubensis, and C. inopina) being
septate hyphae. The dual nature of Fusarium as a pathogen identified using morphological and molecular techniques
and an endophyte is intriguing, and several hypotheses have (Granados et al., 2020). However, more studies are needed
been proposed in the literature. Many questions still need to determine whether host switches are common among
to be properly addressed by further studies: could there be endophyte species.
avirulent variants? Could they be living in a protected habitat Finally, a substantial amount of information on mycological
as long as the plant is healthy? Do they show different diversity is reported in documents that frequently are
stages of development? in university library repositories and are on either partly
Other studies have shown the recurrent isolation of available or not available at all to the public. These include
Fusarium from crops. Parsa et al. (2016) described endophytes honour theses (Montoya Sánchez, 2019), master's theses
in germinated seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (Hurtado Clopatosky, 2020), internal university journals
(Leguminosae). Although Aureobasidium pullulans was the (Melo & Suarez, 2016), and research project final reports.
dominant species, Fusarium oxysporum, Xylaria sp. and The species lists reported are similar to those in the
Cladosporium cladosporioides, among others, were also abovementioned papers, including frequent reports on
isolated (Parsa et al., 2016). Interestingly some of the most genera such as Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and
important pathogens of the common bean were also found Trichoderma (Hurtado Clopatosky, 2020). Remarkably, many
as endophytes: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium of the reports were not directed to the study of biodiversity.
solani (currently Neocosmospora solani), and Macrophomina Instead, they were mainly focused on the search for practical
phaseolina (Parsa et al., 2016). A more recent study (Henao uses for endophytic fungi, such as the production of
et al., 2019) isolated 143 endophytes from leaves, roots, metabolites (Charria et al. 2021), plant growth stimulation
pseudostems, and corms obtained from healthy bananas (Ordóñez et al., 2012) or biological control of economic
and bananas affected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense important fungal pathogens (Hurtado Clopatosky, 2020).
race 1. The results showed that Fusarium sp. was the most
common fungal morphotype in healthy (18.67%) and diseased Fungal culture collections
(25.53%) plants (Henao et al., 2019). Authors found 14 genera Research related to fungal bioprospection begins with
belonging to the Ascomycota, distributed in three classes: traditional studies on fungal biodiversity, including assertive
Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. polyphasic identification and the elaboration of a living
Coffee is probably the most important or known export (culture) fungi collection (Hyde et al., 2019). This approach
product from Colombia. Different tissues sampled from has discovered unique features of Micromycetes, showing
healthy plants belonging to Coffea arabica, C. congensis, the potential of these microorganisms in biotechnology
C. liberica, and C. dewevrei were used to isolate fungi. (Hyde et al., 2019). The cultures placed in the microbiological
Interestingly, the species identified among the isolates collections will then be used in applied research to exploit all
belonged to the genus Penicillium: P. oxalicum, P. brocae, and their industrial and biotechnological properties (Hyde et al.,

CHAPTER 13
2019). One of Colombia’s most important microbiological Fitotripen (Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii and T. viride),
culture collections is in the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Mycorrhizagro (Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and
at Bogota [Member of the World Federation for Culture Entrophospora), and Safelomyces (Purpureocillium lilacinum
Collections (WFCC)]. However, only 130 fungal strains are and Cordyceps fumosorosea), used as bio controllers, plant
deposited in this collection, representing around 33 genera growth promoters, plant protectors and soil improvers
and 35 species, with no deposits of new fungal taxa (e.g., applicable to different crops. For other companies, such as
isotypes or holotypes). This fact is a worrying reality for Orius Biotech and Bio-Crop, with products oriented to the
future applied studies in Colombia. Therefore, strengthening agricultural sector based on fungi, it was not possible to
microbiological collections in countries like Colombia that obtain information on the origin of their strains.
have high biodiversity should be a national priority to
better represent fungal material collected and to support CONCLUSIONS
bioprospecting and bioeconomy studies based on fungi. The Colombian funga has an immense biotechnological
potential of which much remains unexplored, in addition
Fungal biotechnology in Colombian industry to building clusters of university research centres and
According to specialists consulted from the Asociación companie that allow the transfer of scientific knowledge
Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC), there is a broad into commercial products, strengthening the Colombian
interest in innovation in Colombian industry, which is why productive sector, and generating a true transfer of social
fungal biotechnology processes have been used in the sugar- well-being with the use of fungal diversity.
alcohol, food, chemical, and agricultural products industries.
However, many of these bioprocesses are based on the use
of strains of fungi imported from other latitudes. This may Acknowledgements
be related to several factors: the political and legal difficulty
The authors are grateful for the support of their respective
of bringing a native fungal strain to the commercialisation institutions of affiliation: Universidad de los Llanos; Royal Botanic
phase as this implies costly and cumbersome bureaucratic Gardens, Kew; Universidad de los Andes and Universidad Militar
processes that universities, research centres, or business Nueva Granada. Also, the authors express their gratitude to the
consortia can hardly take on. There is also the difficulty in specialists of the Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC):
legally accessing biological and genetic resources of fungi, Aida Vasco, Paola Zapata, Mauricio Ramírez, and Carolina
which implies a need to maintain reference collections and Chegwin. The authors also thank Ing. Nubia Moreno Sarmiento
to obtain permits for the study of fungi to commercialise from the company Biocultivos S.A. and the Microbiologist Alba
knowledge. At the same time, many resources are needed Lucia Calderón Jiménez from the company Natural Control S.A. for
to finance high-level research to characterise the native and supplying information on their fungal strains. We also thank the
promising strains of fungi of Colombia and to finance the reviewer Tom Prescott for his comments and suggestions.
processes of protecting intellectual property rights for the
innovations that are obtained, just as it is complex to involve
communities in order to transfer the benefits of biodiversity
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CHAPTER 14
Sticta peltigerella
[Robert Lücking]
Chapter 14
Fungal Conservation in Colombia
Diego Simijaca 1,2,3*, Gregory Mueller 4,5 & Aída M. Vasco-Palacios2,5,6
1
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Ciencias Biológicas, Avenidad Universidad, # 940, Aguascalientes
20131, México.
2
Asociación Colombiana de Micología, ASCOLMIC.
3
Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología, GCOL.
4
Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Illinois, USA.
5
IUCN SSC Fungal Conservation Committee, FunCC.
6
Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental y Grupo BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010,
Antioquia, Colombia.
*Corresponding author: dsimijacasalcedo@gmail.com

Keywords: Funga, deforestation, macrofungi, lichen, red-list threat.
ABSTRACT
There has been increasing activity in fungal conservation in Colombia over the past five years, leading to a higher profile for fungi
in conservation efforts. After reviewing the country’s fungal conservation status, further development and implementation of
measures to conserve fungi are still needed in Colombia. We attribute this to the fact that fungi are not explicitly included as an
element of the biological diversity in Colombia. Additionally, the generally low profile of fungi among conservation stakeholders
and decision-makers and the limited efforts by fungal scientists to put mycological knowledge into a conservation context has
hindered efforts. Colombia needs to focus efforts to advance the knowledge of the fungal diversity of its national territory,
including taxonomy, distribution, ecology, and threats, to enable fungi to be included within national conservation agendas.
The status of fungal knowledge in Colombia reflects the global situation, with only 7,241 of the estimated 300,000 species
documented and registered according to ColFungi. As a result, the extinction risk of South American fungal species is only
now beginning to be assessed. Colombian mycologists have been active in this field and are among the leaders in fungal
conservation efforts. Yet only 22 of the 7,241 species of fungi recorded from Colombia have had their global extinction risk
assessed and published by the IUCN Red List. This panorama highlights the urgency with which the fungi of Colombia should
be assessed in conservation efforts, making it necessary for national legislation to recognise fungi as pillars of biodiversity
and to promote strategies for their conservation.
RESUMEN
Flora, Fauna y una enorme bolsa de microorganismos (incluyendo los hongos) son los elementos que legalmente conforman la
biodiversidad biológica de Colombia. No obstante, la Funga dentro de esta colorida bolsa biodiversa parece ser un elemento
invisible o de claros matices, desestimado por los tomadores de decisiones y excluido de los instrumentos legales que
protegen las especies y los ecosistemas del país. En parte esta desatención se debe a su desconocimiento, teniendo en
cuenta que en este país “fungo diverso” se esperan cerca de 300.000 especies de hongos y se conocen apenas 7.273,
incluyendo 2.670 hongos liquenizados. Curiosamente, la Funga se ha estudiado destacando su potencial como insumo en la
industria alimentaria, farmacéutica y biotecnológica; incluso se ha puesto en evidencia el conocimiento tradicional y el arraigo
cultural hacia los hongos por parte de diferentes grupos étnicos colombianos, así como su potencial como indicadores de
calidad ambiental. Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos no han sido suficientes para hacer de los hongos elementos de alto perfil
en términos de la conservación y para dirigir la atención de las autoridades ambientales, educativas y políticas de Colombia.
Pocos instrumentos legales pueden relacionarse con la protección de la diversidad fúngica pese a que históricamente el
Código Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y de Protección al Medio Ambiente obliga a Colombia a tomar cartas
en el asunto de la protección de la biodiversidad. Solo algunas resoluciones y acuerdos regionales incluyen a los líquenes
y restringen su uso como elementos decorativos en festividades o regulan su extracción en la licencia de proyectos de
infraestructura. En contraste, plantas y animales cuentan con listados de especies amenazadas visibilizados dentro de
resoluciones ministeriales y más de 40 normas que garantizan su protección. Así mismo, en los recursos de la IUCN se
han evaluado y publicado 26.000 especies plantas y 70.000 especies animales, pero solo 425 especies de hongos. Para
Colombia se han publicado 22 especies en la Lista roja de especies amenazadas a nivel global, cinco de estas como
amenazadas. En Suramérica, los micólogos colombianos han participado activamente en este trabajo y se encuentran entre
los líderes en estos esfuerzos. Al día de hoy, hay cerca de 141 especies de hongos no liquenizados se encuentran listas para
evaluar en la plataforma de la iniciativa de Lista roja global de hongos, y se espera que en el corto plazo estas sean evaluadas

CHAPTER 14
por los especialistas y publicadas. Debido al especial interés en los líquenes, en 2019 se realizó la evaluación preliminar por
el grupo de liquenólogos colombianos de 151 especies, con 57% resultando en alguna categoría de amenaza (convenio No
19-098 adscrito entre el Instituto Humboldt, MADS e ICN). Estas evaluaciones son de suma importancia para visibilizar la
Funga en un país donde la deforestación, impulsada por la demanda de combustibles, redes de energía, minería y proyectos
de infraestructura amenaza los ecosistemas de Colombia. Este panorama resalta el color rojo en el que se debe subrayar la
funga de Colombia, haciendo necesario que la legislación nacional reconozca a los hongos como pilares de la biodiversidad
y promueva estrategias para la conservación de los hongos. Para esto se debe robustecer el conocimiento de la diversidad
fúngica en el territorio nacional, incluyendo campos como la taxonomía, la diversidad genética y de poblaciones, la evaluación
de los servicios ecosistémicos prestados por los hongos y las amenazas que actualmente impactan la diversidad fúngica. Este
fortalecimiento debe estar acompañado por la revisión sistemática y fortalecimiento de las colecciones fúngicas, fungarios
y ceparios existentes en el país, lo cual se logrará con la capacitación de investigadores y el reclutamiento de micólogos en
universidades e institutos de investigación. Con lo anterior se generaría un impacto positivo en la evaluación, categorización
y protección de la biodiversidad fúngica colombiana, que indudablemente impactará en la generación de documentos que
permitan a los tomadores de decisiones incluir a los hongos en las agendas nacionales de conservación.
INTRODUCTION expected species richness of 105,600 to 380,000 species,

Fungi are estimated to comprise from 2 to 4 million species, depending on the prediction approach (Chapter 3). Fungi are
representing one of life’s major kingdoms – on par with the critical to the environment and to humans, providing essential
Animal and Plant kingdoms – but only 150,000 have been roles in ecosystem processes, functions, and services (Frąc
described by science to date (Lücking et al., 2021a). Fungi et al., 2018). They occur ubiquitously in aquatic and terrestrial
are not immune to habitat loss, pollution, over-harvesting, environments, with species ranging from microscopic
and climate change, and we do not know how many species unicellular organisms to arguably the largest on the planet
of fungi may be in peril. The loss of fungi is troublesome as (Webster & Weber, 2007). Fungi can be free-living or can
they provide several direct and indirect benefits to society establish parasitic, commensalistic, or mutualistic beneficial
through the essential ecological and economic roles they interactions (Gadd et al., 2007). Humans also widely use fungi
play (e.g., as edible species, as significant sources of for food, medicinal, art or psychoactive purposes (Dugan,
medicines, as essential symbionts with plants and animals, 2011; Pérez-Moreno et al., 2020). In Colombia, they are an
and as nature’s recyclers of dead wood and leaves) (Dix & essential resource in the traditional knowledge and cultural
Webster, 1995; Mueller et al., 2004; Gaya et al., 2021). In heritage of native indigenous and farming groups (Vasco-
short, life on this planet would not exist as we know it without Palacios et al., 2008; Peña-Cañon & Enao-Mejía, 2014;
fungi, but the lack of data on their diversity and distribution Gonzales et al., 2021). Additionally, lichenised fungi are
has severely limited efforts to assess their extinction risk used as bioindicators of ecosystem health and atmospheric
(Goncalves et al., 2021). Currently, data on extinction risk is pollution (Ramírez-Morán et al., 2016, Correa-Ochoa et al.,
available for less than 0.3% of described species of fungi, 2020). Fungi also play key roles in the food, pharmaceutical,
reflecting how rarely they are included in conservation plans biotechnology, and other industries (Gaya et al., 2021). The
focus of many researchers in the country is set on fungi as
and land management decisions.
a resource for the development of new products within the
framework of the national bioeconomy policy (e.g., López-
COLOMBIA, A BIODIVERSE COUNTRY: FAUNA, FLORA AND A Legarda et al., 2015; Chiriví et al., 2017; Méndez et al., 2018;
BLACKHOLE OF FUNGI AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS Jaramillo et al., 2020, Rodríguez et al., 2015).
“This is a megadiverse country” is one of the often-used phrases Fungi are not explicitly included in biodiversity legislation,
in papers, books, and other sources regarding biodiversity in biodiversity action plans, and conservation policies in
Neotropical countries (Koleff & Urquiza-Haas, 2011; Fajardo Colombia. The Colombian government only recognises
et al., 2014). Colombia is no exception, hosting close to 10% three components of biological diversity: Fauna, Flora, and
of the planet’s biodiversity. This enormous richness can be microorganisms (MADS, 2012). We assume that fungi are
attributed to the country’s geological history and geographical placed within microorganisms, alongside many organisms,
location, resulting in a great variety of ecosystems (Samper, from different phylogenetic origins, domains, and kingdoms,
1998). Worldwide, Colombia ranks first in species richness such as bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa. The development
of birds (Donegan et al., 2013) and orchids (Betancur et al., of a biodiversity research strategy for Colombia requires
2015), second in plants, butterflies and amphibians, and third information about the composition, structure, and function
in reptiles and palms (Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos of the components of biological diversity. Not surprisingly, an
Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, 2017). Unfortunately, as analysis of the current knowledge in Colombia shows that the
shown in the previous chapters of this book, the Colombian better-studied groups are vascular plants and some animals,
funga remains largely understudied. especially mammals and birds (Avendaño et al., 2017; Bello et
According to recent data, 7,241 species of fungi have al., 2014; Bernal et al., 2019). Groups such as invertebrates,
been reported for Colombia (Chapter 3). However, given fungi, and bacteria have received little attention in Colombia
the number of plants known for the country, we predict (IPBES, 2021; Chapter 3). It is estimated that we know
that Colombia is a “hyper-diverse” country for fungi with an fewer than 5% of the fungal species (Chapter 3), and natural

CHAPTER 14
regions such as the Caribbean coast, Orinoco and Pacific/ vascular plants and lichens from excessive exploitation for
Chocó, Insular areas, as well as the Cauca and Magdalena traditionally decorated Christmas cribs (CAR2 Agreement 022
River valleys are even more poorly known (Gaya et al., 2021). of 1993, CDMB3 Resolution 1986 of 1984, CORANTIOQUIA4
Some of those regions currently have the highest rates of Resolution 3183 of 2000, DAMA5 Resolution 1333 of
deforestation and ecosystems that are highly vulnerable 1997)6. Non-vascular plants and lichens have also been
to transformation and loss of ecosystem services (Etter et “occasionally” protected from logging and other projects
al., 2018; Clerici et al., 2020; IPBES, 2021). In addition to that impact ecosystems and biodiversity. In these cases,
diversity, data on fungal distribution, endemism, genetic projects need special permits that include management
diversity, communities, and ecosystem services are scarce, plans for Fauna, Flora, non-vascular plants, and lichens.
with the main threats and risks of extinction being unknown The list of threatened species to be protected was compiled
for most Colombian fungi. The explicit recognition of fungi as in the Resolution 1912 of 2014 (MADS)7 based on data
major components of biodiversity in the country's legislation published in red list books of groups of animals and plants
and policy is urgently needed. It should also include the (vascular and non-vascular: e.g., bryophytes; Linares & Uribe,
terms Fauna, Flora, and Funga when referring to biodiversity, 2002) and orchids (Calderón-Sáenz, 2007). Unfortunately,
as recently suggested by the IUCN (IUCN, 2021a). species of fungi, even lichenised fungi, were not included
in this resolution. A management plan for reducing the loss
CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN COLOMBIA: of biodiversity—sometimes including offsets or restoration
POLICY AND LEGISLATION of ecosystems and protection of certain species—also
Various national norms regulate critical aspects of biodiversity became mandatory following a mitigation hierarchy approach
management and stewarding environmental institutions. The and biodiversity offsetting principles (ten Kate et al., 2004;
National Code of Renewable and Non-renewable Natural MADS 2018). However, in 2019, decree 2106 (República
Resources and Protection of the Environment was created in de Colombia, 2019) dismissed the need for biological
1974 by the decree-law 2811 (República de Colombia, 1974). diversity impact statements for projects, resulting in
With the adoption of the 1991 Colombian Constitution, the adverse effects on the protection of natural ecosystems
country raised the management and protection of natural and the country’s biodiversity.
resources, the environment, and biodiversity (República
de Colombia, 1994). The National Biodiversity Policy that THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
has regulated Colombia since 1994 seeks to promote the In the past ten years, the development of the biodiversity
conservation, knowledge, and sustainable use of biodiversity research strategy for Colombia has followed the commitments
(MADS, 2012). However, this policy only recognises fauna, included in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
flora, and microorganisms as components of biological signed in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and ratified by Colombia
biodiversity. The fact that fungi were not considered an in 1994. The country has also adopted the Strategic Plan
element of the national biological diversity, at the same for Biological Diversity (PEDB 2011-2020) (CBD, 2021a),
level as Flora and Fauna, has left fungi outside the sphere including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets defined under the
of public policies. For 30 years, fungi have been relegated CBD (2011-2020) (CBD, 2021b). This plan provides an
to the background and not recognised as a component of overarching framework for biodiversity management and
Colombia’s biodiversity. This fact ignores the vital role they policy development to halt the loss of biodiversity. This
play in ecosystems and their close relationship with the process should begin with a national assessment of
country’s indigenous and rural cultures, and their potential biodiversity. However, Colombia did not include information
for the biotechnological development of the country. The on fungi in any of the first five Biodiversity National Reports
lack of explicit recognition under national law has resulted in (1998, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2014) (CBD, 1998 onwards;
fungi being unprotected in Colombia. Bello et al., 2014; Gómez et al., 2016). For the fourth report,
Local and regional policies have protected diversity, mycologists prepared a short text about fungal diversity
avoiding the over-harvesting of species and the trade of in Colombia and a case study on ectomycorrhizal fungi
endangered Fauna and Flora, and, exceptionally, also associated with Quercus humboldtii. Still, this information
including other organisms like “slimes”, “moulds”, and was not included in the final report due to “lack of space”
“parasites” (Resolution 0213 of 1977, INDERENA)1. At least (pers. observ.). The 2017 National Biodiversity Strategies
four regional resolutions were established to protect non- and Action Plan (NB) (CBD, 1998 onwards) were designed to
Instituto Nacional de los recursos naturales (INDERENA)

1
Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR)

2
Corporación Autónoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB)

3
Corporación Autónoma Regional del Centro de Antioquia (CORNARE)

4
Departamento Administrativo del Medio Ambiente (DAMA)

5
Resumen de la normatividad disponible para levantamientos de veda, disponible en: https://cvc.gov.co/sites/default/files/Sistema_Gestion_de_Calidad/

6
Procesos%20y%20procedimientos%20Vigente/Normatividad_Gnl/Resolucion%20213%20de%201977-Feb-01.pdf
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS)
7

CHAPTER 14
identify gaps and weaknesses, as well as design actions to for each species, and the revision of habitat perturbation
overcome them. In this report, fungi were barely mentioned in collection sites to allocate threat categories. A total of
and always negatively, presenting only examples of plant and 841 species of lichenised fungi were assessed, resulting
animal pathogens. This is very troubling as these reports in 432 species listed as Critically Endangered, 180
are essential documents for decision-makers, but they as Endangered, 159 as Vulnerable, and 69 as Nearly
ignore fungal diversity and their importance for ecosystems Threatened. Nonetheless, a distributional analysis based
and humans. on the extent of occurrence (EOO) or area of occupancy
But things are changing, and information on fungi was (AOO) was not presented in this preliminary evaluation.
included for the first time in the Sixth Biodiversity National Also, some names used by the authors were not updated,
Report (2019) (CBD, 1998 onwards). This document and a few extralimital species were included, such as
included only general information taken from repositories of Chaenotheca furfuracea or Usnea plicata - both assessed
the Humboldt Institute. Although it did not include curated as Critically Endangered (CR), but recently excluded from
data from mycologists, it was the first time that fungi were the Colombian lichens checklist (Lücking et al., 2021b).
mentioned as part of the biological diversity of Colombia. In the same year, Garcia et al., (2007) reviewed the
In 2021, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on current knowledge of the uredinal-fungi (rust fungi) known
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services report was prepared for from Colombia as the first step to create a Red List for
Colombia (IPBES 2021). It compiled relevant and published Colombian rust fungi. They observed that most collections
information about fungal diversity (genetic, species, and had been made on weedy plants, with few records from wild
ecosystem diversity levels) and presented attributes such as or threatened plants. They proposed some strategies to
the composition, structure, and function of this diversity. The document the hosts of endangered rusts within the National
report calls for scientific and monitoring programs to focus Program for the Study of the Country's Megadiversity
on the least-sampled groups of Colombia’s biodiversity, framework in the next 25 Years (Forero, 1999). The strategy
such as invertebrates, liverworts and hornworts, bacteria, included emphasising that collections from wild areas
archaea, and fungi (IPBES, 2021). should be prioritised in sites with high endemism rates
With the recent creation of a Ministry of Science, and where hosts are at risk of disappearing due to climate
Technology, and Innovation and the strengthening of research change (e.g., moors, coasts) as they are colonization fronts
capacities, the country’s high fungal diversity and the recent and centres of uredinal diversification. They emphasised
boom in information on and interest in the potential and the importance of working together with botanists who
importance of fungi has created a massive opportunity for know the hosts, and the same time, advising them to
the Colombian government to place this neglected group at collect botanical specimens showing disease symptoms,
the same level as Flora and Fauna. drying the material separately, and enriching the collection
of rust associated with native plants around the country.
RED LIST OF FUNGI Unfortunately, the red list book was never carried out, but
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) the suggestions from 14 years ago remain valid.
Red List of threatened species assigns a category to each As mentioned above, lichens have a different
species according to its risk of extinction. The appropriate history because initially, they were studied by botanists
category is assigned for each species on the basis of specializing in bryophytes, making them more visible to the
assessments from each standard criteria that could consider research community (Aguirre & Rangel, 2017). In 2019, the
their vulnerability and threat characteristics (IUCN, 2021b). first national assessment of lichens species focusing on
Assessments are a powerful tool for supporting conservation endemic species was carried out, thanks to an initiative
policy, planning, and action. They help authorities to delineate led by the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (Humboldt-
protected areas, guide allocation of funding, and influence MADS-ICN agreement No 19-098), in which the national
decision making. Recently a new standard tool was validated lichenologist community actively contributed. A total of
as a Red List of Threatened Species ally, the IUCN Green 151 species were preliminarily assessed, of which 57%
Status of Species, helping to evaluate species recovery and species were listed as Threatened: 56 species as Critically
conservation impact (Grace et al., 2021; IUCN, 2021b). Endangered (CR), 19 species as Endangered (EN), and ten
species as Vulnerable (VU) (Figure 1b, 3a). The resultant
RED LIST OF FUNGI IN COLOMBIA: LOCAL INITIATIVES list is an important input for biodiversity inventories that
National assessments arise from a predetermined list are required for infrastructure projects.
of species, and there is only one assessment for each
taxonomic group. In Colombia, national evaluations of GLOBAL RED LIST OF FUNGI
Fauna and Flora are published in the Red Book, but there Assessments of the risk to species made for the Global Red
is no published Red Book of Fungi to date. List are being carried out by taxonomic-specialist groups and
In 2007, Aguirre and Rangel carried out an exercise to aim to cover all the existing species in a group. For fungi,
categorise the threatened species of lichens and mosses there are five specialist groups: i) Chytrid, Zygomycete,
of Colombia, partially following the IUCN criteria. For this Downy Mildew, Slime Mould, ii) Cup-Fungus, Truffle and Ally,
analysis, they used herbarium collections, distribution data iii) Lichen, iv) Mushroom, Bracket and Puffball, and v) Rusts

CHAPTER 14
A B
C D
FIGURE 1. A Colombian fungal species globally assessed and published in the IUCN Red List (data up to 2021). B Colombian fungal
species that have been globally proposed and published in The Global Fungal Red List Initiative (data up to July 2021). C Results of the
preliminary assessment of lichenised species, these evaluations were carried out by the Colombian lichenologist team (Humboldt-MADS-
ICN, agreement No 19-098). D Status in the evaluation process of all fungal species with distribution in Colombia that are currently on the
global fungal red list initiative platform.
and Smuts. A specific platform to assess fungal species interest of some mycologists—a dynamic process of work for
has been developed (A Global Fungal Red List, http://iucn. the conservation of fungi has started, encouraged by David
ekoo.se/en/iucn/welcome), and the final evaluations are Minter and Greg Mueller. Since 2011 various Colombian
published on the Global Red List (https://www.iucnredlist. mycologists have joined the Group for the Conservation of
org). Although fungi are one of the world’s most biodiverse Fungi in Latin America and the Caribbean, associated with
groups, they are the most under-represented multicellular the Latin American Mycology Association (ALM). Also, they
taxa on The IUCN Red List, with only 550 assessments of the were appointed to three of the five IUCN specialist groups:
over 150,000 described fungal species currently published Cup-Fungi, Truffles and Allies; Lichens; and Mushrooms,
or less than 0.3% (Gonçalves et al., 2021; IUCN 2022). Brackets and Puffballs. By being part of the specialist
In comparison, the 2021 edition of the Red List includes groups, the researchers could participate in fungal red-
54,127 and 79,858 species of plants and animals, listing workshops (2015, 2020). In addition, efforts have
respectively. In recent years—and thanks to the particular been made to increase the number of species proposed

CHAPTER 14
FIGURE 2. A Gloiocephala quercetorum, saprotrophic fungi associated with Quercus humboldtii forests in a montane region in Colombia.
B Basidiomas of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Leccinum andinum, associated with Quercus species. C Basidiomas of the ectomycorrhizal fungi
Tylopilus obscurus associated with Quercus species. D Basidiomas of the endemic and ectomycorrhizal fungi Austroboletus amazonicus,
associated with Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae), Amazonian region. E Ascomas of Pseudolostoma volvatum associated with
P. tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae), Amazonian region. F Clavulina tepurumenga associated with Dicymbe uaipirensis (Dipterocarpaceae),
Amazonian region. G Lichen Sticta peltigerella. H Lichen Icmadophila aversa. (Photographs A-F by Aída Vasco; G by Robert Lücking; and H
by Bibiana Moncada.)

CHAPTER 14
to be evaluated under the IUCN criteria. Two workshops on lands for cattle, land speculation, legal and illegal mining,
applying the IUCN criteria for fungi were recently offered urban expanse, and illicit crops (Figure 3b) (Clerici et al.,
to Latin American mycologists (2020–2021) to encourage 2021, Etter et al., 2008 Figure 4). Annual and perennial
the mycological community. The threat status of South non-timber crops have been identified as the major threat
American fungal species is only now beginning to be for fungal species. In Colombia, nearly four million hectares
assessed. Colombian mycologists have been active in this are occupied by different crops, with coffee, oil palms,
work and are among the leaders of these efforts. sugar cane, and cotton representing 48.7% of the total
Colombia is among the Latin American countries with the area (DANE, 2021). The threat known as biological resource
highest number of threatened living species on the IUCN Red use (logging and wood harvesting), or in other words,
List, grouping nearly 2.1% of total recorded species (IUCN, deforestation and habitat fragmentation, impacts nearly
2021b). A total of 721 Colombian plants are included in the 50–60% of all preliminarily assessed fungal species (Figure
2021 IUCN Red List. Amphibians with 289 listed species 3a). Deforestation is increasing in the country by about
follow in second place. Only 22 Colombian fungal species 800,000 hectares per year, mainly through converting native
have been globally assessed and published on the IUCN Red vegetation to pasture and extensive oil palm plantations
List (2021b). All but two of these belong to Agaricomycotina (Figure 3a, 4) (IDEAM, 2021; IPBES, 2021). Although natural
(mushrooms and relatives). The other two are ascomycetes forests in the Andean region are under anthropic pressures
belonging to Pezizomycotina, and two others, lichenised fungi. and the montane tropical forests currently occupy less
Austroboletus amazonicus is listed as Critically Endangered than 30% of their original extent (Forero-Medina & Joppa,
(Figure 2d). Four species were listed as Vulnerable (VU), 2010), the current nuclei of deforestation are located in
six as Nearly Threatened (NT), five as Least Concern (LC) the Orinoco basin, Amazonian region, Chocó biogeographic,
and two as Data Deficient (DD) (Figure 1). This effort has and Serranías in the Caribbean region (Etter et al., 2017;
already yielded positive and very encouraging results, with IPBES, 2021, Figure 4). Unfortunately, those correspond to
170 additional species proposed on the global fungal red list areas where there are the biggest gaps in the knowledge of
initiative site. Those species belonged to different groups that fungal diversity (Figure 3b, 4) (Chapter 3, 4).
include Macrofungi from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (106 The conservation status of habitats and hosts is also
species), arbuscular mycorrhizae (15 species), myxomycetes essential for fungi. For example, Sticta peltigerela (VU,
(13 species), and lichens (54 species). Most unpublished B1ab (iii)) grows in non-polluted paramo and montane
species are in the preliminary step “proposed”, but others forest environments close to streams or floodplains with
are in various assessment levels (Figure 1b). Data for the clean waters. On the other hand, Hericium erinaceus (LC)
54 lichen species 48 endemic, will be published soon at the is probably a weak necrotrophic parasite growing on old
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. deciduous and sclerophyllous trees, mainly old Quercus,
One of the most significant difficulties when evaluating in mature forests. Fomitiporia bambusarum (LC) is a
the species is the lack of information, especially on plant pathogen or wood saprotroph which has only been
population size, total distribution, and status. The reported growing on bamboos. Ectomycorrhizal fungi
categorisation of most fungal species has been assessed depend on their host, and this is the case for Austroboletus
amazonicus, a species that is restricted to small areas
on the basis of species distribution data, biological
associated with patches of Pseudomonotes tropenbosii
information, the threats posed to the host plants (e.g.:
(Dipterocarpaceae) in the Amazonia region (Vasco et al.,
pathogenic or symbiotrophs) and habitats (Corrales et al.,
2014, 2020). The ectomycorrhizal species associated with
2020; Vasco et al., 2020). For example, nearly all evaluated
Quercus in montane neotropical forests share the category
species are ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Quercus
of vulnerable with their plant host, as almost 42% of the
humboldtii in tropical mountain forests (e.g., Vasco et al.
Q. humboldtii populations in Colombia are already lost
2020). These species have usually been recorded from just
(Cárdenas & Salinas, 2007). The remaining populations are
a few localities in the country Colombia, which means that
also highly fragmented, and the effect of this fragmentation
their total distribution is unknown. However, the geographic
on the diversity of the communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi
range was established using data on the distribution of
is unknown.
oak forests. This extrapolation is possible for fungi that
The introduction of exotic trees and their associated
establish this specific interaction type, but it is more difficult
fungi is one aspect that has received little attention
for other guilds, such as saprotrophic fungi or arbuscular
in tropical forests. Amanita muscaria is a mycobiont
mycorrhizal fungi.
associated with Pinus, that was introduced with the tree in
the nineties. This species is now competing and replacing
MAIN THREATS native ectomycorrhizal fungi on the roots of Quercus
The major causes of biodiversity loss in Colombia (Vargas et al., 2019). Some of these exotic species can be
are the fragmentation, degradation or loss of habitat, aggressive and more tolerant of environmental changes,
overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and enabling them to out-compete native species.
climate changes (Clerici et al., 2020, 2021 Figure 3a,b). The impact of fertilizers and pesticides on the fungal
Conversions of primary forests in the country are primarily communities in natural systems in Colombia is unknown.
due to expansion of the agricultural frontier and grazing Colombia has the highest fertiliser consumption and the

CHAPTER 14
FIGURE 3. A Major threats to fungi assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The data were downloaded from the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species (2021-3); B Map of current threats affecting biological diversity in Colombia.

CHAPTER 14
second-highest consumption of pesticides per hectare their primary condition may be the best near-term solution
in Latin America (www.foodandlandusecoalition.org). The to protect fungi. In Colombia, fungi have been indirectly
effect of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition that rises protected when habitats for animals and plants are
nitrogen levels, mainly from local and transboundary air conserved. The country has 56 protected areas (Hurtado-
pollution and fertilisers and fumigants, has been reported Guerra et al., 2013), with a total area representing more
widely in fungal species of temperate forests (Sapsford than 10% of the territory, even though this system does
et al., 2017; Lilleskov et al., 2019). In the tropics, studies not yet include all Colombian ecosystems. In addition,
show that nitrogen additions may reduce ectomycorrhizal deforestation in protected areas has increased during the
colonization of plant-host roots and may alter the fungal post-conflict period (Clerici et al., 2020).
composition (Corrales et al., 2017). Pesticides accumulate
in the soil over time, being transported and deposited by
WHERE SHOULD EFFORTS FOR FUNGAL CONSERVATION IN
air, and can thus contaminate non-agricultural areas. They
COLOMBIA BE CONCENTRATED?
may affect the nutritional quality of soils, disrupt enzymatic
activities, and alter soil fungal communities (Sapsford et A primary task should be to ensure that the Colombian
al., 2017). For example, insecticides and fungicides inhibit legislation recognises fungi on a par with animals and plants .
the colonisation of root plants by arbuscular mycorrhizas There is a greater awareness of the role and importance
and ectomycorrhizas (Laatikainen & Heinonen-Tanski, of fungi in ecosystems. Yet, their impact on life on this planet
2002; Karpouzas et al., 2014). This is an issue that must remains underestimated and unknown by the public, other
be taken into account for further studies and that impacts scientists and policy makers. The explicit recognition of fungi
the conservation of fungi. as major components of biodiversity in the country in terms
As we mentioned before, fungi play fundamental roles of legislation and policy is urgently needed, promoting the
in key ecosystem functions and services, so it is critical use of the terms fauna, flora and funga. Fungi need active
that they are included in conservation strategies. Given and specific inclusion in national surveys and inventories,
the lack of information, preserving tropical ecosystems in not just passive and implicit protection.
FIGURE 4. Distribution of the fungal species evaluated under the IUCN criteria (data up to 2021). The stars are published species and pink
circles are species that are under assessment. The red circles are the early deforestation warnings (2018).

CHAPTER 14
Here, we summarise the main weakness of fungal WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW

conservation in Colombia based on the present analysis Encourage decision-makers to include fungi as elements of
and two previous documents: i) SWOT analysis of the status the Colombian biodiversity in legislation.
of fungal conservation for Colombia prepared for the First
Conservation Strategy Workshop (Vasco-Palacios et al., • Fungal biodiversity:
2019) and ii) the specific diagnosis for lichenised fungi
(CEIBA, 2019). • Spatial and temporal dynamics of distribution.
• Phylogenetic relationships of selected taxa.
• Lack of a strategy for Fungal Diversity Conservation.
• Genetic characterisation of selected taxa.
• Few specialists in some groups of fungi.
• Conservation:
• Approximately 7,000 collections waiting in herbaria to be
• Long-term viability of biodiversity in protected areas.
studied.
• Trends in populations of threatened, endangered and
• Limited information on distributions and habitat
vulnerable taxa.
preferences.
• Ecological impact of exotic species on native
• Topics focused on fungal diversity conservation are
biodiversity.
scarce in scientific events, and the belief that fungi are a
minor component of ecosystems is widespread. • Impacts of global climate change on species and
ecosystems.
• Most organisations (government and NGOs) working with
biodiversity conservation do not explicitly recognise the • Resilience of ecosystems to natural and man-made
Funga in their policy and practices. disturbances.
• Insufficient popularisation of fungi through radio,
WHAT CAN WE DO IN THE SHORT TERM?
television, and other media. Insufficient inclusion of the
Funga in Educational Programs. • Fungal biodiversity:
• Carry out species inventories for fungi in priority
We propose the following scheme and actions to geographical areas with an expected high species
encourage and guide the Colombian mycological community richness with high levels of endemism and that are
to fill the gaps in the information necessary to include the potentially threatened.
Funga in conservation policies and plans.
• Complete biodiversity inventories in selected areas as
a basis for future research.
WHAT WE KNOW
• Increase inventories of taxa with economic potential,
• Fungal Biodiversity:
that are threatened, or that can be used as indicators.
• Species inventories have been undertaken for less
• Establish DNA banks to facilitate genetic studies.
than 4.8% of the predicted fungal diversity.
• Document the uses of biodiversity by traditional
• Characterisation has been focused mainly in the
communities.
Andean region, while threatened ecosystems such as
the savannas of Orinoquia, tropical rainforests in the • Develope mechanisms to measure goods and services
Pacific, the Valle del Cauca Valley and, the Magdalena derived from biodiversity.
Valley, dry forests in general, and insular territories • Conservation:
are practically unexplored.
• Assess more species under IUCN Red List categories
• The complete geographical distribution of most and criteria, and according to the IUCN Green Status.
species is unknown.
• Produce Red List books for specific taxonomic groups.
• The effect of traditional and modern uses of some
• Evaluate and monitor populations of threatened taxa.
fungal species.
• Identify legislation gaps and propose clear priorities
• Conservation:
for action.
• Preliminary lists of potentially vulnerable and
threatened taxa of fungi consist mainly of lichenised
fungi and macrofungi.
• Type of ecosystems represented in protected areas.
• Underlying causes of habitat transformation for each
region.

CHAPTER 14
Acknowledgements Corrales A, Sanchez Tello JD, Benjumea C, Nino Fernandez YM, Pena-
Canon R, Vasco-Palacios AM (2020). Lactifluus hallingii (amended
Special thanks are given to the Fungal Red List initiative for version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN RedList of Threatened
supplying the data; and to Instituto Alexander von Humboldt for Species 2020: e.T174799230A179540212
the data from the preliminary evaluation of prioritised lichens, DANE (2021) — Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística
Agreement 19-098 Humboldt-MADS-ICN. We are thankful to – Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria. Available at: https://www.dane.
gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/agropecuario/ encuesta-
Yurani Caicedo Chalapud for helping with data processing, and the
nacional-agropecuaria-ena
reviewers Raquel Negrao and David Hammond for comments and Correa-Ochoa MA, Vélez-Monsalve LC, Saldarriaga-Molina JC, Jaramillo-
suggestions that improved the manuscript. Ciro MM (2020) Evaluation of the Index of Atmospheric Purity in an
American tropical valley through the sampling of corticolous lichens
in different phorophyte species. Ecological Indicators, 115, 106355.
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University Press.

CHAPTER 15
Fungi specimens in the fungarium of the Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia.

[Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios]
Chapter 15
Fungi in Colombian and International Biological Collections
Martha L. Ortiz-Moreno1, Bibiana Moncada2,3,4,5*, Aída M. Vasco-Palacios2,6,7*, Rafael F. de Almeida8 & Ester Gaya8*
1
Grupo de Investigación en Sustentabilidad Ambiental (SUSA), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad de los Llanos. Research Group on
Environmental Sustainability (SUSA), Faculty of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Universidad de los Llanos.
2
Asociación Colombiana de Micología - ASCOLMIC.
3
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D–54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
4
Botanischer Garten Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
5
Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología - GCOL.
6
Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental y Grupo BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52–21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
7
Fungal Conservation Committee (FunCC)-IUCN SSC.
8
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, Surrey, UK.
Corresponding authors: aida.vasco@udea.edu.co, bibianamoncada@udistrital.edu.co, e.gaya@kew.org

Keywords: biological collections, Colombian funga, cultures, fungarium, herbarium, mycology.
ABSTRACT
Colombia ranks among the 17 countries considered megadiverse, hosting almost 10% of the planet’s biodiversity and only
being surpassed by Brazil, a country seven times larger than Colombia. Unfortunately, fungi are mostly left out of these counts.
One of the issues faced when attempting to report the fungal diversity in Colombia is the inability to account for the fungal
specimens scattered in national and international collections, which are often not properly curated or digitised. In this chapter,
we describe the first attempt to compile the available information on fungal collections from Colombia as a contribution
towards a more realistic estimation of their diversity and attempt to establish a baseline to improve mycological knowledge in
the country. Databases of national and international biological collections and personal databases from several mycologists
were consulted, using the keywords “Colombia”, “fungi”, “hongos”, “lichens”, and “liquenes”. Uncatalogued Colombian
collections were also examined when possible, and experts and collection managers were also consulted. All metadata
associated with the voucher specimens (e.g., locality, collection date, ecology and classification) were extracted and analysed
using descriptive statistics. We found, unsurprisingly, that species of fungi that are considered economically important or
with potential biotechnological applications, or otherwise conspicuous or enigmatic, were overall the best represented within
national and international collections. We highlight the need to increase sampling efforts in the country, as well as the need
for regularisation and proper digitisation of specimens from biological collections so that they can be appropriately accounted
for in future fungal research. This chapter is expected to be an invitation for mycologists to increase their efforts to improve
the knowledge of Colombian funga through proper curation and documentation of their collections, and urges the institutions
that promote biological research to support the growth and maintenance of Colombian fungal collections.
RESUMEN
Colombia está entre los 17 países considerados megadiversos, con casi el 10% de la biodiversidad del planeta, sólo superado
por Brasil, un país siete veces mayor que Colombia. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de los hongos quedan fuera de estos
recuentos. Uno de los problemas al intentar informar sobre la diversidad de hongos en el país es la incapacidad de dar cuenta
de los especímenes de hongos dispersos en colecciones nacionales e internacionales que a menudo no están debidamente
curadas o documentadas. En este capítulo realizamos el primer intento de recopilar la información disponible sobre colecciones
de hongos en Colombia para contribuir a una estimación más realista de su diversidad y establecer una base para mejorar
el conocimiento micológico en el país. Para ello, se consultaron bases de datos de colecciones biológicas nacionales e
internacionales y bases de datos personales de varios micólogos, utilizando los modificadores de palabras clave “Colombia”
y “fungi” o “hongos”. También se examinaron colecciones colombianas no catalogadas y se consultaron especialistas y
directores de colecciones. Todos los metadatos asociados a los especímenes avalados (por ejemplo, localidad, fecha de
recolección, ecología, clasificación, etc.) fueron extraídos y analizados usando estadísticas descriptivas. Encontramos, como
era de esperar, que las especies de hongos considerados económicamente importantes o con potenciales aplicaciones
biotecnológicas, o alternativamente enigmáticas o conspicuas, fueron en general las mejor representadas dentro de las
colecciones nacionales e internacionales. Destacamos aquí la necesidad de incrementar los esfuerzos de muestreo en el
país, así como la regularización y adecuada digitalización de los especímenes de colecciones biológicas para que puedan ser
debidamente contabilizados en futuras investigaciones fúngicas. Se espera que este capítulo sea una invitación para que
los micólogos incrementen sus esfuerzos para mejorar el conocimiento sobre la funga colombiana, mediante la curación y
documentación apropiada de sus colecciones, así como instar a las instituciones y entidades de fomento a la investigación
biológica a apoyar el crecimiento y mantenimiento de las colecciones de la funga colombiana.

CHAPTER 15
INTRODUCTION London (BM; 400,000). However, although the term

Biological collections are unique resources that can address “fungarium” was coined several decades ago (Clémençon,
broader societal challenges through research and public 1978), it has only recently been popularised (Schmitt,
education (Kvaček et al., 2016; Cuervo et al., 2017; Bakker 2002; Hawksworth, 2010). To date, only a few collections
et al., 2020). Each specimen deposited in a collection have formally adopted this term, such as the RBG Kew
represents a unique source of information, comprising (https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/
collections/fungarium) or Oslo (https://www.nhm.uio.no/
a physical sample with its associated taxonomic, spatial,
english/research/collections/mycological/fungi). In many
ecological, and temporal information (Andrew et al., 2019;
other institutions, fungi, including lichens, are still formally
Meineke et al., 2019; Paton et al., 2020). Collections are
incorporated into botanical collections (i.e., herbaria), often
crucial sources of taxonomic information but are also
part of the outdated term “cryptogams”, although they are
important to assess species distribution and richness
usually kept separately due to different storage needs.
patterns, and they represent the raw data for data modelling
In some instances, smaller collections of fungi, including
and drawing patterns of global change. They also contain
lichens, are kept hidden in general plant herbaria. Fungal
useful information to assess the habitat and ecological
collections in Colombia fall into the latter two categories,
preferences of species, to assess population trends and
with fungaria either annexed to herbaria (often as part of
to identify priority sites for conservation (Meineke & Daru,
“cryptogams”) or stored in herbarium cabinets without
2021). In fungi, biological collections have made it possible
separate curation. Fungi are also kept in living collections,
to determine shifts in spore-producing phenology due to
so-called strain or culture collections. For example, the
climate change (Kauserud et al., 2012) and have established
CBS-KNAW culture collection, part of the Westerdijk Fungal
correlations between the effect of land use and climatic
Biodiversity Institute (KNAW), is the largest one in the
conditions on the diversity and richness, demonstrating how world, with almost 60,000 strains of fungi.
global change processes affect patterns of fungal richness For centuries, fungi have been collected and deposited
at a large scale (Andrew et al., 2019). Finally, collections in archival collections by pharmacists, naturalists, amateur
and associated metadata are broadly used in education and mycologists, and researchers. Traditional medicine,
ethnomycology (Bolaños & Soto Medina, 2011; Garibay- recreational hobbies, taxonomic research, and the
Orijel et al., 2012). documentation of fungal diversity have all motivated those
The first botanical collections (i.e., herbaria) focused collections. For obvious reasons, the best-represented
exclusively on vascular plants. Nevertheless, other kinds taxa in fungal collections are those producing large spore-
of specimens were incorporated over time, including non- bearing structures or sporocarps (formerly termed “fruiting
vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts or hornworts, bodies”). Sporocarps are reproductive structures that
and fungi, including lichens. This scenario reflects the actively or passively disperse the spores and represent the
notion that fungi were traditionally considered part of the aboveground manifestations of belowground fungi or within-
Plant kingdom and were collected and studied by botanists substrate vegetative mycelia (Andrew et al., 2019). Because
and stored in herbaria. As recently as the 1960s, fungi of their visible presence and relative ease of preservation,
were still considered plants in many classifications, mycologists have often built their collections on macrofungi
although towards the end of the 19th century, their distinct or larger microfungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota,
phylogenetic nature had been recognised (Clements, 1897, such as mushrooms (e.g., Agaricales) and bracket fungi (e.g.,
1909; Atkinson, 1909). It was not until 1969 that Whittaker Polyporales) but also species that form visible ascostromata
(1969) proposed that fungi become a separate kingdom (e.g., Xylariales). The macro- and microscopic characteristics
because they evolved separately from plants and have a of fungi were (and still are) the basis of fungal taxonomy,
different bodily organisation and nutritional mode. With with the most recent incorporation of molecular data, which
the advent of molecular DNA analyses, the phylogenetic is now also increasingly applied to old collections. Another
relationships of true fungi and other fungus-like organisms well-represented group in fungal collections are lichens.
were confirmed. The true fungi formed a separate kingdom With their perennial structures and few maintenance needs,
only distantly related to plants. they were initially popular among botanists focusing on
As a result of the separation of mycology as a field bryophytes, often being integrated within moss collections.
separate from botany, an increasing number of natural Plant-pathogenic fungi on leaves and bark were also
history collections globally have established dedicated collected historically by specialists, and thus plant herbaria
fungaria, a trend that was especially seen in large are another major source of fungi in collections. With
institutions where mycology emerged as a major line some 350 million estimated specimens worldwide (Soltis,
of research, such as the RBG Kew (K; 1.25 million fungi 2017), many host-plant-associated fungi are expected to
specimens), the University of Helsinki (H; 920,000), the New be found among these collections, such as rust and smut
York Botanic Garden (NY; 785,000), the Swedish Museum fungi, two important groups of plant pathogens that have
of Natural History (S; 670,000), the Botanical Garden Berlin been widely studied due to their economic impact on crops.
(B; 650,000), the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Finally, significant components of fungal collections are type
Paris (PC; more than 512,000 digitised), the University specimens, constituted by critical samples that serve as
of Oslo (O; 500,000), and the Natural History Museum reference material fixing the application of scientific names.

CHAPTER 15
Given that Colombia is one of the world’s most biodiverse RESULTS

countries, the available fungal collections, particularly in History of the fungal collections of Colombia
Colombian fungaria, do not reflect the projected rich fungal
The oldest and some of the largest fungaria globally are
diversity, which remains largely unknown (see Chapter 3
in western Europe, the birthplace of modern mycology.
on diversity). With many areas to be mycologically explored
Many of them are well-supplied with worldwide collections
in Colombia, the available collections are still very patchy
accumulated during the colonial and post-colonial periods.
and biased towards certain taxonomic groups, particularly
Biological collections, including fungal collections, from
lichens and macrofungi (Gaya et al., 2021; ColFungi, 2021).
biodiversity-rich tropical countries have experienced severe
In addition, non-catalogued specimens in Colombian
effects of colonialism and post-colonialism, with specimens
collections urgently need digitisation programs and the
being removed from their native country by explorers since
confirmation of their identity by specialists or using proper
the late 1700s and well into the 21st century. National
DNA tools. With 7,241 catalogued species, Colombia falls
collections were left with deep knowledge gaps, which only
well behind smaller and less diverse countries, such as
started to be slowly filled in the 20th century. The history
the UK (see Chapter 3). Therefore, Colombian mycologists
of Colombia, which became independent in 1810, is an
need to thoroughly revise the fungal diversity archived
example of the colonial legacy. It was at a this time of
in their collections. For this task, it is necessary to have
important changes in the political history of the American
support from both the holding institutions and government
continent that the first inventory of Colombian biodiversity
entities as these collections are part of the country’s natural
took place as part of the Royal Botanical Expedition to New
heritage. This chapter compiles the information available
Granada, led by the Spanish priest José Celestino Mutis.
on the biological collections of fungi of Colombia and
This expedition extended from 1783 to 1816, accumulating
reviews the history of fungal collections in the country to
and documenting ca. 20,000 plants and 7,000 animals (see
establish a baseline for the advancement of mycology and
Chapter 2). As part of this expedition, 15 species of fungi,
its dissemination through the Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia
including lichens, were documented through drawings,
(ColFungi 2021). In this respect, we refer to collections as
representing the first reports of the fungi of Colombia, but
the holding institutions, using specimens when referring to
apparently, no physical specimens were preserved (Calonge,
individual collections.
1986; see Chapter 2). Contemporaneously, Alexander
von Humboldt and Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland
(1799–1804) led the Spanish-American expedition, visiting
The compilation of fungal records from Colombian collections Colombia in 1801, where they met José Celestino Mutis.
was elaborated by reviewing: 1. the Registro Nacional Fungal specimens collected during their explorations in the
de Colecciones Biologicas website (RNC), 2. the Global Northern Andes (Colombia, Ecuador) were sent to the English
Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), 3. the Latin American botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker for identification, and
lichen portal, 4. unpublished databases such as that from are now deposited at the RBG Kew fungarium (KM). Hooker
UDBC (Herbario Forestal Gilberto Emilio Mahecha Vega (1822) reported 21 species collected in Colombia (see
sección No Vasculares of the Universidad Distrital Francisco Chapter 2). Other expeditions took place in the Colombian
José de Caldas), and 5. the personal databases of Colombian territory during the 19th and the early 20th century, and
mycologists and curators. For records of fungi of Colombia most collections were deposited in European herbaria [e.g.,
present in international collections, we searched the following University of Neuchatel (NEU); Botanischer Garten und
databases: 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Fungarium, 2. Botanisches Museum Berlin (B; part of these specimens
GBIF, 3. the Mycology Collections Portal (MyCoPortal), 4. the were destroyed during World War II); Nylander Herbarium
Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (CNALH), 5. at the University of Helsinki (H-NYL), and the Muséum
the SpeciesLink Network (SpLink), 6. the Culture Collections National d’Histoire Naturelle herbarium (PC); see Chapter 2
Information Worldwide (CCINFO; part of World Data Center for for further information]. The first modern inventory of fungi
Microorganisms, WDCM), 7. the Culture Collection of Fungi in Colombia was carried out by Carlos Chardón and
and Yeasts at the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Rafael Toro, who collected mostly phytopathogenic fungi
(KNAW), and 8. the Komarov Botanical Institute Culture and some macrofungi (Chardón & Toro, 1930). Most of
Collection (LE-BIN). For all searches, we used keywords such these collections were deposited in foreign herbaria, such
as “Colombia”, “fungi”, “hongos”, “lichens”, and “liquenes”. as the Cornell University (CUP) and Pennsylvania State
Various datasets were built on the basis of this information, University (PACMA), the latter subsequently transferred to
including species name, supra-specific classification, and, the US National Fungus Collections USDA-ARS (BPI) (see
when available, locality, ecological information, and use Chapter 2). Some duplicates were temporarily hosted at
of the taxon. Databases from different collections were the Gabriel Gutiérrez Villegas Herbarium (MEDEL), but in
separated into different spreadsheets for subsequent 2005 were relocated to the Museo Micológico Universidad
evaluation and statistical analyses. All graphics were made Nacional, Sede Medellín (MMUNM). Currently, the oldest
from spreadsheets using Microsoft Excel 2019, exported to fungal specimen deposited in a Colombian collection that
Microsoft PowerPoint 2019, saved as high-resolution PDF, we are aware of is a representative of the lichenised genus
and posteriorly edited in ADOBE Photoshop Elements 10. Sticta, collected by José Jerónimo Triana in 1851, in the

CHAPTER 15
established collection established after this catastrophe

does not include fungi (Parra-O. & Diaz-Piedrahita, 2016).
In 1926, Dr Carlos Chardón founded the MEDEL
Herbarium, as part of the School of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede
Medellín, with a collection of phytoparasitic fungi. A year
later, with the support of the Plant Health Service (PHF)
of the Ministry of Industries, another phytopathogenic
collection was created by Dr Enrique Pérez Arbeláez,
including drawings of the plant host, symptoms, and
different stages of the fungi (see Chapter 2). The collection
is currently housed at the Corporación Colombiana de
Investigación Agropecuaria of the AGROSAVIA Institute.
The Herbario Nacional de Colombia (COL) was founded in
1930, also by Dr. Enrique Pérez Arbeláez, and in 1948 the
Herbario Universidad del Cauca (CAUP) was created. The last
fungal collection founded before the 1960s was the Jardin
Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBJCM-CV) in 1955 (RNC,
2021; Figure 2). Starting with the 1960s, the numbers of
new collections being created steadily increased, and the
2010s was the decade in which the highest number of new
fungal collections have been established (14 collections;
32%; see Figure 2).
The past decades have also seen an increase in
international collaborations and a strong development
of mycology in Colombia, facilitating the growth of
Colombian fungal knowledge (see Chapter 2). Although
fungal specimens were mostly deposited in international
collections throughout the 20th century, samples from these
efforts have also progressively enriched the representation
of fungi in Colombian collections (Guzmán & Varela, 1978;
Rogerson & Samuel, 1996; Veerkamp and Gams, 1983;
see Chapter 2, 4-9). Most recently, Colombian collections
have benefited from a change in the Colombian legislation
[Decree 2° of Decree-law 3570 (2011), and Decree 1376
(2013)], that mandates that specimens collected in the
country must be deposited in Colombian collections, and
so foreign collections can only be held as permanent loans.
In addition, the issuance of the Decree 309 (2000) of
the Ministerio del Ambiente of the Republic of Colombia
FIGURE 1. Specimen of Sticta sp. collected by José Jerónimo facilitated the gathering and sharing of information on
Triana, in 1851, in the Colombian Andes and housed in the
modern collections in the country by creating the Registro
Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). It is considered the
oldest fungal specimen known to date that is deposited in a Nacional de Colecciones Biológicas (RNC, 2021). From
Colombian collection. 2000 onwards, many collections were registered with the
RNC. This is why the date of registration of the national
collections is so posterior to the date of their creation.
Colombian Andes and housed in the Herbario Nacional Until 2014, all new registrations in this database were
Colombiano (COL) (Figure 1). paper based. From 2014 onwards, the RNC digital platform
The first natural history collection in Colombia was was implemented, streamlining the registration process,
founded in Bogotá in the early 19th century, in 1823 and making information on biological collections globally
to be precise, in Bogota’s Museo de Historia Natural. It available (RNC, 2021).
encompassed plants and possibly fungi. Unfortunately, Additionally, in 2013, the Ministerio de Ambiente y
attempts to locate specimens from this collection have Desarrollo Sostenible established the mandatory registration
been unsuccessful, so this first historic collection is and regular updating of biological collections in Colombia
deemed lost. The second herbarium in Colombia, to include through the Information System on Biodiversity of Colombia
fungi was established almost a century later, in 1913, in (SiB). There are currently 234 biological collections in
the Museo de la Salle of the Universidad de la Salle. Sadly, Colombia formally recognised by the RNC, 66 of them with
a fire destroyed this collection in 1948 and the newly fungal specimens and/or cultures. Since its creation, an

CHAPTER 15
A
Aections
Major group
MajorA group A
Major collections
group
Major collections
Major
group
collections
group collections
collections Fungal
Fungal collections in Fungal
collections
Colombia collections
Fungal
Fungal collections
in collections
Colombia
in Colombia
Fungal
in Colombia
collections
in Colombiain Colombia Specimens
Specimens per fungariumSpecimens
per fungarium
per fungari
Specimens perSpecimens
Speci
fungarium per f
microfungi AM microfungi AM microfungi AM
yeasts 1% microfungi AM
yeasts yeasts CBUMAG:LIC HEUS CBUMAG:LIC CBUMAG:LIC HEUS HEUSCBUMAG:LIC
s 1%AM 1% LLANOS CBUMAG:LIC
microfungi 0% 0% 1% yeasts 0% 1% LLANOS 1%
0% CBUMAG:LIC 1% 0%LLANOS 0% 1%HEUS
1% yeasts 0% 1%
MEDEL 1%Otros 1% HEUS1% 1%
MEDEL LLANOS
Otros MEDEL Otros
0%
JBB JBBLLANOS JBB 0% JBB
0%
filamentous fungifilamentous fungi filamentous fungi TOLI 0% 2% 1% TOLI 0% JBB
MEDEL 2% 1%
TOLI
Otros 0% 2% MEDE
AFungal collections
plant pathogens plant pathogens plant pathogens 1% 1% 1% TOLI 1%
Major group collections Fungal collections in Colombia
omopathogenic entomopathogenic
filamentous entomopathogenic
fungi entomopathogenic JBB 1% 1% 0%
and yeasts
filamentous fungi plantand yeasts
pathogens and yeasts
entomopathogenic 1% ANDES ANDES TOLI 0% 1%
2% ANDES
in Colombia Specimens per fungarium
4% 4% 4% ANDES 1%
0%
ant pathogens 3% 3% 0% and yeasts
entomopathogenic
4%
0% 3% 0% CAUP 1% CAUP 1%
CAUP
ANDES
C
hens, macrofungi and macrofungi
lichens, yeasts 3% macrofungi
lichens,
0%
COAH 2% COAH ANDES 2%COAH 2%
1% 1% COAH CAUP 2%
4%
3% 0% 1% CAUP 2%
lichens, macrofungi 2% COAH 2% 1%
2%
ns, macrofungi 2% 2% microfungi AM 2% COAH 2% 2% 1% 2%
2% yeasts
sts)
nt pathogens
2% (rusts) plant pathogens (rusts) 1% CBUMAG:LIC 2% HT HT HT
HTHEUS
A
plant pathogens (rusts) 0%
Major group collections Fungal collections in Colombia Specimens per fungar
)and macrofungi and macrofungi and macrofungi 1% LLANOS 2%0% 2% 2% HT 2%
6% 6%
filamentous fungi 1%
UPTC-H MEDEL Otros UPTC-H HT UPTC-H 2% UPTC-H
6% plant pathogens entomopathogenic JBB 2% UPTC-H
and yeasts 2% TOLI 0% 2% 2%
UPTC-H HUEB 2% 2%
4% 1% HUEB 1% HUEB 2% HUEB
microfungi AM 3% 0%
2% UDBC
3% 21% 3% HUEB UDBC 21%3%UDBC 2
yeasts lichens, macrofungi ANDES CAUP 3% HUEB CBUMAG:LIC HEUS
1% 3% UDBC
0% 2% COAH 2% 1% 3% 1% LLANOS 0% 21%
2% 1% MEDEL Otros
plant pathogens (rusts) HPUJ HPUJ HPUJ
JBB HPUJ
filamentous fungi TOLI
HPUJ 0% 2% 5%
plant pathogens entomopathogenic and macrofungi HT 5% 5%
HPUJ 5%
1%
and yeasts 5%1%
4%
3% 0% 6% 2% 5% ANDES CAUP
macrofungilichens, macrofungi
macrofungi lichensmacrofungilichens lichens
UPTC-H
MMUNM COAH FAUC2% MMUNM 1%
MMUNM FAUC MMUNM FA
lichens macrofungi
18%
macrofungi
66% 2%18% 66% 18% 66% lichens 66% 2%
HUEB 7% 2% 15%
7% 7% MMUNM FAUC 15% 7% 1
18% lichens 66% UDBC 21% MMUNM 7%
ant pathogens
18% (rusts) 3% HT 15%
66% 7%
and macrofungi 2%
6% CUVC UPTC-H CUVC CUVC
HPUJ 9% 9% CUVC
9% 2% CUVC
5% HUA HUEB HUA 9% HUA
9%
3% COL COL UDBC
macrofungi COL 12% 12% 12% HUA
lichens
FAUC 12% 12% COL
18% MMUNM 12% COL 12%
66%
15% HPUJ 12%
7% 12%
5%
macrofungi CUVC F
18%
lichens
66%
9% of specimens Percentage
PercentageHUA Percentage
of
per fungarium specimens
MMUNM
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4 of major
TULV, 5 collections ofgroup
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group
TULV, 5Percentage 5 collections
UNO,of major group
TULV, 5 collections
COL 12%
11 major group collections
TULV, CM-EM- CM-EM- CM-EM-
CCMhf-UV USAB-CCMhf-UV
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UNO, UNO, 4 4 UNO, 4 EA-ED CM-EM- CCMhf-UV EA-EDUSAB-
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UDEA UDEABIOCMUN CM-EM-BIOColMicroFede-FNC
USAB-
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TULV, 2% UDEA 2% BIO MHNMC 2% 1% ColMicroFede-FNC
MHNMC
CM-EM- 1%0% USAB- 2%
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CCMhf-UV UDEA BI
0% ColMicro
JBB, 11 JBB,
CUVC, UNO, 4CUVC, 5 JBB, 11 CUVC, 5 MHNMC 1% 0%
EA-ED 1%
CUVC, 5 HT, 1 11
JBB, HT, 15 HT, 1 1% CMIUQ CMUN
1%1%0%2% CCMhf-UV
MHNMC 1% 0% 1% UDEA 0% 9% BIO 1% CMIUQ
0% 0% 0% 0%
HT, 1
JBB, 11 ANDES,
CUVC,
UPTC-H, 1 HT, 1 1 9
UPTC-H, UPTC-H, 1 1% UNCSAB 2% 0% MHNMC1%
CMUCMUNCSAB1%
UDEA CMIUQ 0% 1% BIOCMIUQCMUCM
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1% CMUCM
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NDES, 9 UPTC-H, 1 CUVC,95 ANDES, 9 ANDES, CMPUJ CMPUJ CMPUJ 1% CMIUQ 0% 0% CMPUJ 0%
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5 IBUN, 15 9 IBUN, 15
ANDES, UPTC-H, 1 IBUN, 15 2% 1% 2% 1% 2%
UNCSAB 1% CMPUJ1% CMUCM
1% 2% 0% COL 0% 12%
IBUN, 15 CMPUJ 0%2% 0%
1% IBUN 12%
IBUN,
CUVC, 1515 CUVC, 15
CUVC, 15
CUVC, 15
MPA-CENIPALMA
IBUN
Percentage of specimens per fungarium
2% IBUN
MPA-CENIPALMA MPA-CENIPALMA
2% 2% IBUNMPA-CENIPALMA
IBUN
Percentage of major group

TULV, 5 collections
2% IBUN MPA-CENIPALMA 2%
CUVC, 15 2%
2% CEN 2% 2% 2% 2%
ections
UNO, 4 CEN MPA-CENIPALMA CEN 2% CEN EA-ED
4 EA-ED CM-EM- CCMhf-UV USAB- 2% 2% 2% CEN 2% 2%
JBB, 11 CUVC, 5 CMUN
2% CEN ColMicroFede-FNC MHNM
HT, 1 2% MHNMC UDEA 0% BIO 2%
HT, 1
UPTC-H, 1
FAUC, 30 FAUC, 30
FAUC, 30
FAUC, 30 ANDES, 9 UPTC-H, 1 MHN-UPN
1%3% UNCSAB
1%
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MHN-UPN2%
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FIGURE 2. History and composition of fungal collections in Colombia summarised. A Centre: intensity map showing the Colombian Departments
with the highest concentration of collections. Top left: pie chart depicting the proportion of major life forms found in collections. Bottom
left: pie chart depicting the total number of type specimens per fungarium. Top right: pie chart depicting the proportion of specimens per
fungarium. Bottom right: pie chart depicting the proportion of specimens present in culture collections in Colombia. B Plot depicting the
timeline of the foundation of officially registered fungal collections in Colombia and the date of the first fungal specimen being registered
for each collection.

CHAPTER 15
average of two biological collections were registered per for the project “The Mycological Flora of Colombia”, carried
year in the RNC, with the years 2001 and 2019 holding out by the New York Botanical Garden and the Instituto de
the highest number of registered collections, with 12 and Ciencias Naturales (ICN; Universidad Nacional de Colombia;
8 registrations, respectively. The RNC (2021) reported four 1978-1983), and over 9,000 lichenised fungi gathered as
major registration gaps during 2004–2007, 2009, 2013– part of the binational project ECOANDES, with partners
2014, and 2016. Of the 66 registered fungal collections, from The Netherlands and Colombia (1980–1983); and 5)
only 11 have their databases fully to partially available for the Museo Micológico Universidad Nacional Sede Medellín
download on the Information System on Biodiversity of (MMUNM), with 8,301 specimens, 60% of which represent
Colombia website (SiB, 2021). The remaining collections do phytopathogens, including the Buriticá collection with 3,000
not have their digitised databases available for download on rusts associated with native plant species of Colombia and
the SiB or GBIF websites. duplicates of the phytopathogenic fungi collected by Carlos
Chardón and Rafael Toro in the 1920s, as well as 160 type
Fungal collections of Colombia in numbers specimens. Other important collections are microscope slide
The 234 biological collections recognised by the Registro collections, such as the one hosted by Hongos-Univalle (UV-
MICO) with 2,514 slides. Additionally, the International Center
Nacional de Colecciones (RNC) include over 14 million
for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) has held for years a collection
records comprising all biological groups. A total of ≈181,000
of 466 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with 12 species
fungi are listed (http://rnc.humboldt.org.co/admin/index.
described from Colombia (Peña-Venegas & Vasco-Palacios,
php/reporte/reporte), comprising dry specimens and strain/
2019), a collection not yet registered with the RNC (García
culture collections. However, this number contains various
et al., 2000).
duplicate entries and some incorrect numbers. After
Colombia has 18 fungal culture collections (Figure
correcting and removing duplicate entries, we reduced the
2D), the largest one being the Colección Nacional de
total to 90,000 specimens, representing only half of the
Fitopatógenos (CNF), which holds 5,295 specimens, followed
original count (see Supplementary Table T1). This illustrates
by the Microorganismos Corporación para Investigaciones
the difficulties in arriving at a clear figure for the number of
Biológicas (MicroCIB), with 2,443 yeasts and filamentous
fungal specimens in the country. How many of these are
fungi, and the Banco de Germoplasma de Microorganismos –
catalogued, that is, digitised, also remains uncertain. For
AGROSAVIA (BGM-A), which hosts 548 accessions including
example, GBIF only contains a little over 15,000 records arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, yeast, and filamentous fungi,
from Colombian fungaria, most from COL (> 9,000), HPUJ for biological control. The remaining 15 culture collections
(almost 4,000), Unillanos (nearly 600), and ANDES (300). comprise between 500 and a single specimen (Figure 2).
On the other hand, the UDBC collection is fully digitised, but When considering type specimens, we found 565
its data are not yet publicly available. This database includes nomenclatural types housed in Colombian collections
more than 25,000 records, representing at least 10,000 out of at least 989 types that are based on Colombian
more than the number currently available in GBIF. fungal specimens. The fungal collections with the highest
After a thorough review of the data on Colombia’s percentage of nomenclatural types are the Museo
fungaria and ceparia (culture collections), including Micológico (MMUNM), with 160, Herbario Forestal Gilberto
unpublished data provided by curators, we arrived at a Emilio Mahecha Vega Sección No Vasculares (UDBC), with
total of 138,108 fungal accessions deposited in the 66 147, the Herbario Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), with
Colombian collections across the country. This number 91, the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL), with 81, the
represents almost 50,000 more specimens than indicated Herbario de la Universidad de Caldas (FAUC), with 30,
by the corrected data from the RNC (Table 1, Figure 2A). and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín
This difference is partly because 11 of those collections (IBUM), with 15 (Table 1, Figure 2). From the remaining
do not have their specimens registered in the RNC. Out fungal collections in Colombia, only ten hold type specimens
of these 138,108 accessions, 124,930 correspond to dry within their collections.
specimens, 10,414 are strain/culture collections, and 2,764 The Colombian department with the largest number
are microscope slides archived in two collections (Table 1; of fungal collections is Bogotá (Distrito Capital), with 17
Figure 2A). When considering all fungi, including lichens, collections (31%), followed by Antioquia, with nine (16%),
Colombia’s largest collections are: 1) the Herbario Forestal Valle del Cauca, with six (11%), and Caldas and Magdalena,
Gilberto Emilio Mahecha Vega Sección No Vasculares of the with three (5%) each (Figure 2A). Eleven departments
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDBC), the (Boyacá, Cauca, La Guajira, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Norte de
most important collection of lichenised fungi, with 25,670 Santander, Quindío, Santander, Sucre, and Tolima) each hold
specimens; 2) the herbarium at the Universidad de Caldas a single collection, whereas the 15 remaining departments
(FAUC) with 18,000 specimens of lichenised fungi; 3) the have no fungal collections within their limits (Figure 2A).
fungarium of the Universidad de Antioquia (HUA), with When it comes to the main life forms of fungi represented
the largest collection of macrofungi (13,000 specimens) in Colombian collections, lichens are predominant (66%),
and 2,500 specimens of lichenised fungi; 4) the Herbario followed by macrofungi (16%), yeasts and filamentous
Nacional Colombiano (COL), with over 13,000 specimens, microfungi, such as moulds (13%), and phytopathogenic
including approximately 4,000 macrofungi mostly collected fungi (12%; Figure 2A).

CHAPTER 15
TABLE 1. Colombian biological collections registered in the National Registry of Biological collections (RNC) that contain fungi. Acronym
of herbaria/fungaria, Institution, city, Department, major life forms, number of specimens, number of identified species, curator of the
collection, and origin of the data are indicated (GBIF, 2021). Data not available in GBIF were obtained directly from specialists.
Total Proportion
Type Data
Acronym Institution Department Major groups number identified Fungal curator
specimens origin
specimens species
Strain/culture collections
Arbuscular
25 67% 0
mycorrhiza
Carolina
Yeasts 240 100% 0 Carolina
González
BGM-A AGROSAVIA Cundinamarca González
Filamentous fungi 281 20% 0 Almario,
Almario
RNS
Nematophagous
2 100% 0
fungi
Universidad del Valle del Filamentous Germán A.
CCMhf-UV 46 100% 0 RNC
Valle Cauca fungi, yeasts Bolívar
Carmenza
Federación Gongora
Nacional de Filamentous Botero,
CEN Caldas 222 70% 0 RNC
Cafeteros - fungi, yeasts Luis Miguel
CENICAFÉ Constantino
Chuaire
Aída Vasco
(environmental
CM-EM- Universidad de Filamentous Aída
Antioquia 63 44% 0 fungi), Diana
UDEA Antioquia fungi, yeasts Vasco
González Gil
(clinical fungi)
Universidad del Filamentous
CMIUQ Quindío 40 60% 0 — RNC
Quindío fungi, yeasts
Pontificia Angela María
Filamentous
CMPUJ Universidad Bogotá 177 82% 0 Alvarado RNC
fungi, yeasts
Javeriana Fernández
Universidad
Filamentous
CMUCM Católica de Caldas 15 87% 0 — RNC
fungi, yeasts
Manizales
Universidad de Filamentous
CMUN Nariño 100 100% 0 — RNC
Nariño fungi, yeast
CNF AGROSAVIA Cundinamarca Plant pathogens 5,295 51% 0 — RNC
Federación Diannefair
ColMicro-
Nacional de Santander Filamentous fungi 17 0% 0 Duarte RNC
Fede-FNC
Cacaoteros Hernandez
Universidad
EA-ED Antioquia Filamentous fungi 166 10.5% 0 — RNC
EAFIT
Daniel Uribe
Universidad Velez, Fabio
Filamentous
IBUN Nacional de Bogotá 208 5% 15 Ancizar RNC
fungi, yeasts
Colombia Aristizabal
Gutierrez

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type Data
specimens origin
specimens species
Instituto de
Investigaciones
MHNMC Marinas y Magdalena Filamentous fungi 120 7.5% 0 — RNC
Costeras
Invemar
Universidad
Filamentous
MHN-UPN Pedagógica Bogotá 277 0% 0 Hugo Mauricio RNC
fungi, yeasts
Nacional
Corporación
para Marcela RNC,
Filamentous
MicroCIB Investigaciones Antioquia 2,443 88% 0 Gaviria David
fungi, yeasts
Biológicas Camino Parra
Medellín
Leidy Johanna
Corporación 73 44% 0 Contreras
Centro de Entomopathogenic Arias
MPA- RNC
Investigación Bogotá fungi,
CENIPALMA Yuri Adriana
en Palma de filamentous fungi
Aceite 142 32% 0 Mestizo
Garzón
Universidad
Magally
Nacional de Filamentous
UNCSAB Antioquia 110 85% 0 Romero RNC
Colombia, sede fungi, yeasts
Tabares
Medellin
Luis Alejandro
Universidad de Filamentous
USAB-BIO Bogotá 33 79% 0 Acosta RNC
la Sabana fungi, yeasts
Gonzalez
Valle del Arbuscular
NR CIAT 466 ND 0 — RNC
Cauca mycorrhiza
Fungaria
Fundación Luis
Luis Gerardo
AFP Universitaria de Cauca Lichens 470 ND 0 Gerardo
Chilito
Popayán Chilito
Silvia Restrepo
Universidad de (Levaduras
ANDES Bogotá Macrofungi 2,339 46.2% 1 RNC
los Andes y hongos
microscópicos)
Macrofungi 31 ND 0 María
Fernanda
Lozano y
Fernando Maria
Universidad de
BOG Bogotá Sarmiento Fernando
la Salle Lichens 245 ND 0 Parra, Lozano
Conservador:
José Warles
Díaz
Universidad del
CAUP Cauca Lichens 1,558 6% 0 — RNC
Cauca

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type Data
specimens origin
specimens species
Macrofungi 70 ND 0 Kevin Ramírez
Roncallo,
María A.
Negritto, Jorge
Luna Fontalvo,
Universidad del Kevin
CBUMAG Magdalena Alejandra
Magdalena Lichens 1,300 0% 0 Ramírez
Barrios and
Cristina
Abaunza,
Alberto Rafael
Páez Redondo
Colección de
Ludy
Plantas Vivas Juan Diego
Yaneth
CDMB del Jardín Santander Lichens 69 ND 0 Ramírez
Archila
Botánico Eloy Román
Durán
Valenzuela
Curador
Instituto Wilson Ricardo
COAH Bogotá Lichens 2,362 ND 0 Dairon
SINCHI Álvaro Alba
Cárdenas
Jaime Aguirre Lauren
Lichens 10,901 ND 39
(Líquenes) Raz
Data
Universidad from
COL Nacional de Bogotá other
Colombia sources
Macrofungi 4,000 ND 42 —
ca.
Dumont
et al.
(1978)
Ana
Edier Soto,
Universidad del Valle del Lichens, Cristina
CUVC 9,500 75% 15 Ana Cristina
Valle Cauca macrofungi Bolaños
Bolaños
and RNC
Herbario Lichens 18,000 ND 30 Luis
Luis Fernando
FAUC Universidad de Caldas Fernando
Macrofungi 500 ND 0 Coca
Caldas Coca
Universidad de Norte de
HECASA Lichens 250 4% 0 — RNC
Pamplona Santander
Lichens 513 78.5% 0 — RNC,
Jorge
Universidad de Jorge David
HEUS Sucre David
Sucre Macrofungi 14 100% 0 Mercado Mercado
Gomez Gomez
Facultad de
Agronomía,
HFAB Universidad Bogotá Macrofungi 32 0% 0 — RNC
Nacional de
Colombia

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type Data
specimens origin
specimens species
Universidad de Macrofungi 40 0% 0
HG Guajira — RNC
la Guajira Lichens 25 0% 0
Fundación Manuel David Jairo
HJJT Bogotá Lichens 40 50% 0
Trópico Alto Cortés Pardo Pinto
Pontificia Macrofungi 400 22% 0 Nestor
HPUJ Universidad Bogotá Miguel León-G Julio
Javeriana Lichens 5,800 12% 0 García
Macrofungi 1 0% 1 Favio
Manuel David
Herbario Ávila y
HT Bogotá Cortés y
Tropical Lichens 2,700 90% 0 Astrid
Daniela Jara
Caro
Macrofungi Ana Esperanza
(Ascomycota, Franco, Felipe
Esperanza
Basidiomycota, 12,443 46% 91 Cardona,
Franco
Myxomycetes/ Natalya Gómez
Universidad de Mycetozoa) Montoya
HUA Antioquia
Antioquia Felipe
Margarita
Cardona,
Jaramillo Ciro,
Lichens 2,500 ND 0 Margarita
Giovanny
Jaramillo
Pérez
Ciro
Universidad
HUCO Católica de Antioquia Lichens 71 63% 0 — RNC
Oriente
Lichens 1,900 ND 0
Universidad del Macrofungi Hector Orlando
HUEB Bogotá RNC
Bosque (Ascomycota, 1,922 6% 115 Lancheros
Basidiomycota)
Lichens 13 33% 0 Wilmar
Universidad Valle del Oswaldo
ICESI —
ICESI Cauca Macrofungi 7 0% 0 Diaz
Vasco
Jorge Londoño,
Jardín Botánico
Margarita
Joaquín Antonio Norberto
JAUM Antioquia Lichens 124 ND 0 Jaramillo y
Uribe de López
Juan Carlos
Medellín
Benavides
Jardín Botánico Angélica
JBB Bogotá Lichens 1,430 40% 11 —
de Bogotá Aponte
Jardín Botánico
JBJCM-CV Bogotá Lichens 12 25% 0 — RNC
de Bogotá
Martha Lucía
Macrofungi 509 38% 0
Universidad de Ortiz Luz Stella
LLANOS Meta
los Llanos Mónica Suárez
Lichens 724 10.6% 0
Merchán

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type Data
specimens origin
specimens species
Universidad
MEDEL Nacional de Antioquia Lichens 500 40% 0 — RNC
Colombia
Universidad Plant pathogens Mauricio
Mauricio
MMUNM Nacional Sede, Antioquia (rusts), 8,301 83% 160 Salazar
Salazar Yepes
Medellin macrofungi Yepes
Aida
Universidad de Aida Elena
PSO Nariño Lichens 380 ND 0 Elena
Nariño Baca
Baca
Hilda
Universidad
SURCO Huila Macrofungi 56 ND 0 — Dueñas
Surcolombiana
(Directora)
Universidad del Héctor Héctor
TOLI Tolima Lichens 1,119 ND 0
Tolima Esquivel Esquivel
Instituto para Edier Soto,
la Investigación Martha Ruiz,
y Preservación Edgar Linares,
Alejandro
del Patrimonio Valle del Ana Cristina
TULV Lichens 487 ND 5 Castaño
Cultural y Cauca Bolaños,
Naranjo
Natural del Katherine
Valle del Cauca Osorio, Aura
- Inciva María Rivera
Macrofungi 421 0% 0 Bibiana
Universidad
Moncada,
Distrital Bibiana
UDBC Bogotá Alejandra
Francisco José Lichens 27,320 41% 147 Moncada
Suárez, Diego
de Caldas
Simijaca
Maria
Universidad del
UNO Atlántico Lichens 361 ND 4 Pierine España Cristina
Norte
Martinez
Diego Andrés
Universidad Moreno,
Maria
Pedagógica y Lina Marcelo
UPTC-H Boyacá Lichens 3,054 3.2% 1 Eugenia
Tecnológica de Lozano y
Morales
Colombia UPTC Maria Eugenia
Morales
Universidad del
UTMC Magdalena Lichens 7 57.2% 0 — RNC
Magdalena
Microscope slide collections
Hector Orlando
Universidad del Microfungi
HUEB Bogotá 250 0% 0 Lancheros RNC
Bosque (Zygomycota)
Redondo
María Inés
Álvarez, Luz
Universidad del Valle del Filamentous
UV-MICO 2,514 42.8% 0 Dary Caicedo RNC
Valle Cauca fungi, yeasts
(Micología
Clínica)

CHAPTER 15
FIGURE 3. Colombian fungi in international biological collections. A Intensity map showing the global distribution of fungal species. Pie
charts display the proportion of species belonging to different life forms and the proportion of species per collection. B Intensity map
showing the global distribution of fungal specimens. Inset plot shows the total number of fungi collections and specimens per continent.
Pie charts display the proportion of major life forms.

CHAPTER 15
Fungi of Colombia in international biological collections 2). The herbaria or fungaria with the largest percentage
As mentioned above, Colombian specimens were largely of fungal specimens collected in Colombia are B (38%),
deposited in international collections for a long time. NY (23%), F (5%), and BR, CUP, and S (about 4% each),
Currently, 19,444 specimens and about 2,918 species with the remaining collections accounting for 1% or less of
of fungi collected from Colombia are deposited in 72 Colombian specimens (Table 2, Figure 3). When looking at
international biological collections (GBIF, 2021; Westerdijk species counts, Europe concentrates the highest diversity
Fungal Diversity Centre, 2021). From this total, 37 collections (1,927; 56%), followed by North America (1,354; 39%),
represent fungaria, with 16,988 specimens, and one with the rest of the continents falling below 3%. Country-
ceparium (culture collection), comprising 263 specimens wise, the USA is the country with the highest number of
(Table 2). No records of Colombian samples were found at species counts (1,347; 30%) followed closely by Germany
the Komarov Botanical Institute Culture Collection (LE-BIN) (1,305; 29%), and with much more reduced numbers the
or the Culture Collections Information Worldwide (CCINFO), Netherlands (433; 10%), Belgium (321; 7%), Sweden (291;
part of the World Data Center for Microorganisms (WDCM). 6%); Norway (223; 5%), and the remaining countries with
It is important to note that these figures only include the 3% or less (Figure 3).
available information in databases and are missing data When looking at main life forms represented in
from some crucial collections, such as BAF, which contains international collections, Berlin (B) was the collection with the
some of Singer’s collections. We only obtained secondary largest percentage of lichenised fungi from Colombia (32%),
references on type specimens and the phytopathogenic whereas the New York Botanical Garden (NY) has a varied
collections of Mayor that are in NEU (see Chapter 2). collection with non-lichenised Ascomycota representatives,
When looking at the global distribution of these a substantial number of ectomycorrhizal fungi from oak
international collections, Europe is the continent with forests collected in the 1980s by R. Halling, G. Mueller and
the largest number of fungal specimens originating from A. Franco-Molano, and the Dumont collections made during
Colombia housed outside the country (51%), followed by the “The Mycological Flora of Colombia” project. The most
North America (47%), South America (1%), and Oceania important plant pathogenic collection was found in BPI (15%).
(0.3%) (Figure 3). The USA is the country with the largest When assessing the main life forms globally, lichenised fungi
number of fungal specimens from Colombia (9,079; 42%), dominated the collections (9,641 specimens; 58%), followed
followed by Germany (6,867; 37%), Belgium (674; 3%), by non-lichenised Ascomycota (3,221; 19%), Basidiomycota
Sweden and the Netherlands (662; 3% each), Norway (403; (2,663; 16%), and rusts and smut fungi (478; 3%), with the
2%), and some others with less than 2% (Figure 3, Table remaining forms covering less than 2% (Figure 3).
TABLE 2. International biological collections with fungi of Colombia. Acronym of herbaria/fungaria, institution, country, major fungi groups
found in the collections, number of specimens, number of determined species, percentage of determined species, and number of type
collections are indicated (GBIF, 2021).
Total Proportion
Type
Acronym Institution Country Major groups number identified
specimens
specimens species
Strain/culture collections
Filamentous fungi
The CBS-KNAW culture The
CBS (macro- and microfungi), 264* 99.2% 62
collection Netherlands
yeasts
Fungaria
ASU The Arizona State University USA Lichens 50 98% 1
Lichens, lichenicolous
B Botanischer Garten Berlin Germany 6,534 82.4% 36
fungi
Universidad de Buenos Aires Macrofungi
BAFC Argentina 11 100% 11
Herbario (Basidiomycota)
BCN University of Barcelona Spain Lichens 3 100% 0
BG University of Bergen Norway Lichens 18 94.4% 0
BISH Bishop Museum USA Microfungi (Ascomycota) 1 100% 0
BM(NHMUK) The Natural History Museum UK Lichens 114 95.6% 49

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type
specimens
specimens species
Plant pathogenic,
U.S. National Fungus
BPI (USDA) USA macrofungi, 3,105 87.4% 91
Collections, USDA-ARS
Myxomycetes/Mycetozoa
Lichens, macrofungi
BR Meise Botanic Garden Belgium 670 86.1% 44
(Basidiomycota)
CANB Australian National Herbarium Australia Lichens 33 45.5% 7
CHRB Rutgers University USA Plant pathogens (rusts) 2 100% 0
CMMF Jardin botanique de Montréal Canada Microfungi (Ascomycota) 3 33.3% 0
CNAL Canadian Museum of Nature Canada Lichens 3 100% 0
Cornell Plant Pathology
CUP USA Plant pathogens 657* 8.2% 70
Herbarium
DAR Orange Agricultural Institute Australia Plant pathogens (rusts) 3 33.3% 0
Lichens, macrofungi
DUKE Duke University USA 90 76.7% 0
(Basidiomycota)
Royal Botanic Garden Arbuscular mycorrhyzal
E UK 73 94.8% 47
Edinburgh fungi (BRIL), lichens
ECON Harvard University USA Lichens 1 0% 0
Field Museum of Natural Macrofungi
F USA 913 53% 188
History (Basidiomycota), lichens
plant pathogens (rusts),
FH Harvard University USA 81 92.6% 37
lichens
Universidade Federal de Macrofungi
FLOR Brazil 3 66.7% 0
Santa Catarina (Basidiomycota)
Universidad Nacional
FM-UNAM Autónoma de México (UNAM) Mexico Human pathogenic fungi 14 100% 0
Facultad de Medicina
Senckenberg Gesellschaft für
Naturforschung: Senckenberg
FR Germany Lichens 41 95.1% 0
Forschungsinstitut und
Naturmuseum
Conservatoire et Jardin
G botaniques de la Ville de Switzerland Lichens 98 94.9% 98
Genève
Macrofungi
GB University of Gothenburg Sweden 34 94.1% 0
(Basidiomycota), lichens
GENT Ghent University Belgium Lichens 4 25% 0
Lichens, plant
GZU Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Austria pathogens 12 100% 0
(Sordariomycetes)
H University of Helsinki Finland Lichens 6 100% 0
Tasmanian Museum and Art
HO Australia Lichens 1 100% 0
Gallery
Universidade Federal do Rio Lichens, macrofungi
ICN Brazil 26 100% 1
Grande do Sul (Basidiomycota)
Plant pathogens
IMI CABI Bioscience UK Centre UK 154 63.6% 0
(Sordariomycetes)

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type
specimens
specimens species
Instituto Nacional de Macrofungi
INPA Brazil 8 87.5% 1
Pesquisas da Amazônia (Basidiomycota)
Macrofungi
K Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew UK 98 94.9% 16
(Basidiomycota)
L Naturalis Netherlands Lichens 261 87.7% 13
LD Lund University Sweden Lichens 30 100% 7
Macrofungi
LIL-Fungi Fundación Miguel Lillo Argentina 2 100% 0
(Basidiomycota)
Macrofungi
LSUM Louisiana State University USA 87 54% 3
Staatliche
M Naturwissenschaftliche Germany Lichens 291 92.8% 258
Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB)
Lichens, plant
MA Real Jardín Botánico Spain 29 96.6% 0
pathogens (rusts)
Facultad de Farmacia,
MAF Universidad Complutense, Spain Lichens 2 50% 0
Madrid
MBM Museu Botânico Municipal Brazil Macrofungi (Ascomycota) 1 0% 1
Royal Botanic Gardens
MEL Australia Lichens 15 33.3% 1
Victoria
Universidad Nacional
MEXU Mexico Lichens 15 100% 0
Autónoma de México
Macrofungi
MICH University of Michigan USA 34 97.1% 3
(Basidiomycota)
Macrofungi
MIL Milwaukee Public Museum USA 3 100% 0
(Basidiomycota)
Lichens, plant
MIN University of Minnesota USA 52 92.3% 1
pathogens (rusts)
MN Liceo Classico “Virgilio” Italy Lichens 2 100% 0
MO Missouri Botanical Garden USA Lichens 1 0% 0
MSC Michigan State University USA Lichens 11 81.8% 0
Royal Botanic Gardens &
NSW Australia Lichens 1 0% 0
Domain Trust
Discomycetes,
The New York Botanical
NY USA macrofungi 4,023 69% 132
Garden
(Basidiomycota)
Macrofungi
O University of Oslo Norway 383 86.2% 3
Muséum National d’Histoire
PC (MNHN) France Lichens 222 84.2% 12
Naturelle
Manaaki Whenua - Landcare
PDD New Zealand Plant pathogens (rusts) 102 97.1% 25
Research
Swedish Museum of Natural Plant pathogens (rusts),
S Sweden 570 87.5% 236
History lichens

CHAPTER 15
Total Proportion
Type
specimens
specimens species
Macrofungi
SP-FUNGI Instituto de Botânica IBT Brazil 63 39.7% 0
(Basidiomycota)
Institute of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences of Macrofungi
TAAM Estonia 16 87.5% 0
the Estonian University of Life (Basidiomycota)
Sciences
Lichens 2 100% 0
TENN University of Tennessee USA Macrofungi
(Basidiomycota), 36 63.9% 1
Sordariomycetes
National Museum of Nature
TNS Japan Lichens 54 98.1% 3
and Science
Norwegian University of
TRH Norway Lichens 2 100% 0
Science and Technology
Macrofungi
TUF (UTE) University of Tartu Estonia 97 25.8% 0
Myxomycetes/
UARK University of Arkansas USA 56 100% 0
Mycetozoa
Universidad Nacional Federico
UFV Peru Macrofungi (Ascomycota) 1 100% 0
Villarreal
Lichens, macrofungi
UPS Museum of Evolution Sweden 28 89.3% 6
(Basidiomycota)
Universidade Federal de Macrofungi
URM Brazil 40 92.5% 2
Pernambuco (Basidiomycota)
US Smithsonian Institution USA Lichens 497 97.2% 14
Macrofungi
UTC Utah State University USA 34 94.1% 0
(Basidiomycota)
Naturhistorisches Museum
W Austria Lichens 7 71.4% 0
Wien
University of Wisconsin
WIS USA Lichens 93 97.8% 3
Herbarium
tropics, where fungi are largely understudied (Kivlin et al.,

DISCUSSION 2011; Hassett et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021), and Colombia
The ability of fungi to adapt to different environments is no exception. Biodiversity is not equally distributed across
and establish complex ecological interactions with other the planet, and tropical areas are considered the most
organisms allows them to diversify in a unique way. This has diverse for many organisms, including fungi (Myers, 1988;
been essential for the development of life on the planet and Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017). Biodiversity reaches its
for the evolution of the ecosystems that compose it (Delavaux maximum expression in so-called “megadiverse” countries
et al., 2019; Naranjo-Ortiz & Gabaldón, 2019). Unfortunately, that are home to a very high number of species per unit area
we are still just scratching the tip of the iceberg regarding our (Reid, 1998; Mittermeier et al., 2011). Colombia offers these
knowledge of global fungal diversity, with 150,000 described conditions with a ubication in a region of a major exchange
species compared to estimates ranging from 2.2 to 3.8 million between Northern Temperate and South American biota. Yet,
species, with the latest estimate at ca. 3 million (Hawksworth the hitherto available fungal collections from Colombia do not
& Lücking, 2017). This situation is especially acute in the reflect the diversity expected within the country. For example,

CHAPTER 15
the number of accessioned Colombian specimens in a global also be greater than that for other groups of fungi because
database such as GBIF amounts to only ca. 36,000, a they are included in the list of veto species that must be
figure that falls behind those for much smaller, temperate assessed in all environmental impact studies for projects
countries such as Germany (320,000), Japan (200,000), that may affect Colombian ecosystems and biodiversity
France (125,000), the UK (80,000), or Italy (54,000). (Decree 0213 of 1977, INDERENA) (Chapter 14). Finally,
The reasons for the underestimated numbers of fungi other groups that have received disproportionate attention
of Colombia are various (see Chapter 3). On the one hand, are yeasts (Silva-Bedoya et al., 2014; Morales-López et
fungi have not been as extensively studied in Colombia al., 2017, see Chapter 7), rusts (Yepes and González,
as they have been in other countries. This scenario is 2019, see Chapter 9), and smuts (Piepenbring, 2002, see
partly due to Colombia having a relatively small group Chapter 9), due to their importance in biotechnology and
of specialised mycologists, especially when compared agriculture.
with other research areas. On the other hand, many of
the aforementioned Colombian collections (e.g., COL, CONCLUSIONS
MMUNM) and some international collections (e.g., BAF,
Biological collections play a fundamental role in
NEU) are yet to be digitised. These collections may contain
documenting our planet’s biodiversity across space and
unexpected diversity, including species new to science,
time (Pyke & Ehrlich, 2010; Daru et al., 2019; Rønsted et
potentially endemic to Colombia, or species associated
al., 2020). They can be used to reconstruct past and predict
with threatened habitats that deserve special conservation
future biota, for example, due to climate changes. They
status. Uncatalogued collections may also hold lost type
provide the foundation for describing and understanding
specimens. Colombian collections may also add value due
Colombia’s fungal diversity. Their diversity provides a basis
to their broader temporal, geographical and taxonomic
for finding solutions on food security, human health, and
coverage when compared to collections housed at
environmental conservation. Considering that Colombia
international institutions. They may hold a higher proportion
has turned its gaze to the bioeconomy to sustain economic
of specimens collected in ecosystems that are difficult to
development, it must support biological collections as a
access. In addition, these collections have a fundamental
source of information for such development. Therefore,
role in training new generations of Colombian mycologists
it is important to nourish these collections continuously
and in being centres of reference for the development
with further specimens and to provide them with much-
of ecological and environmental research, amongst
needed specialised curators and additional curatorial
other disciplines of mycology in Colombia. Nevertheless,
resources. Combining a well-planned collection digitisation
unrecognised species and otherwise critical collections may
program with the unification of databases, using broadly
also be found among international collections. Increased
accepted taxonomy, will greatly increase the accessibility
cross-institutional communication and collaboration are
of this natural capital. It will allow for comparative studies,
essential to facilitate access to this information and to
metadata analysis, mapping, and modelling species
foster future fungal research, ultimately facilitating more
distributions for biodiversity management, identifying
accurate fungal diversity estimates for Colombia.
knowledge gaps, or proposing solutions to decision-makers
Another issue made obvious from our compilation of
in determining the best compromises between human and
the available fungaria and culture collections within and
environmental needs.
outside Colombia is that Colombia has not been uniformly
surveyed. Gaya et al. (2021) already mentioned that some
economically important areas, such as the ‘Eje Cafetero’ Acknowledgements
or the Andean region, have been more intensively collected
than others. The areas particularly affected by the civil The authors thank Robert Lücking and Viviana Motato for comments
and suggestions that helped improve this manuscript, and the
conflict are the most unexplored to date (e.g., Amazonia and
members of the Colombian Association of Mycology (ASCOLMIC),
Orinoquía). This highlights the need to increase sampling
who provided information relevant for the development of this
efforts in underexplored regions across the Colombian chapter. The authors also thank the following curators who kindly
territory. The recently launched Catalogue of Fungi of provided updates or new data on collections not included in public
Colombia (ColFungi, 2021) represents a good opportunity databases: Angélica Aponte, Ludy Yaneth Archila Durán, Favio
to overcome some of these issues and to further promote Ávila, Aida Elena Baca, Ana Cristina Bolaños, Dairon Cárdenas,
efforts to increase the quantity, quality, and accessibility of Felipe Cardona, Astrid Caro, Alejandro Castaño Naranjo, Luis
fungal collections in Colombia. Gerardo Chilito, Luis Fernando Coca, Wilmar Oswaldo Diaz Vasco,
The fungal group that dominates the hitherto gathered Hilda Dueñas, Héctor Esquivel, Maria Fernando Lozano, Esperanza
and catalogued collections are lichenised fungi. This is an Franco, Nestor Julio García, Carolina González Almario, Margarita
example of research and collection bias and not a reflection Jaramillo Ciro, Norberto López, Maria Cristina Martinez, Maria
of a higher diversity of this functional group in Colombia, Eugenia Morales, Jairo Pinto, Kevin Ramírez, Lauren Raz, Mauricio
Salazar Yepes, and Luz Stella Suárez.
given that many of the studies on Colombian fungi to
date have focused on lichens (Lücking et al., 2021). The
knowledge on and number of collections of lichens might

CHAPTER 15
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CHAPTER 16
Thamnolia vermicularis
[Bibiana Moncada]
Chapter 16
Annotated Checklist of Fungi of Colombia
Tiziana Antonella Cossu1, Robert Lücking 2,3,4, Natalia Vargas-Estupiñán5,6, Julia Carretero1, Aída M. Vasco-Palacios3,7, Bibiana Moncada2,3,4,8,
Paul Kirk1, Rafael Felipe de Almeida1, Ester Gaya1, Luis Fernando Coca4,9, Joaquim de Souza1, David Díaz-Escandón4,10,11, Ana Esperanza
Franco-Molano12, Nataly Gómez-Montoya12, Fabiola Eugenia González-Cuellar3,13,14, Margarita María Jaramillo-Ciro3,4,15, Viviana Motato-
Vásquez3,16,17, Yeina Milena Niño Fernandez18, Martha Lucia Ortiz-Moreno3,19, Ehidy Rocío Peña-Cañón3,18, Meike Piepenbring20, Mauricio
Ramírez-Castrillón3,21, Mauricio Salazar-Yepes22, Tatiana Sanjuan3,23, Diego Simijaca4,8,24, Edier Soto-Medina4,10 & Mauricio Diazgranados1*
1
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
2
Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
3
Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC).
4
Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología (GCOL).
5
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia.
6
Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
7
Grupo BioMicro y de Microbiología Ambiental, Colección de Microorganismos, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín,
Colombia.
8
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia.
9
Herbario Universidad de Caldas - FAUC, Manizales, Colombia.
10
Grupo de Ecología y Diversidad Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
11
Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
12
Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos (TEHO), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia,
Medellín, Colombia.
13
Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia.
14
Semillero de Investigación en Etnobiología (SIE), Universidad del Cauca, Cauca, Colombia.
15
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia.
16
Grupo de Investigación en Biología de Plantas y Microorganismos (BPM), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas,
Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
17
18
Línea de Usos y Saberes de Hongos en Andes Nororientales, Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica
de Colombia- Tunja, Colombia.
19
Grupo de Sustentabilidad Ambiental (SUSA), Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad de los
Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia.
20
Mycology Working Group, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
21
Grupo de Investigación iCUBO, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
22
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, Museo Micológico-MMUNM, Medellín, Colombia.
23
Grupo Micólogos Colombia.
24
Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México.
Authors sharing first authorship in bold.

*Corresponding author: m.diazgranados@kew.org
Keywords: edible fungi, fungal uses, medicinal fungi, lichens, poisonous fungi, rusts, smuts.
ABSTRACT
A comprehensive checklist of the fungi known for Colombia is presented in this chapter. This checklist is one of the core
outputs of the Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC) project, produced by a multinational team of researchers. The
checklist includes supraspecific taxonomic ranks, accepted species and authors, synonyms and authors, common names,
species origin (when available), geographic information (regions, departments, elevation range), trophic mode, host/
associated species and family (if pertinent), conservation status at global and national levels (assessments of the accepted
name), and level 1 of the category of use. The taxonomic coverage and statistics are provided in Chapter 3. Analysis of
specific groups of fungi can be found in Chapters 4–9. Notes on the geographic distribution are provided in Chapter 10.
Analyses on the conservation status are included in Chapter 14. At the end of the catalogue, indexes of synonyms, families
and genera are also provided. For full details on each species, readers should scan the QR codes or click in the species
hyperlink to visit the species profiles in ColFungi. These include morphological descriptions, geographic distribution and
maps, synonymy, notes on uses, links to fungarium specimens, field images of fungi, illustrations, economic botany items,
bibliography and additional sources.

CHAPTER 16
RESUMEN
En este capítulo se presenta una lista de verificación completa de los hongos de Colombia. Éste es uno de los resultados
centrales del proyecto Plantas y Hongos Útiles de Colombia (UPFC), desarrollado por un equipo multinacional de investigadores.
La lista incluye taxones supraespecíficos, especies aceptadas y autores, sinónimos y autores, nombres comunes, origen de
las especies (si estaba disponible), información geográfica (regiones, departamentos, rango de elevación), modo trófico,
especies y familias hospedantes o en asociación (si aplica), estado de conservación global y nacional (evaluaciones de
riesgo de extinción para nombres aceptados), y nivel 1 de la categoría de uso. La cobertura taxonómica y las estadísticas de
diversidad son presentadas en el Capítulo 3. Análisis de grupos específicos de hongos pueden encontrarse en los capítulos
4–9. En el Capítulo 10 se presenta una descripción general de la distribución geográfica. Los análisis sobre el estado de
conservación de los hongos se incluyen en el Capítulo 14. Al final del catálogo, también se proporcionan índices de sinónimos,
familias y géneros. Para obtener detalles completos sobre la especie, los lectores pueden escanear los códigos QR y visitar
los perfiles de especies en ColFungi que incluyen descripciones morfológicas, distribución geográfica y mapas, sinonimia,
notas sobre usos, enlaces a especímenes de Fungario, imágenes de hongos vivos, ilustraciones, elementos de botánica
económica, bibliografía y fuentes adicionales.
INTRODUCTION 1. Identification, digitisation, and compilation of key

The present catalogue is the first comprehensive checklist datasets and sources for the elaboration of checklist of
of all fungi from Colombia. Previously, only Colombian fungi of Colombia
lichens (Sipman & Aguirre-C., 2016) and some smaller An identification process of datasets and sources was
fungal groups, such as rusts and smuts (Piepenbring, carried out over the period of this project (Nov. 2019–Feb.
2002), had been catalogued for the country. The 2022). Initially, four main resources were used to create a
elaboration of the checklist followed five main steps: 1. preliminary list of fungi of Colombia: GBIF (2021), Tropicos
identification and screening of key sources and datasets (2021), SIB Colombia (2021), and the Catálogo de Plantas y
and for the creation of a primary list of fungi of Colombia Líquenes de Colombia (CPLC, Bernal et al., 2016a, b, 2019).
including data from Colombian specialist; 2. taxonomic and GBIF (2021) and Tropicos (2021) were used to extract a list
nomenclatural revision by mycological experts forming part of fungi species occurring in Colombia (including native and
of the present team; 3. annotation of species descriptors; non-native species). These lists were merged and integrated
4. literature screening for uses and their classification, and with the list of fungal species obtained from SIB Colombia
incorporation of this information into the dataset, uses (2021) and with the lichens listed in the CPLC (Bernal et al.,
were also compiled from data give by researchers; and 5. 2016a, b, 2019). The list was then integrated with species
database normalisation. extracted from other scientific sources such as scientific
All fungal species reported by reliable scientific datasets journal publications, books, technical reports, theses,
and published literature for Colombia were included, and databases (the full list of sources is available in the
regardless of origin or domestication status. The checklist bibliography section of ColFungi). Data were also provided
includes both fungi (7,097 species) and fungus-like by Colombian mycologists. The final master list had a total
organisms (i.e., 33 species of Chromista and 111 species of 18,828 individual entries of fungal names reported from
of Protozoa). The later display similar behaviour to fungi Colombia, including some duplicates of the same reports
and include some important, fungus-like pathogens; they extracted from different sources.
are therefore usually regarded as fungi by the non-scientific
world and studied by mycologists alongside true fungi due 2. Nomenclatural and taxonomic revision and name
to their similar lifestyle. reconciliation
The present checklist contains 7,223 species,
including 29 names with unresolved nomenclatural status The nomenclature primarily follows the taxonomic
and two anamorph names in practical use, incorporated backbone of Index Fungorum (2021) and Species Fungorum
to the list due to their importance. A number of invalidly (2021). Index Fungorum was used to extract information
published names without formal descriptions have not on supraspecific taxonomic ranks (kingdom, phylum,
been included. The checklist also lists infraspecific subphylum, class, subclass, order, and family), to obtain
categories such as subspecies (1), varieties (25), forms the Index Fungorum species ID, and to check the correct
(3), and special forms (9) (special form is a taxonomic orthography of species names and authors. Species
rank of parasites, especially fungi, characterised from a Fungorum was used to obtain information on accepted
physiological standpoint but scarcely or not at all from a names and synonyms; this information was cross-checked
morphological standpoint, in which its nomenclature is by expert taxonomists. Potential homotypic (obligate)
not governed by the International Code of Nomenclature synonyms were checked by comparing the final epithet
for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Art. 4 Note 4 of ICN, Turland of the name and the basionym author across all records,
et al., 2018). Based on the available information, on establishing homotypic name chains. Potential heterotypic
the total number of species 203 (3%) are endemic (taxonomic) synonyms were checked by consulting recent
to Colombia. taxonomic revisions or phylogenetic studies of the

CHAPTER 16
groups in question. Potential homonyms were checked provided also information on additional global assessment
by filtering identical names with different authorship. already revised but not yet published in the IUCN Red List
Correct orthography and author citations were checked by portal. Common names and languages, when available from
automated comparison with a download of all fungal names the original sources, were added to the species. QR codes
from Index Fungorum (2021). For most of these tasks, linking the ColFungi species profiles were created for each
automated formulas in a Microsoft Excel master file were species from its Permanent URLs using the R package
used. From the master file all listed and checked species QRcode version 0.1.3 (Teh, 2015).
records, a master file of currently accepted scientific names
was extracted. 4. Use data and their classification
The subsequent reconciliation of the list of currently Metadata on the use of each species were collected from
accepted scientific names against Index Fungorum was numerous and different scientific resources, details of which
done primarily using Microsoft Access. The full list of are available on bibliography section of each species in
names extracted from the taxonomic backbones mentioned ColFungi.
above was matched with our list linking genus and specific The categorisation of fungal uses followed a revised
epithets. Unmatched names were checked to find the simplified version of the Level 1 states proposed by Cook
underlying reasons, such as potential misspellings in the (1995) in the Economic Botany Data Collections Standard, as
sources, invalidly published names, or names not yet defined in the WCUP (Diazgranados et al., 2020), adapted
registered in Index Fungorum, and errors were corrected for fungi:
in the list, with accompanying updates in Index Fungorum
where applicable. For unmatched names not readily • Animal Food (AF): for vertebrate animals only;
reconciled with the taxonomic backbones, taxonomists
were consulted for advice. Index Fungorum numbers were • Environmental Uses (EU): examples include biofertilizers,
assigned to all names. biocontrol agents, pesticide detoxifiers, wastewater
The reconciled master list of accepted species was purifiers, indicators of the presence of metals, indicators
again carefully analysed by taxonomists experts on specific of the presence of pollution;
fungal groups of Colombia, who provided further corrections • Fuels (FU): e.g., used in production of oil as raw material
and adjustments, including additional information, such for biodiesels, ethanol production, etc.;
as on anamorph names and names with unresolved
• Gene Sources (GS): fungi with beneficial genetic traits e.g.
nomenclatural status.
used in recombinant technology;
3. Annotation of species-related metadata • Human Food (HF): food, including beverages, for humans
Metadata related to the accepted species in the checklist only;
were retrieved from more than 750 scientific resources such • Invertebrate Food (IF): only fungi eaten by invertebrates
as scientific journal publications, books, technical reports, useful to humans, such as silkworms, lac insects and
theses, and databases. The full list of sources related to edible grubs, are covered here;
each species is available in the bibliography of ColFungi.
• Materials (MA): pigments, enzymes with industrial use,
Indications of origin (i.e., endemic, native) were obtained
used in cosmetics;
from the Catalogue of Plants and Lichens of Colombia
(Sipman & Aguirre-C., 2016, 2019) for lichens, and through • Medicines (ME): both human and veterinary;
a literature review for other fungal groups. We also combined • Poisons (PO): fungi that are poisonous to vertebrates
the geographic information in the CPLC with information and non-vertebrates (including non-vertebrate animals,
coming from other scientific sources to determine the plants, bacteria and fungi), both accidentally and
presence of a given species in regions and departments. purposefully, e.g., for hunting and fishing;
Information on trophic mode/guild was extracted mainly
from FUNGuild (Nguyen et al., 2016) and complemented by • Social Uses (SU): fungi used for social purposes,
other scientific resources as scientific journal publications, which are not definable as food or medicines, for
books, technical reports, theses. Host/Associated species instance, masticatories, smoking materials, narcotics,
and families (when pertinent) were extracted from various hallucinogens and psychoactive drugs, contraceptives
scientific sources and compiled with the help of mycologists and abortifacients, and fungi with ritual or religious
with expertise, such as in smuts and rusts. Fungal habit significance (as also proposed by Gruca et al. 2014).
was compiled from different scientific sources. The global
conservation status was retrieved from the IUCN Red List 5. Database normalisation
portal (IUCN, 2020) and matched to the CFC using Microsoft The data were structured, normalised, and formatted
Access, considering only the assessments related to the according to the standards agreed for this catalogue and
accepted name. National assessments were based on data accounting for space limitations. Please see the list of
from the Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología (GCOL), who abbreviations used below.

CHAPTER 16
Example of fungal record Subphyla: Agaricomycotina (1,638), Chytridiomycotina (8),

Endomyxa (2), Entomophthoromycotina (6), Glomeromycotina
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes, (106), Incertae sedis (73), Mortierellomycotina (26),
Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Amanitaceae Mucoromycotina (47), Mycetozoa (111), Pezizomycotina
1. Amanita citrina Pers. (4,426), Pucciniomycotina (587), Saccharomycotina (106),
IF id: 205574 Taphrinomycotina (3), Ustilaginomycotina (84).
Trophic mode/Guild: Symbiotroph.
Ectomycorrhizal. Habit: Solitary. Classes: Agaricomycetes (1,558), Arthoniomycetes (191),
Uses: HF. Distribution: Wide distribution; elev.: 2580 m Atractiellomycetes (4), Blastocladiomycetes (4), Candelari-
a.s.l.; dept.: BOY. Conservation status: Unassessed. omycetes (8), Chytridiomycetes (7), Coniocybomycetes (7),
Cystobasidiomycetes (5), Dacrymycetes (14), Dothideomy-
cetes (601), Entomophthoromycetes (6), Eurotiomycetes
Abbreviations and codes used (291), Exobasidiomycetes (21), Geoglossomycetes (4),
Index Fungorum number: Each name is given a unique IF Glomeromycetes (106), Incertae sedis (102), Laboul-
registration number, which also resolves misspelt names or beniomycetes (17), Lecanoromycetes (2,132), Leotio-
homonymy. Therefore, we encourage the use of IF codes, mycetes (224), Lichinomycetes (1), Malasseziomycetes
which can be seen at the end of the ColFungi species (3), Microbotryomycetes (16), Mortierellomycetes (26),
profile URLs (e.g., http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/ Mucoromycetes (40), Myxogastrea (109), Orbiliomycetes
urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:533795?site=colfungi). (11), Peronosporea (31), Pezizomycetes (33), Phytomyxea
Fungi and fungus-like organisms are currently the only group (2), Pneumocystomycetes (1), Protostelea (2), Pucciniomy-
of organisms for which registration is mandatory under the cetes (561), Rhizophydiomycetes (1), Saccharomycetes
Code (Turland et al., 2018), which is why each fungal name (106), Schizosaccharomycetes (1), Sordariomycetes (841),
has a permanent, unchangeable IF registration number. Taphrinomycetes (1), Tremellomycetes (66), Umbelopsi-
Besides Index Fungorum the other important registration site domycetes (7), Ustilaginomycetes (60), Xylobotryomycetes
is MycoBank [https://www.mycobank.org]. Fungal names (1), Xylonomycetes (1).
can be registered in any of these registries and, conveniently,
the registration numbers are interchangeable, i.e. one will Subclasses: Acarosporomycetidae (6), Agaricomycetidae
find a fungal name in MycoBank using its IF identifier. (917), Albuginidae (7), Arthoniomycetidae (187), Auriculari-
Level 1 categories of use: Animal Food (AF), Environmental omycetidae (30), Candelariomycetidae (8), Ceratiomyxea
Uses (EU), Fuels (FU), Gene Sources (GS), Human Food (2), Chaetothyriomycetidae (127), Chytridiomycetidae (7),
(HF), Invertebrate Food (IF), Materials (MA), Medicines (ME), Columellinia (59), Coryneliomycetidae (2), Diaporthomy-
Poisons (PO), Social Uses (SU). cetidae (45), Dothideomycetidae (209), Eurotiomycetidae
Colombian departments: Amazonas (AMA), Antioquia (157), Exobasidiomycetidae (21), Hypocreomycetidae
(ANT), Arauca (ARA), Atlántico (ATL), Bogotá D.C. (BOG), (471), Incertae sedis (1801), Laboulbeniomycetidae (17),
Bolívar (BOL), Boyacá (BOY), Caldas (CAL), Caquetá (CAQ), Lecanoromycetidae (1,319), Leotiomycetidae (224), Lich-
Casanare (CAS), Cauca (CAU), Cesar (CES), Chocó (CHO), inomycetidae (1), Lucisporinia (27), Meliolomycetidae (27),
Córdoba (COR), Cundinamarca (CUN), Guainía (GUA), Mycocaliciomycetidae (5), Myxogastria (23), Orbiliomyceti-
Guaviare (GUV), Huila (HUI), La Guajira (LAG), Magdalena dae (11), Ostropomycetidae (792), Peronosporidae (24),
(MAG), Meta (MET), Nariño (NAR), Norte de Santander Pezizomycetidae (33), Phallomycetidae (39), Pleosporomy-
(NSA), Putumayo (PUT), Quindío (QUI), Risaralda (RIS), San cetidae (163), Pneumocystomycetidae (1), Saccharomy-
Andrés y Providencia (SAP), Santander (SAN), Sucre (SUC), cetidae (106), Schizosaccharomycetidae (1), Sordariomy-
Tolima (TOL), Valle del Cauca (VAC), Vaupés (VAU), and cetidae (131), Taphrinomycetidae (1), Tremellomycetidae
Vichada (VID). (1), Umbilicariomycetidae (11), Ustilaginomycetidae (54),
Xylariomycetidae (156).
SPECIES COUNTS OF HIGHER TAXA
Orders: Abrothallales (8), Acarosporales (6), Acrospermales
Species in the checklist are numbered and presented (1), Agaricales (833), Albuginales (7), Amphisphaeriales
according to the following order: true fungi, fossil fungi, (29), Amylocorticiales (3), Archaeosporales (7), Arthoniales
Chromista and Protozoa. (187), Asterinales (22), Asterotexales (1), Atheliales (9),
Atractiellales (4), Auriculariales (30), Baeomycetales (17),
Kingdoms: Fungi (7,079 species), Chromista (33), Protozoa Basidiobolales (1), Blastocladiales (3), Boletales (68),
(111). Botryosphaeriales (21), Caliciales (163), Candelariales (8),
Cantharellales (52), Capnodiales (168), Chaetomellales (3),
Divisions/Phyla: Amoebozoa (111), Ascomycota (4,535), Chaetosphaeriales (5), Chaetothyriales (34), Chytridiales
Basidiomycota (2,311), Blastocladiomycota (3), Cercozoa (5), Clastodermatida (1), Coniochaetales (6), Coniocybales
(2), Chytridiomycota (9), Entomophthoromycota (7), Fossil (7), Cordanales (1), Coronophorales (3), Corticiales (15),
Fungi (35), Glomeromycota (106), Mucoromycota (73), Coryneliales (2), Cribrariida (5), Cyphobasidiales (1),
Oomycota (31). Cystobasidiales (3), Cystofilobasidiales (1), Dacrymycetales

CHAPTER 16
(14), Diaporthales (32), Diversisporales (51), Dothideales (46), Blastocladiaceae (2), Bolbitiaceae (10), Boletaceae
(9), Echinosteliida (1), Entomophthorales (6), Entylomatales (43), Boletinellaceae (5), Botryobasidiaceae (6), Botry-
(9), Eremithallales (6), Erythrobasidiales (1), Eurotiales osphaeriaceae (16), Brigantiaeaceae (1), Bulleribasidi-
(136), Exobasidiales (2), Filobasidiales (9), Geastrales (8), aceae (2), Cainiaceae (1), Calcarisporiaceae (1), Calici-
Geoglossales (4), Georgefischeriales (4), Gloeophyllales aceae (75), Callistosporiaceae (3), Calostomataceae (1),
(3), Glomerales (45), Glomerellales (36), Gomphales (19), Candelariaceae (8), Capnodiaceae (6), Castanediellaceae
Graphidales (79), Gyalectales (124), Helicobasidiales (1), (2), Catillariaceae (3), Celotheliaceae (3), Cenangiaceae
Helotiales (187), Herpomycetales (1), Hymenochaetales (4), Ceratiomyxidae (2), Ceratobasidiaceae (3), Cerato-
(109), Hypocreales (405), Incertae sedis (163), cystidaceae (7), Cerrenaceae (3), Chaconiaceae (7),
Laboulbeniales (16), Lauriomycetales (1), Lecanorales Chaetomiaceae (17), Chaetosphaeriaceae (5), Chaeto-
(824), Lecideales (12), Leotiales (10), Lepidostromatales thyriaceae (2), Chlorociboriaceae (2), Choanephoraceae
(3), Leprocaulales (1), Liceida (7), Lichenoconiales (2), (1), Chromocyphellaceae (4), Chrysotrichaceae (5), Chytri-
Lichenostigmatales (4), Lichinales (1), Lineolatales (1), diaceae (1), Cladoniaceae (77), Cladosporiaceae (16),
Magnaporthales (3), Malasseziales (3), Meliolales (27), Claroideoglomeraceae (5), Clastodermatidae (1), Clavari-
Microascales (25), Microbotryales (6), Microthyriales (12), aceae (5), Clavicipitaceae (27), Coccocarpiaceae (13),
Monoblastiales (13), Mortierellales (26), Mucorales (40), Coccodiniaceae (1), Coccotremataceae (1), Cochlearomy-
Muyocopronales (1), Mycocaliciales (5), Mycosphaerellales cetaceae (2), Coelomomycetaceae (1), Coenogoniaceae
(1), Myriangiales (6), Mytilinidiales (2), Nephridiophagales (47), Coleosporiaceae (7), Collemataceae (56), Coni-
(1), Odontotrematales (1), Olpidiales (1), Onygenales (21), ochaetaceae (6), Coniocybaceae (7), Coniophoraceae (1),
Ophiostomatales (4), Orbiliales (11), Ostropales (506), Coniothyriaceae (2), Cordanaceae (1), Cordieritidaceae
Paraglomerales (3), Parasympodiellales (1), Patellariales (8), Cordycipitaceae (38), Corticiaceae (12), Cortinari-
(2), Peltigerales (256), Peronosporales (23), Pertusariales aceae (21), Coryneliaceae (2), Corynesporascaceae (3),
(58), Pezizales (33), Phacidiales (3), Phaeomoniellales Crepidotaceae (14), Cribrariidae (5), Cronartiaceae (4),
(3), Phallales (12), Phomatosporales (1), Phyllachorales Cryphonectriaceae (7), Cryptobasidiaceae (1), Cryptococ-
(84), Physarida (40), Plasmodiophorida (2), Platygloeales caceae (9), Cucurbitariaceae (2), Cuniculitremaceae (2),
(4), Pleosporales (150), Pneumocystales (1), Polyporales Cunninghamellaceae (8), Cylindriaceae (1), Cyphellaceae
(258), Protostelida (2), Pucciniales (554), Pyrenulales (2), Cyphellophoraceae (1), Cyphobasidiaceae (1), Cysto-
(75), Rhipidiales (1), Rhizocarpales (11), Rhizophlyctidales basidiaceae (3), Cystocoleaceae (1), Cystostereaceae (1),
(1), Rhizophydiales (1), Rhytismatales (14), Russulales Dacampiaceae (2), Dacrymycetaceae (14), Dactylo-
(90), Saccharomycetales (105), Saccharomycodaceae sporaceae (1), Davidiellaceae (1), Debaryomycetaceae
(1), Schaereriales (1), Schizosaccharomycetales (1), (3), Dianematidae (2), Diaporthaceae (16), Diatrypaceae
Sebacinales (3), Septobasidiales (2), Sordariales (36), (5), Didymellaceae (24), Didymiidae (16), Didymospha-
Sporidiobolales (9), Stemonitida (31), Stereopsidales eriaceae (6), Diplocystidiaceae (2), Dipodascaceae (6),
(2), Strigulales (23), Symbiotaphrinales (1), Taphrinales Discinellaceae (4), Diversisporaceae (7), Dothideaceae
(1), Teloschistales (51), Thelebolales (7), Thelenellales (2), Dothidotthiaceae (1), Drepanopezizaceae (4), Eballis-
(6), Thelephorales (17), Tilletiales (6), Togniniales (2), traceae (2), Echinostelidae (1), Ectolechiaceae (80),
Trechisporales (20), Tremellales (40), Triblidiales (1), Elaphomycetaceae (2), Elsinoaceae (6), Endomelanconi-
Trichiida (22), Trichosporonales (16), Trypetheliales (102), opsidaceae (2), Englerulaceae (2), Entolomataceae (27),
Tubeufiales (5), Umbelopsidales (7), Umbilicariales (11), Entomophthoraceae (4), Entylomataceae (9), Eocronarti-
Urocystidales (6), Ustilaginales (54), Valsariales (1), aceae (2), Epibryaceae (2), Erysiphaceae (12), Erythroba-
Venturiales (6), Verrucariales (15), Vezdaeales (1), Xylariales sidiaceae (1), Etheirophoraceae (1), Euantennariaceae
(126), Xylobotryales (1). (1), Exobasidiaceae (1), Fibroporiaceae (1), Filobasidi-
aceae (4), Fomitopsidaceae (9), Fuscideaceae (3), Gano-
Families: Abrothallaceae (8), Acarosporaceae (6), Acaulo- dermataceae (1), Geastraceae (8), Gelatinodiscaceae (4),
sporaceae (21), Acrospermaceae (1), Agaricaceae (43), Geoglossaceae (4), Georgefischeriaceae (1), Gigaspo-
Ajellomycetaceae (3), Albatrellaceae (1), Albuginaceae (7), raceae (23), Gloeophyllaceae (3), Glomeraceae (40),
Amanitaceae (27), Amaurochaetidae (6), Ambisporaceae Glomerellaceae (29), Glomosporiaceae (3), Gomphaceae
(4), Amniculicolaceae (4), Amphisphaeriaceae (9), Amylo- (19), Gomphillaceae (79), Graphidaceae (486), Graphos-
corticiaceae (3), Ancylistaceae (2), Anthracoideaceae tromataceae (13), Grifolaceae (1), Gymnosporangiaceae
(24), Aphelariaceae (1), Apiosporaceae (3), Apoharknessi- (1), Gyroporaceae (2), Haematommataceae (10), Halo-
aceae (1), Arachnopezizaceae (2), Archaeosporaceae (3), sphaeriaceae (7), Hamatocanthoscyphaceae (1), Hansfor-
Arthoniaceae (87), Arthopyreniaceae (1), Arthrodermata- diaceae (1), Harknessiaceae (1), Helicobasidiaceae (1),
ceae (12), Arthrorhaphidaceae (2), Ascobolaceae (5), Helicogoniaceae (1), Helotiaceae (17), Helvellaceae (3),
Aspergillaceae (132), Asterinaceae (22), Asterotexaceae Hericiaceae (3), Herpomycetaceae (1), Herpotrichiellaceae
(1), Astrosphaeriellaceae (2), Atheliaceae (9), Auriculari- (23), Hyaloriaceae (2), Hyaloscyphaceae (5), Hydnaceae
aceae (18), Auriscalpiaceae (4), Backusellaceae (1), Baeo- (40), Hydnangiaceae (10), Hydnodontaceae (20),
mycetaceae (7), Bankeraceae (5), Bartaliniaceae (1), Hygrophoraceae (105), Hymenochaetaceae (65), Hyme-
Basidiobolaceae (1), Beltraniaceae (1), Bionectriaceae nogastraceae (56), Hyphodermataceae (14), Hypoc-

CHAPTER 16
reaceae (78), Hypoxylaceae (36), Icmadophilaceae (15), aceae (2), Pyronemataceae (10), Pythiaceae (7), Radulo-
Incertae sedis (462), Incrustoporiaceae (3), Induratiaceae mycetaceae (3), Ramalinaceae (129), Ramboldiaceae (3),
(1), Inocybaceae (9), Irpicaceae (10), Laboulbeniaceae Raveneliaceae (18), Reticulariidae (4), Rhizocarpaceae
(16), Lachnaceae (50), Laetiporaceae (3), Lamproderma- (11), Rhizophlyctidaceae (1), Rhizopodaceae (3), Rhizopo-
tidae (5), Lasiosphaeriaceae (5), Lauriomycetaceae (1), gonaceae (1), Rhynchogastremaceae (6), Rhytismataceae
Lecanographaceae (10), Lecanoraceae (49), Lecideaceae (14), Rickenellaceae (8), Robillardaceae (1), Roccellaceae
(12), Leotiaceae (4), Lepidostromataceae (3), Leprocaul- (49), Roccellographaceae (2), Russulaceae (46), Rutstro-
aceae (1), Leptodontidiaceae (1), Leptosphaeriaceae (4), emiaceae (11), Saccharomycetaceae (35), Saccharomyco-
Letrouitiaceae (4), Liceidae (3), Lichenoconiaceae (2), daceae (5), Saccotheciaceae (7), Saksenaeaceae (6),
Lichtheimiaceae (2), Lineolataceae (1), Lophiostomata- Salispinaceae (1), Sarcoscyphaceae (6), Sarcosomata-
ceae (1), Lycoperdaceae (18), Lyophyllaceae (5), Lyrom- ceae (2), Schaereriaceae (1), Schizoparmaceae (1),
mataceae (1), Macrocystidiaceae (1), Macrovalsariaceae Schizophyllaceae (4), Schizoporaceae (26), Schizosaccha-
(1), Magnaporthaceae (1), Malasseziaceae (3), Malmide- romycetaceae (1), Sclerodermataceae (8), Sclerotiniaceae
aceae (23), Marasmiaceae (100), Marthamycetaceae (3), (13), Sebacinaceae (3), Septobasidiaceae (2), Skierkaceae
Massarinaceae (3), Megalosporaceae (7), Megasporaceae (1), Solenopeziaceae (2), Sordariaceae (5), Sparassi-
(1), Melampsoraceae (3), Melanommataceae (3), daceae (1), Sphaerophoraceae (3), Sphaer-ophragmiaceae
Melaspileaceae (6), Meliolaceae (27), Meripilaceae (6), (2), Sphinctrinaceae (1), Spirographaceae (3), Sporidiobol-
Meruliaceae (12), Metschnikowiaceae (5), Microascaceae aceae (9), Sporormiaceae (2), Stachybotryaceae (4), Stec-
(10), Microbotryaceae (4), Micropeltidaceae (1), Micro- cherinaceae (17), Stemonitidae (4), Stephanosporaceae
sphaeropsidaceae (1), Microtheliopsidaceae (1), Micro- (2), Stereaceae (20), Stereocaulaceae (30), Stereopsi-
thyriaceae (11), Mikronegeriaceae (3), Milesinaceae (5), daceae (2), Stictidaceae (17), Strigulaceae (23), Stropha-
Mniaeciaceae (1), Mollisiaceae (9), Monascaceae (2), riaceae (26), Suillaceae (2), Symbiotaphrinaceae (1),
Monoblastiaceae (13), Morchellaceae (2), Mortierellaceae Syncephalastraceae (3), Synchytriaceae (4), Taphrinaceae
(26), Mrakiaceae (1), Mucoraceae (15), Muyocopronaceae (1), Telimenaceae (3), Teloschistaceae (39), Tephrome-
(1), Mycenaceae (70), Mycocaliciaceae (4), Mycoporaceae lataceae (3), Teratosphaeriaceae (7), Tetraplospha-
(4), Mycosphaerellaceae (136), Mycosyringaceae (1), eriaceae (1), Thelenellaceae (6), Thelephoraceae (12),
Mytilinidiaceae (2), Myxotrichaceae (7), Nectriaceae Tilletiaceae (6), Tilletiariaceae (1), Togniniaceae (2), Toru-
(144), Neolauriomycetaceae (1), Niaceae (8), Niessliaceae laceae (2), Tranzscheliaceae (2), Trapeliaceae (10), Trem-
(4), Nitschkiaceae (3), Ochrolechiaceae (4), Odontotrem- atosphaeriaceae (1), Tremellaceae (16), Triblidiaceae (1),
ataceae (1), Oliveoniaceae (1), Olpidiaceae (1), Omphalo- Trichiidae (20), Tricholomataceae (8), Trichomeriaceae (3),
taceae (67), Onygenaceae (4), Opegraphaceae (28), Ophi- Trichomonascaceae (9), Trichosporonaceae (16), Tricladi-
ocordycipitaceae (42), Ophioparmaceae (2), Ophiostoma- aceae (1), Trimorphomycetaceae (2), Trypetheliaceae
taceae (4), Orbiliaceae (11), Oxyporaceae (1), Panaceae (100), Tubariaceae (1), Tuberaceae (1), Tubeufiaceae (5),
(10), Pannariaceae (36), Paraglomeraceae (3), Parasym- Tulasnellaceae (1), Tympanidaceae (1), Typhulaceae (1),
podiellaceae (1), Parmeliaceae (411), Parodiellaceae (2), Umbelopsidaceae (7), Umbilicariaceae (6), Uncolaceae
Parodiopsidaceae (4), Patellariaceae (2), Paxillaceae (2), (3), Urocystidaceae (2), Uropyxidaceae (12), Ustilagi-
Peltigeraceae (151), Peltulaceae (1), Peniophoraceae (14), naceae (30), Ustilentylomataceae (2), Valsaceae (3),
Perisporiopsidaceae (2), Peronosporaceae (16), Pertusari- Valsariaceae (1), Varicellariaceae (2), Venturiaceae (6),
aceae (35), Pestalotiopsidaceae (19), Pezizaceae (4), Verrucariaceae (15), Vezdaeaceae (1), Vibrisseaceae (1),
Pezizellaceae (9), Phacidiaceae (2), Phaeococcomyceta- Vizellaceae (1), Wickerhamomycetaceae (4), Xenasmata-
ceae (4), Phaeodimeriellaceae (1), Phaeosphaeriaceae ceae (6), Xylariaceae (66), Xylobotryaceae (1).
(10), Phakopsoraceae (43), Phallaceae (12), Phanero-
chaetaceae (16), Phleogenaceae (4), Phlyctidaceae (4),
Phomatosporaceae (1), Phragmidiaceae (11), Phragmoxe- References
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Published on the Internet; https://www.tropicos.org/.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L.,
Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May,
T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F.
(eds.) (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and
Plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz
Botanical Books. DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018

CHECKLIST OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA
Fungi, Blastocladiomycota, Incertae sedis, Fungi, Blastocladiomycota, Incertae sedis, Fungi, Blastocladiomycota, Incertae sedis,
Blastocladiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Blastocladiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Blastocladiomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Blastocladiales, Blastocladiaceae Blastocladiales, Blastocladiaceae Blastocladiales, Coelomomycetaceae
1. Blastocladiella colombiensis Karling IF 2. Clavochytridium colombiense Doweld IF 3. Coelomomyces reticulatus Couch & A.J.
No: 103090 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 550342 Walker IF No: 114691 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina,

Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae, Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae, Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae,
Chytridiales, Chytridiaceae Chytridiales, Synchytriaceae Chytridiales, Synchytriaceae
4. Chytridium schenkii (P.A. Dang.) Scherff. 5. Miyabella aecidioides (Syd.) S. Ito & 6. Synchytrium aequatoriense (Syd.)
IF No: 277602 Trophic mode/Guild: Homma IF No: 255900 Gäum. IF No: 250491 Common name:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen
Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina,

Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae, Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae, Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae,
Chytridiales, Synchytriaceae Chytridiales, Synchytriaceae Olpidiales, Olpidiaceae
7. Synchytrium desmodii Munas. IF No: 8. Synchytrium phaseoli W. Weston IF No: 9. Olpidiaster brassicae (Woronin) Doweld
283350 Trophic mode/Guild: 274198 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 550486
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Chytridiomycotina, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Incertae sedis,
Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycetidae, Rhizophydiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis,
Rhizophlyctidales, Rhizophlyctidaceae Rhizophydiales, Incertae sedis Nephridiophagales, Incertae sedis
10. Karlingia lobata Karling 11. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 12. Nephridiophaga lucihormetica R.
IF No: 287362 Longcore, Pessier & D.K. Nichols IF No: Radek, Wellmanns & A. Wolf
450228 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 543141
animal pathogen
Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Incertae

Entomophthoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, sedis, Blastocladiomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Basidiobolales, Basidiobolaceae
Entomophthorales, Ancylistaceae Entomophthorales, Ancylistaceae 15. Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam IF No:
13. Conidiobolus coronatus (Costantin) A. 14. Neoconidiobolus thromboides 224388 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph,
Batko IF No: 283037 Trophic mode/Guild: (Drechsler) B. Huang & Y. Nie IF No: saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal
pathotroph, saprotroph/ animal pathogen, 831606 Dept.: VAC Uses: PO endosymbiont, animal pathogen,
undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph
Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Fungi, Entomophthoromycota,

Entomophthoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina,
Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis,
Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae
16. Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) 17. Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu IF 18. Pandora neoaphidis (Remaud. &
Fresen. IF No: 150965 Trophic No: 163373 Trophic mode/Guild: Hennebert) Humber IF No: 135606 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Fungi, Entomophthoromycota, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycotina,

Entomophthoromycotina, Mortierellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Mortierellomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Entomophthoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae
Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae 20. Dissophora ornata (W. Gams) W. Gams 21. Mortierella alliacea Linnem. IF No:
19. Zoophthora radicans (Bref.) A. Batko IF IF No: 135572 Trophic mode/Guild: 301322 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
No: 341190 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph,
soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycotina,

Mortierellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Mortierellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Mortierellomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae
22. Mortierella alpina Peyronel IF No: 23. Mortierella amoeboidea W. Gams IF 24. Mortierella calciphila Wrzosek IF No:
170280 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, No: 317879 Trophic mode/Guild: 814918 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph,
soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN saprotroph Habitat: On uncultivated woodland and cultivated soils with
Uses: ME peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

25. Mortierella capitata Marchal IF No: 26. Mortierella clonocystis W. Gams IF No: 27. Mortierella elongata Linnem. IF No:
240953 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, 317886 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 301325 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph,
soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and peach | Saprotroph Habitat: On uncultivated and cultivated soils with apple and
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY peach, On woodland soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

28. Mortierella epicladia W. Gams & 29. Mortierella exigua Linnem. 30. Mortierella fatshederae Linnem. IF No:
Emden IF No: 317892 Trophic mode/ IF No: 301327 Trophic mode/ Guild: 317894 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, litter symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph,
endophyte, litter saprotroph, soil saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and peach | On Habitat: On uncultivated or cultivated soils with apple and peach
soils (intermediate between orchad and woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

31. Mortierella gamsii Milko 32. Mortierella gemmifera M. Ellis IF No: 33. Mortierella globalpina W. Gams &
IF No: 317896 Trophic mode/ Guild: 288454 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Veenb.–Rijks IF No: 317897 Trophic
saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, litter symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph, mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/
saprotroph, soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph endophyte, litter saprotroph, soil
cultivated and woodland soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated |
Uses: ME On woodland soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

34. Mortierella globulifera O. Rostr. IF No: 35. Mortierella humilis Linnem. ex W. 36. Mortierella indohii C.Y. Chien IF No:
145731 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Gams IF No: 317898 Trophic mode/Guild: 317900 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph,
Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach | saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and saprotroph Habitat: On soil | On soils in uncultivated field Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and peach | Saprotroph
woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY (intermediate between orchad and woodland) | On woodland soil Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: ME


37. Mortierella kuhlmanii W. Gams IF No: 38. Mortierella lignicola (G.W. Martin) W. 39. Mortierella macrocystis W. Gams IF
317901 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Gams & R. Moreau IF No: 334505 Trophic No: 433096 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph, mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter
soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph endophyte, litter saprotroph, soil saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph

40. Mortierella minutissima Tiegh. IF No: 41. Mortierella paraensis Pfenning & W. 42. Mortierella sarnyensis Milko IF No:
145350 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Gams IF No: 359320 Trophic mode/Guild: 433103 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, litter symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph,
soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Dept.: CUN Uses: ME saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and peach | On woodland
soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

43. Mortierella turficola Y. Ling 44. Mortierella wolfii B.S. Mehrotra & 45. Mortierella zonata Linnem. ex W. Gams
IF No: 255228 Trophic mode/Guild: Baijal IF No: 334519 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 317912 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, litter saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, litter
saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined
saprotroph saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: BOY
Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mucoromycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mucoromycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mucoromycotina,

Mucoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Mucoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Mucoromycetes, Incertae sedis,
Mucorales, Backusellaceae Mucorales, Choanephoraceae Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae
46. Backusella lamprospora (Lendn.) 47. Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & 48. Absidia anomala Hesselt. & J.J. Ellis IF
Benny & R.K. Benj. IF No: 309408 Trophic Ravenel) Thaxt. IF No: 170049 Trophic No: 325709 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
cultivated with apple and peach Elev.: On soils cultivated with apple and peach
2,900 m Dept.: BOY Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae
49. Absidia cylindrospora Hagem IF No: 50. Absidia glauca Hagem IF No: 221208 51. Absidia repens Tiegh. IF No: 223578
221421 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils
cultivated with peach | On soils in cultivated with peach | Saprotroph Elev.:
uncultivated field (intermediate between orchard and woodland) 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
| Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae
52. Cunninghamella binariae R.Y. Zheng IF 53. Cunninghamella echinulata (Thaxt.) 54. Cunninghamella elegans Lendn. IF No:
No: 474175 Trophic mode/Guild: Thaxt. ex Blakeslee IF No: 230047 Trophic 217421 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph

Mucorales, Cunninghamellaceae Mucorales, Lichtheimiaceae Mucorales, Lichtheimiaceae
55. Gongronella butleri (Lendn.) Peyronel 56. Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn) Vuill. IF 57. Rhizomucor miehei (Cooney & R.
& Dal Vesco IF No: 282672 Trophic No: 416447 Trophic mode/Guild: Emers.) Schipper IF No: 322483 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph, saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with saprotroph
Arazá (Eugenia stipitata) | Saprotroph Hosts: Eugenia stipitata
Dept.: GUV

Mucorales, Mucoraceae Mucorales, Mucoraceae Mucorales, Mucoraceae
58. Actinomucor elegans (Eidam) C.R. 59. Mucor abundans Povah IF No: 240479 60. Mucor ardhlaengiktus B.S. Mehrotra &
Benj. & Hesselt. IF No: 292136 Trophic Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: B.M. Mehrotra
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined On soils cultivated with apple and peach | IF No: 317921
saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

61. Mucor circinelloides Tiegh. 62. Mucor flavus (Mart.) Fr. 63. Mucor gigasporus G.Q. Chen & R.Y.
IF No: 198947 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 179815 Zheng
pathotroph/animal pathogen, plant IF No: 126645
pathogen Habitat: On soil | In soils
cultivated with apple and peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: FU

64. Mucor griseocyanus Hagem 65. Mucor heterogamus Vuill. 66. Mucor hiemalis Wehmer
IF No: 373691 IF No: 249261 IF No: 249401 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On soil
| On soils cultivated with peach |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: MA

67. Mucor luteus Linnem. ex Wrzosek IF 68. Mucor moelleri (Vuill.) Lendn. IF No: 69. Mucor plumbeus Bonord.
No: 515300 433186 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 237923
Habitat: On uncultivated soils (between
orchards and woodlands) | On woodland
soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY


70. Mucor racemosus Fresen. 71. Mucor silvaticus Hagem 72. Mucor zychae Baijal & B.S. Mehrotra IF
IF No: 247797 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 182519 No: 334539 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils | On soils saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated
cultivated with potato (Pastusa Suprema with peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
and Parda Pastusa varieties) | On soils alternated with potato Dept.: BOY
crops and grasses | Saprotroph Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN Uses:
MA

Mucorales, Pilobolaceae Mucorales, Rhizopodaceae Mucorales, Rhizopodaceae
73. Pilobolus kleinii Tiegh. IF No: 222561 74. Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch. IF No: 75. Rhizopus microsporus Tiegh. IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung 167790 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, 177331 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/
saprotroph Elev.: 2,743 m Dept.: BOY, CUN saprotroph/ plant pathogen, undefined plant pathogen Habitat: On soils cultivated
saprotroph with apple and peach | Saprotroph Elev.:
2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Mucorales, Rhizopodaceae Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae
76. Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. IF 77. Apophysomyces elegans P.C. Misra, 78. Apophysomyces variabilis E. Álvarez,
No: 119545 Trophic mode/Guild: K.J. Srivast. & Lata IF No: 308868 Trophic Stchigel, Cano, Deanna A. Sutton & Guarro
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 518842 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen saprotroph pathotroph/animal pathogen

Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae
79. Saksenaea erythrospora E. Álvarez, 80. Saksenaea loutrophoriformis Deanna 81. Saksenaea trapezispora Deanna A.
Cano, Stchigel & Guarro IF No: 518627 A. Sutton, Stchigel, Chander, Guarro & Sutton, Stchigel, Wiederh., Guarro & Cano
Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ Cano IF No: 820008 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 817644 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

Mucorales, Saksenaeaceae Mucorales, Syncephalastraceae Mucorales, Syncephalastraceae
82. Saksenaea vasiformis S.B. Saksena IF 83. Circinella muscae (Sorokīn) Berl. & De 84. Circinella simplex Tiegh.
No: 305482 Trophic mode/Guild: Toni IF No: 197197 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 197129 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/animal pathogen saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

Mucoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis, Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Mucorales, Syncephalastraceae Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae
85. Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex 86. Umbelopsis autotrophica (E.H. Evans) 87. Umbelopsis changbaiensis Y.N. Wang,
J. Schröt. IF No: 201627 Trophic mode/ W. Gams IF No: 373417 Trophic mode/ X.Y. Liu & R.Y. Zheng IF No: 803431
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph

Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis, Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis, Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae
88. Umbelopsis dimorpha Mahoney & W. 89. Umbelopsis isabellina (Oudem.) W. 90. Umbelopsis ovata (H.Y. Yip) H.Y. Yip IF
Gams IF No: 488621 Trophic mode/Guild: Gams IF No: 373416 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 103877 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mucoromycotina, Fungi, Mucoromycota, Mucoromycotina, Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycotina,

Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis, Umbelopsidomycetes, Incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis,
Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae Umbelopsidales, Umbelopsidaceae Archaeosporales, Ambisporaceae
91. Umbelopsis ramanniana (Möller) W. 92. Umbelopsis vinacea (Dixon–Stew.) Arx 93. Ambispora appendicula (Spain,
Gams IF No: 373415 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 115505 Trophic mode/Guild: Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck) C. Walker IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 511420 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
On soils cultivated with apple and peach | /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: In soil
On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between and from native grasses and tropical kudzu | On soil in Coffea arabica
woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY plantations | Endomycorrhizal Dept.: CAU, MET, RIS Uses: EU
Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycotina, Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycotina, Fungi, Glomeromycota, Glomeromycotina,

Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis,
Archaeosporales, Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales, Ambisporaceae Archaeosporales, Ambisporaceae
94. Ambispora fecundispora (N.C. Schenck 95. Ambispora fennica C. Walker, Vestberg 96. Ambispora leptoticha (N.C. Schenck &
& G.S. Sm.) C. Walker IF No: 511419 & A. Schüßler IF No: 510210 Trophic G.S. Sm.) C. Walker, Vestberg & A.
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular Schüßler IF No: 510212 Trophic mode/
arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: Associated mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal
with rhizosphere of angleton grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum arabica plantation, Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Habitat: On soil in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with
Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC rhizosphere of angleton grass (Dichanthium) Hosts: Oenocarpus
bacaba; Artocarpus altilis; Eugenia malacensis; Musa sp.;
Axonopus scoparius; Inga edulis; Inga nobilis; Inga gracicolo
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: CAQ, GUV, RIS,
SUC, VID

Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, incertae sedis,
Archaeosporales, Archaeosporaceae Archaeosporales, Archaeosporaceae Archaeosporales, Archaeosporaceae
97. Archaeospora myriocarpa (Spain, 98. Archaeospora schenckii (Sieverd. & S. 99. Archaeospora trappei (R.N. Ames &
Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck) Oehl, G.A. Silva, Toro) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: Linderman) J.B. Morton & D. Redecker IF
B.T. Goto & Sieverd. IF No: 561657 Trophic 560049 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 467737 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
mycorrhizal Habitat: Native grasses | Endomycorrhiza Habitat: On soil | in sugarcane field | on soil of banana crop | on Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MET soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS
Pantropics Elev.: 30 m Dept.: CUN, MAG, RIS, VAC

Glomeromycetes, Incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, Incertae sedis, Glomeromycetes, Incertae sedis,
Diversisporales, Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales, Acaulosporaceae Diversisporales, Acaulosporaceae
100. Acaulospora alpina Oehl, Sýkorová & 101. Acaulospora brasiliensis (B.T. Goto, 102. Acaulospora capsicula Błaszk. IF No:
Sieverd. IF No: 501327 Trophic mode/ L.C. Maia & Oehl) C. Walker, M. Krüger & A. 127959 Common name: Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Schüßler IF No: 518748 Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea
plantations|Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Habitat: In soil of banana crop | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 29–1,317 arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS
m Dept.: ANT, CUN


103. Acaulospora cavernata Błaszk. IF No: 104. Acaulospora colombiana (Spain & 105. Acaulospora denticulata Sieverd. & S.
126646 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph N.C. Schenck) Kaonongbua, J.B. Morton & Toro IF No: 131972 Trophic mode/Guild:
/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil Bever IF No: 515730 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
in Coffea arabica plantations | symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica
Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Habitat: In soil associated with cassava roots, native grasses, plantations | from garden soil | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
guamo, huito, balso, asaí, plantain, copoazú, pomarroso, chilli, Dept.: RIS
pan del árbol and cedro macho | Endomycorrhizal Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUV, MET, RIS, VAU, VID Uses: EU

106. Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerd. 107. Acaulospora excavata Ingleby & C. 108. Acaulospora foveata Trappe & Janos
IF No: 308076 Trophic mode/Guild: Walker IF No: 361679 Trophic mode/ IF No: 109576 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica Habitat: In soil of banana crop | Habitat: In soils, in paddocks | From soil in
plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 29–1,317 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Coffea arabica plantations | From garden soil | Endomycorrhiza
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUA, GUV, PUT, RIS,
VAU, VID Uses: EU

109. Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe IF 110. Acaulospora longula Spain & N.C. 111. Acaulospora mellea Spain & N.C.
No: 308078 Trophic mode/Guild: Schenck IF No: 105902 Trophic mode/ Schenck IF No: 105903 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica Habitat: In soil associated with native Habitat: In soils | In tropical savanna,
plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS grasses | from soil in Coffea arabica| Endomycorrhiza associated to native grasses, cassava, plantain, coffee |
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: MET, RIS Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics , Subtropics Elev.: 1,600
m Dept.: AMA, MET, RIS Uses: EU

112. Acaulospora morrowiae Spain & N.C. 113. Acaulospora paulinae Błaszk. IF No: 114. Acaulospora rehmii Sieverd. & S. Toro
Schenck IF No: 105904 Trophic mode/ 126652 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 131973 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: In acid soils | in tropical savanna, Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica Habitat: On soil | associated with Inga sp.,
associated to native grasses, under pastures and stubble covers, plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Eugenia stipitata, Capsicum sp., Ananas comosus, Cariniana
associated with legumes | from soil in coffee plantations | pyriformis, Manihot esculenta, Mucuna, Anacardium occidentale
Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: | from soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza
AMA, CAQ, MET, RIS Uses: EU Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: AMA,
GUV, VAU, RIS

115. Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe IF 116. Acaulospora spinosa C. Walker & 117. Acaulospora splendida Sieverd.,
No: 308079 Trophic mode/Guild: Trappe IF No: 112049 Trophic mode/ Chaverri & I. Rojas IF No: 134248 Trophic
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular
Habitat: In soil of banana crop | on soil in Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea
Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 29–1,600 m plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS
Dept.: ANT, MAG, RIS

118. Acaulospora tuberculata Janos & 119. Entrophospora infrequens (I.R. Hall) 120. Kuklospora kentinensis Oehl &
Trappe IF No: 109577 Trophic mode/ R.N. Ames & R.W. Schneid. IF No: 313899 Sieverd. IF No: 521374
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Habitat: On soil | associated with Inga arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
edulis, Abarema jupunba, Senna bacillaris, Inga fastuosa, in Coffea arabica plantations | On soils cultivated with peach | in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
Sacharum officinarum | Endomycorrhiza On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and Dept.: RIS
Hosts: Inga edulis; Abarema jupunba; Senna bacillaris; Inga woodland) | On woodland soils | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600–
fastuosa; Sacharum officinarum Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, RIS
AMA, CAQ, GUV

Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae
121. Diversispora aurantia (Błaszk., 122. Diversispora epigaea (B.A. Daniels & 123. Diversispora spurca (C.M. Pfeiff., C.
Blanke, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Trappe) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: Walker & Bloss) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF
Schüßler IF No: 518473 Trophic mode/ 542916 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 487795 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza
Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS

Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae
124. Diversispora trimurales (Koske & 125. Otospora bareae Palenz., N. Ferrol & 126. Redeckera fulva (Berk. & Broome) C.
Halvorson) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: Oehl IF No: 533135 Trophic mode/Guild: Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: 633812
542919 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: Pantropics
in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with the rhizosphere of plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS forest. Associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass |
angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–50 m
Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC Dept.: CHO, SUC

Diversisporales, Diversisporaceae Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae
127. Sieverdingia tortuosa (N.C. Schenck 128. Cetraspora armeniaca (Błaszk.) Oehl, 129. Cetraspora gilmorei (Trappe & Gerd.)
& G.S. Sm.) Błaszk., Niezgoda & B.T. Goto F.A. Souza & Sieverd. IF No: 511961 Oehl, F.A. Souza & Sieverd. IF No: 511958
IF No: 832299 Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/endomycorrhizal Habitat: On soils arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ, PUT Uses: EU in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
Dept.: RIS Dept.: RIS


Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae
130. Cetraspora pellucida (T.H. Nicolson & 131. Dentiscutata cerradensis Sieverd., 132. Dentiscutata erythropus (Koske & C.
N.C. Schenck) Oehl, F.A. Souza & Sieverd. F.A. Souza & Oehl IF No: 511973 Trophic Walker) C. Walker & D. Redecker IF No:
IF No: 511959 Trophic mode/ Guild: mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular 550090 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
Habitat: On sandy soils | Endomycorrhiza | In tropical rainforest arabica plantation, Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, VID Uses: EU Dept.: RIS

133. Dentiscutata heterogama (T.H. 134. Dentiscutata savannicola (R.A. 135. Fuscutata heterogama Oehl, F.A.
Nicolson & Gerd.) Sieverd., F.A. Souza & Herrera & Ferrer) C. Walker & A. Schüßler Souza, L.C. Maia & Sieverd. IF No: 511964
Oehl IF No: 511975 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 550803 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Desmodium Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza
ovalifolium, Paspalum notatum, Brachiaria dictyoneura, Arachis Elev.: 1,600 Dept.: RIS
pintoi Elev.: 366 m Dept.: MET

136. Gigaspora albida N.C. Schenck & G.S. 137. Gigaspora decipiens I.R. Hall & L.K. 138. Gigaspora gigantea (T.H. Nicolson &
Sm. IF No: 110688 Trophic mode/Guild: Abbott IF No: 106158 Trophic mode/Guild: Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe IF No: 314484
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of Habitat: Edomycorrhiza Hosts: Manihot arbuscular mycorrhizal
angleton grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m esculenta Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ
Dept.: SUC

139. Gigaspora margarita W.N. Becker & 140. Scutellospora alborosea (Ferrer & 141. Scutellospora arenicola Koske &
I.R. Hall IF No: 314488 Trophic mode/ R.A. Herrera) C. Walker & F.E. Sanders IF Halvorson IF No: 125545 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal No: 128411 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea
plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS

142. Scutellospora biornata Spain, 143. Scutellospora calospora (T.H. 144. Scutellospora castanea C. Walker IF
Sieverd. & S. Toro IF No: 125548 Trophic Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & F.E. Sanders No: 357925 Common name: Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular IF No: 128413 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular
mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal mycorrhizal Habitat: Endomycorrhiza
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Manihot esculenta Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ

145. Scutellospora dipapillosa (C. Walker 146. Scutellospora fulgida Koske & C. 147. Scutellospora nodosa Błaszk. IF No:
& Koske) C. Walker & F.E. Sanders IF No: Walker IF No: 128387 Trophic mode/ 355274 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
128415 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
/arbuscular mycorrhizal in Coffea arabica| Endomycorrhiza Elev.:
1,600 m Dept.: RIS

148. Scutellospora projecturata Kramad. 149. Scutellospora scutata C. Walker & 150. Scutellospora spinosissima C. Walker
& C. Walker IF No: 474413 Trophic Dieder. IF No: 125549 Trophic mode/ & Cuenca IF No: 446696 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil in Coffea Habitat: On soil | Endomycorrhiza
arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 Dept.: RIS Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ

Glomerales, Claroideoglomeraceae Glomerales, Claroideoglomeraceae Glomerales, Claroideoglomeraceae
151. Claroideoglomus claroideum (N.C. 152. Claroideoglomus drummondii 153. Claroideoglomus etunicatum (W.N.
Schenck & G.S. Sm.) C. Walker & A. (Błaszk. & Renker) C. Walker & A. Schüßler Becker & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF
Schüßler IF No: 542407 Trophic mode/ IF No: 542893 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 542892 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with
the rhizosphere of angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: the rhizosphere of angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts:
Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC

Glomerales, Claroideoglomeraceae Glomerales, Claroideoglomeraceae Glomerales, Glomeraceae
154. Claroideoglomus lamellosum (Dalpé, 155. Claroideoglomus walkeri (Błaszk. & 156. Dominikia aurea (Oehl & Sieverd.)
Koske & Tews) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF Renker) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: Błaszk., Chwat, G.A. Silva & Oehl IF No:
No: 542891 Trophic mode/Guild: 542493 Trophic mode/Guild: 809860 Trophic mode/Guild: / Habitat:
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal From soil in Coffea arabica plantations |
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS

Glomerales, Glomeraceae Glomerales, Glomeraceae Glomerales, Glomeraceae
157. Funneliformis coronatus (Giovann.) C. 158. Funneliformis dimorphicus 159. Funneliformis fragilistratus (Skou & I.
Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: 633808 (Boyetchko & J.P. Tewari) Oehl, G.A. Silva & Jakobsen) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Sieverd. IF No: 518447 Trophic mode/ 633809 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat:
in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass Hosts: associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass Hosts:
Dept.: RIS Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC


160. Funneliformis geosporus (T.H. 161. Funneliformis mosseae (T.H. Nicolson 162. Funneliformis verruculosus (Błaszk.)
Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: 633811
IF No: 633810 Trophic mode/Guild: 542895 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass Hosts: in Coffea arabica plantations | On soils in uncultivated field
Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC (intermediate between orchad and woodland) | Coprophilous |
Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, RIS

163. Glomus ambisporum G.S. Sm. & N.C. 164. Glomus atrouva McGee & Pattinson 165. Glomus boreale (Thaxt.) Trappe &
Schenck IF No: 105331 Trophic mode/ IF No: 374894 Trophic mode/Guild: Gerd. IF No: 314586 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica, Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of
associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass endomycorrhiza angleton grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m
Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC Dept.: SUC

166. Glomus brohultii R.A. Herrera, Ferrer 167. Glomus citricola D.Z. Tang & M. Zang 168. Glomus flavisporum (M. Lange & E.M.
& Sieverd. IF No: 545636 Trophic IF No: 106160 Trophic mode/Guild: Lund) Trappe & Gerd. IF No: 314594
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
mycorrhizal Habitat: In pasture, Habitat: From soil | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
agroforestry systems, stubble and forest | Associated with Brachiaria dictyoneura Elev.: 366 m Dept.: MET in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
legumes | On soil in banana crop | On soil in coffee plantation | Dept.: RIS
Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 29–1,600 m
Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CUN, GUV, MAG, RIS Uses: EU

169. Glomus glomerulatum Sieverd. IF No: 170. Glomus hoi S.M. Berch & Trappe IF 171. Glomus kerguelense Dalpé & Strullu
130437 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 105333 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 384519 Trophic mode/Guild:
/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica
Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUV, VID Uses: EU plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS

172. Glomus liquidambaris (C.G. Wu & Z.C. 173. Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & C. Tul. IF 174. Glomus microcarpum Tul. & C. Tul. IF
Chen) R.T. Almeida & N.C. Schenck ex Y.J. No: 240247 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 240095 Trophic mode/Guild:
Yao IF No: 413123 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | Endomycorrhiza | From Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza soil in Coffea arabica plantations Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS
Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS 1,600 m Dept.: RIS Uses: EU

175. Glomus multicaule Gerd. & B.K. 176. Glomus pallidum I.R. Hall 177. Glomus radiatum (Thaxt.) Trappe &
Bakshi IF No: 314605 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 314606 Trophic mode/Guild: Gerd. IF No: 314609 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of
angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS angleton grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m
Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC Dept.: SUC

178. Glomus rubiforme (Gerd. & Trappe) 179. Glomus sinuosum (Gerd. & B.K. 180. Glomus spinuliferum Sieverd. & Oehl
R.T. Almeida & N.C. Schenck IF No: Bakshi) R.T. Almeida & N.C. Schenck IF No: IF No: 372534 Trophic mode/Guild:
127937 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 127939 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica
in grasslands, in forests or weeds | On soil in Coffea arabica tropical forests, not tropical with clay soils, desert ecosystems | plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS
plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA Uses: EU
RIS, PUT

181. Glomus taiwanense (C.G. Wu & Z.C. 182. Glomus tenebrosum (Thaxt.) S.M. 183. Oehlia diaphana (J.B. Morton & C.
Chen) R.T. Almeida & N.C. Schenck ex Y.J. Berch IF No: 106848 Trophic mode/Guild: Walker) Błaszk., Kozłowska, Niezgoda, B.T.
Yao IF No: 413124 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal Goto & Dalpé IF No: 824693 Habitat:
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Associated with rhizosphere of angleton
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC

184. Rhizoglomus microaggregatum 185. Rhizoglomus vesiculiferum (Thaxt.) 186. Rhizophagus aggregatus (N.C.
(Koske, Gemma & P.D. Olexia) Sieverd., Błaszk., Kozłowska, Niezgoda, B.T. Goto & Schenck & G.S. Sm.) C. Walker IF No:
G.A. Silva & Oehl IF No: 803200 Trophic Dalpé IF No: 824697 Trophic mode/Guild: 551756 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
mycorrhizal Habitat: Associated with the rhizosphere | Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with
Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Capsicum sp. Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS the rhizosphere of angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts:
Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUV, VID Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC

187. Rhizophagus clarus (T.H. Nicolson & 188. Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Thaxt.) C. 189. Rhizophagus intraradices (N.C.
N.C. Schenck) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF Walker & A. Schüßler Schenck & G.S. Sm.) C. Walker & A.
No: 542906 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 542909 Trophic mode/ Guild: Schüßler IF No: 542910 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal /Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular
Habitat: On soil, associated to plant roots | Associated with the Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of angleton grass Hosts: mycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, associated to roots of papaya
rhizosphere of angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m Dept.: SUC tomato, corn, strawberry, celery, carrot, barley, oats |
Dichanthium aristatum Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 0– Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CAQ Uses:
10 m Dept.: CAQ, SUC Uses: EU EU


190. Rhizophagus invermaius (I.R. Hall) C. 191. Rhizophagus manihotis (R.H. 192. Rhizophagus prolifer (Dalpé &
Walker IF No: 551829 Trophic mode/ Howeler, Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck) C. Declerck) C. Walker & A. Schüßler IF No:
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Walker & A. Schüßler IF No: 542913 548410 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Habitat: Associated with rhizosphere of Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ /arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
angleton grass Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum Elev.: 0–10 m arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | Endomycorrhiza in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m
Dept.: SUC Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ Uses: EU Dept.: RIS

193. Septoglomus deserticola (Trappe, 194. Septoglomus viscosum (T.H. 195. Septoglomus xanthium (Błaszk.,
Bloss & J.A. Menge) G.A. Silva, Oehl & Nicolson) C. Walker, D. Redecker, Stille & Blanke, Renker & Buscot) G.A. Silva, Oehl
Sieverd. IF No: 518463 Trophic mode/ A. Schüßler IF No: 550089 Trophic mode/ & Sieverd. IF No: 518464 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/ arbuscular mycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/arbuscular mycorrhizal
Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Habitat: On soils | Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: Habitat: From soil in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza
Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS AMA, CAQ, GUV Uses: EU Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: RIS

Paraglomerales, Paraglomeraceae Paraglomerales, Paraglomeraceae Paraglomerales, Paraglomeraceae
196. Paraglomus brasilianum (Spain & J. 197. Paraglomus laccatum (Błaszk.) 198. Paraglomus occultum (C. Walker) J.B.
Miranda) J.B. Morton & D. Redecker IF No: Renker, Błaszk. & Buscot IF No: 510048 Morton & D. Redecker IF No: 467740
467741 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil arbuscular mycorrhizal Habitat: From soil
in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m in Coffea arabica plantations | Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,600 m in Coffea arabica plantations | associated with the rhizosphere of
Dept.: RIS Dept.: RIS angleton grass | Endomycorrhiza Hosts: Dichanthium aristatum
Elev.: 0–1,600 m Dept.: RIS, SUC Uses: EU
Fungi, Ascomycota, Saccharomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Saccharomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Saccharomycotina,

Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetidae, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetidae, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetidae,
Saccharomycetales, Debaryomycetaceae Saccharomycetales, Debaryomycetaceae Saccharomycetales, Debaryomycetaceae
199. Meyerozyma caribbica (Vaughan– 200. Meyerozyma carpophila (Phaff & 201. Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Wick.)
Mart., Kurtzman, S.A. Mey. & E.B. O'Neill) M.W. Mill.) Yurkov & G. Péter IF No: Kurtzman & M. Suzuki IF No: 513463
Kurtzman & M. Suzuki IF No: 513462 821665 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ animal
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/epiphyte Habitat: Isolated from pulps of mango | pathogen Habitat: Saprotroph yeast
Habitat: Isolated from pulps of mango | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: FU, HF

Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae
202. Dipodascus albidus Lagerh. IF No: 203. Dipodascus geotrichum (E.E. Butler & 204. Dipodascus tetrasporus Nagah. &
246592 L.J. Petersen) Arx IF No: 313244 Trophic Abdel–Wahab IF No: 533142
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Isolated
from milk and milk–related products | It is
occasionally encountered as an opportunist e.g. in the human
digestive tract | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae Saccharomycetales, Dipodascaceae
205. Saprochaete capitata (Diddens & 206. Saprochaete suaveolens (Krzemecki) 207. Yarrowia lipolytica (Wick., Kurtzman
Lodder) de Hoog & M.T. Sm. IF No: 500139 de Hoog & M.T. Sm. IF No: 500140 & Herman) Van der Walt & Arx IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 108643 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Substrates
containing lipid and hydrocarbon compounds such as oily food
and natural environments like oil fields | Saprotroph Distribution:
Global Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae
208. Clavispora lusitaniae Rodr. Mir. IF No: 209. Metschnikowia hawaiiana (Lachance, 210. Metschnikowia koreensis S.G. Hong,
111257 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ J.M. Bowles & Starmer) Lachance IF No: J. Chun, H.W. Oh & Bae IF No: 484845
Habitat: Isolated from pulps of mango and 823539
rose apple (“pomarroso”) | Saprotroph
Dept.: VAC

Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae Saccharomycetales, Metschnikowiaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae
211. Metschnikowia kunwiensis (S.G. 212. Metschnikowia pulcherrima Pitt & 213. Debaryomyces delbrueckii (Lindner)
Hong, Bae, M. Herzberg, Titze & Lachance) M.W. Mill. IF No: 334124 Kudryavtsev IF No: 329721 Trophic mode/
Brysch–Herzb. IF No: 368642 Trophic Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Habitat: Widely distributed in nature and
has been isolated from soil, fermenting grapes and other berry
juices, agave juice, tea–beer and tree bark | Saprotroph Dept.:
VAC Uses: HF

Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae
214. Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder 215. Debaryomyces nepalensis Goto & 216. Debaryomyces prosopidis Phaff,
& Kreger–van Rij IF No: 296478 Trophic Sugiy. IF No: 329727 Trophic mode/Guild: Vaughan–Mart. & Starmer IF No: 446521
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph/animal pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph undefined saprotroph

217. Dekkera anomala M.T. Sm. & 218. Issatchenkia orientalis Kudryavtsev IF 219. Issatchenkia terricola (Van der Walt)
Grinsven IF No: 114123 Trophic mode/ No: 332662 Trophic mode/Guild: Kurtzman, M.J. Smiley & C.J. Johnson IF
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Food, from pathotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, No: 108093 Trophic mode/Guild:
spoiled carbonated, fruit–based soft drinks animal endosymbiont Habitat: Isolated pathotroph, symbiotroph/ animal
| Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: HF from fruit juice, tea, beer, fermented foods | Saprotroph yeast pathogen, animal endosymbiont
Dept.: VAC Uses: HF


220. Kazachstania exigua Kurtzman IF No: 221. Kazachstania martiniae (S.A. James, 222. Kazachstania unispora (A. Jörg.)
486276 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ J.P. Cai, I.N. Roberts & M.D. Collins) Kurtzman IF No: 487655
Habitat: Diverse food sources | Saprotroph Kurtzman IF No: 487696 Trophic mode/
Dept.: VAC Uses: HF Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph
yeast Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

223. Kluyveromyces lactis (Stell.–Dekk.) 224. Kluyveromyces marxianus (E.C. 225. Komagataella pastoris (Guillierm.) Y.
Van der Walt IF No: 316059 Trophic mode Hansen) Van der Walt IF No: 316062 Yamada, M. Matsuda, K. Maeda & Mikata
/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 415539
endophyte, undefined saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte, undefined
saprotroph Habitat: Foods and beverages, especially dairy
products | In decaying plant tissue and associated
insects|Saprotroph yeast Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.:
VAC, ANT Uses: HF

226. Kurtzmaniella cleridarum Lachance & 227. Kurtzmaniella natalensis (Van der 228. Lachancea fermentati Kurtzman IF
Starmer IF No: 511088 Walt & Tscheuschner) C.A. Rosa, Casareg. No: 487627 Trophic mode/Guild:
& Lachance IF No: 827405 Trophic mode/ saprotroph/ Habitat: Isolated from
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Isolated from sediment of a peppermint beverage, from
pulps of mango | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC oak tree, from fruit fly, from fermented beverages | Saprotroph
yeast Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

229. Martiniozyma asiatica Kurtzman IF 230. Pichia fermentans Lodder 231. Pichia kluyveri Bedford ex
No: 812063 IF No: 252130 Trophic mode/Guild: Kudryavtsev IF No: 289695 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: From Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph
cheese, butter, orange juice, as well as /animal endosymbiont, animal pathogen,
isolated from some clinical specimens such as sputum | plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

232. Pichia kudriavzevii Boidin, Pignal & 233. Pichia mandshurica Saito IF No: 234. Pichia membranifaciens (E.C.
Besson IF No: 337013 Trophic mode/ 456437 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Hansen) E.C. Hansen IF No: 227217
Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
endosymbiont, animal pathogen, plant saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal
pathogen, undefined saprotroph endosymbiont, animal pathogen, plant pathogen, undefined
saprotroph

235. Pichia nakasei J.A. Barnett, R.W. 236. Pichia norvegensis Leask & Yarrow IF 237. Pichia occidentalis (Kurtzman, M.J.
Payne & Yarrow IF No: 115390 No: 320514 Trophic mode/Guild: Smiley & C.J. Johnson) Kurtzman, Robnett
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph/animal pathogen & Bas.–Powers IF No: 509647 Trophic
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
endosymbiont, animal pathogen, plant pathogen, undefined
saprotroph

238. Pichia terricola Van der Walt IF No: 239. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Desm.) 240. Saccharomyces fermentati (Saito)
303642 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Meyen IF No: 492348 Trophic mode/Guild: Lodder & Kreger–van Rij IF No: 305451
animal pathogen Habitat: Isolated from saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph yeast Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
pulps of rose apple (“pomarroso”) | Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: FU,
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC GS, HF

241. Saturnispora diversa (Ohara, Nonom. 242. Schwanniomyces polymorphus 243. Torulaspora globosa (Klöcker) Van
& Yunome ex van Uden & Buckley) (Klöcker) M. Suzuki & Kurtzman der Walt & Johannsen IF No: 324725
Kurtzman IF No: 812065 Trophic mode/ IF No: 513478
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Isolated from
pulps of mango | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

244. Torulaspora pretoriensis (Van der 245. Zygosaccharomyces bisporus H. 246. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Boutroux)
Walt & Tscheuschner) Van der Walt & Nagan. IF No: 433575 Trophic mode/ Yarrow IF No: 325702 Trophic mode/
Johannsen IF No: 324735 Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycodaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycodaceae
247. Zygosaccharomyces siamensis Saks., 248. Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Pijper 249. Hanseniaspora opuntiae Čadež, Poot,
M. Suzuki, Chantaw., Ohkuma & Lumyong IF No: 266661 Trophic mode/Guild: Raspor & M.T. Sm. IF No: 488270 Trophic
IF No: 560926 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph yeast mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Habitat: Isolated
pathotroph/plant pathogen Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC from pulps of mango and pomarroso |
Uses: HF Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycodaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycodaceae Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycodaceae
250. Hanseniaspora pseudoguilliermondii 251. Hanseniaspora thailandica Jindam., 252. Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus)
Čadež, Raspor & M.T. Sm. IF No: 521363 Ninomiya, Limtong, H. Kawas. & Nakase IF Shehata, Mrak & Phaff ex M.T. Sm. IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 514508 Trophic mode/Guild: 530461 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/ Habitat: Isolated from pulps of animal pathogen Habitat: Isolated from
mango and rose apple (“pomarroso”) | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC soil, insects, fruits and fermented products | From marine and
freshwater ecosystem | Isolated from pulps of rose apple
(“pomarroso”) | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: VAC Uses: HF


Saccharomycetales, Trichomonascaceae Saccharomycetales, Trichomonascaceae Saccharomycetales, Trichomonascaceae
253. Blastobotrys chiropterorum (Grose & 254. Sugiyamaella smithiae (Gim.–Jurado) 255. Trichomonascus ciferrii (M.T. Sm.,
Marink.) Kurtzman & Robnett IF No: Kurtzman & Robnett IF No: 528979 Van der Walt & Johannsen) Kurtzman &
530154 Robnett IF No: 530083 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen

256. Wickerhamiella azyma (Van der Walt, 257. Wickerhamiella pararugosa (Nakase, 258. Wickerhamiella parazyma (Lachance)
Johannsen & Yarrow) C. Vega & Lachance Komag. & Fukaz.) de Vega & Lachance IF C. Vega & Lachance IF No: 815737
IF No: 815719 No: 815736 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/

259. Wickerhamiella sergipiensis (R.C. 260. Wickerhamiella vanderwaltii (Vidal– 261. Wickerhamiella versatilis (Etchells &
Trindade, M.A. Resende, Lachance & C.A. Leir.) C. Vega & Lachance T.A. Bell) de Vega & Lachance IF No:
Rosa) C. Vega & Lachance IF No: 815738 IF No: 815741 815742
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/

Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetales,
Wickerhamomycetaceae Wickerhamomycetaceae Wickerhamomycetaceae
262. Barnettozyma pratensis (Babeva & 263. Wickerhamomyces anomalus (E.C. 264. Wickerhamomyces onychis (Yarrow)
Reshetova) Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.– Hansen) Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.– Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.–Powers IF No:
Powers IF No: 508432 Trophic mode/ Powers IF No: 508390 Trophic mode/ 508399 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen undefined saprotroph

Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis
Wickerhamomycetaceae 266. Candida africana H.–J. Tietz, Hopp, 267. Candida albicans (C.P. Robin)
265. Wickerhamomyces pijperi (Van der Schmalreck, Sterry & Czaika IF No: Berkhout IF No: 256187 Trophic
Walt & Tscheuschner) Kurtzman, Robnett 374337 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
& Bas.–Powers IF No: 508400 Trophic Habitat: Isolated from pulps of rose apple,
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 268. Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 269. Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 270.
Candida asparagi F.Y. Bai & H.Z. Lu IF No: Candida auris Satoh & Makimura IF No: Candida boidinii C. Ramírez IF No: 344025
371357 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 508967 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/animal pathogen

Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis
271. Candida bracarensis A. Correia, P. 272. Candida cabralensis Flórez, Belloch, 273. Candida dubliniensis D.J. Sullivan,
Samp., S.A. James & C. Pais IF No: 357201 Álv.–Martín, Querol & B. Mayo IF No: Western., K.A. Haynes, Dés.E. Benn. & D.C.
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ animal 516973 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Coleman IF No: 254786 Trophic mode/
pathogen Guild: pathotroph

274. Candida ethanolica Rybářová, Štros & 275. Candida glabrata (H.W. Anderson) 276. Candida haemuloni (Uden & Kolip.)
Kock.–Krat. IF No: 111180 S.A. Mey. & Yarrow IF No: 310265 Trophic S.A. Mey. & Yarrow IF No: 634000 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph
saprotroph/animal pathogen, undefined
saprotroph

277. Candida inconspicua (Lodder & 278. Candida intermedia (Cif. & Ashford) 279. Candida jaroonii Imanishi, Jindam.,
Kreger–van Rij) S.A. Mey. & Yarrow Langeron & Guerra IF No: 252746 Trophic Mikata, Nagak., Potach., Tantich. & Nakase
IF No: 310280 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 511065 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph Habitat: Isolated from pulps of
mango | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

280. Candida leandrae Ruivo, Pagnocca, 281. Candida maltosa Komag., Nakase & 282. Candida metapsilosis Tavanti, A.
Lachance & C.A. Rosa IF No: 369197 Katsuya IF No: 327445 Trophic Davidson, Gow, M. Maiden & Odds IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Habitat: 500210 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Saprotroph yeast Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

283. Candida nivariensis Alcoba–Flórez, 284. Candida orthopsilosis Tavanti, A. 285. Candida parapsilosis (Ashford)
Méndez–Álv., Cano, Guarro, Pérez–Roth & Davidson, Gow, M. Maiden & Odds IF No: Langeron & Talice IF No: 253819 Trophic
Arévalo IF No: 357391 Trophic mode/ 500209 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Guild: pathotroph Habitat: On fruits | Saprotroph yeast
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC, ANT Uses: HF

286. Candida pseudointermedia Nakase, 287. Candida pseudolambica M.T. Sm. & 288. Candida railenensis C. Ramírez & A.E.
Komag. & Fukaz. IF No: 310325 Trophic Poot IF No: 125461 Trophic mode/Guild: González IF No: 105982 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Habitat: pathotroph Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Saprotroph yeast Dept.: VAC Uses: HF


289. Candida sake (Saito & M. Ota) Uden 290. Candida solani Lodder & Kreger–van 291. Candida tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout
& H.R. Buckley ex S.A. Mey. & Ahearn Rij IF No: 294048 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 280770 Trophic mode/ Guild:
IF No: 283382 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
pathotroph animal pathogen, endophyte, undefined
saprotroph Habitat: Isolated from fermented drinks, from Kefyr,
from soil, from humans | Saprotroph yeast. Pathogen Dept.: ANT
Uses: HF

292. Cyberlindnera saturnus (Klöcker) 293. Diutina catenulata (Diddens & 294. Diutina rugosa (H.W. Anderson)
Minter IF No: 534394 Lodder) Khunnamw., Lertwatt., Jindam., Khunnamw., Jindam., Limtong & Lachance
Limtong & Lachance IF No: 813778 IF No: 813768 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ animal pathogen

Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 296. Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis
295. Hyphopichia burtonii (Boidin, Pignal, Kodamaea ohmeri (Etchells & T.A. Bell) Y. 297. Nakazawaea pomicola (Kurtzman,
Lehodey, Vey & Abadie) Arx & Van der Walt Yamada, Tom. Suzuki, M. Matsuda & Robnett & Yarrow) Kurtzman & Robnett
IF No: 315565 Mikata IF No: 436311 Trophic mode IF No: 809130
/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen

Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 298. Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 299. Saccharomycetales, Incertae sedis 300.
Starmerella apicola (Hajsig) C.A. Rosa & Starmerella bombicola C.A. Rosa & Starmerella cellae (Pimentel, Lachance &
Lachance IF No: 823610 Trophic mode/ Lachance IF No: 446948 Trophic mode/ C.A. Rosa) C.A. Rosa & Lachance IF No:
Guild: saprotroph Guild: saprotroph 823615 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph

301. Starmerella magnoliae (Lodder & 302. Starmerella meliponinorum A.C.P. 303. Starmerella sorbosivorans (S.A.
Kreger–van Rij) C.A. Rosa & Lachance Teixeira, M.M. Marini, Lachance & C.A. James, C.J. Bond & I.N. Roberts) C.A. Rosa
IF No: 823639 Trophic mode/Guild: Rosa IF No: 489471 Trophic mode/Guild: & Lachance IF No: 823645 Trophic
saprotroph saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph
Fungi, Ascomycota, Saccharomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Taphrinomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Taphrinomycotina,

Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetidae, Pneumocystomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes,
Incertae sedis, Saccharomycodaceae Pneumocystomycetidae, Pneumocystales, Schizosaccharomycetidae,
304. Nadsonia fulvescens (Nadson & Pneumocystaceae Schizosaccharomycetales,
Konok.) Syd. 305. Pneumocystis jirovecii Frenkel IF No: Schizosaccharomycetaceae
IF No: 229742 450385 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 306. Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lindner
animal pathogen IF No: 212377
Fungi, Ascomycota, Taphrinomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,

Taphrinomycetes, Taphrinomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae,
Taphrinales, Taphrinaceae Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae
307. Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. IF 308. Amazonomyces farkasiae (Lücking) 309. Amazonomyces sprucei (R. Sant.)
No: 234886 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking, Sérus. & G. Thor IF No: 443803 Lücking, Sérus. & G. Thor IF No: 443802
pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 250 m
35–450 m Dept.: CHO, NAR Dept.: CAQ
Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,

Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae,
Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae
310. Arthonia abnormis (Ach.) Nyl. IF No: 311. Arthonia accolens Stirt. IF No: 312. Arthonia aciniformis Stirt. IF No:
376283 Trophic mode/Guild: 376284 Trophic mode/ Guild: 376286 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, MET, NAR

313. Arthonia adspersa (Mont.) Kremp. IF 314. Arthonia ambiguella Nyl. 315. Arthonia analogella Nyl.
No: 534977 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 376312 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 376317 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,100 m Dept.: CUN 1,200 m Dept.: SAN Conservation: DD

316. Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. IF No: 317. Arthonia arthonioides (Ach.) A.L. Sm. 318. Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid. IF
376322 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 376335 No: 376348 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph /lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: CUN

319. Arthonia bessalis Nyl. 320. Arthonia catenatula Nyl. 321. Arthonia colombiana Etayo IF No:
IF No: 376363 IF No: 376387 Trophic mode/Guild: 371938 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichen parasite

322. Arthonia complanata Fée 323. Arthonia cyanea Müll. Arg. 324. Arthonia cyrtodes Nyl. IF No: 376440
IF No: 376415 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 376439 Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 10 m
Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO Dept.: NAR


325. Arthonia digitispora Etayo 326. Arthonia erupta Nyl. ex Willey IF No: 327. Arthonia excedens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
IF No: 371947 Trophic mode/ Guild: 376484 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 376487 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/lichen parasite symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
1,200–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, SAN

328. Arthonia explanata Nyl. IF No: 329. Arthonia fuscoalbella Nyl. 330. Arthonia grubei Lücking
376491 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 376508 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 450336 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Caribbean Distribution: Endemic region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Dept.: ATL 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU

331. Arthonia hioramii B. de Lesd. IF No: 332. Arthonia ilicina Taylor IF No: 376560 333. Arthonia leptosperma (Müll. Arg.) R.
567029 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 364214 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO

334. Arthonia macrotheca Fée 335. Arthonia meizomorpha Nyl. IF No: 336. Arthonia microsperma Nyl.
IF No: 376622 Trophic mode/Guild: 376634 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 376646 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,400–2,600 m Dept.: CUN

337. Arthonia mira R. Sant. IF No: 364220 338. Arthonia miserula Nyl. IF No: 376655 339. Arthonia nephelina Nyl.
Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 376675 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

340. Arthonia obesa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. IF 341. Arthonia obscurella Müll. Arg. IF No: 342. Arthonia orbignyae (H.B.P. Upadhyay)
No: 364228 Trophic mode/Guild: 376691 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Matzer IF No: 415532 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Endemic Dept.: CUN
Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ Conservation: CR

343. Arthonia palmulacea (Müll. Arg.) R. 344. Arthonia platygraphidea Nyl. IF No: 345. Arthonia polygramma Nyl. IF No:
Sant. IF No: 364232 Trophic mode/Guild: 376748 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph 376753 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes, Caribbean, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0– Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,200–2,600
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–2,400 m Dept.: CHO, 300 m Dept.: CAU m Dept.: CUN
HUI, MAG

346. Arthonia pruinosella Nyl. 347. Arthonia pruinosula Nyl. IF No: 348. Arthonia pulicosa Nyl. IF No: 376769
IF No: 376764 376765 Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
2,500 Dept.: CUN CUN

349. Arthonia purpurissata Nyl. 350. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. IF No: 351. Arthonia redingeri Grube
IF No: 376773 Trophic mode/ Guild: 376782 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 529473 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
2,500 m Dept.: CUN Holarctic and southern regions, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,400 m
Dept.: CUN, GUA, SAN

352. Arthonia rubella (Fée) Nyl. IF No: 353. Arthonia septemlocularis Müll. Arg. IF 354. Arthonia speciosa (Müll. Arg.) Grube
119459 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 376820 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 530143 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Dept.:
Native Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: CUN, SAN CUN Conservation: CR

355. Arthonia taediosa Nyl. 356. Arthonia tremelloides Etayo IF No: 357. Arthonia trilocularis Müll. Arg. IF No:
IF No: 376887 Trophic mode/ Guild: 371957Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph 376904 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichen parasite /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 300–2,050 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAU,
CHO


358. Arthonia undenaria Nyl. 359. Arthonia xanthocarpa Nyl. 360. Arthothelium taediosoides Giralt &
IF No: 376911 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 376935 Dept.: CLM Grube IF No: 412514 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
1,100 m

361. Coniarthonia pulcherrima (Müll. Arg.) 362. Coniocarpon cinnabarinum DC. IF No: 363. Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch & G.
Grube IF No: 485060 Trophic mode/ Guild: 383614 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph Thor IF No: 543670 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA

364. Crypthonia mycelioides (Vain.) Frisch 365. Cryptothecia aleurocarpa (Nyl.) 366. Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R.
& G. Thor IF No: 543676 Trophic mode/ Makhija & Patw. IF No: 103240 Trophic Sant. IF No: 365828 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,200 m

367. Cryptothecia punctosorediata 368. Cryptothecia scriblitella (Nyl.) Makhija 369. Cryptothecia scripta G. Thor IF No:
Sparrius IF No: 356568 Trophic mode/ & Patw. IF No: 103247 Trophic 442837 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–1,100 m Dept.: CAU

370. Cryptothecia striata G. Thor IF No: 371. Eremothecella calamicola Syd. & P. 372. Herpothallon adnatum G. Thor IF No:
475421 Trophic mode/ Guild: Syd. IF No: 145347 Trophic mode/Guild: 540560 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 950–1,000 m Dept.: HUI, VAC Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR

373. Herpothallon aurantiacoflavum (B. de 374. Herpothallon cinereum G. Thor IF No: 375. Herpothallon confluenticum Aptroot
Lesd.) Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor IF No: 540566 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph & Lücking IF No: 540567 Trophic
540563 Trophic mode /Guild: /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m
Dept.: CAU

376. Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, 377. Herpothallon furfuraceum G. Thor IF 378. Herpothallon globosum G. Thor IF No:
Lücking & Will–Wolf IF No: 540570 Trophic No: 540573 Trophic mode/Guild: 540574 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes,
Neotropics, Native Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics
Africa, Native Elev.: 0–2,000 m Dept.: CAU, VAC

379. Herpothallon granulare (Sipman) 380. Herpothallon granulosum Jagad. Ram 381. Herpothallon japonicum (Zahlbr.) G.
Aptroot & Lücking & G.P. Sinha IF No: 516912 Trophic Thor IF No: 540577
IF No: 540575 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

382. Herpothallon minimum Aptroot & 383. Herpothallon pustulatum G. Thor IF 384. Herpothallon queenslandicum (Elix)
Lücking IF No: 540578 Trophic No: 540582 Trophic mode/Guild: Elix IF No: 540583 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific Neotropics, Native
Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 0–1,000
m Dept.: CAU, RIS

385. Herpothallon roseocinctum (Fr.) 386. Herpothallon rubrocinctoides (G. 387. Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.)
Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor IF No: 540584 Thor) Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor IF No: Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor IF No: 540586
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 540585 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes,
Native Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, United States, Native Elev.: 20–
2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL,
VAC

Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae 388. Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae 389. Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae 390.
Herpothallon rubroechinatum Frisch & G. Herpothallon rubromaculatum G. Thor Myriostigma filicinum (Ellis & Everh.) Frisch
Thor IF No: 548507 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 540587 Trophic mode/ Guild: & G. Thor IF No: 808773 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised


391. Stirtonia latispora Seavey & J. Seavey 392. Tylophoron crassiusculum Tibell IF 393. Tylophoron moderatum Nyl. IF No:
IF No: 809722 No: 110282 Trophic mode/Guild: 247132 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250–
Native Elev.: 1.250 m Dept.: RIS 1,200 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae Arthoniales, Chrysotrichaceae Arthoniales, Chrysotrichaceae
394. Tylophoron protrudens Nyl. IF No: 395. Byssocaulon ochraceum Nyl. IF No: 396. Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R.
408065 Trophic mode/ Guild: 380859 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Laundon IF No: 112055 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /undefined saprotroph Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 350–2,600 m Dept.: CAQ, CUN, HUI, 2,200 m Dept.: CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 750–3,130 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
SAN CUN, HUI, TOL

Arthoniales, Chrysotrichaceae Arthoniales, Chrysotrichaceae Arthoniales, Chrysotrichaceae
397. Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. 398. Chrysothrix granulosa G. Thor IF No: 399. Chrysothrix xanthina (Vain.) Kalb IF
Laundon IF No: 112186 134630 No: 475309 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 4,175 m Dept.: CUN, Native Elev.: 750–3,100 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, VAC
MET, RIS

Arthoniales, Lecanographaceae Arthoniales, Lecanographaceae Arthoniales, Lecanographaceae
400. Alyxoria apomelaena (A. Massal.) Ertz 401. Alyxoria culmigena (Lib.) Ertz IF No: 402. Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler IF
IF No: 812518 Trophic mode/Guild: 801449 No: 519247 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

403. Alyxoria viridipruinosa (Coppins & 404. Lecanographa lyncea (Sm.) Egea & 405. Plectocarpon aequatoriale Etayo IF
Yahr) Ertz IF No: 801452 Trophic mode/ Torrente IF No: 413327 Trophic mode/ No: 818364 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised pathotroph /lichen parasite

406. Zwackhia bonplandii (Fée) Ertz IF No: 407. Zwackhia prosodea (Afzel.) Ertz IF No: 408. Zwackhia robusta (Vain.) Ertz IF No:
801453 Trophic mode /Guild: 801455 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 801456 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised

Arthoniales, Lecanographaceae Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae
409. Zwackhia viridis (Ach.) Poetsch & 410. Cresponea flava (Vain.) Egea & 411. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Schied. IF No: 410140 Trophic mode/ Torrente IF No: 360496 Trophic mode/ Torrente IF No: 360499 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 710–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae
412. Cresponea melanocheiloides (Vain.) 413. Cresponea plurilocularis (Nyl.) Egea & 414. Cresponea premnea (Ach.) Egea &
Egea & Torrente IF No: 565481 Trophic Torrente IF No: 360503 Trophic mode/ Torrente IF No: 360504
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native

415. Cresponea proximata (Nyl.) Egea & 416. Fouragea filicina (Mont.) Trevis. IF No: 417. Fouragea puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Torrente IF No: 360506 Trophic mode/ 385038 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385040 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

418. Opegrapha agelaea Fée 419. Opegrapha aperiens Vain. 420. Opegrapha atratula Müll. Arg. IF No:
IF No: 396230 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 396246 Trophic mode/Guild: 396264 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
pathotroph/lichen parasite Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,

Arthoniomycetes Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes Arthoniomycetidae,
Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae 421. Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae 422. Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae 423.
Opegrapha brachycarpa Müll. Arg. IF No: Opegrapha cylindrica Raddi IF No: 396340 Opegrapha dekeselii Ertz IF No: 540704
396279 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

424. Opegrapha difficilior Nyl. 425. Opegrapha dimidiata Müll. Arg. IF No: 426. Opegrapha foreaui (C. Moreau & M.
IF No: 396363 Trophic mode/ Guild: 396368 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph Moreau) Hafellner & R. Sant. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Pantropics, Native 376392 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/lichen parasite


427. Opegrapha irosina Vain. 428. Opegrapha microsema Nyl. IF No: 429. Opegrapha multiseptata Müll. Arg. IF
IF No: 396464 Trophic mode/Guild: 396529 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph No: 396538 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.:
CUN

430. Opegrapha quintana Redinger IF No: 431. Opegrapha subdimidiata Ertz IF No: 432. Opegrapha subvulgata Nyl. IF No:
368415 Trophic mode/Guild: 540707 Trophic mode /Guild: 396725 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Pantropics, Native

433. Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. IF No: 434. Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.) 435. Sclerophyton seriale (Ach.) Sparrius
405003 Trophic mode/Guild: Sparrius IF No: 368193 Trophic IF No: 474987 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 10 m Dept.: NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: CUN

Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae Arthoniales, Opegraphaceae Arthoniales, Roccellaceae
436. Sclerophyton syncesioides Sparrius IF 437. Sclerophyton vertex Sparrius IF No: 438. Ancistrosporella gracilior (Nyl.)
No: 369209 Trophic mode/Guild: 369206 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 558058 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 110
m Dept.: NAR

Arthoniales, Roccellaceae Arthoniales, Roccellaceae Arthoniales, Roccellaceae
439. Ancistrosporella leucophila (Nyl.) Ertz 440. Ancistrosporella onchospora (Nyl.) 441. Chiodecton confundens Vain. IF No:
IF No: 828693 Trophic mode/Guild: Ertz IF No: 828694 Trophic mode/Guild: 382538 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ lichenised Conservation: CR symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,200 m Dept.:
CUN

442. Chiodecton hypochnoides Nyl. IF No: 443. Chiodecton inconspicuum Nyl. IF No: 444. Chiodecton malmei G. Thor IF No:
382582 Trophic mode/Guild: 123053 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 354965 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Colombia, Endemic Elev.: 150 Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
andes, Native Elev.: 2,000–2,400 m Dept.: CUN, HUI m 1,200 m

445. Chiodecton natalense Nyl. 446. Chiodecton olivaceum Fée 447. Chiodecton sphaerale Ach. IF No:
IF No: 382616 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 382624 Trophic mode/ Guild: 382655 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Pantropics, Native region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
America, Native Elev.: 150 m Dept.: BOL Native Elev.: 240–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, CUN, SAN

448. Chiodecton subordinatum Nyl. IF No: 449. Dichosporidium boschianum (Mont.) 450. Dichosporidium nigrocinctum
382670 Trophic mode/Guild: G. Thor IF No: 354439 Trophic (Ehrenb.) G. Thor IF No: 354446 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
1,200 m Dept.: SAN Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 Dept.: NAR, VAC

451. Enterographa quassiicola Fée IF No: 452. Enterographa tropica Sparrius IF No: 453. Erythrodecton granulatum (Mont.) G.
540244 Trophic mode/Guild: 369217 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Thor IF No: 354442 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Neotropics, Native

454. Gyronactis elaeocarpa (Nyl.) Ertz & 455. Lecanactis epileuca (Nyl.) Tehler IF 456. Lecanactis flaviseda (Nyl.) Tehler IF
Tehler IF No: 808113 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 358647 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 358649 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,200–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, SAN 1,200 m

457. Lecanactis proximans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 458. Mazosia bambusae (Vain.) R. Sant. IF 459. Mazosia carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptroot &
No: 387310 Biogeographic region: Andes No: 367979 Trophic mode/Guild: M. Cáceres IF No: 805956 Trophic
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
CUN Conservation: CR region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR

460. Mazosia dispersa (J. Hedrick) R. Sant. 461. Mazosia leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius IF 462. Mazosia longispora Lücking & Matzer
IF No: 367980 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 368132 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 416121 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,200 m Dept.: AMA, 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 100–240 m Dept.:
CAQ, CHO, MAG, NAR, VAU AMA, CHO


463. Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) 464. Mazosia ocellata (Nyl.) R.C. Harris IF 465. Mazosia paupercula (Müll. Arg.) R.
R. Sant. IF No: 367981 Trophic No: 354514 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 367982 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: NSA
AMA, ANT, CAQ, CHO, GUA, MAG, MET, NAR, VAU

466. Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 467. Mazosia pilosa Kalb & Vězda IF No: 468. Mazosia praemorsa (Stirt.) R. Sant. IF
No: 395118 Trophic mode/Guild: 133671 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 367983 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean, Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Native region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,200 m Dept.: Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ,
AMA, CAQ, CHO, CUN, MAG, NAR, VAU VAU

469. Mazosia pseudobambusae Kalb & 470. Mazosia rotula (Mont.) A. Massal. IF 471. Mazosia rubropunctata R. Sant. IF
Vězda IF No: 133672 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 395121 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 367984 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia, Caribbean Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–250 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–600 m Dept.: Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 300–
AMA, CAQ, CAU, CHO, GUA, MAG, MET, NAR, VAU 600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MET, NAR, VAU

472. Mazosia tenuissima Lücking & 473. Mazosia tumidula (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. 474. Roccella verruculosa Follmann IF No:
Matzer IF No: 415970 Trophic mode/ IF No: 395123 Trophic mode/Guild: 114007 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Biogeographic region: Caribbean, Pacific region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Caribbean Distribution: Colombia,
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU, CHO Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU, CHO, Venezuela, Antilles, Native Elev.: 0 m Dept.: GUA
NAR, VAU

475. Sagenidiopsis undulata (Fée) Egea, 476. Schismatomma leucopsarum (Nyl.) 477. Syncesia byssina (Vain.) Tehler IF No:
Tehler, Torrente & Sipman IF No: 630748 Zahlbr. IF No: 404953 Trophic 442914 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes, Conservation: CR
Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 400–1,200 m
Dept.: CHO, SAN

478. Syncesia decussans (Nyl.) Tehler IF 479. Syncesia depressa (Fée) Tehler IF No: 480. Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler IF No:
No: 442925 Trophic mode/Guild: 442926 Trophic mode/Guild: 442917 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
1,200 m Dept.: SAN Native Elev.: 10 m Dept.: NAR Hawaii, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,500 Dept.: CUN, MET, RIS

481. Syncesia farinacea (Fée) Tehler IF No: 482. Syncesia flavescens (Nyl.) Tehler IF 483. Syncesia graphica (Fr.) Tehler IF No:
442918 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 442927 Trophic mode/Guild: 442922 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 500–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, BOL, CUN, 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,200–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, SAN
SAN

484. Syncesia leprobola Nyl. ex Tehler IF 485. Syncesia psaroleuca (Nyl.) Tehler IF 486. Syncesia rhizomorpha Tehler IF No:
No: 442923 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 442920 Trophic mode/Guild: 442921 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised

Arthoniales, Roccellographaceae Arthoniales, Roccellographaceae Arthoniales, Incertae sedis
487. Dimidiographa longissima (Müll. Arg.) 488. Fulvophyton subseriale (Nyl.) Ertz & 489. Bactrospora dryina (Ach.) A. Massal.
Ertz & Tehler IF No: 519257 Trophic Tehler IF No: 519262 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 142829 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

Arthoniales, Incertae sedis Arthoniales, Incertae sedis Arthoniales, Incertae sedis
490. Bactrospora flavopruinosa F. Berger 491. Bactrospora myriadea (Fée) Egea & 492. Bryostigma lobariellae (Etayo) S.Y.
& Aptroot IF No: 538446 Trophic mode/ Torrente, IF No: 360197 Trophic mode/ Kondr. & Hur IF No: 834138 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: HUI

Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Arthoniomycetidae, Arthoniomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Arthoniales, Incertae sedis Arthoniales, Incertae sedis Lichenostigmatales,
493. Helminthocarpon leprevostii Fée IF 494. Tylophorella pyrenocarpoides (Müll. Phaeococcomycetaceae
No: 386712 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg.) Egea IF No: 360806 Trophic mode/ 495. Lichenostigma alpinum (R. Sant.,
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised Alstrup & D. Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich IF
region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: No: 804671 Trophic mode/Guild:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: BOL Colombia, Endemic Elev.: 250 m Dept.: TOL pathotroph/lichen parasite


Arthoniomycetes, Incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, Incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Lichenostigmatales, Lichenostigmatales, Lichenostigmatales,
Phaeococcomycetaceae Phaeococcomycetaceae Phaeococcomycetaceae
496. Lichenostigma cosmopolites 497. Lichenostigma maureri Hafellner IF 498. Phaeosporobolus usneae D. Hawksw.
Hafellner & Calat. IF No: 460740 Trophic No: 109054 Trophic mode/Guild: & Hafellner IF No: 130106 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/ lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae,
Candelariales, Candelariaceae Candelariales, Candelariaceae Candelariales, Candelariaceae
499. Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold IF 500. Candelaria fruticans Poelt & Oberw. 501. Candelariella efflorescens R.C. Harris
No: 118877 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 341673 Trophic mode/Guild: & W.R. Buck IF No: 341677 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 750–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, RIS, TOL, VAC Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 3,300 m Dept.: ANT, TOL

Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae,
Candelariales, Candelariaceae Candelariales, Candelariaceae Candelariales, Candelariaceae
502. Candelariella sorediosa Poelt & Reddi 503. Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. 504. Candelariella xanthostigma (Pers. ex
IF No: 344803 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 123579 Trophic mode/Guild: Ach.) Lettau IF No: 381933 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On rocks Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, and walls | Lichen dispersed, densely
Native Elev.: 3,975 m Dept.: RIS aggregated Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Cosmopolitan, Global Distribution, Native Elev.: 2,250–2,800 m
Dept.: BOY, CUN, NAR Uses: MA

Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Candelariomycetes, Candelariomycetidae, Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Candelariales, Candelariaceae Candelariales, Candelariaceae Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae
505. Candelina mexicana (B. de Lesd.) 506. Candelina submexicana (B. de Lesd.) 507. Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll.
Poelt IF No: 341683 Trophic mode/Guild: Poelt IF No: 341684 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 382482 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Native Elev.: 350–1,000 m Dept.: HUI, VAC Native Elev.: 2,250 m Dept.: BOY Native Elev.: 2,400–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, HUI, RIS

Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis, Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis, Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae
508. Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.) Müll. 509. Chaenotheca gracillima (Vain.) Tibell 510. Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Arg. IF No: 382484 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 107464 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 382490 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,400–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CAL Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,500–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, RIS
CUN, HUI

Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis, Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis, Coniocybomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae Coniocybales, Coniocybaceae
511. Chaenotheca olivaceorufa (Vain.) 512. Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Hellb. IF 513. Sclerophora sanguinea (Tibell) Tibell
Zahlbr. IF No: 382493 Trophic mode/ No: 121550 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 107594 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes, Distribution: Pantropics,
Neotropics, Australasia, Native Elev.: 2,500–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, Native Elev.: 3,500–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, RIS Native Elev.: 2,500–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, HUI
HUI

Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae,
Asterinales, Asterinaceae Asterinales, Asterinaceae Asterinales, Asterinaceae
514. Asterina antioquensis (Toro) Garcés 515. Asterina belluciae Henn. 516. Asterina diplocarpa Cooke
IF No: 433309 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 192536 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 197268 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On Sida
Miconia theaezans Distribution: Pantropics sp. Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 480 m
Dept.: ANT Dept.: MET

517. Asterina echinospora Höhn. IF No: 518. Asterina hypophylla Berk. ex Theiss. 519. Asterina megalospora Berk. & M.A.
221590 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 628314 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 221736 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On
Passiflora mollisima Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: ANT

520. Asterina melanotes Syd. 521. Asterina melastomatacearum (Henn.) 522. Asterina melastomatis Lév. IF No:
IF No: 270821 Trophic mode/Guild: Theiss. IF No: 532453 Trophic 218181 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On mode/Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte /endophyte
Miconia granulosa Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 1,740 m Dept.: ANT

523. Asterina miconiae Theiss. 524. Asterina phenacis Syd. 525. Asterina solanacearum Garcés IF No:
IF No: 219462 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 274205 Trophic mode/Guild: 284386 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On symbiotroph/ endophyte Habitat: On
Phenax hirtus Distribution: Pantropics Solanum sp. Distribution: Pantropics
Dept.: VAC Dept.: CUN

526. Asterina tertia Racib. IF No: 151093 527. Asterina uribei Toro IF No: 281178 528. Asterina vagans Speg. IF No: 163512
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
endophyte endophyte endophyte


529. Echidnodella cavendishiae Toro IF 530. Echidnodella diaphana Toro IF No: 531. Lembosia melastomatum Mont. IF
No: 260148 Trophic mode/Guild: 263119 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 154490 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/ endophyte symbiotroph/ endophyte

532. Lembosia perseae Garcés 533. Parasterina montagnei Toro IF No: 534. Placoasterina antioquensis Toro
IF No: 287550 Trophic mode/Guild: 271587 IF No: 257008 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte Hosts: Persea sp. symbiotroph/ endophyte
Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.:
ANT

Asterinales, Asterinaceae Asterotexales, Asterotexaceae Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae
535. Prillieuxina winteriana (Pazschke) G. 536. Asterotexis cucurbitacearum (Rehm) 537. Antennariella placitae Cheew. &
Arnaud IF No: 160955 Trophic mode/ Arx IF No: 118911 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous IF No: 513839 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/ endophyte Hosts: Cucurbita saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
maxima Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 750
m Dept.: ANT

Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae
538. Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm. IF No: 539. Capnodium mangiferae Cooke IF No: 540. Scorias brasiliensis (Puttemans) D.R.
164508 Trophic mode/Guild: 537975 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Reynolds IF No: 323313 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph plant pathogen Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae Capnodiales, Capnodiaceae Capnodiales, Cladosporiaceae
541. Tripospermum camelopardus Ingold, 542. Tripospermum porosporiferum 543. Cladosporium cladosporioides
Dann & P.J. McDougall IF No: 340462 Matsush. IF No: 360932 Trophic (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries IF No: 294915
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
undefined saprotroph Habitat: From foam saprotroph Habitat: From foam in river | symbiotroph/endophyte, epiphyte, plant
in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN Saprotroph Dept.: SAN pathogen Habitat: On soil | On food | Indoor | In grasslands of
Calamagrostis effusa | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: PO

Capnodiales, Cladosporiaceae Capnodiales, Cladosporiaceae Capnodiales, Cladosporiaceae
544. Cladosporium colombiae K. Schub. & 545. Cladosporium dominicanum Zalar, de 546. Cladosporium fusiforme Zalar, de
Crous IF No: 509559 Trophic mode/ Guild: Hoog & Gunde–Cim. IF No: 510995 Hoog & Gunde–Cim. IF No: 510997
pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/

547. Cladosporium halotolerans Zalar, de 548. Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link 549. Cladosporium inversicolor Bensch,
Hoog & Gunde–Cim. IF No: 492439 IF No: 231458 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous & U. Braun IF No: 517082 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathogen wood saprotroph

550. Cladosporium lycoperdinum Cooke IF 551. Cladosporium macrocarpum Preuss 552. Cladosporium ossifragi (Rostr.) U.
No: 217533 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 217783 Trophic mode/Guild: Braun & K. Schub. IF No: 504575 Trophic
pathotroph/ pathotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/

553. Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & 554. Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides 555. Cladosporium puyae Bensch, Crous &
M.A. Curtis IF No: 238857 Trophic mode/ Bensch, Crous & U. Braun IF No: 517087 U. Braun IF No: 814635 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Guild: pathotroph/
endophyte, plant pathogen

556. Cladosporium sphaerospermum 557. Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke IF 558. Cladosporium velox Zalar, de Hoog &
Penz. IF No: 119529 No: 145672 Trophic mode/Guild: Gunde–Cim. IF No: 492435 Trophic mode/
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant Guild: pathotroph/
pathogen

Capnodiales, Cystocoleaceae Capnodiales, Davidiellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae
559. Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) 560. Dichocladosporium chlorocephalum 561. Amycosphaerella africana (Crous &
Thwaites IF No: 384110 Trophic mode/ (Fresen.) K. Schub., U. Braun & Crous IF M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous IF No:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised No: 504429 807781
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,200–4,400 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CUN

Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae
562. Asperisporium caricae (Speg.) Maubl. 563. Catenulocercospora fusimaculans 564. Cercospora althaeina Sacc. IF No:
IF No: 100537 Trophic mode/ Guild: (G.F. Atk.) C. Nakash., Videira & Crous 233529 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 822745 /plant pathogen

565. Cercospora amaryllidis Ellis & Everh. 566. Cercospora apii Fresen. 567. Cercospora arachidicola Hori IF No:
IF No: 156486 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 161938 Trophic mode/Guild: 119877 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant plant pathogen
pathogen


568. Cercospora asparagi Sacc. IF No: 569. Cercospora beticola Sacc. 570. Cercospora brassicicola Henn. IF No:
173116 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 162050 Trophic mode/Guild: 152656 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen

571. Cercospora canescens Ellis & G. 572. Cercospora cannabis Hara & Fukui IF 573. Cercospora capsici Heald & F.A. Wolf
Martin IF No: 179841 Trophic mode/ No: 284900 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 259712 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

574. Cercospora chusqueae Chupp IF No: 575. Cercospora coffeicola Berk. & Cooke 576. Cercospora erechtitis G.F. Atk. IF No:
294342 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 191536 Trophic mode/Guild: 150319 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen

577. Cercospora erythrinae Ellis & Everh. 578. Cercospora furcraeae Obreg.–Bot. IF 579. Cercospora ingae Obreg.–Bot. IF No:
IF No: 150381 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 630125 Trophic mode/Guild: 284958 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/

580. Cercospora kikuchii (Tak. Matsumoto 581. Cercospora longissima Cooke & Ellis 582. Cercospora malayensis F. Stevens &
& Tomoy.) M.W. Gardner IF No: 252873 IF No: 490979 Trophic mode/Guild: Solheim IF No: 171400 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

583. Cercospora mikaniicola F. Stevens IF 584. Cercospora nicotianae Ellis & Everh. 585. Cercospora physalidis Ellis
No: 120901 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 155078 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 175054 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

586. Cercospora richardiicola G.F. Atk. IF 587. Cercospora ricinella Sacc. & Berl. IF 588. Cercospora sapindi Obreg.–Bot. IF
No: 121304 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 209413 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 282408 Trophic mode/Guild:

589. Cercospora smilacigena U. Braun & 590. Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everh. IF 591. Cercospora vicosae A.S. Mull. &
Crous IF No: 500172 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 154316 Trophic mode/Guild: Chupp IF No: 281714 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph /plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

592. Cercospora zeae–maydis Tehon & 593. Cercospora zinniae Ellis & G. Martin 594. Cercospora zonata G. Winter IF No:
E.Y. Daniels IF No: 161090 Trophic mode IF No: 174743 Trophic mode/Guild: 174847 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen

595. Cercosporella virgaureae (Thüm.) 596. Clarohilum henningsii (Allesch.) 597. Dothistroma septosporum (Dorogin)
Allesch. IF No: 121662 Trophic mode/ Videira & Crous IF No: 822748 M. Morelet IF No: 121392 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

598. Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. IF No: 599. Laocoon paradoxus (Syd. & P. Syd.) 600. Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd. IF
297520 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph J.C. David IF No: 627592 No: 255702 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

601. Lecanosticta pharomachri van der 602. Mycosphaerella berkeleyi W.A. 603. Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby)
Nest, M.J. Wingf. & I. Barnes IF No: Jenkins IF No: 258363 Trophic Lindau IF No: 100064 Trophic mode/Guild:
826876 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathotroph/plant pathogen

604. Mycosphaerella colombiensis Crous 605. Mycosphaerella dianthi (C.C. Burt) 606. Mycosphaerella drymariae Syd. & P.
& M.J. Wingf. IF No: 442957 Trophic Jørst. IF No: 288625 Trophic mode/Guild: Syd. IF No: 154708 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

607. Mycosphaerella heimii Bouriquet ex 608. Mycosphaerella henningsii Sivan. IF 609. Mycosphaerella longibasalis Crous &
Crous IF No: 415105 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 105550 Trophic mode/Guild: M.J. Wingf. IF No: 442964 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen


610. Mycosphaerella musicola R. Leach ex 611. Mycosphaerella punctiformis (Pers.) 612. Mycosphaerella rubi Roark IF No:
J.L. Mulder IF No: 288652 Trophic Starbäck IF No: 355991 276921 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen

613. Mycovellosiella costeroana (Petr. & 614. Neocercosporidium smilacis (Thüm.) 615. Pallidocercospora konae (Crous,
Cif.) X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo IF No: 135450 U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous Joanne E. Taylor & M.E. Palm) Crous
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant IF No: 822765 IF No: 564827
pathogen

616. Pantospora guazumae Cif. 617. Paracercosporidium microsorum 618. Parapallidocercospora colombiensis
IF No: 266617 Trophic mode/Guild: (Sacc.) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Videira & Crous
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Crous IF No: 822819 IF No: 822774

619. Passalora aenea (Cif.) U. Braun & 620. Passalora ambrosiae (Chupp) Crous 621. Passalora cassiae (Henn.) U. Braun IF
Crous IF No: 445594 Trophic mode/Guild: & U. Braun IF No: 467866 Trophic mode/ No: 437705 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

622. Passalora castellanii (Matta & 623. Passalora cornifoliae (Chupp) U. 624. Passalora gibertii (Speg.) U. Braun IF
Belliard) U. Braun IF No: 413692 Trophic Braun & Crous IF No: 439369 Trophic No: 637681 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

625. Passalora hyptidis (Speg.) U. Braun IF 626. Passalora koepkei (W. Krüger) U. 627. Passalora liabi (Syd. & P. Syd.) U.
No: 483034 Trophic mode/Guild: Braun & Crous IF No: 462987 Trophic Braun & Crous IF No: 458525 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

628. Passalora manihotis (F. Stevens & 629. Passalora occidentalis (Cooke) U. 630. Passalora pteridis (Siemaszko) U.
Solheim) U. Braun & Crous IF No: 454312 Braun IF No: 483042 Trophic mode/Guild: Braun & Crous IF No: 458465 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathoge mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

631. Passalora simulata (Ellis & Everh.) U. 632. Passalora stylosanthis (Speg.) U. 633. Phaeoisariopsis sphaeroidea (Speg.)
Braun IF No: 362499 Trophic mode/ Guild: Braun IF No: 413709 Trophic mode/Guild: L.G. Br. & Morgan–Jones IF No: 319606
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen

634. Phaeophleospora scytalidii (Crous & 635. Polythrincium trifolii Kunze 636. Pseudocercospora aciotidis (Chupp)
M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous IF No: IF No: 215652 Trophic mode/Guild: U. Braun & Crous IF No: 380198 Trophic
807785 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen mode /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
plant pathogen

637. Pseudocercospora angustata (Chupp 638. Pseudocercospora atromarginalis 639. Pseudocercospora basitruncata
& Solheim) Deighton IF No: 321500 (G.F. Atk.) Deighton IF No: 321507 Trophic Crous IF No: 442970 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

640. Pseudocercospora bauhiniae (Syd. & 641. Pseudocercospora bradburyae (E. 642. Pseudocercospora byrsonimae
P. Syd.) Deighton IF No: 321514 Trophic Young) Deighton IF No: 321522 Trophic (Maubl.) U. Braun & Mouch. IF No: 623841
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen

643. Pseudocercospora calospilea (Syd.) 644. Pseudocercospora coriariae (Chupp) 645. Pseudocercospora fijiensis (M.
Deighton IF No: 321526 Trophic mode/ X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo IF No: 126477 Trophic Morelet) Deighton IF No: 321576 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

646. Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) 647. Pseudocercospora hemidiodiae 648. Pseudocercospora leandrae (Syd.) U.
Crous & U. Braun IF No: 500855 Trophic (Toro) Deighton IF No: 321593 Trophic Braun IF No: 460171 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

649. Pseudocercospora mali (Ellis & 650. Pseudocercospora megalopotamica 651. Pseudocercospora melochiae (Henn.)
Everh.) Deighton IF No: 283648 Trophic (Speg.) U. Braun IF No: 483037 Trophic Deighton IF No: 321633 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen


652. Pseudocercospora miconiae (Gonz. 653. Pseudocercospora miconiicola 654. Pseudocercospora nigricans (Cooke)
Frag. & Cif.) U. Braun & Crous IF No: (Chupp) U. Braun & Crous IF No: 440871 Deighton IF No: 321651 Trophic mode/
455681 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
/plant pathogen pathogen

655. Pseudocercospora orchidacearum U. 656. Pseudocercospora piperis (Pat.) 657. Pseudocercospora polymniae
Braun IF No: 809024 Trophic mode/ Guild: Deighton IF No: 321663 Trophic mode/ (Chupp) U. Braun & Crous IF No: 441980
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen

658. Pseudocercospora profusa (Syd. & P. 659. Pseudocercospora pteridigena U. 660. Pseudocercospora puerariae (Syd. &
Syd.) Deighton IF No: 131755 Trophic Braun IF No: 805528 Trophic mode/Guild: P. Syd.) Deighton IF No: 321673 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

661. Pseudocercospora punicae (Henn.) 662. Pseudocercospora stevensii (E. 663. Pseudocercospora ulei (Henn.) B.T.
Deighton IF No: 321676 Trophic mode/ Young) U. Braun & Crous IF No: 449950 Hora & Mizubuti IF No: 804653 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
endophyte, plant pathogen pathogen

664. Pseudocercospora ulmifoliae 665. Pseudocercospora zorniae (J.M. Yen 666. Pseudocercosporella lantanicola
(Obreg.–Bot.) U. Braun & Crous IF No: & Gilles) Deighton IF No: 321738 Trophic (Chupp) U. Braun & Crous IF No: 440973
456872 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathogen

667. Pseudozasmidium parkii (Crous & 668. Ramularia armoraciae Fuckel IF No: 669. Ramularia collo–cygni B. Sutton &
Alfenas) Videira & Crous IF No: 822785 165199 J.M. Waller IF No: 133476 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte

670. Ramularia gossypii (Speg.) Cif. IF No: 671. Ramularia occidentalis Ellis & 672. Ramularia vallisumbrosae Cavara IF
338213 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Kellerm. IF No: 199223 No: 213163
plant pathogen

673. Ramulispora alloteropsidis Thirum. & 674. Rhabdospora avicenniae Kohlm. & E. 675. Rosisphaerella rosicola (Pass.) U.
Naras. IF No: 305071 Trophic mode/ Kohlm. IF No: 322421 Trophic Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous IF No:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined 822800
saprotroph

676. Septoria antirrhini Desm. 677. Septoria apiicola Speg. 678. Septoria asclepiadea Sacc. IF No:
IF No: 241670 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 144109 Trophic mode/Guild: 237502 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen

679. Septoria cucutana F. Kern & Toro IF 680. Septoria glycines Hemmi 681. Septoria lactucae Pass.

682. Septoria lycopersici Speg. 683. Septoria selenophomoides E.K. Cash 684. Sphaerellothecium arnoldii (A.
IF No: 222927 Trophic mode/Guild: & A.M.J. Watson IF No: 305896 Trophic Massal.) Hafellner IF No: 833734 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

685. Sphaerulina ferruginosa Chardón & 686. Sphaerulina mimosae–pigrae H.C. 687. Sphaerulina oryzina Hara
Toro IF No: 264793 Trophic mode/Guild: Evans & G. Carrión IF No: 358354 Trophic IF No: 101370 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised pathotroph/plant pathogen

688. Stigmidium heterodermiae Etayo IF 689. Stigmidium joergensenii R. Sant. IF 690. Stigmidium leptogii Etayo IF No:
No: 373311 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 136182 Trophic mode/Guild: 373312 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite lichen parasite

Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphae–rellaceae 693.
691. Uwebraunia ellipsoidea Crous & M.J. 692. Uwemyces elaeidis (Steyaert) Hern.– Zasmidium eucalyptigenum Crous & M.J.
Wingf. IF No: 415554 Trophic mode/ Guild: Restr., Sarria & Crous IF No: 816987 Wingf. IF No: 810605 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph


Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae
694. Zasmidium eucalyptorum (Crous & 695. Zasmidium pseudoparkii (Crous & 696. Devriesia staurophora (W.B. Kendr.)
M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous IF No: M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun IF No: Seifert & N.L. Nick. IF No: 371260 Trophic
807790 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 516597 mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae
697. Penidiella columbiana Crous & U. 698. Pseudoteratosphaeria flexuosa 699. Pseudoteratosphaeria
Braun IF No: 504510 Trophic mode/ Guild: (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous perpendicularis (Crous & M.J. Wingf.)
pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 807825 Quaedvl. & Crous
IF No: 807828

Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae
700. Pseudoteratosphaeria secundaria 701. Stenella anomoconis de Hoog & 702. Suberoteratosphaeria suberosa
(Crous & Alfenas) Quaedvl. & Crous Boekhout IF No: 108541 Trophic mode/ (Crous, F.A. Ferreira, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.)
IF No: 807829 Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Quaedvl. & Crous IF No: 807839

Capnodiales, Incertae sedis Capnodiales, Incertae sedis Dothideales, Dothideaceae
703. Scolecostigmina mangiferae (M.B. 704. Scolecostigmina palmivora (Sacc.) 705. Endoconidioma populi Tsuneda,
Ellis) U. Braun & Mouch. IF No: 450428 Kamal IF No: 568122 Hambl. & Currah IF No: 487733 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
saprotroph

Dothideales, Dothideaceae Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae
706. Vestergrenia multipunctata (G. 707. Aureobasidium melanogenum 708. Aureobasidium microstictum (Bubák)
Winter) Arx & E. Müll. IF No: 307753 (Herm.–Nijh.) Zalar, Gostinčar & Gunde– W.B. Cooke IF No: 326821 Trophic mode/
Cim. IF No: 807698 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte
pathotroph, saprotroph,
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte, plant
pathogen, undefined saprotroph Habitat: Isolated from pulps of
mango | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae
709. Aureobasidium namibiae (Zalar, de 710. Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary & 711. Aureobasidium thailandense S.W.
Hoog & Gunde–Cim.) Zalar, Gostinčar & Löwenthal) G. Arnaud IF No: 101771 Peterson, Manitch. & Leathers IF No:
Gunde–Cim. IF No: 807701 Trophic mode Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 801148 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte, plant epiphyte, plant pathogen Habitat: In soil | leaf surfaces of plants pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte, plant pathogen, undefined
pathogen, undefined saprotroph | On seeds | On food | In indoor | Ocasionally isolated from skin saprotroph Habitat: Isolated from pulps of rose apple
and nails | Endophyte. Saprotroph. gregarious Distribution: (“pomarroso”) | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
Global Distribution Elev.: 3,250 m Dept.: CUN Uses: HF, PO

Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae Dothideales, Saccotheciaceae Muyocopronales, Muyocopronaceae
712. Metasphaeria phyllachoracearum 713. Pseudosydowia eucalypti (Verwoerd & 714. Peltella insignis Toro
Petr. IF No: 274316 Trophic mode/Guild: du Plessis) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde IF No: 267967
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph IF No: 550734

Mycosphaerellales, Mycosphaerellaceae Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae
715. Sonderhenia walkeri R.F. Park & 716. Elsinoe arachidis (Bitanc. & Jenkins) 717. Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins IF
Keane IF No: 648681 Trophic mode/ Rossman & W.C. Allen IF No: 627254 No: 627260 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae
718. Elsinoe brasiliensis Bitanc. & Jenkins 719. Elsinoe cinchonae Jenkins 720. Elsinoe fawcettii Bitanc. & Jenkins IF
IF No: 627274 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 627287 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 627313 Trophic mode/Guild:

Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae,
Myriangiales, Elsinoaceae Incertae sedis, Vizellaceae Mytilinidiales, Mytilinidiaceae
721. Elsinoe zorniae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) 722. Vizella appendiculosa (Mont. & Berk.) 723. Taeniolella diederichiana Etayo &
Romberg & W.C. Allen IF No: 627434 Theiss. IF No: 207258 Trophic Calat. IF No: 355970 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Dept.: CUN pathotroph/lichen parasite
pathogen

Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae,
Mytilinidiales, Mytilinidiaceae Pleosporales, Amniculicolaceae Pleosporales, Amniculicolaceae
724. Taeniolella thelotrematis Heuchert & 725. Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P. 726. Anguillospora crassa Ingold
Brackel IF No: 819304 Trophic mode/ Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde IF No: IF No: 292536
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite 819029 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: From foam
in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

Pleosporales, Amniculicolaceae Pleosporales, Amniculicolaceae Pleosporales, Arthopyreniaceae
727. Anguillospora gigantea Ranzoni 728. Anguillospora pseudolongissima 729. Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A.
IF No: 292538 Ranzoni IF No: 292539 Trophic Massal. IF No: 377023 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: From mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN


Pleosporales, Astrosphaeriellaceae Pleosporales, Astrosphaeriellaceae Pleosporales, Coniothyriaceae
730. Astrosphaeriella stellata (Pat.) Sacc. 731. Astrosphaeriella trochus (Penz. & 732. Coniothyrium panici Syd.
IF No: 197616 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc.) D. Hawksw. IF No: 111138 Trophic IF No: 273472 Trophic mode/ Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
saprotroph wood saprotroph
Pleosporales, Coniothyriaceae Pleosporales, Corynesporascaceae Pleosporales, Corynesporascaceae
733. Coniothyrium phyllachorae Maubl. IF 734. Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. 735. Corynespora gigaspora (Berk. &
No: 178431 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) C.T. Wei IF No: 296024 Trophic Broome) M.B. Ellis IF No: 296028 Trophic
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
wood saprotroph endophyte, plant pathogen saprotroph

Pleosporales, Corynesporascaceae Pleosporales, Cucurbitariaceae Pleosporales, Cucurbitariaceae
736. Corynespora pseudocassiicola Crous 737. Pyrenochaetopsis decipiens 738. Pyrenochaetopsis leptospora (Sacc.
& M.J. Wingf. IF No: 825399 Trophic (Marchal) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley IF & Briard) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley IF
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined No: 514655 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 514654 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
endophyte, lichen parasite, undefined saprotroph endophyte, lichen parasite, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On
soils cultivated with apple and peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900
m Dept.: BOY

Pleosporales, Dacampiaceae Pleosporales, Dacampiaceae Pleosporales, Didymellaceae
739. Aaosphaeria arxii (Aa) Aptroot IF No: 740. Dacampia leptogiicola (D. Hawksw.) 741. Ascochyta herbicola (Wehm.) Qian
412366 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph D. Hawksw. IF No: 511070 Trophic mode/ Chen & L. Cai IF No: 814127 Trophic
/undefined saprotroph Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

Pleosporales, Didymellaceae Pleosporales, Didymellaceae Pleosporales, Didymellaceae
742. Ascochyta medicaginicola Qian Chen 743. Boeremia exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp, 744. Boeremia noackiana (Allesch.)
& L. Cai IF No: 814129 Trophic mode/ Gruyter & Verkley IF No: 515624 Trophic Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley IF No:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ 515636 Trophic mode/Guild:
On soils cultivated with peach | Plant endophyte, plant pathogen Habitat: On pathotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
pathogen Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.:
BOY

745. Didymella arachidicola (Khokhr.) 746. Didymella glomerata (Corda) Qian 747. Didymella holci (Tehon) Arx IF No:
Tomilin IF No: 313038 Trophic mode/ Chen & L. Cai IF No: 814105 Trophic 128195 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/animal mode/ Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/animal pathogen, plant
pathogen, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph/animal pathogen, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph
saprotroph pathogen, undefined saprotroph

748. Didymella penniseti Syd. & P. Syd. IF 749. Didymella pinodes (Berk. & A. 750. Didymella rumicicola (Boerema &
No: 150883 Trophic mode/Guild: Bloxam) Petr. IF No: 274545 Trophic Loer.) Q. Chen & L. Cai
pathotroph, saprotroph/animal pathogen, mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 814118
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph saprotroph/animal pathogen, plant
pathogen, undefined saprotroph

751. Didymella viburnicola (Oudem.) Qian 752. Epicoccum andropogonis (Ces.) 753. Epicoccum draconis (Berk. ex Cooke)
Chen & L. Cai IF No: 814123 Trophic Schol–Schwarz IF No: 297307 Trophic Q. Chen & L. Cai
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, IF No: 814080
animal pathogen, plant pathogen, symbiotroph/ endophyte, fungal parasite,
undefined saprotroph lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

754. Epicoccum nigrum Link 755. Epicoccum sorghinum (Sacc.) 756. Leptosphaerulina crassiasca (Séchet)
IF No: 226758 Trophic mode/Guild: Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley IF No: C.R. Jacks. & D.K. Bell IF No: 333283
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, 544157 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
lichen parasite, plant pathogen Habitat: In saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, pathogen
soil | seeds | dead parts of plants | insects | human skin | soils fungal parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph
cultivated with peach | soils in uncultivated field (intermediate
between orchad and woodland) | woodland soils | Saprotroph |
Saprotroph | endophythic Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
2,900 m Dept.: BOY Uses: PO

757. Leptosphaerulina peltigerae (Fuckel) 758. Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr. 759. Phoma herbarum Westend. IF No:
Riedl IF No: 333291 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 299665 Trophic mode/Guild: 171008
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/plant pathogen

760. Phoma leveillei Boerema & G.J. 761. Phoma phaseolina Brunaud IF No: 762. Similiphoma crystallifera (Gruyter,
Bollen IF No: 320130 244350 Noordel. & Boerema) Valenz.–Lopez,
Crous, Cano, Guarro & Stchigel IF No:
820848

Pleosporales, Didymellaceae Pleosporales, Didymellaceae Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae
763. Stagonosporopsis andigena 764. Stagonosporopsis crystalliniformis 765. Paraconiothyrium estuarinum Verkley
(Turkenst.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley IF (Loer., R. Navarro, M. Lôbo & Turkenst.) & Manuela Silva IF No: 500081 Trophic
No: 515655 Trophic mode/Guild: Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley IF No: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
pathotroph/plant pathogen 515659 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph saprotroph
/plant pathogen


Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae
766. Paraconiothyrium fuckelii (Sacc.) 767. Paraphaeosphaeria arecacearum 768. Paraphaeosphaeria parmeliae Crous
Verkley & Gruyter IF No: 564787 Trophic Verkley, Göker & Stielow IF No: 800762 & Trakun. IF No: 810834 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph saprotroph saprotroph

Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Didymosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Dothidotthiaceae
769. Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa (W. 770. Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Berk. 771. Dothidotthia melanococca (Lév.)
Gams & Domsch) Verkley, Göker & Stielow & M.A. Curtis) Jun F. Li, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde Aptroot IF No: 500366 Trophic
IF No: 800768 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 551393 mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
In leaves of Espeletia spp. | On soil | Endophyte. Saprotroph
Hosts: Espeletia spp. Elev.: 3,250 m Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

Pleosporales, Leptosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Leptosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Leptosphaeriaceae
772. Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb & 773. Leptosphaeria caucana Petr. IF No: 774. Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) Ces. &
J.W. Cribb) G.C. Hughes IF No: 316706 299575 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ De Not. IF No: 161618 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

Pleosporales, Leptosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Lophiostomataceae Pleosporales, Macrovalsariaceae
775. Leptosphaeria zeae–maydis Saccas 776. Lophiostoma chamaecyparidis 777. Macrovalsaria megalospora (Mont.)
IF No: 299658 Trophic mode/Guild: (Rehm) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde IF No: 375290 Sivan.
pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 317110
/undefined saprotroph

Pleosporales, Massarinaceae Pleosporales, Massarinaceae Pleosporales, Massarinaceae
778. Helminthosporiella stilbacea Hern.– 779. Helminthosporium solani Durieu & 780. Massarina polytrichadelphi Döbbeler
Restr., Sarria & Crous IF No: 816989 Mont. IF No: 510595 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: On leaves of Elaeis oleifera Dept.: IF No: 174113 pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
SAN undefined saprotroph Habitat: Bryophilous
Hosts: Polytrichadelphus aristatus Elev.: 2,000–2,440 m Dept.:
ANT, NAR

Pleosporales, Melanommataceae Pleosporales, Melanommataceae Pleosporales, Melanommataceae
781. Byssosphaeria rhodomphala (Berk.) 782. Herpotrichia rhodosticta (Berk. & 783. Pleotrichocladium opacum (Corda)
Cooke IF No: 124158 Trophic mode/ Guild: Broome) Sacc. IF No: 238423 Trophic Hern.–Restr., R.F. Castañeda & Gené
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 820278
saprotroph

Pleosporales, Microsphaeropsidaceae Pleosporales, Mycoporaceae Pleosporales, Mycoporaceae
784. Microsphaeropsis arundinis (S. 785. Mycoporum compositum (A. Massal.) 786. Mycoporum eschweileri (Müll. Arg.)
Ahmad) B. Sutton IF No: 116306 Trophic R.C. Harris IF No: 132230 Trophic mode/ R.C. Harris IF No: 413539 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ undefined Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ undefined
animal pathogen, epiphyte Habitat: On saprotroph, lichenised Biogeographic saprotroph, lichenised
soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, North America, Native
woodland) | Saprotroph. Human pathogen Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: Elev.: 1,200 –2,500 Dept.: CUN
BOY

Pleosporales, Mycoporaceae Pleosporales, Mycoporaceae Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae
787. Mycoporum lacteum (Ach.) R.C. 788. Mycoporum sparsellum Nyl. IF No: 789. Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. IF No:
Harris IF No: 413540 Trophic mode/ Guild: 395788 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 121267 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
saprotroph, symbiotroph/ undefined symbiotroph/undefined saprotroph, /endophyte
saprotroph, lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,200–2,700 m
Dept.: TOL

Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae
790. Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) O.E. Erikss. IF 791. Parastagonospora avenae (A.B. 792. Phaeoseptoria musae Punith. IF No:
No: 330712 Trophic mode/Guild: Frank) Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 319660 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph IF No: 804436 plant pathogen

793. Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, 794. Setophoma terrestris (H.N. Hansen) 795. Sphaerellopsis anomala Nag Raj
Payak & Renfro IF No: 441028 Trophic Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley IF No: 359676
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined IF No: 514659
saprotroph

796. Stagonospora atriplicis (Westend.) 797. Wojnowiciella eucalypti Crous, Hern.– 798. Wojnowiciella viburni (Wijayaw., Yong
Lind IF No: 118733 Trophic mode/Guild: Restr. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 812444 Wang bis & K.D. Hyde) Crous, Hern.–Restr.
pathotroph/plant pathogen & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 812445

Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
799. Alternaria alstroemeriae E.G. 800. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. IF No: 801. Alternaria astragali Wangeline & E.G.
Simmons & C.F. Hill IF No: 505018 Trophic 119834 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Simmons IF No: 510572 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen, symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph


802. Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. IF 803. Alternaria broccoli–italicae E.G. 804. Alternaria colombiana E.G. Simmons
No: 214057 Trophic mode/Guild: Simmons IF No: 505019 Trophic mode/ IF No: 460139 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph,
symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

805. Alternaria constricta E.G. Simmons IF 806. Alternaria dauci (J.G. Kühn) J.W. 807. Alternaria daucicaulis E.G. Simmons
No: 361698 Trophic mode/Guild: Groves & Skolko IF No: 284025 Trophic IF No: 505062 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph,
animal pathogen, endophyte, plant symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

808. Alternaria gaisen Nagano ex Hara IF 809. Alternaria geophila Dasz. IF No: 810. Alternaria gossypina (Thüm.) J.C.F.
No: 252306 Trophic mode/Guild: 101214 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, Hopkins IF No: 266270 Trophic
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
animal pathogen, endophyte, plant endophyte, plant pathogen, wood symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
pathogen, wood saprotroph saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

811. Alternaria infectoria E.G. Simmons IF 812. Alternaria limoniasperae E.G. 813. Alternaria longipes (Ellis & Everh.)
No: 103987 Trophic mode/Guild: Simmons IF No: 460136 Trophic E.W. Mason IF No: 269712 Trophic
pathotroph/animal pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

814. Alternaria longissima Deighton & 815. Alternaria oudemansii (E.G. 816. Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) M.B.
MacGarvie IF No: 326055 Trophic mode/ Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous IF No: Ellis IF No: 308514 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, 803715 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph/plant pathogen
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph endophyte, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

817. Alternaria passiflorae J.H. Simmonds 818. Alternaria pellucida E.G. Simmons IF 819. Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph/plant pathogen
animal pathogen, endophyte, plant symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

820. Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & 821. Alternaria solani Sorauer 822. Alternaria tangelonis E.G. Simmons IF
E.D. Eddy IF No: 276047 Trophic mode/ IF No: 444460 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 461084 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph,
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

823. Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) 824. Alternaria thunbergiae E.G. Simmons 825. Bipolaris cookei (Sacc.) Shoemaker IF
Wiltshire IF No: 280005 Trophic mode/ & Alcorn No: 293675 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ IF No: 504986 pathotroph/plant pathogen
endophyte, plant pathogen

826. Bipolaris cynodontis (Marignoni) 827. Bipolaris melinidis Alcorn 828. Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan)
Shoemaker IF No: 513895 Trophic mode/ IF No: 119250 Trophic mode/ Guild: Shoemaker IF No: 48251 8 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

829. Bipolaris sacchari (E.J. Butler) 830. Bipolaris stenospila (Drechsler ex 831. Bipolaris zeae Sivan.
Shoemaker IF No: 293698 Trophic mode/ Faris) Shoemaker IF No: 555414 Trophic IF No: 105096 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

832. Bipolaris zeicola (G.L. Stout) 833. Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. Nelson 834. Curvularia affinis Boedijn
Shoemaker IF No: 293708 Trophic mode/ IF No: 328541 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 255972 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, plant pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

835. Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn IF No: 836. Curvularia cactivora (Petr.) Y. Marín & 837. Curvularia clavata B.L. Jain IF No:
258787 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous IF No: 832462 Trophic mode/Guild: 329439 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/


838. Curvularia cymbopogonis (C.W. 839. Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) J.A. 840. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn IF
Dodge) J.W. Groves & Skolko IF No: Mey. IF No: 296246 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 269889 Trophic mode/Guild:
285914 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant
plant pathogen pathogen

841. Curvularia nodulosa (Sacc.) 842. Curvularia oryzae Bugnic. 843. Curvularia pallescens Boedijn IF No:
Manamgoda, Rossman & K.D. Hyde IF No: IF No: 282640 Trophic mode/Guild: 273299 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
809652 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
plant pathogen
844. Curvularia penniseti (Mitra) Boedijn IF 845. Curvularia ravenelii (M.A. Curtis ex 846. Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.)
No: 273902 Trophic mode/Guild: Berk.) Manamgoda, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde IF Subram. IF No: 296254 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen No: 800547 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
pathotroph/ plant pathogen endophyte, plant pathogen

847. Curvularia spicifera (Bainier) Boedijn 848. Curvularia trifolii (Kauffman) Boedijn 849. Drechslera gigantea S. Ito

850. Exserohilum heteropogonicola Sivan. 851. Exserohilum oryzicola Sivan. IF No: 852. Exserohilum prolatum K.J. Leonard &
IF No: 106131 Trophic mode/ Guild: 106134 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Suggs IF No: 314058 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

853. Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) 854. Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) K.J. 855. Pyrenophora avenae S. Ito & Kurib. IF
K.J. Leonard & Suggs IF No: 314059 Leonard & Suggs IF No: 314060 Trophic No: 258019 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

856. Pyrenophora poae (Baudyš) Y. Marín 857. Pyrenophora teres Drechsler IF No: 858. Pyrenophora tritici–repentis (Died.)
& Crous IF No: 829617 Trophic mode/ 255071 Trophic mode/Guild: Drechsler IF No: 255190 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

859. Stemphylium beticola Woudenb. & 860. Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. IF No: 861. Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber IF No:
Hanse IF No: 815876 218021 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 278352 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood plant pathogen
saprotroph

Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae Pleosporales, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae Pleosporales, Sporormiaceae
862. Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. 863. Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici 864. Preussia africana Arenal, Platas &
Simmons IF No: 339660 Trophic mode/ (R.W. Schneid. & Gerlach) Valenz.–Lopez, Peláez IF No: 501313 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Crous, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano IF No: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
820431 On soils cultivated with peach and apple |
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated with On soils in woodland | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Pleosporales, Sporormiaceae Pleosporales, Tetraplosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Torulaceae
865. Preussia tetramera (S.I. Ahmed & 866. Tetraploa sasicola (Kaz. Tanaka & K. 867. Dendryphion nanum (Nees) S.
Cain) Kruys IF No: 543082 Trophic mode/ Hiray.) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. IF No: Hughes IF No: 296539 Trophic
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 801977 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach |
On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and
woodland) | On woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY

Pleosporales, Torulaceae Pleosporales, Trematosphaeriaceae Pleosporales, Incertae sedis
868. Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link IF No: 869. Trematosphaeria grisea (J.E. 870. Clavariopsis aquatica De Wild. IF No:
199478 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Mackinnon, Ferrada & Montem.) Abd. 215182 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen Ahmed, Sande, Fahal & de Hoog IF No: Habitat: From foam in river | Saprotroph
804854 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Dept.: SAN

Pleosporales, Incertae sedis Pleosporales, Incertae sedis Pleosporales, Incertae sedis
871. Falciformispora senegalensis 872. Periconia macrospinosa Lefebvre & 873. Plenodomus tracheiphilus (Petri)
(Segretain, Baylet, Darasse & Camain) Abd. Aar.G. Johnson IF No: 289149 Trophic Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley IF No:
Ahmed, Sande, Fahal & de Hoog IF No: mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, 564760 Trophic mode/Guild:
804853 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
/plant pathogen wood saprotroph

Pleosporales, Incertae sedis Tubeufiales, Tubeufiaceae Tubeufiales, Tubeufiaceae
874. Pseudochaetosphaeronema larense 875. Helicomyces roseus Link 876. Lichenotubeufia eriodermatis (Etayo)
(Borelli & R. Zamora) Punith. IF No: IF No: 237696 Trophic mode/ Guild: Etayo IF No: 824085 Trophic mode/Guild:
321757 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph/ lichen parasite


Tubeufiales, Tubeufiaceae Tubeufiales, Tubeufiaceae Tubeufiales, Tubeufiaceae
877. Lichenotubeufia pannariae (Etayo) 878. Tubeufia cylindrothecia (Seaver) 879. Xenosporium berkeleyi (M.A. Curtis)
Etayo IF No: 818453 Trophic mode/Guild: Höhn. IF No: 340543 Trophic mode/Guild: Piroz. IF No: 341074 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ lichen parasite saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Venturiales, Venturiaceae Venturiales, Venturiaceae Venturiales, Venturiaceae
880. Botryostroma eupatorii (F. Stevens) E. 881. Gibbera guianensis (J.A. Stev.) Arx IF 882. Napicladium caricae Chardón & Cif.
Müll. & Arx IF No: 327129 Trophic No: 331310 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 259777 Trophic mode/Guild:

Venturiales, Venturiaceae Venturiales, Venturiaceae Venturiales, Venturiaceae
883. Pseudoparodiella vernoniae F. 884. Robledia tetraspora Chardón 885. Uleodothis eupatoriicola Garcés IF
Stevens IF No: 281562 Trophic mode/ IF No: 280108 No: 534843 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen
Vernonia canescens Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.:
ANT

Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae
886. Abrothallus eriodermae Suija, Etayo 887. Abrothallus hypotrachynae Etayo & 888. Abrothallus macrosporus Etayo & R.
& Pérez–Ort. IF No: 809368 Trophic mode Diederich IF No: 371712 Trophic mode/ Sant. IF No: 810726 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite

Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae
889. Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) 890. Abrothallus stereocaulorum Etayo & 891. Abrothallus stictarum Etayo IF No:
Arnold IF No: 216521 Trophic mode/ Diederich IF No: 371738 Trophic mode/ 371740 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite lichen parasite

Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Abrothallales, Abrothallaceae Acrospermales, Acrospermaceae
892. Abrothallus usneae Rabenh. IF No: 893. Abrothallus welwitschii Mont. IF No: 894. Oomyces carneoalbus (Lib.) Berk. &
457669 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 228963 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Broome IF No: 189698 Trophic
lichen parasite lichen parasite mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae
895. Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. 896. Lasiodiplodia avicenniae J.A. Osorio, 897. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis M.S.B.
& De Not. IF No: 183247 Trophic Jol. Roux & Z.W. de Beer IF No: 812010 Netto, M.W. Marques & A.J.L. Phillips IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 812566 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathogen plant pathogen

898. Lasiodiplodia crassispora T.I. Burgess 899. Lasiodiplodia macrospora A.R. 900. Lasiodiplodia parva A.J.L. Phillips, A.
& P.A. Barber IF No: 500235 Trophic Machado & O.L. Pereira IF No: 804871 Alves & Crous IF No: 510942 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

901. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae 902. Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea T.I. 903. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.)
A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous IF No: Burgess, P.A. Barber & Pegg IF No: Griffon & Maubl. IF No: 188476 Trophic
510941 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 500236 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
/animal pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen endophyte, plant pathogen

904. Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis T.I. 905. Lasiodiplodia viticola Úrbez–Torr., 906. Leptodothiorella marconii McPartl.
Burgess, P.A. Barber & Mohali IF No: Peduto & Gubler IF No: 519955 Trophic IF No: 363195
500237 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
plant pathogen Habitat: In Vanilla tissues |
wood of Acacia mangium | Endophyte Hosts: Vanilla sp.; Acacia
mangium Dept.: CHO

907. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) 908. Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook 909. Neofusicoccum ribis (Slippers, Crous
Goid. IF No: 300023 Trophic mode/Guild: & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L.
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant IF No: 500879 Trophic mode/Guild: Phillips IF No: 500881 Trophic
pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriales,
910. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Endomelanconiopsidaceae Endomelanconiopsidaceae
Crous & Slippers IF No: 500869 Trophic 911. Endomelanconiopsis endophytica E.I. 912. Endomelanconiopsis microspora
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen Rojas & Samuels IF No: 511838 Trophic (Verkley & Aa) E.I. Rojas & Samuels IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen 511839 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
plant pathogen

Botryosphaeriales, Phyllostictaceae Botryosphaeriales, Planistromellaceae Botryosphaeriales, Planistromellaceae
913. Phyllosticta anibae Massee 914. Microcyclus stuebelii (Henn.) E. Müll. 915. Microcyclus tinctoria (Tul.) Arx IF No:
IF No: 213430 & Sanwal IF No: 300993 Trophic 334159 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen


Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae
916. Melaspilea chionographa (Nyl.) 917. Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll. 918. Melaspilea heterocarpa (Fée) Müll.
Zahlbr. IF No: 395296 Trophic mode/ Arg. IF No: 395316 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 395329 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Colombia, Endemic Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,500–2,600 m Dept.: CUN

Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae Eremithallales, Melaspileaceae
919. Melaspilea interalbicans (Nyl.) Müll. 920. Melaspilea myriocarpa Fée IF No: 921. Melaspilea opegraphoides Nyl. IF No:
Arg. IF No: 395335 Trophic mode/Guild: 453375 Trophic mode/Guild: 395360 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Colombia, region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Colombia,
Endemic Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Native Dept.: GUA Endemic Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

Lichenoconiales, Lichenoconiaceae Lichenoconiales, Lichenoconiaceae Lineolatales, Lineolataceae
922. Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D. 923. Lichenoconium xanthoriae M.S. 924. Lineolata rhizophorae (Kohlm. & E.
Hawksw. IF No: 316909 Trophic mode/ Christ. IF No: 299794 Trophic mode/Guild: Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.–Kohlm.
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite IF No: 128208

Microthyriales, Micropeltidaceae Microthyriales, Microthyriaceae Microthyriales, Microthyriaceae
925. Dictyothyrium minutum Toro 926. Calothyrium apiahynum (Speg.) F. 927. Caribaeomyces tetrasporus (Toro) Cif.
IF No: 271347 Stevens IF No: 327524 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 257049 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Microthyriales, Microthyriaceae Microthyriales, Microthyriaceae Microthyriales, Microthyriaceae
928. Hansfordiella cupulifera (Hansf.) S. 929. Lichenopeltella communis Etayo IF 930. Lichenopeltella heterodermiae
HughesIF No: 298132 Trophic mode/ No: 565888 Trophic mode/Guild: Diederich IF No: 437021 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph /lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/ lichen parasite

931. Lichenopeltella minuta R. Sant. IF No: 932. Lichenopeltella thamnoliae R. Sant. 933. Microthyrium phoradendri Garcés IF
136181 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 446223 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 288392 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Hosts:
Phoradendron sp. Distribution: Pantropics ,
Endemic Dept.: CUN

934. Microthyrium rhombisporum Garcés 935. Platypeltella irregularis M.L. Farr IF 936. Raciborskiella janeirensis (Müll. Arg.)
IF No: 288394 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 110031 Trophic mode/Guild: R. Sant. IF No: 369876 Trophic
saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
On Rapanea sp. Hosts: Rapanea sp.
Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: ANT

Monoblastiales, Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiales, Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiales, Monoblastiaceae
937. Anisomeridium albisedum (Nyl.) R.C. 938. Anisomeridium americanum (A. 939. Anisomeridium foliicola R. Sant. &
Harris IF No: 132197 Trophic mode/ Guild: Massal.) R.C. Harris IF No: 412416 Trophic Tibell IF No: 134577 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 50 m Dept.: NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–450 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR

940. Anisomeridium leptospermum 941. Anisomeridium polycarpum (Müll. 942. Anisomeridium subnexum (Nyl.) R.C.
(Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris IF No: 412442 Trophic Arg.) R.C. Harris IF No: 412451 Trophic Harris IF No: 412460
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: ANT

943. Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.) 944. Anisomeridium tamarindi (Fée) R.C. 945. Megalotremis lateralis Aptroot IF No:
R.C. Harris IF No: 112742 Trophic mode/ Harris IF No: 112743 533126 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 150 m

946. Megalotremis verrucosa (Makhija & 947. Monoblastia borinquensis R.C. Harris 948. Monoblastia rappii Zahlbr.
Patw.) Aptroot IF No: 359163 Trophic IF No: 413478 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 411199 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Neotropics, Native

Monoblastiales, Monoblastiaceae Patellariales, Patellariaceae Patellariales, Patellariaceae
949. Monoblastia subsquamulosa Breuss 950. Rhytidhysteron columbiense Soto– 951. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.)
IF No: 488379 Trophic mode/Guild: Medina & Lücking IF No: 552900 Trophic Speg. IF No: 121714 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph/plant pathogen
saprotroph


Strigulales, Strigulaceae Strigulales, Strigulaceae Strigulales, Strigulaceae
952. Dichoporis viridiseda (Nyl.) S.H. Jiang, 953. Dichoporis phaea (Ach.) S.H. Jiang, 954. Flavobathelium epiphyllum Lücking,
Lücking & Sérus. IF No: 836386 Lücking & Sérus. IF No: 836381 Aptroot & G. Thor IF No: 436310 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR

955. Phyllobathelium anomalum Lücking 956. Phyllobathelium firmum (Stirt.) Vězda 957. Phyllobathelium leguminosae
IF No: 478134 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 489596 Trophic mode/Guild: (Cavalc. & A.A. Silva) Lücking & Sérus. IF
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic No: 443807 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia, Caribbean, Pacific symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 20–600 m Dept.: AMA, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 600 m Dept.:
CAQ, MAG, MET, NAR MET

958. Phyllocharis orbicularis (Fr.) S.H. 959. Phylloporis obducta (Müll. Arg.) R. 960. Phylloporis phyllogena (Müll. Arg.)
Jiang, Lücking & Sérus. IF No: 836391 Sant. & Tibell IF No: 134579 Trophic Clem. IF No: 400509 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

961. Phylloporis platypoda (Müll. Arg.) 962. Phylloporis radiata (Lücking) S.H. 963. Phylloporis vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) S.H.
Vězda IF No: 107125 Trophic mode/ Guild: Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei IF No: 833572 Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei IF No: 833574
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
964. Puiggariella nemathora (Mont.) S.H. 965. Racoplaca maculata (Cooke & 966. Racoplaca melanobapha (Kremp.)
Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei IF No: 833579 Massee) S.H. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei IF S.H. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ No: 833584 Trophic mode/Guild: 833586 Trophic mode/Guild:
lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

967. Racoplaca subtilissima Fée IF No: 968. Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg. IF 969. Strigula concreta (Fée) R. Sant. IF No:
403637 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 406612 Trophic mode/Guild: 370568 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 800–
Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT 2,200 m Dept.: CUN, MAG

970. Strigula dichosporidii Etayo IF No: 971. Strigula macrocarpa Vain. 972. Strigula nitidula Mont. IF No: 119305
373314 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 406639 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichen parasite symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, , Andes, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Native Elev.: 35–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR, VAU

Strigulales, Strigulaceae Strigulales, Strigulaceae Trypetheliales, Polycoccaceae
973. Strigula schizospora R. Sant. IF No: 974. Strigula smaragdula Fr. 975. Polycoccum squamarioides (Mudd)
370578 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 431363 Trophic mode/Guild: Arnold IF No: 206844 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic pathotroph/ lichen parasite
region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean
Native Elev.: 20–60 m Dept.: MAG Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–2,000 m Dept.: AMA,
CAQ, CUN, MAG, VAU

Trypetheliales, Polycoccaceae Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae
976. Polycoccum vermicularium (Linds.) D. 977. Architrypethelium columbianum (Nyl.) 978. Architrypethelium hyalinum Aptroot IF
Hawksw. IF No: 104655 Trophic mode/ Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816650 Trophic No: 533118 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Conservation: DD region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 1,900–2,000 m Dept.: VAC

Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae
979. Architrypethelium uberinum (Fée) 980. Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot IF 981. Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.)
Aptroot No: 815206 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816652 Trophic
IF No: 359161 symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised

982. Astrothelium andamanicum (Makhija 983. Astrothelium annulare (Fée) Aptroot 984. Astrothelium chrysoglyphum (Vain.)
& Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816656 & Lücking IF No: 816657 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816672 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised

985. Astrothelium cinnamomeum (Eschw.) 986. Astrothelium colombiense Aptroot IF 987. Astrothelium conicum Eschw. IF No:
Müll. Arg. IF No: 377816 Trophic No: 815209 Trophic mode/Guild: 377819 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Amazonia, Orinoquia Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ Neotropics, Native Dept.: GUA, VID


988. Astrothelium crassum (Fée) Aptroot IF 989. Astrothelium defossum (Müll. Arg.) 990. Astrothelium degenerans (Vain.)
No: 532768 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816679 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816680 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native

991. Astrothelium diplocarpum Nyl. IF No: 992. Astrothelium effusum (Aptroot & 993. Astrothelium eustomum (Mont.) Müll.
377824 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816682 Arg. IF No: 377825 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
symbiotroph/lichenised Pantropics, Native

994. Astrothelium fallax Müll. Arg. IF No: 995. Astrothelium feei (C.F.W. Meissn.) 996. Astrothelium ferrugineum (Müll. Arg.)
377826 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816685 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816686 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

997. Astrothelium flavoduplex Aptroot & 998. Astrothelium floridanum Zahlbr. ex M. 999. Astrothelium fuscosporum Soto–
M. Cáceres IF No: 815167 Trophic mode/ Choisy IF No: 377827 Trophic mode/Guild: Medina, Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 818994
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised

1000. Astrothelium gigasporum R.C. Harris 1001. Astrothelium infuscatulum (Müll. 1002. Astrothelium inspersaeneum E.L.
IF No: 103071 Trophic mode/ Guild: Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816692 Lima, Aptroot & M. Cáceres IF No: 802575
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia, symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA

1003. Astrothelium inspersotuberculosum 1004. Astrothelium interjectum R.C. Harris 1005. Astrothelium leucothelium Nyl. IF
Flakus & Aptroot IF No: 103072 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 377838 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 812948 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised region: Pacific Distribution: Amazonia, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR 1,200 m

1006. Astrothelium lucidomedullatum 1007. Astrothelium macrocarpum (Fée) 1008. Astrothelium megaspermum (Mont.)
Aptroot IF No: 815221 Trophic mode/ Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816699 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816705 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1009. Astrothelium nigratum (Müll. Arg.) 1010. Astrothelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) 1011. Astrothelium novemseptatum
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816709 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816711 Trophic Aptroot & M. Cáceres IF No: 815175
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/ Guild:

1012. Astrothelium ochrothelium (Nyl.) 1013. Astrothelium papillosum (P.M. 1014. Astrothelium papulosum (Nyl.)
Müll. Arg. IF No: 377845 Trophic mode/ McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816717 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised 816716 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 300–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

1015. Astrothelium phaeothelium (Nyl.) 1016. Astrothelium phlyctaena (Fée) 1017. Astrothelium
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816719 Trophic Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816720 Trophic pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot IF No:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised 815233 Trophic mode/Guild:
Conservation: DD symbiotroph/lichenised

1018. Astrothelium pulcherrimum (Fée) 1019. Astrothelium punctulatum Malme IF 1020. Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot &
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816726 Trophic No: 377849 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 816727 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1021. Astrothelium purpurascens (Müll. 1022. Astrothelium rimosum Aptroot IF No: 1023. Astrothelium robustum Müll. Arg. IF
Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816728 815234 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 377852 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

1024. Astrothelium rufescens (Müll. Arg.) 1025. Astrothelium scoria (Fée) Aptroot & 1026. Astrothelium scorioides Nyl. IF No:
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816731 Trophic Lücking IF No: 816739 Trophic 377853 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Endemic Elev.: 35–1,200 m Dept.: NAR


1027. Astrothelium scoriothelium Aptroot 1028. Astrothelium sepultum Mont. 1029. Astrothelium sphaerioides (Mont.)
& Lücking IF No: 816740 Trophic mode/ IF No: 377855 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816744 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1030. Astrothelium subdiscretum (Nyl.) 1031. Astrothelium subdisjunctum (Müll. 1032. Astrothelium subfuscum Kremp. IF
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816748 Trophic Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816749 No: 637050 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA

1033. Astrothelium subscoria Flakus & 1034. Astrothelium sulphureum (Eschw.) 1035. Astrothelium thelotremoides (Nyl.)
Aptroot IF No: 812954 Trophic mode/ Nyl. IF No: 121397 Biogeographic region: Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816753 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Andes Distribution: Amazonia, Native Elev.: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
1,200–1,700 m Dept.: TOL

1036. Astrothelium tuberculosum (Vain.) 1037. Astrothelium variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot 1038. Astrothelium variolosum (Ach.) Müll.
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816755 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 816757 Trophic Arg. IF No: 377863 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

1039. Astrothelium vezdae (Makhija & 1040. Bathelium madreporiforme (Eschw.) 1041. Bathelium mastoideum Afzel. ex
Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816758 Trevis. IF No: 378652 Trophic mode/Guild: Ach. IF No: 378653 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: TOL Native Elev.: 100 m

1042. Bathelium phaeomelodes Müll. Arg. 1043. Bogoriella apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot & 1044. Bogoriella captiosa (Kremp.) Aptroot
IF No: 378660 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 816764 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 816765 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1045. Bogoriella exigua (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot 1046. Bogoriella hemisphaerica (Müll. 1047. Bogoriella modesta (Müll. Arg.)
& Lücking IF No: 816770 Trophic Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816772 Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816778 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1048. Bogoriella nonensis (Stirt.) Aptroot & 1049. Bogoriella punctata (Aptroot) 1050. Bogoriella queenslandica (Müll.
Lücking IF No: 816779 Trophic mode/ Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816782 Trophic Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816783
Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised mode/ Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised Trophic mode/Guild:

1051. Bogoriella subfallens (Müll. Arg.) 1052. Bogoriella thelena (Ach.) Aptroot & 1053. Bogoriella xanthonica (Komposch,
Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 816786 Trophic Lücking IF No: 816787 Trophic Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking IF
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised No: 816789 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised

1054. Constrictolumina cinchonae (Ach.) 1055. Dictyomeridium proponens (Nyl.) 1056. Marcelaria purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot,
Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot IF No: Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking IF No: Nelsen & Parnmen IF No: 805453 Trophic
816878 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 816880 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised /lichenised

1057. Nigrovothelium tropicum (Ach.) 1058. Novomicrothelia oleosa (Aptroot) 1059. Polymeridium albidum (Müll. Arg.)
Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot IF No: Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking IF No: R.C. Harris IF No: 102982 Trophic mode/
816881 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 816882 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA

1060. Polymeridium albocinereum 1061. Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) R.C. 1062. Polymeridium contendens (Nyl.) R.C.
(Kremp.) R.C. Harris IF No: 360033 Trophic Harris IF No: 103721 Trophic mode/Guild: Harris IF No: 112732 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: CUN

1063. Polymeridium pyrenuloides (Fée) 1064. Polymeridium subcinereum (Nyl.) 1065. Polymeridium subvirescens (Leight.)
Aptroot IF No: 803007 Trophic mode/ R.C. Harris IF No: 113049 Trophic Aptroot IF No: 803003 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ


1066. Pseudobogoriella miculiformis (Müll. 1067. Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. 1068. Pseudopyrenula flavoreagens
Arg.) Lücking, R. Miranda & Aptroot IF No: Arg. IF No: 402501 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & M. Cáceres IF No: 815189
555803 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, NAR, SAN

1069. Pseudopyrenula media Aptroot & 1070. Pseudopyrenula sphaerocephala 1071. Pseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll.
Diederich IF No: 820219 Trophic mode/ Vain. IF No: 402536 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 402537 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised

1072. Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. 1073. Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. IF 1074. Trypethelium platystomum Mont.
Arg. IF No: 402538 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 122402 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 407981 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph /lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph /lichenised Distribution:
Pantropics, Native region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–1,000 m Dept.: AMA, RIS, TOL

Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae Trypetheliales, Trypetheliaceae Valsariales, Valsariaceae
1075. Trypethelium subeluteriae Makhija 1076. Trypethelium tolimense Lücking, 1077. Myrmaecium rubricosum (Fr.)
& Patw. IF No: 358599 Trophic mode/ Moncada & M.C. Gut. IF No: 817286 Fuckel IF No: 140021
Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised
Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
sedis, Englerulaceae sedis, Englerulaceae sedis, Euantennariaceae
1078. Questieria monotheca (Pat. & 1079. Schiffnerula robusta Garcés IF No: 1080. Euantennaria tropicicola Speg. IF
Gaillard) G. Arnaud IF No: 171146 Hosts: 290773 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 241357 Trophic mode/Guild:
Rapanea ferruginea Distribution: plant pathogen Hosts: Rapanea sp. pathotroph/
Pantropics Dept.: ANT Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.:
CUN

sedis, Parodiellaceae sedis, Parodiellaceae sedis, Parodiopsidaceae
1081. Parodiella hedysari (Schwein.) S. 1082. Parodiella perisporioides Speg. IF 1083. Dimeriella cordiicola (Henn.) Hansf.
Hughes IF No: 302296 Trophic mode/ No: 229209 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 286137 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

sedis, Parodiopsidaceae sedis, Parodiopsidaceae sedis, Parodiopsidaceae
1084. Dimeriella sacchari (Breda de Haan) 1085. Dimerium asterinacearum M.L. Farr 1086. Dimerium costaricense Syd. IF No:
Hansf. ex E.V. Abbott IF No: 119462 IF No: 128780 Trophic mode/Guild: 262142 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On plant pathogen Habitat: On mycelium of
pathogen Asterina melastomataceae, on leaves of Schiffnerula monotheca | Parasitic Elev.:
Miconia: Colombia |Fungicolous Distribution: Pantropics , 2,200 m Dept.: ANT
Endemic Dept.: CAU

sedis, Perisporiopsidaceae sedis, Perisporiopsidaceae sedis, Phaeodimeriellaceae
1087. Parodiopsis bicoronata Garcés IF 1088. Parodiopsis stevensii G. Arnaud IF 1089. Phaeodimeriella meliolinae (Toro)
No: 289042 Habitat: On Inga sp. No: 221704 Habitat: On Inga sp. Toro IF No: 302692 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,540 m Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,200 m pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On
Dept.: ANT Dept.: TOL Meliolina chardonii, on Clethra brevifolia
Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.: NSA

sedis, Polystomellaceae sedis, Protoscyphaceae sedis, Pseudoperisporiaceae
1090. Dothidella portoricensis F. Stevens 1091. Protoscypha subtropica (G. Winter) 1092. Bryochiton macrosporus Döbbeler
IF No: 195074 Trophic mode/Guild: Petr. IF No: 279409 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 510593 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On
Polytrichadelphus aristatus | Bryophilous
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,380–2,440 m Dept.: NAR

sedis, Pseudoperisporiaceae sedis, Pseudoperisporiaceae sedis, Incertae sedis
1093. Dimerina eutricha (Sacc. & Berl.) 1094. Phaeostigme isazanum Toro IF No: 1095. Achorella andina (Chardón) Chardón
Theiss. IF No: 100842 Trophic mode/ 268195 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 256791 Habitat: On Mikania
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen Habitat: On Asterinella ruiziana Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
antioquensis, and Miconia ciliata 2,850 m Dept.: CUN
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT

sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis
1096. Achorella toroana Chardón IF No: 1097. Bryorella cryptocarpa Döbbeler IF 1098. Bryorella imitans Döbbeler IF No:
280403 Trophic mode/Guild: /parasite No: 309977 Trophic mode/Guild: 510594 Trophic mode/Guild: /bryophilous
Habitat: On Cavendishia sp. Distribution: /bryophilous Habitat: On Polytrichadelphus Habitat: On Polytrichadelphus aristatus
Pantropics Dept.: ANT aristatus Elev.: 2,000–2,270 m Dept.: ANT Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,270–
3,000 m Dept.: ANT

1099. Buelliella colombiana Etayo IF No: 1100. Ceratocarpia wrightii (Berk. & M.A. 1101. Cercidospora hypotrachynicola
372018 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Curtis) Toro Etayo
lichen parasite IF No: 282149 IF No: 818308 Trophic mode/Guild:


1102. Endococcus apicicola (J. Steiner) R. 1103. Endococcus oropogonicola Etayo 1104. Homostegia ischaemi Chardón IF
Sant. IF No: 632964 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 372431 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 268197 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite

1105. Homostegia pelvetii (Hepp ex Linds.) 1106. Karschia talcophila (Ach.) Körb. IF 1107. Laterotheca stevensonii Bat. IF No:
Cooke IF No: 150863 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 237207 Trophic mode/Guild: 332991 Habitat: Insect secretions on
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite Weinmannis tolimensis Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 3,400–3,550 m Dept.:
VAC

1108. Leptospora rubella (Pers.) Rabenh. 1109. Melanochlamys leucoptera Syd. & 1110. Norrlinia peltigericola (Nyl.) Theiss.
IF No: 119461 P. Syd. & Syd. IF No: 121096 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 193224 pathotroph/lichen parasite

1111. Rhopographus bakeri Earle IF No: 1112. Rosellinula lopadii (Vouaux) D.J. 1113. Roumegueria goudotii (Lév.) Sacc.
167819 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Galloway IF No: 370535 Trophic mode/ ex Clem. & Shear
plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite IF No: 432023

Dothideomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae,
sedis, Incertae sedis Chaetothyriales, Chaetothyriaceae Chaetothyriales, Chaetothyriaceae
1114. Zymoseptoria tritici (Roberge ex 1115. Chaetothyrium setosum (Zimm.) 1116. Phaeosaccardinula samoensis
Desm.) Quaedvl. & Crous IF No: 517926 Hansf. IF No: 294759 Trophic mode/Guild: Höhn. IF No: 451292 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
pathogen

Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae,
Chaetothyriales, Coccodiniaceae Chaetothyriales, Cyphellophoraceae Chaetothyriales, Epibryaceae
1117. Dennisiella babingtonii (Berk.) Bat. 1118. Cyphellophora eucalypti Cheew. & 1119. Epibryon andinum Döbbeler IF No:
& Cif. IF No: 329804 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous IF No: 513844 Trophic mode/Guild: 357179 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph/animal pathogen, /plant pathogen Habitat: On
undefined saprotroph Polytrichadelphus aristatus | Bryophilous
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,900–3,000 m Dept.: ANT

Chaetothyriales, Epibryaceae Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae
1120. Epibryon pogonati–urnigeri 1121. Capronia andina Etayo IF No: 1122. Capronia coronata Samuels IF No:
Döbbeler IF No: 313926 Trophic mode/ 489135 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 129142 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: lichen parasite /endophyte
On Polytrichadelphus aristatus |
Bryophilous Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae
1123. Capronia epilobarina S.Y. Kondr. & 1124. Capronia hypotrachynae Etayo & 1125. Capronia leptogii Etayo & Diederich
D.J. Galloway IF No: 412702 Trophic Diederich IF No: 443793 Trophic mode/ IF No: 372304 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite

1126. Capronia normandinae R. Sant. & D. 1127. Capronia santessoniana Etayo IF 1128. Capronia triseptata (Diederich)
Hawksw. IF No: 125688 Trophic mode/ No: 565882 Trophic mode/Guild: Etayo IF No: 444755 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite symbiotroph /endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte

1129. Cladophialophora carrionii (Trejos) 1130. Cladophialophora chaetospira 1131. Cladophialophora normandinae
de Hoog, Kwon–Chung & McGinnis (Grove) Crous & Arzanlou IF No: 504526 (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich IF No:
IF No: 412794 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 800400 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ endophyte pathotroph/lichen parasite

1132. Exophiala attenuata Vitale & de 1133. Exophiala brunnea Papendorf IF No: 1134. Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron)
Hoog IF No: 483953 Trophic mode/Guild: 330806 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ McGinnis & A.A. Padhye IF No: 314040
pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/

1135. Exophiala moniliae de Hoog IF No: 1136. Exophiala psychrophila O.A. 1137. Exophiala spinifera (H.S. Nielsen &
314042 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Pedersen & Langvad IF No: 135481 Conant) McGinnis IF No: 314044 Trophic
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen

1138. Fonsecaea multimorphosa Najafz., 1139. Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) 1140. Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.)
V.A. Vicente, J. Sun bis, Meis & de Hoog IF Negroni IF No: 253857 Trophic J.F.H. Beyma IF No: 289356 Trophic
No: 519043 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph/ mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen


1141. Phialophora cyclaminis J.F.H. 1142. Phialophora verrucosa Medlar IF 1143. Rhinocladiella phaeophora
Beyma IF No: 289357 No: 214996 Trophic mode/Guild: Veerkamp & W. Gams IF No: 107225
symbiotroph/ endophyte Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/animal
pathogen

Chaetothyriales, Lyrommataceae Chaetothyriales, Microtheliopsidaceae Chaetothyriales, Trichomeriaceae
1144. Lyromma nectandrae Bat. & H. 1145. Microtheliopsis uleana Müll. Arg. IF 1146. Phragmocapnias betle (Syd., P. Syd.
Maia IF No: 345286 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 395632 Trophic mode/Guild: & E.J. Butler) Theiss. & Syd. IF No: 151279
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: saprotroph
Native Elev.: 200 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, NAR

Chaetothyriales, Trichomeriaceae Chaetothyriales, Trichomeriaceae Phaeomoniellales, Celotheliaceae
1147. Podoxyphium citricola Bat., A.F. Vital 1148. Trichomerium coffeicola 1149. Celothelium aciculiferum (Nyl.) Vain.
& Cif. IF No: 337444 (Puttemans) Speg. IF No: 340357 Trophic IF No: 382353 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic

Phaeomoniellales, Celotheliaceae Phaeomoniellales, Celotheliaceae Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae
1150. Celothelium cinchonarum (Müll. 1151. Celothelium dominicanum (Vain.) 1152. Anthracothecium macrosporum
Arg.) Vain. IF No: 382355 Trophic mode/ M.B. Aguirre IF No: 360014 Trophic (Hepp) Müll. Arg. IF No: 376201 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: CAQ, NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: RIS

Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae
1153. Anthracothecium prasinum (Eschw.) 1154. Clypeopyrenis microsperma (Müll. 1155. Distopyrenis americana Aptroot IF
R.C. Harris IF No: 132203 Trophic Arg.) Aptroot IF No: 359126 Trophic mode No: 359127 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised

1156. Lithothelium fluorescens Aptroot & 1157. Lithothelium illotum (Vain.) Aptroot 1158. Lithothelium obtectum (Müll. Arg.)
Sipman IF No: 533124 Trophic mode/ IF No: 359134 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot IF No: 359136 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1159. Lithothelium polysemum (Nyl.) 1160. Pyrenula acutalis R.C. Harris IF No: 1161. Pyrenula acutispora Kalb &
Aptroot IF No: 359138 Trophic mode/ 134418 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hafellner IF No: 359113 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 1,900–2,500 m Dept.: CUN

1162. Pyrenula adacta Fée 1163. Pyrenula aggregans Vain. IF No: 1164. Pyrenula aggregata (Fée) Fée IF No:
IF No: 403165 Trophic mode/ Guild: 403170 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 403171 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,050–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, 1,700 m Dept.: NAR 300 m Dept.: CAU
HUI

1165. Pyrenula andina Aptroot 1166. Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) Vain. IF No: 1167. Pyrenula arthoniotheca Upreti IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Colombia, Costa Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Rica, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,200 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, TOL Native Elev.: 35–240 m Dept.: AMA, NAR 2,100 m

1168. Pyrenula aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) 1169. Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris 1170. Pyrenula bahiana Malme
Ach. IF No: 403194 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 134419 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 403201 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, NAR Native Elev.: 2,300–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, NAR

1171. Pyrenula balia (Kremp.) R.C. Harris 1172. Pyrenula breutelii (Müll. Arg.) 1173. Pyrenula cerina Eschw. IF No:
IF No: 446200 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot IF No: 563102 Trophic 403224 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,300 m Dept.: AMA, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: CUN
CAQ, CAU, GUA, NAR, VAU

1174. Pyrenula chilensis (Fée) R.C. Harris 1175. Pyrenula circumfiniens Vain. IF No: 1176. Pyrenula cocoes Müll. Arg. IF No:
IF No: 134420 Trophic mode/Guild: 403236 Trophic mode/Guild: 627757 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Caribbean, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 2,000–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU, SAP


1177. Pyrenula complanata (Mont.) Trevis. 1178. Pyrenula concastroma R.C. Harris IF 1179. Pyrenula confinis (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
IF No: 403246 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 414058 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 414059
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–3,720 Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR,
RIS, TOL

1180. Pyrenula crassiuscula (Malme) 1181. Pyrenula cryptostoma (Nyl.) Müll. 1182. Pyrenula cryptothelia (Müll. Arg.)
Aptroot IF No: 381018 Trophic mode/ Arg. IF No: 403257 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Etayo IF No: 488956 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: HUI Native Elev.: 2,200 m Dept.: CUN

1183. Pyrenula cubana (Müll. Arg.) R.C. 1184. Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) 1185. Pyrenula duplicans (Nyl.) Aptroot IF
Harris IF No: 134424 Trophic mode/Guild: Schaer. IF No: 121721 Trophic mode/ No: 532766 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Neotropics, Native Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, Native Elev.: 1,290–2,100 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, TOL
CUN

1186. Pyrenula erumpens R.C. Harris IF 1187. Pyrenula fetivica (Kremp.) Müll. Arg. 1188. Pyrenula gahavisukana Aptroot IF
No: 134426 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 403291 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 437048 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised
Neotropics, Native

1189. Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot 1190. Pyrenula immissa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. IF 1191. Pyrenula laetior Müll. Arg. IF No:
IF No: 532765 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 403341 Trophic mode/Guild: 403357 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,250–1,750 m Dept.: CAU, RIS Neotropics, Native Elev.: 10–1,750 m Dept.: NAR

1192. Pyrenula laevigata (Pers.) Arnold IF 1193. Pyrenula leucotrypa (Nyl.) Upreti IF 1194. Pyrenula luteopruinosa Etayo &
No: 403358 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 445302 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot IF No: 489137

1195. Pyrenula macrospora (Degel.) 1196. Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trevis. IF 1197. Pyrenula massariospora (Starbäck)
Coppins & P. James IF No: 113989 Trophic No: 403371 Trophic mode/Guild: R.C. Harris IF No: 134431 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,200 Dept.: AMA, CUN, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: NAR
NAR, VAC

1198. Pyrenula mastophora (Nyl.) Müll. 1199. Pyrenula mastophoroides (Nyl.) 1200. Pyrenula microcarpa Müll. Arg. IF
Arg. IF No: 403384 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 403387 Trophic No: 403395 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,100–2,500 m Dept.: CUN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–1,700 m Dept.: CAU, NAR

1201. Pyrenula microtheca R.C. Harris IF 1202. Pyrenula minae Aptroot & Lücking IF 1203. Pyrenula minor Fée IF No: 403401
No: 462779 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 533128 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU

1204. Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.) R.C. Harris 1205. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. 1206. Pyrenula ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) R.C.
IF No: 436536 Trophic mode/Guild: Harris IF No: 134434 Trophic mode/Guild: Harris IF No: 134435 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0 m Dept.: ATL

1207. Pyrenula oleosa R.C. Harris IF No: 1208. Pyrenula papillifera (Nyl.) Aptroot 1209. Pyrenula papilligera (Leight.) Müll.
134436 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 563108 Arg. IF No: 403439 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Dept.: GUA

1210. Pyrenula parvinuclea (Meyen & 1211. Pyrenula platystoma (Müll. Arg.) 1212. Pyrenula pleiomera (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
Flot.) Aptroot IF No: 436537 Trophic Aptroot IF No: 563109 Trophic mode/ No: 403454 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,290 m Dept.: Endemic Elev.: 100 m Conservation: DD
TOL


1213. Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. 1214. Pyrenula pyrgillospora Aptroot IF No: 1215. Pyrenula quassiicola Fée
Harris IF No: 134438 Trophic mode/Guild: 437055 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 540259 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

1216. Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R.C. Harris 1217. Pyrenula schiffneri (Zahlbr.) Aptroot 1218. Pyrenula septicollaris (Eschw.) R.C.
IF No: 134439 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 563110 Trophic mode/Guild: Harris IF No: 134440 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Native Dept.: GUA

1219. Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.) Müll. 1220. Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 1221. Pyrenula subpraelucida Müll. Arg. IF
Arg. IF No: 403491 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 403506 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 403518 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,200 m Dept.: CAU, VAC Native Elev.: 1,200–2,300 m Dept.: CUN, TOL Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR

1222. Pyrenula subumbilicata (C. Knight) 1223. Pyrenula tenuisepta R.C. Harris IF 1224. Pyrenula thelomorpha Tuck. IF No:
Aptroot IF No: 532157 Trophic mode/ No: 134442 Trophic mode/Guild: 634614 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 250–2,000 m Dept.: AMA, VAC

Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulales, Pyrenulaceae Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae
1225. Pyrenula welwitschii (Upreti & Ajay 1226. Sulcopyrenula cruciata Aptroot IF 1227. Agonimia foliacea (P.M. Jørg.)
Singh) Aptroot IF No: 563112 Trophic No: 382796 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Moncada IF No: 553227 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae
1228. Agonimia pacifica (H. Harada) 1229. Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 1230. Bagliettoa calciseda (DC.) Gueidan
Diederich IF No: 436521 Trophic mode/ No: 121594 Trophic mode/Guild: & Cl. Roux IF No: 531906 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: NAR

1231. Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. 1232. Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl. IF 1233. Endocarpon pallidum Ach. IF No:
Mann IF No: 384229 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 384737 Trophic mode/Guild: 384738 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On rocks | symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
On dry seepages | Lichen Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Pantropics , Native
Elev.: 720 m Dept.: ANT Uses: MA, PO

1234. Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. IF No: 1235. Flakea papillata O.E. Erikss. IF No: 1236. Normandina acroglypta (Norman)
119673 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 359052 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Aptroot IF No: 413621 Trophic
/lichenised /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1237. Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. 1238. Phylloblastia amazonica Kalb & 1239. Psoroglaena laevigata Lücking IF
IF No: 395928 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 362486 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 538319 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 1,250–4,130 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–250 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO
RIS, SAN, TOL

Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliomycetidae,
Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae Verrucariales, Verrucariaceae Coryneliales, Coryneliaceae
1240. Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. IF No: 1241. Willeya diffractella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. IF 1242. Corynelia oreophila (Speg.) Starbäck
409208 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 410003 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 242347 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised pathotroph/plant pathogen

Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Coryneliales, Coryneliaceae Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae
1243. Corynelia uberata Fr. 1244. Aspergillus aculeatus Iizuka IF No: 1245. Aspergillus amstelodami (L. Mangin)
IF No: 236359 Trophic mode/Guild: 292831 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Thom & Church IF No: 256730 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/

Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae,
Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae
1246. Aspergillus appendiculatus Blaser 1247. Aspergillus caelatus B.W. Horn IF 1248. Aspergillus caesiellus Saito IF No:
pathotroph/ pathotroph/ animal pathogen


1249. Aspergillus candidus Link IF No: 1250. Aspergillus cervinus Massee IF No: 1251. Aspergillus chevalieri (L. Mangin)
204868 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 211549 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Thom & Church IF No: 292839 Trophic
animal pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Habitat: Isolated from food | Saprotroph
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT Uses: MA, ME, PO

1252. Aspergillus citocrescens Hubka, A. 1253. Aspergillus citrisporus Höhn. IF No: 1254. Aspergillus flavipes (Bainier & R.
Nováková & M. Kolařík IF No: 814680 211485 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Sartory) Thom & Church IF No: 265045
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
=Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,

1255. Aspergillus flavus Link 1256. Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. IF No: 1257. Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link
IF No: 209842 Trophic mode/ Guild: 211776 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 161735
pathotroph/ saprotroph/animal pathogen, undefined
saprotroph Habitat: On food | Indoor | on
decaying palm fruit bunches | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: MET Uses: MA

1258. Aspergillus gracilis Bainier IF No: 1259. Aspergillus hollandicus Samson & 1260. Aspergillus inflatus Varga, Frisvad &
167554 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ W. Gams IF No: 114708 Samson IF No: 809590

1261. Aspergillus japonicus Saito IF No: 1262. Aspergillus kanagawaensis Nehira 1263. Aspergillus lentulus Balajee & K.A.
160656 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 292847 Trophic mode/Guild: Marr IF No: 356679 Trophic mode/Guild:
/animal pathogen Habitat: Isolated from pathotroph/ pathotroph/animal pathogen
soils | In caves | Saprotroph Distribution:
Global Distribution Uses: ME

1264. Aspergillus neoniveus Samson, S.W. 1265. Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. 1266. Aspergillus niger Tiegh. IF No:
Peterson, Frisvad & Varga IF No: 560395 Winter IF No: 182069 Trophic mode/Guild: 284309 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Habitat: Food | Indoor | In Vanilla leaves |
On decaying palm fruit bunches | Saprotroph. Endophyte Distribution: Global
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: MET Uses: MA Distribution Uses: HF, MA, ME

1267. Aspergillus nomiae Kurtzman, B.W. 1268. Aspergillus ochraceus G. Wilh. IF 1269. Aspergillus parasiticus Speare IF
Horn & Hesselt. IF No: 634998 Trophic No: 190223 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 191085 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/ pathotroph /animal pathogen pathotroph /plant pathogen

1270. Aspergillus proliferans G. Sm. IF No: 1271. Aspergillus raperi Stolk & J.A. Mey. 1272. Aspergillus restrictus G. Sm. IF No:
284312 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 292858 Trophic mode/Guild: 276290 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach and pathotroph/
apple | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.:
BOY

1273. Aspergillus rugulosus Thom & Raper 1274. Aspergillus sydowii (Bainier & 1275. Aspergillus tamarii Kita
IF No: 277104 Trophic mode/Guild: Sartory) Thom & Church IF No: 279636 IF No: 191425 Trophic mode/ Guild:
pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathotroph/ Habitat: Food | Common in
Saprotroph Dept.: CUN Uses: PO pathogen Habitat: On food, indoor | tropical commodities, especies, corn |
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Uses: HF Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: HF

1276. Aspergillus terreus Thom 1277. Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray IF 1278. Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tirab.
pathotroph/ pathotroph/ pathotroph/animal pathogen

1279. Aspergillus wentii Wehmer 1280. Paecilomyces variotii Bainier IF No: 1281. Penicilliopsis clavariiformis Solms
IF No: 172623 248517 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 120178 Trophic mode/Guild:
/animal pathogen saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

1282. Penicilliopsis zonata (Kwon–Chung 1283. Penicillium adametzii K.W. Zaleski 1284. Penicillium angulare S.W. Peterson,
& Fennell) Samson, Houbraken & Frisvad IF No: 119777 E.M. Bayer & Wicklow IF No: 487891
IF No: 819185 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

1285. Penicillium araracuarense 1286. Penicillium armarii Houbraken, 1287. Penicillium atrosanguineum B.X.
Houbraken, López–Quint., Frisvad & Visagie, Samson & Seifert IF No: 809955 Dong IF No: 319260
Samson IF No: 518025


1288. Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx 1289. Penicillium bialowiezense K.W. 1290. Penicillium bilaiae Chalab.
IF No: 247956 Trophic mode/ Guild: Zaleski IF No: 258429 IF No: 302379

1291. Penicillium brasilianum Bat. IF No: 1292. Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx 1293. Penicillium brocae S.W. Peterson,
302381 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 149773 Trophic mode/Guild: Jeann. Pérez, F.E. Vega & Infante
/animal pathogen symbiotroph/ endophyte Habitat: On soils IF No: 373658
cultivated with peach | On woodland soils

1294. Penicillium canescens Sopp IF No: 1295. Penicillium catenatum D.B. Scott IF 1296. Penicillium christenseniae
153765 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 335719 Trophic mode/Guild: Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson
/endophyte Habitat: On uncultivated soils saprotroph Habitat: On woodland soils | IF No: 563187
(between orchards and woodland) On Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

1297. Penicillium chrysogenum Thom IF 1298. Penicillium citreonigrum Dierckx IF 1299. Penicillium citrinum Thom
No: 165757 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 165197 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 165293
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: Indoor pathotroph/animal pathogen
environments | On food products |
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: ME

1300. Penicillium commune Thom IF No: 1301. Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx 1302. Penicillium daleae K.W. Zaleski
164241 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 178294 IF No: 262773
/animal pathogen Habitat: Indoor
environments | On food products |
Saprotroph. Endophyte Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.:
CUN Uses: PO

1303. Penicillium decaturense S.W. 1304. Penicillium decumbens Thom IF No: 1305. Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. IF
Peterson, E.M. Bayer & Wicklow 156582 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 169502 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 487890 /animal pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

1306. Penicillium elleniae Houbraken, 1307. Penicillium expansum Link IF No: 1308. Penicillium fluviserpens S.W.
López–Quint., Frisvad & Samson IF No: 159382 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Peterson, Jurjević & Frisvad IF No: 807370
518028 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ /plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: On soils cultivated with peach and apple |
Pantropics, Endemic Dept.: AMA Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

1309. Penicillium frequentans Westling 1310. Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) 1311. Penicillium glandicola (Oudem.)
IF No: 152118 Westling IF No: 120545 Trophic mode/ Seifert & Samson
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: IF No: 114761
On forest soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 3,373 m
Dept.: CUN

1312. Penicillium implicatum Biourge 1313. Penicillium isariiforme Stolk & J.A. 1314. Penicillium italicum Wehmer
IF No: 267728 Mey. IF No: 302403 IF No: 162660

1315. Penicillium janczewskii K.W. Zaleski 1316. Penicillium javanicum J.F.H. Beyma 1317. Penicillium jensenii K.W. Zaleski
IF No: 120703 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 268394 IF No: 120708
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | foods |
Saprotroph Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

1318. Penicillium lanosum Westling 1319. Penicillium lividum Westling 1320. Penicillium macrosporum Frisvad,
IF No: 178497 IF No: 178817 Filt., Samson & Stolk IF No: 506787

1321. Penicillium madriti G. Sm. IF No: 1322. Penicillium malmesburiense 1323. Penicillium meleagrinum Biourge
335747 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Visagie, Houbraken & K. Jacobs IF No: IF No: 270843
Habitat: On soils, in woodlands | 809969 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY Habitat: On soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

1324. Penicillium melinii Thom 1325. Penicillium miczynskii K.W. Zaleski 1326. Penicillium montanense M. Chr. &
IF No: 270876 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 271171 Trophic mode/Guild: Backus IF No: 335752
pathotroph/animal pathogen saprotroph Habitat: On soils in Páramo
Dept.: CUN Uses: EU


1327. Penicillium olsonii Bainier & Sartory 1328. Penicillium ovatum (K. Ando & 1329. Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom
IF No: 121021 Nawawi) Houbraken & Samson IF No: 121033 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 561961 pathotroph/plant pathogen

1330. Penicillium parvum Raper & Fennell 1331. Penicillium pasqualense 1332. Penicillium paxilli Bainier
IF No: 289101 Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson IF No: IF No: 203838
563190

1333. Penicillium penarojense Houbraken, 1334. Penicillium ranomafanaense 1335. Penicillium rolfsii Thom
López–Quint., Frisvad & Samson IF No: Houbraken & F. Hagen IF No: 809971 IF No: 276674
518024 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

1336. Penicillium roseopurpureum Dierckx 1337. Penicillium scabrosum Frisvad, 1338. Penicillium senticosum D.B. Scott
IF No: 213447 Trophic mode/Guild: Samson & Stolk IF No: 136735 Trophic IF No: 335764
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils
with peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m cultivated with apple and peach | On soils
Dept.: BOY in uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and
woodland) | On woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY

1339. Penicillium simplicissimum 1340. Penicillium swiecickii K.W. Zaleski 1341. Penicillium thomii Maire IF No:
(Oudem.) Thom IF No: 278201 Trophic IF No: 580393 202819 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In Páramo | Saprotroph
Habitat: On woodland soils | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: RIS
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY Uses: EU

1342. Penicillium vancouverense 1343. Penicillium vanderhammenii 1344. Penicillium variratense Visagie &
Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson IF No: Houbraken, López–Quint., Frisvad & Samson IF No: 808271
563207 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ Samson IF No: 518027 Trophic
Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
peach | On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between Saprotroph
orchad and woodland) | On woodland soils |Saprotroph Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA
2,900 m Dept.: BOY

1345. Penicillium verhagenii Houbraken 1346. Penicillium verrucosum Dierckx IF 1347. Penicillium vinaceum J.C. Gilman &
IF No: 809979 No: 212252 Trophic mode/Guild: E.V. Abbott IF No: 281754 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/ animal pathogen Habitat: On Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils
soils | In Páramo | Saprotroph Dept.: CUN cultivated with peach | On soils in
Uses: PO uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) |
On woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

1348. Penicillium virgatum Nirenberg & 1349. Penicillium westlingii K.W. Zaleski 1350. Penicillium wotroi Houbraken,
Kwaśna IF No: 341488 Trophic IF No: 282076 López–Quint., Frisvad & Samson IF No:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On 518026 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/
uncultivated soils (between orchards and Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
woodlands) | On woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Pantropics Dept.: AMA
Dept.: BOY

1351. Penicillium zhuangii L. Wang 1352. Rasamsonia pulvericola Tanney & 1353. Talaromyces aculeatus (Raper &
IF No: 805945 Seifert IF No: 804677 Trophic mode/Guild: Fennell) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad &
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Seifert IF No: 560639 Trophic mode/Guild:

1354. Talaromyces amazonensis N. 1355. Talaromyces amestolkiae N. Yilmaz, 1356. Talaromyces calidicanius (J.L. Chen)
Yilmaz, López–Quint., Vasco–Pal., Frisvad Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson IF No: Samson, N. Yilmaz & Frisvad IF No:
& Houbraken IF No: 816230 Trophic 801358 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 560645 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined animal pathogen /undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On leaf litter from Amazon forests |
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.: AMA Uses:
ME

1357. Talaromyces columbiensis N. 1358. Talaromyces flavus (Klöcker) Stolk 1359. Talaromyces francoae N. Yilmaz,
Yilmaz, López–Quint., Vasco–Pal., Frisvad & Samson IF No: 324416 Trophic López–Quint., Vasco–Pal. & Houbraken IF
& Houbraken IF No: 816231 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined No: 816232 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: On leaf litter from Amazon forests | On leaf litter from Amazon forests | Saprotroph Distribution:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.: AMA Uses: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.: AMA Uses: ME
PO


1360. Talaromyces funiculosus (Thom) 1361. Talaromyces minioluteus (Dierckx) 1362. Talaromyces neofusisporus L. Wang
Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert IF No: Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert IF No: IF No: 811447 Trophic mode/Guild:
560653 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 560657 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
/animal pathogen undefined saprotroph

1363. Talaromyces oumae–annae Visagie, 1364. Talaromyces pinophilus (Hedgc.) 1365. Talaromyces purgamentorum N.
N. Yilmaz, Seifert & Samson IF No: 809187 Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert IF No: Yilmaz, López–Quint., Vasco–Pal. &
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined 560662 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Houbraken IF No: 816233 Trophic mode/
saprotroph animal pathogen Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On leaf litter from Amazon forests | Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Dept.: AMA Uses: ME

1366. Talaromyces purpureogenus 1367. Talaromyces ruber (Stoll) N. Yilmaz, 1368. Talaromyces rugulosus (Thom)
Samson, N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Spierenb., Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson IF No: Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert IF No:
Seifert, Peterson, Varga & Frisvad IF No: 801360 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 560672 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
585068 Trophic mode/Guild: /animal pathogen /animal pathogen

1369. Talaromyces scorteus (Nakaz., Y. 1370. Talaromyces solicola Visagie & K. 1371. Talaromyces stipitatus (Thom ex
Takeda & Suematsu) S.W. Peterson & Jacobs IF No: 564328 Trophic mode/Guild: C.W. Emmons) C.R. Benj. IF No: 306722
Jurjević IF No: 804734 Trophic saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /undefined saprotroph
saprotroph

1372. Talaromyces veerkampii Visagie, N. 1373. Talaromyces verruculosus 1374. Talaromyces viridulus Samson, N.
Yilmaz & Samson IF No: 808233 Trophic (Peyronel) Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Yilmaz & Frisvad IF No: 560679 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Seifert IF No: 560678 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph

Eurotiales, Aspergillaceae Eurotiales, Elaphomycetaceae Eurotiales, Elaphomycetaceae
1375. Talaromyces wortmannii (Klöcker) 1376. Elaphomyces muricatus Fr. IF No: 1377. Pseudotulostoma volvatum O.K.
C.R. Benj. IF No: 344294 Trophic mode/ 203760 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Mill. & T.W. Henkel IF No: 528773 Trophic
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: Hypogeus in soil, mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
in oak forest | Ectomycorrhizal hypogeous Conservation: LC
Distribution: European, Global Distribution Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
CUN Uses: ME, SU

Eurotiales, Monascaceae Eurotiales, Monascaceae Onygenales, Ajellomycetaceae
1378. Monascus purpureus Went IF No: 1379. Monascus ruber Tiegh. IF No: 1380. Histoplasma capsulatum Darling IF
235390 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 234876 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 102749 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph/animal pathogen,
dung saprotroph

Onygenales, Ajellomycetaceae Onygenales, Ajellomycetaceae Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae
1381. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 1382. Paracoccidioides restrepoana 1383. Epidermophyton floccosum (Harz)
(Splend.) F.P. Almeida IF No: 258811 Turissini, O.M. Gomez, M.M. Teixeira, Langeron & Miloch. IF No: 252200 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal McEwen & Matute IF No: 829088 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
pathogen mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae
1384. Microsporum canis E. Bodin ex 1385. Microsporum fulvum Uriburu IF No: 1386. Microsporum gypseum (E. Bodin)
Guég. IF No: 160689 Trophic mode/Guild: 361755 Trophic mode/Guild: Guiart & Grigoraki IF No: 252496 Trophic
pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/ animal pathogen

1387. Microsporum incurvatum 1388. Trichophyton ajelloi (Vanbreus.) 1389. Trichophyton concentricum R.
(Stockdale) P.L. Sun & Y.M. Ju IF No: Ajello IF No: 340385 Trophic mode/Guild: Blanch. IF No: 101447 Trophic mode/
803967 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: pathotroph/ animal pathogen
animal pathogen

1390. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (C.P. 1391. Trichophyton pictor R. Blanch. IF No: 1392. Trichophyton rubrum (Castell.)
Robin) Sabour. IF No: 185902 Trophic 124251 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Sabour. IF No: 254498 Trophic mode/
mode /Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen /undefined saprotroph Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen

Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae Onygenales, Arthrodermataceae Onygenales, Onygenaceae
1393. Trichophyton terrestre Durie & D. 1394. Trichophyton tonsurans Malmsten 1395. Aphanoascus keratinophilus
Frey IF No: 307101 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 193973 Trophic mode/Guild: Punsola & Cano IF No: 127403 Trophic
pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
saprotroph


Onygenales, Onygenaceae Onygenales, Onygenaceae Onygenales, Onygenaceae
1396. Auxarthron umbrinum (Boud.) G.F. 1397. Chrysosporium lobatum Scharapov 1398. Coccidioides immitis C.W. Stiles IF
Orr & Plunkett IF No: 326847 Trophic IF No: 311108 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 416228 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode /Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated pathotroph, saprotroph/animal pathogen,
saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with with apple and peach | On soils in soil saprotroph
apple and peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY uncultivated field (intermediate between orchard and woodland)

Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Mycocaliciomycetidae,
Onygenales, Incertae sedis Onygenales, Incertae sedis Mycocaliciales, Mycocaliciaceae
1399. Arthropsis truncata Sigler, M.T. 1400. Lacazia loboi Taborda, V.A. Taborda 1401. Chaenothecopsis debilis (Sm.) Tibell
Dunn & J.W. Carmich. IF No: 109606 & McGinnis IF No: 459430 IF No: 341712 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
saprotroph/animal pathogen, undefined region: Andes Distribution:
saprotroph Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: HUI

Eurotiomycetes, Mycocaliciomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Mycocaliciomycetidae, Eurotiomycetes, Mycocaliciomycetidae,
Mycocaliciales, Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciales, Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciales, Mycocaliciaceae
1402. Chaenothecopsis nivea (F. Wilson) 1403. Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) 1404. Mycocalicium americanum (R.
Tibell IF No: 131059 Trophic mode/Guild: A.F.W. Schmidt IF No: 341717 Trophic Sant.) Tibell IF No: 131063 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Colombia, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Australasia, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: HUI Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN Neotropics, Australasia, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: HUI

Eurotiomycetes, Mycocaliciomycetidae, Geoglossomycetes, Incertae sedis, Geoglossomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Mycocaliciales, Sphinctrinaceae Geoglossales, Geoglossaceae Geoglossales, Geoglossaceae
1405. Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell 1406. Geoglossum fallax E.J. Durand IF 1407. Geoglossum nigritum (Pers.) Cooke
pathotroph/lichen parasite Biogeographic saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
region: Andes Distribution: On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: CUN between orchad and woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY

Geoglossomycetes, Incertae sedis, Geoglossomycetes, Incertae sedis, Laboulbeniomycetes,
Geoglossales, Geoglossaceae Geoglossales, Geoglossaceae Laboulbeniomycetidae, Herpomycetales,
1408. Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) 1409. Trichoglossum walteri (Berk.) E.J. Herpomycetaceae
Boud. IF No: 187796 Trophic mode/Guild: Durand IF No: 183615 Trophic 1410. Herpomyces paranaensis Thaxt. IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined No: 544172 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph Conservation: VU pathotroph/animal pathogen

Laboulbeniomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes,
Laboulbeniomycetidae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetidae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetidae, Laboulbeniales,
Laboulbeniaceae Laboulbeniaceae Laboulbeniaceae
1411. Corethromyces brasilianus Thaxt. IF 1412. Laboulbenia anchonoderi Thaxt. IF 1413. Laboulbenia columbiana Thaxt. IF
pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph /animal pathogen

1414. Laboulbenia decipiens Thaxt. IF No: 1415. Laboulbenia flagellata Peyr. IF No: 1416. Laboulbenia guerinii C.P. Robin IF
245192 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 193832 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 190426 Trophic mode/Guild:
/animal pathogen /animal pathogen pathotroph /animal pathogen

1417. Laboulbenia latonae Thaxt. IF No: 1418. Laboulbenia media Thaxt. IF No: 1419. Laboulbenia mexicana Thaxt. IF No:
222685 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 226486 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 216462 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/animal pathogen /animal pathogen /animal pathogen

1420. Laboulbenia producta Thaxt. IF No: 1421. Laboulbenia pterostichi Thaxt. IF 1422. Laboulbenia punctata Thaxt. IF No:
142719 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 146090 Trophic mode/Guild: 145627 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/animal pathogen pathotroph /animal pathogen /animal pathogen

1423. Laboulbenia trichognathi Thaxt. IF 1424. Laboulbenia triordinata Thaxt. IF No: 1425. Mimeomyces latonae (Thaxt.) Thaxt.
No: 534680 Trophic mode/Guild: 247232 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 269090 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/animal pathogen /animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen

Laboulbeniomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae,
Laboulbeniomycetidae, Laboulbeniales, Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae
Laboulbeniaceae 1427. Acarospora chrysops (Tuck.) H. 1428. Acarospora congregata K. Knudsen
1426. Rhachomyces longissimus (Thaxt.) Magn. IF No: 375514 Trophic mode/Guild: & Flakus IF No: 814414 Trophic mode/
Thaxt. IF No: 186213 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
pathotroph/animal pathogen Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,250 m
Dept.: BOY, HUI, NAR

Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae,
Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae
1429. Acarospora socialis H. Magn. IF No: 1430. Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta IF 1431. Acarospora xanthophana (Nyl.) Jatta
375721 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 375730 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 375779 Biogeographic region:
/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Andes Distribution: South America Elev.:
2,250–2,600 m Dept.: BOY, CUN


Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae,
Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae Caliciales, Caliciaceae Caliciales, Caliciaceae
1432. Myriospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) 1433. Amandinea efflorescens (Müll. Arg.) 1434. Amandinea endochroa (Malme)
Nägeli ex Uloth IF No: 395807 Trophic Marbach IF No: 464826 Trophic mode/ Marbach IF No: 464828 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
bark Elev.: 3,600 m Dept.: CAU Uses: EU

Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae,
Caliciales, Caliciaceae Caliciales, Caliciaceae Caliciales, Caliciaceae
1435. Amandinea errata Marbach IF No: 1436. Amandinea extenuata (Müll. Arg.) 1437. Amandinea lecideina (H. Mayrhofer
464829 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Marbach IF No: 464830 Trophic mode/ & Poelt) Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer IF No:
/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised 361293 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native symbiotroph/lichenised

1438. Amandinea mediospora Marbach IF 1439. Amandinea megaspora Marbach IF 1440. Amandinea natalensis (Vain.)
No: 464833 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 464834 Trophic mode/Guild: Marbach IF No: 464839 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 3,500–3,975 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

1441. Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) 1442. Amandinea submontana Marbach 1443. Baculifera cinereocincta (Müll. Arg.)
Coppins & Scheid. IF No: 361294 Trophic IF No: 464843 Trophic mode/Guild: Marbach IF No: 464846 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Subcosmopolit. Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

1444. Baculifera remensa (Stirt.) Marbach 1445. Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr. IF No: 1446. Buellia arborea Coppins & Tønsberg
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/ lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MET, RIS

1447. Buellia bahiana Malme 1448. Buellia conspirans (Nyl.) Vain. IF No: 1449. Buellia demutans Zahlbr.
IF No: 380222 Trophic mode/ Guild: 380291 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 380313 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 250 m Dept.:
TOL

1450. Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd IF No: 1451. Buellia dispersula Müll. Arg. IF No: 1452. Buellia erubescens Arnold IF No:
380326 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 380333 Trophic mode/Guild: 380371 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised
region: Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Dept.: SAP

1453. Buellia glaziouana (Kremp.) Müll. 1454. Buellia mamillana (Tuck.) W.A. 1455. Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd IF
Arg. IF No: 380410 Trophic mode/Guild: Weber No: 380719 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 129386 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics, symbiotroph/ lichenised region: Andes Distribution:
Native Dept.: SAP Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

1456. Buellia subjuncta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. IF 1457. Buellia versicolor Müll. Arg. IF No: 1458. Calicium abietinum Pers.
No: 380747 Trophic mode/Guild: 380825 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 380946 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantemperate,
50–2,600 m Conservation: DD Elev.: 50 m Dept.: SAP Native Elev.: 2,200–2,700 m Dept.: ANT, BOY

1459. Calicium chlorosporum F. Wilson IF 1460. Calicium glaucellum Ach. 1461. Calicium hyperelloides Nyl. IF No:
No: 380983 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 381024 Trophic mode/ Guild: 381034 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantemperate, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,400 m Native Elev.: 1,750–3,750 m Dept.: CUN, RIS, SAN 2,000–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN

1462. Calicium lenticulare Ach. 1463. Calicium salicinum Pers. 1464. Calicium tricolor F. Wilson IF No:
IF No: 381041 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 381113 Trophic mode/ Guild: 381152 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,500 m Dept.: CAL, HUI, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,500–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: HUI
RIS HUI

1465. Cratiria aggrediens (Stirt.) Marbach 1466. Cratiria americana (Fée) Kalb & 1467. Cratiria lauri–cassiae (Fée) Marbach
IF No: 464866 Trophic mode/Guild: Marbach IF No: 464867 Trophic mode/ IF No: 464865 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: CAU Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–3,370 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, RIS


1468. Cratiria obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach & 1469. Cratiria saltensis (H. Magn.) 1470. Dimelaena tenuis (Müll. Arg.) H.
Kalb IF No: 464629 Trophic mode/Guild: Marbach IF No: 464633 Trophic Mayrhofer & Wippel IF No: 434540 Trophic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Neotropics, Native Dept.: HUI Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA

1471. Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A. 1472. Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel. ex Ach.) 1473. Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D.
Massal. IF No: 118802 Trophic B.J. Moore IF No: 283772 Trophic Awasthi IF No: 341886 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, RIS, SAN

1474. Dirinaria aspera (H. Magn.) D.D. 1475. Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. 1476. Dirinaria confusa D.D. Awasthi IF
Awasthi IF No: 344959 Trophic Awasthi IF No: 341894 Trophic No: 341895 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Dept.: CAU Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Taiwan, Native Dept.: TOL

1477. Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. 1478. Dirinaria melanocarpa C.W. Dodge 1479. Dirinaria papillulifera (Nyl.) D.D.
Awasthi IF No: 341896 Trophic IF No: 475486 Trophic mode/Guild: Awasthi IF No: 344960 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: South America,
Native

1480. Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear 1481. Dirinaria purpurascens (Vain.) B.J. 1482. Gassicurtia bellardii (Sipman)
IF No: 433365 Trophic mode/Guild: Moore IF No: 344962 Trophic mode/Guild: Marbach IF No: 464638 Trophic mode/
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–1,100 m Dept.: CAU, NAR, RIS, Africa, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CUN Distribution: Pantropics South America, Native Elev.: 350 m
TOL, VAC Dept.: AMA

1483. Gassicurtia catasema (Tuck.) 1484. Gassicurtia coccinea Fée IF No: 1485. Gassicurtia elizae (Tuck.) Marbach
Marbach IF No: 464639 Trophic mode/ 372899 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 464644 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised
Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Africa, Native Elev.: 300–1,200 m Dept.: CAQ

1486. Gassicurtia vaccinii (Vain.) Marbach, 1487. Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & 1488. Pyxine albovirens (G. Mey.) Aptroot
Elix & Kalb IF No: 464874 Trophic mode/ Giralt IF No: 563560 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 133520 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,000–2,250 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, RIS

1489. Pyxine astridiana Kalb IF No: 1490. Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug IF 1491. Pyxine coccifera (Fée) Nyl. IF No:
130712 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 369866 Trophic mode/Guild: 403580 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised
Neotropics, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 840–2,400 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, TOL

1492. Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. IF No: 1493. Pyxine cocoes var. pallida Kalb 1494. Pyxine cognata Stirt. IF No: 403583
279552 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 627772 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Elev.: 1,200–2,250 m Dept.: BOY, CUN 1,750 m Dept.: SAN

1495. Pyxine coralligera Malme IF No: 1496. Pyxine daedalea Krog & R. Sant. IF 1497. Pyxine endolutea Kalb
403589 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph No: 129124 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 130714 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Elev.: 1,250 m Dept.: RIS Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: CUN, SAN

1498. Pyxine eschweileri (Tuck.) Vain. IF 1499. Pyxine isidiophora (Müll. Arg.) 1500. Pyxine obscurascens Malme IF No:
No: 403595 Trophic mode/Guild: Imshaug IF No: 369869 Trophic mode/ 403606 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Neotropics, Native Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Africa,
Native Elev.: 1,500 m Dept.: RIS Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA


1501. Pyxine petricola Nyl. 1502. Pyxine pyxinoides (Müll. Arg.) Kalb IF 1503. Pyxine rhodesiaca Vain. ex Lynge IF
IF No: 355845 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 130717 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 369875 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 850–2,250 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CUN, HUI

1504. Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. IF No: 1505. Pyxine subcinerea Stirt. IF No: 1506. Stigmatochroma epimartum (Nyl.)
403621 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 403622 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Marbach IF No: 545047 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native
Elev.: 250–1,400 m Dept.: CUN, SAN, TOL Elev.: 500–1,500 m Dept.: CUN, RIS, TOL

Caliciales, Caliciaceae Caliciales, Caliciaceae Caliciales, Physciaceae
1507. Stigmatochroma gerontoides (Stirt.) 1508. Tetramelas regiomontanus Marbach 1509. Heterodermia albicans (Pers.)
Marbach IF No: 464815 Trophic mode/ IF No: 464818 Trophic mode/Guild: Swinscow & Krog IF No: 342134 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Caribbean Habitat: Lichen Biogeographic region:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: SAP Andes, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 0–
2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN Uses: EU

Caliciales, Physciaceae Caliciales, Physciaceae Caliciales, Physciaceae
1510. Heterodermia antillarum (Vain.) 1511. Heterodermia barbifera (Nyl.) Kr.P. 1512. Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.)
Swinscow & Krog IF No: 342137 Trophic Singh IF No: 108908 Trophic mode/Guild: Follmann & Redón IF No: 283773 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,600–2,970 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN,
HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN

1513. Heterodermia crocea R.C. Harris IF 1514. Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) 1515. Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D.
No: 355045 D.D. Awasthi IF No: 342147 Trophic Awasthi IF No: 342149 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,460 m Dept.: CAU, NAR, RIS, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,950 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU,
SAN CUN, HUI, MET, NAR, PUT, RIS, SAN

1516. Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck.) 1517. Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. 1518. Heterodermia kurokawae Trass IF
W.L. Culb. IF No: 345067 Trophic mode/ Awasthi IF No: 342155 Trophic No: 447478 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes, Orinoquia Neotropics, Native
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,050–3,730 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CUN, Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 100–2,840 m Dept.:
HUI, RIS, TOL CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, VID

1519. Heterodermia lamelligera (Taylor) 1520. Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) 1521. Heterodermia parva Moberg IF No:
Trass IF No: 358393 Trophic mode/Guild: Trevis. IF No: 386839 Trophic mode/Guild: 580413 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native
Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, Elev.: 3,000–4,250 m Dept.: ARA, CAU, CUN
HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

1522. Heterodermia peruviana (Kashiw. & 1523. Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. 1524. Heterodermia pseudospeciosa
Kurok.) Trass IF No: 358036 Trophic Awasthi IF No: 342165 Trophic (Kurok.) W.L. Culb. IF No: 345070 Trophic
mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Habitat: On twigs and small branches in
oak and pine forests | Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Pantropics , Native Elev.: 1,500–
2,950 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, PUT, RIS, SAN, TOL
Uses: ME

1525. Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) 1526. Heterodermia subcomosa (Nyl.) Elix 1527. Heterodermia tremulans (Müll. Arg.)
Trevis. IF No: 386840 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 114449 Trophic mode/Guild: W.L. Culb. IF No: 345072 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,000–3,730 Dept.: ANT, BOY, Native Elev.: 1,670–2,650 m Dept.: CUN, QUI, TOL
CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

1528. Heterodermia tropica (Kurok.) 1529. Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. 1530. Hyperphyscia confusa Essl., C.A.
Sipman IF No: 415655 Trophic Mayrhofer & Poelt IF No: 342215 Trophic Morse & S.D. Leav. IF No: 563653 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
North America, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 750–2,800 m Dept.:
ANT, CUN


1531. Hyperphyscia minor (Fée) Kalb IF 1532. Hyperphyscia mobergii Kalb IF No: 1533. Hyperphyscia pandani (H. Magn.)
No: 134485 Trophic mode/Guild: 125758 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Moberg IF No: 132506
symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised

1534. Hyperphyscia pyrithrocardia (Müll. 1535. Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex 1536. Leucodermia boryi (Fée) Kalb IF No:
Arg.) Moberg & Aptroot IF No: 133521 Nyl.) Kalb IF No: 109508 Trophic 813828 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,600 m Dept.: CUN

1537. Leucodermia circinalis (Zahlbr.) 1538. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb IF 1539. Leucodermia lutescens (Kurok.)
Kalb IF No: 813831 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 813827 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb IF No: 813833 Trophic mode/Guild:

1540. Leucodermia vulgaris (Vain.) Kalb IF 1541. Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) 1542. Phaeophyscia endococcinodes
No: 813834 Trophic mode/Guild: Moberg IF No: 343202 Trophic (Poelt) Essl. IF No: 343206 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600–2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, RIS

1543. Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) 1544. Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Essl. 1545. Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.)
Essl. IF No: 533855 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 533856 Trophic mode/Guild: Moberg IF No: 343218 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN Conservation: LC

1546. Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) 1547. Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) 1548. Physcia alba (Fée) Müll. Arg. IF No:
Essl. IF No: 343219 Trophic mode/Guild: Fürnr. IF No: 400553 Trophic mode/Guild: 400554 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: ANT, CAU 2,050–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN

1549. Physcia albata (F. Wilson) Hale IF 1550. Physcia atrostriata Moberg IF No: 1551. Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. IF No:
No: 345611 Trophic mode/Guild: 129125 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 400579 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 5–
1,750 m Dept.: CAU, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN

1552. Physcia cinerea Moberg IF No: 1553. Physcia convexa Müll. Arg. IF No: 1554. Physcia convexella Moberg
126955 Trophic mode/ Guild: 400603 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 126956
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: South America, Native Elev.:
2,600 m Dept.: BOY

1555. Physcia crispa Nyl. IF No: 400606 1556. Physcia crispula Müll. Arg. IF No: 1557. Physcia decorticata Moberg IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: 400607 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 126958 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised /lichenised
Native Dept.: CUN

1558. Physcia dilatata Nyl. IF No: 400621 1559. Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau 1560. Physcia erumpens Moberg IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 411613 129126 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
1,000–1,980 m Dept.: RIS

1561. Physcia integrata Nyl. IF No: 1562. Physcia krogiae Moberg IF No: 1563. Physcia lacinulata Müll. Arg.
400690 Trophic mode/Guild: 129127 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 400702
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 1,200–1,980 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: CAU, CUN
CUN, RIS

1564. Physcia lobulata Moberg IF No: 1565. Physcia lopezii Moberg IF No: 1566. Physcia manuelii Moberg
126960 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 126961 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 126962
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
1,725 m Dept.: RIS 2,050–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU


1567. Physcia pachyphylla Müll. Arg. IF No: 1568. Physcia poncinsii Hue IF No: 1569. Physcia sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge IF
400758 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 400782 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 400814 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, RIS Pantropics, Native Elev.: 30–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI,
NAR, RIS

1570. Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. IF No: 1571. Physcia tenuis Moberg IF No: 1572. Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. IF No:
411620 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 126965 Trophic mode/ Guild: 400848 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native
Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT, CUN

1573. Physcia undulata Moberg IF No: 1574. Polyblastidium appendiculatum 1575. Polyblastidium casarettianum (A.
129128 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Kurok.) Kalb IF No: 813838 Trophic Massal.) Kalb IF No: 813854 Trophic
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35 m
Dept.: NAR

1576. Polyblastidium chilense (Kurok.) 1577. Polyblastidium corallophorum 1578. Polyblastidium fragilissimum
Kalb IF No: 813839 Trophic mode/Guild: (Taylor) Kalb IF No: 813852 Trophic (Kurok.) Kalb IF No: 813840 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1579. Polyblastidium hypoleucum (Ach.) 1580. Polyblastidium japonicum (M. Satô) 1581. Polyblastidium magellanicum
Kalb IF No: 813843 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb IF No: 813844 Trophic mode/Guild: (Zahlbr.) Kalb IF No: 813850 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1582. Polyblastidium microphyllum 1583. Polyblastidium neglectum 1584. Polyblastidium propaguliferum
(Kurok.) Kalb IF No: 813845 Trophic (Lendemer, R.C. Harris & E.A. Tripp) Kalb IF (Vain.) Kalb IF No: 813846 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised No: 813853 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

1585. Polyblastidium squamulosum 1586. Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) 1587. Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Müll.
(Degel.) Kalb IF No: 813841 Trophic Arnold IF No: 404245 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 404267 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic

1588. Rinodina diplinthia (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 1589. Rinodina fimbriata Körb. 1590. Rinodina guianensis Aptroot IF No:
No: 404302 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 404333 Trophic mode/ Guild: 476433 Trophic mode/Guild:

1591. Rinodina homobola (Nyl.) Malme IF 1592. Rinodina milvina (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr. 1593. Rinodina neglecta Aptroot
Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOY

1594. Rinodina oleae Bagl. 1595. Rinodina posthabita (Nyl.) Aptroot IF 1596. Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal.
IF No: 404437 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 135621 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 404497 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 200 m Dept.: TOL

Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae
1597. Aquacidia trachona (Ach.) Aptroot IF 1598. Bapalmuia araracuarensis Sipman 1599. Bapalmuia palmularis (Müll. Arg.)
No: 824170 Trophic mode/Guild: & Lücking IF No: 538377 Trophic Sérus. IF No: 361783 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ Conservation: LC Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAQ, CUN, NAR

1600. Brasilicia brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) 1601. Byssolecania deplanata (Müll. Arg.) 1602. Byssolecania fumosonigricans
Lücking, Kalb & Sérus. IF No: 537067 R. Sant. IF No: 365051 Trophic (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. IF No: 365052 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes,
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 30–250 m Dept.: AMA, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 30–350 m Dept.:
Elev.: 35–2,050 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, NAR CAQ, NAR AMA, CAQ, CHO, MET, NAR


1603. Byssolecania hymenocarpa (Vain.) 1604. Byssolecania variabilis Vězda, Kalb 1605. Byssoloma absconditum Farkas &
Kalb, Vězda & Lücking IF No: 489901 & Lücking IF No: 489900 Trophic Vězda IF No: 361588 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.:
350–600 m Dept.: CAQ, MET AMA, CAQ, CHO, MET

1606. Byssoloma amazonicum Kalb & 1607. Byssoloma anomalum Kalb & Vězda 1608. Byssoloma aurantiacum Kalb &
Vězda IF No: 126862 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 126863 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 126864 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Native Elev.: 240–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, CHO

1609. Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr. 1610. Byssoloma discordans (Vain.) 1611. Byssoloma farkasiae Sipman IF No:
IF No: 380866 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 380870 Trophic 586970 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, HUI, VAC Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,050 m Dept.: ANT

1612. Byssoloma fuscothallinum Lücking 1613. Byssoloma guttiferae (Bat. & Peres) 1614. Byssoloma hypophyllum Lücking &
IF No: 521275 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Sérus. IF No: 443806 Trophic Kalb IF No: 489897 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia,
Native Elev.: 240–300 m Dept.: AMA Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 240– Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ
350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

1615. Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) 1616. Byssoloma minutissimum Kalb & 1617. Byssoloma permutans (Nyl.) Lücking
Vain. IF No: 380877 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 126865 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 802898 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,940 m Dept.: AMA, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAQ, CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, RIS, TOL ANT, CAQ, MET, NAR

1618. Byssoloma rubromarginatum 1619. Byssoloma sprucei (C. Bab. ex Müll. 1620. Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P.
Messuti & de la Rosa IF No: 531909 Arg.) Lücking & M. Cáceres IF No: 538369 James IF No: 341627 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–3,200 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAQ, CAU, CHO, CUN, NAR

1621. Byssoloma subleucoblepharum G. 1622. Byssoloma tricholomum (Mont.) 1623. Byssoloma vanderystii Sérus. IF No:
Thor, Lücking & Tat. Matsumoto IF No: Zahlbr. IF No: 380884 Trophic 341629 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
467398 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes,
Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,000 m Dept.:
AMA CAQ, CUN, NAR

1624. Calopadia editiae Vězda ex Chaves 1625. Calopadia foliicola (Fée) Vězda IF 1626. Calopadia fusca (Müll. Arg.) Vězda IF
& Lücking IF No: 585206 Trophic No: 103107 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 103108 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–600 m Dept.: CHO, MET Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–1,750 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU

1627. Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & 1628. Calopadia lucida Lücking & R. Sant. 1629. Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) Vězda IF
Vězda IF No: 130726 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 474499 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 103110 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 50 m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU

1630. Calopadia phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) 1631. Calopadia puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) 1632. Calopadia subcoerulescens
Vězda IF No: 103111 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 103112 Trophic mode/Guild: (Zahlbr.) Vězda IF No: 133771 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU
ANT, CHO, NAR

1633. Eugeniella atrichoides (Malme) 1634. Eugeniella corallifera (Lücking) 1635. Eugeniella leucocheila (Tuck.)
Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 538330 Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 538331 Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 538295
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 240 m
Dept.: AMA


1636. Eugeniella newtoniana (Henriq.) 1637. Eugeniella nigrodisca M. Cáceres, 1638. Eugeniella ortizii (Lücking) Lücking,
Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 538304 D.S. Andrade & Aptroot IF No: 801121 Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 538294 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU

1639. Eugeniella palleola Breuss & 1640. Eugeniella psychotriae (Müll. Arg.) 1641. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda
Lücking IF No: 807098 Trophic Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb IF No: 537069 IF No: 103333 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised Biogeographic region: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 350–3,200 m Dept.: CAQ, CUN, RIS
35–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MET, NAR

1642. Fellhanera fragilis (Vězda) Lücking & 1643. Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) 1644. Fellhanera lisowskii (Vězda) Vězda
Kalb IF No: 475539 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 103340 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 103341 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 250–2,400 m Dept.: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,800–2,000 m Dept.: CHO, MAG, NAR Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 240–600 m Dept.:
CAQ, HUI AMA, CAQ, MET

1645. Fellhanera longispora Lücking IF No: 1646. Fellhanera misionensis L.I. Ferraro 1647. Fellhanera montana Lücking IF No:
443063 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph & Lücking IF No: 463957 Trophic 443064 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica, Native
Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: NAR Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT

1648. Fellhanera pauciseptata (R. Sant.) 1649. Fellhanera rhaphidophylli (Rehm) 1650. Fellhanera rubida (Müll. Arg.)
Lücking IF No: 443069 Trophic Vězda IF No: 586953 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 443067 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 100–1,700 m Dept.: CAU, CHO Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 240–
1,700 m Dept.: AMA, CAU

1651. Fellhanera santessonii Barillas & 1652. Fellhanera stanhopeae (Müll. Arg.) 1653. Fellhanera sublecanorina (Nyl.)
Lücking IF No: 360993 Trophic Lücking, Lumbsch & Elix IF No: 567449 Vězda IF No: 132738 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: lichenised Biogeographic region: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,000 m Dept.: CHO, CUN
35–2,000 m Dept.: AMA, BOY, CAQ, CUN, MET, NAR

1654. Fellhanera substanhopeae Lücking 1655. Fellhanera subternella (Nyl.) Vězda 1656. Lasioloma arachnoideum (Kremp.)
IF No: 463958 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 103346 Trophic mode/Guild: R. Sant. IF No: 366717 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Native Elev.: 250–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA

1657. Loflammia epiphylla (Fée) Lücking & 1658. Loflammia gabrielis (Müll. Arg.) 1659. Loflammiopsis brasiliensis Lücking
Vězda IF No: 460705 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 103540 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb IF No: 489709 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics Africa, Native Dept.: AMA, CAQ

1660. Logilvia gilva (Müll. Arg.) Vězda IF 1661. Micarea alabastrites (Nyl.) Coppins 1662. Scutula effusa (Auersw. ex Rabenh.)
No: 103542 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 110806 Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 824489 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, pathotroph/lichen parasite
Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: ANT

1663. Scutula epiblastematica (Wallr.) 1664. Septotrapelia glauca Aptroot & 1665. Septotrapelia usnica (Sipman) Kalb
Rehm IF No: 120398 Trophic mode/Guild: Chaves IF No: 528934 Trophic & Bungartz IF No: 804376 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/lichen parasite mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,700 m Dept.: NAR

1666. Sporopodium antoninianum Elix, 1667. Sporopodium leprieurii Mont. IF No: 1668. Sporopodium phyllocharis (Mont.) A.
Lumbsch & Lücking IF No: 414183 Trophic 405658 Trophic mode/Guild: Massal. IF No: 123055 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes,
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–1,750 m Dept.:
CAQ, CHO, MET, NAR AMA, CAQ, CAU, NAR


1669. Sporopodium xantholeucum (Müll. 1670. Szczawinskia tsugae A. Funk IF No: 1671. Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R.
Arg.) Zahlbr. IF No: 405683 Trophic 115096 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Sant. IF No: 370594 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,200 m Dept.: AMA, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN,
MAG MAG, NAR

1672. Tapellaria malmei R. Sant. 1673. Tapellaria nana (Fée) R. Sant. IF No: 1674. Tapellaria nigrata (Müll. Arg.) R.
IF No: 370595 Trophic mode/ Guild: 370597 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 370598 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, NAR Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CUN

Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae Lecanorales, Catillariaceae
1675. Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R. Sant. 1676. Tapellaria puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) R. 1677. Catillaria aphana (Nyl.) Coppins IF
IF No: 370599 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 476568 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 135742 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT

Lecanorales, Catillariaceae Lecanorales, Catillariaceae Lecanorales, Cladoniaceae
1678. Catillaria melaenella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 1679. Catillaria perminima (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 1680. Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. IF No:
No: 382108 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 382149 Trophic mode/Guild: 118670 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
2,000 m Dept.: CUN 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 250–4,550 m
Dept.: AMA, ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR,
NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC

Lecanorales, Cladoniaceae Lecanorales, Cladoniaceae Lecanorales, Cladoniaceae
1681. Cladia terebrata (Laurer) Parnmen 1682. Cladonia aleuropoda Vain. IF No: 1683. Cladonia andesita Vain. IF No:
& Lumbsch IF No: 803447 Trophic mode/ 477460 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 382753 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa,
3,800–4,250 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS Native Elev.: 2,100–3,900 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU,
CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, SAN, TOL, VAC

1684. Cladonia apodocarpa Robbins IF 1685. Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. IF 1686. Cladonia arcuata Ahti IF No:
No: 382756 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 355869 Trophic mode/Guild: 344853 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,500–4,000 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, 2,100–3,950 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, CUN, MET,
CUN, MET, NAR, SAN, TOL NAR, NSA, SAN, TOL

1687. Cladonia boliviana Ahti 1688. Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos IF No: 1689. Cladonia calycantha Delise ex Nyl.
IF No: 344856 Trophic mode/ Guild: 136321 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 382776 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 3,615–4,170 m Dept.: BOY, MET Andes, Native Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CAU

1690. Cladonia ceratophylla (Sw.) Spreng. 1691. Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex 1692. Cladonia chondrotypa Vain. IF No:
IF No: 382787 Trophic mode/Guild: Sommerf.) Spreng. IF No: 122175 Trophic 382792 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics Africa, Sri Lanka, Native Elev.: 1,900–2,940 m Dept.: Temperate regions, Native Elev.: 3,755–4,350 m Dept.: ARA,
ANT, BOY, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC BOY, CAU, CUN, MET, RIS, TOL

1693. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. IF No: 1694. Cladonia colombiana Sipman IF No: 1695. Cladonia confusa R. Sant. IF No:
120192 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 341754 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 365618 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics, Temperate, Native
2,150–4,350 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NSA, Elev.: 1,280–4,000 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAS, CAU, CHO,
TOL CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA, SAN, TOL, VAC

1696. Cladonia confusa f. bicolor (Müll. 1697. Cladonia corallifera (Kunze) Nyl. IF 1698. Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw.
Arg.) Ahti & DePriest IF No: 467893 No: 382806 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 115042 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Orinoquia Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics South America, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.: AMA, Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 2,000–4,350 m
CAQ, GUA, MET, VAU, VID Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, HUI, RIS, TOL

1699. Cladonia corymbites Nyl. 1700. Cladonia corymbosula Nyl. 1701. Cladonia crassiuscula Ahti
IF No: 475328 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 382810 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 128444 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 3,100–4,315 m region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,100 m Dept.: BOY, SAP, SAN Dept.: ARA, BOY, CUN, MAG, MET, RIS, TOL South America, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ


1702. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. IF No: 1703. Cladonia cristatella Tuck. IF No: 1704. Cladonia cryptochlorophaea
382812 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 382813 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Asahina IF No: 365621 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Elev.: 1,750–1,900 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, SAN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,900–3,810 m Dept.: BOY, CUN,
SAN

1705. Cladonia dactylota Tuck. IF No: 1706. Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. IF No: 1707. Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. IF
382818 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 119675 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 382853 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On rocks,
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, moss, rarely on decaying wood | Lichen
1,750–3,300 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, Native Elev.: 350–3,670 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, BOY, CAL, CAQ, CAU, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Global
TOL CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, SAN, TOL, VAC Distribution, Native Elev.: 2,700–4,100 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY,
CUN, MAG, MET, NAR, SAN, TOL Uses: PO

1708. Cladonia furfuraceoides Ahti & 1709. Cladonia granulosa (Vain.) Ahti IF 1710. Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst. IF
Sipman IF No: 587708 Trophic mode/ No: 128445 Trophic mode /Guild: No: 382863 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics South America, Native Elev.: 350 m temperate Chile, Native Elev.: 2,250–3,130 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,400–3,620 m Dept.: CAU, CUN,
Dept.: AMA, CAQ CUN, HUI, MET, NAR, TOL HUI, SAN

1711. Cladonia halei (Ahti) Ahti & DePriest 1712. Cladonia hians Ahti IF No: 474320 1713. Cladonia humilis (With.) J.R.
IF No: 467896 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ Laundon IF No: 106017 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Native
andes, Native Elev.: 3,160–4,100 m Dept.: CUN Dept.: AMA, CAQ

1714. Cladonia isabellina Vain. IF No: 1715. Cladonia leprocephala Ahti & S. 1716. Cladonia lopezii S. Stenroos IF No:
382875 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Stenroos IF No: 128467 Trophic mode/ 136325 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Distribution: Pantropics, Native Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Elev.: 2,450–4,330 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MET, RIS, SAN, TOL Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 4,250 m Dept.: CAL 2,730–3,900 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAU, CUN, NAR, QUI

1717. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. IF No: 1718. Cladonia macilentoides Ahti & Fleig 1719. Cladonia melanopoda Ahti
382888 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 412784 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 442792 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.:
1,750–3,700 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, MET, NAR, SAN, TOL, VAC

1720. Cladonia meridensis Ahti & S. 1721. Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina 1722. Cladonia mexicana Vain. IF No:
Stenroos IF No: 128468 Trophic mode/ IF No: 365664 Trophic mode/Guild: 382900 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 2,880–4,475 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,690 m Dept.: CUN 2,900 m Dept.: BOY
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, RIS, TOL

1723. Cladonia microscypha Ahti & S. 1724. Cladonia miniata G. Mey. IF No: 1725. Cladonia nana Vain. IF No: 382911
Stenroos IF No: 128469 Trophic mode/ 382902 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,800 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, MAG, 3,900 m Dept.: BOY, NSA 2,000 m Dept.: MAG, RIS
SAN

1726. Cladonia novochlorophaea (Sipman) 1727. Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke IF No: 1728. Cladonia peltastica (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Brodo & Ahti IF No: 415623 Trophic mode/ 119674 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 382927 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,300 m Dept.: BOY Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,800 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Pantropics South America, Native Elev.: 5–350 m Dept.: AMA,
CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, RIS CAQ, CAU, GUA, GUV, VAU

1729. Cladonia pertricosa Kremp. IF No: 1730. Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer. IF 1731. Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) O.J. Rich. IF
458025 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 382933 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 121177 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: North region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
temperate regions, Native Elev.: 2,900–3,735 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Native Dept.: MET, SAN

1732. Cladonia polyscypha Ahti & L. Xavier 1733. Cladonia prancei Ahti IF No: 1734. Cladonia pulviniformis Ahti IF No:
IF No: 360837 Trophic mode/Guild: 474279 Trophic mode/ Guild: 127030 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics South
South America, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ South America, Native Dept.: CAQ America, Native Elev.: 350–500 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ


1735. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. 1736. Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R. 1737. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber
IF No: 382942 Trophic mode/Guild: Laundon IF No: 106019 Trophic mode/ IF No: 382945 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Native Elev.: 1,750–4,425 m Dept.: ARA, CAL, CUN, MET, RIS, Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,800–3,000 m Dept.: CUN, SAN Andes, Native Elev.: 1,500–4,050 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, NAR,
TOL NSA, SAN, TOL

1738. Cladonia rappii A. Evans IF No: 1739. Cladonia rappii var. exilior (Abbayes) 1740. Cladonia rotundata Ahti IF No:
356338 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Ahti IF No: 116971 344872 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics South
Elev.: 1,450–3,490 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAS, CUN, HUI, MAG, America, Native Dept.: AMA, VAU
NAR, SAN, TOL, VAC

1741. Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. 1742. Cladonia secundana Nyl. IF No: 1743. Cladonia signata (Eschw.) Vain. IF
IF No: 119473 Trophic mode/Guild: 475374 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph No: 382958 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics South region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics
America, Native Elev.: 350–2,200 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, GUA South America, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, SAN,
VAU

1744. Cladonia sipmanii Ahti 1745. Cladonia spinea Ahti IF No: 128450 1746. Cladonia sprucei Ahti IF No: 344875
IF No: 474326 Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Pantropics South America, Distribution: Pantropics South America,
Native Elev.: 350–500 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUA, MET Native Elev.: 5–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

1747. Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. 1748. Cladonia squamosa var. 1749. Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot IF
IF No: 382965 Trophic mode/Guild: subsquamosa (Nyl. ex Leight.) Vain. No: 382969 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 415177 symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,750–4,510 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,200–2,970 m Dept.: ANT, BOY
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, GUA, HUI, MET, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

1750. Cladonia subcervicornis (Vain.) 1751. Cladonia subdelicatula Vain. ex 1752. Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst.
Kernst. IF No: 382972 Trophic Asahina IF No: 477464 Trophic IF No: 382977 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 230–4,550 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CUN, MET,
NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC

1753. Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp. IF 1754. Cladonia symphoriza Nyl. IF No: 1755. Cladonia vareschii Ahti IF No:
No: 463552 Trophic mode/Guild: 382993 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 128452 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: Amazonia Distribution: Colombia,
Native Elev.: 1,750–4,150 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, BOY Venezuela, Guyana, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ
CUN, HUI, MET, NAR, PUT, RIS, SAN, TOL

1756. Cladonia variegata Ahti 1757. Cladonia verruculosa (Vain.) Ahti IF 1758. Pilophorus cereolus (Ach.) Th. Fr. IF
IF No: 127032 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 341784 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 400946 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Colombia, region: Andes Distribution: North America, region: Andes Distribution:
Venezuela, Guyana, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Native Elev.: 3,100–4,550 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,750 m Dept.: RIS
MET, RIS, TOL

Lecanorales, Cladoniaceae Lecanorales, Dactylosporaceae Lecanorales, Haematommataceae
1759. Rexia fuliginosa (Filson) S. Stenroos, 1760. Sclerococcum porphyreum 1761. Haematomma africanum (J. Steiner)
Pino‐Bodas and Ahti IF No: 828617 (Hafellner & Kalb) Ertz & Diederich IF No: C.W. Dodge IF No: 342108 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 827733 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised symbiotroph/lichen parasite, lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,050 m Dept.: ANT, CAU

Lecanorales, Haematommataceae Lecanorales, Haematommataceae Lecanorales, Haematommataceae
1762. Haematomma collatum (Stirt.) C.W. 1763. Haematomma flexuosum Hillmann 1764. Haematomma guyanense Kalb &
Dodge IF No: 342113 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 366472 Trophic mode/Guild: Staiger IF No: 413153 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 2,600–2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Native Elev.: 1,000–2,180 m Dept.: HUI

1765. Haematomma infuscum (Stirt.) R.W. 1766. Haematomma ivoriense Kalb & 1767. Haematomma leprarioides (Vain.)
Rogers IF No: 110716 Trophic Staiger IF No: 413154 Trophic Vain. IF No: 386637 Trophic mode/Guild:
Colombia, Mexico, Australia, Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOY


1768. Haematomma persoonii (Fée) A. 1769. Haematomma rufidulum (Fée) A. 1770. Haematomma sorediatum R.W.
Massal. IF No: 386643 Trophic Massal. IF No: 386649 Trophic Rogers IF No: 110718 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae
1771. Lecanora achroa Nyl. IF No: 1772. Lecanora achrooides Vain. 1773. Lecanora alba Lumbsch
387537 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 639949 IF No: 413339 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Native Dept.: MAG

1774. Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. IF No: 1775. Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Röhl. IF 1776. Lecanora arthothelinella Lumbsch
387576 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 387644 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 434415 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN

1777. Lecanora bogotana Nyl. 1778. Lecanora bruneri Imshaug & Brodo 1779. Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. IF No:
IF No: 387745 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 530373 Trophic mode/Guild: 356369 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes,
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, Native
200–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, TOL Elev.: 1,200–3,200 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, SAP

1780. Lecanora caesiorubella subsp. 1781. Lecanora caesiosora Poelt 1782. Lecanora chlaronella Nyl. IF No:
glaucomodes (Nyl.) Imshaug & Brodo IF No: 351257 Trophic mode/Guild: 387865 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
IF No: 351254 symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
1,750–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CAU

1783. Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. IF No: 1784. Lecanora chlorophaeiza Vain. IF No: 1785. Lecanora concilians Nyl. IF No:
387866 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 387871 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 646649 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics, Native Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Elev.: 1,200–2,600 m Dept.: CUN Dept.: SAP 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

1786. Lecanora farinacea Fée 1787. Lecanora flavidomarginata B. de 1788. Lecanora fulvastra Kremp. IF No:
IF No: 388221 Trophic mode/Guild: Lesd. IF No: 388251 Trophic mode/Guild: 388282 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,800 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 3,300 m Dept.: CAU 1,750–2,050 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, SAN

1789. Lecanora fuscococcinea Nyl. IF No: 1790. Lecanora galactiniza Nyl. IF No: 1791. Lecanora glaucodea Nyl. IF No:
388297 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 388309 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 388344 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Distribution: Neotropics, Hawaii, Native
Elev.: 2,000–2,250 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: HUI, TOL Elev.: 2,295–2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CUN

1792. Lecanora helva Stizenb. IF No: 1793. Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. IF No: 1794. Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon IF
388408 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 388495 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 345157 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.:
1,750 m Dept.: CAU 3,200 m Dept.: CUN

1795. Lecanora leprosa Fée IF No: 1796. Lecanora lyngei Zahlbr. 1797. Lecanora mesoxantha Nyl. IF No:
122743 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 388653 Trophic mode/ Guild: 388709 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.:
Native Dept.: MAG CUN

1798. Lecanora myriocarpoides Vain. IF 1799. Lecanora oreinoides (Körb.) Hertel 1800. Lecanora pallidoflava Fée
No: 388776 Trophic mode/Guild: & Rambold IF No: 125874 Trophic mode/ IF No: 388887 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,250 m Dept.: BOY, HUI

1801. Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh. 1802. Lecanora praeferenda (Nyl.) Nyl. IF 1803. Lecanora prosecha Ach.
IF No: 389015 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 389028 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 389041
Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CAU, CUN Native Elev.: 1,200–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, SAN


1804. Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. 1805. Lecanora sorediifera Fée 1806. Lecanora strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff.
IF No: 389056 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 536369 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 389285 Trophic mode/Guild:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600–2,800 m Dept.: CUN

1807. Lecanora subcrenulata Müll. Arg. IF 1808. Lecanora subflava Tuck. IF No: 1809. Lecanora subgranulata Nyl. IF No:
No: 389316 Trophic mode/Guild: 389331 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 389340 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Caribbean Distribution: Antilles, Native Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.:
Native Elev.: 2,000–3,400 m Dept.: CUN, SAN Dept.: SAP CUN

1810. Lecanora subimmergens Vain. IF 1811. Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain. IF 1812. Lecanora tropica Zahlbr. IF No:
No: 389344 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 389345 Trophic mode/Guild: 389513 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 200–
Subcosmopolitan, Native Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: TOL 3,200 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, SAN, TOL

1813. Lecanora wilsonii Müll. Arg. IF No: 1814. Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. 1815. Lecidella punctuliformis (Nyl.) Kalb
389593 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Choisy IF No: 392922 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 132421 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
2,000 m Dept.: SAN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,400–2,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

1816. Myriolecis crenulata (Ach.) Śliwa, 1817. Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa, 1818. Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao
Zhao Xin & Lumbsch IF No: 814267 Zhao Xin & Lumbsch IF No: 814268 Xin & Lumbsch IF No: 814277 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
lichenised lichenised

Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae Lecanorales, Malmideaceae
1819. Vainionora flavovirens (Fée) Kalb IF 1820. Vainionora warmingii (Müll. Arg.) 1821. Malmidea amazonica (Redinger)
No: 362889 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb IF No: 362891 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 547068

Lecanorales, Malmideaceae Lecanorales, Malmideaceae Lecanorales, Malmideaceae
1822. Malmidea aurigera (Fée) Kalb, Rivas 1823. Malmidea badimioides (M. Cáceres 1824. Malmidea ceylanica (Zahlbr.) Kalb,
Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 547087 Trophic & Lücking) M. Cáceres & Kalb IF No: Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 547064
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised 547065 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ lichenised lichenised

1825. Malmidea demutans (Nyl.) Lücking 1826. Malmidea duplomarginata (Papong 1827. Malmidea fellhaneroides (Lücking)
IF No: 558065 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb) Kalb & Papong IF No: 547062 Kalb & Lücking IF No: 547061 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1828. Malmidea fulva (Malme) Kalb & van 1829. Malmidea furfurosa (Tuck. ex Nyl.) 1830. Malmidea fuscella (Müll. Arg.) Kalb
den Boom IF No: 807066 Trophic mode/ Kalb & Lücking IF No: 547094 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 547071 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Distribution: Pantropics, Native

1831. Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, 1832. Malmidea gyalectoides (Vain.) Kalb 1833. Malmidea hypomelaena (Nyl.) Kalb
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 547092 & Lücking IF No: 547091 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 548206 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA,
CAQ

1834. Malmidea leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) 1835. Malmidea nigromarginata (Malme) 1836. Malmidea piperina (Zahlbr.) Aptroot
Kalb & Lücking Lücking & Breuss IF No: 807111 Trophic & Breuss
IF No: 547089 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 807110 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics, Native


1837. Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, 1838. Malmidea psychotrioides (Kalb & 1839. Malmidea rhodopsis (Tuck.) Kalb,
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 547086 Lücking) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 569711
Trophic mode/Guild: No: 547095 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 710–2,700 Pantropics, Native
m Dept.: CUN, RIS, TOL

1840. Malmidea trailiana (Müll. Arg.) Kalb, 1841. Malmidea variabilis Kalb 1842. Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb,
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No: 547081 IF No: 547067 Trophic mode/ Guild: Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 547080 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia, Native Elev.: 100–300 region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,500
m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, VAU m Dept.: CAU, RIS

Lecanorales, Malmideaceae Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae
1843. Sprucidea fuscula (Nyl.) Lücking IF 1844. Alectoria ochroleuca (Schrank) A. 1845. Anzia americana Yoshim. & Sharp IF
No: 558069 Trophic mode/Guild: Massal. IF No: 122973 Trophic No: 344650 Trophic mode/Guild:
Temperate regions of the North and South, Andes, Native Elev.: Native Elev.: 2,300–2,550 m Dept.: ANT, HUI
3,410–4,510 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, MET,
NAR, RIS

Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae
1846. Anzia leucobates (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. IF 1847. Anzia leucobatoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 1848. Anzia lopezii Yoshim. IF No: 415706
No: 376261 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 376262 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native
Andes, Native Elev.: 2,200–3,510 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, HUI, RIS

1849. Anzia masonii Yoshim. IF No: 1850. Anzia parasitica (Fée) Zahlbr. IF No: 1851. Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D.
415705 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 376264 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hawksw. IF No: 341503 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics andes, Panama, Distribution: Pantropics andes, Costa Rica, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 2,800–3,400 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS Native Elev.: 2,300–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, HUI Holarctic region, Native Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CUN

1852. Bulbothrix apophysata (Hale & 1853. Bulbothrix atrichella (Nyl.) Hale IF 1854. Bulbothrix confoederata (W.L. Culb.)
Kurok.) Hale IF No: 341589 Trophic No: 341590 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 341594 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics Andes, Native

1855. Bulbothrix coronata (Fée) Hale IF 1856. BulbothrixFungicola (Lynge) Hale IF 1857. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale IF
region: Orinoquia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Africa, Native Dept.: VID Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,200 m Dept.: AMA,
CAU, NAR, SAN

1858. Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale IF No: 1859. Bulbothrix klementii Hale 1860. Bulbothrix laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale IF
341602 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 341603 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 341604 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 2,700–3,500 m Dept.: SAN

1861. Bulbothrix leprieurii Aubel 1862. Bulbothrix pigmentacea (Hale) Hale 1863. Bulbothrix suffixa (Stirt.) Hale IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native
South America, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Elev.: 1,500–1,900 m Dept.: RIS, SAN

1864. Bulbothrix ventricosa (Hale & 1865. Canoparmelia amazonica (Nyl.) Elix 1866. Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix
Kurok.) Hale IF No: 341620 Trophic & Hale IF No: 128700 Trophic mode/Guild: & Hale IF No: 128704 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,500–1,725 m Dept.: RIS Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–1,800 m Dept.: AMA, NAR, SAN Native Elev.: 1,500–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, HUI, RIS, SAN

1867. Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & 1868. Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. IF No: 1869. Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt IF No:
Hale IF No: 128723 Trophic mode/Guild: 382371 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 341699 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Habitat: Attached to mosses /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: and to other lichens | Lichen Distribution: Distribution: Boreal America and
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,250 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Subcosmopolitan, Global Distribution, Native Dept.: BOG Uses: Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 2,700–3,815 m Dept.: BOY, CUN
CAU, CUN, NAR, SAN ME


1870. Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. 1871. Cetraria nigricans Nyl. IF No: 1872. Crespoa carneopruinata (Zahlbr.)
IF No: 382416 Trophic mode/ Guild: 382431 Trophic mode/ Guild: Lendemer & B.P. Hodk. IF No: 564130
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On rocks symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
and the bark of trees Biogeographic region: region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic region, lichenised
Andes Distribution: Global Distribution, Holarctic region, tropical tropical mountains, Native Elev.: 4,320 m Dept.: BOY
Andes, Native Elev.: 3,590–4,474 Dept.: BOY, CUN, MET, TOL
Uses: ME

1873. Crespoa crozalsiana (B. de Lesd. ex 1874. Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) 1875. Eumitria baileyi Stirt.
Harm.) Lendemer & B.P. Hodk. IF No: Articus IF No: 371241 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 384925 Trophic mode/ Guild:
564134 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: In open or symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised shaded forests,near bodies of water |
Lichen Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT Uses: MA

1876. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale IF 1877. Flavoparmelia ecuadorensis T.H. 1878. Flavoparmelia gerlachei (Zahlbr.)
No: 103353 Trophic mode/Guild: Nash, Elix & J. Johnst. IF No: 627178 Hale IF No: 103356 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On broad Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
leafed trees, shrubs and fence posts in lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Andes,
open habitats | Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Antarctica, Native Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN
Subcosmopolitan, Global Distribution, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,400
m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: MA Conservation: LC

1879. Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale 1880. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale 1881. Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti IF
IF No: 103364 IF No: 106819 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 345080 Trophic mode /Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic region,
Native Elev.: 1,750–2,950 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN Africa, Native Elev.: 3,700–4,550 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

1882. Hypotrachyna ahtiana Elix, T.H. 1883. Hypotrachyna andensis Hale IF No: 1884. Hypotrachyna anzeana Elix, T.H.
Nash & Sipman IF No: 541823 Trophic 342234 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Nash & Sipman IF No: 541824 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
1,900–3,300 Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: ANT

1885. Hypotrachyna bogotensis (Vain.) 1886. Hypotrachyna boquetensis (Hale) 1887. Hypotrachyna brevidactylata
Hale IF No: 342238 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342239 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman, Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 542160
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, and region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, lichenised
temperate region of the South, Native Elev.: 2,700 –3,800 m Native Elev.: 4,130 m Dept.: RIS
Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, MET, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

1888. Hypotrachyna brevirhiza (Kurok.) 1889. Hypotrachyna caraccensis (Taylor) 1890. Hypotrachyna catawbiensis (Degel.)
Hale IF No: 342241 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342242 Trophic mode/Guild: Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Lumbsch IF No: 803557 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 3,750–4,325 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CUN, TOL Native Elev.: 1,400–4,300 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI,
MAG, RIS, SAN, TOL

1891. Hypotrachyna chicitae (Hale) Hale IF 1892. Hypotrachyna chlorina (Müll. Arg.) 1893. Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar,
No: 342244 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342245 Trophic mode/Guild: A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic 803559 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, /lichenised
Native Elev.: 5–4,200 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CUN, MET Native Elev.: 1,750–2,550 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, NSA, RIS, SAN

1894. Hypotrachyna citrella (Kurok.) Hale 1895. Hypotrachyna cleefii (Sipman) 1896. Hypotrachyna columbiensis
IF No: 342246 Trophic mode/Guild: Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & (Zahlbr.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Lumbsch IF No: 803583 Trophic mode/ Lumbsch IF No: 803560 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Tasmania, Native Elev.: 2,500–3,380 m Dept.: MAG, MET

1897. Hypotrachyna consimilis (Vain.) Hale 1898. Hypotrachyna convexa Baayen & 1899. Hypotrachyna croceopustulata
IF No: 342247 Rugenbr. ex Sipman, Elix & T.H. Nash IF (Kurok.) Hale IF No: 342252 Trophic
No: 541826 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,500–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, RIS
3,650–4,510 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CUN, MET, SAN

1900. Hypotrachyna cryptochlora (Vain.) 1901. Hypotrachyna culbersoniorum Elix & 1902. Hypotrachyna dactylifera (Vain.)
D. Hawksw. & A. Crespo IF No: 561370 T.H. Nash IF No: 375030 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 342253 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,300–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, NSA


1903. Hypotrachyna degelii (Hale) Hale IF 1904. Hypotrachyna densirhizinata 1905. Hypotrachyna dentella (Hale &
No: 342254 Trophic mode/Guild: (Kurok.) Hale IF No: 342255 Trophic mode Kurok.) Hale IF No: 342256 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 1,980 m Dept.: CUN, RIS Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,550–3,900 Dept.: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,100–2,550 m Dept.: CAU, CUN
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, MET, RIS, SAN, TOL

1906. Hypotrachyna divaricatica Elix & 1907. Hypotrachyna dubitans (Sipman) 1908. Hypotrachyna ducalis (Jatta) Hale IF
T.H. Nash IF No: 413216 Trophic mode/ Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & No: 342258 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Lumbsch IF No: 803547 Trophic mode symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 3,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN

1909. Hypotrachyna ecuadorensis (R. 1910. Hypotrachyna elongata Kurok. & 1911. Hypotrachyna enderythraea
Sant.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & K.H. Moon IF No: 466121 Trophic mode/ (Zahlbr.) Hale IF No: 342260 Trophic mode
Lumbsch IF No: 822852 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CAL, CUN

1912. Hypotrachyna endochlora (Leight.) 1913. Hypotrachyna ensifolia (Kurok.) 1914. Hypotrachyna erythrodes (Zahlbr.)
Hale IF No: 342261 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342262 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342263 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: South America,
Native Elev.: 1,900–2,970 m Dept.: ANT, HUI, MAG, NAR, RIS, New Zealand, Native Elev.: 3,500–3,900 Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, South Africa, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,400 m Dept.: CUN
SAN, TOL CAU, CUN, MET, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

1915. Hypotrachyna everniastroides 1916. Hypotrachyna exsplendens (Hale) 1917. Hypotrachyna flavida (Zahlbr.) Hale
Sipman IF No: 103463 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 342265 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 342267 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, Native Elev.: 3,950 m Dept.: BOY Native Elev.: 1,500–3,700 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, MET, SAN
HUI

1918. Hypotrachyna flavospinulosa 1919. Hypotrachyna flavovirens (Kurok.) 1920. Hypotrachyna fragilis (Sipman)
Sipman, Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 541827 Hale IF No: 342268 Trophic mode/Guild: Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Lumbsch IF No: 803563 Trophic mode/
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics andes, Native Elev.: 3,900 m Dept.: CAL

1921. Hypotrachyna galbinica Elix, Laily & 1922. Hypotrachyna gondylophora (Hale) 1923. Hypotrachyna halei Sipman, Elix &
Wahid IF No: 413217 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342272 Trophic mode/Guild: T.H. Nash IF No: 541829 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,550–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, NAR Pantropics andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 2,550–3,900 m
Dept.: ANT, CUN

1924. Hypotrachyna horrescens (Taylor) 1925. Hypotrachyna hypoalectorialica Elix 1926. Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.)
Krog & Swinscow IF No: 130745 Trophic & T.H. Nash IF No: 413219 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 342275 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 1,000–3,730 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG,
NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

1927. Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) 1928. Hypotrachyna intercalanda (Vain.) 1929. Hypotrachyna isidiocera (Nyl.) Hale
Hale IF No: 342276 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342279 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 342280 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,980–3,780 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS Hawaii, Native Elev.: 1,725–2,460 m Dept.: CUN, RIS, TOL
Uses: EU

1930. Hypotrachyna isolopezii Elix, T.H. 1931. Hypotrachyna klauskalbii A. Fletcher 1932. Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale
Nash & Sipman IF No: 541830 Trophic ex Sipman, Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 581629 IF No: 342285 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: /lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,780 m Dept.: CUN both temperate zones, Native Elev.: 1,250–4,130 m Dept.: ANT,
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

1933. Hypotrachyna limiformis (Taylor) 1934. Hypotrachyna lineariloba (Kurok.) 1935. Hypotrachyna lipidifera (Hale & M.
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Hale IF No: 342287 Trophic mode/Guild: Wirth) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch IF No: 803565 Trophic mode/ symbiotroph/lichenised Lumbsch IF No: 803550 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised


1936. Hypotrachyna lividescens (Kurok.) 1937. Hypotrachyna longiloba (H. Magn.) 1938. Hypotrachyna lopezii Hale
Hale IF No: 342289 Trophic mode/Guild: C.W. Sm. IF No: 357814 Trophic mode/ IF No: 342291 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Africa, Australia, Native Elev.: 2,050–2,550 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Distribution: Neotropics, Hawaii, Native Elev.: 2,200–3,900 m
CUN Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, MET, NSA, RIS, SAN, VAU

1939. Hypotrachyna malmei (Lynge) Hale 1940. Hypotrachyna meridensis Hale & 1941. Hypotrachyna meyeri (Zahlbr.)
IF No: 342294 Trophic mode/Guild: López–Fig. IF No: 342297 Trophic mode/ Streimann IF No: 129343 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 3,100 m Dept.: CUN

1942. Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.) 1943. Hypotrachyna microblastella Elix, 1944. Hypotrachyna minarum (Vain.) Krog
Hale IF No: 342298 Trophic mode/Guild: T.H. Nash & Sipman IF No: 541833 & Swinscow IF No: 130747 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Native Elev.: 1,650–3,975 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 2,400–3,000 Dept.:
HUI, MAG, RIS, SAN ANT, CUN

1945. Hypotrachyna minuscula C.H. 1946. Hypotrachyna monilifera (Kurok.) 1947. Hypotrachyna nana Marcelli & C.H.
Ribeiro & Marcelli IF No: 373981 Trophic Hale IF No: 342300 Trophic mode/Guild: Ribeiro IF No: 373979 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,400 m Dept.: CUN

1948. Hypotrachyna neocirrhata (Hale & 1949. Hypotrachyna neocrenata Elix, T.H. 1950. Hypotrachyna neodissecta (Hale)
M. Wirth) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix Nash & Sipman IF No: 541834 Trophic Hale IF No: 342301 Trophic mode/Guild:
& Lumbsch IF No: 803567 Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

1951. Hypotrachyna neoscytodes Elix, T.H. 1952. Hypotrachyna neotropica Divakar, A. 1953. Hypotrachyna nigrociliata (B. de
Nash & Sipman IF No: 541835 Trophic Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch IF No: Lesd.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised 803569 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lumbsch IF No: 803571 Trophic mode/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CUN Conservation: LC

1954. Hypotrachyna norlopezii Elix, T.H. 1955. Hypotrachyna obscurella (Vain.) 1956. Hypotrachyna osorioi (Hale) Hale IF
Nash & Sipman IF No: 541836 Trophic Hale IF No: 342305 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 342308 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 3,000–3,400 m Dept.: CUN, MET, RIS South America, Native Elev.: 3,400 m Dept.: CUN

1957. Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. 1958. Hypotrachyna osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale 1959. Hypotrachyna paramensis W.L.
Park & Hale IF No: 134548 Trophic mode/ IF No: 342309 Trophic mode/Guild: Culb. & C.F. Culb. IF No: 111540 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,000–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, HUI South America, Native Elev.: 1,500–3,200 m Dept.: CUN, SAN

1960. Hypotrachyna paraphyscioides 1961. Hypotrachyna partita Hale 1962. Hypotrachyna peruviana (Nyl.) Hale
Sipman IF No: 517785 Trophic mode/ IF No: 342311 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 342312 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 2,880 m Dept.: MAG Conservation: LC Native Elev.: 3,200–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS

1963. Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) 1964. Hypotrachyna physodalica (Hale) 1965. Hypotrachyna plana (Sipman)
Hale IF No: 342313 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 342314 Trophic mode/Guild: Divakar, A. Crespo, Elix & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic 803594 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics /lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,400–4,130 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, andes, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,900 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN,
CUN, HUI, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL NAR, RIS, SAN

1966. Hypotrachyna pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale 1967. Hypotrachyna primitiva Hale & 1968. Hypotrachyna producta Hale IF No:
IF No: 342315 Trophic mode/Guild: López–Fig. IF No: 342316 Trophic mode/ 342317 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 3,440–3,835 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, 2,300–3,300 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, HUI, SAN, TOL
CUN


1969. Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) 1970. Hypotrachyna protenta Hale IF No: 1971. Hypotrachyna protoboliviana (Hale)
Hale IF No: 342318 Trophic mode/Guild: 342319 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hale IF No: 342320 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,700–3,800 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, MET, 2,000–2,050 Dept.: CUN, SAN
RIS

1972. Hypotrachyna protocetrarica Elix, 1973. Hypotrachyna protochlorina 1974. Hypotrachyna protoformosana Elix,
T.H. Nash & Sipman IF No: 581632 Sipman, Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 581633 T.H. Nash & Sipman IF No: 541837
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised /lichenised /lichenised

1975. Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa 1976. Hypotrachyna pulvinata (Fée) Hale 1977. Hypotrachyna reducens (Nyl.) Hale
(Asahina) Hale IF No: 342321 Trophic IF No: 342322 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 342324 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,700 m Dept.: CAU, CUN Azores, Native Elev.: 1,200–4,300 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, Native Elev.: 1,980–4,175 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS
CUN, MAG, MET, RIS, SAN, TOL

1978. Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale 1979. Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale IF 1980. Hypotrachyna sanjosensis Elix, T.H.
IF No: 342325 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 342329 Trophic mode/Guild: Nash & Sipman IF No: 541838 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,700–3,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,600–3,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
CAL, CUN, HUI, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

1981. Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale IF 1982. Hypotrachyna sinuosella Elix, T.H. 1983. Hypotrachyna sorocheila (Vain.)
No: 342335 Trophic mode/Guild: Nash & Sipman IF No: 541839 Trophic Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Lumbsch IF No: 803576 Trophic mode/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,200–4,540 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL Uses: EU

1984. Hypotrachyna spumosa (Asahina) 1985. Hypotrachyna steyermarkii (Hale) 1986. Hypotrachyna stictifera Kurok. &
Krog & Swinscow IF No: 130749 Trophic Hale IF No: 342336 Trophic mode/Guild: K.H. Moon IF No: 466126 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat:
Lichen Elev.: 3,600 m Dept.: CAU Uses: EU

1987. Hypotrachyna subfatiscens (Kurok.) 1988. Hypotrachyna sublaevigata (Nyl. ex 1989. Hypotrachyna subphysodalica
Swinscow & Krog IF No: 133752 Trophic Tuck.) Hale IF No: 342338 Trophic mode/ (Hale) Hale IF No: 342339 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, RIS, Colombia, Chile, New Guinea, Native Dept.: CHO
SAN, TOL

1990. Hypotrachyna subplana (Sipman) 1991. Hypotrachyna subpustulifera Elix 1992. Hypotrachyna subvexans (Sipman)
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & IF No: 360115 Trophic mode/Guild: Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch IF No: 803578 Trophic mode/ symbiotroph/ lichenised Lumbsch IF No: 803580 Trophic mode/

1993. Hypotrachyna swinscowii (Hale) 1994. Hypotrachyna tariensis Elix IF No: 1995. Hypotrachyna tibellii Elix, T.H. Nash
Krog & Swinscow IF No: 130750 Trophic 413221 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph & Sipman IF No: 541841 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, New Guinea,
Native Elev.: 3,000–3,900 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN

1996. Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex 1997. Hypotrachyna wirthii Sipman, Elix & 1998. Hypotrachyna zamoraensis Sipman,
W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Crespo, T.H. Nash IF No: 581640 Trophic mode/ Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 581641 Trophic
Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch IF No: 803581 Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
lichenised Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 3,190 m Dept.: RIS

1999. Imshaugia angustior (Nyl.) Sipman 2000. Imshaugia venezolana (Hale) Elix IF 2001. Menegazzia Neotropics,a Bjerke IF
IF No: 558063 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 487980 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 484412 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Dept.: RIS, TOL Native Elev.: 1,750–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, RIS Native Elev.: 3,300 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS


2002. Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. 2003. Myelochroa lindmanii (Lynge) Elix & 2004. Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.)
Massal. IF No: 357429 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 130571 Trophic mode/Guild: Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I. Schmitt IF No:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic 827479 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, /lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,750–1,980 m Dept.: ANT, RIS, SAN

2005. Neoprotoparmelia rubrofusca 2006. Nephromopsis laureri (Kremp.) 2007. Oropogon americanus Essl. IF No:
Lücking & L.A. Santos IF No: 832319 Kurok. IF No: 128244 Trophic mode/Guild: 135769 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic region, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 4,080 m 3,300–3,400 m Dept.: BOY

2008. Oropogon atranorinus Essl. IF No: 2009. Oropogon barbaticus Essl. 2010. Oropogon bicolor Essl.
111705 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 135770 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 135771 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
2,800–3,750 m Dept.: CUN, RIS Native Elev.: 3,600–3,820 m Dept.: CUN, RIS, VAC Native Elev.: 3,450–4,130 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN

2011. Oropogon bolivianus Essl. 2012. Oropogon colibor Essl. 2013. Oropogon diffractaicus Essl. IF No:
IF No: 135772 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 135776 Trophic mode/Guild: 135777 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Andes, Native

2014. Oropogon fissuratus Essl. 2015. Oropogon formosanus Asahina IF 2016. Oropogon granulosus Essl. IF No:
IF No: 135778 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 368446 Trophic mode/Guild: 135779 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Est
Native Elev.: 3,050 m Dept.: TOL Asia, Native Elev.: 2,550–4,000 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, TOL

2017. Oropogon halei Essl. IF No: 135780 2018. Oropogon herzogii Essl. IF No: 2019. Oropogon lopezii Essl. IF No:
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 135781 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 111706 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
2,880–3,150 m Dept.: CUN, MAG

2020. Oropogon lorobic Essl. IF No: 2021. Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Zukal IF 2022. Oropogon parietinus Essl.
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: CUN region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,460–4,130 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU,
CHO, CUN, MAG, MET, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

2023. Oropogon pendulus Essl. 2024. Oropogon pseudoloxensis Essl. 2025. Oropogon sperlingii Essl.
IF No: 135790 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 135791 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 135794 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 2,550–4,100 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, NAR, TOL

2026. Oropogon striatulus Essl. 2027. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. 2028. Parmelinella salacinifera (Hale)
IF No: 135795 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 398223 Trophic mode/ Guild: Marcelli & Benatti IF No: 810474 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,840–3,120 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

2029. Parmelinopsis subinflata (Hale) 2030. Parmotrema andinum (Müll. Arg.) 2031. Parmotrema aptrootii Aubel IF No:
Benatti & Marcelli IF No: 515687 Hale IF No: 343009 Trophic mode/Guild: 358464 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Pantropics, Native Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia, Native
Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA

2032. Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale 2033. Parmotrema aurantiacoparvum 2034. Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.)
IF No: 343013 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman IF No: 358465 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 343014 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Habitat: Lichen
region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic and Biogeographic region: Amazonia Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
southern regions, Native Elev.: 1,950–3,935 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Distribution: Amazonia, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Pantropics, Native Elev.: 850–2,940 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN,
CUN, HUI, MAG, NAR HUI, NAR, RIS, TOL Uses: EU


2035. Parmotrema bangii (Vain.) Hale IF 2036. Parmotrema blanchetianum (Müll. 2037. Parmotrema bonplandii (Mata) O.
No: 343016 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg.) Kalb IF No: 132424 Trophic mode/ Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised IF No: 501425 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics symbiotroph/lichenised
Andes, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN

2038. Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale IF 2039. Parmotrema ciliiferum Hale IF No: 2040. Parmotrema commensuratum
No: 343018 Trophic mode/Guild: 126743 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Hale) Hale IF No: 343020 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On rocks | /lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Pantropics , Native Elev.: 1,750– Central America, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,480 m Dept.: ANT, HUI,
3,400 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, MET, NAR, NSA, SAN Uses: ME NSA, RIS, SAN, VAC

2041. Parmotrema conferendum Hale IF 2042. Parmotrema conformatum (Vain.) 2043. Parmotrema cornutum (Lynge) Hale
No: 343023 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343024 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343028 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,200–2,600 m Dept.: RIS, TOL Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CUN,
NSA, SAN

2044. Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. 2045. Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) 2046. Parmotrema diffractaicum (Essl.)
Choisy IF No: 368891 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343031 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343037 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,700–3,400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, NAR, NSA, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 5–1,500 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAU, MAG,
SAN, TOL NAR, SAN

2047. Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale 2048. Parmotrema disparile (Nyl.) Hale IF 2049. Parmotrema dissimile Fleig IF No:
IF No: 343038 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 343040 Trophic mode/Guild: 460391 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,700–3,460 m Dept.: CUN, NSA, SAN

2050. Parmotrema dominicanum (Vain.) 2051. Parmotrema eborinum (Hale) Hale 2052. Parmotrema eciliatum (Nyl.) Hale IF
Hale IF No: 343043 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343044 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 343045 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–3,800 m Dept.: NAR, SAP Neotropics, Native Elev.: 350–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, MET, SAP

2053. Parmotrema endosulphureum 2054. Parmotrema enteroxanthum Hale 2055. Parmotrema eunetum (Stirt.) Hale IF
(Hillmann) Hale IF No: 343046 Trophic IF No: 343047 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 343049 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Biogeographic region: Andes, Caribbean, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Neotropics, Native
Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: Andes, Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: SAN
35–250 m Dept.: BOL, CHO, NAR, TOL

2056. Parmotrema fasciculatum (Vain.) 2057. Parmotrema flavescens (Kremp.) 2058. Parmotrema flavotinctum (Hale)
Hale IF No: 343053 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343054 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343056 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia,
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 3,780 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,300–1,900 m Dept.: NAR, NSA, SAN Native Elev.: 240–250 m Dept.: AMA, VAU

2059. Parmotrema fractum (Hale) Hale IF 2060. Parmotrema gardneri (C.W. Dodge) 2061. Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale
No: 343057 Trophic mode/Guild: Sérus. IF No: 107092 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343059 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
2,300–3,950 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Native Dept.: ANT

2062. Parmotrema guyanum Hale IF No: 2063. Parmotrema hababianum (Gyeln.) 2064. Parmotrema haitiense (Hale) Hale IF
648680 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hale IF No: 343060 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 343061 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 235–2,460 m Dept.: MET, RIS, TOL Native Elev.: 700 m Dept.: ANT Native Elev.: 1,000–2,120 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

2065. Parmotrema horridum Fleig IF No: 2066. Parmotrema hypoleucinum (J. 2067. Parmotrema indicum Hale
460392 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Steiner) Hale IF No: 343065 Trophic mode IF No: 343067 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised


2068. Parmotrema internexum (Nyl.) Hale 2069. Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale 2070. Parmotrema lopezii Hale
ex DePriest & B.W. Hale IF No: 443713 IF No: 343071 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343074 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
/lichenised region: Andes, Orinoquia, Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–1,800 m Dept.: CAL, Andes, Native Elev.: 3,170 m Dept.: CUN
CHO, VAC, VID

2071. Parmotrema louisiana (Hale) Hale IF 2072. Parmotrema maclayanum (Müll. 2073. Parmotrema madagascariaceum
No: 626864 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg.) Hale IF No: 343078 Trophic mode/ (Hue) Hale IF No: 343080 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Pantropics Africa, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,250 m Dept.: BOY Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,600 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NSA,
SAN

2074. Parmotrema melanochaetum 2075. Parmotrema mellissii (C.W. Dodge) 2076. Parmotrema mesogenes (Nyl.) Hale
(Kurok.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix Hale IF No: 343083 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343085 Trophic mode/Guild:
& Lumbsch IF No: 501431 Trophic mode/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Caribbean Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 1,250–2,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, MAG, RIS, SAN, Native Dept.: SAP
VAC

2077. Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll. 2078. Parmotrema mirandum (Hale) Hale 2079. Parmotrema muelleri (Vain.) O.
Arg.) Hale IF No: 343086 Trophic mode/ IF No: 343088 Trophic mode/Guild: Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 501432 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Amazonia symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 250–500 m Dept.: CAQ, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,300–1,750
MET m Dept.: CAL, CAU, RIS

2080. Parmotrema nylanderi (Lynge) Hale 2081. Parmotrema peralbidum (Hale) Hale 2082. Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A.
IF No: 343095 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343103 Trophic mode/Guild: Massal. IF No: 398620 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,650–2,740 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, NSA, RIS Neotropics, Europe, Native Elev.: 2,000–2,800 m Dept.: CAU,
CUN

2083. Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. 2084. Parmotrema pilosum (Stizenb.) Krog 2085. Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.)
Choisy IF No: 368896 Trophic mode/Guild: & Swinscow IF No: 109155 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 343106 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Pantropics , Native Elev.: 1,600– Native Elev.: 500 m Dept.: TOL
2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, GUA, NAR, NSA Uses: EU

2086. Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) 2087. Parmotrema recipiendum (Nyl.) Hale 2088. Parmotrema reitzii Hale
Hale IF No: 343114 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343116 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343117 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 1,200–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, HUI, MAG, NAR, Native Elev.: 840 m Dept.: TOL Native Dept.: SAN
RIS, TOL

2089. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. 2090. Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale 2091. Parmotrema rubifaciens (Hale) Hale
Choisy IF No: 357464 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343120 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343121 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On trees symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
in open habitats, rarely on rocks | Lichen region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics , Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,600–3,800 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,000–3,600 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC
CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC Uses: MA

2092. Parmotrema sancti–angelii (Lynge) 2093. Parmotrema simulans (Hale) Hale IF 2094. Parmotrema sorediiferum Hale IF
Hale IF No: 343123 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 343125 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 104598 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 1,250–2,350 Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN Native Elev.: 2,000–2,340 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN

2095. Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale 2096. Parmotrema subcaperatum 2097. Parmotrema subisidiosum (Müll.
IF No: 343128 Trophic mode/Guild: (Kremp.) Hale IF No: 343130 Trophic Arg.) Hale IF No: 343134 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,250–2,970 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN,
HUI, MAG, NAR, NSA, RIS, TOL


2098. Parmotrema subsumptum (Nyl.) 2099. Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) 2100. Parmotrema succinreticulatum
Hale IF No: 343137 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343138 Trophic mode/Guild: (Eliasaro & Adler) O. Blanco, A. Crespo,
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch IF No: 501439
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,130 m Dept.: ANT, RIS, SAN lichenised

2101. Parmotrema sulphuratum (Nees & 2102. Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex 2103. Parmotrema ultralucens (Krog) Hale
Flot.) Hale IF No: 343139 Trophic mode/ Nyl.) Hale IF No: 343140 Trophic mode/ IF No: 343142 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia trunks | Lichens Biogeographic region: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Pantropics , Native Elev.: Native Dept.: NSA
1,250–2,250 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, SAN Uses:
MA, ME

2104. Parmotrema virescens Hale IF No: 2105. Parmotrema viridiflavum (Hale) Hale 2106. Parmotrema xanthinum (Müll. Arg.)
104599 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 343145 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 343147 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics Andes, Native region: Andes Distribution: Central Neotropics, Native
Elev.: 1,750–2,550 m Dept.: ANT, SAN America, Native Elev.: 1,650–2,500 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, MAG

2107. Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale 2108. Parmotremopsis antillensis (Nyl.) 2109. Phacopsis thallicola (A. Massal.)
IF No: 343149 Trophic mode/Guild: Elix & Hale IF No: 130599 Trophic mode Triebel & Rambold IF No: 134636 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 350–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, MET, Antilles, Native Elev.: 1,500–2,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, NAR, RIS,
NSA, VAU SAN

2110. Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) 2111. Pseudevernia intensa (Nyl.) Hale & 2112. Pseudoparmelia chapadensis
Hafellner IF No: 107576 Trophic mode W.L. Culb. IF No: 345702 Trophic mode/ (Lynge) Hale IF No: 343384 Trophic
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Usually on conifers, in mixed conifer Biogeographic region: Amazonia
forests | Lichen Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: SAN Uses: ME Distribution: Pantropics South America, Africa, Native Elev.: 350
m Dept.: CAQ

2113. Pseudoparmelia cubensis (Nyl.) Elix 2114. Pseudoparmelia uleana (Müll. Arg.) 2115. Psiloparmelia distincta (Nyl.) Hale IF
& T.H. Nash IF No: 443411 Elix & T.H. Nash IF No: 443417 No: 135876 Trophic mode/Guild:

2116. Punctelia borreri (Turner) Krog IF 2117. Punctelia colombiana Sérus. IF No: 2118. Punctelia constantimontium Sérus.
No: 110966 Trophic mode/Guild: 105739 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 108439 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Native Dept.: ANT, CUN Africa, Native Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN

2119. Punctelia crispa Marcelli, Jungbluth 2120. Punctelia digitata Jungbluth, 2121. Punctelia hypoleucites (Nyl.) Krog IF
& Elix IF No: 512456 Trophic mode/Guild: Marcelli & Elix IF No: 512457 Trophic No: 110971 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2122. Punctelia microsticta (Müll. Arg.) 2123. Punctelia negata (Nyl.) Krog IF No: 2124. Punctelia neutralis (Hale) Krog IF
Krog IF No: 110973 Trophic mode/Guild: 110974 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 110975 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native symbiotroph/lichenised

2125. Punctelia oxyspora (Tul.) Divakar, A. 2126. Punctelia punctilla (Hale) Krog IF 2127. Punctelia reddenda (Stirt.) Krog IF
Crespo & Lumbsch IF No: 820184 Trophic No: 110977 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 110978 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution:
Africa, Native Elev.: 1,880 m Dept.: NAR Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,050 m Dept.: ANT

2128. Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog IF No: 2129. Punctelia stictica (Delise ex Duby) 2130. Punctelia subflava (Taylor) Elix & J.
110980 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Krog IF No: 110983 Trophic mode/Guild: Johnst. IF No: 133594 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Habitat: On rocks and on symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
mosses, or bark | Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: America, Africa,
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,600– Europe, Native Elev.: 2,600–4,080 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN,
2,800 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS Uses: MA MET, SAN

2131. Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog IF 2132. Punctelia toxodes (Stirt.) Kalb & M. 2133. Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale IF No:
No: 110985 Trophic mode/Guild: Götz IF No: 529991 Trophic mode/Guild: 343536 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,600– Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,550–3,160 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NAR, TOL 2,550 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, RIS 1,400 m Dept.: CUN


2134. Relicina colombiana Elix & Sipman 2135. Relicina relicinella (Nyl.) Hale IF No: 2136. Remototrachyna aguirrei (Sipman,
IF No: 517810 Trophic mode/Guild: 343553 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Elix & T.H. Nash) Flakus, Kukwa & Sipman
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes IF No: 561981 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Colombia, Brasil, Native Dept.: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
3,700 m Dept.: CUN SAN region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics andes, Costa Rica, Native
Elev.: 1,750–2,000 m Dept.: CAU, RIS

2137. Remototrachyna consimilis (Vain.) 2138. Remototrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) 2139. Remototrachyna rhabdiformis
Flakus, Kukwa & Sipman IF No: 561982 Divakar, Lumbsch, Ferencová, Prado & A. (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Crespo IF No: 546535 Trophic mode/ 548405 Trophic mode/Guild:
lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,980–3,190
Elev.: 1,000–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, NAR, m Dept.: RIS
NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

2140. Remototrachyna singularis (Hale) 2141. Usnea acanthella (I.M. Lamb) F.J. 2142. Usnea alata Motyka
Flakus, Kukwa & Sipman IF No: 561983 Walker IF No: 105857 Trophic mode/ IF No: 370979 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Habitat: Lichen Biogeographic Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics , tropical Andes, Native Pantropics Andes, Native
Elev.: 2,000–3,600 m Dept.: CAU, CUN Uses: EU

2143. Usnea amabilis Motyka IF No: 2144. Usnea andina Motyka IF No: 2145. Usnea angulata Ach. IF No: 408310
370984 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 412001 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/lichenised Habitat: Epiphyte /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN 2,800–2,900 m Dept.: CUN 1,750–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR

2146. Usnea aranea Truong & P. Clerc 2147. Usnea arbusculiformis Motyka 2148. Usnea arthroclada Fée
IF No: 811375 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 412003 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 408318 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised

2149. Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm. IF No: 2150. Usnea aspera (Eschw.) Vain. IF No: 2151. Usnea aureola Motyka
408319 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 408320 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 412010 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: ANT 1,700–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, NSA, TOL

2152. Usnea australis Fr. IF No: 408323 2153. Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. IF No: 2154. Usnea bogotensis Vain.
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 408326 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 408329 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Habitat: On bark (especially symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Hawaii, Native Quercus spp. and shrubs) in oak–pine region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 2,000–2,600 m Dept.: CUN woodlands or in the mountains in mixed conifer forests | Lichen Andes, Native Elev.: 2,200 –3,950 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, MAG
Biogeographic region: Orinoquia Distribution: Global Distribution,
Holarctic region, Native Dept.: VID Uses: ME

2155. Usnea brasiliensis (Zahlbr.) Motyka 2156. Usnea ceratina Ach. IF No: 408337 2157. Usnea cinchonae (Willd.) Zahlbr. IF
IF No: 371015 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ No: 408343 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Subcosmopolitan, Native
Native Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: ANT Elev.: 1,600–3,700 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR,
SAN, TOL

2158. Usnea cirrosa Motyka IF No: 2159. Usnea columbiana Motyka ex 2160. Usnea complecta Motyka
412032 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Räsänen IF No: 371042 Trophic mode/ IF No: 412039 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: CUN Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Dept.: CUN

2161. Usnea concinna Stirt. 2162. Usnea cornuta Körb. 2163. Usnea crassula Motyka IF No:
IF No: 408349 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 408356 Trophic mode/ Guild: 412047 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Elev.: 3,600 m Dept.: CAU Uses: EU Distribution: South America, Native

2164. Usnea crenulata Truong & P. Clerc 2165. Usnea cristatula Motyka 2166. Usnea crocata Truong & P. Clerc IF
IF No: 800747 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 412049 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 561213 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: South America, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
North temperate region, Native Elev.: 2,000– 2,550 m Dept.: andes, Native Elev.: 2,300–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, HUI
CUN, HUI, NAR


2167. Usnea dasaea Stirt. IF No: 408359 2168. Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl. IF No: 2169. Usnea deformis Motyka
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 581809 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 412055 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2170. Usnea densirostra Taylor IF No: 2171. Usnea dimorpha (Müll. Arg.) Motyka 2172. Usnea diplotypus Vain.
408365 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 371070 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 408369 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
2,800–3,000 m Dept.: MAG

2173. Usnea dodgei Motyka IF No: 2174. Usnea dorogawensis Asahina IF No: 2175. Usnea durietzii Motyka IF No:
412059 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 371076 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 412061 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: CUN Distribution: Andes, Native Elev.: 3,200–
4,080 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, SAN

2176. Usnea entoviolata Motyka 2177. Usnea erinacea Vain. 2178. Usnea esperantiana P. Clerc IF No:
IF No: 412065 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 408377 Trophic mode/ Guild: 360729 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolit, region: Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolit,
Native Elev.: 1,880–2,600 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, HUI Native Elev.: 1,750–2,700 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, SAN

2179. Usnea firma Motyka IF No: 412080 2180. Usnea flavocardia Räsänen IF No: 2181. Usnea fragilescens Hav. ex Lynge IF
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 412086 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 408396 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native
Elev.: 3,500–4,160 m Dept.: CUN, SAN

2182. Usnea fragilescens var. mollis 2183. Usnea fruticans Motyka 2184. Usnea furfurosula (Zahlbr.) Motyka
(Vain.) P. Clerc IF No: 130547 IF No: 412088 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 371123 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 3,525–3,700 m Dept.: CHO, RIS Native Dept.: ANT, CUN

2185. Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain. IF No: 2186. Usnea glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) 2187. Usnea gracilis Ach. IF No: 408404
408400 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Vain. IF No: 408401 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500
Dept.: CUN

2188. Usnea granadensis Motyka IF No: 2189. Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. 2190. Usnea horrida Motyka IF No:
412100 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 408411 Trophic mode/ Guild: 412114 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
2,700–3,100 m Dept.: CUN 1,800 m Dept.: CUN

2191. Usnea jamaicensis Ach. 2192. Usnea jelskii Motyka IF No: 371174 2193. Usnea krogiana P. Clerc
IF No: 408423 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ IF No: 521711 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Dept.: TOL Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
3,500–4,000 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CUN, HUI, RIS, TOL

2194. Usnea laevis (Eschw.) Nyl. 2195. Usnea leioclada (Zahlbr.) Motyka IF 2196. Usnea lesdainii Motyka
Native Elev.: 2,650–3,000 m Dept.: CUN Native Dept.: ANT, CUN Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN, NSA

2197. Usnea malmei Motyka 2198. Usnea meridionalis Zahlbr. IF No: 2199. Usnea mexicana Vain. IF No:
IF No: 412150 Trophic mode/ Guild: 408443 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 408444 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: ANT,
CUN, MAG

2200. Usnea mollis Stirt. IF No: 408447 2201. Usnea moreliana Motyka IF No: 2202. Usnea nidulans Motyka
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 412166 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 412173 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised Distribution: Europe, North /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised
Africa, Native Dept.: CUN Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
2,740–3,800 m Dept.: CUN


2203. Usnea parvula Motyka IF No: 2204. Usnea perhispidella J. Steiner IF No: 2205. Usnea perplexans Stirt. IF No:
412186 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 408466 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 408467 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Temperate region of the
2,600 Dept.: CUN North, Native Dept.: CUN

2206. Usnea plicata (L.) Weber ex F.H. 2207. Usnea praetervisa (Asahina) P. Clerc 2208. Usnea regnellii Motyka
Wigg. IF No: 355663 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 370247 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 371294 Trophic mode/ Guild:

2209. Usnea rigida Vain. IF No: 205235 2210. Usnea robusta Stirt. IF No: 408488 2211. Usnea roccellina Motyka IF No:
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 412212 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
1,700–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NAR

2212. Usnea rubicunda Stirt. IF No: 2213. Usnea sanctae–ritae P. Clerc & 2214. Usnea sanguinea Swinscow & Krog
408491 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Herrera–Camp. IF No: 445505 Trophic IF No: 343829 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
1,700–2,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, NAR, SAN, TOL Native Elev.: 1,500–2,500 m Dept.: CAU, CUN

2215. Usnea scabrata Nyl. IF No: 355665 2216. Usnea setulosa Motyka IF No: 2217. Usnea silesiaca Motyka
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ 371322 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 408501 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,700– 2,200 m Dept.: ANT, CES, CUN

2218. Usnea sphacelata R. Br. 2219. Usnea steineri Zahlbr. 2220. Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Pers. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Distribution: North America,
region: Andes Distribution: Cold regions, Neotropics, Native Native Dept.: CUN
Native Elev.: 4,500– 4,550 m Dept.: CAL, RIS, VAC

2221. Usnea subaranea Truong & P. Clerc 2222. Usnea subcornuta Stirt. 2223. Usnea subdasaea Truong & P. Clerc
IF No: 811378 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 408517 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 561216 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: SAN

2224. Usnea subelegans (Vain.) Motyka ex 2225. Usnea subflammea P. Clerc IF No: 2226. Usnea subfloridana Stirt. IF No:
B. de Lesd. IF No: 412247 Trophic mode/ 521713 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 408519 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Holarctic region, Native Dept.:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,300–2,740 m Dept.: ANT, CES, CUN CUN

2227. Usnea subglabrata Truong & P. 2228. Usnea subgracilis Vain. 2229. Usnea subrubicunda P. Clerc IF No:
Clerc IF No: 811379 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 408521 Trophic mode/ Guild: 569748 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, North America,

2230. Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Motyka 2231. Usnea substerilis Motyka 2232. Usnea tenuis Motyka IF No: 412262
IF No: 371360 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 356466 Trophic mode/ Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: CUN

2233. Usnea transitoria Motyka 2234. Usnea trichinella Motyka 2235. Usnea trichodea Ach.

2236. Usnea wasmuthii Räsänen IF No: 2237. Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis 2238. Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa (Tuck.)
355718 Trophic mode/Guild: (Ach.) Hale IF No: 343875 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 343880 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Habitat: On sandy
soil | Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: America, Native Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: CUN Uses:
MA, PO


2239. Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex 2240. Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia 2241. Xanthoparmelia lecanorica (Hale)
Ach.) Hale IF No: 343884 Trophic mode/ (Gyeln.) Hale IF No: 343889 Trophic Hale IF No: 343916 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
Holarctic region, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,880 m Dept.: NAR

2242. Xanthoparmelia microspora (Müll. 2243. Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Schaer. 2244. Xanthoparmelia neowyomingica
Arg.) Hale IF No: 343920 Trophic mode/ ex D. Dietr.) Hale IF No: 343923 Trophic Hale IF No: 135857 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Colorado,
South America, Native Elev.: 980–2,600 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Holarctic region, Neotropics, South Africa, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Colombia to Peru, Native Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: CUN
Dept.: CUN

2245. Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyeln.) Hale 2246. Xanthoparmelia rogersii Elix & J. 2247. Xanthoparmelia simulans Hale IF
IF No: 343930 Trophic mode/Guild: Johnst. IF No: 128683 Trophic mode/ No: 128870 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN, SAN Colombia, Kenia, Australia, Native Elev.: 2,250 m Dept.: BOY

2248. Xanthoparmelia sipmanii T.H. Nash 2249. Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) 2250. Xanthoparmelia subplittii Hale IF
& Elix IF No: 414395 Trophic mode/Guild: Ahti & D. Hawksw. IF No: 356009 Trophic No: 132335 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: South America,
South America, Native Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,550–2,950 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, Native Elev.: 2,250 m Dept.: BOY
NSA

2251. Xanthoparmelia subramigera 2252. Xanthoparmelia substenophylloides 2253. Xanthoparmelia subulcerosa T.H.
(Gyeln.) Hale IF No: 343947 Trophic Hale IF No: 135873 Trophic mode/Guild: Nash & Elix IF No: 414399 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,880 m Dept.: NAR, SAN Neotropics, South Africa, Native Elev.: 350–2,250 m Dept.: BOY, Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN
CAQ, HUI

Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae Lecanorales, Psilolechiaceae
2254. Xanthoparmelia ulcerosa (Zahlbr.) 2255. Xanthoparmelia wildeae (C.W. 2256. Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy IF
Hale IF No: 343956 Trophic mode/Guild: Dodge) Hale IF No: 343960 Trophic mode No: 118645 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Temperate Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
South America, Pantropics Andes, Native Dept.: BOY, CUN Pantropics South America, Native Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT Native Elev.: 2,380 m Dept.: CUN

Lecanorales, Psoraceae Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae
2257. Protomicarea limosa (Ach.) 2258. Auriculora byssomorpha (Nyl.) Kalb 2259. Bacidia albomaculans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Hafellner IF No: 483676 Trophic mode/ IF No: 134479 Trophic mode/Guild: F No: 377907 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,900–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, VAC 2,000 m

Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae
2260. Bacidia andita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF No: 2261. Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold 2262. Bacidia beckhausii Körb. IF No:
377920 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 377927 377960 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 250 m Dept.: Distribution: Holarctic region, Native Elev.:
TOL 250 m Dept.: TOL

2263. Bacidia campalea (Tuck.) S. Ekman 2264. Bacidia fluminensis (Malme) M. 2265. Bacidia fulgidula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF No:
& Kalb IF No: 444701 Cáceres & Lücking IF No: 540311 Trophic 378105 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 150 m

2266. Bacidia hostheleoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 2267. Bacidia insularis Zahlbr. 2268. Bacidia iodea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF No:
IF No: 378151 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 378176 378184 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,200 m
1,200 m Dept.: CUN

2269. Bacidia ischnospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 2270. Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) 2271. Bacidia melacheila (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
No: 378187 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 415044 Trophic mode No: 378249 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
2,900 m Dept.: CUN 1,200 m


2272. Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. 2273. Bacidia neofusconigrescens 2274. Bacidia personata Malme
IF No: 378267 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 558059 Trophic mode/ IF No: 410318 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,200–2,700 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

2275. Bacidia polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körb. IF 2276. Bacidia proposita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 2277. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
No: 378350 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 378363 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 378397 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution:
200 m Dept.: TOL Conservation: CR Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

2278. Bacidia russeola (Kremp.) Zahlbr. IF 2279. Bacidia salmonea S. Ekman IF No: 2280. Bacidia schweinitzii (Fr. ex Tuck.) A.
No: 378414 Trophic mode/Guild: 444705 Trophic mode/Guild: Schneid. IF No: 119479

2281. Bacidia segregata (Müll. Arg.) 2282. Bacidia smaragdescens (Nyl.) 2283. Bacidia sororiella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
Zahlbr. IF No: 378427 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 378435 Trophic mode/ No: 378442 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Endemic Elev.: 250 m Dept.: TOL Endemic Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: CUN 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

2284. Bacidia squamulosula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 2285. Bacidia suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid. IF 2286. Bacidia trichospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
1,200 m

2287. Bacidina aenea S. Ekman 2288. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda 2289. Bacidina brittoniana (Riddle)
IF No: 444706 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 136777 Trophic mode/Guild: LaGreca & S. Ekman IF No: 808754
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.:
AMA, ANT, CAQ, CAU, CUN, MET, NAR

2290. Bacidina lacerata (Timdal) 2291. Bacidina medialis (Tuck. ex Nyl.) 2292. Bacidina multiseptata M. Cáceres &
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman Lücking IF No: 540314 Trophic mode
IF No: 824364 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 824494 Trophic mode /Guild: /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

2293. Bacidina pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.) 2294. Bacidina pseudohyphophorifera 2295. Bacidina scutellifera (Vězda) Vězda
Vězda IF No: 136771 Trophic mode/Guild: (Lücking & Sérus.) Lücking IF No: 538366 IF No: 136769 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,700 m Dept.: CAU Distribution: Paleotropics, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Pantropics, Native Elev.: 450–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, NAR

2296. Bacidina simplex Farkas & Vězda IF 2297. Bacidina varia S. Ekman 2298. Bacidiopsora microphyllina Kalb IF
No: 361587 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 444713 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 371429 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen symbiotroph/lichenised
Elev.: 3,600 m Dept.: CAU Uses: EU

2299. Bacidiopsora psorina (Nyl.) Kalb IF 2300. Bacidiopsora silvicola (Malme) Kalb 2301. Badimia dimidiata (Bab. ex Leight.)
No: 371408 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 371406 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 103078 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ,
CHO, GUA, NAR, NSA, VAU

2302. Badimia pallidula (Kremp.) Vězda IF 2303. Badimia tuckermanii (R. Sant.) 2304. Badimia vezdana Lücking, Farkas &
No: 103081 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking, Lumbsch & Elix IF No: 362834 V. Wirth IF No: 517737 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO Neotropics, Native Dept.: NAR

2305. Bellicidia incompta (Borrer) 2306. Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr. IF No: 2307. Bibbya vermifera (Nyl.) Kistenich,
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekma IF 378932 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman
No: 824446 Trophic mode/Guild: /lichenised Biogeographic region: IF No: 824370
symbiotroph/lichenised Amazonia Distribution: Europe, Native
Dept.: GUA


2308. Catillochroma endochromum (Fée) 2309. Eschatogonia prolifera (Mont.) R. 2310. Lecania dubitans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm. IF
Kalb IF No: 545040 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 475533 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 387398 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 35–
2,000 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR, VAC

2311. Lecaniella prasinoides (Elenkin) S.Y. 2312. Lopezaria isidiza (Makhija & 2313. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb &
Kondr. IF No: 832167 Trophic mode/Guild: Nagarkar) Aptroot & Sipman IF No: Hafellner IF No: 125762 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised 501228 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/ lichenised Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,200–3,510 Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU,
CUN, HUI, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL

2314. Parallopsora labriformis (Timdal) 2315. Parallopsora leucophyllina (Nyl.) 2316. Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.
Kistenich, Timdal & Bendiksby IF No: Kistenich, Timdal & Bendiksby IF No: Arg. IF No: 400513 Trophic mode/Guild:
824443 Trophic mode/Guild: 824441 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Dept.: GUA

2317. Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll. Arg.) 2318. Phyllopsora byssiseda (Nyl. ex Hue) 2319. Phyllopsora canoumbrina (Vain.)
Zahlbr. IF No: 355899 Trophic mode Zahlbr. IF No: 400515 Trophic mode Brako IF No: 135666 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CUN,
HUI

2320. Phyllopsora chlorophaea (Müll. Arg.) 2321. Phyllopsora cinchonarum (Fée) 2322. Phyllopsora confusa Swinscow &
Zahlbr. IF No: 400516 Trophic mode/ Timdal IF No: 534007 Trophic mode/Guild: Krog IF No: 111799 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Pantropics Africa, Native Dept.: TOL

2323. Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. 2324. Phyllopsora cuyabensis (Malme) 2325. Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.)
Arg. IF No: 355900 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 411604 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 400521 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: AMA, VAU Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,100 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

2326. Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.) 2327. Phyllopsora intermediella (Nyl.) 2328. Phyllopsora isidiotyla (Vain.) Riddle
Kistenich, Timdal, endiksby & S. Ekman IF Zahlbr. IF No: 400524 Trophic mode/ IF No: 400525 Trophic mode/Guild:
No: 824408 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/lichenised Pantropics, Native

2329. Phyllopsora janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) 2330. Phyllopsora kalbii Brako 2331. Phyllopsora longiuscula (Nyl.)
Swinscow & Krog IF No: 111801 Trophic IF No: 361993 Trophic mode/ Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 400526 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

2332. Phyllopsora mauritiana (Taylor) 2333. Phyllopsora microphyllina (Tuck.) 2334. Phyllopsora nemoralis Timdal &
Gotth. Schneid. IF No: 476152 Trophic Swinscow & Krog IF No: 111804 Trophic Krog IF No: 466455 Trophic mode/Guild:

2335. Phyllopsora nigrocincta Timdal IF 2336. Phyllopsora ochroxantha (Nyl.) 2337. Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.
No: 534014 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 411607 Trophic mode/ Arg. IF No: 355901 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,900 m Dept.: CUN, GUA, RIS

2338. Phyllopsora pyrrhomelaena (Tuck.) 2339. Phyllopsora pyxinoides (Nyl.) 2340. Phyllopsora santensis (Tuck.)
Swinscow & Krog IF No: 111806 Trophic Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman Swinscow & Krog IF No: 111807 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 824409 Trophic mode/ Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

2341. Phyllopsora soralifera Timdal IF No: 2342. Physcidia endococcinea Zahlbr. IF 2343. Physcidia squamulosa Tuck. IF No:
534015 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 400872 Trophic mode/Guild: 400873 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Dept.: GUA


2344. Physcidia wrightii Tuck. 2345. Ramalina africana (Stein) C.W. 2346. Ramalina anceps Nyl.
IF No: 400874 Trophic mode/Guild: Dodge IF No: 343491 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 357046 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 350 Dept.: AMA

2347. Ramalina andina V. Marcano & A. 2348. Ramalina asahinae W.L. Culb. & 2349. Ramalina attenuata (Pers.) Tuck. IF
Morales IF No: 362275 Trophic mode/ C.F. Culb. IF No: 343493 Trophic mode/ No: 542040 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Caribbean Distribution: Antilles,
Native Dept.: SAP

2350. Ramalina bogotensis Nyl. 2351. Ramalina calcarata Krog & 2352. Ramalina camptospora Nyl. IF No:
IF No: 403663 Trophic mode/ Guild: Swinscow IF No: 343495 Trophic mode/ 403670 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised
2,300–2,700 m Dept.: CUN, HUI

2353. Ramalina canaguensis V. Marcano 2354. Ramalina canaliculata Taylor IF No: 2355. Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. IF No:
& A. Morales IF No: 362344 Trophic mode 403671 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 403674 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised

2356. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & 2357. Ramalina chiguarensis V. Marcano 2358. Ramalina chilensis Bertero ex Nyl. IF
Swinscow IF No: 343497 Trophic mode/ & A. Morales IF No: 362276 Trophic mode No: 403678 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes,
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250–3,400 m Dept.:
ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, QUI, RIS, SAN Uses: EU

2359. Ramalina cochlearis Zahlbr. IF No: 2360. Ramalina complanata (Sw.) Ach. IF 2361. Ramalina cumanensis Fée IF No:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
1,250–3,130 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, RIS, SAN, TOL Native Elev.: 250–1,750 m Dept.: CAU, TOL 2,000–3,765 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, HUI, RIS

2362. Ramalina dendriscoides Nyl. IF No: 2363. Ramalina denticulata (Eschw.) Nyl. 2364. Ramalina dictyota C.W. Dodge &
403700 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 403702 Trophic mode/Guild: Vareschi IF No: 369900 Trophic mode/
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: SAN Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,880–2,900 m Dept.: MAG

2365. Ramalina disparata Krog & 2366. Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. IF 2367. Ramalina hypodectodes Nyl. IF No:
Swinscow IF No: 343499 Trophic mode/ No: 403716 Trophic mode/Guild: 403740 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
1,200 m Dept.: SAN

2368. Ramalina inflata (Hook. f. & Taylor) 2369. Ramalina interponens Nyl. 2370. Ramalina luciae Molho, Bodo, W.L.
Hook. f. & Taylor IF No: 403745 Trophic IF No: 403748 Trophic mode/Guild: Culb. & C.F. Culb. IF No: 111876 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
1,000 m Dept.: VAC

2371. Ramalina peruviana Ach. IF No: 2372. Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. IF 2373. Ramalina protensa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
403795 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph No: 356436 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 403806 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Colombia,
2,700 m Dept.: BOY Endemic Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: CUN

2374. Ramalina puiggarii Müll. Arg. IF No: 2375. Ramalina pusiola Müll. Arg. IF No: 2376. Ramalina rectangularis Nyl. IF No:
403808 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph 403812 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 403814 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native
Elev.: 1,600–1,850 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS

2377. Ramalina reducta Krog & Swinscow 2378. Ramalina rigida Ach. 2379. Ramalina sintenisii Müll. Arg. IF No:
IF No: 343514 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 403819 Trophic mode/Guild: 403832 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Caribbean Distribution: Antilles, Native
Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500–4,325 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: TOL Dept.: SAP


2380. Ramalina subfraxinea Nyl. 2381. Ramalina subpollinaria Nyl. IF No: 2382. Ramalina tenuis Fr. & Tuck. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,750–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, MAG 2,600–2,950 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, HUI

2383. Ramalina tenuissima V. Marcano & 2384. Ramalina tovarensis V. Marcano & 2385. Ramalina usnea (L.) R. Howe IF No:
A. Morales IF No: 362281 Trophic mode/ A. Morales IF No: 362282 Trophic mode/ 403866 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 150–2,750 m Dept.: ATL, CUN, GUV,
MAG, PUT

Lecanorales, Ramalinaceae Lecanorales, Ramboldiaceae Lecanorales, Ramboldiaceae
2386. Ramalina vareschii V. Marcano & A. 2387. Ramboldia haematites (Fée) Kalb, 2388. Ramboldia heterocarpa (Fée) Kalb,
Morales IF No: 362630 Trophic mode/ Lumbsch & Elix IF No: 511015 Trophic Lumbsch & Elix IF No: 511016 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

Lecanorales, Ramboldiaceae Lecanorales, Sphaerophoraceae Lecanorales, Sphaerophoraceae
2389. Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb, 2390. Bunodophoron crespoae Soto, M. 2391. Bunodophoron flabellatum (Hue)
Lumbsch & Elix IF No: 511020 Trophic Prieto & Wedin IF No: 821588 Trophic Soto, M. Prieto & Wedin IF No: 821589
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Andes, Orinoquia lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 100–2,900 m Dept.:
BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, RIS, SAN, VID

Lecanorales, Sphaerophoraceae Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae
2392. Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.) 2393. Lepraria albicans (Th. Fr.) Lendemer 2394. Lepraria alpina (B. de Lesd.)
Wedin IF No: 412621 Trophic mode/Guild: & B.P. Hodk. IF No: 564051 Trophic mode Tretiach & Baruffo IF No: 501303 Trophic
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,800–4,510 m Dept.: ANT, ARA,
BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA, QUI, RIS,
TOL, VAC

Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae
2395. Lepraria arbuscula (Nyl.) Lendemer 2396. Lepraria caesioalba (B. de Lesd.) 2397. Lepraria congesta (Nyl.) Lendemer
& B.P. Hodk. IF No: 564052 Trophic mode J.R. Laundon IF No: 358675 Trophic mode & B.P. Hodk. IF No: 623130 Trophic mode
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 4,300–4,500 m Dept.: CAL

2398. Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. 2399. Lepraria sipmaniana (Kümmerl. & 2400. Lepraria subalbicans (I.M. Lamb)
IF No: 393255 Trophic mode/Guild: Leuckert) Kukwa IF No: 373890 Trophic Lendemer & B.P. Hodk. IF No: 564056
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,940 m Dept.: TOL Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,200 m Dept.: BOY

2401. Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris 2402. Lepraria yunnaniana (Hue) Zahlbr. 2403. Stereocaulon atlanticum (I.M.
IF No: 132223 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 335051 Trophic mode/Guild: Lamb) I.M. Lamb IF No: 343671 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 4,300 m Dept.: CAL Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 3,100–4,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, RIS

2404. Stereocaulon claviceps Th. Fr. IF No: 2405. Stereocaulon cornutum Müll. Arg. IF 2406. Stereocaulon crambidiocephalum
405938 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 405952 Trophic mode/Guild: I.M. Lamb IF No: 370465 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Elev.: 3,750–4,300 m Dept.: CAL, RIS Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 3,100–4,340 m Dept.: ARA, CUN,
SAN

2407. Stereocaulon delisei Bory ex Duby IF 2408. Stereocaulon didymicum I.M. Lamb 2409. Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H.
No: 405960 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343675 Trophic mode/Guild: Magn. IF No: 405978 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,750–4,340 m Dept.: CAL, RIS Native Elev.: 1,875–3,400 m Dept.: CAU, CHO, HUI, NAR, RIS Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 4,000–4,530 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, MET, RIS

2410. Stereocaulon globisorum Sipman IF 2411. Stereocaulon meyeri Stein 2412. Stereocaulon meyeri var. farinosum
No: 103838 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 406004 Trophic mode/ Guild: (Th. Fr.) I.M. Lamb
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 479952
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Andes, Native Elev.: 3,750–4,340 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, RIS Africa, Native Elev.: 3,100–4,300 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CUN, RIS,
SAN, TOL


2413. Stereocaulon microcarpum Müll. 2414. Stereocaulon myriocarpum Th. Fr. IF 2415. Stereocaulon novogranatense I.M.
Arg. IF No: 406005 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 406008 Trophic mode/Guild: Lamb IF No: 343686 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: America, Asia, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Tahiti, Native Elev.: 1,400–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, MAG, Native Elev.: 2,800–4,200 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NSA, QUI andes, Native Elev.: 1,700–3,750 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CHO, HUI,
SAN, TOL PUT, RIS

2416. Stereocaulon obesum Th. Fr. IF No: 2417. Stereocaulon pachycephalum Vain. 2418. Stereocaulon pityrizans Nyl. IF No:
406013 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 406018 Trophic mode/Guild: 406024 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
3,950–4,160 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, SAN Native Elev.: 2,500–4,200 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, RIS 2,200–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, NAR, NSA, RIS, SAN

2419. Stereocaulon pomiferum P.A. 2420. Stereocaulon ramulosum Raeusch. 2421. Stereocaulon ramulosum f.
Duvign. IF No: 370501 Trophic mode/ IF No: 357060 Trophic mode/Guild: tomentosulum I.M. Lamb
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 350890
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,530–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 2,000–4,500 m
CUN, MAG, RIS Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAS, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA,
PUT, QUI, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC

2422. Stereocaulon ramulosum var. 2423. Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr. IF No: 2424. Stereocaulon strictum var.
gracilius (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb 406049 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph compressum (Nyl.) I.M. Lamb IF No:
IF No: 354141 /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes 354104 Habitat: On soil | Lichen
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, BOY,
2,100–4,500 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAQ, CAU, CES, CUN, HUI, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA, RIS, TOL, VAC Uses:
MAG, MET, NAR, NSA, PUT, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC ME

2425. Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. IF No: 2426. Stereocaulon tomentosum var. 2427. Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. IF
406056 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph alpestre Flot. No: 406065 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes IF No: 444294 symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Holarctic region, Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Native Elev.: 2,300–4,400 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CES, CUN, Native Elev.: 3,050–5,000 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU,
HUI, MET, NSA, RIS, SAN, TOL CUN, RIS, SAN, TOL

Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales, Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales, Tephromelataceae
2428. Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. 2429. Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. 2430. Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.)
efflorescens (Räsänen) I.M. Lamb nodulosum (Wallr.) I.M. Lamb Hafellner IF No: 483640 Trophic mode
IF No: 480017 IF No: 354345 /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,870–4,250 m Dept.: BOY, MET

Lecanorales, Tephromelataceae Lecanorales, Tephromelataceae Lecideales, Lecideaceae
2431. Tephromela americana (Fée) Kalb IF 2432. Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner IF 2433. Lecidea lactea Flörke ex Schaer. IF
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Native Elev.: 1,400–3,730 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, RIS, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN
SAN, TOL

Lecideales, Lecideaceae Lecideales, Lecideaceae Lecideales, Lecideaceae
2434. Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. IF No: 2435. Lecidea lithophila (Ach.) Ach. IF No: 2436. Lecidea mayorii Lindau
391184 Trophic mode/Guild: 391295 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 613094 Trophic mode /Guild:

2437. Lecidea mutabilis Fée 2438. Lecidea plana (J. Lahm) Nyl. IF No: 2439. Lecidea promiscens Nyl.
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,100–2,200 m Dept.: CUN

2440. Lecidea sordidula Nyl. IF No: 2441. Lecidea subsimilis Nyl. IF No: 2442. Lecidea tessellata Flörke
392304 Trophic mode/ Guild: 392558 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 392664 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Endemic symbiotroph/lichenised

Lecideales, Lecideaceae Lecideales, Lecideaceae Leprocaulales, Leprocaulaceae
2443. Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan IF 2444. Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & 2445. Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.)
No: 135821 Trophic mode/Guild: A.J. Schwab IF No: 107570 Trophic mode/ Gams ex D. Hawksw. IF No: 342453
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: lichenised
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN


Peltigerales, Coccocarpiaceae Peltigerales, Coccocarpiaceae Peltigerales, Coccocarpiaceae
2446. Coccocarpia dissecta Swinscow & 2447. Coccocarpia domingensis Vain. IF 2448. Coccocarpia epiphylla (Fée) Kremp.
Krog IF No: 341787 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 383075 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 123300 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: BOY, TOL Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–3,000 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAL, Native Elev.: 250–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, GUA
CAQ, CAU, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

2449. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) 2450. Coccocarpia filiformis Arv. 2451. Coccocarpia glaucina Kremp. IF No:
Swinscow & Krog IF No: 341788 Trophic IF No: 108775 Trophic mode/ Guild: 383083 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes, region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Orinoquia, Pacific Distribution: Cosmopolitan, . Native Elev.: 240– Neotropics, Madagascar, Native Elev.: 168–1,900 m Dept.: CAL, 2,240 m Dept.: CUN
3,300 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, CUN, GUA, HUI, CHO, RIS, SAN
QUI, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAU, VID

2452. Coccocarpia imbricascens Nyl. IF 2453. Coccocarpia microphyllina Lücking 2454. Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.)
No: 383085 Trophic mode/Guild: & Aptroot IF No: 638587 Trophic mode/ Arv. & D.J. Galloway IF No: 341791 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes,
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–240 m Dept.: AMA, NAR Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,000 m Dept.: RIS Caribbean, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 200–
3,200 m Dept.: AMA, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET,
NAR, RIS, SAP, SAN, VAC

2455. Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. 2456. Coccocarpia prostrata Lücking, 2457. Coccocarpia stellata Tuck.
IF No: 383092 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Sipman IF No: 529582 Trophic IF No: 383097 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–2,740 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: CAL, CHO, RIS Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 240–2,600 m Dept.:
CHO, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN AMA, ANT, BOY, CAQ, HUI, RIS, VAU

Peltigerales, Coccocarpiaceae Peltigerales, Collemataceae Peltigerales, Collemataceae
2458. Coccocarpia tenuissima Müll. Arg. IF 2459. Collema furfuraceum (Schaer.) Du 2460. Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl.
No: 383099 Trophic mode/Guild: Rietz IF No: 383275 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 383287 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 1,100–3,500 m
Dept.: CAL, CUN, HUI, NSA, RIS

Peltigerales, Collemataceae Peltigerales, Collemataceae Peltigerales, Collemataceae
2461. Collema implicatum Nyl. 2462. Collema leptaleum Tuck. 2463. Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. IF

2464. Collema pulcellum Ach. 2465. Collema stellatum Tuck. 2466. Collema subconveniens Nyl. IF No:

2467. Collema texanum Tuck. 2468. Collema texanum var. stellatum 2469. Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.)
IF No: 383477 Trophic mode/ Guild: (Tuck.) Degel. IF No: 350676 Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin IF No: 805675
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Andes Distribution: America, East lichenised
Asia, Native Elev.: 770 m Dept.: ANT

2470. Lathagrium cristatum (L.) Otálora, 2471. Leptogium aciculare P.M. Jørg. IF 2472. Leptogium andinum P.M. Jørg. IF
P.M. Jørg. & Wedin IF No: 805684 Trophic No: 342458 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 342460 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Native Elev.: 1980 m Dept.: RIS Andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,950 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, TOL

2473. Leptogium austroamericanum 2474. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont. IF 2475. Leptogium brebissonii Mont. IF No:
(Malme) C.W. Dodge IF No: 367830 No: 393327 Trophic mode/Guild: 393334 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,580 m Dept.: TOL Native Elev.: 1,200–4,250 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU,
CHO, CUN, NAR, SAN, TOL

2476. Leptogium britannicum P.M. Jørg. & 2477. Leptogium bullatum (Sw.) Mont. IF 2478. Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. IF
P. James IF No: 109033 Trophic mode/ No: 393338 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 414711 Trophic mode/Guild:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,000–4,325 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, NAR, RIS, TOL


2479. Leptogium caperatum P.M. Jørg. & 2480. Leptogium chloromelum (Ach.) Nyl. 2481. Leptogium cochleatum (Dicks.) P.M.
A.K. Wallace IF No: 442814 Trophic mode/ IF No: 393351 Trophic mode/Guild: Jørg. & P. James IF No: 109034 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Andes, Native Dept.: SAN Native Elev.: 1,000–2,450 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,800–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, MAG,
MET, NAR

2482. Leptogium coralloideum (Meyen & 2483. Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck. IF 2484. Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Körb.
Flot.) Vain. IF No: 393356 Trophic mode No: 367834 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 393368 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,000–3,975 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 500–2,940 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET,
CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, SAN NAR, TOL

2485. Leptogium denticulatum Nyl. IF No: 2486. Leptogium diaphanum (Sw.) Mont. 2487. Leptogium digitatum (A. Massal.)
569382 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 393378 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 393380 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,300 m Dept.: CAU, SAN Native Elev.: 1,300–2,700 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, South America, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,500–3,975 m Dept.: MET,
RIS, SAN, VAC RIS

2488. Leptogium eriodermoides Arv. & 2489. Leptogium foveolatum Nyl. IF No: 2490. Leptogium inversum P.M. Jørg. &
P.M. Jørg. IF No: 442815 Trophic mode/ 393389 Trophic mode /Guild: A.K. Wallace IF No: 442816 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 4,070 m Dept.: CUN, MET Conservation: VU

2491. Leptogium isidiosellum (Riddle) 2492. Leptogium javanicum Mont. IF No: 2493. Leptogium juressianum Tav. IF No:
Sierk IF No: 345249 Trophic mode/Guild: 393406 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 367838 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Neotropics, Native Distribution: Africa, Atlantic Europe, Native
Elev.: 3,300–3,500 m Dept.: CAU, CUN

2494. Leptogium laceroides B. de Lesd. IF 2495. Leptogium leptophyllinum (Meyen & 2496. Leptogium malmei P.M. Jørg. IF No:
No: 367839 Trophic mode/Guild: Flot.) Zahlbr. IF No: 393413 Trophic mode/ 342468 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Caribbean Distribution: Native
Native Elev.: 1,900–3,975 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: SAP
TOL, VAC

2497. Leptogium mandonii P.M. Jørg. IF 2498. Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) Gray 2499. Leptogium menziesii (Sm.) Mont. IF
region: Andes Distribution: Andes, Native region: Andes Distribution: Pantropica, region: Andes Distribution: Native
Elev.: 1,000– 4,325 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CUN, HUI, RIS lNative Elev.: 710–1,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, RIS, TOL

2500. Leptogium milligranum Sierk 2501. Leptogium moluccanum (Pers.) 2502. Leptogium papillosum (B. de Lesd.)
IF No: 345252 Vain. IF No: 393434 Trophic mode/Guild: C.W. Dodge IF No: 411126 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,500–3,500 m Dept.: CAL, CUN

2503. Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) 2504. Leptogium phyllocarpum var. 2505. Leptogium phyllocarpum var.
Mont. IF No: 121129 Trophic mode/Guild: campestre Malme IF No: 478151 macrocarpum Nyl. IF No: 454690
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,200–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, GUA, HUI, NAR, PUT, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC

2506. Leptogium pseudolivaceum Lücking 2507. Leptogium resupinans Nyl. IF No: 2508. Leptogium reticulatum Mont. IF No:
IF No: 558064 Trophic mode/Guild: 393476 Trophic mode/Guild: 393477 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–
Africa, Native Elev.: 2,910–4,285 m Dept.: ARA, CAL, CAU, CUN 600 m Dept.: MET, NAR

2509. Leptogium rugosum Sierk 2510. Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. 2511. Leptogium sessile Vain.
IF No: 345255 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 414986 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 393491 Trophic mode/ Guild:


2512. Leptogium tremelloides (Ach.) Gray 2513. Leptogium tuckermanii C.W. Dodge 2514. Leptogium ulvaceum (Pers.) Vain. IF
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 400–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, GUA, MET,
SAN, VAU

2515. Leptogium velutinum P.M. Jørg. IF 2516. Leptogium vesiculosum (Sw.) 2517. Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Otálora,
No: 442821 Trophic mode/Guild: Malme IF No: 393517 Trophic mode/Guild: P.M. Jørg. & Wedin IF No: 805695 Trophic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Andes, Native Elev.: 3,120 m Dept.: RIS America, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,200–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, TOL

Peltigerales, Pannariaceae Peltigerales, Pannariaceae Peltigerales, Pannariaceae
2518. Erioderma barbellatum P.M. Jørg. & 2519. Erioderma cyathophorum P.M. Jørg. 2520. Erioderma divisum P.M. Jørg. & Arv.
Arv. IF No: 478120 Trophic mode/Guild: & Arv. IF No: 372445 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 372447 Trophic mode/Guild:
andes, Panama, Native Elev.: 3,300–3,750 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, Native Elev.: 2,500–3,540 m Dept.: ARA, CUN, MAG
NAR, RIS

2521. Erioderma glabrum P.M. Jørg. IF No: 2522. Erioderma gloriosum P.M. Jørg. & 2523. Erioderma granulosum P.M. Jørg. &
475525 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Arv. IF No: 475526 Trophic mode/Guild: Arv. IF No: 478121 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, Native Elev.: 1,750–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG
HUI, NAR

2524. Erioderma leylandii (Taylor) Müll. 2525. Erioderma marcellii P.M. Jørg. & Arv. 2526. Erioderma mollissimum (Samp.) Du
Arg. IF No: 384906 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 478119 Trophic mode/Guild: Rietz IF No: 384910 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,050 m Dept.: ANT Native Elev.: 3,000–3,200 m Dept.: CAU, CUN Africa, Native Elev.: 1,750–2,550 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, NAR, SAN

2527. Erioderma nilsonii P.M. Jørg. & Arv. 2528. Erioderma papyraceum P.M. Jørg. & 2529. Erioderma peruvianum P.M. Jørg. &
IF No: 374839 Trophic mode/Guild: Arv. IF No: 372449 Trophic mode/Guild: Arv. IF No: 372450 Trophic mode/Guild:
andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 1,900–3,400 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, Andes, Native Elev.: 2,970–3,200 m Dept.: CUN, RIS
NAR, SAN

2530. Erioderma pycnidiiferum P.M. Jørg. 2531. Erioderma sinuatum P.M. Jørg. & 2532. Erioderma sorediatum D.J. Galloway
& Arv. IF No: 372452 Trophic mode/Guild: Arv. IF No: 372453 Trophic mode/Guild: & P.M. Jørg. IF No: 341939 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
andes, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,500 m Dept.: CAU, CUN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,550–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, NAR,
RIS

2533. Erioderma verruculosum (Vain.) 2534. Erioderma wrightii Tuck. 2535. Leioderma sorediatum D.J. Galloway
Zahlbr. IF No: 384919 Trophic mode/ IF No: 384920 Trophic mode/Guild: & P.M. Jørg. IF No: 130639 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–3,370 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, HUI, Native Elev.: 1,900 Dept.: SAN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: CAU
RIS, SAN

2536. Lepidocollema brisbanense (C. 2537. Lepidocollema marianum (Fr.) P.M. 2538. Leptogidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Nyl.
Knight) P.M. Jørg. IF No: 807994 Trophic Jørg. IF No: 808004 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 393301 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2539. Nebularia incrassata (P.M. Jørg.) 2540. Pannaria andina P.M. Jørg. & 2541. Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory IF No:
P.M. Jørg. IF No: 808013 Sipman IF No: 487736 Trophic mode/ 396875 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,700–3,650 m Dept.: HUI, NAR, TOL 2,300–3,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS

2542. Pannaria malmei C.W. Dodge IF No: 2543. Pannaria mosenii C.W. Dodge IF No: 2544. Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Delise IF
411316 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 411317 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 396988 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
2,300 m Dept.: CAU Native Elev.: 1,800–4,325 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN,
MAG, MET, NAR, RIS, TOL


2545. Pannaria tavaresii P.M. Jørg. IF No: 2546. Parmeliella angustiloba P.M. Jørg. & 2547. Parmeliella miradorensis Vain. IF
342754 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Arv. IF No: 367098 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 398547 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 1,750–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS

2548. Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll. 2549. Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Müll. Arg. 2550. Parmeliella thriptophylla (Ach.) Müll.
Arg. IF No: 398551 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 398554 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 635714 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 200–4,130 m Native Elev.: 1,750–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR
Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, GUA, RIS, TOL

2551. Parmeliella thysanota (Stirt.) Zahlbr. 2552. Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray IF 2553. Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.) Timdal &
IF No: 398568 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 402777 Biogeographic region: Andes Tønsberg IF No: 819748 Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Temperate
3,700–4,550 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, RIS regions, Native Elev.: 4,150–4,175 m
Dept.: RIS

Peltigerales, Peltigeraceae Peltigerales, Peltigeraceae Peltigerales, Peltigeraceae
2554. Crocodia arvidssonii (D.J. Galloway) 2555. Crocodia aurata (Ach.) Link IF No: 2556. Crocodia clathrata (De Not.) Trevis.
D.J. Galloway & Elix IF No: 550883 Trophic 383764 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 383767 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2557. Emmanuelia cuprea (Müll. Arg.) 2558. Emmanuelia excisa (Müll. Arg.) 2559. Emmanuelia patinifera (Taylor)
Lücking, Moncada & Ant. Simon IF No: Lücking, Moncada & Ant. Simon IF No: Lücking, M. Cáceres & Ant. Simon IF No:
/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised

2560. Emmanuelia tenuis (Vain.) Lücking, 2561. Lobariella angustata Moncada & 2562. Lobariella auriculata Moncada &
Moncada & Gumboski IF No: 834655 Lücking IF No: 801881 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 801882 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Endemic Elev.: 600–800 m Dept.: CAS Conservation: VU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,800–2,850 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NSA

2563. Lobariella botryoides (Yoshim. & 2564. Lobariella crenulata (Hook.) Yoshim. 2565. Lobariella ecorticata Moncada &
Arv.) Moncada & Lücking IF No: 548105 IF No: 375218 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 801884 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: North Andes, Native Elev.: 3,200–3,500 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 1,800–3,670 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, MAG, NSA, RIS, Endemic Elev.: 3,000 m Dept.: CUN
CUN TOL

2566. Lobariella exornata (Zahlbr.) 2567. Lobariella flavomedullosa Moncada, 2568. Lobariella isidiata Moncada &
Yoshim. IF No: 375238 Trophic mode/ Betanc. & Lücking IF No: 801885 Trophic Lücking IF No: 801886 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,800–3,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, NAR, Endemic Elev.: 2,300–3,000 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Conservation: Endemic Elev.: 2,800–2,850 m Dept.: BOY Conservation: LC
NSA, QUI VU

2569. Lobariella nashii Moncada & 2570. Lobariella olivascens Moncada & 2571. Lobariella pallida (Hook.) Moncada
Lücking IF No: 801887 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 801888 Trophic mode/ & Lücking IF No: 548106 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Symbiotroph–Lichenised. Epiphytic on
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,800 m Dept.: NSA Endemic Elev.: 2,300–3,600 m Dept.: CUN, NSA, RIS branches, stems and trunks of shrubs and trees in montane to
Conservation: LC subandine forests and paramo Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,800–3,900 m Dept.: CAL,
CAU, CUN, NAR, NSA, RIS Uses: EU, ME

2572. Lobariella pallidocrenulata 2573. Lobariella papillifera Moncada & 2574. Lobariella parmelioides Moncada &
Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801889 Trophic Lücking IF No: 801890 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 801891 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,800–3,700 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, NSA, Endemic Elev.: 3,000–3,400 m Dept.: CUN
TOL

2575. Lobariella peltata Moncada & 2576. Lobariella pseudocrenulata 2577. Lobariella reticulata Moncada &
Lücking IF No: 801892 Trophic mode/ Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801893 Trophic Lücking IF No: 801894 Trophic mode/
Endemic Elev.: 600–800 m Dept.: CAS Endemic Elev.: 2,900–3,700 m Dept.: CUN


2578. Lobariella rugulosa Moncada & 2579. Lobariella sipmanii Moncada, 2580. Lobariella soredians Moncada,
Lücking IF No: 801895 Trophic mode/ Betanc. & Lücking IF No: 519082 Trophic Betanc. & Lücking IF No: 801896 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Habitat: On stems and trunks of small Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Diplostephium revolutum | Lichen Biogeographic region: Andes Endemic Elev.: 3,500–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, CUN Conservation:
Distribution: Pantropics , Endemic Elev.: 3,600–3,725 m Dept.: LC
CAU, CUN Uses: EU Conservation: LC

2581. Lobariella stenroosiae Moncada & 2582. Lobariella subcorallophora 2583. Lobariella subcrenulata Moncada &
Lücking IF No: 801898 Trophic mode/ Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801899 Trophic Lücking IF No: 801900 Trophic mode/
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,800–2,850 m Dept.: BOY Endemic Elev.: 2,800–3,600 m Dept.: NSA
Conservation: LC

2584. Lobariella subexornata (Yoshim.) 2585. Nephroma tropicum (Müll. Arg.) 2586. Peltigera austroamericana Zahlbr.
Yoshim. IF No: 375240 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 395885 Trophic mode/ IF No: 399282 Trophic mode/Guild:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–3,500 m Dept.: CAL, NAR, RIS, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,650 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, MET
SAN, TOL

2587. Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. 2588. Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad. IF 2589. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R.
IF No: 399287 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 399293 Trophic mode/Guild: Laundon IF No: 106335 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Subcosmopolitan, Native Dept.: CUN Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 3,200– 3,900 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,900–4,680 m Dept.: ARA, BOY,
CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN, TOL

2590. Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. IF 2591. Peltigera extenuata (Nyl. ex Vain.) 2592. Peltigera fibrilloides (Gyeln.) Vitik. IF
No: 635933 Trophic mode/Guild: Lojka IF No: 399305 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 446787 Trophic mode/Guild:
Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 1,000– 3,750 m Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN
Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN

2593. Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise IF 2594. Peltigera laciniata (G. Merr.) Gyeln. 2595. Peltigera leptoderma Nyl.
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Subcosmopolitan, Native Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,400–3,300 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, MAG, NAR, Native Dept.: CUN
PUT, RIS, TOL

2596. Peltigera mexicana Gyeln. 2597. Peltigera microdactyla Nyl. 2598. Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.)
IF No: 399328 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 399329 Trophic mode/Guild: Gyeln. IF No: 368953 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Native Dept.: CUN Andes, Native Elev.: 3,300 m Dept.: CUN, QUI

2599. Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) 2600. Peltigera pulverulenta (Taylor) Nyl. 2601. Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Hoffm. IF No: 399347 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 399351 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 399354 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On dunes
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, and on well–drained soils | Lichen
Native Elev.: 2,500–3,800 m Dept.: CUN, NAR, TOL Native Elev.: 1,750–4,400 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Global Distribution,
CUN, HUI, MET, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL Holarctic region, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,700 m Dept.: RIS, ARA,
CAL, CUN, MET, TOL Uses: ME

2602. Peltigera soredians Vitik. 2603. Peltigera spuriella Vain. 2604. Peltigera ulcerata Müll. Arg. IF No:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 3,200– 3,750 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, RIS Native Elev.: 3,100–3,750 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN, RIS 2,000–4,150 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS, SAN

2605. Peltigera vainioi Gyeln. 2606. Podostictina encoensis (R. Sant.) 2607. Pseudocyphellaria citrina (Pers.)
IF No: 399375 Trophic mode/ Guild: D.J. Galloway & de Lange IF No: 553232 Lücking, Moncada & S. Stenroos IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 823161 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,000– 3,200 m Dept.: CUN, RIS

2608. Pseudocyphellaria dozyana (Mont. & 2609. Pseudocyphellaria hawaiiensis H. 2610. Pseudocyphellaria insculpta
Bosch) D.J. Galloway IF No: 104671 Magn. IF No: 369700 Trophic mode/Guild: (Stizenb.) D.J. Galloway IF No: 104674
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/


2611. Pseudocyphellaria intricata (Delise) 2612. Pseudocyphellaria sandwicensis 2613. Pseudocyphellaria xanthosticta
Vain. IF No: 402452 Trophic mode/Guild: (Zahlbr.) Moncada & Lücking IF No: (Pers.) Moncada & Lücking IF No: 811533
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic 822288 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Andes Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,190–3,280 m Dept.: CAU, RIS

2614. Solorina simensis Hochst. ex Flot. IF 2615. Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi IF No: 2616. Sticta ambavillaria (Bory) Ach. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Distribution: Pantropics, Native Dept.: CUN
Elev.: 3,675 m Dept.: CUN

2617. Sticta andensis (Nyl.) Trevis. IF No: 2618. Sticta andina Moncada, Lücking & 2619. Sticta andreana (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
406085 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Sérus. IF No: 836871 IF No: 406086 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
2,900–4,400 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, RIS 1,300–3,600 m Dept.: CAU, MET, NAR Conservation: LC

2620. Sticta arachnofuliginosa Moncada & 2621. Sticta arbuscula Moncada & 2622. Sticta arbusculotomentosa
Lücking IF No: 801843 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 801844 Trophic mode/ Moncada & Betanc. IF No: 550878 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Andes, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 3,000–3,600 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, Endemic Elev.: 2,600–3,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN
HUI, NSA, RIS, TOL Conservation: LC CUN

2623. Sticta atroandensis Moncada & 2624. Sticta beauvoisii Delise 2625. Sticta boliviana Nyl.
Lücking IF No: 804394 Trophic mode/ IF No: 406099 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 406105 Trophic mode/Guild:
Endemic Elev.: 3,610–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, RIS

2626. Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking IF 2627. Sticta caliginosa D.J. Galloway IF 2628. Sticta canariensis (Bory) Bory ex
No: 804395 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 108547 Trophic mode/Guild: Delise IF No: 406113 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic region,
2,300– 3,600 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, HUI Native Elev.: 3,000 m Dept.: NAR

2629. Sticta ciliata Taylor IF No: 406124 2630. Sticta cometia Ach. IF No: 406132 2631. Sticta cometiella Vain.
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ IF No: 406133 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Dept.: GUA,
RIS

2632. Sticta cordillerana Gyeln. 2633. Sticta damicornis (Sw.) Ach. IF No: 2634. Sticta dilatata (Nyl.) Vain.
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
1,300 m Dept.: TOL Conservation: LC

2635. Sticta filicinella (Nyl.) Vain. 2636. Sticta fuliginoides Magain & Sérus. 2637. Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. IF No:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,300 m Dept.: CHO, MAG, RIS Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,600–4,400 m Dept.: ANT, ARA,
BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

2638. Sticta fuscotomentosa Moncada, 2639. Sticta gallowayana Moncada & 2640. Sticta globulifuliginosa Moncada, A.
Coca & Lücking IF No: 551488 Trophic Lücking IF No: 550805 Trophic mode/ Suárez & Lücking IF No: 550806 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Central and Eastern Cordilleras, Endemic Elev.: 2,100–4,285 m Endemic Elev.: 2,400–4,000 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR
Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAL, CUN, RIS, TOL

2641. Sticta granatensis Nyl. 2642. Sticta gyalocarpa (Nyl.) Trevis. IF No: 2643. Sticta hirsutifuliginosa Moncada, A.
IF No: 406222 Trophic mode/Guild: 406228 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Suárez & Lücking IF No: 636215 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Conservation: LC
2,125–3,750 m Dept.: CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, RIS, TOL 1,750–4,330 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, TOL
Conservation: LC


2644. Sticta hirta (Nyl.) Trevis. 2645. Sticta humboldtii Hook. 2646. Sticta impressula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF
IF No: 406235 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 406243 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 406247 Trophic mode/Guild:
Andes, Native Elev.: 2,300–3,975 m Dept.: CAL, CAS, CAU, CUN, Native Elev.: 2,000–3,975 m Dept.: CUN, RIS Conservation: LC
HUI, MET, NAR, RIS, TOL, VAC

2647. Sticta isidiokunthii Moncada & 2648. Sticta jaguirreana Moncada, A. 2649. Sticta kunthii Hook. IF No: 406257
Lücking IF No: 801845 Trophic mode/ Suárez & Lücking IF No: 550808 Trophic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 2,490–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, Central and Eastern Cordilleras, Endemic Elev.: 2,400– 3,000 m 2,600–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, RIS
CUN, NSA, TOL Conservation: LC Dept.: BOY, CUN, QUI

2650. Sticta laciniata Ach. IF No: 406259 2651. Sticta laciniosa D.J. Galloway IF No: 2652. Sticta laevis (Nyl.) Vain.
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 634834 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 406264 Trophic mode/ Guild:
lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,800–3,100 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, GUA, NAR, QUI, 2,800 m Dept.: CUN Conservation: LC
RIS, TOL

2653. Sticta lenormandii (Nyl.) Kremp. IF 2654. Sticta leucoblepharis Mont. IF No: 2655. Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. IF No:
No: 406269 Trophic mode/Guild: 406270 Trophic mode/Guild: 406275 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native
2,200–3,300 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, HUI Conservation: LC Elev.: 1,700–3,200 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, NAR

2656. Sticta lineariloba (Mont.) Nyl. IF No: 2657. Sticta lobarioides Moncada & Coca 2658. Sticta lumbschiana Moncada &
406276 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 804484 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 804396 Trophic mode/
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 2,100–3,750 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, NAR, RIS

2659. Sticta macrocyphellata Moncada & 2660. Sticta macrofuliginosa Moncada & 2661. Sticta macrothallina Moncada &
Coca IF No: 804397 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 550809 Trophic mode/ Coca IF No: 804485 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
2,200–3,400 m Dept.: CUN, MAG, MET Conservation: LC Central and Eastern Cordilleras, Endemic Elev.: 3,000–4,400 m
Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, NSA, TOL

2662. Sticta maculofuliginosa Moncada & 2663. Sticta microcyphellata Moncada & 2664. Sticta minutula Moncada, A. Suárez
Lücking IF No: 801846 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 801847 Trophic mode/ & Lücking IF No: 550810 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics andes, Native Elev.: 1,700–3,510 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 1,900–3,700 m Dept.: CHO, HUI, Endemic Elev.: 1,750–3,500 m Dept.: CUN, NAR, NSA
CES, RIS, TOL NSA, SAN, VAC Conservation: LC

2665. Sticta neolinita Gyeln. 2666. Sticta neopulmonaria Gyeln. IF No: 2667. Sticta neopulmonarioides Moncada
IF No: 370538 Trophic mode/Guild: 370539 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph & Coca IF No: 804486 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.:
3,540–3,800 m Dept.: TOL CUN

2668. Sticta orizabana Nyl. 2669. Sticta papillata Moncada & Lücking 2670. Sticta parahumboldtii Moncada &
IF No: 406315 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 801848 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 804398 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 3,130– 3,900 m Dept.: RIS, TOL Andes, Native Elev.: 2,720–3,200 m Dept.: CUN, NAR, NSA Endemic Elev.: 3,000–3,900 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, MET, RIS, TOL,
VAC

2671. Sticta peltigerella (Nyl.) Trevis. IF 2672. Sticta phyllidiifuliginosa Moncada, 2673. Sticta phyllidiokunthii Moncada &
No: 406327 Trophic mode/Guild: A. Suárez & Lücking IF No: 636216 Trophic Lücking IF No: 804487 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

2674. Sticta plumbeociliata Moncada, A. 2675. Sticta pseudohumboldtii Moncada & 2676. Sticta pseudolobaria Moncada &
Suárez & Lücking IF No: 550812 Trophic Lücking IF No: 804399 Trophic mode/ Coca IF No: 804488 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 1,750–3,430 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, MAG, RIS, Endemic Elev.: 2,000–3,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN,
SAN, TOL HUI, RIS


2677. Sticta pulmonarioides Moncada & 2678. Sticta rhizinata Moncada & Lücking 2679. Sticta rubropruinosa Moncada &
Coca IF No: 804489 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 801849 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 801850 Trophic mode/
2,300–2,730 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, RIS Conservation: LC Endemic Elev.: 1,780 m Dept.: ANT

2680. Sticta rudiuscula (Vain.) Moncada & 2681. Sticta scabrosa B. Moncada, Merc.– 2682. Sticta silverstonei Moncada &
Lücking IF No: 558070 Trophic mode/ Díaz & Bungartz IF No: 836872 Trophic Lücking IF No: 565222 Trophic mode/

2683. Sticta sinuosa Pers.IF No: 406383 2684. Sticta subcaperata (Nyl.) Nyl. IF No: 2685. Sticta subdenudata Moncada &
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 406389 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 558071
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native
2,000–3,700 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CUN, TOL

2686. Sticta subfilicinella Moncada, Coca 2687. Sticta subscrobiculata (Nyl.) Gyeln. 2688. Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach. IF No:
& Lücking IF No: 551576 Trophic mode/ IF No: 370543 Trophic mode/Guild: 406401 Trophic mode/Guild:
Endemic Elev.: 1,500–3,800 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, QUI, TOL
Conservation: LC

2689. Sticta tatamana Moncada & Coca IF 2690. Sticta tomentella Nyl. IF No: 2691. Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
3,650 m Dept.: TOL Native Elev.: 100–4,330 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, CUN,
GUA, MAG, MET, RIS, TOL

2692. Sticta tunjensis Moncada & Lücking 2693. Sticta venosa Lücking, Moncada & 2694. Sticta viviana Alej. Suárez & Lücking
IF No: 801852 Trophic mode/Guild: Robayo IF No: 517812 Trophic mode/ IF No: 802891 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Andes, Endemic Elev.: 1,900–3,800 m Dept.: BOY, SAN Andes, Endemic Elev.: 2,400–3,350 m Dept.: CUN
Conservation: VU

2695. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain. 2696. Yoshimuriella carassensis (Vain.) 2697. Yoshimuriella corrosa (Ach.)
IF No: 406414 Trophic mode/ Guild: Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801863 Trophic Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801864 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,000–4,550 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 200–2,800 m Dept.: ANT,
CAL, CAU, CUN, MAG, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL CUN, GUA

2698. Yoshimuriella denudata (Taylor) 2699. Yoshimuriella deplanata (Nyl.) 2700. Yoshimuriella dissecta (Sw.)
Moncada & Lücking Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801880 Trophic Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801869 Trophic
IF No: 558073 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Paleotropics, Native Elev.: 2,200 m Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 200–3,800 m Dept.: CAU,
CUN, GUA, TOL

2701. Yoshimuriella fendleri (Tuck. & 2702. Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.) 2703. Yoshimuriella subcorrosa (Nyl.)
Mont.) Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801865 Lücking & Moncada IF No: 801866 Trophic Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801867 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,700 m Dept.: CAL,
CUN, TOL

Peltigerales, Peltigeraceae Rhizocarpales, Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpales, Rhizocarpaceae
2704. Yoshimuriella subdissecta (Nyl.) 2705. Rhizocarpon arctogenum Gelting IF 2706. Rhizocarpon concentricum (Davies)
Moncada & Lücking IF No: 801868 Trophic No: 369979 Trophic mode/Guild: Beltr. IF No: 403973 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,800–3,500 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN
CHO, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, TOL

Rhizocarpales, Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpales, Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpales, Rhizocarpaceae
2707. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. 2708. Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke ex Flot.) 2709. Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders IF
IF No: 404005 Trophic mode/Guild: Arnold IF No: 404009 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 355572 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic region,
Native Elev.: 2,250–3,200 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CUN


2710. Rhizocarpon leptolepis Anzi IF No: 2711. Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen) A. 2712. Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday IF
404032 Trophic mode/Guild: Massal. IF No: 404063 Trophic mode/ No: 466142 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2713. Rhizocarpon submodestum (Vain.) 2714. Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) 2715. Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen)
Vain. IF No: 404099 Trophic mode/Guild: Malme IF No: 355659 Trophic mode/Guild: Körb. IF No: 404114 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

Teloschistales, Brigantiaeaceae Teloschistales, Letrouitiaceae Teloschistales, Letrouitiaceae
2716. Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Spreng.) 2717. Letrouitia domingensis (Pers.) 2718. Letrouitia flavidula (Tuck.) Hafellner
R. Sant. & Hafellner IF No: 110522 Trophic Hafellner & Bellem. IF No: 110778 Trophic IF No: 109041 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250–1,250 m Dept.: CHO, Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN
HUI, VAC RIS

Teloschistales, Letrouitiaceae Teloschistales, Letrouitiaceae Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae
2719. Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) 2720. Letrouitia vulpina (Tuck.) Hafellner 2721. Megaloblastenia marginiflexa
Hafellner & Bellem. IF No: 109047 Trophic & Bellem. IF No: 110781 Trophic mode/ (Hook. f. & Taylor) Sipman IF No: 124614
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,000–1,150 m Dept.: HUI, TOL Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–35 m Dept.: NAR Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,300–2,600 m Dept.: ANT,
HUI

Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae
2722. Megaloblastenia marginiflexa var. 2723. Megalospora admixta (Nyl.) Sipman 2724. Megalospora coccodes (Bél.)
dimota (Malme) Sipman IF No: 124705 IF No: 104468 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman IF No: 124618 Trophic mode/
Dept.: CLM symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,130–4,130 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: CUN
MET, RIS, TOL

Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae
2725. Megalospora kalbii Sipman IF No: 2726. Megalospora sulphurata Meyen IF 2727. Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée)
124622 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 395176 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman IF No: 124631 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
Native Elev.: 2,500–2,940 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, NAR, TOL Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 240–3,750 m Dept.:
AMA, ANT, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS, SAN, TOL

Teloschistales, Megalosporaceae Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae
2728. Sipmaniella sulfureofusca (Fée) 2729. Athallia holocarpa (Hoffm.) Arup, 2730. Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup, Frödén
Kalb IF No: 541004 Trophic mode/Guild: Frödén & Søchting IF No: 802022 Trophic & Søchting IF No: 802023 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae
2731. Blastenia subferruginea (Nyl.) Müll. 2732. Brownliella cinnabarina (Ach.) S.Y. 2733. Calogaya arnoldii (Wedd.) Arup,
Arg. IF No: 379970 Trophic mode/Guild: Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, Jung Kim, Frödén & Søchting IF No: 802314 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic A.S. Kondr. & Hur IF No: 805005 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

2734. Calogaya saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrák 2735. Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) J. Sant. 2736. Caloplaca concilians (Nyl.) H. Olivier
IF No: 815508 Trophic mode/Guild: ex Hafellner & Poelt IF No: 341646 Trophic IF No: 381444 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–3,400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU,
CUN, HUI, RIS

2737. Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 2738. Caloplaca crocantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 2739. Caloplaca cupulifera (Vain.) Zahlbr.
2,800 m

2740. Caloplaca diducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 2741. Caloplaca epiphora (Taylor) C.W. 2742. Caloplaca erythrantha (Tuck.)
No: 381487 Trophic mode/Guild: Dodge IF No: 341652 Zahlbr. IF No: 381510 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
250 m Dept.: TOL Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: CUN


2743. Caloplaca erythroleuca (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 2744. Caloplaca erythroleucodes (Nyl.) 2745. Caloplaca granularis (Müll. Arg.)
IF No: 381515 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 381516 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 381575 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN

2746. Caloplaca ochraceofulva (Müll. Arg.) 2747. Caloplaca oregona H. Magn. IF No: 2748. Caloplaca quadrilocularis (Nyl.)
Jatta IF No: 381691 Trophic mode/Guild: 365251 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Zahlbr. IF No: 381742 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Africa, Native Elev.: 1,880 m Dept.: NAR Neotropics, Hawaii, Native Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: SAN

2749. Caloplaca russeola (Nyl.) Zahlbr. IF 2750. Caloplaca xanthopa (Hue) Zahlbr. IF 2751. Flavoplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Arup,
No: 381761 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 381856 Trophic mode/Guild: Frödén & Søchting IF No: 802063 Trophic
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
2,600 Dept.: CUN 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

2752. Flavoplaca oasis (A. Massal.) Arup, 2753. Gallowayella weberi (S.Y. Kondr. & 2754. Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen)
Frödén & Søchting IF No: 802076 Trophic Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Søchting, Frödén & Arup IF No: 802214
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A. Thell Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
IF No: 586795 Trophic mode/Guild: lichenised

2755. Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea 2756. Huneckia pollinii (A. Massal.) S.Y. 2757. Leproplaca xantholyta (Nyl.) Nyl. IF
(Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup IF No: Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, Jung Kim, No: 393296 Trophic mode/Guild:
802960 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph A.S. Kondr. & Hur IF No: 807195 Trophic symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

2758. Niorma chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y. 2759. Niorma hypoglauca (Nyl.) S.Y. 2760. Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén,
Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, M.H. Jeong Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, M.H. Jeong Arup & Søchting IF No: 802634 Trophic
& Hur IF No: 805019 Trophic mode/ Guild: & Hur IF No: 805016 Trophic mode/ Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

2761. Polycauliona stellata (Wetmore & 2762. Rusavskia elegans (Link) S.Y. Kondr. 2763. Solitaria chrysophthalma (Degel.)
Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting IF No: & Kärnefelt IF No: 528990 Trophic mode Arup, Søchting & Frödén
802105 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 802116
/lichenised

2764. Teloschistes exilis (Michx.) Vain. IF 2765. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman 2766. Variospora aurantia (Pers.) Arup,
No: 122463 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 355609 Trophic mode/Guild: Frödén & Søchting IF No: 802240 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: Lichen symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Subcosmopolit, Native Elev.: 850–3,190 m
Elev.: 2,400–2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, PUT Uses: EU Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, NAR, PUT, RIS, TOL

Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae,
Teloschistales, Teloschistaceae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae
2767. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. IF No: 2768. Scythioria durietzii (H. Magn.) S.Y. 2769. Ainoa geochroa (Körb.) Lumbsch &
533795 Trophic mode/Guild: Kondr. IF No: 834636 Trophic mode/Guild: I. Schmitt IF No: 466534 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Native Elev.: 3,000m Dept.: CUN

Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae,
Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae
2770. Ainoa mooreana (Carroll) Lumbsch 2771. Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. IF 2772. Parainoa subconcolor (Anzi) Resl &
& I. Schmitt IF No: 462815 Trophic mode/ No: 378626 Trophic mode/Guild: T. Sprib. IF No: 810871 Trophic mode/
Temperate regions of the North and South, Native Elev.: 3,000– Native Elev.: 4,150 m Dept.: BOY, RIS
3,750 Dept.: CAU, CUN, RIS

Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae Baeomycetales, Baeomycetaceae
2773. Phyllobaeis erythrella (Mont.) Kalb 2774. Phyllobaeis imbricata (Hook.) Kalb & 2775. Phyllobaeis linearis (B.G. de Vries) V.
IF No: 360410 Trophic mode/Guild: Gierl IF No: 360409 Trophic mode/Guild: Marcano & Sipman IF No: 415657 Trophic
region: Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 500–2,500 m Native Elev.: 1,200–4,400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO, Pantropics Andes, Native Elev.: 1,750–3,300 m Dept.: BOY, SAN
Dept.: ANT, ATL, BOY, CAQ, CHO, HUI, NAR, PUT, TOL, VAC CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA, QUI, RIS, SAN, TOL, VAC

Baeomycetales, Trapeliaceae Baeomycetales, Trapeliaceae Baeomycetales, Trapeliaceae
2776. Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen 2777. Placopsis fuscidula I.M. Lamb ex 2778. Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds.
IF No: 369445 Trophic mode/Guild: Räsänen IF No: 369448 Trophic mode/ IF No: 401366 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Andes, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution:
Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 3,000–4,300 m Andes, Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 3,750– Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,400–3,500 m Dept.: CUN
Dept.: CAL, CAU 4,000 m Dept.: CAU, RIS


2779. Placopsis lambii Hertel & V. Wirth IF 2780. Placopsis parellina (Nyl.) I.M. Lamb 2781. Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.) Nyl. IF
region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: South America, region: Andes Distribution: Andes,
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,750–4,170 m Dept.: CAU, MET, Native Elev.: 3,750–4,500 m Dept.: CAL, RIS Temperate regions of the South, Native Elev.: 2,200–3,750 m
RIS Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU, CUN, NAR

2782. Placopsis subcribellans (I.M. Lamb) 2783. Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins 2784. Trapelia coarctata (Turner) M.
D.J. Galloway IF No: 373593 Trophic mode & P. James IF No: 106370 Biogeographic Choisy IF No: 370873 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolit, symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 4,350 m Dept.: RIS region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Native Elev.: 200–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, HUI, TOL

Baeomycetales, Trapeliaceae Graphidales, Gomphillaceae Graphidales, Gomphillaceae
2785. Trapeliopsis glaucolepidea (Nyl.) 2786. Actinoplaca gemmifera (Lücking) 2787. Actinoplaca strigulacea Müll. Arg. IF
Gotth. Schneid. IF No: 124689 Trophic Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: 347841 No: 375844 Trophic mode/Guild:
lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 600–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, MAG,
MET, VAU

Graphidales, Gomphillaceae Graphidales, Gomphillaceae Graphidales, Gomphillaceae
2788. Aderkomyces albostrigosus (R. 2789. Aderkomyces couepiae Bat. IF No: 2790. Aderkomyces gomezii Lücking IF No:
Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: 344574 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 538310 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
347335 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes, Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,000 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 100–450 m Dept.: AMA, CHO, NAR m Dept.: CHO
CHO, MAG, NAR

2791. Aderkomyces heterellus (Stirt.) 2792. Aderkomyces papilliferus (Lücking) 2793. Aderkomyces subalbostrigosus
Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: 347565 Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: 347921 (Lücking) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 347948 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised Biogeographic region: lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes,
Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–350 m Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,400 m Dept.:
m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU, CHO, NAR Dept.: AMA, CAU, NAR CAU, CHO, HUI

2794. Arthotheliopsis planicarpa (Lücking) 2795. Arthotheliopsis tricharioides (Kalb & 2796. Asterothyrium leucophthalmum
Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: 347944 Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. IF No: 364419 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 344580 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
/lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 240–350 m Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–600 m Dept.: CHO, Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500–3,400 m
Dept.: AMA, CAQ MET Dept.: ANT, CUN

2797. Asterothyrium microsporum R. Sant. 2798. Asterothyrium pittieri Müll. Arg. IF 2799. Aulaxina dictyospora R. Sant. IF No:
IF No: 364420 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 123069 Trophic mode /Guild: 364424 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes,
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,700 m Dept.: AMA, CAU Native Dept.: AMA Elev.: 350–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, NAR

2800. Aulaxina intermedia Lücking IF No: 2801. Aulaxina microphana (Vain.) R. 2802. Aulaxina minuta R. Sant.
437129 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Sant. IF No: 122861 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 364427 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100 region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
m Dept.: CHO Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 35–450 m Dept.:
AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR

2803. Aulaxina opegraphina Fée 2804. Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) R. 2805. Bullatina aspidota (Vain.) Vězda &
IF No: 122988 Trophic mode/ Guild: Sant. IF No: 364429 Trophic mode/Guild: Poelt IF No: 131103 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Native Elev.: 240–250 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Distribution: Pantropicsl, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: AMA,
CAQ, CHO, MAG, MET, NAR, VAU

2806. Calenia depressa Müll. Arg. IF No: 2807. Calenia dictyospora Lücking IF No: 2808. Calenia echinoplacoides Lücking IF
380928 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 437131 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 538363 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Dept.: CHO Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 350 region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 0– 300 m Dept.: CAU

2809. Calenia graphidea Vain. 2810. Calenia lueckingii C. Hartmann IF 2811. Calenia phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.
IF No: 380929 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 415815 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 365062 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Caribbean, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: CAU, CHO Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–60 m Dept.: CHO, MAG, NAR


2812. Calenia thelotremella Vain. IF No: 2813. Calenia triseptata Zahlbr. 2814. Caleniopsis laevigata (Müll. Arg.)
380939 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 380940 Trophic mode/ Guild: Vězda & Poelt IF No: 131105 Trophic
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35 – region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Amazonia
100 m Dept.: CHO, NAR Native Elev.: 240– 300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MET, VAU Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA,
CAQ, GUA

2815. Corticifraga fuckelii (Rehm) D. 2816. Diploschistella athalloides (Nyl.) 2817. Diploschistella lithophila (G. Thor &
Hawksw. & R. Sant. IF No: 126770 Trophic Lücking, Knudsen & Fryday Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite IF No: 529670 344538 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: RIS

2818. Diploschistella trapperi (Kalb & 2819. Diploschistella urceolata Vain. IF 2820. Echinoplaca diffluens (Müll. Arg.) R.
Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda IF No: No: 384437 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 366097 Trophic mode/Guild:
344581 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia, Caribbean, Pacific
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,700–2,000 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 3,240–4,040 m Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–300 m Dept.: AMA,
NAR, SAN CAQ, MAG, NAR

2821. Echinoplaca epiphylla Fée 2822. Echinoplaca epiphylloides Lücking 2823. Echinoplaca furcata Sérus. IF No:
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 32–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAU, CHO, NAR Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 300–1,750 m Dept.: AMA, NAR

2824. Echinoplaca handelii (Zahlbr.) 2825. Echinoplaca hispida Sipman IF No: 2826. Echinoplaca incrustaticiliata Sérus.
Lücking IF No: 437139 Trophic mode/ 359910 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 437015 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 32–350 m Dept.: AMA, Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: NAR
CAQ, CHO, NAR

2827. Echinoplaca intercedens Vězda IF 2828. Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Vain.) 2829. Echinoplaca lucernifera Kalb &
No: 341917 Trophic mode/Guild: R. Sant. IF No: 366100 Trophic mode/ Vězda IF No: 133647 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CUN
CHO, MET

2830. Echinoplaca marginata Lücking IF 2831. Echinoplaca pellicula (Müll. Arg.) R. 2832. Echinoplaca tetrapla (Zahlbr.)
No: 437140 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 366102 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 475501 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 600 m Dept.: MET Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,200 m Dept.: AMA, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO
BOY, CAQ, CHO, MAG, NAR

2833. Echinoplaca verrucifera Lücking IF 2834. Gomphillus hyalinus (Pat.) Lücking, 2835. Gyalectidium filicinum Müll. Arg. IF
No: 437142 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb & Vězda IF No: 529717 Trophic mode No: 386475 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,700 m Dept.: NAR Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 35–2,200 m Dept.:
AMA, ANT, CAQ, CAU, CHO, MAG, MET, NAR, NSA

2836. Gyalectidium imperfectum Vězda IF 2837. Gyalidea costaricensis Vězda & 2838. Gyalidea hyalinescens (Nyl.) Vězda
No: 362404 Trophic mode/Guild: Hafellner IF No: 355061 Trophic mode IF No: 345041 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Neotropics, Native Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,720–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, CAU,
NAR, RIS

2839. Gyalideopsis chicaque Moncada & 2840. Gyalideopsis gigantea Kalb & Vězda 2841. Gyalideopsis lambinonii Vězda IF
Lücking IF No: 517778 Trophic mode/ IF No: 489784 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 342095 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Endemic Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: CUN Conservation: CR Native Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: SAN Native Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: SAN

2842. Gyalideopsis montana Lücking IF 2843. Gyalideopsis parvula Hafellner & 2844. Gyalideopsis peruviana G. Merr. ex
No: 437148 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 133657 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 342101 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic pathotroph/lichen parasite Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Native Elev.: 1,500 m Dept.: RIS Native Elev.: 3,460 m Dept.: MET, RIS


2845. Gyalideopsis philippiae Vězda IF No: 2846. Gyalideopsis piceicola (Nyl.) Vězda 2847. Gyalideopsis vulgaris (Müll. Arg.)
342102 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph & Poelt IF No: 354523 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 437151 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics , Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
CAU Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: CAU,
MAG, NAR, NSA

2848. Linhartia philippinensis Rehm IF No: 2849. Paragyalideopsis breussii Etayo 2850. Phyllogyalidea epiphylla (Vězda)
169789 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 818361 Lücking & Aptroot IF No: 537071 Trophic
/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes,
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,500 m Dept.:
AMA, ANT, CHO

2851. Rolueckia conspersa (Stirt.) Papong, 2852. Rubrotricha subhelminthospora 2853. Tricharia amazonum Vain.
Thammath. & Boonpr. IF No: 511142 Lücking IF No: 342821 Trophic mode/ IF No: 407837 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–250 m Dept.: AMA, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU
CAQ, CHO

2854. Tricharia carnea (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. 2855. Tricharia cuneata L.I. Ferraro & 2856. Tricharia farinosa R. Sant.
IF No: 370878 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 135801 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 370879 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia, Caribbean, Pacific Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–300 m Dept.: AMA, CAU Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, NAR
CAQ, MAG, NAR

2857. Tricharia hyalina Kalb & Vězda IF 2858. Tricharia longispora Kalb & Vězda IF 2859. Tricharia santessoniana Kalb &
No: 133665 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 133667 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 133668 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, MET Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, CHO Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–240 m Dept.: AMA, NAR

2860. Tricharia santessonii D. Hawksw. IF 2861. Tricharia similis Vězda IF No: 2862. Tricharia sipmanii Lücking
No: 343795 Trophic mode/Guild: 343796 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 538309 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 0– region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO 300 m Dept.: CAU Pantropics, Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CUN

Graphidales, Gomphillaceae Graphidales, Gomphillaceae Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae
2863. Tricharia urceolata (Müll. Arg.) R. 2864. Tricharia vainioi R. Sant. IF No: 2865. Coenogonium acrocephalum Müll.
Sant. IF No: 370883 Trophic mode/Guild: 123539 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Arg. IF No: 383111 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 35– Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CAU,
2,000 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU, MAG, NAR CHO, NAR

Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae
2866. Coenogonium bacilliferum (Malme) 2867. Coenogonium barbatum Lücking, 2868. Coenogonium ciliatum Kalb &
Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman IF No: 501141 Aptroot & L. Umaña IF No: 501131 Trophic Lücking IF No: 489882 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CHO Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.: CHO

2869. Coenogonium confervoides Nyl. IF 2870. Coenogonium congense C.W. Dodge 2871. Coenogonium consimile Vain. IF No:
No: 383117 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 630334 Trophic mode/Guild: 822308 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution: region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Endemic Dept.: CUN
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,700 m Dept.: CUN, VAU Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU

2872. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) 2873. Coenogonium disjunctum Nyl. IF No: 2874. Coenogonium eximium (Nyl.) Kalb &
Kalb & Lücking IF No: 458096 Trophic 383125 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 501143 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: CUN
CHO

2875. Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll. 2876. Coenogonium flavicans (Vězda & 2877. Coenogonium geralense (Henn.)
Arg.) Kalb & Lücking IF No: 458097 Farkas) Kalb & Lücking IF No: 477898 Lücking IF No: 538364 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,000 m Dept.: CHO,
m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR VAC


2878. Coenogonium hypophyllum (Vězda) 2879. Coenogonium implexum Nyl. IF No: 2880. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl. IF
Kalb & Lücking IF No: 458098 Trophic 122658 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 383134 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Native region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–300 m Dept.: AMA, Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,200 m Dept.: CHO,
CAQ, CHO, NAR CUN, GUA, VAU

2881. Coenogonium interpositum Nyl. IF 2882. Coenogonium isidiatum (G. Thor & 2883. Coenogonium isidiiferum (Lücking)
No: 383136 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman Lücking IF No: 475396 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 501145 Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: GUA, VAU

2884. Coenogonium isidiosum (Breuss) 2885. Coenogonium labyrinthicum Lücking 2886. Coenogonium leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl.
Rivas Plata, Lücking, L. Umaña & Chaves & Kalb IF No: 475397 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 383137 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 501147 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,200 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAQ, CUN, NAR, TOL

2887. Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb. IF No: 2888. Coenogonium lisowskii (Vězda) 2889. Coenogonium luteocitrinum Rivas
383138 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 477899 Trophic mode/ Plata, Lücking & L. Umaña IF No: 501134
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35– Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native
2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR, VAC Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO

2890. Coenogonium luteolum (Kalb) Kalb 2891. Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb 2892. Coenogonium magdalenae Rivas
& Lücking IF No: 501148 Trophic mode & Lücking IF No: 458099 Trophic mode Plata, Lücking & Lizano IF No: 501135
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 0–2,600 m Dept.: BOY,
CAU, CHO, CUN

2893. Coenogonium minimum (Müll. Arg.) 2894. Coenogonium moniliforme Tuck. IF 2895. Coenogonium nepalense (G. Thor &
Lücking IF No: 478035 Trophic mode/ No: 383139 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman IF No:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic 501149 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO

2896. Coenogonium pannosum Müll. Arg. 2897. Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking 2898. Coenogonium pyrophthalmum
IF No: 383143 Trophic mode/Guild: & Lumbsch IF No: 488113 Trophic mode/ (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised 501155 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,600–3,900 m Dept.: BOY,
CAU, RIS

2899. Coenogonium queenslandicum 2900. Coenogonium roumeguerianum 2901. Coenogonium rubrofuscum (Vězda
(Kalb & Vězda) Lücking IF No: 477889 (Müll. Arg.) Kalb IF No: 475400 Trophic & Malcolm) Malcolm IF No: 347334
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph /lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised Distribution: Pantropics, Native /lichenised

2902. Coenogonium saepincola Aptroot, 2903. Coenogonium siquirrense (Lücking) 2904. Coenogonium siquirrense f.
Sipman & Lücking IF No: 501136 Trophic Lücking IF No: 521150 Trophic mode/ denticulatum Rivas Plata & Lücking
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 501137
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100 m Dept.: CHO

2905. Coenogonium stenosporum 2906. Coenogonium strigosum Rivas 2907. Coenogonium subdentatum (Vězda
(Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman IF No: Plata, Lücking & Chaves IF No: 501138 & G. Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, L. Umaña
501156 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ & Chaves IF No: 501158 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Elev.: 1,900–2,000 m Dept.: VAC

2908. Coenogonium subdilutum (Malme) 2909. Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm) 2910. Coenogonium subzonatum
Kalb IF No: 832390 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb & Lücking IF No: 458100 Trophic (Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 478030
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ,
CHO, NAR


Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae Gyalectales, Coenogoniaceae Gyalectales, Phlyctidaceae
2911. Coenogonium tuckermanii Mont. IF 2912. Coenogonium zonatum (Müll. Arg.) 2913. Phlyctis andensis Nyl. IF No:
No: 383153 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb & Lücking IF No: 458101 Trophic 400369 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics, Native Dept.: CHO 1,200–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, RIS

Gyalectales, Phlyctidaceae Gyalectales, Phlyctidaceae Gyalectales, Phlyctidaceae
2914. Phlyctis boliviensis Nyl. 2915. Phlyctis brasiliensis Nyl. 2916. Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Lücking
IF No: 400372 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 400373 Trophic mode/ Guild: & Sipman IF No: 558068 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,750–3,500 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL,
CAU, CUN, HUI

Gyalectales, Porinaceae Gyalectales, Porinaceae Gyalectales, Porinaceae
2917. Flabelloporina squamulifera 2918. Myeloconis erumpens P.M. 2919. Myeloconis guyanensis P.M.
(Breuss, Lücking & Navarro) Sobreira, M. McCarthy & Elix IF No: 415645 Trophic McCarthy & Elix IF No: 415647 Trophic
Cáceres & Lücking IF No: 826749 mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

2920. Porina africana Müll. Arg. 2921. Porina alba (R. Sant.) Lücking IF No: 2922. Porina americana Fée
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU, CHO, Native Dept.: VAU
MET, NAR

2923. Porina atlantica (Erichsen) P.M. 2924. Porina atriceps (Vain.) Vain. IF No: 2925. Porina atropunctata Lücking &
Jørg. IF No: 369589 Trophic mode/Guild: 401967 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Vězda IF No: 445247 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised
Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Elev.: 350 m Dept.: CAQ

2926. Porina barbifera Lücking 2927. Porina barvica Lücking IF No: 2928. Porina belonospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
IF No: 538350 Trophic mode/Guild: 128273 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 401977 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 600– region: Andes Distribution: Colombia, India,
2,500 Dept.: ANT, CAU, HUI, MET Native Elev.: 400 m Dept.: MET

2929. Porina brisbanensis Müll. Arg. IF No: 2930. Porina columbiana H. Magn. IF No: 2931. Porina conspersa Malme
/lichenised /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2932. Porina cryptostoma Mont. 2933. Porina curtula Malme 2934. Porina distans Vězda & Vivant IF No:
IF No: 514871 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 402027 Trophic mode/ Guild: 362406 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: /lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
Neotropics, Native Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100
m Dept.: CHO

2935. Porina dolichophora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 2936. Porina eminentior (Nyl.) P.M. 2937. Porina endochrysea C. Bab. IF No:
IF No: 402041 Trophic mode/Guild: McCarthy IF No: 464339 Trophic mode 402050 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
India, Native Elev.: 1,800–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CUN 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

2938. Porina epilucida Sipman 2939. Porina epiphylla Fée IF No: 122419 2940. Porina exasperatula Vain.
IF No: 360823 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ IF No: 402058 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Amazonia, Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: AMA Native Elev.: 100–2, 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MAG, MET, NAR Neotropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, CUN

2941. Porina exocha (Nyl.) P.M. McCarthy 2942. Porina fusca Lücking 2943. Porina guaranitica Malme
IF No: 464335 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 128274 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 402091 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: CAQ, CHO, NAR

2944. Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr. IF 2945. Porina haehndelii Henssen & 2946. Porina imitatrix Müll. Arg.
No: 402092 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 538348 Trophic mode IF No: 402105 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Colombia, Bolivia, Native region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,000 m Dept.: CAQ,
CAU, MAG


2947. Porina internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 2948. Porina karnatakensis Makhija, 2949. Porina limbulata (Kremp.) Vain. IF
IF No: 402114 Trophic mode/Guild: Adaw. & Patw. IF No: 413879 Trophic No: 122768 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–600 m Dept.: CHO, Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CHO,
MET NAR, VAU

2950. Porina lucida R. Sant. IF No: 2951. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Müll. Arg. IF 2952. Porina melanops Malme
/lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Neotropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAU, MET, NAR Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: AMA,
CAU, CUN, NAR, VAU

2953. Porina nucula Ach. IF No: 402188 2954. Porina nuculastrum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. 2955. Porina ocellata (Malme) P.M.
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Harris IF No: 413883 Trophic mode/Guild: McCarthy IF No: 361941 Trophic mode
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes, symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Elev.: 35–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR

2956. Porina octomera (Müll. Arg.) F. 2957. Porina ornata Vězda 2958. Porina papillifera F. Schill.
Schill. IF No: 402193 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 343331 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 402200 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–2,200 m Dept.: MAG, RIS Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: BOY, NAR

2959. Porina radiata Kalb, Lücking & 2960. Porina repanda (Stirt.) Lücking & R. 2961. Porina rubescens (Lücking)
Vězda IF No: 445254 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 450578 Trophic mode/Guild: Hafellner & Kalb IF No: 413885 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 35–250 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 600 m Dept.: MET
AMA, CAQ, CHO, NAR

2962. Porina rubrosphaera R. Sant. IF No: 2963. Porina rufula (Kremp.) Vain. IF No: 2964. Porina simulans Müll. Arg.
/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ,
CAU, CHO, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET

2965. Porina subepiphylla Lücking & 2966. Porina subinterstes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 2967. Porina subnucula Lumbsch, Lücking
Vězda IF No: 445257 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 402287 Trophic mode/Guild: & Vězda IF No: 445258 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: CAU Native Dept.: MAG

2968. Porina tetracerae (Ach.) Müll. Arg. IF 2969. Porina tetramera (Malme) R. Sant. 2970. Porina tijucana Müll. Arg.
No: 402306 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 369626 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 120810 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 600–2,200 m Dept.: CHO, CUN, NAR Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

2971. Porina triseptata (Vězda) Lücking IF 2972. Porina umbilicata (Müll. Arg.) F. 2973. Porina vezdae Lücking IF No:
No: 445259 Trophic mode/Guild: Schill. IF No: 402318 Trophic mode/Guild: 128275 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CHO Native Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: HUI 1,750 m Dept.: CAU

Gyalectales, Porinaceae 2974. Gyalectales, Porinaceae Gyalectales, Porinaceae
Trichothelium Africa, num Lücking IF No: 2975. Trichothelium akeassii U. Becker & 2976. Trichothelium alboatrum Vain. IF
538357 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 580627 Trophic mode/ No: 119704 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 60 m
Dept.: CHO

2977. Trichothelium album Lücking IF No: 2978. Trichothelium annulatum (P. Karst.) 2979. Trichothelium bipindense F. Schill.
128276 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph R. Sant. IF No: 370887 Trophic mode/ IF No: 407855 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Costa Rica, Colombia, Native Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes, region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,200 m Dept.: Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,500 m Dept.: CAQ,
AMA, CAQ, CHO, MAG, NAR, VAU CHO, CUN


2980. Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg. 2981. Trichothelium javanicum (F. Schill.) 2982. Trichothelium longisporum Lücking
IF No: 431364 Trophic mode/Guild: Vězda IF No: 362408 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 128279 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,400 m Dept.: AMA, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR
CAQ, CAU, CHO, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR

2983. Trichothelium minus Vain. 2984. Trichothelium minutum (Lücking) 2985. Trichothelium montanum Lücking IF
IF No: 370891 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 445486 Trophic mode/ No: 538343 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 600–2,200 m Dept.: CHO, MAG, MET Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.: CAQ, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT
CHO

2986. Trichothelium pallescens (Müll. Arg.) 2987. Trichothelium sipmanii Lücking IF 2988. Trichothelium ulei F. Schill. IF No:
F. Schill. IF No: 476632 Trophic mode/ No: 445490 Trophic mode/Guild: 476635 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–350 m Dept.: CAQ, CHO Elev.: 250–350 m Dept.: CAQ

Gyalectales, Incertae sedis Odontotrematales, Odontotremataceae Ostropales, Graphidaceae
2989. Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée) 2990. Rogellia triseptata Döbbeler IF No: 2991. Acanthothecis hololeucoides (Nyl.)
Müll. Arg. IF No: 401550 Trophic mode 357178 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Staiger & Kalb IF No: 464213 Trophic
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Polytrichadelphus aristatus | Bryophilous Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,700 m Dept.: CUN Distribution: Tropics, Elev.: 2,700–3,100 m Dept.: CUN 1,900 m Dept.: SAN

Ostropales, Graphidaceae Ostropales, Graphidaceae Ostropales, Graphidaceae
2992. Acanthothecis tetraphora (Nyl.) 2993. Acanthotrema bicellulare Sipman & 2994. Acanthotrema brasilianum (Hale)
Staiger & Kalb IF No: 463974 Trophic Lücking IF No: 800069 Trophic mode/ Frisch IF No: 334934 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR

2995. Acanthotrema kalbii Lücking IF No: 2996. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & 2997. Allographa adpressa (Vain.) Lücking
800070 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Kalb IF No: 827648 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb IF No: 554572 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

2998. Allographa altamirensis (Sipman & 2999. Allographa anguilliradians Lücking 3000. Allographa angustata (Eschw.)
Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554574 IF No: 554739 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554576 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
lichenised

3001. Allographa argentata (Lücking & 3002. Allographa asterizans (Nyl.) Lücking 3003. Allographa atrocelata (A.W. Archer)
Umaña) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554580 & Kalb IF No: 554581 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827650 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
/lichenised

3004. Allographa balbisii (Fée) Lücking & 3005. Allographa bettinae (Lücking, 3006. Allographa bifera (Zahlbr.) Lücking
Kalb IF No: 554582 Trophic mode/Guild: Umaña, Chaves & Sipman) Lücking & Kalb & Kalb IF No: 554586 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 554585 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3007. Allographa carassensis (Vain.) 3008. Allographa chlorocarpa (Fée) 3009. Allographa chrysocarpa (Raddi)
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554590 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554595 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554596 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3010. Allographa cinerea (Fée) Lücking & 3011. Allographa cleistomma (Nyl.) 3012. Allographa cognata (Müll. Arg.)
Kalb IF No: 554597 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554599 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554600 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3013. Allographa comma (Ach.) Lücking & 3014. Allographa contorta (Müll. Arg.) 3015. Allographa contortuplicata (Müll.
Kalb IF No: 554601 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554605 Trophic Arg.) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554606
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised


3016. Allographa daintreensis (A.W. 3017. Allographa dealbata (Nyl.) Lücking & 3018. Allographa dolichographa (Nyl.)
Archer) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554609 Kalb IF No: 554610 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554612 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3019. Allographa elongata (Zenker) 3020. Allographa farinulenta (Müll. Arg.) 3021. Allographa flavens (Müll. Arg.)
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827651 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554619 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554622 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3022. Allographa flavoaltamirensis 3023. Allographa flavominiata (Moncada 3024. Allographa fournieri (Lizano &
(Sipman & Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: & Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554624 Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554625
/lichenised lichenised lichenised

3025. Allographa fujianensis (Z.F. Jia & 3026. Allographa funilina (Aptroot) Lücking 3027. Allographa glauconigra (Vain.)
J.C. Wei) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554627 & Kalb IF No: 554628 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554629 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph /lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3028. Allographa gomezii (Lücking, Will– 3029. Allographa hossei (Vain.) Lücking & 3030. Allographa illinata (Eschw.) Lücking
Wolf & L. Umaña) Lücking & Kalb IF No: KalbIF No: 827652 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb IF No: 554637 Trophic mode/Guild:
554631 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
/lichenised
3031. Allographa ingarum (Vain.) Lücking 3032. Allographa inturgescens (Kremp.) 3033. Allographa leprographa (Nyl.)
& Kalb IF No: 554640 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554642 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554649
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3034. Allographa longula (Kremp.) Lücking 3035. Allographa lourdesina (Aptroot) 3036. Allographa lumbricina (Vain.)
& Kalb IF No: 554653 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554654 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827654 Trophic
symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3037. Allographa macella (Kremp.) R. 3038. Allographa malacodes (Nyl.) Lücking 3039. Allographa marginata (Raddi)
Lücking & K. Kalb IF No: 827655 Trophic & Kalb IF No: 554657 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827656 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3040. Allographa mexicana (Hale) Lücking 3041. Allographa miniata (Redinger) 3042. Allographa mirabilis (Lücking,
& Kalb IF No: 554658 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554659 Trophic Sipman, Umaña & Chaves) Lücking & Kalb
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised IF No: 554660 Trophic mode/Guild:

3043. Allographa multisulcata (Müll. Arg.) 3044. Allographa nana (Fée) Lücking & 3045. Allographa nuda (H. Magn.) Lücking
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554662 Trophic Kalb IF No: 554665 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb IF No: 827674 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised

3046. Allographa nudaeformis (Lücking) 3047. Allographa ochracea (C.W. Dodge) 3048. Allographa ovata (Fée) Lücking &
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554667 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554669 Trophic Kalb IF No: 554673 Trophic mode/Guild:

3049. Allographa parallela (Müll. Arg.) 3050. Allographa pedunculata (Bungartz & 3051. Allographa phaeospora (Vain.)
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554676 Trophic Aptroot) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554678 Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827659 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3052. Allographa pilarensis (Cáceres & 3053. Allographa pittieri (Lücking, Umaña, 3054. Allographa plurispora (Redinger)
Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554679 Sipman & Chaves) Lücking & Kalb IF No: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554684 Trophic
554681 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
/lichenised

3055. Allographa rhizicola (Fée) Lücking & 3056. Allographa rimulosa (Mont.) Lücking 3057. Allographa ruiziana (Fée) Lücking &
Kalb IF No: 827660 Trophic mode/Guild: & Kalb IF No: 827661 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb IF No: 554690 Trophic mode/Guild:


3058. Allographa rustica (Kremp.) Lücking 3059. Allographa sarawakensis (Hale ex 3060. Allographa sauroidea (Leight.)
& Kalb IF No: 827663 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554693 Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827664 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3061. Allographa scaphella (Ach.) Lücking 3062. Allographa seminuda (Müll. Arg.) 3063. Allographa sitiana (Vain.) Lücking &
& Kalb IF No: 554695 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827665 Trophic Kalb IF No: 554697 Trophic mode/Guild:

3064. Allographa striatula (Ach.) Lücking & 3065. Allographa subassimilis (Müll. Arg.) 3066. Allographa subcelata (A.W. Archer)
Kalb IF No: 827667 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554701 Trophic Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554702 Trophic

3067. Allographa subdisserpens (Nyl.) 3068. Allographa subflexibilis (Lücking & 3069. Allographa subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827668 Trophic Chaves) Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554704 & Kalb IF No: 554707 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3070. Allographa subruiziana (Sipman, 3071. Allographa subserpens (Staiger) 3072. Allographa triphora (Nyl.) Lücking &
Chaves & Lücking) Lücking & Kalb IF No: Lücking & Kalb IF No: 554709 Trophic Kalb IF No: 554714 Trophic mode/Guild:
554708 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised

3073. Allographa tumidula (Fée) Lücking & 3074. Allographa uruguayensis Lücking 3075. Allographa vestitoides (Fink)
Kalb IF No: 554715 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 554748 Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827672 Trophic

3076. Allographa xanthospora (Müll. Arg.) 3077. Ampliotrema amplius (Nyl.) Kalb IF 3078. Ampliotrema auratum (Tuck.) Kalb
Lücking & Kalb IF No: 827673 No: 521259 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 521861 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 10–1,200 m Dept.: AMA,
CAU, GUA, NAR

3079. Ampliotrema discolor (Ach.) Kalb 3080. Ampliotrema lepadinoides (Leight.) 3081. Ampliotrema palaeoamplius
IF No: 521860 Trophic mode/Guild: Kalb IF No: 521857 Trophic mode/Guild: (Aptroot & Sipman) Kalb IF No: 521858
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Andes Distribution: Colombia, region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, lichenised
Panama, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 240–300 m Dept.: AMA

3082. Ampliotrema panamense (Hale) 3083. Anomomorpha aggregans (Nyl.) 3084. Asteristion platycarpoides (Tuck.) I.
Sipman & Lücking IF No: 800055 Trophic Staiger IF No: 371879 Trophic mode/ Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: 818205 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Endemic Elev.: 2,200 m /lichenised

3085. Astrochapsa astroidea (Berk. & 3086. Astrochapsa lassae (Mangold) 3087. Astrochapsa platycarpella (Vain.)
Broome) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
No: 801502 Trophic mode/Guild: 801505 Trophic mode/Guild: 801510 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised

3088. Austrotrema myriocarpum (Fée) I. 3089. Carbacanthographis candidata 3090. Carbacanthographis chionophora
Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb IF No: 372313 (Redinger) Staiger & Kalb IF No: 372315
/lichenised lichenised lichenised

3091. Carbacanthographis marcescens 3092. Carbacanthographis salazinica 3093. Carbacanthographis stictica Staiger
(Fée) Staiger & Kalb IF No: 372330 (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer IF No: 368098 & Kalb IF No: 372336 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: lichenised
Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250 m
Dept.: CAQ, NAR

3094. Chapsa albida (Nyl.) Lücking & 3095. Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch IF 3096. Chapsa defectosorediata Lücking IF
Sipman IF No: 516853 Trophic mode/ No: 521285 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 800072 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: CUN Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–2,000 m Dept.: NAR


3097. Chapsa diploschistoides (Zahlbr.) 3098. Chapsa discoides (Stirt.) Lücking 3099. Chapsa dissuta (Hale) Mangold
Frisch IF No: 521288 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 800046 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 540394 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 240–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

3100. Chapsa farinosa Lücking & Sipman 3101. Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) Frisch IF 3102. Chapsa sublilacina (Ellis & Everh.)
IF No: 800073 No: 521292 Trophic mode/Guild: M. Cáceres & Lücking IF No: 540406
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific
Native Elev.: 10 m Dept.: NAR Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR

3103. Chapsa sublilacina var. cyanea 3104. Chroodiscus coccineus (Leight.) 3105. Chroodiscus neotropicus Kalb &
Lücking IF No: 800105 Müll. Arg. IF No: 382710 Trophic mode/ Vězda IF No: 362484 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes, region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics,
Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.: Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA
AMA, ANT, CHO, MAG, MET, NAR, VAU

3106. Clandestinotrema cathomalizans 3107. Clandestinotrema clandestinum 3108. Clandestinotrema erumpens (H.
(Nyl.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF (Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF Magn.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,600 m region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,340–
Dept.: CUN 2,500 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

3109. Clandestinotrema leucomelanum 3110. Clandestinotrema pauperius (Nyl.) 3111. Crutarndina petractoides (P.M. Jørg.
(Nyl.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: & Brodo) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF

3112. Diorygma antillarum (Vain.) Nelsen, 3113. Diorygma circumfusum (Stirt.) Kalb, 3114. Diorygma confluens (Fée) Kalb,
Lücking & Rivas Plata IF No: 564116 Staiger & Elix IF No: 476077 Trophic Staiger & Elix IF No: 366089 Trophic mode
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,250 m Dept.: CAU,
NAR, RIS, VAC

3115. Diorygma epiglaucum (Müll. Arg.) 3116. Diorygma erythrellum (Mont. & 3117. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.)
Kalb, Staiger & Elix IF No: 366038 Trophic Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix IF No: 475619 Staiger & Kalb IF No: 476008 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,120 m Dept.: MET, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: CUN,
NAR NAR

3118. Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & 3119. Diorygma microsporum M. Cáceres 3120. Diorygma minisporum Kalb, Staiger
Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix IF No: 475607 & Lücking IF No: 517763 Trophic mode/ & Elix IF No: 367441 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 m United States, Colombia, Native Dept.: TOL Native Elev.: 1,900–2,000 m Dept.: VAC

3121. Diorygma monophorum (Nyl.) Kalb, 3122. Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) 3123. Diorygma poitaei (Fée) Kalb, Staiger
Staiger & Elix IF No: 366028 Trophic mode Kalb, Staiger & Elix IF No: 366024 Trophic & Elix IF No: 366404 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,000–2,500 Dept.: ANT, CUN, RIS Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,400 m Dept.: CUN Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–250 m Dept.: NAR, RIS, TOL

3124. Diorygma pruinosum (Eschw.) Kalb, 3125. Diorygma reniforme (Fée) Kalb, 3126. Diorygma rufopruinosum (A.W.
Staiger & Elix IF No: 475193 Trophic mode Staiger & Elix IF No: 366023 Trophic mode Archer) Kalb, Staiger & Elix IF No: 479437
/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10 m Dept.: NAR Distribution: Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 50–1,900 m Dept.:
CUN, NAR, TOL

3127. Diorygma tibellii Kalb, Staiger & Elix 3128. Diploschistes actinostomus (Ach.) 3129. Diploschistes bartlettii (Lumbsch)
IF No: 367431 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 118658 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 558060 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR


3130. Diploschistes cinereocaesius (Sw.) 3131. Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) 3132. Diploschistes euganeus (A. Massal.)
Vain. IF No: 384450 Trophic mode/Guild: Lumbsch IF No: 132470 Trophic mode J. Steiner IF No: 120416 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 3,000–4,450 m Dept.: ANT, ARA, BOY, CAL, CAU, Subcosmopolitan, Native Dept.: MET
CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, RIS, TOL

3133. Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) 3134. Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. 3135. Diploschistes rampoddensis (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. IF No: 384460 Trophic mode/ Sant. IF No: 113763 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 384471 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised pathotroph, symbiotroph/lichen parasite, Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,900– 4,300 m
Dept.: CAL, SAN

3136. Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) 3137. Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal. IF 3138. Dyplolabia oryzoides (Leight.) Kalb &
Norman IF No: 384474 Trophic mode/ No: 384571 Trophic mode/Guild: Staiger IF No: 488980 Trophic mode/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 1,200–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–1,200 m Dept.: CAQ, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: CAQ
NSA GUA, NAR

3139. Fibrillithecis confusa Lücking, Kalb 3140. Fibrillithecis dehiscens (Leight.) 3141. Fibrillithecis inspersa Kalb
& Rivas Plata IF No: 516874 Trophic Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: IF No: 537989 Trophic mode/ Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised 560147 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised
/lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia Distribution: Colombia, Endemic Dept.: GUA

3142. Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.) 3143. Fissurina amazonica M. Cáceres, 3144. Fissurina chapsoides Sipman IF No:
Sipman IF No: 800067 Trophic mode/ Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 807291 Trophic 807356 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,900–2,200 m Dept.: CUN

3145. Fissurina columbina (Tuck.) Staiger 3146. Fissurina dumastii Fée 3147. Fissurina furfuracea (Leight.) A.W.
IF No: 372503 IF No: 385008 Trophic mode/Guild: Archer IF No: 542064 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR Native

3148. Fissurina incrustans Fée 3149. Fissurina insculpta Mont. 3150. Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada
IF No: 385012 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385014 Trophic mode/Guild: & G. Rodr. IF No: 828114 Trophic mode/
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–300 m Dept.: AMA, NAR

3151. Fissurina nigririmis (Nyl.) A.W. 3152. Fissurina nigririmis var. deficiens 3153. Fissurina nitidescens (Nyl.) Nyl. IF
Archer IF No: 521145 (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer IF No: 356284 No: 385024 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Pantropics, Native

3154. Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking 3155. Fissurina radiata Mont. IF No: 3156. Fissurina rufula (Mont.) Staiger IF
& Rivas Plata IF No: 560006 Trophic mode 385029 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 372517 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: CUN, NAR

3157. Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger 3158. Fissurina triticea (Nyl.) Staiger IF No: 3159. Glaucotrema glaucophaenum
IF No: 372519 Trophic mode/Guild: 372521 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Kremp.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes 801249 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN 2,200 m Dept.: CUN

3160. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. 3161. Glyphis scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger IF 3162. Glyphis substriatula (Nyl.) Staiger IF
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,000 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, NAR, SAN Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: CUN, HUI Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOY


3163. Graphis albissima Müll. Arg. IF No: 3164. Graphis albostriata Vain. 3165. Graphis amaliana Amórtegui,
385527 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 385534 Trophic mode/Guild: Moncada & Lücking IF No: 829817 Trophic
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised

3166. Graphis analoga Nyl. IF No: 385537 3167. Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) 3168. Graphis arecae Vain. IF No: 385549
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Eschw. IF No: 385538 Trophic mode/ Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes
1,200– 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 840 m Dept.: GUA, TOL

3169. Graphis argentea Makhija & Adaw. 3170. Graphis aurita Eschw. 3171. Graphis bipartita (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
IF No: 342156 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 122352 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 508703

3172. Graphis brahmanensis Aptroot IF 3173. Graphis caesiocarpa Redinger IF 3174. Graphis capillacea Stirt.
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.:
CAU

3175. Graphis carmenelisana Moncada, 3176. Graphis chlorotica A. Massal. IF No: 3177. Graphis coarctata Stirt.
Motta & Lücking IF No: 829818 Trophic 385629 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 385652 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised
Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Dept.: ATL

3178. Graphis componens Nyl. 3179. Graphis conferta Zenker 3180. Graphis conglomerata Spreng. IF
Native Elev.: 1,200– 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

3181. Graphis consimilis Vain. 3182. Graphis copelandii Vain. 3183. Graphis cupei Vain. ex Lücking IF

3184. Graphis cymbegrapha Leight. IF No: 3185. Graphis dendrogramma Nyl. IF No: 3186. Graphis dendroidea Leight. IF No:
/lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia Distribution: Endemic Dept.: VAU Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, Native Amazonia Distribution: Endemic Dept.: GUA
Dept.: COR

3187. Graphis deserpens Vain. 3188. Graphis dimidiata Vain. 3189. Graphis disserpens Nyl.
IF No: 385715 IF No: 385726 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 122456 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 1,300 m Dept.: SAN

3190. Graphis dracaenae Vain. 3191. Graphis dupaxana Vain. 3192. Graphis duplicata Ach. IF No:
IF No: 823827 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385746 Trophic mode/Guild: 385748 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Dept.: CES Native Dept.: CES

3193. Graphis duplicatoinspersa Lücking 3194. Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) 3195. Graphis emersa Müll. Arg.
IF No: 508706 Trophic mode/Guild: Ach. IF No: 385752 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385758 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan,
Native Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: BOY

3196. Graphis erythrocardia Müll. Arg. IF 3197. Graphis evirescens (Redinger) 3198. Graphis exalbata Nyl.
No: 385769 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 540522 Trophic mode/ IF No: 385774 Trophic mode/Guild:


3199. Graphis ferruginea Vain. 3200. Graphis ficicola Vain. 3201. Graphis fumosa Müll. Arg.

3202. Graphis furcata Fée IF No: 385806 3203. Graphis geraensis Redinger IF No: 3204. Graphis glaucescens Fée
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 627534 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 385813 Trophic mode/Guild:
lichenised Biogeographic region: Caribbean /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Dept.: COR Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
1,700 m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 100–2400 m Dept.: CUN

3205. Graphis handelii Zahlbr. 3206. Graphis hiascens (Fée) Nyl. 3207. Graphis homographiza Nyl. IF No:
IF No: 385838 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 385846 385853 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
CUN

3208. Graphis hyphosa Staiger 3209. Graphis hypocrellina Lücking & 3210. Graphis immersella Müll. Arg.
IF No: 372574 Trophic mode/Guild: Chaves IF No: 508715 Trophic mode/ IF No: 385870
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,460 m Dept.: RIS

3211. Graphis immersicans A.W. Archer 3212. Graphis implicata Fée 3213. Graphis insulana (Müll. Arg.)
IF No: 483617 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385874 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Sipman IF No: 508717 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3214. Graphis internigricans Nyl. 3215. Graphis intricata Fée 3216. Graphis inversa R.C. Harris IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Conservation: DD symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,200– 2,800 m Dept.: CUN

3217. Graphis kavintuca Motta, Moncada 3218. Graphis lapidicola Fée 3219. Graphis leptocarpa Fée
& Lücking IF No: 829819 Trophic mode/ IF No: 385929 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 385941 Trophic mode/Guild:

3220. Graphis leptoclada Müll. Arg. IF No: 3221. Graphis librata C. Knight 3222. Graphis lineola Ach.
385942 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 385952 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 385955 Trophic mode/Guild:

3223. Graphis litoralis Lücking, Sipman & 3224. Graphis longiramea Müll. Arg. IF No: 3225. Graphis lucifica R.C. Harris IF No:
Chaves IF No: 508718 Trophic mode/ 385959 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 355024 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised

3226. Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada 3227. Graphis maritima (A.W. Archer) A.W. 3228. Graphis modesta Zahlbr.
& Celis IF No: 828115 Trophic mode/ Archer IF No: 516933 IF No: 385999 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3229. Graphis mokanarum Lücking, 3230. Graphis murali–elegans Sipman IF 3231. Graphis myrtacea (Müll. Arg.)
Moncada & M.C. Martínez IF No: 828116 No: 807359 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 508721 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

3232. Graphis nanodes Vain. 3233. Graphis negrosina (Vain.) Lücking IF 3234. Graphis oligospora Zahlbr.
IF No: 386010 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 540535 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 386033 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Dept.: COR

3235. Graphis oxyclada Müll. Arg. IF No: 3236. Graphis pernambucoradians M. 3237. Graphis perstriatula Nyl.
386040 Trophic mode/Guild: Cáceres & Lücking IF No: 540541 Trophic IF No: 386068


3238. Graphis pinicola Zahlbr. 3239. Graphis platycarpa Eschw. 3240. Graphis plumierae Vain.
region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Dept.: CES Native Elev.: 1,200–2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CUN

3241. Graphis proserpens Vain. 3242. Graphis prunicola Vain. 3243. Graphis pseudanaloga Vain. IF No:
IF No: 386100 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 386105 Trophic mode/ Guild: 386106 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: TOL Native Dept.: COR Native Elev.: 1,750 m

3244. Graphis pseudoserpens Chaves & 3245. Graphis puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) 3246. Graphis pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach. IF
Lücking IF No: 508731 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 508732 Trophic mode/ No: 122522 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
Pantropics, Native

3247. Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. IF 3248. Graphis rosalbinana Moncada, 3249. Graphis santanderiana Motta,
No: 320097 Trophic mode/Guild: Amortegui & Lücking IF No: 829820 Moncada & Lücking IF No: 829821 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
lichenised

3250. Graphis schiffneri Zahlbr. 3251. Graphis schroederi Zahlbr. 3252. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.
region: Amazonia, Andes, Caribbean
Distribution: Holarctic region, Native Elev.: 2,400–2,800 m Dept.:
ATL, COR, CUN, GUA

3253. Graphis solmariana Motta, 3254. Graphis stellata M. Cáceres & 3255. Graphis streblocarpa (Bél.) Nyl. IF
Moncada & Lücking IF No: 829822 Trophic Lücking IF No: 540546 Trophic mode/ No: 386213 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3256. Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & 3257. Graphis subcontorta (Müll. Arg.) 3258. Graphis subhiascens (Müll. Arg.)
Patw. IF No: 109808 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & Chaves IF No: 508735 Trophic Lücking IF No: 508737 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3259. Graphis subintermedians Hale ex 3260. Graphis submarginata Lücking IF 3261. Graphis subserpentina Nyl. IF No:
Lücking IF No: 540549 Trophic mode/ No: 508738 Trophic mode/Guild: 386249 Trophic mode/Guild:

3262. Graphis subtecta (Nyl.) Lücking IF 3263. Graphis subtracta Nyl. 3264. Graphis subturgidula Lücking &
No: 540551 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 386254 Trophic mode/Guild: Sipman IF No: 508741
Native Elev.: 1,200–2,400 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: CUN

3265. Graphis subvirginea Nyl. 3266. Graphis supracola A.W. Archer IF 3267. Graphis symplecta Nyl.
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Dept.: GUA Native Dept.: COR Native Elev.: 1,200– 2,000 m Dept.: CUN

3268. Graphis tenella Ach. IF No: 386269 3269. Graphis tsunodae Zahlbr. 3270. Graphis urandrae Vain.
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ IF No: 386291 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 386303 Trophic mode/Guild:
lichenised Biogeographic region: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: CUN, GUA

3271. Graphis virescens Müll. Arg. IF No: 3272. Graphis vittata Müll. Arg. 3273. Graphis xylophaga (R.C. Harris)
386324 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 386330 Trophic mode/Guild: Lendemer IF No: 511042 Trophic
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
1,900–2,000 m Dept.: SAN


3274. Gymnographopsis koreaiensis 3275. Gyrotrema album Kalb 3276. Gyrotrema sinuosum (Sipman)
(Sipman) Lücking & Sipman IF No: 558061 IF No: 537990 Trophic mode/ Guild: Frisch IF No: 334874 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics
South America, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA

3277. Gyrotrema wirthii Rivas Plata, 3278. Heiomasia sipmanii (Aptroot, 3279. Jocatoa agminalis (Nyl.) Lücking,
Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: 543704 Trophic Lücking & Rivas Plata) Nelsen, Lücking & Herrera–Camp. & R. Miranda IF No:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Rivas Plata IF No: 516052 Trophic mode/ 834678 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised

3280. Kalbographa cabbalistica (Nyl.) 3281. Leiorreuma patellulum (Fée) Staiger 3282. Leucodecton dactyliferum (Hale)
Lücking IF No: 558062 Trophic mode/ IF No: 372881 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 800057 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3283. Leucodecton occultum (Eschw.) 3284. Leucodecton subcompunctum (Nyl.) 3285. Malmographina plicosa (C.F.W.
Frisch IF No: 521383 Trophic mode/Guild: Frisch IF No: 521385 Trophic mode/Guild: Meissn.) M. Cáceres, Rivas Plata & Lücking
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 563385 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Caribbean Distribution: Pantropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 0 m Dept.: ATL Native Elev.: 10–35 m Dept.: NAR

3286. Melanotrema comosum Sipman IF 3287. Melanotrema lynceodes (Nyl.) Rivas 3288. Melanotrema platystomum (Mont.)
No: 807361 Trophic mode/Guild: Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: 807660 Frisch IF No: 334794 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ lichenised Distribution:
lichenised Pantropics, Native

3289. Myriochapsa chocoensis Sipman IF 3290. Myriotrema aggregans Sipman & 3291. Myriotrema barroense (Hale) Hale IF
No: 807465 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 800078 Trophic mode/ No: 113582 Trophic mode/Guild:

3292. Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale 3293. Myriotrema concretum (Fée) Hale IF 3294. Myriotrema fragile (Hale) Hale IF No:
IF No: 113881 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 113882 Trophic mode/Guild: 113595 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 100–
Native Elev.: 1,200–2,200 m Native Elev.: 2,200–3,190 m Dept.: CUN, RIS 200 m Dept.: SAN

3295. Myriotrema frondosolucens Lücking 3296. Myriotrema frondosum Hale IF No: 3297. Myriotrema hartii (Müll. Arg.) Hale IF
IF No: 800081 Trophic mode/Guild: 112464 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 113598 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,600 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, HUI

3298. Myriotrema myrioporoides (Müll. 3299. Myriotrema myrioporum (Tuck.) 3300. Myriotrema myriotremoides (Nyl.)
Arg.) Hale IF No: 113608 Trophic mode/ Hale IF No: 113891 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 113609 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic
region: Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 300–350 m Dept.: AMA Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,150 m Dept.: NAR, TOL

3301. Myriotrema neofrondosum Sipman 3302. Myriotrema norsticticum (Hale) Hale 3303. Myriotrema olivaceum Fée
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Amazonia, Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 230 m Dept.: VAC Pantropics, Native Elev.: 200–2,000 m Dept.: CUN, GUA, VAU

3304. Myriotrema protocetraricum (Hale) 3305. Myriotrema pulverulentum (Hale) 3306. Myriotrema rugiferum (Harm.) Hale
Hale IF No: 113614 Trophic mode/Guild: Hale IF No: 113615 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 113894 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3307. Myriotrema sphinctrinellum (Nyl.) 3308. Myriotrema thailandicum 3309. Nadvornikia expallescens (Nyl.) I.
Hale IF No: 113618 Trophic mode/Guild: Homchant. & Coppins IF No: 475951 Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 818213 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
lichenised /lichenised


3310. Ocellularia albobullata Lücking, 3311. Ocellularia albocincta (Hale) Divakar 3312. Ocellularia ascidioidea Hale
Sipman & Grube IF No: 517800 Trophic & Mangold IF No: 516895 Trophic mode/ IF No: 112480 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3313. Ocellularia auberianoides (Nyl.) 3314. Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch IF 3315. Ocellularia bonplandii (Fée) Müll.
Müll. Arg. IF No: 484256 Trophic mode/ No: 521404 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 395965 Trophic mode/Guild:
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 300–2,000 m Dept.: CUN, TOL Native Elev.: 300–2,400 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

3316. Ocellularia buckii Lücking 3317. Ocellularia bullata Hale 3318. Ocellularia calvescens (Fée) Müll.
IF No: 811185 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 342663 Trophic mode/ Guild: Arg. IF No: 395966 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,400 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CUN

3319. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. IF 3320. Ocellularia conferta (Nyl.) C.W. 3321. Ocellularia crocea (Kremp.)
No: 118826 Trophic mode/Guild: Dodge IF No: 345339 Trophic mode/Guild: Overeem & D. Overeem IF No: 368298
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific lichenised Biogeographic region: Amazonia
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,600 m Dept.: AMA, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAQ
CUN, HUI, NAR, SAN

3322. Ocellularia decolorata Hale IF No: 3323. Ocellularia diplotrema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 3324. Ocellularia dodecamera (Nyl.) R.N.
342672 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 395992 Trophic mode/Guild: Peláez, Moncada & Lücking IF No: 807520
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised

3325. Ocellularia domingensis (Fée ex 3326. Ocellularia fecunda (Vain.) Hale IF 3327. Ocellularia fumosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Nyl.) Müll. Arg. IF No: 395997 Trophic No: 342677 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 120502 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,000–2,600 m Dept.: CUN

3328. Ocellularia garoana Patw. & 3329. Ocellularia gerardoi Sipman IF No: 3330. Ocellularia gracilis Müll. Arg. IF No:
Nagarkar IF No: 113917 Trophic mode/ 545028 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 396014 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native

3331. Ocellularia granulatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 3332. Ocellularia gymnocarpa (Nyl.) 3333. Ocellularia inspersula Lücking &
IF No: 396016 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 396019 Trophic mode/ Aptroot IF No: 800088 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 1,200 m

3334. Ocellularia inturgescens (Müll. Arg.) 3335. Ocellularia laeviuscula (Nyl.) 3336. Ocellularia laeviusculoides Sipman
Mangold IF No: 540696 Trophic mode/ Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: & Lücking IF No: 800091 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised 807664 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
symbiotroph/lichenised Neotropics, Native

3337. Ocellularia landronii Hale 3338. Ocellularia leucocarpoides (Nyl.) 3339. Ocellularia mauritiana Hale IF No:
IF No: 342686 Trophic mode/ Guild: Lücking IF No: 558066 Trophic mode/ 342690 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Neotropics, Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 35–2,400 m Dept.:
AMA, CAQ, HUI, NAR

3340. Ocellularia maxima (Hale) Lumbsch 3341. Ocellularia microascidium (Vain.) 3342. Ocellularia natashae Rivas Plata &
& Mangold IF No: 800066 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 396039 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 800211 Trophic mode/
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT

3343. Ocellularia obturascens (Nyl.) Hale 3344. Ocellularia papillata (Leight.) Zahlbr. 3345. Ocellularia papillifera L.I. Ferraro,
IF No: 132231 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 396052 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking, Aptroot & M. Cáceres
symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic IF No: 807260
Neotropics, Native region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–250 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR


3346. Ocellularia percolumellata Sipman 3347. Ocellularia perforata (Leight.) Müll. 3348. Ocellularia phaeotropa (Kremp.)
IF No: 362136 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 396055 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 396058 Trophic mode/
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–2,550 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAQ, CAU, MET

3349. Ocellularia pluriporoides Homchant. 3350. Ocellularia polydisca Redinger IF 3351. Ocellularia postposita (Nyl.) Frisch IF
& Coppins IF No: 376196 Trophic mode/ No: 411277 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 521411 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics Africa, Native Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: CUN

3352. Ocellularia praestans (Müll. Arg.) 3353. Ocellularia psorbarroensis Sipman 3354. Ocellularia referta Hale
Hale IF No: 113654 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 800094 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 342702 Trophic mode/ Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR

3355. Ocellularia rhabdospora (Nyl.) 3356. Ocellularia rhodostroma (Mont.) 3357. Ocellularia ripleyi Hale
Redinger IF No: 368309 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 396076 Trophic mode/ IF No: 342704 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific Biogeographic region: Amazonia region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,200 m Dept.: NAR, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 240 m Dept.: AMA Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR
SAN

3358. Ocellularia subpraestans (Hale) 3359. Ocellularia subpyrenuloides Lücking 3360. Ocellularia tacarcunae Lücking IF
Hale IF No: 113658 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 800096 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 800098 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics,

3361. Ocellularia terebrata (Ach.) Müll. 3362. Ocellularia umbilicata Müll. Arg. IF 3363. Ocellularia umbilicatoides R.N.
Arg. IF No: 396090 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 396097 Trophic mode/Guild: Peláez, Moncada & Lücking IF No: 807518
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution: lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, NAR

3364. Ocellularia usnicolor R.N. Peláez, 3365. Ocellularia vezdana Frisch 3366. Ocellularia violacea Räsänen IF No:
Moncada & Lücking IF No: 807519 Trophic IF No: 521412 Trophic mode/Guild: 368315 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised

3367. Ocellularia vulcanisorediata Merc.– 3368. Ocellularia xantholeuca Müll. Arg. IF 3369. Ocellularia xanthostroma (Nyl.)
Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen IF No: 808429 No: 396102 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 396103 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution:

3370. Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. IF No: 3371. Pallidogramme chlorocarpoides 3372. Pallidogramme chrysenteron
396770 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Nyl.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking IF No: (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking IF No:
/lichenised Distribution: Cosmopolitan, 508698 Trophic mode/Guild: 508699 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3373. Phaeographis amazonica Staiger IF 3374. Phaeographis arthonioides (Vain.) 3375. Phaeographis asteroides (Fink)
No: 373123 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 400132 Trophic mode/ Lendemer IF No: 511164 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3376. Phaeographis brasiliensis (A. 3377. Phaeographis caesiodisca Staiger IF 3378. Phaeographis caesioradians
Massal.) Kalb & Matthes–Leicht IF No: No: 373125 Trophic mode/Guild: (Leight.) A.W. Archer IF No: 365329
476127 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
/lichenised Distribution: Neotropics, Native lichenised
Elev.: 1,900 –2,000 m Dept.: VAC

3379. Phaeographis decipiens Müll. Arg. IF 3380. Phaeographis decolorascens (Nyl.) 3381. Phaeographis deightonii C.W. Dodge
No: 400152 Lücking IF No: 558067 Trophic mode/ IF No: 369200 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised


3382. Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. 3383. Phaeographis dividens (Nyl.) Kr.P. 3384. Phaeographis flavicans Kashiw. IF
Arg. IF No: 400153 Trophic mode/Guild: Singh & Swarnal. IF No: 588064 Trophic No: 110874 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 0–2,940 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, TOL

3385. Phaeographis fulgurans (Nyl.) 3386. Phaeographis fusca Staiger IF No: 3387. Phaeographis galeanoae Lücking,
Zahlbr. IF No: 411579 Trophic mode/ 373127 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Moncada & B. Salgado–N. IF No: 828117
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Amazonia lichenised
Distribution: Endemic Dept.: GUA

3388. Phaeographis haematites (Fée) 3389. Phaeographis heterochroides 3390. Phaeographis inconspicua (Fée)
Müll. Arg. IF No: 400179 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 400181 Trophic mode/ Müll. Arg. IF No: 400186 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,800 m Dept.: CAU,
CUN, NAR, SAN

3391. Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger 3392. Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll. 3393. Phaeographis kalbii Staiger IF No:
IF No: 489646 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 400190 Trophic mode/Guild: 373128 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,700–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, NAR Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600–2,700 m Dept.: CUN

3394. Phaeographis leiogrammodes 3395. Phaeographis leprieurii (Mont.) 3396. Phaeographis leucocheila (Fée)
(Kremp.) Müll. Arg. IF No: 400199 Trophic Staiger IF No: 373130 Trophic mode/ Müll. Arg. IF No: 400203 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 300 m Dept.: CAQ, GUA Endemic Elev.: 2,200 m Dept.: CUN

3397. Phaeographis lindigiana Müll. Arg. IF 3398. Phaeographis lobata (Eschw.) Müll. 3399. Phaeographis major (Kremp.)
No: 400205 Trophic mode/Guild: Arg. IF No: 400206 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 513411 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
1,600 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,000–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, HUI

3400. Phaeographis medusiformis 3401. Phaeographis mesographa (Nyl.) 3402. Phaeographis neotricosa Redinger
(Kremp.) Müll. Arg. IF No: 400215 Trophic Müll. Arg. IF No: 400220 Trophic mode/ IF No: 411589 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3403. Phaeographis nylanderi (Vain.) 3404. Phaeographis paratypa Müll. Arg. IF 3405. Phaeographis platycarpa Müll. Arg.
Zahlbr. IF No: 400224 Trophic mode/ No: 641253 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 355675 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Distribution:
region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: Pantropics, Native
2,500 m Dept.: CUN

3406. Phaeographis punctiformis (Eschw.) 3407. Phaeographis quadrifera (Nyl.) 3408. Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.)
Müll. Arg. IF No: 400240 Trophic mode/ Staiger IF No: 373131 Trophic mode/ Staiger IF No: 373133 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, HUI, VAC

3409. Phaeographis spondaica (Nyl.) 3410. Phaeographis subtigrina (Vain.) 3411. Phaeographis tortuosa (Ach.) Müll.
Lücking IF No: 811511 Trophic mode/ Zahlbr. IF No: 400265 Trophic mode/ Arg. IF No: 400269 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3412. Platygramme arechavaletae (Müll. 3413. Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée) 3414. Platygramme colubrosa (Nyl.)
Arg.) A.W. Archer IF No: 365246 Trophic Fée IF No: 475559 Trophic mode/Guild: Staiger IF No: 373180 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,300 m Dept.: AMA, Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,200 m
ANT, CAQ, CAU, GUA, NAR, SAN, VAU

3415. Platygramme discurrens (Nyl.) 3416. Platygramme pachyspora (Redinger) 3417. Platythecium allosporellum (Nyl.)
Staiger IF No: 373183 Trophic mode/ Staiger IF No: 373185 Trophic mode/ Staiger IF No: 373191 Trophic mode/
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ


3418. Platythecium dimorphodes (Nyl.) 3419. Platythecium grammitis (Fée) 3420. Platythecium leiogramma (Nyl.)
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Biogeographic region: Amazonia, Andes Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,000 m Dept.: AMA, Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 1,100–1,800 m Dept.: CUN, SAN
CAQ, CUN

3421. Platythecium serpentinellum (Nyl.) 3422. Pliariona montagnei (Bosch) A. 3423. Pseudochapsa albomaculata
Staiger IF No: 373204 Trophic mode/ Massal. (Sipman) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised IF No: 401667 No: 801519 Trophic mode/Guild:
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: symbiotroph/lichenised
Endemic Elev.: 2,000–2,120 m Dept.: CUN, RIS Conservation: CR

3424. Pseudochapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) 3425. Pseudochapsa phlyctidioides (Müll. 3426. Pseudochapsa pseudoschizostoma
Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: (Hale) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
801521 Trophic mode/Guild: 801528 Trophic mode/Guild: 801530 Trophic mode/Guild:

3427. Pycnotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) 3428. Redingeria glyphica (Nyl.) Frisch IF 3429. Redingeria leiostoma (Tuck.) Frisch
Rivas Plata & Lücking IF No: 563433 No: 521461 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 334776 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Africa, Native Elev.: 1,900–2,000 m Dept.: VAC

3430. Redingeria microspora (Zahlbr.) M. 3431. Reimnitzia santensis (Tuck.) Kalb IF 3432. Rhabdodiscus anamorphoides (Nyl.)
Cáceres & Lücking IF No: 800587 Trophic No: 474298 Trophic mode/Guild: Vain.
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 566915

3433. Rhabdodiscus auberianus (Mont.) 3434. Rhabdodiscus crassus (Müll. Arg.) 3435. Rhabdodiscus emersus (Kremp.)
Vain. IF No: 403888 Trophic mode/Guild: Frisch IF No: 565220 Trophic mode/Guild: Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised 801257 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised

3436. Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) 3437. Rhabdodiscus granulosus (Tuck.) 3438. Rhabdodiscus integer (Müll. Arg.)
Vain. IF No: 403892 Trophic mode/Guild: Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised 801259 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 801260 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised /lichenised

3439. Rhabdodiscus isidiifer (Hale) Rivas 3440. Rhabdodiscus lankaensis (Hale) 3441. Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.)
Plata, Lücking & LumbschIF No: 801261 Lücking IF No: 807631 Trophic mode/ Vain. IF No: 403898 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ lichenised
lichenised
3442. Rhabdodiscus reconditus (Stirt.) 3443. Rhabdodiscus subcavatus (Nyl.) 3444. Rhabdodiscus subemersus (Müll.
Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Arg.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF
801267 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 801269 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 801270 Trophic mode/Guild:
/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3445. Rhabdodiscus tanzanicus (Frisch) 3446. Sanguinotrema wightii (Taylor) 3447. Sarcographa cinchonarum Fée
Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch IF No: Lücking IF No: 814226 Trophic mode/ IF No: 404799 Trophic mode/Guild:
801271 Trophic mode/Guild: Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
symbiotroph/lichenised region: Andes, Pacific Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 0–1,200 m Dept.: CAU, CUN, TOL

3448. Sarcographa dilatescens (Vain.) 3449. Sarcographa heteroclita (Mont.) 3450. Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.)
Zahlbr. IF No: 404808 Zahlbr. IF No: 411784 Trophic mode/ Müll. Arg. IF No: 404825 Trophic mode/
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes, Pacific
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: NAR Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–1,200 m Dept.: NAR

3451. Sarcographa medusulina (Nyl.) Müll. 3452. Sarcographa ramificans (Kremp.) 3453. Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Arg. IF No: 404831 Trophic mode/Guild: Staiger IF No: 373277 Trophic mode/ IF No: 121553 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Andes, Pacific Distribution: Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Endemic Elev.: 0–300 m Dept.: CAU Pantropics, Native Elev.: 10–35 m Dept.: NAR Native Elev.: 100 m


3454. Stegobolus anamorphus (Nyl.) 3455. Stegobolus berkeleyanus Mont. IF 3456. Stegobolus guianensis (Sipman)
Frisch & Kalb IF No: 521477 Trophic No: 405881 Trophic mode/Guild: Frisch IF No: 521486
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: 250 m Dept.: AMA

3457. Stegobolus wrightii (Tuck.) Frisch IF 3458. Thalloloma anguinum (Mont.) 3459. Thalloloma astroideum (Müll. Arg.)
No: 521500 Trophic mode/Guild: Trevis. IF No: 406886 Trophic mode/Guild: Staiger IF No: 373316 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

3460. Thalloloma buriticum (Redinger) 3461. Thalloloma cinnabarinum (Fée) 3462. Thalloloma haemographum (Nyl.)
Neotropics, Native Elev.: 1,100 m Endemic Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

3463. Thalloloma hypoleptum (Nyl.) 3464. Thalloloma scribillans (Nyl.) Lücking 3465. Thelotrema adjectum Nyl.
Staiger IF No: 373326 Trophic mode/ IF No: 558072 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 407160 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Native Elev.: 1,900– 2,000 m Dept.: VAC

3466. Thelotrema conveniens Nyl. IF No: 3467. Thelotrema jugale (Müll. Arg.) 3468. Thelotrema lacteum Kremp. IF No:
478169 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Lücking IF No: 800227 Trophic mode/ 407328 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
2,500–2,550 m Dept.: ANT, CUN 1,700 m Dept.: NAR

3469. Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. IF 3470. Thelotrema lepadodes Tuck. IF No: 3471. Thelotrema monosporum Nyl. IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.:
Native Elev.: 2,500–3,730 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, NAR, TOL 1,200 m Dept.: CUN

3472. Thelotrema occlusum Nyl. 3473. Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. IF No: 3474. Thelotrema paludosum Sipman IF
IF No: 407397 Trophic mode/ Guild: 407402 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 807366 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic /lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
Native Elev.: 1,100– 2,700 m Dept.: HUI, SAN, TOL

3475. Thelotrema porinoides Mont. & 3476. Thelotrema suecicum (H. Magn.) P. 3477. Wirthiotrema duplomarginatum
Bosch IF No: 407429 Trophic mode/Guild: James IF No: 343760 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking, Mangold & Lumbsch IF No:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised 800104 Trophic mode/Guild:
region: Pacific Distribution: Pantropics, symbiotroph/lichenised

Ostropales, Graphidaceae Ostropales, Spirographaceae Ostropales, Spirographaceae
3478. Wirthiotrema glaucopallens (Nyl.) 3479. Spirographa fusisporella (Nyl.) 3480. Spirographa hypotrachynae (Etayo)
Rivas Plata & Kalb IF No: 512787 Trophic Zahlbr. IF No: 448854 Trophic mode/ Flakus, Etayo & Miądl. IF No: 833350
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen
Biogeographic region: Pacific Distribution: parasite
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35 m Dept.: CAU, NAR

Ostropales, Spirographaceae Ostropales, Stictidaceae Ostropales, Stictidaceae
3481. Spirographa ophiurospora (Etayo) 3482. Biostictis psychotriae (Mont.) 3483. Nanostictis confusa Etayo
Flakus, Etayo & Miądl. IF No: 833355 Sherwood IF No: 309551 Trophic mode IF No: 818347 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph/lichen parasite
parasite

Ostropales, Stictidaceae Ostropales, Stictidaceae Ostropales, Stictidaceae
3484. Nanostictis peltigerae M.S. Christ. IF 3485. Nanostictis pluriseptata Etayo IF No: 3486. Nanostictis stictae Etayo
No: 301706 Trophic mode/Guild: 373023 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 373024 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite

3487. Schizoxylon emergens Sherwood IF 3488. Schizoxylon sulfurinum Sherwood IF 3489. Stictis carnea Seaver & Waterston


3490. Stictis cundinamareae Sherwood IF 3491. Stictis friabilis (W. Phillips & Plowr.) 3492. Stictis hawaiensis E.K. Cash IF No:
No: 324095 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc. & Traverso IF No: 250181 Trophic 266850 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

3493. Stictis helicospora Sherwood IF No: 3494. Stictis hypophylla Sherwood IF No: 3495. Stictis prominens Sherwood IF No:
324105 Trophic mode/Guild: 324106 Trophic mode/Guild: 324117 Trophic mode/Guild:

3496. Stictis radiata (L.) Pers. 3497. Stictis radiata var. uncinata W. 3498. Stictis ramuligera StarbäckIF No:
IF No: 248730 Trophic mode/Guild: Phillips ex Sherwood 248388 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph IF No: 348877 symbiotroph/lichenised

Ostropales, Stictidaceae Pertusariales, Coccotremataceae Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae
3499. Stictis stellata Wallr. 3500. Parasiphula complanata (Hook. f. & 3501. Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb &
IF No: 216566 Trophic mode/ Guild: Taylor) Kantvilas & Grube IF No: 522032 Gierl IF No: 360412 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Subcosmopolit,
Native Elev.: 1,200–3,750 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, VAC

Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae
3502. Dibaeis arcuata (Stirt.) Kalb & Gierl 3503. Dibaeis baeomyces (L. f.) Rambold 3504. Dibaeis columbiana (Vain.) Kalb &
IF No: 360415 Trophic mode/Guild: & Hertel Gierl IF No: 360418 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised IF No: 360416 symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics
Andes, Costa Rica, Native Elev.: 3,000–3,950 m Dept.: BOY,
CUN, MET, QUI, TOL

3505. Dibaeis fungoides (Sw.) Kalb & Gierl 3506. Dibaeis globulifera Kalb & Gierl IF 3507. Dibaeis holstii (Müll. Arg.) Kalb &
IF No: 360419 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 360420 Trophic mode/Guild: Gierl IF No: 360421 Trophic mode/Guild:
Native Elev.: 1,280–3,950 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, Native Elev.: 1,700–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, NAR, SAN Africa, Native Elev.: 1,700 m Dept.: NAR
HUI, MET, QUI, RIS, SAN, TOL

3508. Dibaeis sorediata Kalb & Gierl IF No: 3509. Icmadophila aversa (Nyl.) Rambold 3510. Siphula carassana Müll. Arg. IF No:
360413 Trophic mode/Guild: & Hertel IF No: 361289 Trophic mode/ 646511 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Amazonia Distribution: Neotropics, Native
Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

3511. Siphula ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr. IF 3512. Siphula decumbens Nyl. 3513. Siphula fastigiata (Nyl.) Nyl. IF No:
No: 405207 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 405211 Trophic mode/Guild: 405215 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
region: Andes Distribution: region: Amazonia Distribution: Pantropics, Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,100 m Dept.: CAU Native Elev.: 350 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ 3,000–4,560 m Dept.: ARA, BOY, CAU, CUN, MET, PUT

Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae Pertusariales, Icmadophilaceae Pertusariales, Megasporaceae
3514. Siphula pteruloides Nyl. IF No: 3515. Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) 3516. Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Arcadia
405225 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph Schaer. IF No: 406896 Trophic mode/ & A. Nordin IF No: 564838 Trophic mode/
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Distribution: Neotropics, Native Elev.: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
3,000–4,560 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, SAN Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,550–4,550 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,830–4,540 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CUN, MET, RIS, SAN, TOL MET, RIS

Pertusariales, Ochrolechiaceae Pertusariales, Ochrolechiaceae Pertusariales, Ochrolechiaceae
3517. Ochrolechia africana Vain. 3518. Ochrolechia inaequata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 3519. Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. IF
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Native Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: CAU 1,200 m Dept.: CUN

Pertusariales, Ochrolechiaceae Pertusariales, Pertusariaceae Pertusariales, Pertusariaceae
3520. Ochrolechia subpallescens 3521. Lepra acroscyphoides (Sipman) I. 3522. Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner IF
Verseghy IF No: 345364 Trophic Schmitt, B.P. Hodk. & Lumbsch IF No: No: 818748 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised 820747 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

Pertusariales, Pertusariaceae Pertusariales, Pertusariaceae Pertusariales, Pertusariaceae
3523. Lepra amara (Ach.) Hafellner 3524. Lepra corallina (L.) Hafellner IF No: 3525. Lepra hypothamnolica (Dibben)
IF No: 818749 818751 Trophic mode/Guild: Lendemer & R.C. Harris IF No: 821149
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised


3526. Lepra multipuncta (Turner) 3527. Lepra subventosa (Malme) I. 3528. Lepra ventosa (Malme) Lendemer &
Hafellner IF No: 818769 Trophic mode/ Schmitt & Lumbsch IF No: 820274 Trophic R.C. Harris IF No: 821154 Trophic mode/

3529. Pertusaria achroiza Nyl. IF No: 3530. Pertusaria albidella Nyl. IF No: 3531. Pertusaria assimilans Nyl. IF No:
399390 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 399397 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 399435 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes /lichenised Distribution: Endemic Elev.: /lichenised Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,200 m 1,100 m Dept.: CUN 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

3532. Pertusaria carneola (Eschw.) Müll. 3533. Pertusaria cicatricosa Müll. Arg. IF 3534. Pertusaria confundens Nyl. IF No:
Arg. IF No: 399456 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 399468 Trophic mode/Guild: 399494 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
2,900 m Dept.: CUN

3535. Pertusaria dealbata (Ach.) Cromb. IF 3536. Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) DC. IF 3537. Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa
No: 399523 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 399653 Trophic mode/Guild: Aptroot & Cáceres IF No: 824158 Trophic
region: Andes Distribution: Temperate region: Andes Distribution:
region of the North, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 100–2,500 m Dept.: CUN

3538. Pertusaria ochrotheliza Nyl. IF No: 3539. Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby IF 3540. Pertusaria pycnophora Nyl. IF No:
399740 Trophic mode /Guild: symbiotroph No: 399805 Trophic mode/Guild: 399806 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,800 m Dept.:
CUN Native Elev.: 2,700–2,800 m Dept.: BOY, CUN CUN

3541. Pertusaria quassiae (Fée) Nyl. 3542. Pertusaria rhodiza Nyl. 3543. Pertusaria rhodostoma Nyl. IF No:
IF No: 399810 IF No: 399816 Trophic mode/ Guild: 399819 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
CUN Conservation: DD

3544. Pertusaria simplicata Vain. IF No: 3545. Pertusaria subvaginata Nyl. IF No: 3546. Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl.
399841 Trophic mode/Guild: 399897 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 399917 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Elev.: 1,200 m Dept.: CUN Native Elev.: 1,200–2,400 m Dept.: CUN

3547. Pertusaria thelocarpoides Nyl. IF No: 3548. Pertusaria trypetheliiformis Nyl. IF 3549. Pertusaria tuberculifera Nyl. IF No:
Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 1,900–2,600
CUN Native Elev.: 1,200–2,000 m Dept.: CUN, SAN m Dept.: CUN

3550. Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg. IF No: 3551. Porina fulvella Müll. Arg. IF No: 3552. Porina leptosperma Müll. Arg. IF No:
401968 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 402069 Trophic mode/ Guild: symbiotroph 402134 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/lichenised Biogeographic region: Pacific /lichenised Biogeographic region: /lichenised Biogeographic region:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 100 Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics, Amazonia, Andes, Pacific Distribution:
m Dept.: CHO Native Elev.: 240–2,400 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, HUI Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–2,500 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ,
CHO, HUI, MET, NAR

3553. Porina leptospermoides Müll. Arg. IF 3554. Porina nitidula Müll. Arg. 3555. Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg. IF
region: Pacific Distribution: Neotropics, region: Andes, Caribbean Distribution: region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific
Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: CHO, NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–1,700 m Dept.: CAU, HUI, MAG, MET Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 35–350 m Dept.: AMA,
CAQ, MET, NAR, VAU

Pertusariales, Varicellariaceae Pertusariales, Varicellariaceae Schaereriales, Schaereriaceae
3556. Varicellaria culbersonii (Vězda) I. 3557. Varicellaria velata (Turner) I. Schmitt 3558. Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.)
Schmitt & Lumbsch IF No: 800038 Trophic & Lumbsch IF No: 800042 Trophic mode/ Clauzade & Cl. Roux IF No: 103805
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae
3559. Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain. IF 3560. Aspidothelium fugiens (Müll. Arg.) R. 3561. Aspidothelium papillicarpum
No: 377787 Trophic mode/Guild: Sant. IF No: 364410 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking IF No: 538352 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Amazonia, Pacific Distribution:
Native Elev.: 1,700–2,300 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, NAR Pantropics, Native Elev.: 20–600 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, MAG,
MET


Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae Thelenellales, Thelenellaceae
3562. Aspidothelium scutellicarpum 3563. Aspidothelium silverstonei Soto– 3564. Polyblastiopsis intrusa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lücking IF No: 450606 Trophic mode/ Medina, Aptroot & Lücking IF No: 818993 IF No: 401873 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
lichenised region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.:
2,500 m Dept.: CUN

Lecanoromycetes, Umbilicariomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Umbilicariomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Umbilicariomycetidae,
Umbilicariales, Fuscideaceae Umbilicariales, Fuscideaceae Umbilicariales, Fuscideaceae
3565. Fuscidea cyathoides (Ach.) V. Wirth 3566. Fuscidea umbricolor (Nyl.) Hertel IF 3567. Lettauia hypotrachynae Etayo IF No:
& Vězda IF No: 342002 Trophic mode/ No: 342015 Trophic mode/Guild: 372905 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised /lichenised

Umbilicariales, Ophioparmaceae Umbilicariales, Ophioparmaceae Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae
3568. Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. 3569. Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman IF 3570. Umbilicaria africana (Jatta) Krog &
Choisy IF No: 119475 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 396783 Trophic mode/Guild: Swinscow IF No: 103878 Trophic mode/
region: Andes Distribution: Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Subcosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,750 m Dept.: RIS Neotropics, Africa, Native Elev.: 3,400–4,750 m Dept.: BOY, CAL,
CUN, MAG, RIS

Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae
3571. Umbilicaria calvescens Nyl. 3572. Umbilicaria leprosa (Zahlbr.) Frey IF 3573. Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.)
IF No: 408083 No: 478042 Trophic mode/Guild: H. Magn. IF No: 370951 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On
region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics, siliceous rocks | Lichen Biogeographic
Native Elev.: 3,200–4,300 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAU, RIS region: Andes Distribution: Global Distribution, Subcomopolitan,
Native Elev.: 3,820–4,750 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, RIS, TOL Uses: ME

Lecanoromycetes, Umbilicariomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Umbilicariomycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariales, Umbilicariaceae sedis, Arthrorhaphidaceae
3574. Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg. IF 3575. Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr. IF No: 3576. Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R.
No: 408146 Trophic mode/Guild: 408148 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Sant. IF No: 113731 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: On /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
siliceous rocks | Lichen Biogeographic Distribution: Subcosmopolitan, Native region: Andes Distribution: Holarctic and
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, Native Elev.: 3,400– Elev.: 3,200–3,850 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, MAG southern regions, Native Elev.: 4,300 m Dept.: CAL
4,330 m Dept.: CUN, RIS Uses: ME

Lecanoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Lecanoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Lecanoromycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
sedis, Arthrorhaphidaceae sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis
3577. Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt 3578. Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafellner IF 3579. Piccolia wrightii (Tuck.) Hafellner IF
region: Andes Distribution: Cosmopolitan, region: Andes Distribution: Pantropics, region: Andes Distribution: Neotropics,
Native Elev.: 3,600–4,300 m Dept.: CAL, CUN Native Elev.: 2,500–2,700 m Dept.: CUN, TOL Native Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: NAR

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae,
Chaetomellales, Marthamycetaceae Chaetomellales, Marthamycetaceae Chaetomellales, Marthamycetaceae
3580. Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) 3581. Marthamyces quadrifidus (Lév.) 3582. Propolis farinosa (Pers.) Fr. IF No:
DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter IF No: 107887 Minter IF No: 488896 Trophic mode/Guild: 433503 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

Helotiales, Arachnopezizaceae Helotiales, Arachnopezizaceae Helotiales, Cenangiaceae
3583. Arachnopeziza aurata Fuckel IF No: 3584. Arachnopeziza aurelia (Pers.) Fuckel 3585. Chlorencoelia torta (Schwein.) J.R.
176160 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 175992 Trophic mode/Guild: Dixon IF No: 311053 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m

Helotiales, Cenangiaceae Helotiales, Cenangiaceae Helotiales, Cenangiaceae
3586. Chlorencoelia versiformis (Pers.) J.R. 3587. Clithris platyplacum (Berk. & M.A. 3588. Encoelia heteromera (Mont.) Nannf.
Dixon IF No: 311054 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Tehon IF No: 454542 Trophic IF No: 252569 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m saprotroph

Helotiales, Chlorociboriaceae Helotiales, Chlorociboriaceae Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae
3589. Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) 3590. Chlorociboria aeruginosa (Oeder) 3591. Cordierites guianensis Mont.
Kanouse ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R. Seaver ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R. IF No: 120575
Batra IF No: 285167 Trophic mode/Guild: Batra IF No: 294810 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On pathotroph/wood saprotroph
decaying wood, mainly on oak trees | In disturbed secondary
forest | Saprotroph scattered, gregarious Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 1,700–2,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, MAG, SAN,
VAC Uses: MA

Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae
3592. Ionomidotis sprucei (Berk.) E.J. 3593. Lawreyella lobariella (S.Y. Kondr. & 3594. Skyttea anziae Etayo & Diederich IF
Durand IF No: 254811 Trophic mode/ D.J. Galloway) Flakus, Etayo, Kukwa & No: 373281 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Rodr. Flakus IF No: 833333 pathotroph/lichen parasite
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG


Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae
3595. Skyttea caesii Diederich & Etayo IF 3596. Skyttea megalosporae Etayo & 3597. Thamnogalla crombiei (Mudd) D.
No: 466422 Trophic mode/Guild: Diederich IF No: 443796 Trophic mode/ Hawksw. IF No: 114062 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/ lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

Helotiales, Cordieritidaceae Helotiales, Discinellaceae Helotiales, Discinellaceae
3598. Unguiculariopsis ravenelii (Berk. & 3599. Articulospora atra Descals 3600. Gyoerffyella craginiformis (R.H.
M.A. Curtis) W.Y. Zhuang & Korf IF No: IF No: 110483 Trophic mode/Guild: Petersen) Marvanová IF No: 331606
131135 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
/lichen parasite Elev.: 1,372 m Dept.: BOY From foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN saprotroph

Helotiales, Discinellaceae Helotiales, Discinellaceae Helotiales, Drepanopezizaceae
3601. Gyoerffyella speciosa (K. Miura) 3602. Varicosporium giganteum J.L. Crane 3603. Diplocarpon mespili (Sorauer) B.
Dudka IF No: 283469 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 340860 Sutton IF No: 116275 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph pathotroph/plant pathogen

Helotiales, Drepanopezizaceae Helotiales, Drepanopezizaceae Helotiales, Drepanopezizaceae
3604. Diplocarpon rosae (Lib.) F.A. Wolf 3605. Marssonina agaves (Earle) Magnus 3606. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.)
IF No: 189722 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 100557 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc. IF No: 162637 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: Plant
pathogen Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
CUN

Helotiales, Erysiphaceae Helotiales, Erysiphaceae Helotiales, Erysiphaceae
3607. Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer IF 3608. Erysiphe polygoni DC. IF No: 3609. Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.)
No: 309596 Trophic mode/Guild: 121183 Trophic mode/ Guild: V.P. Heluta IF No: 134335 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

3610. Oidium mangiferae Berthet IF No: 3611. Pleochaeta polychaeta (Berk. & M.A. 3612. Podosphaera fuliginea (Schltdl.) U.
120853 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Curtis) Kimbr. & Korf IF No: 337176 Braun & S. Takam. IF No: 464561 Trophic
/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

3613. Podosphaera fusca (Fr.) U. Braun & 3614. Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & 3615. Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de
Shishkoff IF No: 464560 Trophic mode/ Everh.) E.S. Salmon IF No: 122748 Trophic Bary IF No: 461807 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen

3616. Pseudoidium caricae (F. Noack) U. 3617. Pseudoidium hortensiae (Jørst. ex S. 3618. Pseudoidium neolycopersici (L. Kiss)
Braun & R.T.A. Cook IF No: 561409 Blumer) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook IF No: L. Kiss IF No: 561493 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 561475 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen /plant pathogen

Helotiales, Gelatinodiscaceae Helotiales, Gelatinodiscaceae Helotiales, Gelatinodiscaceae
3619. Ascocoryne albida (Berk.) Seifert IF 3620. Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. 3621. Neobulgaria pura (Pers.) Petr. IF No:
No: 808792 Trophic mode/Guild: Groves & D.E. Wilson IF No: 326593 275748 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
undefined saprotroph Habitat: In cloud
forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

Helotiales, Gelatinodiscaceae Helotiales, Hamatocanthoscyphaceae Helotiales, Helotiaceae
3622. Ombrophila microspora (Ellis & 3623. Hamatocanthoscypha helicotricha 3624. Bisporella triseptata (Dennis) S.E.
Everh.) Sacc. & P. Syd. IF No: 209217 Huhtinen IF No: 127911 Trophic mode/ Carp. & Dumont IF No: 309579 Trophic
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,940 m Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Dept.: ANT, CAU, CHO, MAG, VAC Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 300–2,600 m
Dept.: BOY, CUN, NSA

Helotiales, Helotiaceae Helotiales, Helotiaceae Helotiales, Helotiaceae
3625. Dicephalospora rufocornea (Berk. & 3626. Gloeotinia granigena (Quél.) T. 3627. Helotium circulare (Singer) Redhead
Broome) Spooner IF No: 130937 Trophic Schumach. IF No: 283466 IF No: 106568 Dept.: VAC
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

3628. Hymenoscyphus caudatus (P. 3629. Hymenoscyphus clavatus (Pers.) W. 3630. Hymenoscyphus epiphyllus (Pers.)
Karst.) Dennis IF No: 332330 Trophic Phillips IF No: 461994 Trophic mode/ Rehm ex KauffmanIF No: 315470 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ litter saprotroph Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
Dept.: ANT, BOY symbiotroph/bryophyte parasite, symbiotroph/bryophyte parasite,
ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph

3631. Hymenoscyphus lasiopodius (Pat.) 3632. Hymenoscyphus leucopsis (Berk. & 3633. Hymenoscyphus rufescens
Dennis IF No: 332352Trophic mode/ M.A. Curtis) Dennis IF No: 332354 Trophic (Kanouse) T. Schumach. IF No: 127048
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, mode/ Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/ bryophyte parasite, symbiotroph/bryophyte parasite, saprotroph, symbiotroph/bryophyte
ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph Dept.: ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph parasite, ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined
BOY, CAU, CAQ, CUN, HUI, PUT, SAN, VAC Distribution: Pantropics saprotroph


3634. Hymenoscyphus sclerogenus (Berk. 3635. Hymenoscyphus scutula (Pers.) W. 3636. Hymenoscyphus serotinus (Pers.) W.
& M.A. Curtis) Dennis IF No: 332375 Phillips IF No: 179118 Trophic mode/ Phillips IF No: 178882 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/ bryophyte symbiotroph/bryophyte parasite, symbiotroph/bryophyte parasite,
parasite, ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CHO, Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CUN
CAQ, CUN, PUT, SAN, VAC

3637. Hymenotorrendiella communis 3638. Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti 3639. Pithyella anonyma (Rehm) Korf &
Crous & P.R. Johnst. (Berk.) P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán W.Y. Zhuang IF No: 130739 Trophic
IF No: 835413 IF No: 550523 mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Helotiales, Helotiaceae Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae
3640. Tatraea macrospora (Peck) Baral IF 3641. Hegermila andina (Pat.) Raitv. IF No: 3642. Hegermila vermispora Raitv. & Järv
No: 459801 Trophic mode/Guild: 414926 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 434619 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,500 m

Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae
3643. Hyaloscypha bicolor (Hambl. & 3644. Hyaloscypha usitata Huhtinen IF No: 3645. Incrupila aspidii (Lib.) Raitv. IF No:
Sigler) Vohník, Fehrer & Réblová IF No: 127926 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 315799 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
825016 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph

Helotiales, Lachnaceae Helotiales, Lachnaceae Helotiales, Lachnaceae
3646. Albotricha albotestacea (Desm.) 3647. Dasyscyphella acutipila E.K. Cash IF 3648. Dasyscyphella appressa E.K. Cash
Raitv. IF No: 308447 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 250470 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 250741 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 4,330 m

3649. Dasyscyphella nivea (R. Hedw.) 3650. Dasyscyphella schroeteriana Rehm 3651. Dasyscyphella subcorticalis (Pat.)
Raitv. IF No: 312694 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 199401 Trophic mode/Guild: E.K. Cash IF No: 285998 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Elev.: 3,600–3,900 m

3652. Dasyscyphus espeletiae Dennis IF 3653. Dasyscyphus glabrescens (Cooke & 3654. Dasyscyphus pichinchensis Dennis
No: 329669 Trophic mode/Guild: W. Phillips) Sacc. IF No: 191783 Trophic IF No: 312720 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m
3,650 m

3655. Dasyscyphus raphidoferus (Berk. & 3656. Dasyscyphus triseptatus Dennis IF 3657. Erioscyphella abnormis (Mont.)
M.A. Curtis) Dennis IF No: 581054 Trophic No: 329702 Trophic mode/Guild: Baral, Šandová & B. Perić IF No: 812341
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph

3658. Erioscyphella bambusina (Bres.) 3659. Erioscyphella brasiliensis (Mont.) 3660. Erioscyphella sclerotii (A.L. Sm.)
Kirschst. IF No: 258167 Trophic mode Baral, Šandová & B. Perić IF No: 812324 Baral, Šandová & B. Perić IF No: 812340
/Guild: saprotroph/ Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Elev.: Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/
2,400–3,100 m

3661. Lachnum albidulum (Penz. & Sacc.) 3662. Lachnum albidum (Penz. & Sacc.) 3663. Lachnum apalum (Berk. & Broome)
M.P. Sharma IF No: 129267 Trophic mode W.Y. Zhuang IF No: 487762 Trophic mode Nannf. IF No: 257028 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

3664. Lachnum bambusae (Rick) J.H. 3665. Lachnum callimorphum (P. Karst.) 3666. Lachnum calosporum (Pat. &
Haines IF No: 358775 Trophic mode/ P. Karst. IF No: 225135 Trophic mode/ Gaillard) J.H. Haines & Dumont IF No:
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 106951 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph

3667. Lachnum caricis (Desm.) Höhn. IF 3668. Lachnum carneolum (Sacc.) Rehm 3669. Lachnum chusqueae (Pat.) J.H.
No: 433600 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 225493 Trophic mode/Guild: Haines & Dumont IF No: 106952 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph


3670. Lachnum cruciferum (W. Phillips) 3671. Lachnum cyphelloides (Pat.) J.H. 3672. Lachnum diminutum (Roberge ex
Nannf. IF No: 262383 Trophic mode/Guild: Haines & Dumont IF No: 106953 Trophic Desm.) Rehm IF No: 433598 Trophic
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph

3673. Lachnum fimbriiferum (Berk. & M.A. 3674. Lachnum flavidulum (Rehm) J.H. 3675. Lachnum fuscescens (Pers.) P.
Curtis) J.H. Haines IF No: 358770 Trophic Haines IF No: 105429 Trophic mode/ Karst. IF No: 433584 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Saprotroph

3676. Lachnum kumaonicum (M.P. 3677. Lachnum lachnoderma (Berk.) G.G. 3678. Lachnum lagerheimii J.H. Haines &
Sharma) M.P. Sharma IF No: 104424 Hahn & Ayers IF No: 268777 Trophic mode Dumont IF No: 106957 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 2,125 m

3679. Lachnum lasseri (Dennis) W.Y. 3680. Lachnum nudipes (Fuckel) Nannf. IF 3681. Lachnum papyraceum (P. Karst.) P.
Zhuang IF No: 467806 Trophic mode/ No: 272504 Trophic mode/Guild: Karst. IF No: 218540 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m

3682. Lachnum patena (Lév.) J.H. Haines 3683. Lachnum pteridophyllum (Rodway) 3684. Lachnum pygmaeum (Fr.) Bres. IF
& Dumont IF No: 106959 Trophic mode Spooner IF No: 130965 Trophic mode/ No: 219675 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

3685. Lachnum rhytismatis (W. Phillips) 3686. Lachnum singerianum (Dennis) W.Y. 3687. Lachnum soppittii (Massee) Raitv. IF
Nannf. IF No: 254383 Trophic mode/Guild: Zhuang & Zheng Wang IF No: 443613 No: 129223 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph

3688. Lachnum tenuissimum (Kuntze) 3689. Lachnum varians (Rehm) M.P. 3690. Lachnum virgineum (Batsch) P.
Korf & W.Y. Zhuang IF No: 105431 Trophic Sharma IF No: 129277 Trophic mode Karst. IF No: 356658 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Elev.: 2,940 m

3691. Neodasyscypha cerina (Pers.) 3692. Perrotia aurea (Massee) Dennis IF 3693. Perrotia flammea (Alb. & Schwein.)
Spooner IF No: 365160 No: 302559 Trophic mode/Guild: Boud. IF No: 196568 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
BOG, CUN

Helotiales, Lachnaceae Helotiales, Lachnaceae Helotiales, Leptodontidiaceae
3694. Proliferodiscus earoleucus (Berk. & 3695. Proliferodiscus inspersus (Berk. & 3696. Leptodontidium trabinellum (P.
Broome) J.H. Haines & Dumont IF No: M.A. Curtis) J.H. Haines & Dumont IF No: Karst.) Baral, Platas & R. Galán IF No:
109185 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 109186 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 551399 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph /endophyte

Helotiales, Mollisiaceae Helotiales, Mollisiaceae Helotiales, Mollisiaceae
3697. Belonopsis aciculispora E.K. Cash IF 3698. Belonopsis ingae Seaver 3699. Mollisia caesia (Fuckel) Sacc. IF No:
No: 250455 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 267902 Trophic mode/ Guild: 158923 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
Elev.: 2,940 m

3700. Mollisia cinerea (Batsch) P. Karst. IF 3701. Mollisia dextrinospora Korf IF No: 3702. Niptera aureotincta Syd. & P. Syd.
No: 151567 Trophic mode/Guild: 113571 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 239369
pathotroph/plant pathogen Elev.: 2,400– symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
3,600 m

3703. Niptera calatheae Henn. 3704. Phialocephala humicola S.C. Jong & 3705. Tapesia culcitella (Cooke & Ellis)
IF No: 239299 E.E. Davis IF No: 319822 Trophic mode/ Sacc. IF No: 246820 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: On pathotroph/ plant pathogen Elev.: 4,400 m
soils cultivated with peach and apple |
Saprotroph | Endophyte Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY


Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae
3706. Oidiodendron chlamydosporicum 3707. Oidiodendron griseum Robak IF No: 3708. Oidiodendron majus G.L. Barron IF
Morrall IF No: 335316 Trophic mode/ 266571 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, No: 631696 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ericoid symbiotroph/ericoid mycorrhizal pathotroph, symbiotroph/ericoid
mycorrhizal mycorrhizal

Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae
3709. Oidiodendron periconioides Morrall 3710. Oidiodendron rhodogenum Robak 3711. Oidiodendron setiferum Essl. IF No:
IF No: 335321 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 276432 Trophic mode/Guild: 128777 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph, symbiotroph/ericoid pathotroph, symbiotroph/ericoid symbiotroph/ericoid mycorrhizal
mycorrhizal mycorrhizal

Helotiales, Myxotrichaceae Helotiales, Neolauriomycetaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae
3712. Oidiodendron tenuissimum (Peck) S. 3713. Lareunionomyces eucalypticola 3714. Calycellina punctata (Fr.) Lowen &
Hughes IF No: 301950 Trophic mode/ Crous Dumont IF No: 105963 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ericoid IF No: 832871 Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
mycorrhizal Habitat: On soils in Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global
uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) | Distribution Elev.: 3,185 m
Saprotroph. Human pathogen Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae
3715. Calycina citrina (Hedw.) Gray IF No: 3716. Calycina claroflava (Grev.) Kuntze IF 3717. Calycina herbarum (Pers.) Gray IF
491731 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 587813 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 431491 Trophic mode/Guild:
/wood saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
bryophyte parasite, ectomycorrhizal,
ericoid mycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph

Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae
3718. Calycina sulfurina (Quél.) Kuntze IF 3719. Chalara vaccinii Carris IF No: 3720. Pezizella stictae Etayo
No: 523911 Trophic mode/Guild: 135427 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 373113 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, plant pathotroph/lichen parasite
pathogen, wood saprotroph

Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Pezizellaceae Helotiales, Ploettnerulaceae
3721. Phaeoscypha cladii (Nag Raj & W.B. 3722. Psilachnum chrysostigmum (Fr.) 3723. Belonium rimosum E.K. Cash IF No:
Kendr.) Spooner IF No: 107116 Trophic Raitv. IF No: 321894 Trophic mode/Guild: 254402 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,500–2,300 m
saprotroph Dept.: MAG

Helotiales, Ploettnerulaceae Helotiales, Rutstroemiaceae Helotiales, Rutstroemiaceae
3724. Cadophora orchidicola (Sigler & 3725. Lambertella acuminata Dumont IF 3726. Lambertella aurantiaca V.P. Tewari
Currah) M.J. Day & Currah IF No: 561689 No: 316293 Trophic mode/Guild: & D.C. Pant IF No: 332943 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
endophyte Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
CUN Pantropics Elev.: 2,499 m Dept.: CUN

Helotiales, Rutstroemiaceae Helotiales, Rutstroemiaceae Helotiales, Rutstroemiaceae
3727. Lambertella colombiana E.K. Cash 3728. Lambertella microspora (Seaver) 3729. Lambertella nipponica Dumont &
& Whetzel IF No: 287498 Trophic mode/ Dumont IF No: 316309 Trophic mode/ Korf IF No: 316313 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Pantropics Dept.: CUN, VAC 1,707–2,499 m Dept.: BOY, CUN, PUT

3730. Lambertella spadiceoatra (Mont.) 3731. Lambertella tewarii Dumont IF No: 3732. Lambertella zeylanica Dumont IF
Dumont IF No: 112393 Trophic mode/ 316320 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 316323 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,560 m Dept.: Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,713–
CUN 2,499 m Dept.: PUT

3733. Lanzia cuniculi (Boud.) Dumont IF 3734. Lanzia livida (Mont.) Dumont IF No: 3735. Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti
No: 316341 Trophic mode/Guild: 112399 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Crous & M.J. Wingf.
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph IF No: 825407
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOG

Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae
3736. Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) 3737. Botrytis aclada Fresen. 3738. Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Whetzel IF No: 284645 Trophic mode/ IF No: 234362 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 217312 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph/

3739. Botrytis fabae Sardiña 3740. Moellerodiscus guttulatus Dumont 3741. Moellerodiscus lentus (Berk. &
IF No: 264556 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 317777 Trophic mode/Guild: Broome) Dumont IF No: 317779 Trophic
pathotroph, saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph


3742. Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) 3743. Monilinia fructigena (Pers.) Honey IF 3744. Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland)
Honey IF No: 236989 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 120492 Trophic mode/Guild: Honey IF No: 119179 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

3745. Sclerotinia minor Jagger 3746. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de 3747. Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. IF No:
IF No: 271273 Trophic mode/Guild: Bary IF No: 212553 Trophic mode/Guild: 207563 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen /plant pathogen

Helotiales, Sclerotiniaceae Helotiales, Solenopeziaceae Helotiales, Solenopeziaceae
3748. Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) 3749. Lasiobelonium cazenoviae (Ellis & 3750. Lasiobelonium subflavidum Ellis &
Whetzel IF No: 291245 Trophic mode/ Everh.) Raitv. Everh. IF No: 248292 Distribution:
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen IF No: 112986 Pantropics Elev.: 2,987 m Dept.: BOY

Helotiales, Tricladiaceae Helotiales, Vibrisseaceae Helotiales, Incertae sedis
3751. Mycofalcella calcarata Marvanová, 3752. Vibrissea vibrisseoides (Peck) 3753. Bioscypha pteridicola Samuels &
Om–Kalth. & J. Webster IF No: 357725 Kjøller IF No: 340918 Trophic mode/Guild: Rogerson IF No: 127044 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
From foam in river Dept.: CAQ, SAN

Helotiales, Incertae sedis Helotiales, Incertae sedis Helotiales, Incertae sedis
3754. Crocicreas bambusicola S.E. Carp. 3755. Crocicreas sessilis Samuels & 3756. Crocicreas triseptatum S.E. Carp. IF
IF No: 114133 Trophic mode/Guild: Rogerson IF No: 127045 Trophic mode/ No: 111378 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

3757. Dactylaria fusiformis Shearer & J.L. 3758. Filosporella versimorpha 3759. Grovesia pulchella Dennis
Crane IF No: 283423 Trophic mode/Guild: Marvanová, P.J. Fisher, Aimer & B.C. IF No: 331526 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Segedin IF No: 358285 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,800 m

3760. Leohumicola atra H.D.T. Nguyen & 3761. Leohumicola levissima H.D.T. 3762. Leohumicola minima (de Hoog &
Seifert IF No: 512015 Trophic mode/Guild: Nguyen & Seifert IF No: 512013 Trophic Grinb.) Seifert & Hambl. IF No: 500251
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
saprotroph Habitat: On soils in uncultivated endophyte
field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) | Saprotroph

3763. Polydesmia dumontii (Korf) Korf IF 3764. Polydesmia fructicola Korf 3765. Scytalidium album L. Beyer &
No: 320875 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 320876 Trophic mode/Guild: Klingström IF No: 339007 Trophic mode
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph

3766. Strossmayeria sordida (E.K. Cash) 3767. Tetracladium apiense R.C. Sinclair & 3768. Tetracladium furcatum Descals IF
Iturr. IF No: 127958 Trophic mode/Guild: Eicker IF No: 112657 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 110127 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales,
Helotiales, Incertae sedis Cochlearomycetaceae Cochlearomycetaceae
3769. Tetracladium marchalianum De 3770. Cochlearomyces eucalypti Crous 3771. Satchmopsis brasiliensis B. Sutton
Wild. IF No: 243554 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 823366 & Hodges IF No: 323110 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
From foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales,
Leotiaceae Leotiaceae Leotiaceae
3772. Leotia chlorocephala Schwein. IF 3773. Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. IF No: 3774. Leotia viscosa Fr. IF No: 191170
No: 214036 Trophic mode/Guild: 168196 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil, undefined saprotroph
mainly in oak forest | In mixed oak–
dominated forest | Saprotroph gregarious, scattered Distribution:
Global Distribution Elev.: 2,500–2,840 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, SAN
Uses: HF, ME

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales,
Leotiaceae Mniaeciaceae Tympanidaceae
3775. Miniancora allisoniensis Marvanová 3776. Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) 3777. Gelatinomyces siamensis Sanoam.,
& Bärl. IF No: 125416 Diederich IF No: 827776 Trophic mode/ Jitjak, Rodtong & Whalley IF No: 804027
Guild: pathotroph/ lichen parasite

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiales, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae,
Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Phacidiales, Helicogoniaceae
3778. Alatospora acuminata Ingold IF No: 3779. Flagellospora curvula Ingold IF No: 3780. Helicogonium gemmisporum (S.E.
284002 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 286465 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Carp.) Baral
undefined saprotroph Habitat: From foam Habitat: From foam in river | Saprotroph IF No: 460615
in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN Dept.: SAN


Phacidiales, Phacidiaceae Phacidiales, Phacidiaceae Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae
3781. Allantophomopsis cytisporea (Fr.) 3782. Phacidium depressum Hook. ex 3783. Cerion leucophaeum (Speg.) Dennis
Petr. IF No: 262734 Trophic mode/Guild: Berk. IF No: 240230 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 294657 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen

Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae
3784. Coccomyces annulatus Sherwood IF 3785. Coccomyces clusiae (Lév.) Sacc. IF 3786. Coccomyces crystalligerus
No: 118531 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 180599 Trophic mode/Guild: Sherwood IF No: 118537 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

3787. Coccomyces leptosporus Speg. IF 3788. Coccomyces monticola Sherwood IF 3789. Coccomyces pampeanus Speg. IF

3790. Colpoma guadueticola T. 3791. Meloderma desmazieri (Duby) 3792. Myriophacidium corticola Sherwood
Raymundo, R. Soto–Agudelo & R. Darker IF No: 120323 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 113878 Trophic mode/Guild:
Valenzuela IF No: 820664 Trophic pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

3793. Myriophacidium tridentatum (Lév.) 3794. Pseudorhytisma bistortae (DC.) Juel 3795. Terriera minor (Tehon) P.R. Johnst.
Sherwood IF No: 113879 Trophic mode/ IF No: 118768 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 488911 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen

Rhytismatales, Rhytismataceae Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae
3796. Terriera pandani (Tehon) P.R. 3797. Geomyces auratus Traaen 3798. Geomyces luteus Kwaśna & G.L.
Johnst. IF No: 483066 Trophic mode/ IF No: 178834 Bateman ined. IF No: 499381
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen

Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae
3799. Gymnostellatospora canadensis T.C. 3800. Pseudeurotium hygrophilum 3801. Pseudeurotium ovale Stolk IF No:
Lumley, Sigler & Currah IF No: 466185 (Sogonov, W. Gams, Summerb. & Schroers) 304334 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Minnis & D.L. Lindner IF No: 804766 saprotroph/dung saprotroph
saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Habitat: In soils cultivated with apple and
peach|Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Leotiomycetidae, Lichinomycetes, Lichinomycetidae,
Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae Thelebolales, Pseudeurotiaceae Lichinales, Peltulaceae
3802. Pseudogymnoascus pannorum 3803. Pseudogymnoascus roseus Raillo 3804. Peltula tortuosa (Ach.) Wetmore IF
(Link) Minnis & D.L. Lindner IF No: 804769 IF No: 276803 No: 343167 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic
On soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph region: Orinoquia Distribution: Neotropics,
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY Africa, Native Elev.: 200 m Dept.: VID

Orbiliomycetes, Orbiliomycetidae, Orbiliomycetes, Orbiliomycetidae, Orbiliomycetes, Orbiliomycetidae,
Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae
3805. Arthrobotrys flagrans (Dudd.) 3806. Arthrobotrys musiformis Drechsler 3807. Arthrobotrys oligosporus Fresen. IF
Mekht. IF No: 440818 Trophic mode/ IF No: 271900 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 626890 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

3808. Arthrobotrys robustus Dudd. IF No: 3809. Arthrobotrys thaumasius (Drechsler) 3810. Orbilia auricolor (A. Bloxam) Sacc. IF
626917 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ S. Schenck, W.B. Kendr. & Pramer IF No: No: 119949 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph 627000 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
/undefined saprotroph dead wood and other vegetable matter |
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,400–3,600
m

3811. Orbilia colombiana Baral & Priou IF 3812. Orbilia gaillardii Sacc. IF No: 3813. Orbilia loci–simiarum Henn. IF No:
No: 813600 Trophic mode/Guild: 438780 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph 547837 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | /wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
3,900 m

Orbiliomycetes, Orbiliomycetidae, Orbiliomycetes, Orbiliomycetidae, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae,
Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae Orbiliales, Orbiliaceae Pezizales, Ascobolaceae
3814. Orbilia sarraziniana Boud. 3815. Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr. IF No: 3816. Ascobolus magnificus B.O. Dodge IF
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/dung saprotroph, wood
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae,
Pezizales, Ascobolaceae Pezizales, Ascobolaceae Pezizales, Ascobolaceae
3817. Ascobolus scatigenus (Berk. & M.A. 3818. Saccobolus globuliferellus Seaver IF 3819. Saccobolus minimus Velen. IF No:
Curtis) Brumm. IF No: 326523 Trophic No: 266137 Trophic mode/Guild: 271257 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph, saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On /dung saprotroph
wood saprotroph soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph


Pezizales, Ascobolaceae Pezizales, Helvellaceae Pezizales, Helvellaceae
3820. Thecotheus pelletieri (P. Crouan & 3821. Helvella elastica Bull. IF No: 3822. Helvella lacunosa Afzel. IF No:
H. Crouan) Boud. IF No: 148883 Trophic 208124 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 147441 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On the soil, /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, or
rarely on rotting wood, in conifers or frequently on wet, rotten logs and stumps
hardwoods | Saprotroph or mycorrhizal gregarious, solitary in the woods | Ectomycorrhizal | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary
Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: HF Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, NAR Uses: HF, ME,
SU

Pezizales, Helvellaceae Pezizales, Morchellaceae Pezizales, Morchellaceae
3823. Helvella macropus (Pers.) P. Karst. 3824. Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. IF No: 3825. Morchella gracilis T.J. Baroni, Iturr.
IF No: 237869 Trophic mode/Guild: 247978 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ & Laessoe IF No: 823941 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprophytic Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/
soil, among moss, on litter in oak forests | species, grows in soil Distribution: Global ectomycorrhizal, undefined saprotroph,
Ectomycorrhizal gregarious, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,000–3,000 m Dept.: TOL Uses: HF wood saprotroph
Distribution Elev.: 2,430 m Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

Pezizales, Pezizaceae Pezizales, Pezizaceae Pezizales, Pezizaceae
3826. Iodophanus carneus (Pers.) Korf IF 3827. Iodophanus testaceus (Moug.) Korf 3828. Paragalactinia michelii (Boud.) Van
No: 332604 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 332605 Trophic mode/Guild: Vooren IF No: 835932 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Cloth decaying | Saprotroph Distribution: Dept.: MET
Dept.: VAC Global Distribution

Pezizales, Pezizaceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae
3829. Peziza ostracoderma Korf 3830. Aleuria aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel IF 3831. Byssonectria fusispora (Berk.)
IF No: 336055 No: 473871 Trophic mode/Guild: Rogerson & Korf IF No: 310031 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
On clay soils, along the road | in Paramo saprotroph
with Espeletia | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,200
m Dept.: CUN

Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae
3832. Cheilymenia fimicola (Bagl.) Dennis 3833. Cheilymenia granulata (Bull.) J. 3834. Genea hispidula Berk. ex Tul. & C.
IF No: 311033 Trophic mode/Guild: Moravec IF No: 126998 Trophic mode/ Tul. IF No: 173593 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph /dung saprotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution undefined saprotroph

Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae
3835. Scutellinia asperrima (Ellis & Everh. 3836. Scutellinia crinita (Bull.) Lambotte IF 3837. Scutellinia scutellata (L.) Lambotte
ex Seaver) Le Gal IF No: 305685 Trophic No: 433534 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 119491 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In
saprotroph riparian forest | Saprotroph Distribution:
Global Distribution Elev.: 1,700–2,430 m Dept.: ANT, VAC

Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Pyronemataceae Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae
3838. Sphaerosporium lignatile Schwein. 3839. Wilcoxina rehmii Chin S. Yang & 3840. Cookeina colombiana Raymundo,
IF No: 231282 Korf IF No: 104862 Trophic mode/Guild: Montes–Fuentes & R. Valenz. IF No:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal 838007 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph

Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae
3841. Cookeina speciosa (Fr.) Dennis IF 3842. Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.) Kuntze IF 3843. Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze
No: 362244 Common name: Olla de No: 123427 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 121551 Common name: Olla de
madremonte, used by Uitoto people saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Jitoma, used by Uitoto people Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ On wood, including twigs and branches | mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decaying trunks and branches Saprotroph gregarious, scattered Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: saprotroph Habitat: On decaying trunks and branches | In mature
| In mature forests | In tropical forest | Saprotroph gregarious, ANT, CHO, HUI, MAG, MET, QUI, VAC Uses: HF forests | In tropical forest | In disturbed tropical vegetation |
solitary Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50–2,100 m Dept.: AMA, Saprotroph gregarious, solitary Distribution: Pantropics, Elev.:
ANT, CAL, CAQ, CHO Uses: EU, HF, IF 50–1,340 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CHO, QUI, MET Uses: HF

Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae Pezizales, Sarcosomataceae
3844. Cookeina venezuelae (Berk. & M.A. 3845. Phillipsia domingensis (Berk.) Berk. 3846. Plectania melastoma (Sowerby)
Curtis) Le Gal IF No: 295629 Trophic ex Denison IF No: 122362 Common name: Fuckel IF No: 235417 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined Chichileltlapachtli (Náhuatl); Eltlapachtli saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Elev.:
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph (Náhuatl); Hígado de perro (Spanish); 2,430 m Dept.: ANT
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: ANT Hígado (Spanish); Chikinte morado (Spanish) Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On decayed wood | Saprotroph
solitary, gregarius Distribution: Pantropics, Elev.: 200–760 m
Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CES, MAG, MET, VAC, BOY Uses: HF

Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae,
Pezizales, Sarcosomataceae Pezizales, Tuberaceae Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae
3847. Pseudoplectania nigrella (Pers.) 3848. Tuber melanosporum Vittad. IF No: 3849. Coniochaeta angustispora D.
Fuckel IF No: 188201 Trophic mode/Guild: 192144 Common name: Trufa negra Hawksw. & H.Y. Yip IF No: 111274 Trophic
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: mode/ Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: ANT symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: symbiotroph/animal pathogen, dung
Ectomycorrhiza Uses: HF saprotroph, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen,


Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae,
Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae
3850. Coniochaeta decumbens (J.F.H. 3851. Coniochaeta ligniaria (Grev.) Cooke 3852. Coniochaeta mutabilis (J.F.H.
Beyma) Z.U. Khan, Gené & Guarro IF No: IF No: 120790 Trophic mode/Guild: Beyma) Z.U. Khan, Gené & Guarro IF No:
803417 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph/lichen parasite 803419 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
dung saprotroph, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, dung saprotroph, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen,
undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph

Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae Cordanales, Cordanaceae
3853. Coniochaeta scatigena (Berk. & 3854. Coniochaeta tetraspora Cain IF No: 3855. Cordana terrestris (Timonin) Hern.–
Broome) Cain IF No: 277595 Trophic mode 328775 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Restr., Gené & Guarro IF No: 807979
/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph symbiotroph/dung saprotroph, endophyte Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/

Diaporthales, Apoharknessiaceae Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae
3856. Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) 3857. Aurapex penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. 3858. Chrysofolia colombiana Crous,
Crous & S.J. Lee IF No: 500066 Wingf. IF No: 501068 Trophic mode/Guild: Rodas & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 812451 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae
3859. Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) 3860. Chrysoporthe hodgesiana Gryzenh. 3861. Chrysoporthe inopina Gryzenh. &
Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 500034 & M.J. Wingf. ex Chungu, Gryzenh. & M.J. M.J. Wingf. IF No: 510495 Trophic mode
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Wingf. IF No: 515496 Trophic mode/Guild: /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae Diaporthales, Cryphonectriaceae Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae
3862. Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) 3863. Microthia havanensis (Bruner) 3864. Diaporthe anacardii (Early &
M.E. Barr IF No: 312329 Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 500793 Punith.) R.R. Gomes, Glienke & Crous IF
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant No: 802923 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant
pathogen

Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae Diaporthales, Diaporthaceae
3865. Diaporthe citri (H.S. Fawc.) F.A. Wolf 3866. Diaporthe columnaris (D.F. Farr & 3867. Diaporthe discoidispora F. Huang,
IF No: 260952 Trophic mode/Guild: Castl.) Udayanga & Castl. IF No: 819020 K.D. Hyde & Hong Y. Li IF No: 810580
pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach | On soils in uncultivated
field | On woodland soils | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

3868. Diaporthe eucalyptorum Crous & 3869. Diaporthe hongkongensis R.R. 3870. Diaporthe passiflorae Crous & L.
R.G. Shivas IF No: 800374 Trophic mode Gomes, Glienke & Crous IF No: 802934 Lombard IF No: 800372 Trophic mode/
/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph
/endophyte, plant pathogen Habitat: In symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen /endophyte, plant pathogen
Vanilla tissues | Endophyte Hosts: Vanilla sp. Dept.: CHO

3871. Diaporthe perniciosa Marchal & É.J. 3872. Diaporthe pterocarpicola Udayanga, 3873. Phomopsis caryophylli (Cooke)
Marchal IF No: 273986 Trophic mode/ Xing Z. Liu & K.D. Hyde IF No: 801053 Grove IF No: 120122
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen

3874. Phomopsis erythroxyli Novoss. 3875. Phomopsis lithocarpi Y.H. Gao, W. 3876. Phomopsis manihot (Speg.)
IF No: 252038 Sun & L. Cai IF No: 815971 Chevaug. IF No: 303205

3877. Phomopsis orchidophila E.K. Cash & 3878. Phomopsis phaseoli (Desm.) Sacc. 3879. Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & P. Syd.)
A.M.J. Watson IF No: 303210 Trophic IF No: 274192 Trophic mode/Guild: Harter IF No: 121648
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ /endophyte Habitat: In leaves, in petiole |
endophyte, plant pathogen Endophyte Hosts: Espeletia spp.; Maytenus
ilicifolia Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,250 m Dept.: CUN Uses:
PO

Diaporthales, Harknessiaceae Diaporthales, Schizoparmaceae Diaporthales, Valsaceae
3880. Harknessia hawaiiensis F. Stevens 3881. Coniella wangiensis (Crous & 3882. Cytospora eucalypti (Cooke &
& P.A. Young IF No: 266853 Summerell) L.V. Alvarez & Crous IF No: Harkn.) D.P. Lawr., L.A. Holland & Trouillas
817836 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 824284 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
endophyte, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

Diaporthales, Valsaceae Diaporthales, Valsaceae Diaporthales, Incertae sedis
3883. Cytospora rhizophorae Kohlm. & E. 3884. Valsa fabianae G.C. Adams, M.J. 3885. Botryodiplodia symbolanthi (Syd. &
Kohlm. IF No: 312590 Trophic mode/ Wingf. & Jol. Roux IF No: 500214 Trophic P. Syd.) Syd. IF No: 279647 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen,
wood saprotroph wood saprotroph


Diaporthales, Incertae sedis Diaporthales, Incertae sedis Ophiostomatales, Ophiostomataceae
3886. Pseudothis coccodes (Lév.) Theiss. 3887. Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) B. 3888. Sporothrix globosa Marimon, Cano,
& Syd. IF No: 120194 Sutton IF No: 116258 Trophic mode/Guild: Gené, Deanna A. Sutton, H. Kawas. &
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guarro IF No: 501167 Trophic mode/Guild:

Ophiostomatales, Ophiostomataceae Ophiostomatales, Ophiostomataceae Ophiostomatales, Ophiostomataceae
3889. Sporothrix guttuliformis de Hoog IF 3890. Sporothrix insectorum de Hoog & 3891. Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen & C.F.
No: 323934 Trophic mode/Guild: H.C. Evans IF No: 323936 Trophic mode/ Perkins IF No: 101184 Trophic mode/
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph
animal pathogen, endophyte, plant symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, /animal pathogen, endophyte, plant
saprotroph, soil saprotroph plant saprotroph, soil saprotroph saprotroph, soil saprotroph

Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae,
Togniniales, Togniniaceae Togniniales, Togniniaceae Coronophorales, Nitschkiaceae
3892. Phaeoacremonium luteum Gramaje, 3893. Phaeoacremonium parasiticum 3894. Nitschkia acanthostroma (Mont.)
T.I. Burgess & Armengol IF No: 808419 (Ajello, Georg & C.J.K. Wang) W. Gams, Nannf.
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Crous & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 415651 Trophic IF No: 318668
pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen

Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae,
Coronophorales, Nitschkiaceae Coronophorales, Nitschkiaceae Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae
3895. Rhagadostomella gregaria Etayo IF 3896. Rhagadostomella hypolobariella 3897. Colletotrichum acutatum J.H.
No: 373246 Trophic mode/Guild: Etayo & Flakus IF No: 833339 Trophic Simmonds IF No: 440865 Trophic
pathotroph/lichen parasite mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
saprotroph endophyte, plant pathogen

Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae
3898. Colletotrichum annellatum Damm, 3899. Colletotrichum asianum Prihast., L. 3900. Colletotrichum beeveri Damm, P.F.
P.F. Cannon & Crous IF No: 560734 Cai & K.D. Hyde IF No: 515408 Trophic Cannon, Crous & P.R. Johnst. IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ 560735 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen endophyte, plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen

3901. Colletotrichum boninense Moriwaki, 3902. Colletotrichum brassicicola Damm, 3903. Colletotrichum cigarro (B.S. Weir &
Toy. Sato & Tsukib. IF No: 372362 Trophic P.F. Cannon & Crous IF No: 560737 P.R. Johnst.) A. Cabral & P. Talhinhas IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 830326
endophyte, plant pathogen Habitat: In symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
Vanilla tissues | Endophyte Dept.: CHO

3904. Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. 3905. Colletotrichum colombiense Damm, 3906. Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.)
Hughes IF No: 295323 Trophic mode/ P.F. Cannon & Crous IF No: 560738 Grove IF No: 120313 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, plant
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen pathogen

3907. Colletotrichum falcatum Went IF No: 3908. Colletotrichum fructicola Prihast., L. 3909. Colletotrichum fructivorum V.P.
157602 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Cai & K.D. Hyde IF No: 515409 Trophic Doyle, P.V. Oudem. & S.A. Rehner IF No:
plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ 801462 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph,
endophyte, plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen

3910. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 3911. Colletotrichum godetiae Neerg. IF 3912. Colletotrichum gossypii Southw. IF
(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. IF No: 158410 No: 440867 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 178392 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathotroph/plant pathogen
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen pathogen
Habitat: In Vanilla tissues | Pathogen Dept.: CHO

3913. Colletotrichum kahawae J.M. Waller 3914. Colletotrichum karsti You L. Yang, 3915. Colletotrichum laticiphilum Damm,
& Bridge IF No: 360355 Trophic mode/ Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai IF No: P.F. Cannon & Crous IF No: 800505
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen 581687 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen

3916. Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 3917. Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M.A. 3918. Colletotrichum pseudomajus F. Liu,
(Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara IF No: Curtis) Arx IF No: 295348 Trophic mode/ L. Cai, Crous & Damm IF No: 807165
173509 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
/plant pathogen plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen

3919. Colletotrichum radicis F. Liu, L. Cai, 3920. Colletotrichum salsolae B.S. Weir & 3921. Colletotrichum siamense Prihast., L.
Crous & Damm IF No: 807166 Trophic P.R. Johnst. IF No: 563589 Trophic Cai & K.D. Hyde IF No: 515410 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
endophyte, plant pathogen /endophyte, plant pathogen endophyte, plant pathogen

3922. Colletotrichum tamarilloi Damm, 3923. Colletotrichum theobromicola 3924. Colletotrichum tropicale E.I. Rojas,
P.F. Cannon & Crous IF No: 800516 Delacr. IF No: 159865 Trophic mode/ S.A. Rehner & Samuels IF No: 515222
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen plant pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte


Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae
3925. Colletotrichum truncatum 3926. Brunneochlamydosporium 3927. Furcasterigmium furcatum (C.
(Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore IF No: nepalense (W. Gams) Giraldo López & Moreau & Moreau ex W. Gams) Giraldo
280780 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Crous IF No: 828056 López & Crous IF No: 828042 Trophic
symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils
cultivated with peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae
3928. Musicillium theobromae (Turconi) 3929. Musidium stromaticum (W. Gams & 3930. Plectosphaerella cucumerina
Zare & W. Gams IF No: 510697 Trophic R.H. Stover) Giraldo López & Crous (Lindf.) W. Gams IF No: 320609
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 828046 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
endophyte

Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae Glomerellales, Plectosphaerellaceae Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae
3931. Verticillium biguttatum W. Gams IF 3932. Verticillium dahliae Kleb. 3933. Aphanotria paradoxa Döbbeler IF
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, pathotroph/plant pathogen saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
fungal parasite, plant pathogen On Polytrichadelphus aristatus |
Bryophilous Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae
3934. Bionectria aureofulva (Cooke & 3935. Bionectria byssicola (Berk. & 3936. Bionectria grammicospora (Ferd. &
Ellis) Schroers & Samuels IF No: 444718 Broome) Schroers & Samuels Winge) Schroers & Samuels IF No: 485149
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 444719 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal parasite, saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined
saprotroph undefined saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On bark of dying and recently dead woody
plants | less frequently on fruit | on palm inflorescence |
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: NSA

3937. Bionectria impariphialis (Samuels) 3938. Bionectria lucifer (Samuels) 3939. Bionectria oblongispora Schroers IF
Schroers IF No: 485163 Trophic mode/ Schroers & Samuels IF No: 485155 No: 485114 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal parasite,
parasite, undefined saprotroph saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On bark of live or recently dead trees |
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOY

3940. Bionectria ochroleuca (Schwein.) 3941. Bionectria parviphialis (Samuels) 3942. Bionectria pseudochroleuca
Schroers & Samuels IF No: 444720 Schroers IF No: 485165 Trophic mode Schroers & Samuels IF No: 485135
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/fungal /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ fungal Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
parasite Distribution: Global Distribution parasite, undefined saprotroph saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined
Dept.: ANT saprotroph

3943. Bionectria ralfsii (Berk. & Broome) 3944. Bionectria rossmaniae Schroers IF 3945. Bionectria samuelsii Schroers IF No:
Schroers & Samuels IF No: 485141 No: 485161 Trophic mode/Guild: 485139 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal parasite, saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined
saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined undefined saprotroph saprotroph
saprotroph

3946. Bionectria sesquicillii (Samuels) 3947. Bionectria solani (Reinke & 3948. Bionectria sporodochialis Schroers
Schroers IF No: 485171 Trophic mode/ Berthold) Schroers IF No: 456097 Trophic IF No: 485124 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ fungal mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal parasite,
parasite, undefined saprotroph fungal parasite, undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph

3949. Bionectria subquaternata (Berk. & 3950. Clonostachys apocyni (Peck) 3951. Clonostachys candelabrum
Broome) Schroers & Samuels IF No: Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous IF No: (Bonord.) Schroers IF No: 485173 Trophic
485153 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 810968 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
saprotroph/fungal parasite, undefined plant pathogen Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach and
saprotroph apple | On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between
orchad and woodland)|Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

3952. Clonostachys compactiuscula 3953. Clonostachys divergens Schroers IF 3954. Clonostachys pseudosetosa
(Sacc.) D. Hawksw. & W. Gams IF No: No: 456092 Trophic mode/Guild: (Samuels) Schroers IF No: 485166 Trophic
311398 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

3955. Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, 3956. Clonostachys tornata (Höhn.) 3957. Globonectria cochensis Etayo IF No:
Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams IF No: Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous IF No: 372531 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
461067 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 810975 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ /undefined saprotroph
plant pathogen Habitat: On soils alternated plant pathogen
with potato crops and grasses|Saprotroph Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.:
CUN


3958. Hydropisphaera pachyderma 3959. Hydropisphaera suffulta (Berk. & 3960. Ijuhya dictyospora (Rossman)
(Rossman) Rossman & Samuels IF No: M.A. Curtis) Rossman & Samuels IF No: Rossman & Samuels IF No: 459478
461029 Trophic mode/Guild: 461028 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

3961. Nectriopsis guamuesii Etayo 3962. Nectriopsis heterodermiae Etayo 3963. Nectriopsis lichenophila (Speg.)
IF No: 373025 IF No: 373033 Etayo IF No: 373036

3964. Nectriopsis tatrensis (Alstrup) 3965. Ovicuculispora parmeliae (Berk. & 3966. Peristomialis berkeleyi Boud. IF No:
Lisická & Alstrup M.A. Curtis) Etayo 431896 Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
IF No: 512494 IF No: 565895 2,469–2,774 m Dept.: CUN, NAR

3967. Pronectria leptogii Etayo 3968. Pronectria microspora Etayo IF No: 3969. Pronectria parmotrematis Etayo IF

3970. Pronectria roseopunctata Etayo IF 3971. Pronectria sticticola Etayo 3972. Protocreopsis pertusa (Pat.)
No: 373219 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 373220 Trophic mode/ Guild: Samuels & Rossman IF No: 460116
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Elev.: 2,500 m
Dept.: CUN

3973. Stephanonectria keithii (Berk. & 3974. Stilbocrea hypocreoides (Kalchbr. & 3975. Trichonectria hypotrachynae Etayo
Broome) Schroers & Samuels IF No: Cooke) Seaver IF No: 478009 Trophic IF No: 373334 Trophic mode/Guild:
460028 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils saprotroph
cultivated with peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

3976. Trichonectria setadpressa Etayo IF 3977. Trichonectria usneicola Etayo IF No: 3978. Xanthonectria pseudopeziza
No: 373335 Trophic mode/Guild: 373336 Trophic mode/Guild: (Desm.) Lechat, J. Fourn. & P.–A. Moreau
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph IF No: 816961

Hypocreales, Calcarisporiaceae Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae
3979. Calcarisporium arbuscula Preuss IF 3980. Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber 3981. Aschersonia cubensis Berk. & M.A.
No: 196959 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 246965 Curtis
pathotroph/fungal parasite IF No: 149762

Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae
3982. Aschersonia goldiana Sacc. & Ellis 3983. Balansia claviceps Speg. 3984. Claviceps africana Freder., Mantle &
IF No: 235285 IF No: 230287 De Milliano IF No: 355279 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

3985. Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. IF No: 3986. Hypocrella disciformis P. Chaverri & 3987. Hypocrella turbinata (Berk.) Seaver
162059 Common name: Cornezuelo del K.T. Hodge IF No: 280881
centeno (Spanish) Trophic mode /Guild: IF No: 511383
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On
spikes of rye and other grasses | Parasite Distribution: Global
Distribution Uses: ME, PO, SU

3988. Metacordyceps chlamydosporia 3989. Metapochonia bulbillosa (W. Gams 3990. Metapochonia cordycipiticonsociata
(H.C. Evans) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel– & Malla) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (H. Huang, Mu Wang & L. Cai) Labuda,
Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504186 Trophic IF No: 806071 Bernreiter & Kubátová IF No: 829503
mode/Guild: pathotroph/insect pathogen
Habitat: On woodland soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY, CAQ

3991. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) 3992. Metarhizium carneum (Duché & R. 3993. Metarhizium flavoviride W. Gams &
Sorokīn IF No: 101834 Trophic mode/ Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber IF No: Rozsypal IF No: 317596 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen 806080 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Habitat: Entomopathogen Distribution: animal pathogen
Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

3994. Metarhizium majus (J.R. Johnst.) J.F. 3995. Metarhizium marquandii (Massee) 3996. Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A.
Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber IF No: Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber IF No: Rehner & Humber IF No: 807862 Trophic
512410 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 806091 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
animal pathogen /animal pathogen Habitat: Isolated from natural infected
larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: MET Uses: PO


3997. Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch., 3998. Moelleriella epiphylla (Massee) P. 3999. Moelleriella phyllogena (Mont.) P.
S.A. Rehner & Humber IF No: 512411 Chaverri & K.T. Hodge IF No: 511367 Chaverri & K.T. Hodge IF No: 511377
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ animal Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal
pathogen pathogen pathogen

4000. Moelleriella turbinata (Petch) P. 4001. Myriogenospora atramentosa (Berk. 4002. Myriogenospora bresadolana Henn.
Chaverri & K.T. Hodge IF No: 511380 & M.A. Curtis) Diehl IF No: 301651 IF No: 316068
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal
pathogen

4003. Myriogenospora paspali G.F. Atk. IF 4004. Neobarya ciliaris Etayo 4005. Nigelia martiale (Speg.) Luangsa–
No: 228705 IF No: 373040 ard & Thanakitp.
IF No: 553231

Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae
4006. Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah. 4007. Akanthomyces aculeatus Lebert IF 4008. Akanthomyces lecanii (Zimm.)
IF No: 123571 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 431365 Trophic mode/Guild: Spatafora, Kepler & B. Shrestha IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen 820881 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/animal pathogen Habitat: On insects in
the orders lepidopteran, homopteran, and dipteran |
Entomopathogen Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae
4009. Akanthomyces sabanensis (Chir.– 4010. Ascopolyporus polychrous Möller IF 4011. Beauveria acridophila (T. Sanjuan &
Salom., S. Restrepo & T.I. Sanjuan) Chir.– No: 207502 Trophic mode/Guild: Franco–Mol.) T. Sanjuan, B. Shrestha,
Salom., T.I. Sanjuan & S. Restrepo IF No: pathotroph/animal pathogen Kepler & Spatafora IF No: 820883 Trophic
820862 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
animal pathogen Habitat: On female adults of Pulvinaria Habitat: On insects | Entomopathogenic on Acridomorpha sp.
caballeroramosae that are infesting leaves, twigs, branches, and Distribution: Pantropics, Endemic Dept.: AMA, PUT
the trunk of Ficus soatensis | Entomopathogen Distribution:
Pantropics, Endemic Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

4012. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.–Criv.) 4013. Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch 4014. Beauveria caledonica Bissett &
Vuill. IF No: 199430 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 309469 Trophic mode/Guild: Widden IF No: 133326 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: On pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
insects, on soil, Endophitic Distribution: Entomopathogen Distribution: Global Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach |
Global Distribution Dept.: CAL, CUN Uses: PO Distribution Uses: PO Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

4015. Beauveria diapheromeriphila (T. 4016. Beauveria locustiphila (Henn.) B. 4017. Beauveria loeiensis Luangsa–ard,
Sanjuan & S. Restrepo) T. Sanjuan, B. Shrestha, Kepler & Spatafora IF No: Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp. & Somrith. IF
Shrestha, Kepler & Spatafora IF No: 820884 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 551324 Trophic mode/Guild:
820882 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /animal pathogen Habitat: On insects | pathotroph/animal pathogen
/animal pathogen Entomopathogenic on Colpolopha sp. Distribution: Pantropics
Dept.: CHO, TOL

4018. Beauveria pseudobassiana S.A. 4019. Blackwellomyces cardinalis (G.H. 4020. Cordyceps amoene–rosea (Henn.)
Rehner & Humber IF No: 519125 Trophic Sung & Spatafora) Spatafora & Luangsa– Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen ard IF No: 820865 Trophic mode/Guild: 820975 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/animal pathogen /insect pathogen

4021. Cordyceps cateniannulata (Z.Q. 4022. Cordyceps cateniobliqua (Z.Q. Liang) 4023. Cordyceps doiana Kobayasi IF No:
Liang) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF No: 114315 Trophic mode/Guild:
No: 820976 Trophic mode/Guild: 820977 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph pathotroph/insect pathogen
pathotroph/insect pathogen /insect pathogen

4024. Cordyceps farinosa (Holmsk.) 4025. Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) 4026. Cordyceps kintrischica (B.A. Borisov
Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF No: Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF No: & Tarasov) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora
820979 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 820980 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 820983 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/insect pathogen /insect pathogen Habitat: pathotroph/insect pathogen
Entomopathogen Dept.: CUN, VAC Uses: PO

4027. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. 4028. Cordyceps nidus T. Sanjuan, Chir.– 4029. Cordyceps pilifera Kobayasi IF No:
IF No: 237604 Trophic mode/ Guild: Salom. & S. Restrepo IF No: 817601 626641 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/insect pathogen Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/insect /insect pathogen
Paramo with Espeletia | In Pinus patula pathogen Habitat: On young trapdoor
and P. radiata plantation | Entomopathogen Distribution: Global spiders (Idiopidae family), in tropical rain forests |
Distribution, Temperate Elev.: 3,000–3,500 m Dept.: CUN Uses: Entomopathogen gregarious Hosts: Idiopidae Distribution:
ME Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CHO, CUN, TOL Uses: ME, PO


4030. Cordyceps polyarthra Möller IF No: 4031. Cordyceps pruinosa Petch 4032. Cordyceps takaomontana Yakush. &
154318 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 165068 Trophic mode/Guild: Kumaz. IF No: 285612 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/insect pathogen pathotroph/insect pathogen Guild: pathotroph/insect pathogen

4033. Cordyceps tenuipes (Peck) Kepler, 4034. Gibellula pulchra (Sacc.) Cavara IF 4035. Hevansia novoguineensis (Samson
B. Shrestha & Spatafora IF No: 820986 No: 215909 Trophic mode/Guild: & B.L. Brady) Luangsa–ard, Hywel–Jones &
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/insect pathotroph/animal pathogen Spatafora IF No: 820892
pathogen Habitat: Entomopathogen
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,195–3,550 m Dept.: QUI Uses:
PO

4036. Hyperdermium bertonii (Speg.) J.F. 4037. Isaria acaricida Pat. 4038. Lecanicillium flavidum (W. Gams &
White, R.F. Sullivan, Bills & Hywel–Jones IF No: 212358 Zaayen) W. Gams & Zare IF No: 510865
IF No: 467591 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal
pathogen

4039. Lecanicillium fusisporum (W. Gams) 4040. Pseudogibellula formicarum (Mains) 4041. Simplicillium chinense F. Liu & L.
Zare & W. Gams IF No: 484546 Trophic Samson & H.C. Evans IF No: 321787 Elev.: Cai IF No: 800157 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen 400–600 m Dept.: PUT pathotroph/animal pathogen

4042. Simplicillium lamellicola (F.E.V. Sm.) 4043. Torrubiella colombiana Kobayasi IF 4044. Torrubiella gonylepticida (Möller)
Zare & W. Gams IF No: 484552 Trophic No: 110135 Trophic mode/Guild: Petch IF No: 145384 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/animal pathogen

Hypocreales, Cylindriaceae Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae
4045. Cylindrium purgamentum (Crous) 4046. Hypocrea andinogelatinosa Yoshim. 4047. Hypocrea aurantiolutea Yoshim. Doi
Crous IF No: 824772 Doi IF No: 315598 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 315599 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph

Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae
4048. Hypocrea brunneolutea Yoshim. Doi 4049. Hypocrea caquetensis Yoshim. Doi 4050. Hypocrea insignis Berk. & M.A.
IF No: 315601 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 315602 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 145816 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph

4051. Hypocrea muroiana I. Hino & 4052. Hypocrea protocitrinoides Yoshim. 4053. Hypocrea subflavominiata Yoshim.
Katum. IF No: 298829 Trophic mode/ Doi IF No: 315621 Trophic mode/Guild: Doi IF No: 315631 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph

4054. Hypocrea succinea Bres. 4055. Hypocreopsis macrostoma (Berk. & 4056. Hypomyces armeniacus Tul. & C.
IF No: 166634 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) E. Müll. IF No: 332436 Tul. IF No: 119895 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph pathotroph/fungal parasite

4057. Hypomyces chrysospermus Tul. & C. 4058. Lichenobarya usneae (Etayo) Etayo, 4059. Protocrea farinosa (Berk. & Broome)
Tul. IF No: 204359 Trophic mode/Guild: Diederich & Lawrey IF No: 811833 Trophic Petch IF No: 264653 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/fungal parasite mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/fungal parasite

4060. Sphaerostilbella aurifila (W.R. 4061. Sporophagomyces chrysostomus 4062. Trichoderma afarasin P. Chaverri &
Gerard) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous IF (Berk. & Broome) K. Põldmaa & Samuels IF F.B. Rocha
No: 810979 No: 460797 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 809944
pathotroph/fungal parasite

4063. Trichoderma afroharzianum P. 4064. Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels 4065. Trichoderma alutaceum Jaklitsch IF
Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Degenkolb & Druzhin. & W. Gams No: 516665 Habitat: In riparian forest
IF No: 809945 IF No: 484638 Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

4066. Trichoderma appalachiense 4067. Trichoderma asperelloides Samuels 4068. Trichoderma asperellum Samuels,
Samuels & Jaklitsch IF No: 803627 IF No: 515220 Trophic mode/Guild: Lieckf. & Nirenberg IF No: 461012 Trophic
pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: On mode/Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte
leaves | In mature and flodded forest | Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Distribution:
Saprotroph Dept.: AMA Global Distribution Dept.: CUN, AMA Uses: PO

4069. Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst. IF 4070. Trichoderma aureoviride Rifai IF No: 4071. Trichoderma barbatum Samuels IF
No: 451289 Trophic mode/Guild: 340298 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 519539
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: SAN Uses:
PO


4072. Trichoderma brevicompactum G.F. 4073. Trichoderma caerulescens (Jaklitsch 4074. Trichoderma capillare Samuels &
Kraus, C.P. Kubicek & W. Gams IF No: & Voglmayr) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr C.P. Kubicek
487780 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 807422 IF No: 563903
Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: BOL, MAG Uses: PO

4075. Trichoderma caribbaeum Samuels 4076. Trichoderma chlorosporum P. 4077. Trichoderma citrinella (Ellis) W.Y.
& Schroers Chaverri & Samuels IF No: 488515 Zhuang & Z.Q. Zeng
IF No: 499930 IF No: 570289

4078. Trichoderma citrinoviride Bissett 4079. Trichoderma cremeum P. Chaverri & 4080. Trichoderma deliquescens (Sopp)
IF No: 107345 Samuels IF No: 488508 Jaklitsch IF No: 516684

4081. Trichoderma epimyces Jaklitsch IF 4082. Trichoderma erinaceum Bissett, 4083. Trichoderma evansii Samuels
No: 512096 Habitat: On roots | In mature C.P. Kubicek & Szakács IF No: 488348 IF No: 512453
forest Dept.: AMA Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
On soil | Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: COR Uses: EU

4084. Trichoderma fertile Bissett 4085. Trichoderma ghanense Yoshim. Doi, 4086. Trichoderma guizhouense Q.R. Li,
IF No: 359081 Y. Abe & Sugiy. IF No: 131765 McKenzie & Yong Wang bis IF No: 563664

4087. Trichoderma hamatum (Bonord.) 4088. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai IF No: 4089. Trichoderma inhamatum Veerkamp
Bainier IF No: 165799 Trophic mode/ 340299 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph & W. Gams IF No: 107346Habitat: Isolated
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | /endophyte, fungal parasite, plant from soil under maize Distribution:
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution pathogen Habitat: In soil of African palm Pantropics Dept.: MET
Dept.: ANT Uses: EU cultivation | Saprotroph Hosts: Elaeis guineensis Distribution:
Global Distribution Dept.: MAG, BOY Uses: PO

4090. Trichoderma intricatum Samuels & 4091. Trichoderma izawae (Yoshim. Doi) 4092. Trichoderma koningii Oudem. IF No:
Dodd IF No: 501040 Jaklitsch & Voglmayr IF No: 804565 120733 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/ endophyte, plant pathogen
Habitat: On soils alternated with potato
crops and grasses | Saprotroph Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN

4093. Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, 4094. Trichoderma lentiforme (Rehm) P. 4095. Trichoderma lieckfeldtiae Samuels
Carm. Suárez & H.C. Evans IF No: 487454 Chaverri, Samuels & F.B. Rocha IF No: IF No: 512454
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: 809992
On soil | Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: ANT, BOY Uses: PO

4096. Trichoderma lixii (Pat.) P. Chaverri IF 4097. Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai 4098. Trichoderma longiphialidicum Q.V.
No: 809999 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 340300 Trophic mode/Guild: Montoya, L.A. Meirelles, P. Chaverri & A.
/endophyte Habitat: In Vanilla tissues | pathotroph, symbiotroph /endophyte, plant Rodrigues
Endophyte Dept.: CHO pathogen Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph IF No: 835942
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOG, RIS Uses: PO

4099. Trichoderma longipilis Bissett 4100. Trichoderma martiale Samuels IF 4101. Trichoderma orientale (Samuels &
IF No: 359083 No: 511887 Trophic mode/Guild: Petrini) Jaklitsch & Samuels IF No: 807441
symbiotroph/endophyte

4102. Trichoderma parareesei Atan., 4103. Trichoderma paraviridescens 4104. Trichoderma patella (Cooke & Peck)
Jaklitsch, Komoń–Zel., C.P. Kubicek & Jaklitsch, Samuels & Voglmayr IF No: Jaklitsch & Voglmayr IF No: 807444
Druzhin. IF No: 515503 803623

4105. Trichoderma patellotropicum 4106. Trichoderma peltatum (Berk.) 4107. Trichoderma piluliferum J. Webster
Samuels IF No: 812059 Samuels, Jaklitsch & Voglmayr & Rifai IF No: 340302
IF No: 807511

4108. Trichoderma pseudogelatinosum 4109. Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai 4110. Trichoderma pubescens Bissett
(M. Komatsu & Yoshim. Doi) Chang S. Kim IF No: 340304 IF No: 359086 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 580224 symbiotroph/endophyte


4111. Trichoderma reesei E.G. Simmons IF 4112. Trichoderma rogersonii Samuels IF 4113. Trichoderma rufobrunneum Z.X. Zhu
No: 324906 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 501045 Trophic mode/Guild: & W.Y. Zhuang IF No: 805907
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: On leaves | In
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CES Uses: successional forest | Saprotroph Dept.:
MA AMA
4114. Trichoderma semiorbis (Berk.) 4115. Trichoderma spirale Bissett IF No: 4116. Trichoderma stilbohypoxyli Samuels
Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 359087 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ & Schroers IF No: 501047 Trophic mode/
IF No: 807451 Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Distribution: Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On leaves | In
Pantropics Dept.: AMA Uses: PO mature forest | Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

4117. Trichoderma strigosellum López– 4118. Trichoderma strigosum Bissett IF 4119. Trichoderma stromaticum Samuels
Quint., W. Gams, Boekhout & Druzhin. IF No: 359088 Trophic mode/Guild: & Pardo–Schulth. IF No: 467441 Trophic
No: 804931 Habitat: Isolated from litter saprotroph/ Habitat: On leaves | In mature mode/Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–300 m and successional forests | Saprotroph
Dept.: AMA Dept.: AMA, CAQ

4120. Trichoderma subtrachycarpum 4121. Trichoderma virens (J.H. Mill., 4122. Trichoderma viride Pers.
(Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr Giddens & A.A. Foster) Arx IF No: 128198 IF No: 181950 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 804568 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ saprotroph/ Habitat: On decaying wood,
endophyte Habitat: On decayed wood | In also isolated from soils | Saprotroph
Vanilla tissues | Saprotroph. Endophyte Hosts: Vanilla sp. Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: PO
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: AMA, CHO Uses: PO

Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae Hypocreales, Nectriaceae Hypocreales, Nectriaceae
4123. Trichoderma viridescens (A.S. Horne 4124. Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & 4125. Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L.
& H.S. Will.) Jaklitsch & Samuels IF No: Broome) Rossman & Samuels IF No: Lombard & Crous
501049 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 460215 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 810950
Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Distribution: symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen
Global Distribution Dept.: ANT Uses: PO Habitat: Saprotroph

Hypocreales, Nectriaceae Hypocreales, Nectriaceae Hypocreales, Nectriaceae
4126. Aquanectria submersa (H.J. Huds.) 4127. Calonectria acicola Gadgil & M.A. 4128. Calonectria brachiatica L. Lombard,
L. Lombard & Crous IF No: 810162 Trophic Dick IF No: 367724 Trophic mode/Guild: M.J. Wingf. & Crous IF No: 512998 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: From pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

4129. Calonectria clavata Alfieri, El–Gholl 4130. Calonectria colhounii Peerally IF No: 4131. Calonectria colombiana L. Lombard,
& E.L. Barnard IF No: 357717 Trophic 310093 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Crous & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 515065 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

4132. Calonectria colombiensis Crous IF 4133. Calonectria gracilipes Crous & 4134. Calonectria hongkongensis Crous
No: 500105 Trophic mode/Guild: Mchau IF No: 437691 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 500107 Trophic mode/Guild:

4135. Calonectria kyotensis Terash. IF No: 4136. Calonectria ophiospora Rossman IF 4137. Calonectria orientalis L. Lombard,
327266 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 108732 Trophic mode/Guild: M.J. Wingf. & Crous IF No: 515532 Trophic
plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

4138. Calonectria pacifica (J.C. Kang, 4139. Calonectria parvispora L. Lombard 4140. Calonectria pini L. Lombard, M.J.
Crous & C.L. Schoch) L. Lombard, M.J. & Crous IF No: 820844 Trophic mode/ Wingf. & Crous IF No: 515533 Trophic
Wingf. & Crous IF No: 515551 Trophic Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

4141. Calonectria pseudoreteaudii L. 4142. Calonectria pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 4143. Calonectria spathulata El–Gholl,
Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous IF No: IF No: 152990 Trophic mode/Guild: Kimbr., E.L. Barnard, Alfieri & Schoult. IF
513264 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen No: 103106 Trophic mode/Guild:

4144. Calonectria stipitata L. Lombard & 4145. Calostilbe striispora (Ellis & Everh.) 4146. Campylocarpon fasciculare
Crous IF No: 818715 Trophic mode/Guild: Seaver IF No: 279007 Trophic mode/ Schroers, Halleen & Crous IF No: 500116
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

4147. Chaetopsina polyblastia Samuels 4148. Cinnamomeonectria cinnamomea 4149. Corallomycetella repens (Berk. &
IF No: 105143 (Brayford & Samuels) Salgado & P. Broome) Rossman & Samuels
Chaverri IF No: 816466 IF No: 460217


4150. Corallonectria jatrophae (Möller) 4151. Cosmospora annulohypoxyli C.S. 4152. Cosmospora flammea (Berk. &
C.S. Herrera & P. Chaverri IF No: 803109 Herrera & P. Chaverri IF No: 808499 Ravenel) Rossman & Samuels
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: IF No: 461059
On wood Distribution: Pantropics

4153. Cosmospora glabra (Rossman) 4154. Cosmospora ustulinae (Teng) C.S. 4155. Cylindrocarpon didymum (Harting)
Rossman & Samuels Herrera & P. Chaverri Wollenw. IF No: 251843 Trophic mode/
IF No: 460233 IF No: 808505 Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

4156. Cylindrocarpon lichenicola (C. 4157. Cylindrocarpon musae C. Booth & 4158. Cylindrocladium clavatum Hodges &
Massal.) D. Hawksw. IF No: 312456 R.H. Stover IF No: 312459 Trophic mode/ L.C. May IF No: 312475 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

4159. Dactylonectria estremocensis (A. 4160. Dactylonectria macrodidyma 4161. Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode)
Cabral, T. Nascim. & Crous) L. Lombard & (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) L. Lombard & Cooke IF No: 431582 Trophic mode/Guild:
Crous IF No: 810145 Crous IF No: 810147 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/fungal parasite Habitat:
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated Patotroph Dept.: ANT
with peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

4162. Dialonectria sanguinea (Bolton) 4163. Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh. 4164. Fusarium albidum (Rossman)
Cooke IF No: 433646 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 219366 Trophic mode/Guild: O'Donnell & Geiser IF No: 800574 Trophic
pathotroph/fungal parasite Habitat: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
Patotroph Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: ANT animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph

4165. Fusarium asiaticum O'Donnell, T. 4166. Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. IF 4167. Fusarium begoniae Nirenberg &
Aoki, Kistler & Geiser IF No: 367415 No: 161610 Trophic mode/Guild: O'Donnell IF No: 444881 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, pathogen /animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
saprotroph

4168. Fusarium chlamydosporum 4169. Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & 4170. Fusarium concentricum Nirenberg &
Wollenw. & Reinking IF No: 260522 O'Donnell IF No: 444883 Trophic mode/ O'Donnell IF No: 444884 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, /animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen /animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
saprotroph

4171. Fusarium crookwellense L.W. 4172. Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) 4173. Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. IF
Burgess, P.E. Nelson & Toussoun IF No: Sacc. IF No: 196997 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 199819 Trophic mode/Guild:
110201 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
pathotroph/plant pathogen animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen
parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
Habitat: On soil | in Páramo | In soils cultivated with apple and
peach Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY,
CUN Uses: EU

4174. Fusarium foetens Schroers, 4175. Fusarium fracticaudum Herron, 4176. Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg IF No:
O'Donnell, Baayen & Hooftman IF No: Marinc. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 809885 314213 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
488581 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
saprotroph saprotroph

4177. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe IF 4178. Fusarium heterosporum Nees & T. 4179. Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc.
No: 200256 Trophic mode/Guild: Nees IF No: 197260 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 231142 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On soil pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
| in Páramo | Saprotroph. Plant pathogen animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: MA parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph

4180. Fusarium lateritium Nees 4181. Fusarium marasasianum Herron, 4182. Fusarium napiforme Marasas, P.E.
IF No: 225937 Trophic mode/Guild: Marinc. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 809887 Nelson & Rabie IF No: 102631 Trophic
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
pathogen saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood
saprotroph


4183. Fusarium nelsonii Marasas & 4184. Fusarium neocosmosporiellum 4185. Fusarium odoratissimum Maryani,
Logrieco IF No: 443596 Trophic O'Donnell & Geiser IF No: 800615 Trophic L. Lombard, Kema & Crous IF No: 826800
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood
saprotroph

4186. Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. IF No: 4187. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense 4188. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi
218372 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen IF No: 100056 W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen IF No: 416241
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: In leaf of endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood
Vanilla | On uncultivated and cultivated soils with apple and saprotroph saprotroph
peach Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY,
CHO Uses: MA

4189. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis 4190. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. 4191. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
Toovey IF No: 100058 Trophic mode/Guild: lycopersici W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen IF passiflorae W.L. Gordon IF No: 434079
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ No: 416243 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood
saprotroph, wood saprotroph saprotroph

4192. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli 4193. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. 4194. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
J.B. Kendr. & W.C. Snyder IF No: 431352 tracheiphilum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen vasinfectum W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen IF
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 416248 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 100061 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil animal pathogen, endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil
saprotroph saprotroph, wood saprotroph saprotroph, wood saprotroph

4195. Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) 4196. Fusarium parvisorum Herron, 4197. Fusarium petroliphilum (Q.T. Chen &
Sacc. IF No: 232434 Trophic mode/Guild: Marinc. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 809886 X.H. Fu) Geiser, O'Donnell, D.P.G. Short &
pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, N. Zhang IF No: 802539 Trophic mode/
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
saprotroph

4198. Fusarium pininemorale Herron, 4199. Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. IF 4200. Fusarium polyphialidicum Marasas,
Marinc. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 809888 No: 119380 Trophic mode/Guild: P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & P.S. van Wyk IF
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph/plant pathogen No: 102972 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood pathogen
saprotroph

4201. Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) 4202. Fusarium pseudocircinatum 4203. Fusarium ramigenum O'Donnell &
Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg IF No: O'Donnell & Nirenberg IF No: 444889 Nirenberg IF No: 444891 Trophic mode/
509381 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte,
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood endophyte, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On food, orchids, fruits and cereals saprotroph
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

4204. Fusarium redolens Wollenw. IF No: 4205. Fusarium robustum Gerlach IF No: 4206. Fusarium roseum Link IF No:
205091 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 314220 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 211139 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
endophyte, lichen parasite, plant endophyte, lichen parasite, plant endophyte, lichen parasite, plant
pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph

4207. Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler & 4208. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 4209. Fusarium solani–melongenae
Hafiz Khan) W. Gams IF No: 314221 IF No: 190352 O'Donnell, Geiser, Kasson & T. Aoki IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal 557706 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathogen, plant pathogen saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
saprotroph

4210. Fusarium sororula Herron, Marinc. 4211. Fusarium stilboides Wollenw. IF No: 4212. Fusarium sulphureum Schltdl. IF No:
& M.J. Wingf. IF No: 809889 Trophic mode 254855 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 146962 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, plant pathogen plant pathogen
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph


4213. Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. IF 4214. Fusarium verrucosum (Pat.) 4215. Fusicolla merismoides (Corda)
No: 142388 Trophic mode/Guild: O'Donnell & Geiser IF No: 800610 Trophic Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers
pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, IF No: 519438
symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
lichen parasite, plant pathogen, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph

4216. Fusicolla violacea Gräfenhan & 4217. Gliocephalotrichum bacillisporum 4218. Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium J.J.
Seifert Decock & Huret IF No: 501190 Trophic Ellis & Hesselt. IF No: 331344 Trophic
IF No: 519439 mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined

4219. Gliocephalotrichum longibrachium 4220. Gliocephalotrichum ohiense L.H. 4221. Gliocephalotrichum simmonsii L.
Decock & Charue IF No: 501189 Trophic Huang & J.A. Schmitt IF No: 314501 Lombard, Serrato–Diaz & Crous IF No:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined 805193 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

4222. Gliocladiopsis curvata L. Lombard & 4223. Gliocladiopsis peggii L.E. Parkinson, 4224. Heliscus tentaculus Umphlett IF No:
Crous IF No: 564399 Trophic mode/Guild: E.K. Dann & R.G. Shivas IF No: 817264 331785 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: From foam in river | Saprotroph
undefined saprotroph Dept.: SAN

4225. Macronectria jungneri (Henn.) 4226. Mariannaea elegans (Corda) 4227. Mariannaea pinicola L. Lombard &
Salgado & P. Chaverri IF No: 816458 Samson IF No: 300242 Crous IF No: 810164

4228. Mariannaea samuelsii Seifert & 4229. Nectria bactridioides Berk. & 4230. Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr.
Bissett IF No: 519447 Broome IF No: 179197 Trophic mode/ IF No: 249710 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte, wood saprotroph Habitat: In riparian forest
fungal parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph and paddock | Saprotroph Elev.: 1700–2200 Dept.: VAC

4231. Nectria dealbata Berk. & Broome IF 4232. Nectria flavoviridis (Fuckel) 4233. Nectria foliicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis
No: 244244 Trophic mode/Guild: Wollenw. IF No: 265078 Trophic mode/ IF No: 189743 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On
animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal /animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal Chusquea sp. | Saprotroph on dead leaves
parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOG
1,800 m Dept.: CUN

4234. Nectria fusispora Rossman IF No: 4235. Nectria gracilipes (Tul. & C. Tul.) 4236. Nectria ingae Chardón IF No:
109097 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Wollenw. IF No: 266314 Trophic mode/ 505846 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite, endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

4237. Nectria microdisca Rossman IF No: 4238. Nectria pityrodes (Mont.) Mont. IF 4239. Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A.
109104 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, No: 211881 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 206961 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite, animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Dept.: CAL
Habitat: On bark Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 250 m Dept.: ANT,
BOY, CHO, PUT, RIS Uses: PO

4240. Nectria rubrostoma Rossman IF No: 4241. Nectria setofusarii Samuels & 4242. Nectria spirostriata Rossman IF No:
109112 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Nirenberg IF No: 125909 Trophic mode/ 109449 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite, /animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite,
plant pathogen, wood saprotroph parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

4243. Nectria subfalcata Henn. 4244. Nectria sylvana Mouton 4245. Nectria tucumanensis Speg. IF No:
IF No: 221584 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 121490 Trophic mode/Guild: 223256 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal Dept.: ANT
parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph parasite, lichen parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 400–800 m Dept.: ANT Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

4246. Nectria venusta Syd. IF No: 281494 4247. Neocosmospora bostrycoides 4248. Neocosmospora falciformis
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, (Wollenweber & Reinking) M. Sandoval– (Carrión) L. Lombard & Crous IF No:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, Denis, L. Lombard & P.W. Crous IF No: 810958 Trophic mode/Guild:
endophyte, fungal parasite, lichen parasite, 831174 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
plant pathogen Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: CUN undefined saprotroph


4249. Neocosmospora keratoplastica 4250. Neocosmospora metavorans (Al– 4251. Neocosmospora rubicola L.
(Geiser, O'Donnell, D.P.G. Short & Ning Hatmi, S.A. Ahmed & de Hoog) Sand.–Den. Lombard & Crous IF No: 810243 Trophic
Zhang) Sand.–Den. & Crous IF No: 822900 & Crous IF No: 823687 Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph
saprotroph

4252. Neocosmospora solani (Mart.) L. 4253. Neonectria coccinea (Pers.) 4254. Neonectria dumontii Brayford &
Lombard & Crous IF No: 810964 Trophic Rossman & Samuels IF No: 460455 Samuels IF No: 488572 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
saprotroph Habitat: On soil | In Vanilla pathogen
tissues | on wood | In Páramo | Saprotroph. Plant pathogen
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN, CHO Uses: ME

4255. Neonectria obtusispora (Cooke & 4256. Neonectria phaeodisca (Rossman) 4257. Ophionectria trichospora (Berk. &
Harkn.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous IF Brayford & Samuels IF No: 546830 Trophic Broome) Sacc. IF No: 185626 Trophic
No: 810156 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
pathotroph/plant pathogen saprotroph

4258. Paracremonium inflatum L. 4259. Penicillifer martinii P. Wong, Y.P. 4260. Pseudocosmospora vilior (Starbäck)
Lombard & Crous IF No: 810268 Habitat: Tan & R.G. Shivas C.S. Herrera & P. Chaverri IF No: 802442
On soils cultivated with apple and peach | IF No: 808332 Trophic mode/Guild: /parasite Habitat: On
On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate stromata of Fungi | Parasitic Dept.: BOY
between orchard and woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY

4261. Stylonectria wegeliniana (Rehm) 4262. Thelonectria acrotyla (Brayford & 4263. Thelonectria coronata (Penz. &
Gräfenhan, Voglmayr & Jaklitsch Samuels) Salgado & P. Chaverri IF No: Sacc.) P. Chaverri & Salgado IF No:
IF No: 519454 564257 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 518568 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,300 m Dept.: CUN

4264. Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. 4265. Thelonectria lucida (Höhn.) P. 4266. Ustilaginoidella musaeperda Essed
Chaverri & Salgado IF No: 518569 Trophic Chaverri & Salgado IF No: 518571 Trophic IF No: 160761 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On bark mode/Guild: saprotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen
of recently killed, dying or diseased trees,
often causing small cankers, sometimes on rotting roots |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, VAC

4267. Ustilaginoidella oedipigera Essed IF 4268. Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 4269. Volutellonectria consors (Ellis &
No: 503884 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 208513 Habitat: Petiole of Everh.) J. Luo, X.M. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang IF
pathotroph/plant pathogen Oreopanax sp. Distribution: Global No: 561606 Trophic mode/Guild:
Distribution Dept.: BOG saprotroph/ Habitat: On decaying plant
debris or woody substrates | Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

4270. Xenoacremonium recifei (Leão & 4271. Xenocylindrocladium guianense 4272. Xenocylindrocladium serpens
Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous IF No: 810272 Crous & Decock IF No: 483218 Decock, Hennebert & Crous IF No: 437170

4273. Xenonectriella leptaleoides (Etayo) 4274. Xenonectriella rugulatispora Etayo 4275. Xenonectriella streimannii (S.Y.
Etayo IF No: 536970 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 818428 Trophic mode/Guild: Kondr.) Rossman IF No: 460461 Trophic
pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/lichen parasite mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

Hypocreales, Niessliaceae Hypocreales, Niessliaceae Hypocreales, Niessliaceae
4276. Niesslia evae Etayo IF No: 818353 4277. Niesslia globospora Etayo 4278. Niesslia schizospora Etayo
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 373064 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 373065 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Hypocreales, Niessliaceae Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae
4279. Niesslia tetrahedrospora Etayo IF 4280. Hirsutella rhossiliensis Minter & B.L. 4281. Hirsutella stilbelliformis H.C. Evans
No: 373068 Trophic mode/Guild: Brady IF No: 113538 Trophic mode/Guild: & Samson IF No: 109853 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
Habitat: Entomopathogen Elev.: 400–600
m Dept.: PUT

Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae
4282. Hirsutella thompsonii F.E. Fisher IF 4283. Ophiocordyceps albacongiuae 4284. Ophiocordyceps araracuarensis
No: 298460 Trophic mode/Guild: Araújo, H.C. Evans & D.P. Hughes Sanjuan & Spatafora IF No: 805232
pathotroph/animal pathogen Habitat: On IF No: 822297 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Phyllocoptruta oleivora | Entomopathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen
Uses: PO insect pathogen Habitat: On nymph of Cicadamorpha sp. buried in the ground |
Entomopathogen solitary Elev.: 100 m Dept.: AMA


4285. Ophiocordyceps australis (Speg.) 4286. Ophiocordyceps binata (H.C. Evans 4287. Ophiocordyceps buquetii (Mont. &
G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones & & Samson) J.P.M. Araújo, H.C. Evans & D.P. C.P. Robin) Spatafora, Kepler & C.A.
Spatafora IF No: 504229 Trophic mode Hughes IF No: 831081 Trophic mode/ Quandt IF No: 814734 Trophic mode
/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, /Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
endophyte, insect pathogen Habitat: On Hymenoptera | insect pathogen endophyte, insect pathogen
Entomopathogen solitary Distribution: Pantropics Uses: ME

4288. Ophiocordyceps caloceroides (Berk. 4289. Ophiocordyceps camponoti– 4290. Ophiocordyceps curculionum (Tul. &
& M.A. Curtis) Petch IF No: 251199 rufipedis H.C. Evans & D.P. Hughes C. Tul.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 550001 Trophic mode/Guild: & Spatafora IF No: 504246 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
insect pathogen insect pathogen

4291. Ophiocordyceps daceti Araújo, H.C. 4292. Ophiocordyceps dipterigena (Berk. 4293. Ophiocordyceps engleriana (Henn.)
Evans & D.P. Hughes IF No: 822289 & Broome) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel– G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones &
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504250 Trophic Spatafora IF No: 504260 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
endophyte, insect pathogen insect pathogen

4294. Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza 4295. Ophiocordyceps evansii Sanjuan IF 4296. Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila
(Dicks.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones No: 805413 Trophic mode/Guild: Sanjuan IF No: 805227 Trophic mode/
& Spatafora IF No: 504261 Trophic mode/ pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen insect pathogen
insect pathogen

4297. Ophiocordyceps gracilioides 4298. Ophiocordyceps gracillima 4299. Ophiocordyceps humbertii (C.P.
(Kobayasi) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel– (Kobayasi) Sanjuan & Spatafora IF No: Robin) Petch IF No: 631618 Trophic
Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504276 Trophic 811229 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen endophyte, insect pathogen
endophyte, insect pathogen

4300. Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides (H.C. 4301. Ophiocordyceps lloydii (H.S. Fawc.) 4302. Ophiocordyceps melolonthae (Tul. &
Evans & Samson) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones & C. Tul.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones
Hywel–Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504288 Spatafora IF No: 504296 Trophic mode/ & Spatafora IF No: 504300 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen insect pathogen Habitat: Entomopathogen Elev.: 400–600 m insect pathogen
Dept.: PUT

4303. Ophiocordyceps nutans (Pat.) G.H. 4304. Ophiocordyceps odontomachi J.P.M. 4305. Ophiocordyceps ponerinarum (H.C.
Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones & Spatafora Araújo, H.C. Evans & D.P. Hughes Evans & Samson) Sanjuan & Kepler
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
insect pathogen Habitat: On insects species belonging to insect pathogen insect pathogen Habitat: Entomopathogen Elev.: 400–600 m
Hemiptera | Entomopathogen solitary Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: PUT
Dept.: CAQ Uses: ME

4306. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) 4307. Ophiocordyceps sobolifera (Hill ex 4308. Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala
G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones & Watson) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel– (Klotzsch ex Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung,
Spatafora IF No: 504340 Trophic mode/ Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504342 Trophic Hywel–Jones & Spatafora IF No: 504343
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
insect pathogen Habitat: Parasitizes larvae of moths belonging to endophyte, insect pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, insect pathogen
the order Lepidoptera, especially Hepialus and Thitarodes. In high
mountain areas | Entomopathogen solitary Distribution:
Introduced Uses: ME Conservation: VU

4309. Ophiocordyceps tricentri (Yasuda) 4310. Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Tul. & 4311. Ophiocordyceps variabilis (Petch)
G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones & C. Tul.) Petch IF No: 281145 Trophic G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel–Jones &
Spatafora IF No: 504352 Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Spatafora IF No: 504354 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, endophyte, insect pathogen Habitat: Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
insect pathogen Entomopathogen Elev.: 400–600 m Dept.: PUT Uses: PO insect pathogen

4312. Paraisaria amazonica (Henn.) 4313. Paraisaria blattarioides (Sanjuan & 4314. Polycephalomyces sinensis (Q.T.
Luangsa–ard, Mongkols. & Samson IF No: Spatafora) Luangsa–ard, Mongkols. & Chen, S.R. Xiao & Z.Y. Shi) W.J. Wang, X.L.
831112 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Samson IF No: 831113 Trophic mode/ Wang, Y. Li, S.R. Xiao & Y.J. Yao IF No:
fungal parasite Guild: pathotroph/fungal parasite 550007 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
fungal parasite Habitat: In leaves of Espeletia spp. | Originally
isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis | Saprotroph. Endophyte
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CUN Uses: PO


4315. Purpureocillium atypicola (Yasuda) 4316. Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) 4317. Tolypocladium capitatum (Holmsk.)
Spatafora, Hywel–Jones & Luangsa–ard Luangsa–ard, Houbraken, Hywel–Jones & C.A. Quandt, Kepler & Spatafora IF No:
IF No: 816152 Trophic mode/Guild: Samson IF No: 519530 Trophic mode/ 808699 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph/fungal parasite Guild: pathotroph/fungal parasite Habitat: symbiotroph/ animal pathogen,
On soil | On Hemiptera | Entomopathogen Dept.: CUN, RIS, SAN, clavicipitaceous endophyte, fungal parasite Dept.: ANT
VAC Uses: PO

4318. Tolypocladium cylindrosporum W. 4319. Tolypocladium intermedium (S. 4320. Tolypocladium longisegmentatum
Gams IF No: 324638 Trophic mode/Guild: Imai) C.A. Quandt, Kepler & Spatafora (Ginns) C.A. Quandt, Kepler & Spatafora IF
pathotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, IF No: 808703 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 821659 Trophic mode/Guild:
clavicipitaceous endophyte, fungal parasite pathotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, pathotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
clavicipitaceous endophyte, fungal parasite clavicipitaceous endophyte, fungal parasite

Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae
4321. Tolypocladium ophioglossoides (J.F. 4322. Paramyrothecium roridum (Tode) L. 4323. Parvothecium terrestre L. Lombard
Gmel.) C.A. Quandt, Kepler & Spatafora IF Lombard & Crous IF No: 815989 & Crous IF No: 816020
No: 808859 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
clavicipitaceous endophyte, fungal parasite Habitat: On species
of the genus Elaphomyces | Entomopathogen Distribution:
Global Distribution Dept.: SAN Uses: ME, PO

Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae Hypocreales, Incertae sedis
4324. Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. 4325. Stachybotrys parvisporus S. Hughes 4326. Acremoniopsis suttoniae A. Giraldo,
Hughes IF No: 306362 Trophic mode/ IF No: 626923 Gené & Guarro IF No: 823103 Trophic
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Hypocreales, Incertae sedis Hypocreales, Incertae sedis Hypocreales, Incertae sedis
4327. Acremonium chrysogenum (Thirum. 4328. Acremonium persicinum (Nicot) W. 4329. Acremonium polychromum (J.F.H.
& Sukapure) W. Gams IF No: 308135 Gams IF No: 308180 Trophic mode/Guild: Beyma) W. Gams IF No: 308183 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph/animal pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte,
endophyte, fungal parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph fungal parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph

4330. Acremonium psammosporum W. 4331. Acremonium sclerotigenum 4332. Eucasphaeria capensis Crous IF No:
Gams IF No: 308184 Trophic mode/Guild: (Moreau & R. Moreau ex Valenta) W. Gams 501094 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ IF No: 308196 Trophic mode/Guild: /undefined saprotroph
animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
parasite, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph animal pathogen, endophyte, fungal parasite, plant pathogen,
wood saprotroph

4333. Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. 4334. Illosporium mayorii Syd. & P. Syd. IF 4335. Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.)
Dickinson IF No: 331354 Trophic mode/ No: 229025 Trophic mode/Guild: Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous IF No:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph/lichen parasite 810954 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
plant pathogen Habitat: Root pathogen.
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN

4336. Ilyonectria mors–panacis (A.A. 4337. Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. 4338. Peloronectria vinosa Möller IF No:
Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous IF No: 560115 Nilsson) P. Chaverri & Salgado IF No: 242713 Trophic mode/Guild: /parasite
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 518560 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Habitat: Parasitic Distribution: Pantropics
pathogen symbiotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen Elev.: 2,800–3,109 m Dept.: CUN, NAR

4339. Sarocladium bactrocephalum (W. 4340. Sarocladium glaucum (W. Gams) 4341. Sarocladium implicatum (J.C.
Gams) Summerb. IF No: 519590 Trophic Summerb. IF No: 519591 Trophic mode/ Gilman & E.V. Abbott) A. Giraldo, Gené &
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen Guarro IF No: 807946 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

4342. Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) 4343. Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) 4344. Sarocladium subulatum A. Giraldo,
Summerb. IF No: 519592 Trophic mode/ Summerb. IF No: 519594 Trophic mode/ Gené & Guarro IF No: 807948 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Habitat: On soil | In grasslands of saprotroph
Calamagrostis effusa Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CUN Uses:
HF

Hypocreales, Incertae sedis Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae
4345. Sarocladium terricola (J.H. Mill., 4346. Berkeleyomyces basicola (Berk. & 4347. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta Engelbr.
Giddens & A.A. Foster) A. Giraldo, Gené & Broome) W.J. Nel, Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & T.C. Harr. IF No: 501395 Trophic mode/
Guarro IF No: 807950 Trophic mode/ & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 822839 Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ plant
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathogen, wood saprotroph


Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae
4348. Ceratocystis colombiana M. van 4349. Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. 4350. Ceratocystis neglecta M. van Wyk,
Wyk & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 511243 Trophic IF No: 167245 Trophic mode/Guild: Jol. Roux & Rodas IF No: 510947 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
pathogen, wood saprotroph pathogen, wood saprotroph

Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae Microascales, Ceratocystidaceae Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae
4351. Ceratocystis papillata M. van Wyk & 4352. Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. 4353. Antennospora quadricornuta (Cribb
M.J. Wingf. IF No: 511244 Trophic mode/ Moreau IF No: 294224 Trophic mode/ & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson IF No: 292555
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
pathogen, wood saprotroph saprotroph

Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae
4354. Chadefaudia corallinarum (P. 4355. Clavatospora filiformis Nawawi IF 4356. Clavatospora tentacula Sv. Nilsson
Crouan & H. Crouan) E. Müll. & Arx IF No: No: 311241 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 328384 Trophic mode/Guild:
310844 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/ Habitat: From foam in river | saprotroph/ Habitat: From foam in river |
undefined saprotroph Saprotroph Dept.: SAN Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae Microascales, Halosphaeriaceae
4357. Corollospora maritima Werderm. IF 4358. Haiyanga salina (Meyers) K.L. Pang 4359. Thalassogena sphaerica Kohlm. &
No: 270595 Trophic mode/Guild: & E.B.G. Jones IF No: 535843 Trophic Volkm.–Kohlm. IF No: 132448 Trophic
symbiotroph/endophyte mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined

Microascales, Microascaceae Microascales, Microascaceae Microascales, Microascaceae
4360. Kernia nitida (Sacc.) Nieuwl. IF No: 4361. Microascus brevicaulis S.P. Abbott 4362. Microascus paisii (Pollacci) Sand.–
100251 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 443784 Trophic mode/Guild: Den., Gené & Guarro IF No: 809213
/dung saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph/pathogen Habitat: In leaves of
Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach and Espeletia spp., on soil, wood, stems, straw,
apple | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY grains, dead insect, dung, paper, animals, food products, skin
lesions | Endophyte. Saprotroph. Pathogen Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

4363. Petriella setifera (Alf. Schmidt) Curzi 4364. Pseudallescheria boydii (Shear) 4365. Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea (Arx &
IF No: 278020 Trophic mode/Guild: McGinnis, A.A. Padhye & Ajello IF No: Fassat.) McGinnis, A.A. Padhye & Ajello IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: 110950 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 110952 Trophic mode/Guild:
On soils cultivated with apple | Saprotroph /animal pathogen Habitat: In soils saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY contaminated with oil | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Uses: EU

4366. Pseudallescheria fusoidea (Arx) 4367. Scedosporium dehoogii Gilgado, 4368. Scedosporium prolificans
McGinnis, A.A. Padhye & Ajello IF No: Cano, Gené & Guarro IF No: 538388 (Hennebert & B.G. Desai) E. Guého & de
110947 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Hoog IF No: 128175 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soils saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
cultivated with peach and apple Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Microascales, Microascaceae Microascales, Incertae sedis Incertae sedis, Etheirophoraceae
4369. Wardomyces moseri W. Gams IF No: 4370. Cephalotrichiella penicillata Crous 4371. Etheirophora blepharospora
414367 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 808955 (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.–
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Isolated Kohlm. IF No: 135941
from dead petiole of the palm Mauritia
minor Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MET

Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae,
Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis Meliolales, Meliolaceae Meliolales, Meliolaceae
4372. Stilbella aleuriata (Berk. & M.A. 4373. Appendiculella calostroma (Desm.) 4374. Appendiculella sororcula (Speg.)
Curtis) Seifert IF No: 104790 Trophic Höhn. IF No: 120067 Trophic mode/Guild: Hansf. IF No: 326407 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
dung saprotroph, endophyte, wood
saprotroph

Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae,
Meliolales, Meliolaceae Meliolales, Meliolaceae Meliolales, Meliolaceae
4375. Asteridiella chardonii (Toro) S. 4376. Asteridiella exilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) 4377. Asteridiella fidelis (Toro) Hansf. IF
Hughes IF No: 361236 Trophic mode/ Hansf. IF No: 482292 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 482272 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

4378. Asteridiella glabra (Berk. & M.A. 4379. Asteridiella longipoda (Gaillard) 4380. Asteridiella obesa (Speg.) Hansf. IF
Curtis) Hansf. IF No: 482094 Trophic Hansf. IF No: 482117 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 482156 Trophic mode/Guild:

4381. Asteridiella perseae (F. Stevens) 4382. Asteridiella pittieri (Toro) Hansf. IF 4383. Asteridiella plebeja (Speg.) Hansf. IF
Hansf. IF No: 482208 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 482244 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 482074 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On pathotroph/plant pathogen
Duranfa repens Distribution: Pantropics
Dept.: BOY


4384. Irenina obtusa Toro 4385. Irenopsis aciculosa (G. Winter) F. 4386. Irenopsis moelleriana (G. Winter) F.
IF No: 272620 Stevens IF No: 255715 Trophic mode/ Stevens IF No: 271491 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat:
On Sida acuta Elev.: 480 m Dept.: MET

4387. Meliola ambigua Pat. & Gaillard IF 4388. Meliola antioquensis Garcés IF No: 4389. Meliola bicornis G. Winter
No: 140964 Trophic mode/Guild: 288114 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 149240 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Habitat: On Persea pathotroph/plant pathogen
petiolaris Distribution: Pantropics Endemic

4390. Meliola colombiensis Hansf. IF No: 4391. Meliola ellisii Roum. IF No: 414663 4392. Meliola integriseta (Speg.) Speg. IF
300524 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant No: 197408 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

4393. Meliola lantanae Syd. & P. Syd. IF 4394. Meliola panici Earle 4395. Meliola pithecellobiicola Speg. IF
No: 229326 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 234849 Trophic mode /Guild: No: 528777 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Lantana fucata Distribution: Pantropics

4396. Meliola psidii Fr. IF No: 178886 4397. Meliola rudolphiae F. Stevens IF No: 4398. Meliola trichostroma (Kunze) Toro IF
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 141480 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 300851 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Habitat: On Psidium sp. pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MET

Sordariomycetes, Meliolomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Meliolales, Meliolaceae Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae
4399. Meliola xylosmicola Garcés IF No: 4400. Chaetosphaeria lapaziana (G.C. 4401. Chaetosphaeria vermicularioides
300880 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Carroll & Munk) F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf (Sacc. & Roum.) W. Gams & Hol.–Jech. IF
/plant pathogen Habitat: On Xylosma IF No: 346550 No: 310971 Habitat: On soils cultivated
spiculiferum Distribution: Endemic Dept.: with peach and apple | On soils in
CUN uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) |

Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Sordariomycetidae,
Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae Chaetosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriaceae
4402. Codinaea acaciae Crous & M.J. 4403. Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum 4404. Thozetella fabacearum R.H. Perera
Wingf. IF No: 812419 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 825411 & K.D. Hyde IF No: 552537 Trophic mode
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
wood saprotroph

Magnaporthales, Magnaporthaceae Magnaporthales, Pyriculariaceae Magnaporthales, Pyriculariaceae
4405. Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) 4406. Pyricularia grisea Cooke ex Sacc. IF 4407. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara
Arx & D.L. Olivier IF No: 297567 No: 224559 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 224486 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

Phyllachorales, Phyllachoraceae Phyllachorales, Phyllachoraceae Phyllachorales, Phyllachoraceae
4408. Anisochora chardonii Garcés IF No: 4409. Apiosphaeria guaranitica (Speg.) 4410. Camarotella colombiana Gómez–
284174 Höhn. IF No: 122587 Trophic mode/Guild: Zap. & Salazar–Yepes
pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 823065

4411. Catacauma cabalii Garcés 4412. Catacauma paramoense Chardón IF 4413. Coccodiella advena (Syd. ex
IF No: 284803 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 273576 Trophic mode/Guild: Chardón & Toro) I. Hino & Katum. IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen 328502 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen

4414. Coccodiella melastomatum (Lév.) I. 4415. Coccodiella miconiae (Duby) I. Hino 4416. Coccodiella miconiicola (Garcés) I.
Hino & Katum. IF No: 532452 Trophic & Katum. IF No: 328512 Trophic Hino & Katum. IF No: 328513 Trophic
mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Habitat: On Micania squamulosa

4417. Coccodiella neurophila (Theiss.) I. 4418. Coccostroma peribebuyense (Speg.) 4419. Endotrabutia tequendamensis
Hino & Katum. IF No: 328517 Trophic Arx & E. Müll. IF No: 344069 Trophic Chardón
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 280021
Habitat: On Miconia caudata Distribution: Habitat: On Miconia versicolor Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CAU


4420. Geminispora mimosae Pat. IF No: 4421. Linochora polyadelpha Syd. IF No: 4422. Munkiodothis hilarionii Chardón IF
158888 Trophic mode/Guild: 274896 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 267153

4423. Ophiodothella cuervoi Chardón IF 4424. Ophiodothella orchidearum E.K. 4425. Phaeotrabutia isabelae Garcés IF
No: 262473 Trophic mode/Guild: Cash & A.M.J. Watson IF No: 302061 No: 289330 Habitat: On leaves of Xylosma
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant spiculiferum Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
leaves of Vaccinum caracasanum pathogen CUN
Distribution: Endemic Dept.: NSA

4426. Phyllachora abutilonis Garcés IF No: 4427. Phyllachora acutispora Speg. 4428. Phyllachora amphibola Syd. IF No:
289487 Habitat: On Abutilon sp. IF No: 248822 256704 Habitat: On Inga sp. Distribution:
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,650 m Pantropics Dept.: CUN
Dept.: ANT

4429. Phyllachora applanata G. Winter 4430. Phyllachora bogotensis Petr. 4431. Phyllachora chusqueana Garcés
IF No: 241766 IF No: 289495 IF No: 289499

4432. Phyllachora clavata Garcés IF No: 4433. Phyllachora columbiensis (Chardón) 4434. Phyllachora conica (Chardón) Petr.
289500 Habitat: On Myrica sp. P.F. Cannon IF No: 509459 IF No: 261721
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,700 m
Dept.: ANT

4435. Phyllachora crotonis (Cooke) Sacc. 4436. Phyllachora cynodontis Niessl IF No: 4437. Phyllachora dolichogena (Berk. &
IF No: 200816 229926 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Broome) Sacc. IF No: 207603
/plant pathogen

4438. Phyllachora eriochloae Speg. 4439. Phyllachora espeletiae Syd. & P. 4440. Phyllachora gouaniae Gonz. Frag. &
IF No: 173899 Syd. IF No: 155538 Cif. IF No: 225319

4441. Phyllachora gratissimae Rehm IF 4442. Phyllachora guaduae Chardón 4443. Phyllachora guazumae Henn.
No: 646459 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 266593 IF No: 198446

4444. Phyllachora gyneriicola Garcés IF 4445. Phyllachora ischaemi Syd. & P. Syd. 4446. Phyllachora lasiacis Syd.
No: 631470 Habitat: On Gynerium IF No: 219403 IF No: 269023
saccharoides Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
1,650 m Dept.: ANT

4447. Phyllachora lehmanniana Henn. 4448. Phyllachora litseae Koord. 4449. Phyllachora machaeriicola (Henn.)
IF No: 232168 IF No: 160277 Theiss. & Syd. IF No: 102478

4450. Phyllachora macroloculata Chardón 4451. Phyllachora maydis Maubl. IF No: 4452. Phyllachora mayorii Chardón
IF No: 289530 167673 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 270701

4453. Phyllachora medellinensis 4454. Phyllachora melatephra Syd. IF No: 4455. Phyllachora microspora Chardón IF
(Chardón) Petr. IF No: 303305 270839 No: 271124

4456. Phyllachora microstroma Chardón 4457. Phyllachora microtheles (Speg.) 4458. Phyllachora minutissima (Welw. &
IF No: 271162 Chardón IF No: 447296 Curr.) A.L. Sm. IF No: 172868 Trophic

4459. Phyllachora montserratis (Chardón) 4460. Phyllachora nitens (Lév.) Cooke IF 4461. Phyllachora notabilis Petr. & Cif. IF
Petr. IF No: 303310 No: 447302 Habitat: On Dioclea sericea No: 272444 Habitat: On Stigmatophyllon
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,150 m sp. Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,200 m
Dept.: VAC Dept.: VAC


4462. Phyllachora ospinae Chardón 4463. Phyllachora oxyspora Starbäck IF 4464. Phyllachora panici (Schwein.) Sacc.
IF No: 273119 No: 224636 Habitat: On Sorghastrum IF No: 198079
stipoides Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
1,750 m Dept.: ANT

4465. Phyllachora paspalicola Henn. 4466. Phyllachora pennellii Seaver 4467. Phyllachora pennisetina Syd. IF No:
IF No: 228125 IF No: 273900 273907 Trophic mode/Guild:

4468. Phyllachora perlata Syd. & P. Syd. 4469. Phyllachora phylloplaca (Kunze ex 4470. Phyllachora puncta (Cooke) Cooke
IF No: 225374 Mont.) Sacc. IF No: 230008 IF No: 289555

4471. Phyllachora rapaneicola Garcés 4472. Phyllachora renealmiae Rehm 4473. Phyllachora setariicola Speg.
IF No: 289556 IF No: 227287 IF No: 121401

4474. Phyllachora simabae–cedronis 4475. Phyllachora sphaerosperma G. 4476. Phyllachora taruma Speg.
Henn. IF No: 186561 Winter IF No: 208171 Habitat: On IF No: 241886
Cenchrus brownii Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: VAC

4477. Phyllachora toroi Chardón 4478. Phyllachora tragiae (Schwein.) Sacc. 4479. Phyllachora urvilleana Speg.
IF No: 280407 IF No: 142140 IF No: 191071

4480. Phyllachora vallecaucana Chardón 4481. Phyllachora vismiae F. Stevens IF 4482. Phyllachora weirii (Chardón) P.F.
IF No: 281326 No: 281919 Habitat: On Vismia latifolia Cannon IF No: 354666
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 498 m Dept.:
MET

4483. Phyllocrea quitensis (Pat.) Höhn. IF 4484. Sphaerodothis circumscripta (Berk.) 4485. Sphaerodothis gaultheriae Petr. IF
No: 431982 Trophic mode/Guild: Theiss. & Syd. IF No: 100595 Trophic No: 339414 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Distribution: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Pantropics Dept.: ANT, CAU, VAC

4486. Sphaerodothis merianiae Garcés IF 4487. Telimenochora abortiva (F. Stevens) 4488. Trabutia calarcana Chardón
No: 291108 Trophic mode/Guild: Sivan. IF No: 130925 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 259344
pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: On pathotroph/plant pathogen
Meriania nobilis Distribution: Pantropics

Phyllachorales, Telimenaceae Phyllachorales, Telimenaceae Phyllachorales, Telimenaceae
4489. Telimena insueta (Syd.) Mardones, 4490. Telimena ruelliae (Chardón) 4491. Telimena ulei (G. Winter) Mardones,
Trampe & M. Piepenbr. IF No: 821733 Mardones, Trampe & M. Piepenbr. IF No: T. Trampe & M. Piepenbr. IF No: 818228
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 821754 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen /plant pathogen pathogen

Sordariales, Beltraniaceae Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae
4492. Beltrania pseudorhombica Crous & 4493. Arcopilus flavigenus (Van Warmelo) 4494. Botryotrichum murorum (Corda)
Y. Zhang ter IF No: 808942 Trophic mode X.Wei Wang & Samson X.Wei Wang & Samson IF No: 818837
/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ IF No: 818858 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
endophyte, undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph

Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae
4495. Chaetomidium leptoderma (C. 4496. Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser IF 4497. Chaetomium globisporum Lodha
Booth) Greif & Currah IF No: 510052 No: 257241 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 328047
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph /dung saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils | On paper,
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph straw, dung Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

4498. Chaetomium globosum Kunze IF No: 4499. Collariella bostrychodes (Zopf) X.Wei 4500. Collariella robusta (L.M. Ames)
172545 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Wang & Samson X.Wei Wang & Samson
saprotroph, symbiotroph/ dung saprotroph, IF No: 818862 IF No: 818872
endophyte, wood saprotroph Habitat: In
soil, on plant remains, frequently isolated from archives, wall
paper, textiles | In leaves of Espeletia spp. | In soils cultivated
with apple and peach Elev.: 2900 Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: PO


4501. Dichotomopilus indicus (Corda) 4502. Humicola fuscoatra Traaen 4503. Humicola olivacea X.Wei Wang &
X.Wei Wang & Samson IF No: 818842 IF No: 188714 Samson IF No: 818848
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/

4504. Humicola udagawae (Sergeeva ex 4505. Ovatospora brasiliensis (Bat. & 4506. Trichocladium acropullum (X.Wei
Udagawa) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken IF No: Pontual) X.Wei Wang & Samson Wang) X. Wei Wang & Houbraken IF No:
824451 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 818851 824462 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Habitat: On soils cultivated with apple and undefined saprotroph
peach | On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate between
orchard and woodland) Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

4507. Trichocladium asperum Harz IF No: 4508. Trichocladium canadense S. 4509. Trichocladium griseum (Traaen) X.
171452 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Hughes IF No: 307019 Trophic mode/ Wei Wang & Houbraken IF No: 824469
/wood saprotroph Habitat: On soils Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
alternated with potato crops and grasses | Habitat: On soils alternated with potato saprotroph Habitat: On soils alternated
Saprotroph Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN crops and grasses Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN with potato crops and grasses Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN

Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae
4510. Apiosordaria terrestris (S.C. Jong & 4511. Apodus oryzae Carolis & Arx IF No: 4512. Fimetariella rabenhorstii (Niessl) N.
E.E. Davis) J.C. Krug, Udagawa & Jeng IF 308867 Trophic mode/Guild: Lundq. IF No: 330892 Trophic mode/Guild:
No: 108692 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph/dung saprotroph, undefined
saprotroph

Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae Sordariales, Podosporaceae
4513. Lasiosphaeria ovina (Pers.) Ces. & 4514. Triangularia phialophoroides 4515. Podospora inflatula Cain
De Not. IF No: 201441 Trophic mode/ (Mouch. & W. Gams) X. Wei Wang & IF No: 337409 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Houbraken IF No: 829891 Trophic mode saprotroph, symbiotroph/dung saprotroph,
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph endophyte, litter saprotroph, undefined
Habitat: On soils cultivated with peach and apple Elev.: 2,900 m saprotroph
Dept.: BOY

Sordariales, Podosporaceae Sordariales, Sordariaceae Sordariales, Sordariaceae
4516. Podospora leporina (Cain) Cain IF 4517. Neurospora crassa Shear & B.O. 4518. Neurospora retispora (Cain) Dania
No: 337412 Trophic mode/Guild: Dodge IF No: 262212 Trophic mode/Guild: García, Stchigel & Guarro IF No: 488638
saprotroph, symbiotroph/dung saprotroph, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
endophyte, litter saprotroph, undefined /undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On soils in uncultivated field (intermediate
between orchad and woodland) | Coprophilous Elev.: 2,900 m
Dept.: BOY

Sordariales, Sordariaceae Sordariales, Sordariaceae Sordariales, Sordariaceae
4519. Neurospora sitophila Shear & B.O. 4520. Neurospora terricola Goch. & 4521. Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex
Dodge IF No: 278268 Trophic mode/Guild: Backus IF No: 335154 Trophic mode Desm.) Ces. & De Not. IF No: 147988
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph /dung
saprotroph, wood saprotroph

Sordariales, Incertae sedis Sordariales, Incertae sedis Sordariales, Incertae sedis
4522. Madurella mycetomatis (Laveran) 4523. Phaeosporis melasperma (Nyl.) 4524. Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer
Brumpt IF No: 535193 Trophic mode/ Clem. IF No: 400275 & Hafellner IF No: 128803 Trophic mode
Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen /Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

Sordariales, Incertae sedis Sordariales, Incertae sedis Sordariales, Incertae sedis
4525. Roselliniella papuana Diederich IF 4526. Roselliniella ramirezii Etayo IF No: 4527. Roselliniella stictae Etayo
No: 437061 Trophic mode/Guild: 373248 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 373249 Trophic mode /Guild:

Incertae sedis, Apiosporaceae Incertae sedis, Apiosporaceae Incertae sedis, Apiosporaceae
4528. Apiospora sparsa Earle 4529. Arthrinium arundinis (Corda) Dyko & 4530. Arthrinium puccinioides Kunze IF
IF No: 171860 Trophic mode/ Guild: B. Sutton IF No: 308985 Trophic mode No: 249465 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On dead culms of some slender
grass Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MAG

Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae,
Amphisphaeriales, Amphisphaeriaceae Amphisphaeriales, Amphisphaeriaceae Amphisphaeriales, Amphisphaeriaceae
4531. Beltraniella acaciae Crous 4532. Microdochium albescens (Thüm.) 4533. Microdochium bolleyi (R. Sprague)
IF No: 819053 Trophic mode/Guild: Hern.–Restr. & Crous IF No: 812167 de Hoog & Herm.–Nijh. IF No: 317661
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen Habitat: On soils cultivated with

4534. Microdochium colombiense Hern.– 4535. Microdochium lycopodinum 4536. Microdochium maydis (E. Müll. &
Restr. & Crous IF No: 811873 (Jaklitsch, Siepe & Voglmayr) Hern.–Restr. Samuels) Hern.–Restr. & Crous
& Crous IF No: 811969 IF No: 811970


4537. Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels 4538. Monochaetia dimorphospora T. 4539. Pestalotia cavendishiae Chardón &
& I.C. Hallett IF No: 108213 Trophic mode/ Yokoy. IF No: 317826 Trophic mode/Guild: Toro IF No: 260149 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
wood saprotroph Habitat: On living leaves
of Cavendishia pubescens Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT,
CUN

Amphisphaeriales, Bartaliniaceae Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae
4540. Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. 4541. Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca A.M. 4542. Neopestalotiopsis foedans (Sacc. &
Hughes IF No: 307155 Trophic mode/ Ismail, G. Perrone & Crous IF No: 813837 Ellis) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous
Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, IF No: 809768
plant pathogen

Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae
4543. Neopestalotiopsis surinamensis 4544. Pestalotiopsis adusta (Ellis & Everh.) 4545. Pestalotiopsis anacardiacearum
Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous Steyaert IF No: 302600 Trophic mode Yan M. Zhang, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde IF
IF No: 809781 /Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ No: 802354 Trophic mode/Guild:
endophyte, plant pathogen pathotroph /plant pathogen

4546. Pestalotiopsis australasiae 4547. Pestalotiopsis australis 4548. Pestalotiopsis colombiensis
Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous IF No: Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous
IF No: 809730 Trophic mode/Guild: 809731 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 809736 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen

4549. Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thüm.) 4550. Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) 4551. Pestalotiopsis jinchanghensis F. Liu
Steyaert IF No: 289195 Trophic mode/ Steyaert IF No: 120504 Trophic mode/ & L. Cai IF No: 818917 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
On leaves of Espeletia spp. and Eucalyptus
spp., endophyte, saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Elev.: 3,250 m Dept.: CUN Uses: PO

4552. Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) 4553. Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) 4554. Pestalotiopsis sydowiana (Bres.) B.
G.C. Zhao & Nan Li IF No: 437946 Trophic Steyaert IF No: 289215 Trophic mode/ Sutton IF No: 336022 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, pathotroph/plant pathogen
plant pathogen

4555. Pestalotiopsis telopeae 4556. Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) 4557. Pestalotiopsis zonata (Ellis & Everh.)
Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous IF No: Steyaert IF No: 289223 Trophic mode/ G.C. Zhao & Nan Li IF No: 434475
809752 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
/plant pathogen pathogen

Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae Amphisphaeriales, Pestalotiopsidaceae Xylariales, Cainiaceae
4558. Pseudopestalotiopsis simitheae (Yu 4559. Pseudopestalotiopsis theae 4560. Seynesia santanderiana Toro
Song, Tangthir., K.D. Hyde & Y. Wang) (Sawada) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous IF No: 277424
Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde IF No: 551720 IF No: 809756 Trophic mode/Guild:
/endophyte Habitat: In Vanilla leaves
Dept.: CHO

Xylariales, Castanediellaceae Xylariales, Castanediellaceae Xylariales, Diatrypaceae
4561. Castanediella acaciae Crous, Hern.– 4562. Castanediella couratarii (C. Ram) 4563. Diatrype albopruinosa (Schwein.)
Restr. & M.J. Wingf. IF No: 812430 Trophic Hern.–Restr. & Crous IF No: 812166 Cooke IF No: 247137 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen
pathogen

Xylariales, Diatrypaceae Xylariales, Diatrypaceae Xylariales, Diatrypaceae
4564. Diatrype bermudensis Rappaz IF No: 4565. Diatrype enteroxantha (Sacc.) Berl. 4566. Eutypella portoricensis (Petr.)
132549 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 454899 Trophic mode/Guild: Rappaz IF No: 132585 Trophic mode/
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

Xylariales, Diatrypaceae Xylariales, Graphostromataceae Xylariales, Graphostromataceae
4567. Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) 4568. Biscogniauxia atropunctata 4569. Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De
Carmarán & A.I. Romero IF No: 500713 (Schwein.) Pouzar IF No: 309558 Trophic Not.) Kuntze IF No: 439307 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
pathogen saprotroph Habitat: Healthy stem and leaf saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
tissues | Foliar epiphyte Dept.: CHO Elev.: 2,020 m

Xylariales, Graphostromataceae Xylariales, Graphostromataceae Xylariales, Graphostromataceae
4570. Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) 4571. Camillea coroniformis J.D. Rogers, 4572. Camillea cyclops Mont.
Kuntze IF No: 433657 Trophic mode/ F. San Martín & Y.M. Ju IF No: 374325 IF No: 203941 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Elev.: 1,000–2,500 m undefined saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC


4573. Camillea hainesii (J.D. Rogers & 4574. Camillea heterostoma (Mont.) 4575. Camillea labellum Mont.
Dumont) Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley IF Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley IF No: IF No: 211699 Trophic mode/Guild:
No: 135963 Trophic mode/Guild: 135964 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
ANT

4576. Camillea leprieurii (Mont.) Mont. IF 4577. Camillea mucronata Mont. 4578. Camillea scriblita (Mont.) Læssøe,
No: 211550 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 211740 Trophic mode/ Guild: J.D. Rogers & Whalley IF No: 135969
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
On weeds | Secondary Forest Distribution: undefined saprotroph
Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

Xylariales, Graphostromataceae Xylariales, Graphostromataceae Xylariales, Hansfordiaceae
4579. Camillea venezuelensis (J.H. Mill.) 4580. Nummularia diatrypeoides Rehm IF 4581. Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk. & M.A.
Dennis IF No: 310190 Trophic mode/ No: 162961 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) S. Hughes IF No: 298125 Trophic
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph

Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae Xylariales, Hypoxylaceae
4582. Annulohypoxylon annulatum 4583. Annulohypoxylon archeri (Berk.) 4584. Annulohypoxylon moriforme (Henn.)
(Schwein.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh IF No: Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh IF No:
Hsieh IF No: 500299 Trophic mode /Guild: 500300 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 500315 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: symbiotroph/endophyte, undefined symbiotroph/endophyte, undefined
Endophyte Dept.: TOL saprotroph Habitat: Symbiotroph saprotroph

4585. Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens 4586. Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) Y.M. 4587. Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum
(Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh IF No: (Lév.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh IF
& H.M. Hsieh IF No: 500323 Trophic 500326 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, No: 500328 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/endophyte, undefined saprotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte,
endophyte, undefined saprotroph saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: In oak forests Elev.: 2,100–2,600
m Dept.: CUN

4588. Annulohypoxylon truncatum 4589. Daldinia caldariorum Henn. IF No: 4590. Daldinia clavata Henn.
(Starbäck) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. 247207 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 247027 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Hsieh IF No: 500330 Trophic mode/Guild: /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: In oak
forests Distribution: Subtropics, Pantropics Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
CUN

4591. Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & 4592. Daldinia eschscholtzii (Ehrenb.) 4593. Entonaema liquescens Möller IF No:
De Not. IF No: 146158 Common name: Rehm IF No: 544992 Trophic mode/Guild: 183350 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Vulva de madre monte, used by Uitoto saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph
people Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ On decaying wood | Saprotroph
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decaying wood | On burned gregarious, solitary Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CHO, MET
wood | In chagras | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Uses: ME
Distribution, Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 200–3,110 m Dept.:
AMA, ANT, CAQ, CUN, MAG, VAC Uses: HF, ME

4594. Hypomontagnella monticulosa 4595. Hypomontagnella rubigineoareolata 4596. Hypoxylon arnoldiae J.D. Rogers &
(Mont.) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb. IF No: (Rehm) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb. Dumont IF No: 443827
827252 Habitat: On dead branches IF No: 827254 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Dept.: ANT
Dept.: MAG

4597. Hypoxylon chusqueae Henn. IF No: 4598. Hypoxylon croceum J.H. Mill. IF No: 4599. Hypoxylon dieckmannii Theiss. IF
204874 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 262352 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 214370 Trophic mode/Guild:
Dept.: ANT Distribution: Pantropics saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics

4600. Hypoxylon fendleri Berk. ex Cooke IF 4601. Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum J.H. Mill. 4602. Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx
No: 206066 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 265055 Trophic mode/Guild: f. IF No: 444018 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ saprotroph/ pathotroph, symbiotroph/ endophyte, plant
pathogen

4603. Hypoxylon haematostroma Mont. IF 4604. Hypoxylon hypomiltum Mont. IF No: 4605. Hypoxylon investiens (Schwein.)
No: 156076 Trophic mode/Guild: 158066 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph M.A. Curtis IF No: 174324 Trophic mode/
saprotroph Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics

4606. Hypoxylon lenormandii Berk. & M.A. 4607. Hypoxylon pulicicidum J. Fourn., 4608. Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr. IF
Curtis IF No: 152747 Trophic mode/Guild: Polishook & Bills IF No: 800260 Trophic No: 213808 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat:
Dept.: SAN


4609. Hypoxylon subgilvum Berk. & 4610. Hypoxylon subrutilum Starbäck IF 4611. Hypoxylon theissenii Bres.
Broome IF No: 215553 No: 215471 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 280190 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph saprotroph Dept.: ANT saprotroph

4612. Jackrogersella cohaerens (Pers.) L. 4613. Jackrogersella minutella (Syd. & P. 4614. Jackrogersella multiformis (Fr.) L.
Wendt, Kuhnert & M. Stadler IF No: Syd.) L. Wendt, Kuhnert & M. Stadler IF No: Wendt, Kuhnert & M. Stadler IF No:
819744 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 819749 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph 819743 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
/wood saprotroph Distribution: Global /wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead /wood saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: ANT branches and trunks Distribution Dept.: VAC

4615. Phylacia globosa Lév. 4616. Phylacia poculiformis (Mont.) Mont. 4617. Thamnomyces chordalis Fr. IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: TOL, VAC On decayed wood in mature forest On decayed wood | Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,100 m Dept.: AMA, CAL, Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ
CAQ, CHO, GUA, VAU
Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes,
Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, Xylariomycetidae, Xylariomycetidae, Xylariales, Xylariaceae
Xylariales, Induratiaceae Xylariales, Robillardaceae 4620. Dematophora acutispora (Theiss.) C. Lamb., Wittstein & M.
4618. Induratia suturae (Kudalkar, Strobel 4619. Robillarda sessilis (Sacc.) Sacc. IF Stadler IF No: 827530 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
& Riy.–Ul–Hass.) Samarak., Thongbai, K.D. No: 225336 /undefined saprotroph
Hyde & M. Stadler IF No: 833463 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
saprotroph

Xylariales, Xylariaceae Xylariales, Xylariaceae Xylariales, Xylariaceae
4621. Dematophora bunodes (Berk. & 4622. Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig IF 4623. Dematophora obregonii (L.E. Petrini)
Broome) C. Lamb., Wittstein & M. Stadler No: 216282 Trophic mode/Guild: C. Lamb., Wittstein & M. Stadler IF No:
IF No: 827535 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen 827540 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
VAC
4624. Dematophora pepo (Pat.) C. Lamb., 4625. Kretzschmaria cetrarioides (Welw. & 4626. Kretzschmaria clavus (Fr.) Sacc. IF
Wittstein & M. Stadler IF No: 827543 Curr.) Sacc. No: 168400 Trophic mode /Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 168273 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph On decayed wood Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: AMA

4627. Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.) 4628. Kretzschmaria lucidula (Mont.) 4629. Kretzschmaria macrosperma
P.M.D. Martin IF No: 316081 Trophic Dennis IF No: 316083 Trophic mode/ (Mont.) J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju IF No:
mode/Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 437997 Trophic mode/Guild:
endophyte, plant pathogen Habitat: In saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
riparian forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

4630. Kretzschmaria pavimentosa (Ces.) 4631. Nemania bipapillata (Berk. & M.A. 4632. Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray IF No:
P.M.D. Martin IF No: 316084 Trophic Curtis) Pouzar IF No: 106291 Trophic 355591 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ endophyte /endophyte Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CAL
saprotroph

4633. Podosordaria axifera (Mont.) P.M.D. 4634. Poronia oedipus (Mont.) Mont. IF 4635. Rosellinia corticium (Schwein.)
Martin IF No: 283632 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 198511 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc. IF No: 216192 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On symbiotroph/endophyte
In riparian forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m dung, in paddocks | in oak forest
Dept.: VAC Distribution: Subtropics Elev.: 1,100–2,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL,
CUN, VAC

4636. Rosellinia desmazieri (Berk. & 4637. Xylaria adscendens (Fr.) Fr. IF No: 4638. Xylaria aenea Mont.
Broome) Sacc. IF No: 223419 Trophic 190364 Trophic mode /Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 535638 Trophic mode/ Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
saprotroph Dept.: ANT endophyte

4639. Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr. IF No: 4640. Xylaria anisopleura (Mont.) Fr. IF No: 4641. Xylaria apiculata Cooke IF No:
184500 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, 190626 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 190405 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
Habitat: On wood Dept.: CHO Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
1,150–2,400 m

4642. Xylaria arbuscula Sacc. 4643. Xylaria bambusicola Y.M. Ju & J.D. 4644. Xylaria castorea Berk. IF No:
IF No: 179275 Trophic mode/Guild: Rogers IF No: 464224 Trophic mode/ 182287 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
endophyte Habitat: On stump, in saprotroph, endophyte Elev.: 1,500–2,300 m Dept.: MAG
premontane moist forest Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50–1,660
m Dept.: ANT, CHO


4645. Xylaria chordiformis Lloyd 4646. Xylaria clusiae K.F. Rodrigues, J.D. 4647. Xylaria coccophora Mont.
IF No: 635921 Trophic mode/ Guild: Rogers & Samuels IF No: 359436 Trophic IF No: 187621 Trophic mode/ Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
endophyte /wood saprotroph, endophyte endophyte

4648. Xylaria comosa (Mont.) Fr. 4649. Xylaria corniculata Sacc. 4650. Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr. IF No:
IF No: 184471 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 193073 Trophic mode/ Guild: 179243 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
endophyte endophyte Habitat: In tropical rain forest Elev.: 200–
3,100 m Dept.: CAQ, SUC

4651. Xylaria curta Fr. IF No: 179336 4652. Xylaria cylindrica Lév. IF No: 4653. Xylaria digitata (L.) Grev. IF No:
Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, 179209 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, 191897 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
Habitat: On stump, in premontane moist Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG
forest Elev.: 1,475–1,660 m Dept.: ANT

4654. Xylaria enterogena Mont. 4655. Xylaria fockei (Miq.) Cooke 4656. Xylaria grammica (Mont.) Mont. IF
saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
endophyte Habitat: In tropical rainforest endophyte Habitat: In secondary forest endophyte Dept.: MAG
Dept.: VAU Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

4657. Xylaria guianensis (Mont.) Fr. IF No: 4658. Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. IF No: 4659. Xylaria juruensis Henn.
224590 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 228616 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 226795 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
Habitat: On decayed wood | in forest | In endophyte
disturbed secondary forest Distribution: Pantropics Subtropics
Elev.: 1,700–3,100 m Dept.: CAQ, SAN, VAC

4660. Xylaria kretzschmarioidea J.D. 4661. Xylaria melanura (Lév.) Sacc. IF No: 4662. Xylaria meliacearum Læssøe IF No:
Rogers & Rossman IF No: 132614 Trophic 204403 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 362559 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
/wood saprotroph, endophyte Habitat: In Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,900 m
riparian forest | On tree fern stump Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: Dept.: CUN
VAC

4663. Xylaria mellissii (Berk.) Cooke IF No: 4664. Xylaria metaeformis Lév. IF No: 4665. Xylaria monticulosa Lév.
318809 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 204586 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 206446 Trophic mode/ Guild:
endophyte

4666. Xylaria multiplex (Kunze) Fr. IF No: 4667. Xylaria obovata (Berk.) Berk. IF No: 4668. Xylaria oligotoma Sacc. & Paol. IF
203909 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 208072 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, No: 154540 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: Saprotroph, Dept.: CAQ Habitat: On wood Distribution: Pantropics endophyte
Elev.: 1,860–2,020 m Dept.: CAQ

4669. Xylaria ophiopoda Sacc. 4670. Xylaria pallida Berk. & Cooke IF No: 4671. Xylaria palmicola G. Winter IF No:
IF No: 170851 Trophic mode/ Guild: 160178 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, 174950 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
endophyte Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,860 m

4672. Xylaria papyrifera (Link) Fr. IF No: 4673. Xylaria platypoda (Lév.) Fr. 4674. Xylaria poitei (Lév.) Fr.
154099 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 147430 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 543208 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
endophyte Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: endophyte
TOL
4675. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. IF 4676. Xylaria rhizocola (Mont.) Mont. IF 4677. Xylaria rickii Theiss. IF No: 185869
No: 246876 Common name: Hongo negro No: 180313 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
(Spanish); Dead man's fingers (English) saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, endophyte
symbiotroph/ wood saprotroph, endophyte Habitat: On decaying
wood | In tropical forest | In riparian forest | In mixed oak–
dominated forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 50–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CES, CHO, CUN,
VAC Uses: ME, PO


4678. Xylaria schweinitzii Berk. & M.A. 4679. Xylaria scopiformis Mont. ex Berk. & 4680. Xylaria scruposa (Fr.) Fr.
Curtis IF No: 191549 Broome IF No: 181990 Trophic IF No: 187600 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, mode/Guild: saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph,
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte endophyte Elev.: 200–1,980 m Dept.: CES,
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC TOL, VAU

4681. Xylaria telfairii (Berk.) Sacc. IF No: 4682. Xylaria trachelina (Lév.) Cooke IF 4683. Xylaria trianae Lév. IF No: 192410
191825 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, No: 192623 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph,
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte
Habitat: On decaying dicot trunks | In endophyte
disturbed secondary forest | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,350 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ,
CHO, MET, SAN, SUC, TOL, VAC, VAU Uses: ME

Xylariales, Xylariaceae Xylariales, Xylariaceae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis
4684. Xylaria willsii Berk. ex Cooke IF No: 4685. Xylaria xanthinovelutina (Mont.) 4686. Dinemasporium pseudoindicum
240728 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, Mont. IF No: 588740 Trophic mode/Guild: Crous & M. Chr. IF No: 800163 Trophic
symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, endophyte saprotroph, symbiotroph/wood saprotroph, mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
endophyte saprotroph

Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
Parasympodiellales, Parasympodiellaceae Phomatosporales, Phomatosporaceae sedis, Incertae sedis
4687. Parasympodiella elongata Crous, 4688. Phomatospora dinemasporium J. 4689. Allantonectria creonectrioides
M.J. Wingf. & W.B. Kendr. IF No: 413680 Webster Chardón IF No: 262288 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 303149 Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat:
undefined saprotroph Patotroph Dept.: VAC

Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
4690. Cryptophyllachora ambrosiae 4691. Hypotrachynicola rubra Etayo IF No: 4692. Neoeriomycopsis aristata (B. Sutton
(Sacc.) L. Kiss, Kovács, P.F. Cannon & R.G. 372796 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph & Hodges) Crous & M.J. Wingf. IF No:
Shivas IF No: 825651 /lichen parasite 812453

Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
4693. Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) 4694. Nigrospora sacchari (Speg.) E.W. 4695. Phialemoniopsis cornearis
Petch IF No: 253729 Trophic mode/Guild: Mason IF No: 254531 Trophic mode/Guild: Perdomo, Dania García, Gené, Cano &
pathotroph, symbiotroph/endophyte, plant saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guarro IF No: 563875 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Habitat: In rice leaves | In pathotroph/animal pathogen
Espeletia spp. from páramo Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: PO

Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Xylobotryomycetes, Incertae sedis,
sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis Xylobotryales, Xylobotryaceae
4696. Phialemoniopsis curvata (W. Gams 4697. Stromatographium stromaticum 4698. Xylobotryum portentosum (Mont.)
& W.B. Cooke) Perdomo, Dania García, (Berk.) Höhn. IF No: 247624 Pat. IF No: 181540
Gené, Cano & Guarro IF No: 563876

Xylonomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Triblidiales,
Symbiotaphrinales, Symbiotaphrinaceae Lauriomycetales, Lauriomycetaceae Triblidiaceae
4699. Symbiotaphrina kochii Jurzitza ex W. 4700. Lauriomyces bellulus Crous & M.J. 4701. Pseudographis pinicola (Nyl.) Rehm
Gams & Arx Wingf. IF No: 363121 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 215403 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 114059 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
In paddock Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.:
VAC

Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Vezdaeales, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae
Vezdaeaceae sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis
4702. Vezdaea aestivalis (Ohlert) 4703. Allophoron farinosum Nádv. IF No: 4704. Alysidiella eucalypti (Crous & M.J.
Tscherm.–Woess & Poelt IF No: 343855 364018 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Wingf.) Cheew. & Crous
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ /lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes IF No: 518725
lichenised Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
CUN Conservation: CR

Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae
4705. Alysidiella parasitica Crous 4706. Bachmanniomyces punctum (A. 4707. Cacumisporium
IF No: 510005 Massal.) Diederich & Pino–Bodas IF No: pleuroconidiophorum (Davydkina &
827773 Trophic mode/Guild: Melnik) R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & Iturr.
pathotroph/lichen parasite IF No: 510702

4708. Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) 4709. Camptomeris leucaenae (F. Stevens 4710. Campylospora chaetocladia Ranzoni
S. Hughes & Dalbey) Syd. IF No: 294012 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 294002 IF No: 269320 saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
From foam in river Dept.: CAQ, SAN

4711. Campylospora filicladia Nawawi IF 4712. Campylospora parvula Kuzuha IF 4713. Chaetoseptoria wellmanii J.A. Stev.
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: pathotroph/plant pathogen
From foam in river Dept.: CAQ, SAN From foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN


4714. Chardonia rosea Cif. 4715. Clypeolum fontibonense Toro 4716. Delortia palmicola Pat. & Gaillard
IF No: 276736 IF No: 265194 IF No: 158945

4717. Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & 4718. Diplocladiella scalaroides G. Arnaud 4719. Flabellospora acuminata Descals IF
Edgerton ex J.L. Crane IF No: 312835 ex M.B. Ellis IF No: 296790 No: 110675 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph Habitat: From foam in river
Dept.: CAQ

4720. Flabellospora crassa Alas. 4721. Flabellospora verticillata Alas. IF No: 4722. Gilmaniella humicola G.L. Barron IF
IF No: 330895 330896 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 331330 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: From foam in river Dept.: SAN saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On
soils alternated with potato crops and
grasses Elev.: 3,373 m Dept.: CUN

4723. Gyrothrix verticiclada (Goid.) S. 4724. Heliscella stellata (Ingold & V.J. Cox) 4725. Hyalocamposporium
Hughes & Piroz. Marvanová IF No: 113222 Trophic mode/ longiflagellatum Révay & Gönczöl
IF No: 314844 Guild: saprotroph Habitat: From foam in IF No: 510552
river Dept.: SAN

4726. Hymenopsis argentinensis (Speg.) 4727. Hyphopolynema tropicale Nag Raj 4728. Intralichen lichenum (Diederich) D.
B. Sutton IF No: 116245 IF No: 315566 Hawksw. & M.S. Cole IF No: 477187
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/lichen
parasite

4729. Knufia peltigerae (Fuckel) Réblová 4730. Leprieurina winteriana G. Arnaud 4731. Lichenostella hypotrachynae Etayo
& Unter. IF No: 803681 Trophic mode/ IF No: 204186 & Calat. IF No: 460841 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

4732. Lunulospora curvula Ingold IF No: 4733. Milospium graphideorum (Nyl.) D. 4734. Mycochlamys macrospora S.
287848 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hawksw. IF No: 317758 Trophic mode/ Marchand & Cabral IF No: 318058 Trophic
/endophyte Habitat: From foam in river | Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/lichen mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils
Saprotroph Dept.: SAN parasite, lichenised cultivated with apple and peach |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

4735. Nawawia filiformis (Nawawi) 4736. Neottiosporina paspali (G.F. Atk.) B. 4737. Nigromacula uniseptata (D.
Marvanová IF No: 113008 Sutton & Alcorn IF No: 318641 Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. IF No: 390798
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/lichen
parasite

4738. Ochroconis cordanae Samerp., 4739. Orphanocoela maydis (Latterell & 4740. Parapithomyces clitoriae Alcorn
Crous & de Hoog IF No: 519170 Trophic A.E. Rossi) Nag Raj IF No: 126350 Trophic IF No: 359709 Dept.: CAU
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/ Guild: plant pathogen/ Habitat: On
saprotroph leaving leaves of Zea mays |
Phytopathogen Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,093 m Dept.: ANT

4741. Penzigomyces nodipes (Penz. & 4742. Phaeocytostroma sacchari (Ellis & 4743. Phalangispora constricta Nawawi &
Sacc.) Subram. IF No: 359878 Everh.) B. Sutton IF No: 336098 Trophic J. Webster IF No: 110882 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: From foam in
river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

4744. Phalangispora nawawii Kuthub. 4745. Pleuropedium tricladioides 4746. Pleurophragmium capense (Thüm.)
IF No: 133399 Marvanová & S.H. Iqbal IF No: 320700 S. Hughes
IF No: 303948

4747. Podosporium bakeri Earle 4748. Pyramidospora ramificata Miura 4749. Rhinotrichella globulifera G. Arnaud
IF No: 145213 IF No: 322119 ex de Hoog
IF No: 322471

4750. Sarcopodium flavolanatum (Berk. & 4751. Scutisporus brunneus K. Ando & 4752. Sedecimiella taiwanensis K.L. Pang,
Broome) L. Lombard & Crous IF No: Tubaki IF No: 104749 Trophic mode/Guild: Alias & E.B.G. Jones IF No: 518531 Trophic
810181 Trophic mode/Guild: parasite saprotroph/ Habitat: From foam in river mode/ Guild: saprotroph Habitat: On soils
Habitat: On bark of living plants | on dead Dept.: SAN cultivated with peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.:
wood Dept.: CAU BOY


4753. Stachylidium bicolor Link 4754. Tracylla aristata (Cooke) Tassi 4755. Tracylla eucalypti Crous
IF No: 166350 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 215906 IF No: 825424
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated
with peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

4756. Trichodochium disseminatum Syd. 4757. Triscelophorus acuminatus Nawawi 4758. Triscelophorus curviramifer
IF No: 263346 IF No: 325054 Trophic mode/Guild: Matsush. IF No: 360929 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: From Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat:
foam in river Dept.: SAN From foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: SAN

4759. Triscelophorus konajensis K.R. 4760. Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold 4761. Xepicula leucotricha (Peck) Nag Raj
Sridhar & Kaver. IF No: 132535 Trophic IF No: 291610 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 359685
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: From
Habitat: From foam in river | Saprotroph foam in river | Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ, SAN
Dept.: SAN
Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina,

Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Atractiellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Atractiellomycetes, Incertae sedis,
sedis, Incertae sedis Atractiellales, Phleogenaceae Atractiellales, Phleogenaceae
4762. Zevadia peroccidentalis J.C. David & 4763. Helicogloea inconspicua G.E. Baker 4764. Helicogloea lagerheimii Pat. IF No:
D. Hawksw. IF No: 414410 Trophic mode/ IF No: 286889 Trophic mode/Guild: 245898 Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On rotten
On decaying wood Elev.: 1,200–1,400 m wood Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Dept.: MAG 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina,

Atractiellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Atractiellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Cystobasidiomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Atractiellales, Phleogenaceae Atractiellales, Phleogenaceae Cyphobasidiales, Cyphobasidiaceae
4765. Hobsonia gigaspora Berk. ex 4766. Hobsonia mirabilis (Peck) Linder IF 4767. Cyphobasidium usneicola (Diederich
Massee IF No: 248237 Trophic mode/ No: 271386 Trophic mode/Guild: & Alstrup) Millanes, Diederich & Wedin IF
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph No: 815653 Trophic mode/Guild:

Cystobasidiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Cystobasidiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Cystobasidiomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Cystobasidiales, Cystobasidiaceae Cystobasidiales, Cystobasidiaceae Cystobasidiales, Cystobasidiaceae
4768. Cystobasidium calyptogenae 4769. Cystobasidium minutum (Cif. & 4770. Cystobasidium sebaceum G.W.
(Nagah., Hamam., Nakase & Horikoshi) Redaelli) Yurkov, Kachalkin, H.M. Daniel, Martin IF No: 277777 Trophic mode/Guild:
Yurkov, Kachalkin, H.M. Daniel, M. M. Groenew., Libkind, V. de García, Zalar, pathotroph/fungal parasite
Groenew., Libkind, V. de García, Zalar, Gouliam., Boekhout & Begerow IF No:
Gouliam., Boekhout & Begerow IF No: 809346 Trophic mode/ 809340 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/fungal parasite
Guild: pathotroph/fungal parasite

Cystobasidiomycetes, Incertae sedis, Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis, Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Erythrobasidiales, Erythrobasidiaceae Microbotryales, Microbotryaceae Microbotryales, Microbotryaceae
4771. Erythrobasidium hasegawae (Y. 4772. Microbotryum bistortarum (DC.) 4773. Microbotryum reticulatum (Liro) R.
Yamada & Komag.) Hamam., Sugiy. & Vánky IF No: 443618 Trophic mode/Guild: Bauer & Oberw. IF No: 437862 Trophic
Komag. IF No: 125149 pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Hosts: Polygonum segetum Dept.: ANT,
CUN

Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis, Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis, Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Microbotryales, Microbotryaceae Microbotryales, Microbotryaceae Microbotryales, Ustilentylomataceae
4774. Microbotryum tenuisporum (Cif.) 4775. Sphacelotheca hydropiperis 4776. Aurantiosporium colombianum M.
Vánky IF No: 443664 Trophic mode/Guild: (Schumach.) de Bary IF No: 227738 Piepenbr. IF No: 489906 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Polygonum hydropiperoides, Polygonum pathogen Hosts: Polygonum Scleria lagoensis Dept.: MAG
punctatum Dept.: CUN, MET hydropiperoides, Polygonum punctatum, Polygonum segetum
Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, RIS

Microbotryales, Ustilentylomataceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae
4777. Aurantiosporium subnitens (J. 4778. Rhodosporidiobolus colostri (T. 4779. Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae
Schröt. & Henn.) M. Piepenbr., Vánky & Castelli) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. (Holzschu, Tredick & Phaff) Q.M. Wang, F.Y.
Oberw. IF No: 414736 Trophic mode/ & Boekhout IF No: 813375 Trophic mode/ Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout IF No:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/animal 813371 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Scleria melaleuca Dept.: NSA endosymbiont, animal pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen, Habitat: Isolated from pulps of rose apple (“pomarroso”) Dept.:
undefined saprotroph VAC

Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae
4780. Rhodotorula dairenensis (T. Haseg. 4781. Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) F.C. 4782. Rhodotorula graminis Di Menna IF
& I. Banno) Denchev & T. Denchev IF No: Harrison IF No: 266169 Trophic mode/ No: 305278 Trophic mode/Guild:
558291 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: symbiotroph/endophyte Habitat: pathotroph, saprotroph/animal
saprotroph/animal endosymbiont, animal Saprotroph yeast Distribution: Global endosymbiont, animal pathogen,
pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph Distribution Dept.: VAC Uses: HF, MA endophyte, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On
soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.:
BOY

Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae
4783. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (A. Jörg.) 4784. Rhodotorula paludigena (Fell & 4785. Rhodotorula taiwanensis F.L. Lee &
F.C. Harrison IF No: 271749 Trophic mode Tallman) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. C.H. Huang ex Denchev & T. Denchev IF
/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen & Boekhout IF No: 813354 Trophic No: 558289 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph/animal
animal endosymbiont, animal pathogen, endophyte, plant endosymbiont, animal pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen,
pathogen, undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph


Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis, Microbotryomycetes, Incertae sedis, Pucciniomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Sporidiobolales, Sporidiobolaceae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis Helicobasidiales, Helicobasidiaceae
4786. Rhodotorula toruloides (I. Banno) 4787. Curvibasidium cygneicollum J.P. 4788. Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.)
Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Samp. Pat. IF No: 243767 Trophic mode/Guild:
Boekhout IF No: 813358 Trophic mode/ IF No: 371278 pathotroph/plant pathogen
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/animal
endosymbiont, animal pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen,

Pucciniomycetes, Incertae sedis, Pucciniomycetes, Incertae sedis, Pucciniomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Platygloeales, Eocronartiaceae Platygloeales, Eocronartiaceae Platygloeales, Platygloeaceae
4789. Eocronartium muscicola (Pers.) 4790. Jola hookeriarum Möller 4791. Achroomyces blastomyces (Möller)
Fitzp. IF No: 244453 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 151223 Wojewoda IF No: 115603 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
pathogen, undefined saprotroph

Platygloeales, Platygloeaceae Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae
4792. Achroomyces effusus (J. Schröt.) 4793. Chaconia ingae (Syd.) Cummins IF 4794. Goplana ecuadorica Syd.
Mig. IF No: 438128 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 282614 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 263758 Trophic mode/ Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Inga pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
undefined saprotroph adenophylla, Inga edulis, Inga holtonii, Dioscorea sp.
Inga holtonii, Inga lindeniana, Inga aff punctata, Inga rubiginosa,
Inga spuria, Inga vera, Inga sp.

Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae
4795. Goplana ribis–andicolae Berndt IF 4796. Maravalia manettiae Jørst. IF No: 4797. Olivea capituliformis (Henn.) Arthur
No: 460843 Trophic mode/Guild: 300237 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 217435 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Ribes plant pathogen Hosts: Borreria capitata, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
andicola, Ribes ecuadorense, Ribes sp. Manettia calycosa, Manettia Alchornea bogotensis, Alchornea latifolia,
coccocypseloides, Manettia suratensis, Manettia toroi. Alchornea sp.

Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae Pucciniales, Chaconiaceae Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae
4798. Olivea fimbriata (Mains) Cummins & 4799. Olivea tectonae (Racib.) Thirum. IF 4800. Coleosporium asterum (Dietel) Syd.
Y. Hirats. IF No: 115294 Trophic mode/ No: 288870 Trophic mode/Guild: & P. Syd. IF No: 119921 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Vitex sp. Aster x Solidago, Solidago polyglossa,
Solidago sp.

Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae
4801. Coleosporium bocconiae (Mayor) P. 4802. Coleosporium fischeri Mayor IF No: 4803. Coleosporium ipomoeae (Schwein.)
Syd. & Syd. IF No: 172912 Trophic mode/ 178537 Trophic mode/Guild: Burrill IF No: 239841 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph /plant pathogen Hosts:
Evolvulus sp., Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea
caloneura, Ipomoea carnea, Ipomoea hederacea, Ipomoea nil,
Ipomoea tiliacea, Ipomoea sp., Jacquemontia sphaerostigma,
Jacquemontia sp.

Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae Pucciniales, Coleosporiaceae
4804. Coleosporium plumeriae Pat. IF No: 4805. Coleosporium steviae Arthur IF No: 4806. Coleosporium vernoniae Berk. &
121173 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 221163 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph M.A. Curtis IF No: 223567 Trophic mode
/plant pathogen Hosts: Plumeria alba, /plant pathogen Hosts: Eupatorium /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Plumeria rubra, Plumeria sp. macrophyllum Chaetospira funckii, Elephantopus mollis,
Elephantopus sp., Lepidaploa canescens, Pseudelephantopus
spicatus, Pseudelephantopus sp.

Pucciniales, Cronartiaceae Pucciniales, Cronartiaceae Pucciniales, Cronartiaceae
4807. Cronartium pini (Willd.) Jørst. IF No: 4808. Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) 4809. Cronartium uleanum Syd. & P. Syd.
416318 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Miyabe ex Shirai IF No: 240633 Trophic IF No: 535824 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Hosts: Quercus humboldtii, Quercus sp.

Pucciniales, Cronartiaceae Pucciniales, Gymnosporangiaceae Pucciniales, Melampsoraceae
4810. Cronartium wilsonianum Arthur & 4811. Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) 4812. Melampsora coleosporioides Dietel
J.R. Johnst. IF No: 101117 Trophic mode G. Winter IF No: 155313 Trophic mode IF No: 218676 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Salix
babylonica

Pucciniales, Melampsoraceae Pucciniales, Melampsoraceae Pucciniales, Mikronegeriaceae
4813. Melampsora euphorbiae (Ficinus & 4814. Melampsora laricis–populina Kleb. 4815. Blastospora colombiana (Buriticá)
C. Schub.) Castagne IF No: 223157 IF No: 189306 Trophic mode/Guild: M. Salazar, A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph /plant pathogen Hosts: IF No: 519609 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Hosts: Euphorbia peplus Populus nigra var. italica, Populus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
pyramidalis, Populus sp. Apocynaceae

Pucciniales, Mikronegeriaceae Pucciniales, Mikronegeriaceae Pucciniales, Milesinaceae
4816. Chrysocelis lupini Lagerh. & Dietel IF 4817. Chrysocelis muehlenbeckiae 4818. Milesina australis (Arthur) Hirats. IF
No: 220630 Trophic mode/Guild: Lagerh. & Dietel IF No: 220392 Trophic No: 257967 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Lupinus mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
bogotensis, Lupinus humifusus, Lupinus Hosts: Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia, Blechnum occidentale, Blenchum sp.
mutabilis, Lupinus paniculatus, Lupinus sp. Muehlenberkia sp.


Pucciniales, Milesinaceae Pucciniales, Milesinaceae Pucciniales, Milesinaceae
4819. Milesina blechni (Syd. & P. Syd.) 4820. Milesina columbiensis Dietel IF No: 4821. Milesina dennstaedtiae Dietel IF No:
Arthur ex Faull IF No: 122066 Trophic 202939 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 203021 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen /plant pathogen

Pucciniales, Milesinaceae Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae
4822. Milesina murariae (Magnus) Grove 4823. Angiopsora cameliae (Mayor) Mains 4824. Arthuria columbiana (F. Kern &
IF No: 209406 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 251212 Trophic mode/Guild: Whetzel) Cummins IF No: 120208 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Asplenium monanthes Hosts: Croton funckianus, Croton
gossypiifolius, Croton polycarpus, Croton sp.

Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae
4825. Batistopsora pistila Buriticá & J.F. 4826. Catenulopsora petreae Pardo–Card. 4827. Catenulopsora praelonga (Speg.)
Hennen IF No: 542011 Trophic mode/ IF No: 489894 Trophic mode/Guild: Buriticá IF No: 412706 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Petrea Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Annona spraguei aspera, Petrea volubilis Abutilon sp., Hibiscus sp.

4828. Cerotelium coccolobae Buriticá & 4829. Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur IF 4830. Cerotelium ficicola Buriticá & J.F.
J.F. Hennen IF No: 804982 Trophic mode/ No: 100242 Trophic mode/Guild: Hennen IF No: 804977 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Triplaris americana Ficus sp.

4831. Crossopsora bixae Buriticá IF No: 4832. Crossopsora hymenaeae Dianese, 4833. Crossopsora mateleae W.T. Dale IF
312314 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No: 363653 No: 533419 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Bixa orellana Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
pathogen Hosts: Hymenaea courbaril, Matelea hirsuta, Matelea maritima,
Hymenaea sp. Matelea sp., Asclepiadaceae

4834. Crossopsora piperis Berndt, F.O. 4835. Crossopsora stevensii Syd. IF No: 4836. Crossopsorella byrsonimae (Henn.)
Freire & C.N. Bastos IF No: 374745 150511 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph E.S.C. Souza, Aime, Galvão–Elias &
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant /plant pathogen Hosts: Mandevilla Dianese IF No: 823953 Trophic mode/
pathogen Hosts: Piper sp. mollissima Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Byrsonima sp.

4837. Kweilingia divina (Syd.) Buriticá IF 4838. Phakopsora aeschynomenes 4839. Phakopsora apoda (Har. & Pat.)
No: 464056 Trophic mode/Guild: (Arthur) Arthur IF No: 100567 Trophic Mains IF No: 257078 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen
Arthrostylidium sp., Bambusa vulgaris,
Bambusa sp., Chusquea sp., Guadua angustifolia, Poaceae

4840. Phakopsora argentinensis (Speg.) 4841. Phakopsora cheoana Cummins IF 4842. Phakopsora coca Buriticá & J.F.
Arthur IF No: 100681 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 302784 Trophic mode/Guild: Hennen IF No: 442845 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Croton pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cedrela Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
hirtus, Croton hondensis odorata Erythroxylon sp.

4843. Phakopsora compressa (Mains) 4844. Phakopsora crotonis (Cooke) Arthur 4845. Phakopsora cupheae Buriticá IF No:
Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No: 442848 IF No: 451304 Trophic mode/Guild: 413774 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Croton /plant pathogen Hosts: Cuphea
pathogen sanguifluus, Croton sp. balsamona, Cuphea carthagenensis,
Cuphea racemosa, Cuphea serpyllifolia, Cuphea strigulosa,
Cuphea sp.

4846. Phakopsora desmium (Berk. & 4847. Phakopsora euvitis Y. Ono 4848. Phakopsora fenestrala (Arthur)
Broome) Cummins IF No: 289338 Trophic IF No: 464688 Trophic mode/ Guild: Arthur IF No: 100682 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Phyllanthus niruri

4849. Phakopsora jatrophicola (Arthur) 4850. Phakopsora meibomiae (Arthur) 4851. Phakopsora neocherimoliae Buriticá
Cummins IF No: 457688 Trophic mode/ Arthur IF No: 102469 Trophic mode/Guild: & J.F. Hennen IF No: 546833 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Aeschynomene americana, Aeschynomene Hosts: Annona cherimola, Annona sp.
ciliata, Aeschynomene sensitiva, Aeschynomene villosa,
Aeschynomene sp., Centrosema macrocarpum, Crotalaria
anagyroides, Crotalaria incana, Desmodium adscendens,
Desmodium sp.

4852. Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. 4853. Phakopsora pallescens (Arthur) 4854. Phakopsora pardo–cardonae
Syd. IF No: 121037 Trophic mode/Guild: Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No: 442885 Buriticá IF No: 820700 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Glycine Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
max pathogen Hosts: Tripsacum lanceolatum Guatteria cestrifolia


4855. Phakopsora tomentosae Ferreira & 4856. Phakopsora zeae (Mains) Buriticá IF 4857. Phragmidiella bignoniacearum (W.T.
Gasparotto IF No: 646506 Trophic mode No: 442854 Trophic mode/Guild: Dale) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No:
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Zea 804985 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Licania tomentosa diploperennis, Zea maydis. /plant pathogen Hosts: Cydista sp.

4858. Phragmidiella holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) 4859. Phragmidiella minuta (Arthur) 4860. Physopella agrostidis Pardo–Card. &
Buriticá IF No: 442878 Trophic mode Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No: 804987 Gjaerum IF No: 464020 Trophic mode/
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Arrabidaea magnifica pathogen Hosts: Bignoniaceae Agrostis humboldtiana

4861. Physopella artocarpi (Berk. & 4862. Physopella caucensis (Mayor) 4863. Physopella paspalicola (Henn.)
Broome) Arthur Buriticá Buriticá & J.F. Hennen
IF No: 546501 IF No: 442897 IF No: 442849

Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae Pucciniales, Phakopsoraceae Pucciniales, Phragmidiaceae
4864. Physopella sporoboli Pardo–Card. IF 4865. Uredendo anthurii Barrera–Enriquez 4866. Gerwasia columbiensis (F. Kern &
No: 464021 Trophic mode/Guild: & Salazar IF No: 833200 Trophic mode/ Whetzel) Buriticá IF No: 442862 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Sporobolus indicus Anthurium alatum Hosts: Rubus sp.

Pucciniales, Phragmidiaceae Pucciniales, Phragmidiaceae Pucciniales, Phragmidiaceae
4867. Gerwasia cundinamarcensis 4868. Gerwasia lagerheimii (Magnus) 4869. Gerwasia mayorii (H.S. Jacks.)
(Mayor) Buriticá IF No: 442863 Trophic Buriticá IF No: 442864 Trophic mode/ Buriticá IF No: 442865 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Rubus bogotensis, Rubus Rubus adenotrichos, Rubus
nubigenus, Rubus peruvianus, Rubus robustus, Rubus sp. megalococcus, Rubus floribundus, Rubus guyanensis, Rubus
robustus var. robustus, Rubus sp.

4870. Gerwasia quitensis (Lagerh.) 4871. Gerwasia rubi–urticifolii (Mayor) 4872. Gerwasia tayronensis Salazar–
Buriticá IF No: 442860 Trophic mode/ Buriticá IF No: 442866 Trophic mode/ Yepes, Pardo–Card. & Buriticá IF No:
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: 529711 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Rubus adenotrichos, Rubus bogotensis, /plant pathogen Hosts: Rubus robustus
Rubus floribundus, Rubus porphyromallos, Rubus robustus var.
robustus, Rubus urticifolius, Rubus sp.

4873. Gerwasia variabilis (Mayor) Buriticá 4874. Kuehneola loeseneriana (Henn.) 4875. Phragmidium mexicanum (Mains)
IF No: 442867 Trophic mode/Guild: H.S. Jacks. & Holw. IF No: 269677 Trophic H.Y. Yun, Minnis & Aime IF No: 561256
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Rubus mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant
acanthophyllos, Rubus compactus, Rubus Hosts: Rubus compactus, Rubus pathogen Hosts: Duchesnea indica,
floribundus, Rubus guianensis, Rubus guyanensis, Rubus idaeus, floribundus, Rubus glabratus, Rubus macrocarpus, Rubus Duchesnea sp.
Rubus macrocarpus, Rubus megalococcus, Rubus megalococcus, Rubus robustus, Rubus trichomallus, Rubus
porphyromallos, Rubus robustus urticifolius, Rubus sp.

Pucciniales, Phragmidiaceae Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae
4876. Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) 4877. Chrysocyclus cestri (Dietel & Henn.) 4878. Chrysopsora gynoxidis Lagerh. IF
Schltdl. IF No: 211060 Trophic mode/ Syd. IF No: 260360 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 210521 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Gynoxys
Rosa indica, Rosa sp. Cestrum mariquitense, Cestrum sp. sp.

Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae
4879. Dicaeoma triniochloae (Arthur & 4880. Endophyllum circumscriptum 4881. Endophyllum decoloratum
Holw.) Arthur & Fromme IF No: 280696 (Schwein.) Whetzel & Olive IF No: 178992 (Schwein.) Whetzel & Olive IF No: 120304
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
pathogen Hosts: Cissus sicyoides, Cissus pathogen Hosts: Clibadium surinamensis,
sp., Vitaceae Clibadium surinamensis var. asperum, Clibadium zarucchii,
Clibadium sp., Sphagneticola trilobata, Wedelia sp.

4882. Endophyllum stachytarphetae 4883. Endophyllum wedeliae (Earle) 4884. Micropuccinia spegazzinii (De Toni)
(Henn.) Whetzel & Olive IF No: 121449 Whetzel & Olive IF No: 162930 Trophic Arthur & H.S. Jacks.
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen IF No: 278517
pathogen Hosts: Stachytarpheta
cayennensis, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Stachytarpheta
mutabilis, Stachytarpheta sp.

4885. Polioma nivea (Holw.) Arthur IF No: 4886. Polioma pallidissima (Speg.) Syd. IF 4887. Polioma reniformis León–Gall. &
120984 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 273333 Trophic mode/Guild: Cummins IF No: 115631 Trophic mode/
/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Geranium caucense, Geranium hirsutum,
Geranium hirtum, Geranium lindenianum, Geranium mexicanum,
Geranium multipartitum


4888. Polioma unilateralis (Arthur) J.W. 4889. Puccinia abrepta F. Kern IF No: 4890. Puccinia acetosae (Schumach.)
Baxter & Cummins IF No: 304112 Trophic 200829 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Körn. IF No: 196110 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Rumex
caracasanus, Cyperus ferax, Cyperus acetosella
laxus, Cyperus odoratus, Cyperus sp.

4891. Puccinia acnisti Arthur IF No: 4892. Puccinia alia H.S. Jacks. & Holw. IF 4893. Puccinia ancizari Mayor IF No:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Acnistus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Baccharis nitida,
arborescens Baccharis trinervis Baccharis sp.

4894. Puccinia angustatoides R. Stone IF 4895. Puccinia anodae P. Syd. & Syd. IF 4896. Puccinia anthephorae (Syd. & P.
No: 188831 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 185849 Trophic mode/Guild: Syd.) Arthur & J.R. Johnst. IF No: 101933
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Anoda Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
Rhynchospora corymbosa, Rhynchospora cristata, Anoda hastata pathogen Hosts: Anthephora
kunthii hermaphrodita

4897. Puccinia antioquiensis Mayor IF No: 4898. Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holw. IF 4899. Puccinia arachidis Speg.
191381 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 191732 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 182957 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Arachis
Antirrhinum majus hypogaea, Arachis pintoi, Zornia diphylla

4900. Puccinia araguata F. Kern 4901. Puccinia arechavaletae Speg. IF No: 4902. Puccinia arenariae (Schumach.) J.
IF No: 257161 Trophic mode/Guild: 230833 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Schröt. IF No: 231157 Trophic mode
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Cardiospermum /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Paspalum saccharoides grandiflorum, Cardiospermum Dianthus barbatus, Dianthus sp.
halicacabum, Cardiospermum sp., Serjania brevipes, Serjania
clematidea, Serjania grandidens, Serjania sp., Urvillea ulmacea,

4903. Puccinia arracachae Lagerh. & 4904. Puccinia aulica H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 4905. Puccinia baccharidis Dietel & Holw.
Lindr. IF No: 216553 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 257829 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 238163 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph /plant pathogen Hosts:
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Solanum sp. Baccharis latifolia

4906. Puccinia baccharidis–antioquensis 4907. Puccinia baccharidis–rhexioidis 4908. Puccinia barranquillae Mayor IF No:
Vanegas–Berrouet & Salazar–Yepes IF No: Mayor IF No: 238577 Trophic mode/Guild: 243528 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
828239 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Spilanthes urens
plant pathogen Hosts: Baccharis Baccharis rhexioides
antioquensis

4909. Puccinia beckii Mayor IF No: 4910. Puccinia bimbergii Mayor 4911. Puccinia blechi Lagerh.
148462 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph IF No: 635271 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 633985 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Lepidaploa pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen
canescens, Lepidaploa cotoneaster, Heliopsis buphthalmoides, Heliopsis
Lepidaploa trilectorum, Vernonia sp. oppositifolia, Viguiera mucronata

4912. Puccinia bogotensis Mayor IF No: 4913. Puccinia bomareae Henn. 4914. Puccinia bombacis Dietel
146054 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 239003 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 239473 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Geranium pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bombax
multiceps Bomarea lehmannii, Bomarea racemosa sp.

4915. Puccinia brachypodii G.H. Otth IF 4916. Puccinia bupleuri F. Rudolphi IF No: 4917. Puccinia buriticae Pardo–Card. IF
No: 249291 Trophic mode/Guild: 158317 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 464067 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Bupleurum pathotroph/plant pathogen
Alopecurus aequalis, Anthoxanthum rotundifolium
odoratum, Poa annua, Poa infirma, Poa pratensis, Poidium
juergensii

4918. Puccinia caeomatiformis Lagerh. IF 4919. Puccinia caldasii Salazar–Yepes & 4920. Puccinia caleae Arthur
No: 152667 Trophic mode/Guild: Buriticá IF No: 546497 Trophic mode/ IF No: 152521 Trophic mode/ Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Calea
Baccharis floribunda, Baccharis latifolia, Euphorbia laurifolia jamaicensis, Calea glomerata
Baccharis polyantha, Baccharis pululahuensis, Baccharis
trinervis, Baccharis sp.

4921. Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) 4922. Puccinia capsici Mayor IF No: 4923. Puccinia capsicicola F. Kern &
Lagerh. IF No: 179101 Trophic mode/ 178734 Trophic mode/Guild: Thurst. IF No: 290153 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph /plant pathogen
Cyperus ferax, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum
surinamensis, Cyperus sp. dimorphum, Capsicum sp.


4924. Puccinia caracasana Syd. IF No: 4925. Puccinia caricina DC. IF No: 156990 4926. Puccinia cenchri Dietel & Holw. IF
259734 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant No: 158928 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Wedelia frutescens pathogen Hosts: Carex bonplandii, Carex pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
luridiformis, Carex sp. Cenchrus echinatus, Cenchrus sp.,
Pennisetum bambusiforme

4927. Puccinia cephalotes W.T. Dale IF No: 4928. Puccinia chaetochloae (Arthur) 4929. Puccinia chardoniensis Pardo–Card.
304596 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Arthur IF No: 161822 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 464068 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora sp. pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Paspalum macrophyllum, Paspalum Baccharis trinervis
virgatum

4930. Puccinia chaseana Arthur & 4931. Puccinia circinata (Schwein.) Arthur 4932. Puccinia claviformis Lagerh. IF No:
Fromme IF No: 118839 Trophic mode/ IF No: 180688 Trophic mode/Guild: 190619 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Lycianthes radiata,
Anthephora hermaphrodita Stigmaphyllon aff. bogotense, Solanum diversifolium, Solanum
Stigmaphyllon sp. dolichosepalum, Solanum ecuadorense, Solanum hirtum,
Solanum myrianthum, Solanum ovalifolium, Solanum pseudolulo,
Solanum scorpioide

4933. Puccinia cnici–oleracei Pers. IF No: 4934. Puccinia colignoniae Speg. IF No: 4935. Puccinia conoclinii Seym.
187763 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 637801 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 215559 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Acmella americana, /plant pathogen Hosts: Boerhavia sp. pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Acmella ciliata, Acmella mutisii, Acmella Ageratum ballotaefolium, Ageratum
sp., Ayapana turbacensis, Calendula officinalis, Eclipta prostata, conyzoides, Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum,
Eleutheranthera ruderalis, Eleuthe sp. Asplundianthus densus

4936. Puccinia conspersa Dietel 4937. Puccinia consueta H.S. Jacks. & 4938. Puccinia conturbata H.S. Jacks. &
IF No: 203155 Trophic mode/Guild: Holw. IF No: 487461 Trophic mode/Guild: Holw. IF No: 261845 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Salvia pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Salvia
carnea, Salvia sp. Baccharis decussata palifolia

4939. Puccinia convolvulacearum Mayor 4940. Puccinia conyzella P. Syd. & Syd. IF 4941. Puccinia cordiae Arthur IF No:
IF No: 203379 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 212137 Trophic mode/Guild: 208288 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Conyza /plant pathogen Hosts: Cordia alliodora,
bonariensis Cordia sp.

4942. Puccinia cordiarum M. Salazar & 4943. Puccinia cordiicola Pardo–Card. IF 4944. Puccinia coronata Corda
J.C. Gómez IF No: 823064 Trophic mode/ No: 464040 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 143930 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Agrostis
Cordia cylindrostachya, Cordia sp. humboldtiana, Agrostis perennans, Avena
sativa, Brachypodium mexicanum, Bromus pitensis,
Calamagrostis planifolia, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca sp.,
Holcus sp.

4945. Puccinia crassipes Berk. & M.A. 4946. Puccinia cundinamarcensis Mayor 4947. Puccinia cynanchi Schwein. IF No:
Curtis IF No: 247815 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 219311 Trophic mode/Guild: 216440 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Exolobus sp.,
Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea caloneura, Mesechites trifidus, Oxypetalum
Ipomoea congesta, Ipomoea carnea, Ipomoea hederifolia, cordifolium, Sarcostemma glaucum, Apocynaceae
Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea tiliacea, Ipomoea trifida, Ipomoea sp.

4948. Puccinia cynodontis Lacroix ex 4949. Puccinia cyperi Arthur 4950. Puccinia cyperi–tagetiformis (Henn.)
Desm. IF No: 224089 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 223536 Trophic mode/Guild: F. Kern IF No: 223695 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Erigeron Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Cynodon dactylon bonariensis, Cyperus caracasanus, Cyperus surinamensis, Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus globulosus, Cyperus mutisii, Cyperus sp.

4951. Puccinia dichromenae (Arthur) H.S. 4952. Puccinia dioicae Magnus 4953. Puccinia discreta H.S. Jacks. &
Jacks. IF No: 251836 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 243502 Trophic mode/ Guild: Holw. IF No: 144322 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Carex pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Dichromena ciliata, Dichromena bonplandii, Carex cf. chordalis, Carex Lepidaploa canescens, Vernonanthura
polystachys, Dichromena radicans, Dichromena sp. purdiei brasiliana

4954. Puccinia dolosa Arthur & Fromme IF 4955. Puccinia dubia Mayor IF No: 4956. Puccinia duthiei Ellis & Tracy IF No:
No: 118950 Trophic mode/Guild: 207939 Trophic mode/Guild: 535790 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Andropogon
Paspalum paniculatum leucostachyus, Andropogon selloanus,
Bothriochloa pertusa, Dichanthium aristatum, Dichanthium sp.


4957. Puccinia emiliae Henn. 4958. Puccinia enamii Pardo–Card. IF No: 4959. Puccinia enceliae Dietel & Holw. IF
IF No: 202761 Trophic mode/Guild: 489572 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 212375 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Emilia /plant pathogen Hosts: Alternanthera pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Tithonia
coccinea, Emilia sagittata, Emilia polygonoides diversifolia
sonchifolia

4960. Puccinia epiphylla (L.) Wettst. IF No: 4961. Puccinia eragrostidicola F. Kern, 4962. Puccinia eritraeensis Pazschke IF
214121 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Thurst. & Whetzel IF No: 264111 Trophic No: 622955 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Eragrostis inconstans Andropogon gayanus

4963. Puccinia erythraeensis Pazschke IF 4964. Puccinia esclavensis Dietel & Holw. 4965. Puccinia eupatorii Dietel IF No:
No: 170149 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 169730 Trophic mode/Guild: 158929 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Eupatorium
Paspalum prostratum, Pennisetum ballotifolium
bambusiforme, Trichachne insularis

4966. Puccinia eupatoriicola Mayor IF No: 4967. Puccinia eupatorii–columbiani 4968. Puccinia evadens Harkn.
159071 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Mayor IF No: 159269 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 172822 Trophic mode/ Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Ageratum pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
conyzoides, Critoniella vargasiana, Chromolaena columbiana Baccharis cassinifolia
Fleischmannia pycnocephala, Eupatorium schiedeanum

4969. Puccinia exilis P. Syd. & Syd. IF No: 4970. Puccinia exornata Arthur 4971. Puccinia ferox Dietel & Holw. IF No:
167266 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 120440 Trophic mode/ Guild: 154273 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Pavonia pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Verbesina
sp. Baccharis conyzoides, Baccharis trinervis conyzoides, Verbesina nudipes, Verbesina
verbascifolia, Verbesina sp.

4972. Puccinia festata H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 4973. Puccinia filopes Arthur & Holw. IF 4974. Puccinia fimbristylidis Arthur IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Fimbristylis annua,
Euphorbia sp. Buettneria carthgenensis Fimbristylis complanata

4975. Puccinia flaccida Berk. & Broome IF 4976. Puccinia fuhrmannii Mayor IF No: 4977. Puccinia fumosa Holw. IF No:
No: 149013 Trophic mode/Guild: 628758 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 144216 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Justicia /plant pathogen Hosts: Loeselia
Echinochloa crus–galli filibracteolata, Justicia secunda var. glandulosa
intermedia

4978. Puccinia fusagasugensis Salazar– 4979. Puccinia garcesispora Pardo–Card. 4980. Puccinia garcilassae Pardo–Card. IF
Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 546491 Trophic IF No: 464127 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 442879 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Baccharis decussata Chaenocephalus arboreus, Verbesina Garcilassa rivularis
nudipes, Verbesina sp.

4981. Puccinia gesneriacearum Dietel IF 4982. Puccinia gnaphaliicola Henn. IF No: 4983. Puccinia gonzalezii Mayor
No: 182655 Trophic mode/Guild: 165299 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 503547 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Gnaphalium pathotroph/plant pathogen
Columnea picta, Gesneriaceae antennarioides, Gnaphalium spicatum

4984. Puccinia gouaniae Holw. IF No: 4985. Puccinia graminis Pers. 4986. Puccinia helianthi Schwein. IF No:
plant pathogen Hosts: Gouania tomentosa, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Agrostis plant pathogen Hosts: Helianthus annuus
Gouania sp. perennans, Agrostis sp., Anthoxanthum
odoratum, Avena sativa, Calamagrostis pittieri, Echinochloa
colonum, Hordeum vulgare, Phalaris sp., Phleum pratense,
Sporobolus sp.

4987. Puccinia heliconiae (Dietel) Arthur IF 4988. Puccinia heliocarpi P. Syd. & Syd. IF 4989. Puccinia heliotropii F. Kern &
No: 175107 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 175451 Trophic mode/Guild: Kellerm. IF No: 157790 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Heliconia latispatha, Heliconia sp. Heliotropium indicum

4990. Puccinia hemerocallidis Thüm. IF 4991. Puccinia heterospora Berk. & M.A. 4992. Puccinia hieracii (Röhl.) H. Mart. IF
No: 157213 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 245528 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 245124 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Abutilon pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hemerocallis x hybrida, Hemerocallis sp. umbellatum, Anoda cristata, Anoda Hieracium avilae, Hieracium frigidum,
acerifolia, Anoda hastata, Bastardia viscosa, Hampea Hieracium sp., Taraxacum officinale
thespesioides, Malva sylvestris, Malvastrum peruvianum


4993. Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth 4994. Puccinia horiana Henn. 4995. Puccinia huberi Henn. IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Festuca pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
dertonensis, Holcus lanatus, Hordeum Chrysanthemum sp. Panicum trichoides
vulgare

4996. Puccinia humahuacensis J.C. Lindq. 4997. Puccinia hydrocotyles (Mont.) Cooke 4998. Puccinia hydrophylli Peck & Clinton
IF No: 119089 IF No: 242783 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 242470 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Hydrocotyle Hydrophyllum sp.
bonplandii, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Hydrocotyle humboldtii,
Hydrocotyle leucocephala, Hydrocotyle quinqueloba, Hydrocotyle
umbellata, Hydrocotyle sp.

4999. Puccinia hyptidis (M.A. Curtis) Tracy 5000. Puccinia hyptidis–mutabilis Mayor 5001. Puccinia ichnanthi Mains
& Earle IF No: 147116 Trophic mode/ IF No: 147528 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 252666 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Hyptis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hyptis brachiata, Hyptis capitata, Hyptis mutabilis, Hyptis sp. Ichnanthus sp.
excelsa, Hyptis sp.

5002. Puccinia imitans P. Syd. & Syd. IF 5003. Puccinia immensispora F. Kern & 5004. Puccinia impedita Mains & Holw. IF
No: 235326 Trophic mode/Guild: Thurst. IF No: 290204 Trophic mode/ No: 235419 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Salvia
Solanum nigrum Diplostephium sp. cataractarum, Salvia mayorii, Salvia
petiolaris, Salvia scutellarioides, Salvia sp.

5005. Puccinia improcera H.S. Jacks. & 5006. Puccinia inaequata H.S. Jacks. & 5007. Puccinia inanipes Dietel & Holw. IF
Holw. IF No: 267735 Trophic mode/Guild: Holw. IF No: 142463 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 141774 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Baccharis sp. Vernonanthura patens Condylidium iresinoides

5008. Puccinia inclita Arthur 5009. Puccinia iniapii Buriticá 5010. Puccinia insueta G. Winter
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Ichnanthus ichnodes, Ichnanthus pallens Stigmaphyllon sp.

5011. Puccinia interjecta H.S. Jacks. IF No: 5012. Puccinia invaginata Arthur & J.R. 5013. Puccinia investita Schwein. IF No:
268020 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Johnst. IF No: 101083 Trophic mode/ 234540 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
plant pathogen Hosts: Baccharis latifolia Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Achyrocline alata
Gouania sp.

5014. Puccinia irregularis Dietel 5015. Puccinia isachnicola Pardo–Card. IF 5016. Puccinia jericosensis Pardo–Card. IF
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Isachne pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Aspilia
Chaenocephalus arboreus arundinacea lehmannii, Aspilia quinquenervis, Aspilia
patentipilis

5017. Puccinia justiciae Puttemans IF No: 5018. Puccinia kuehnii (W. Krüger) E.J. 5019. Puccinia kyllingae–brevifoliae Miura
119145 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Butler IF No: 243512 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 268728 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Justicia pectoralis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Kyllinga
Saccharum officinarum brevifolia, Kyllinga odorata, Kyllinga sp.

5020. Puccinia lantanae Farl. IF No: 5021. Puccinia lateripes Berk. & Ravenel 5022. Puccinia lateritia Berk. & M.A. Curtis
141637 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 141317 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 141582 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Elytraria acaulis, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Diodia
Lantana armata, L. camara, L. hispida, L. Blechum blechum, Blechum pyramidatum, cymosa, Diodia sp., Spermacoce alata,
lopez–palacii, L. maxima, L. moritziana, L. tiliifolia, L. trifolia, Blechum sp. Spermacoce assurgens, Spermacoce capitata, Spermacoce
Lantana sp. confusa, Spermacoce laevis, Spermacoce latifolia, Spermacoce
ocymoides, Spermacoce spinosa

5023. Puccinia leonotidicola Henn. IF No: 5024. Puccinia leptochloae Arthur & 5025. Puccinia levis (Sacc. & Bizz.)
219327 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Fromme IF No: 119185 Trophic mode/ Magnus IF No: 216640 Trophic mode/
/plant pathogen Hosts: Leonotis Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
nepetifolia, Leonotis sp. Talinum patens Axonopus scoparius, Brachiaria
decumbens, Digitaria bicornis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Isachne
arundinacea, Manisuris granularis, Paspalum fournierianum


5026. Puccinia liabi Mayor IF No: 224640 5027. Puccinia liabicola F. Kern & Thurst. 5028. Puccinia liberta F. Kern
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant IF No: 290219 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 224154 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Hosts: Liabum hastatum, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Liabum pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Liabum hastifolium, Liabum sp., Onoseris sp. Eleocharis geniculata
onoseroides

5029. Puccinia lithospermi Ellis & Kellerm. 5030. Puccinia longiana Syd. & P. Syd. IF 5031. Puccinia lucumae F. Kern, Thurst. &
IF No: 228662 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 218935 Trophic mode/Guild: Whetzel IF No: 269844 Trophic mode/
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Ruellia Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Evolvulus villosus, Evolvulus sp. tuberosa Lucuma sp.

5032. Puccinia macra Arthur & Holw. IF 5033. Puccinia macropoda Speg. IF No: 5034. Puccinia majuscula H.S. Jacks. &
No: 239253 Trophic mode/Guild: 239703 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Holw. IF No: 270381 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Iresine paniculata, pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Paspalum candidum, Paspalum Iresine sp. Senecio sp.
paniculatum, Paspalum prostratum, Paspalum trianae

5035. Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex 5036. Puccinia marisci Mayor 5037. Puccinia mayerhansii Mayor IF No:
Mont. IF No: 241623 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 149357 Trophic mode/Guild: 234304 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Althaea pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus /plant pathogen Hosts: Baccharis nitida,
rosea, Anoda hastata, Hibiscus sp., Malva flavomariscus, Cyperus hermaphroditus, Baccharis orinocensis
parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Malva sp., Malvastrum americanum, Cyperus sp.
Malvastrum corchorifolium, Malvastrum coromandelianum,
Malvastrum peruvianum

5038. Puccinia medellinensis Mayor IF No: 5039. Puccinia melampodii Dietel & Holw. 5040. Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P.
143389 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 142996 Trophic mode/Guild: Syd. IF No: 143424 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Hyptis mutabilis, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hyptis pectinata Melampodium divaricatum Saccharum officinarum

5041. Puccinia menthae Pers. IF No: 5042. Puccinia menthae var. basiporula 5043. Puccinia microhyalinis Salazar–
233447 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ J.W. Baxter IF No: 350198 Trophic mode/ Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 546490 Trophic
plant pathogen Hosts: Hyptis mutabilis var. Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
spicata, Mentha aquatica, Mentha viridis, Hyptis mutabilis var. spicata, Mentha Hosts: Thumbergia sp.
Mentha sp., Origanum vulgare aquatica, Mentha viridis, Mentha sp., Origanum vulgare

5044. Puccinia mogiphanis (Juel) Arthur IF 5045. Puccinia montoyae Mayor 5046. Puccinia montserrates Mayor IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Baccharis
Alternanthera halimifolia Baccharis floribunda bogotensis

5047. Puccinia mutisiae Lagerh. IF No: 5048. Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel IF No: 5049. Puccinia narinensis F. Kern &
207485 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 214825 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Whetzel IF No: 272039 Trophic mode
/plant pathogen Hosts: Jungia ferruginea, /plant pathogen Hosts: Cymbopogon /Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen
Jungia sp. citratus

5050. Puccinia neorotundata Cummins IF 5051. Puccinia oahuensis Ellis & Everh. IF 5052. Puccinia obliqua Berk. & M.A. Curtis
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Digitaria pathotroph/plant pathogen
Vernonanthura brasiliana, Vernonanthura decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Digitaria
patens, Vernonia scabra, Vernonia sp. sanguinalis

5053. Puccinia obliquoseptata Vienn.– 5054. Puccinia oblongula H.S. Jacks. & 5055. Puccinia obregonensis Pardo–Card.
Bourg. IF No: 304721 Trophic mode/Guild: Holw. IF No: 272580 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 474790 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Pariana pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen
sp. Rynchospora archeri, Rynchospora sp.

5056. Puccinia obrepta H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5057. Puccinia offuscata Arthur IF No: 5058. Puccinia oncidii Cummins IF No:
IF No: 272587 Trophic mode/Guild: 249150 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph 337962 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Wedelia /plant pathogen Hosts: Zornia diphylla /plant pathogen Hosts: Pleurothallis sp.
latifolia

5059. Puccinia oritrophii Vanegas– 5060. Puccinia ortizii Mayor IF No: 5061. Puccinia oxalidis Dietel & Ellis IF No:
Berrouet & Salazar–Yepes IF No: 828240 629753 Trophic mode/Guild: 191096 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Oxalis corniculata,
pathogen Hosts: Oritrophium peruvianum Brachistus hebephyllus Oxalis latifolia, Oxalis lotoides, Oxalis
martiana, Oxalis pubescens, Oxalis sp.


5062. Puccinia oyedaeae Mayor 5063. Puccinia pallor Arthur & Holw. IF No: 5064. Puccinia pampeana Speg. IF No:
IF No: 181668 Trophic mode/Guild: 194704 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 201376 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Bomarea /plant pathogen Hosts: Capsicum annuum,
Oyedaea aff. buphthalmoides bredemeyerana, Bomarea caldasii, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chinense,
Bomarea patacocensis Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum sp., Dunalia solanacea

5065. Puccinia paramensis Mayor IF No: 5066. Puccinia paranahybae Henn. IF No: 5067. Puccinia pelargonii–zonalis Doidge
196166 Trophic mode/Guild: 195957 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 273824 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Pelargonium odoratissimum, Pelargonium
zonale, Pelargonium sp.

5068. Puccinia peperomiae J.C. Lindq. IF 5069. Puccinia pereziae Henn. 5070. Puccinia phyllostachydis Kusano IF
No: 304734 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 167788 Trophic mode/ Guild: No: 160813 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Perezia pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Peperomia pennelli, Piper antioquiense, multiflora Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa sp.,
Piper cabellense, Piper crassinervium, Piper hartwegianum, Piper Chusquea scandens
umbellatum, Piper sp.

5071. Puccinia pimpinellae (F. Strauss) 5072. Puccinia pitcairniae Lagerh. IF No: 5073. Puccinia pittieriana Henn.
Link IF No: 173427 Trophic mode/Guild: 151736 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 151891 Trophic mode/ Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Pitcairnia trianae, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Pimpinella anisum Pitcairnia sp., Tillandsia sp. Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum
andigenum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum sp.

5074. Puccinia poarum Nielsen 5075. Puccinia polygoni–amphibii Pers. IF 5076. Puccinia polymniae H.S. Jacks. &
IF No: 194454 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 227792 Trophic mode/Guild: Holw. IF No: 274950 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Poa sp. pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Persicaria hydropiperoides, Persicaria Polymnia pyramidalis, Polymnia riparia
persicarioides, Persicaria punctata, Persicaria sp., Polygonum
acre, Polygonum acetosum, Polygonum punctatum, Polygonum
sp.

5077. Puccinia polysora Underw. 5078. Puccinia porphyretica H.S. Jacks. & 5079. Puccinia porri (Sowerby) G. Winter IF
IF No: 179511 Trophic mode/ Guild: Holw. IF No: 275092 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 190235 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Stachys pathotroph/plant pathogen
Tripsacum laxum, Zea mays mayorii

5080. Puccinia posadensis Sacc. & Trotter 5081. Puccinia pseudoatra Cummins IF 5082. Puccinia punctata Link IF No:
Andropogon sp. Paspalum trianae Relbunium hypocarpium

5083. Puccinia purpurea Cooke IF No: 5084. Puccinia puta H.S. Jacks. & Holw. ex 5085. Puccinia puttemansii Henn. IF No:
209479 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph F. Kern, Thurst. & Whetzel IF No: 306181 244304 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen Hosts: Sorghum Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant /plant pathogen Hosts: Panicum sciurotis,
halapense, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sp. pathogen Hosts: Ipomoea batatas, Panicum sellowii
Ipomoea carnea

5086. Puccinia pygmaea Erikss. 5087. Puccinia raunkiaerii Ferd. & Winge 5088. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex
IF No: 143782 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 145027 Trophic mode/Guild: Desm. IF No: 145187 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Agrostis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Rivina pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bromus
sp., Calamagrostis effusa humilis pitensis, Bromus unioloides, Calamagrostis
bogotensis, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum

5089. Puccinia rivinae Speg. IF No: 5090. Puccinia roseanae Arthur IF No: 5091. Puccinia rouliniae Henn. IF No:
172199 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 165878 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 238982 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Eucharis sp. /plant pathogen Hosts: Cynanchum sp.

5092. Puccinia ruderaria H.S. Jacks. & 5093. Puccinia ruelliae Lagerh. IF No: 5094. Puccinia ruizensis Mayor IF No:
Holw. IF No: 277009 Trophic mode/Guild: 247461 Trophic mode/Guild: 246721 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Oreomyrrhis
Baccharis jelskii andicola

5095. Puccinia salviicola Dietel & Holw. IF 5096. Puccinia samperi Mayor IF No: 5097. Puccinia sana H.S. Jacks. & Holw. IF
No: 237646 Trophic mode/Guild: 238001 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 277390 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Chaenocephalus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Salvia
arboreus sp.


5098. Puccinia sarachae Mayor IF No: 5099. Puccinia schedonnardi Kellerm. & 5100. Puccinia schileana Speg.
141063 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Swingle IF No: 279203 Trophic mode/ IF No: 242106 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Jaltomata sp., Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Saracha edulis, Saracha jaltomata, Sporobolus indicus Parthenium hysterophorus, Viguiera sp.
Jaltomata cf. repandidentata, Witheringia solanacea

5101. Puccinia schistocarphae H.S. Jacks. 5102. Puccinia schultesianthi Pardo, Gallo, 5103. Puccinia scleriae (Pazschke) Arthur
& Holw. IF No: 146818 Trophic mode/ Salazar & Buriticá IF No: 646507 Trophic IF No: 119486 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Schistocarpha eupatorioides, Hosts: Schultesianthus coriaceu Passiflora ambigua, Passiflora capsularis,
Schistocarpha sp. Passiflora sp., Scleria melaleuca, Scleria neogranatensis, Scleria
sp.

5104. Puccinia scleriicola Arthur IF No: 5105. Puccinia smilacis Schwein. IF No: 5106. Puccinia solanicola Mayor
250360 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 181720 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 225980 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Passiflora sp., plant pathogen Hosts: Smilax cumanensis pathotroph/plant pathogen
Scleria bracteata, Scleria sp.

5107. Puccinia solani–micranthi Pardo IF 5108. Puccinia solani–tristis Henn. IF No: 5109. Puccinia soledadensis Mayor IF No:
No: 646683 Trophic mode/Guild: 225821 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 198932 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Solanum sp. /plant pathogen Hosts: Salvia bogotensis,
Salvia calocalicina, Salvia latens, Salvia
laurifolia, Salvia occidentalis, Salvia pauciserrata, Salvia
scutellarioides, Salvia sp., Lamiaceae

5110. Puccinia sonsonensis Vanegas, 5111. Puccinia sorghi Schwein. 5112. Puccinia sphenospora P. Syd. & Syd.
Pardo–Cardona & Salazar–Yepez IF No: IF No: 194826 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 231109 Trophic mode/Guild:
823741 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Zea pathotroph/plant pathogen
/plant pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora sp. mays

5113. Puccinia spilanthicola Mayor IF No: 5114. Puccinia steiractiniae H.S. Jacks. & 5115. Puccinia striiformis Westend. IF No:
196365 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Holw. IF No: 278776 Trophic mode/Guild: 227064 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Calamagrostis
Steiractinia klattii, Steiractinia rosei, effusa, Calamagrostis pittieri,
Steiractinia oyedaeoides, Steriractinia sp. Calamagrostis viridiflavescens, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus
lanatus, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Triticum sp.

5116. Puccinia striolata (Speg.) Arthur & 5117. Puccinia subcoronata Henn. IF No: 5118. Puccinia subdigitata Arthur & Holw.
J.R. Johnst. IF No: 478006 Trophic mode/ 229282 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 229353 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus diffusus, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
C. hermaphroditus Brachypodium sp.

5119. Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. 5120. Puccinia tageticola Dietel & Holw. IF 5121. Puccinia tanaceti DC. IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Tagetes pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Chaetochloa geniculata, Digitaria erecta, Tagetes microglossa, Tagetes Artemisia dracunculina, Artemisia sp.,
decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Digitaria patula, Tagetes sp. Chrysanthemum sp.
sp., Panicum maximum, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum
humboldtianum, Paspalum sp.

5122. Puccinia thaliae Dietel IF No: 5123. Puccinia tillandsiae Cummins & 5124. Puccinia tolimensis Mayor
170747 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Pollack IF No: 322072 Trophic mode/ IF No: 166240 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Calathea lutea, Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Calathea sp., Canna coccinea, Canna Tillandsia sp. Ayapana turbacensis, Eupatorium sp.
edulis, Canna indica, Canna sp., Maranta sp.

5125. Puccinia trifolii R. Hedw. IF No: 5126. Puccinia tripsaci Dietel & Holw. IF 5127. Puccinia variabilis Grev. IF No:
167373 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 167347 Trophic mode/Guild: 162621 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Taraxacum
Tripsacum sp. officinale, Taraxacum dens–leonis,
Taraxacum sp.

5128. Puccinia varioides Jørst. IF No: 5129. Puccinia verbeniphila J.C. Lindq. IF 5130. Puccinia vernoniae–mollis Mayor IF
121633 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph No: 322076 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 157464 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Aphelandra sp. pathotroph /plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Verbena hispida Lepidaploa canescens, Vernonia sp.


5131. Puccinia viatica J.F. Hennen & 5132. Puccinia wedeliae Mayor 5133. Puccinia zexmeniicola F. Kern, Cif. &
Cummins IF No: 322077 Trophic mode IF No: 194480 Trophic mode/Guild: Thurst. IF No: 282316 Trophic mode/
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Porophyllum ruderale Zexmenia iners

5134. Uromyces anguriae H.S. Jacks. & 5135. Uromyces antioquiensis Mayor IF 5136. Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.)
Holw. IF No: 256874 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 214812 Trophic mode/Guild: Link IF No: 204781 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Gurania pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
sp. Rhynchospora nervosa, Rhynchospora Macroptilium atropurpureum,
polyphylla Macroptilium lathyroides, Phaseolus aff. dumosus, Phaseolus
lunatus, Phaseolus vestitus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus sp.

5137. Uromyces asclepiadis Cooke IF No: 5138. Uromyces beticola (Bellynck) 5139. Uromyces bidenticola (Henn.) Arthur
213741 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Boerema, Loer. & Hamers IF No: 131936 IF No: 101940 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bidens
pathogen cynapifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens rubifolia,
Bidens squarrosa, Bidens sp.

5140. Uromyces bidentis Lagerh. 5141. Uromyces celosiae Dietel & Holw. IF 5142. Uromyces cestri (Bertero ex Mont.)
IF No: 176897 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 165885 Trophic mode/Guild: Lév. IF No: 515771 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bidens pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Iresine pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
cynapifolia, Bidens pilosa diffusa Cestrum parviflorum, Cestrum
tomentosum, Cestrum sp., Solanaceae

5143. Uromyces cisneroanus Speg. IF No: 5144. Uromyces clarus H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5145. Uromyces clignyi Pat. & Har. IF No:
plant pathogen Hosts: Sapium taburu pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Iresine plant pathogen Hosts: Bothriochloa
paniculata, Iresine sp. pertusa, Botriochloa, Brachiaria distachya,
Dichanthium annulatum, Dichanthium aristatum

5146. Uromyces colombianus Barrera– 5147. Uromyces columbianus Mayor IF No: 5148. Uromyces commelinae Cooke IF No:
Enriquez & Salazar–Yepes IF No: 833211 204730 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 205098 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant /plant pathogen Hosts: Melanthera aspera plant pathogen Hosts: Callisia cordifolia,
pathogen Hosts: Struthanthus sp. Callisia gracilis, Callisia repens,
Commelina diffusa, Commelina erecta, Commelina elegans,
Commelina virginica, Commelina sp.; Geogenanthus sp.,
Tradescantia sp.

5149. Uromyces costaricensis Syd. IF No: 5150. Uromyces crotalariae–nitens 5151. Uromyces cruchetii Mayor
262168 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Salazar–Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 546499 IF No: 635265 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Lasiacis ruscifolia, Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Borreria
Lasiacis sorghoidea pathogen Hosts: Crotalaria anagyroides, tenella
Crotalaria nitens

5152. Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl IF 5153. Uromyces dolicholi Arthur 5154. Uromyces emmeorhizae Syd. IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cajanus /plant pathogen Hosts: Emmeorhiza
Dianthus cariophyllus cajan, Cajanus indicus, Rhynchosia aff. umbellata
longeracemosa, Rhynchosia minima

5155. Uromyces eragrostidis Tracy IF No: 5156. Uromyces euphorbiae Cooke & Peck 5157. Uromyces fallens (Arthur) Barthol. IF
160891 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 152953 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 252093 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Eragrostis ciliaris, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Eragrostis pilosa, Eragrostis tephrosanthos Chamaesyce brasiliensis, Chamaesyce
hirta, Chamaesyce hypericifolia, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia,
Euphorbia glomerifera, Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia
lasiocarpa

5158. Uromyces geranii (DC.) G.H. Otth & 5159. Uromyces gigantiformis Salazar– 5160. Uromyces gladioli Henn.
Wartm. IF No: 220572 Trophic mode/ Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 546494 Trophic IF No: 232342 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Bidens sp. Gladiolus x hortulanus, Gladiolus sp.

5161. Uromyces guraniae Mayor 5162. Uromyces hedysari–paniculati 5163. Uromyces illotus Arthur & Holw. IF
IF No: 224356 Trophic mode/Guild: (Schwein.) Farl. IF No: 229458 Trophic No: 237757 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Gurania mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Mucuna
sp. Hosts: Desmodium axillare, Desmodium sp.
cajanifolium, Desmodium intortum, Desmodium mexicanum,
Desmodium scorpiurus, Desmodium tortuosum, Desmodium
uncinatum, Desmodium sp.


5164. Uromyces indigoferae Dietel & Holw. 5165. Uromyces iresines Lagerh. 5166. Uromyces jatrophae Dietel & Holw.
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Iresine pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Manihot
Indigofera trita diffusa, Iresine paniculata esculenta

5167. Uromyces manihotis Henn. IF No: 5168. Uromyces mayorii Tranzschel IF No: 5169. Uromyces megalosporus Speg. IF
198653 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 198615 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 230931 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Manihot esculenta plant pathogen Hosts: Chamaesyce hirta, pathotroph/plant pathogen
Euphorbia orbiculata

5170. Uromyces mulini J. Schröt. 5171. Uromyces myrsines Dietel 5172. Uromyces niteroyensis Rangel IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Azorella pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Myrsine /plant pathogen Hosts: Panicum
crenata coriacea sellowiiSetaria parviflora

5173. Uromyces nothoscordi Syd. & P. 5174. Uromyces novissimus Speg. IF No: 5175. Uromyces novissimus var.
Syd. IF No: 229933 Trophic mode/Guild: 196010 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph cissampeli (Dietel) Berndt
pathotroph/ plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Cayaponia IF No: 545176
racemosa, Cayaponia sp., Cissampelos sp.,
Luffa sp., Melothria guadalupensis

5176. Uromyces occultus J.C. Lindq. IF No: 5177. Uromyces phtirusae Mayor IF No: 5178. Uromyces polymniae (Henn.) Dietel
307571 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 189783 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph & Holw. IF No: 187171 Trophic mode/
/plant pathogen Hosts: Juncus densiflorus, /plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Juncus echinocephalus Polymnia glabrata Polymnia sp.

5179. Uromyces porcensis Mayor IF No: 5180. Uromyces ratoides Jørst. 5181. Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G.
187155 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 307578 Trophic mode/Guild: Winter IF No: 208977 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Rumex
Cayaponia simplicifolia, Cayaponia sp. crispus, Rumex nepalensis, Rumex
obtusifolius, Rumex sp.

5182. Uromyces scleriae Henn. 5183. Uromyces setariae–italicae Yoshino 5184. Uromyces smilacis Mayor
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Scleria pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Smilax
melaleuca Brachiaria humidicola, Brachiaria mutica, sp.
Brachiaria plantaginea, Brachiaria radicans, Brachiaria sp.,
Melinis minutiflora

5185. Uromyces socius Arthur & Holw. IF 5186. Uromyces solani Dietel & Holw. IF 5187. Uromyces spegazzinii (De Toni)
No: 214740 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 204819 Trophic mode/Guild: Arthur IF No: 210279 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen
Struthanthus sp. Solanum sp.

5188. Uromyces striatus J. Schröt. IF No: 5189. Uromyces tenuistipes Dietel & Holw. 5190. Uromyces transversalis (Thüm.) G.
207871 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ IF No: 166778 Trophic mode/Guild: Winter IF No: 209938 Trophic mode/Guild:
plant pathogen Hosts: Medicago hispida, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Medicago sativa Desmodium adscendens Gladiolus sp.

5191. Uromyces triquetrus Cooke IF No: 5192. Uromyces urbanianus Henn. IF No: 5193. Uromyces viciae–fabae (Pers.) J.
121556 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 160398 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Schröt. IF No: 281700 Trophic mode/
/plant pathogen Hosts: Hypericum /plant pathogen Hosts: Antidaphne Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
silenoides, Hypericum thesiifolium, fendleri, Loranthus leptostachyus, Vicia faba
Hypericum uliginosum, Hypericum sp. Loranthus sp., Oryctanthus botryostachys, Oryctanthus
occidentalis, Oryctanthus spicatus, Oryctanthus sp., Phthirusa
pyrifolia

Pucciniales, Pucciniaceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae
5194. Uromyces vignae Barclay IF No: 5195. Hyalopsora obovata (Arthur) 5196. Melampsoridium betulinum (Pers.)
231908 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph Cummins IF No: 287064 Trophic mode/ Kleb. IF No: 205898 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Lens culinaris, Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen
Lens sp., Vigna luteola, Vigna occidentalis,
Vigna vexillata, Vigna sp.

Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae
5197. Melampsoridium hiratsukanum S. 5198. Milesia cupheae (Henn.) Buriticá IF 5199. Milesia lygodii (Har.) Buriticá IF No:
Ito ex Hirats. f. IF No: 267189 Trophic No: 413469 Trophic mode/Guild: 442900 Trophic mode/Guild:
Hosts: Alnus acuminata, Alnus jorullensis,
Alnus sp.


Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae
5200. Thekopsora minima (Arthur) P. Syd. 5201. Uredinopsis macrosperma (Cooke) 5202. Uredinopsis mayoriana Dietel IF No:
& Syd. IF No: 546834 Trophic mode/Guild: Magnus IF No: 119225 Trophic mode/ 170752 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen /plant pathogen
Vaccinium corymbosum

Pucciniales, Pucciniastraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae
5203. Uredinopsis pteridis Dietel & Holw. 5204. Alveolaria cordiae Lagerh. ex Sacc. 5205. Baeodromus eupatorii (Arthur)
IF No: 170724 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 206335 Trophic mode/Guild: Arthur IF No: 236709 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cordia pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Pteridium aquilinum acuta, Cordia cylindrostachys, Cordia Ageratina pichinchensis, Ageratina sp.
ferruginea, Cordia laxiflora, Cordia spinescens, Cordia sp.

Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae
5206. Baeodromus senecionis P. Syd. & 5207. Chardoniella acuta Buriticá & J.F. 5208. Chardoniella gynoxidis F. Kern IF
Syd. IF No: 236934 Trophic mode/Guild: Hennen IF No: 111241 Trophic mode/ No: 266709 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Senecio Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
formosus, Senecio sp. Eupatorium amplum, Eupatorium sp. Ageratina ampla, Ageratina angustifolia,
Ageratina pomaderrifolia, Ageratina popayanense, Ageratina
tinifolia

5209. Cionothrix praelonga (G. Winter) 5210. Dietelia holwayi (H.S. Jacks.) 5211. Dietelia portoricensis (Whetzel &
Arthur IF No: 121205 Trophic mode/Guild: Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No: 111428 Olive) Buriticá & J.F. Hennen IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 111429 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Ageratina pomaderrifolia, Ageratina pathogen Hosts: Salpichroa tristis /plant pathogen Hosts: Mikania guaco,
popayanensis, Austroeupatorium inulifolium, Chromolaena Mikania sp.
odorata, Chromolaena tacotana

5212. Pucciniosira albida Buriticá & 5213. Pucciniosira arthurii Buriticá & J.F. 5214. Pucciniosira pallidula (Speg.) Henn.
Pardo–Card. IF No: 464066 Trophic mode/ Hennen IF No: 111870 Trophic mode/ IF No: 121040 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Pavonia
Triumfetta lappula Hosts: Ageratina gracilis, Ageratina paniculata, Triumfetta lappula, Triumfetta
pichinchensis, Eupatorium macrophyllum, Eupatorium sp. mollissima, Triumfetta semitriloba, Triumfetta sp.

Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae Pucciniales, Pucciniosiraceae Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae
5215. Pucciniosira solani Lagerh. ex Sacc. 5216. Pucciniosira umanensis Buriticá IF 5217. Diabole cubensis (Arthur & J.R.
IF No: 184937 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 442881 Trophic mode/Guild: Johnst.) Arthur IF No: 262443 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cestrum pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
sp., Solanum aphyodendron, Solanum sp. Acalypha sp. Hosts: Fabaceae

Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae
5218. Dicheirinia binata (Berk. & M.A. 5219. Dicheirinia manaosensis (Henn.) 5220. Diorchidium brachiariae Wakef. &
Curtis) Arthur IF No: 120003 Trophic mode Cummins IF No: 270465 Trophic mode/ Hansf. IF No: 296783 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen
Erythrina glauca, Erythrina poeppigiana Lonchocarpus sp.

5221. Diorchidium tricholaenae Syd. & P. 5222. Kernkampella appendiculata 5223. Ravenelia cohniana Henn. IF No:
Syd. IF No: 191926 Trophic mode/Guild: (Lagerh. & Dietel) G.F. Laundon IF No: 163473 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen 316037 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant pathogen Hosts: Acacia sp.
/plant pathogen Hosts: Phyllanthus
botryanthus

5224. Ravenelia hermosa Cummins & J.W. 5225. Ravenelia indigoferae Tranzschel ex 5226. Ravenelia mainsiana Arthur & Holw.
Baxter IF No: 322371 Trophic mode/Guild: Dietel IF No: 167950 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 178822 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts:
Leucaena sp. Indigofera subulata, Indigofera Mimosa albida, Mimosa floribunda
suffruticosa

5227. Ravenelia mimosae–pudicae F. 5228. Ravenelia mimosae–sensitivae 5229. Ravenelia mirandensis F. Kern &
Kern, Thurst. & Whetzel IF No: 271215 Henn. IF No: 151457 Trophic mode/Guild: Thurst. IF No: 290424 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
pathogen Mimosa alba, Mimosa albida, Mimosa Senna pallida
sentitiva, Mimosa sp.

5230. Ravenelia pithecellobii Arthur IF No: 5231. Ravenelia stevensii Arthur 5232. Sphenospora kevorkianii Linder IF
528798 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 248774 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 291125 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Pithecellobium pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Acacia pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
dulce, Pithecellobium lanceolatum, riparia Comparettia sp., Epidendrum sp., Gongora
Pithecellobium sp. sp., Miltonia warscewiczii, Miltoniopsis vexillaria, Oncidium sp.,
Pleurothallis sp., Rodriguezia granadensis, Stanhopea sp.

Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae Pucciniales, Raveneliaceae Pucciniales, Skierkaceae
5233. Sphenospora smilacina Syd. IF No: 5234. Ypsilospora tucumanensis J.R. Hern. 5235. Skierka cristata (Speg.) Mains IF No:
208257 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph & J.F. Hennen IF No: 489194 Trophic 262335 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen Hosts: Smilax spinosa, mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Cupania sp.
Smilax sp. Hosts: Inga edulis, Inga sp.


Pucciniales, Sphaerophragmiaceae Pucciniales, Sphaerophragmiaceae Pucciniales, Tranzscheliaceae
5236. Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) 5237. Sphaerophragmium acaciae 5238. Tranzschelia arthurii Tranzschel &
Beenken IF No: 819171 Trophic mode/ (Cooke) Magnus IF No: 147532 Trophic M.A. Litv. IF No: 119907 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Callistemon citrinus, Eucalyptus Hosts: Albizzia sp. Prunus serotina subsp. capuli
grandis, Eugenia sp., Myrcia acuminata, Myrcia fallax, Myrcia
paivae, Myrcia popayanensis, Myrcia splendens, Myrcia
xylopioides

Pucciniales, Tranzscheliaceae Pucciniales, Uncolaceae Pucciniales, Uncolaceae
5239. Tranzschelia discolor (Fuckel) 5240. Calidion cenicafeae Salazar–Yepes 5241. Calidion dumontii Buriticá IF No:
Tranzschel & M.A. Litv. IF No: 251863 & Buriticá IF No: 546505 Trophic mode/ 310056 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen
pathogen Hosts: Prunus armeniaca, Polypodium adnatum
Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Prunus sp.

Pucciniales, Uncolaceae Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae
5242. Uncol diazii Buriticá & P.A. Rodr. IF 5243. Canasta amphilophii López–Alzate 5244. Canasta garcesii (F. Kern & Thurst.)
No: 467456 Trophic mode/Guild: & Salazar–Yepes IF No: 823066 Trophic A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen IF No: 513364
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
Thelypteris sp. Hosts: Amphilophium paniculatum pathogen Hosts: Arrabidaea magnifica

Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae
5245. Dasyspora gregaria (Kunze) Henn. 5246. Prospodium aculeatum (Cummins) 5247. Prospodium appendiculatum
IF No: 231652 Trophic mode/Guild: A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen IF No: 513366 (Kuntze) Arthur IF No: 119705 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Xylopia Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
sp. pathogen Hosts: Tecoma stans var. Hosts: Tecoma stans
velutina

5248. Prospodium cadenae Salazar– 5249. Prospodium delostomae (H.S. Jacks. 5250. Prospodium trinidadense Cummins
Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 546496 Trophic & Holw.) López–Alzate & Salazar–Yepes IF IF No: 123504 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen No: 823068 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Hosts: Tabebuia rosea pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bignoniaceae
Delostoma integrifolium

5251. Prospodium tuberculatum (Kuntze) 5252. Prospodium vonguntenii (Mayor) 5253. Uropyxis crotalariae Arthur
Arthur IF No: 121565 Trophic mode/Guild: Dietel IF No: 255441 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 141173 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Lippia pathotroph/plant pathogen
Lantana camara, Lantana lopez–palacii, americana, Lippia schlimii
Lantana trifolia, Lantana sp.

Pucciniales, Uropyxidaceae Pucciniales, Incertae sedis Pucciniales, Incertae sedis
5254. Uropyxis farlowii (Arthur) J.W. Baxter 5255. Aecidium adenariae Mayor IF No: 5256. Aecidium amagense Mayor IF No:
IF No: 307601 Trophic mode/Guild: 202055 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 158503 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Dalea /plant pathogen Hosts: Adenaria /plant pathogen
sp. floribunda, Adenaria floribunda fo.
purpurata, Adenaria sp., Pehria compacta

Pucciniales, Incertae sedis Pucciniales, Incertae sedis Pucciniales, Incertae sedis
5257. Aecidium aridum Dietel & Neger IF 5258. Aecidium bocconiae Mayor IF No: 5259. Aecidium bogotense Mayor IF No:
No: 230061 Trophic mode/Guild: 167740 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 166284 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Berberis /plant pathogen /plant pathogen
sp.

5260. Aecidium bomareae Mayor IF No: 5261. Aecidium borreriae Pat. IF No: 5262. Aecidium brasiliense Dietel IF No:
166474 Trophic mode/Guild: 165859 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph 178616 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Hemidiodia /plant pathogen Hosts: Cordia curassavica
ocymifolia

5263. Aecidium clibadii Syd. & P. Syd. IF 5264. Aecidium conyzae–colombiensis 5265. Aecidium detritum Thüm.
No: 191948 Trophic mode/Guild: Pardo–Card. IF No: 464022 Trophic mode/ IF No: 187276 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Conyza bonariensis Phyllanthus salviifolius

5266. Aecidium erigerontis F. Kern & 5267. Aecidium fuchsiae H.S. Jacks. & 5268. Aecidium gymnolomiae Mayor IF No:
Whetzel IF No: 264145 Trophic mode/ Holw. IF No: 265395 Trophic mode/Guild: 234223 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/ plant pathogen Hosts: Fuchsia /plant pathogen
putumayensis, Fuchsia sp.

5269. Aecidium heliopsidis Mayor IF No: 5270. Aecidium huallagense Henn. IF No: 5271. Aecidium kuntzii–friderici Magnus IF
143932 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 147074 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph No: 143983 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Guatteria sp. pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Gentiana cocuyana


5272. Aecidium lantanae Mayor IF No: 5273. Aecidium leonense Cummins IF No: 5274. Aecidium liabi Mayor IF No: 250188
237353 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 283958 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
/plant pathogen Hosts: Lantana hispida, plant pathogen Hosts: Dioscorea sp. pathogen Hosts: Liabum igniarium, Liabum
Lantana lopez–palacii melastomoides, Munnozia senecionidis

5275. Aecidium manettiae F. Kern & 5276. Aecidium medellinense Mayor IF No: 5277. Aecidium paramense Mayor IF No:
Whetzel IF No: 270480 Trophic mode/ 175081 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 211376 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Fleischmannia
obscurifolia

5278. Aecidium puracense Petr. 5279. Aecidium tournefortiae Henn. IF No: 5280. Aecidium tubulosum Pat. & Gaillard
IF No: 292206 Trophic mode/ Guild: 168844 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 157628 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Tournefortia pathotroph/plant pathogen
Dioscorea sp. bicolor, Tournefortia peruviana,
Tournefortia scabrida, Tournefortia sp.

5281. Aecidium turnerae Henn. IF No: 5282. Aecidium vernoniae–mollis Mayor IF 5283. Aecidium xylopiae Henn. IF No:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Turnera ulmifolia pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Xylopia sp.

5284. Caeoma cyclostoma Lév. IF No: 5285. Caeoma occidentale Arthur IF No: 5286. Desmella aneimiae (Henn.) Syd. &
205516 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 197132 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph P. Syd. IF No: 431570 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Conyza bonariensis /plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Dennstaedtia cicutaria, Dryopteris sp.,
Pityrogramma trifoliata, Pteris podophylla

5287. Desmosorus oncidii Ritschel, Oberw. 5288. Edythea berberidis (Lagerh. ex 5289. Edythea palmaea (J.F. Hennen & Y.
& Berndt IF No: 356750 Trophic mode Arthur) H.S. Jacks. IF No: 258342 Trophic Ono) Cummins & Y. Hirats. IF No: 115162
/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
Orchis sp., Stelis sp. Hosts: Berberis glauca pathogen

5290. Edythea tenella H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5291. Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome 5292. Hennenia ditelia Buriticá
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Berberis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Coffea pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Annona
goudotii arabica ambotay, Annona sp., Annonaceae

5293. Neophysopella ampelopsidis (Dietel 5294. Neophysopella uva (Buriticá & J.F. 5295. Neophysopella vitis (P. Syd.) Jing X.
& P. Syd.) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. IF No: Hennen) Jing X. Ji & Kakish. IF No: 829735 J. & Kakish.
830298 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant IF No: 829736
pathogen Hosts: Vitis rotundifolia, Vitis
tiliifolia, Vitis vinifera, Vitis sp.

5296. Uredo agerati Mayor 5297. Uredo amagensis Mayor 5298. Uredo anisoderma P. Syd. & Syd. IF
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Lepidaploa canescens

5299. Uredo anthurii Har. IF No: 169708 5300. Uredo archeriana F. Kern, Cif. & 5301. Uredo baccharidis–anomalae Mayor
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Thurst. IF No: 257216 Trophic mode/ IF No: 223620 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Hosts: Anthurium flexuosum, Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Anthurium longegeniculatum, Anthurium Baccharis anomala
sp.

5302. Uredo caleae Mayor 5303. Uredo calotropidis Cummins IF No: 5304. Uredo chusqueae Pardo–Card. IF
IF No: 243749 Trophic mode/ Guild: 344311 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 442883 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen Hosts: Calotropsis procera pathotroph/plant pathogen

5305. Uredo clusiae Arthur IF No: 229014 5306. Uredo cundinamarcensis Mayor IF 5307. Uredo cyathulae Mayor
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant No: 232546 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 218382 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen Hosts: Clusia sp. pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Apium pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
ternatum var. ranunculifolium Cyathula achyranthoides, Cyathula sp.

5308. Uredo diocleicola F. Kern & Thurst. 5309. Uredo diplostephii F. Kern & Thurst. 5310. Uredo epidendri Henn.
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Dioclea pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen
columbiana Diplostephium eriophorum, Diplostephium
sp.


5311. Uredo eupatoriorum Mayor IF No: 5312. Uredo famelica Arthur & Cummins 5313. Uredo guacae Mayor IF No: 190743
226417 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 264636 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant
/plant pathogen Hosts: Asplundianthus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Mucuna pathogen
densus, Condylidium iresinoides, holtonii, Mucuna sp.
Critoniella vargasiana, Fleischmannia microstemon, Lourteigia
ballotifolia

5314. Uredo gynoxidis H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5315. Uredo hameliae Arthur 5316. Uredo hymenaeae Mayor
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Gynoxys pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Hamelia pathotroph/plant pathogen
sancti–antonii patens

5317. Uredo hypoxidis (Bres.) Henn. IF No: 5318. Uredo hyptidis–atrorubentis Mayor 5319. Uredo kyllingae Henn. IF No:
119101 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 191931 Trophic mode/Guild: 119160 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Hypoxis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Hyptis pathotroph/plant pathogen
decumbens, Hypoxis hirsuta, Hypoxis sp. atrorubens, Hyptis lantanifolia

5320. Uredo lafoenseae H.S. Jacks. & 5321. Uredo mandevillae Mayor 5322. Uredo medellinensis Pardo–Card. IF
Holw. IF No: 204644 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 234545 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 464129 Trophic mode/Guild:
Lafoensia speciosa Eleutheranthera tenella

5323. Uredo meridae F. Kern, Thurst. & 5324. Uredo mirtinis González–Ceballos, 5325. Uredo muehlenbeckiae H.S. Jacks.
Whetzel IF No: 270956 Trophic mode/ Salazar–Yepes & Buriticá IF No: 828026 & Holw. IF No: 119285 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
pathogen Hosts: Solanum Muehlenbeckia sp.
pseudocapsicum

5326. Uredo myrciae Mayor 5327. Uredo nephrolepidis Dietel IF No: 5328. Uredo neurolepidis Pardo–Card. IF
IF No: 141889 Trophic mode/ Guild: 142518 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 464191 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen Hosts: Nephrolepis pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
pendula Neurolepis aperta

5329. Uredo nidularii Henn. IF No: 144471 5330. Uredo nociviola H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5331. Uredo ornithidii F. Kern, Cif. &
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant IF No: 144415 Trophic mode/Guild: Thurst. IF No: 273065 Trophic mode/
pathogen Hosts: Bromelia sp., Guzmania pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen
mosquerae, Guzmania musaica, Guzmania ferax
sp., Tillandsia sp.

5332. Uredo pehriae F. Kern & Thurst. IF 5333. Uredo philodendri Pardo–Card. IF 5334. Uredo pleurothallidis Keissl. IF No:
No: 291798 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 489552 Trophic mode/Guild: 195341 Trophic mode/Guild:
Adenaria floribunda Philodendron sp. Pleurothallis mathewsii

5335. Uredo psychotriicola Henn. IF No: 5336. Uredo quitensis H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5337. Uredo rectangulata F.C. Albuq. IF
157768 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 275993 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 325329 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Hoffmannia subauriculata, Palicourea sp. Valeriana sp.

5338. Uredo rubescens Arthur IF No: 5339. Uredo salviarum Mayor 5340. Uredo scabies Cooke
174628 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 171884 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 161628 Trophic mode/Guild:
Dorstenia contrajerva Maxillaria venusta, Vanilla planifolia

5341. Uredo teramni Mayor IF No: 170850 5342. Uredo theresiae Neger 5343. Uredo tolimensis F. Kern & Whetzel
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant IF No: 170918 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 280357 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Crotalaria anagyroides Solanum sp.

5344. Uredo torulinii Henn. 5345. Uredo trichiliae Arthur 5346. Uredo vernoniae Mayor
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Trichilia pathotroph/plant pathogen
ferax sp.


Pucciniales, Incertae sedis Pucciniales, Incertae sedis Septobasidiales, Septobasidiaceae
5347. Uredo zarumae H.S. Jacks. & Holw. 5348. Uredo zeugites Arthur & Holw. IF No: 5349. Aphelariopsis colombiana (A.L.
IF No: 177391 Trophic mode/Guild: 121704 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Welden) Jülich IF No: 110477 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Clusia plant pathogen Hosts: Zeugites mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen
sp. americanus, Zeugites mexicanus,
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina,

Pucciniomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae,
Septobasidiales, Septobasidiaceae sedis, Incertae sedis Entylomatales, Entylomataceae
5350. Septobasidium rhabarbarinum 5351. Kryptastrina inclusa Oberw. 5352. Entyloma amaranthi Mol.–Val. IF
(Mont.) Bres. IF No: 219459 Trophic mode IF No: 129663 No: 113207 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Amaranthus dubius
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina,

Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae, Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae, Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae,
Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Entylomatales, Entylomataceae
5353. Entyloma australe Speg. IF No: 5354. Entyloma bidentis Henn. 5355. Entyloma browalliae Syd.
217682 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 230677 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 258965 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Physalis peruviana pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bidens pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Dept.: ANT, CUN pilosa Dept.: CUN, QUI Browallia americana Dept.: CUN

Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Entylomatales, Entylomataceae
5356. Entyloma calendulae (Oudem.) de 5357. Entyloma compositarum Farl. ex 5358. Entyloma dahliae Syd. & P. Syd. IF
Bary IF No: 221949 Trophic mode/Guild: G.P. Clinton IF No: 622329 Trophic mode/ No: 140741 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Dahlia
Calendula officinalis Dept.: CUN, QUI Eupatorium sp. pinnata, Dahlia sp., Dahlia variabilis Dept.:
ANT, CAL, CUN

Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Entylomatales, Entylomataceae Exobasidiales, Cryptobasidiaceae
5359. Entyloma galinsogae Syd. & P. Syd. 5360. Entyloma spilanthis Speg. 5361. Acaromyces ingoldii Boekhout,
IF No: 244269 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 235991 Trophic mode/Guild: Scorzetti, Gerson & Sztejnb. ex Denchev &
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Acmella T. Denchev IF No: 558279 Trophic mode
Galinsoga caracasana, Galinsoga sp. oppositifolia, Acmella sp. Dept.: ANT, CUN, /Guild: saprotroph/yeast isolated from
Dept.: ANT, CUN, QUI, VAC QUI mite

Exobasidiales, Exobasidiaceae Georgefischeriales, Eballistraceae Georgefischeriales, Eballistraceae
5362. Exobasidium gaylussaciae Henn. IF 5363. Eballistra lineata (Cooke) R. Bauer, 5364. Eballistra oryzae (Syd. & P. Syd.) R.
No: 244270 Trophic mode/Guild: Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. IF No: Bauer, Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: 467756 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 467754 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Gaultheria anastomosans Dept.: ANT /plant pathogen Hosts: Gynerium /plant pathogen Hosts: Oryza sativa Dept.:
argentum Dept.: BOY CES

Georgefischeriales, Georgefischeriaceae Georgefischeriales, Tilletiariaceae Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae
5365. Jamesdicksonia brunkii (Ellis & 5366. Tolyposporella chrysopogonis G.F. 5367. Conidiosporomyces ayresii (Berk.)
Galloway) J. Walker & R.G. Shivas IF No: Atk. IF No: 205765 Trophic mode/Guild: Vánky & R. Bauer IF No: 354749 Trophic
446564 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
/plant pathogen Hosts: Hyparrhenia rufa Hyparrhenia rufa Dept.: CAQ Hosts: Panicum maximum Dept.: ANT,
Dept.: BOY MET, QUI, RIS, SAN, VAC

Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae
5368. Oberwinkleria anulata Vánky & C. 5369. Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. IF 5370. Tilletia colombiana Vánky
Vánky IF No: 363449 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 156642 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 414281 Trophic mode/ Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Triticum pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Lorenzochloa erectifolia Dept.: SAN aestivum Dept.: NAR Brachypodium mexicanum Dept.: CUN

Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae, Exobasidiomycetes, Exobasidiomycetidae, Malasseziomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae Tilletiales, Tilletiaceae Malasseziales, Malasseziaceae
5371. Tilletia laevis J.G. Kühn IF No: 5372. Tilletia rugispora Ellis IF No: 5373. Malassezia furfur (C.P. Robin) Baill.
120748 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 175708 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 121793 Trophic mode/Guild:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Triticum aestivum /plant pathogen Hosts: Paspalum human pathogen/yeast
paniculatum Dept.: ANT, CAU, VAC

Malasseziomycetes, Incertae sedis, Malasseziomycetes, Incertae sedis, Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae,
Malasseziales, Malasseziaceae Malasseziales, Malasseziaceae Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae
5374. Malassezia pachydermatis 5375. Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. 5376. Anthracoidea altiphila Vánky & M.
(Weidman) C.W. Dodge IF No: 253759 Guillot & Midgley IF No: 437921 Trophic Piepenbr. IF No: 362223 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: human pathogen mode/Guild: human pathogen/yeast Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
/yeast Carex chordalis, Carex fecunda, Carex
jamesonii, Carex lemanniana, Carex pichinchensis Dept.: BOY,
CAU, CUN, HUI, NAR, QUI, RIS, SAN, TOL

Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae, Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae, Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae,
Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae
5377. Anthracoidea caricis (Pers.) Bref. IF 5378. Anthracoidea pannucea (Liro) Vánky 5379. Anthracoidea uleana (Syd. & P.
No: 199403 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 416090 Trophic mode/Guild: Syd.) Vánky IF No: 534432 Trophic mode
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Carex bonplandii Dept.: CAU, CUN, HUI,
MAG, MET, PUT, QUI, SAN, TOL, VAC

5380. Cintractia amazonica Syd. & P. Syd. 5381. Cintractia axicola (Berk.) Cornu IF 5382. Cintractia limitata G.P. Clinton IF No:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: plant pathogen Hosts: Cyperus ferax,
Rhynchospora barbata Dept.: MET Fimbristylis dichotoma, Fimbristylis Cyperus mutisii, Cyperus odoratus,
diphylla Dept.: ANT, CAQ, SAN, VAC Cyperus rotundus Dept.: CES, COR, SUC, TOL, VAC


5383. Cintractia occulta Mol.–Val. IF No: 5384. Cintractia vesiculata Mol.–Val. IF 5385. Farysia chardoniana Zundel IF No:
113167 Trophic mode /Guild: pathotroph No: 113168 Trophic mode/Guild: 286441 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Carex polystachya
Dept.: ANT

5386. Farysia corniculata Vánky IF No: 5387. Farysia thuemenii (A.A. Fisch. 5388. Farysia venezuelana Zundel IF No:
355518 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Waldh.) Nannf. IF No: 297419 Trophic 286444 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
plant pathogen Hosts: Carex jamesonii, mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen Hosts: Carex polystachya,
Carex lemanniana, Carex luridiformis, Hosts: Carex haenkeana Dept.: CUN, HUI Carex porrecta Dept.: ANT, CAU, NAR, QUI,
Carex pichinchensis Dept.: CUN, NAR, TOL SAN, VAC

5389. Kuntzeomyces ruizianae M. 5390. Kuntzeomyces ustilaginoideus 5391. Leucocintractia leucoderma (Berk.)
Piepenbr. IF No: 467777 Trophic mode/ (Henn.) Sacc. & P. Syd. IF No: 156437 M. Piepenbr.
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph /plant IF No: 466390
Hosts: Rhynchospora ruiziana Dept.: CUN, pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora
QUI macrochaeta, Rhynchospora sp. Dept.: BOY, CUN, HUI, NAR

5392. Leucocintractia scleriae (DC.) M. 5393. Pilocintractia fimbristylidicola (Pavgi 5394. Testicularia minor (Juel) L. Ling IF
Piepenbr., Begerow & Oberw. IF No: & Mundk.) Vánky IF No: 510113 Trophic No: 306769 Trophic mode/Guild:
459661 Hosts: Rhynchospora corymbosa, mode/Guild: pathotroph/ plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Rhynchospora sp. Dept.: ANT, CAU, VAC Hosts: Fimbristylis spadicea Dept.: COR, Rhynchospora corymbosa Dept.: ANT
SUC

5395. Trichocintractia utriculicola (Henn.) 5396. Ustanciosporium neomontagnei M. 5397. Ustanciosporium rhynchosporae
M. Piepenbr. Piepenbr. & Begerow IF No: 466411 Vánky IF No: 450583 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 414305 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora globosa Rhynchospora rugosa Dept.: ANT
Rhynchospora corymbosa Dept.: ANT, BOY, CHO, MET, SAN Dept.: MET, VID

Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae Ustilaginales, Anthracoideaceae Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae
5398. Ustanciosporium standleyanum 5399. Ustanciosporium taubertianum 5400. Anthracocystis panici–leucophaei
(Zundel) M. Piepenbr. IF No: 466418 (Henn.) M. Piepenbr. & Begerow IF No: (Bref.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 466419 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph 801662 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora caucana, /plant pathogen Hosts: Rhynchospora /plant pathogen Hosts: Paspalum
Rhynchospora rugosa Dept.: ANT, PUT, SAN tenuis Dept.: SAN, VAU saccharoides, Trichachne insularis Dept.: CES, VAC

Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae
5401. Macalpinomyces spermophorus 5402. Moesziomyces aphidis (Henninger & 5403. Moesziomyces parantarcticus
(Berk. & M.A. Curtis ex de Toni) Vánky IF Windisch) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & (Sugita, M. Takash., Mekha & Poonwan)
No: 488076 Trophic mode/Guild: Boekhout IF No: 812715 Trophic mode/ Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
pathotroph/yeast Guild: saprotroph/yeast IF No: 812717 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/yeast

5404. Pseudozyma hubeiensis F.Y. Bai & 5405. Pseudozyma pruni G.Y. Liou, Y.H. 5406. Sporisorium bicorne (Henn.) Vánky
Q.M. Wang IF No: 357370 Trophic mode/ Wei & F.L. Lee IF No: 514357 Trophic IF No: 415726 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/yeast mode/Guild: saprotroph/yeast pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Andropogon bicornis Dept.: RIS

5407. Sporisorium concelatum (Zundel) M. 5408. Sporisorium cordobense (Speg.) 5409. Sporisorium cruentum (J.G. Kühn)
Piepenbr. IF No: 489560 Trophic mode/ Vánky IF No: 464141 Trophic mode/Guild: Vánky IF No: 105795 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Ischaemum latifolium, Panicum pilosum Trichachne insularis Dept.: CES, HUI, VAC Sorghum bicolor Dept.: VAC
Dept.: ANT

5410. Sporisorium culmiperdum (J. 5411. Sporisorium holwayi (G.P. Clinton & 5412. Sporisorium microsporum (J. Schröt.
Schröt.) Vánky IF No: 357773 Trophic Zundel) Vánky IF No: 360466 Trophic & Henn.) M. Piepenbr. IF No: 460501
mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant
Hosts: Andropogon bicornis Dept.: CAQ, Hosts: Andropogon bicornis Dept.: ANT, pathogen
CAS, CHO, MET, PUT, SUC MET

5413. Sporisorium paspali–notati (Henn. 5414. Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) 5415. Sporisorium sacchari (Rabenh.)
ex G.P. Clinton) M. Piepenbr. IF No: Langdon & Full. IF No: 323849 Trophic Vánky IF No: 105802 Trophic mode/Guild:
509502 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
/plant pathogen Hosts: Paspalum Hosts: Zea mays Dept.: CUN, NAR Saccharum officinarum Dept.: VAC
notatum, Paspalum plicatulum Dept.: VAC

5416. Sporisorium scitamineum (Syd.) M. 5417. Sporisorium veracruzianum (Zundel 5418. Ustilago affinis Ellis & Everh. IF No:
Piepenbr., M. Stoll & Oberw. IF No: 484933 & Dunlap) M. Piepenbr. IF No: 414181 121863 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant /plant pathogen Hosts: Stenotaphrum
pathogen Hosts: Saccharum sp. Dept.: CES pathogen Hosts: Dichanthelium secundatum
viscidellum Dept.: ANT


5419. Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. IF No: 5420. Ustilago bullata Berk. IF No: 5421. Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. IF No:
183268 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 207444 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ 244519 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
plant pathogen Hosts: Avena sativa Dept.: plant pathogen Hosts: Bromus catharticus /plant pathogen Hosts: Hordeum vulgare
CUN Dept.: CUN Dept.: CUN, PUT

5422. Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda IF No: 5423. Ustilago nuda (C.N. Jensen) Kellerm. 5424. Ustilago schroeteriana Henn. IF No:
169566 Common name: Huitlacoche & Swingle IF No: 199384 Trophic mode/ 175553 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
(Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /plant pathogen Hosts: Poaceae Dept.:
/plant pathogen Habitat: Growing on corn Hordeum vulgare Dept.: BOY, CUN CAQ, RIS
Zea mays | Parasitic Distribution: Pantropics, Introduced Dept.:
ANT, BOY, CES, CUN Uses: HF

5425. Ustilago striiformis (Westend.) 5426. Ustilago syntherismae (Schwein.) 5427. Ustilago trichophora (Link) Kunze IF
Niessl IF No: 236251 Trophic mode/Guild: Peck IF No: 100067 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 144085 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Holcus pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
lanatus Dept.: BOY, CUN, QUI Andropogon sp., Cenchrus sp., Panicum Echinochloa colona Dept.: CES, SUC, VAC
sp.

Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae, Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycetidae, Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae Ustilaginales, Ustilaginaceae Urocystidales, Glomosporiaceae
5428. Ustilago tritici (Bjerk.) Rostr. IF No: 5429. Ustilago venezueliana Syd. & P. Syd. 5430. Thecaphora polymniae Vánky &
234386 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 142440 Trophic mode/Guild: Pardo–Card. IF No: 415725 Trophic mode
/plant pathogen Hosts: Triticum aestivum, pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: /Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts:
Triticum vulgare Dept.: CUN Paspalum scabrum Dept.: CUN Smallanthus riparius, Polymnia riparia
Dept.: ANT

Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis, Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis, Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Urocystidales, Glomosporiaceae Urocystidales, Glomosporiaceae Urocystidales, Mycosyringaceae
5431. Thecaphora pustulata G.P. Clinton 5432. Thecaphora solani (Thirum. & M.J. 5433. Mycosyrinx cissi (DC.) Beck IF No:
IF No: 275819 Trophic mode/Guild: O'Brien) Mordue IF No: 135374 Trophic 153878 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: Bidens mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen plant pathogen Hosts: Cissus quadrialata,
pilosa Dept.: ANT, TOL Hosts: Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum Cissus sicyoides, Cissus sp. Dept.: ANT,
tuberosum Dept.: BOY, CUN ATL, GUA, PUT, VAU
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina,

Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis, Ustilaginomycetes, Incertae sedis, Dacrymycetes, Incertae sedis,
Urocystidales, Urocystidaceae Urocystidales, Urocystidaceae Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae
5434. Urocystis anemones (Pers.) G. 5435. Urocystis ranunculi (Lib.) Moesz IF 5436. Arrhytidia involuta (Schwein.) Coker
Winter IF No: 142795 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 307500 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 268100 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/plant pathogen pathotroph/plant pathogen Hosts: saprotroph/
Ranunculus pilosus, Ranunculus sp. Dept.:
ANT, CAL
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina,

Dacrymycetes, Incertae sedis, Dacrymycetes, Incertae sedis, Dacrymycetes, Incertae sedis,
Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae
5437. Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fr. IF No: 5438. Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. IF No: 5439. Dacrymyces ancoratus Lowy IF No:
237408 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 327252 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 312599 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
/wood saprotroph Habitat: On the barkless /wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph /wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
wood of oaks and other hardwoods | In Dept.: CHO Dept.: ANT
tropical forest | Saprotroph gregarious, scattered Distribution:
Global Distribution Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CAL, CHO, CUN, MAG, MET,
PUT Uses: HF

5440. Dacrymyces capitatus Schwein. IF 5441. Dacrymyces deliquescens (Bull.) 5442. Dacrymyces stillatus Nees
No: 240471 Trophic mode/Guild: Duby IF No: 242274 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 151900 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Dept.: RIS

5443. Dacrymyces tortus (Willd.) Fr. IF No: 5444. Dacryopinax dennisii McNabb IF No: 5445. Dacryopinax elegans (Berk. & M.A.
171083 Trophic mode/Guild: 329595 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Curtis) G.W. Martin IF No: 285969 Trophic
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: /wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph mode/ Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,350 m Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,400– Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
3,800 m

5446. Dacryopinax martinii Lowy 5447. Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.) 5448. Ditiola brasiliensis (Lloyd) McNabb
IF No: 312610 Trophic mode/Guild: G.W. Martin IF No: 285971 Common IF No: 330148
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: name: Cucharita de palo (Spanish) Trophic
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
VAC Habitat: On trunks with different degrees of decomposition, in
chagras | In tropical forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
American continent Elev.: 50–2,100 m Dept.: AMA, ANT,BOG,
CAL, CAQ, CAU, CHO, VAC Uses: HF, ME

Dacrymycetes, Incertae sedis, Tremellomycetes, Tremellomycetidae, Tremellomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae Cystofilobasidiales, Mrakiaceae Filobasidiales, Filobasidiaceae
5449. Guepiniopsis buccina (Pers.) L.L. 5450. Tausonia pullulans (Lindner) Xin 5451. Filobasidium floriforme L.S. Olive IF
Kenn. IF No: 414437 Trophic mode/Guild: Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & No: 330885 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Boekhout IF No: 812190 Trophic mode/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Elev.: 3,185–3,725 m Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph On soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph


Tremellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Tremellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Tremellomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Filobasidiales, Filobasidiaceae Filobasidiales, Filobasidiaceae Filobasidiales, Filobasidiaceae
5452. Filobasidium magnum (Lodder & 5453. Filobasidium stepposum (Golubev & 5454. Heterocephalacria physciacearum
Kreger–van Rij) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. J.P. Samp.) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin IF No:
Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: 812192 Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: 812194 813260 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph/lichen parasite

Filobasidiales, Piskurozymaceae Filobasidiales, Piskurozymaceae Filobasidiales, Piskurozymaceae
5455. Piskurozyma silvicola (Golubev & 5456. Piskurozyma taiwanensis Nakase, 5457. Solicoccozyma aeria (Saito) Yurkov
J.P. Samp.) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Tsuzuki & M. Takash. ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. IF No: 812198 Habitat: On soils cultivated
Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: 812209 Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: with apple and peach | On soils in
831670 uncultivated field (intermediate between
orchard and woodland) | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Filobasidiales, Piskurozymaceae Filobasidiales, Piskurozymaceae Tremellales, Bulleribasidiaceae
5458. Solicoccozyma terrea (Di Menna) 5459. Solicoccozyma terricola (T.A. 5460. Hannaella oryzae (Nakase & M.
Yurkov IF No: 817387 Trophic mode/Guild: Pedersen) Yurkov IF No: 812205 Suzuki) F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang IF No:
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soils cultivated 508463
with apple and peach | On soils in
uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) |
On woodland soils Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

Tremellales, Bulleribasidiaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae
5461. Vishniacozyma victoriae (M.J. 5462. Cryptococcus bacillisporus Kwon– 5463. Cryptococcus deneoformans F.
Montes, Belloch, Galiana, M.D. García, C. Chung & J.E. Benn. IF No: 312336 Trophic Hagen & Boekhout IF No: 810281
Andrés, S. Ferrer, Torr.–Rodr. & J. Guinea) mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & symbiotroph/animal pathogen, endophyte, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
Boekhout IF No: 813285 epiphyte, undefined saprotroph endophyte, epiphyte, undefined saprotroph

Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae
5464. Cryptococcus gattii (Vanbreus. & 5465. Cryptococcus heveanensis (Groen.) 5466. Cryptococcus neoformans (San
Takashio) Kwon–Chung & Boekhout IF No: Baptist & Kurtzman IF No: 312342 Felice) Vuill. IF No: 119294 Trophic mode/
372381 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: pathotroph/ animal pathogen
/animal pathogen saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal pathogen,
endophyte, epiphyte, undefined saprotroph

Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae
5467. Cryptococcus pseudolongus M. 5468. Cryptococcus vini Kütz. 5469. Naganishia albida (Saito) Xin Zhan
Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase IF No: 456264 Trophic mode/Guild: Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
IF No: 484854 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ IF No: 813141
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ animal pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte,
animal pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte, undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph

Tremellales, Cryptococcaceae Tremellales, Cuniculitremaceae Tremellales, Cuniculitremaceae
5470. Naganishia diffluens (Zach) Xin 5471. Fellomyces borneensis Prillinger, G. 5472. Fellomyces polyborus (D.B. Scott &
Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Kraep. & Lopandić Van der Walt) Y. Yamada & I. Banno
Boekhout IF No: 813172 IF No: 461050 IF No: 105318

Tremellales, Hyaloriaceae Tremellales, Phragmoxenidiaceae Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae
5473. Hyaloria pilacre Möller 5474. Phyllogloea singeri Lowy 5475. Papiliotrema flavescens (Saito) Xin
IF No: 208615 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 336707 Trophic mode/Guild: Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. &
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Boekhout IF No: 813289
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG 3,320 m Dept.: CAU

Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae
5476. Papiliotrema laurentii (Kuff.) Xin 5477. Papiliotrema nemorosa (Golubev, 5478. Papiliotrema rajasthanensis (Saluja
Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) Xin & G.S. Prasad) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M.
Boekhout IF No: 813295 Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Groenew. & Boekhout
Boekhout IF No: 821306 IF No: 813301

Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae Tremellales, Rhynchogastremaceae Tremellales, Tremellaceae
5479. Rhynchogastrema complexa 5480. Tetragoniomyces uliginosus (P. 5481. Phaeotremella fimbriata (Pers.)
(Landell, Pagnocca, Sette, Passarini, K.M. Karst.) Oberw. & Bandoni IF No: 112658 Spirin & V. Malysheva
Garcia, J.R.A. Ribeiro, C.F. Lee, L.R. Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/fungal IF No: 821826
Brandão, C.A. Rosa & P. Valente) Xin Zhan parasite
Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov IF No: 831689
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Tremellales, Tremellaceae Tremellales, Tremellaceae Tremellales, Tremellaceae
5482. Phaeotremella foliacea (Pers.) 5483. Tremella aurantia Schwein. IF No: 5484. Tremella cladoniae Diederich & M.S.
Wedin, J.C. Zamora & Millanes IF No: 218255 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Christ. IF No: 415279 Trophic mode/
816932 Habitat: In paddock Elev.: 1,700– Habitat: Quercus humboldtii forest | Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite
2,200 m Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

5485. Tremella compacta Möller 5486. Tremella fibulifera Möller 5487. Tremella fuciformis Berk. IF No:
pathotroph/ Habitat: In tropical forest | pathotroph/ Habitat: In tropical forest | /fungal parasite Habitat: On decaying wood
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: in disturbed secondary forest | Saprotroph
50 m Dept.: CHO 50 m Dept.: CHO solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 50–
2,200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, VAC Uses: HF


5488. Tremella globispora D.A. Reid IF No: 5489. Tremella globulosa Speg. 5490. Tremella leptogii Diederich IF No:
fungal parasite Habitat: Fungal Parasite pathotroph/ lichen parasite
Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG

5491. Tremella lobariacearum Diederich & 5492. Tremella mesenterica Retz. IF No: 5493. Tremella parmeliarum Diederich IF
M.S. Christ. IF No: 415289 Trophic mode/ 154470 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ No: 415297 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Habitat: On decaying wood | In disturbed pathotroph/lichen parasite
secondary forest and in paddocks | In
mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200–2,800 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, CAL, CAQ, CHO, VAC Uses: HF, ME

5494. Tremella rhytidhysterii J.L. Bezerra & 5495. Tremella rufolutea Berk. & M.A. 5496. Tremella stictae Diederich
Kimbr. IF No: 324846 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 152918 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 415308 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph/ pathotroph/ pathotroph/lichen parasite

Tremellales, Trimorphomycetaceae Tremellales, Trimorphomycetaceae Tremellales, Incertae sedis
5497. Saitozyma flava (Saito) Xin Zhan Liu, 5498. Saitozyma podzolica (Babeva & 5499. Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen IF
F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: Reshetova) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. No: 281203 Trophic mode/Guild:
813368 Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: 813373 pathotroph/lichen parasite
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
On soils cultivated with apple and peach | On soils in
uncultivated field (intermediate between orchad and woodland) |

Trichosporonales, Trichosporonaceae Trichosporonales, Trichosporonaceae Trichosporonales, Trichosporonaceae
5500. Apiotrichum dulcitum (Berkhout) 5501. Apiotrichum gamsii (Middelhoven, 5502. Apiotrichum laibachii (Windisch)
Yurkov & Boekhout IF No: 813412 Trophic Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell) Yurkov & Boekhout Yurkov & Boekhout IF No: 813415 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph IF No: 813413 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil

5503. Apiotrichum porosum Stautz IF No: 5504. Apiotrichum wieringae 5505. Apiotrichum xylopini S.O. Suh, C.F.
275086 Trophic mode/Guild: (Middelhoven) Yurkov & Boekhout IF No: Lee, Gujjari & J.J. Zhou ex Kachalkin,
saprotroph/soil saprotroph 813425 Trophic mode/Guild: Yurkov & Boekhout IF No: 831708
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil
saprotroph

5506. Cutaneotrichosporon arboriforme 5507. Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis 5508. Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii
(Sugita, M. Takash., A. Sano, Nishim., (Sugita, M. Takash., Nakase & Shinoda) Xin (Frágner) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M.
Kinebuchi, S. Yamag. & Osanai) Xin Zhan Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Groenew. & Boekhout IF No: 813401
Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout Boekhout IF No: 813400
IF No: 818664

5509. Cutaneotrichosporon smithiae 5510. Effuseotrichosporon vanderwaltii 5511. Trichosporon asahii Akagi ex Sugita,
(Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sugita & Fell) Xin (Motaung, Albertyn, Kock, C.F. Lee, S.O. A. Nishikawa & Shinoda IF No: 415474
Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Suh, M. Blackw. & C.H. Pohl) Yurkov, Xin Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal
Boekhout IF No: 813404 Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & pathogen
Boekhout IF No: 814774

5512. Trichosporon beigelii (Küchenm. & 5513. Trichosporon faecale (Bat. & J.S. 5514. Trichosporon insectorum Fuent.,
Rabenh.) Vuill. IF No: 432135 Trophic Silveira) E. Guého & M.T. Sm. IF No: S.O. Suh, Landell, Faganello, A. Schrank,
mode/Guild: pathotroph/animal pathogen 357928 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ Vainstein, M. Blackw. & P. Valente IF No:
animal pathogen 510822 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph
/animal pathogen

Tremellomycetes, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae,
Trichosporonales, Trichosporonaceae Agaricales, Agaricaceae Agaricales, Agaricaceae
5515. Vanrija humicola (Dasz.) R.T. Moore 5516. Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 5517. Agaricus augustus Fr. IF No:
IF No: 112012 IF No: 325880 Trophic mode/Guild: 205947 Common name: Chinas (Spanish),
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Conservation: Chinita (Spanish), Truenos (Spanish)
LC Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics,
Subtropics Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae,
Agaricales, Agaricaceae Agaricales, Agaricaceae Agaricales, Agaricaceae
5518. Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) 5519. Agaricus blazei Murrill 5520. Agaricus campestris L.
Imbach IF No: 531546 Common name: IF No: 308341 Trophic mode/ Guild: IF No: 356498 Common name: Chinitas
Champiñón (Spanish), Seta del sol saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
(Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Saprotroph Uses: HF, ME /soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil, dung,
/soil saprotroph Habitat: In soil, in open grasslands | Saprotroph meadows and fields, soils cultivated with peach | Saprotroph
gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution, Cultivated Elev.: solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,900
1,470–2,600 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN Uses: HF, ME m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: HF Conservation: LC


5521. Agaricus endoxanthus Berk. & 5522. Agaricus subrufescens Peck IF No: 5523. Agaricus trinitatensis R.E.D. Baker &
Broome IF No: 226162 Trophic mode/ 248259 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph W.T. Dale IF No: 292320 Common name:
Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph /soil saprotroph Mojicó (Spanish), Cuaresmeros (Spanish)
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
BOY Uses: HF

5524. Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) 5525. Chlorophyllum molybdites (G. Mey.) 5526. Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers.
Vellinga IF No: 374396 Trophic mode/ Massee IF No: 604726 Trophic mode/ IF No: 148667 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On the
Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Frequently occurs after heavy rains on grass | on soil | Roadsides | In Trails and
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT Uses: HF lawns and grasslands | Saprotroph scattered, gregarious disturbed soils | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary Distribution:
Distribution: Global Distribution, Pantropics , Subtropics Elev.: Global Distribution Elev.: 1,475–1,750 m Dept.: ANT, TOL Uses:
1,450–1,550 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, NAR Uses: PO HF Conservation: LC

5527. Curucispora ponapensis Matsush. 5528. Cystolepiota hemisclera (Berk. & 5529. Echinoderma rubellum (Bres.) Migl.
IF No: 124378 M.A. Curtis) Pegler IF No: 108831 Trophic IF No: 467704 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: Among litter and Saprotroph Dept.: MAG
humus Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 250 m Dept.: AMA

5530. Holocotylon brandegeeanum Lloyd 5531. Janauaria amazonica Singer 5532. Lepiota bettinae Dörfelt IF No:
IF No: 241659 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 131567 Dept.: AMA 109927 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /soil saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MAG

5533. Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.) P. Kumm. 5534. Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm. 5535. Lepiota erythrosticta (Berk. &
IF No: 216879 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 221078 Trophic mode/Guild: Broome) Sacc. IF No: 222890 Trophic
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/soil saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Elev.: 400 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics Dept.: VAC

5536. Lepiota guatopoensis Dennis IF No: 5537. Lepiota montagnei (Kalchbr.) Sacc. 5538. Lepiota quintanaroensis Guzm.–
333120 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 168127 Trophic mode/Guild: Dáv. & Guzmán IF No: 108139 Trophic
/soil saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
370 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics Elev.: 400 m Dept.: ANT

5539. Lepiota subflavescens Murrill IF No: 5540. Lepiota subgranulosa Murrill IF No: 5541. Leucoagaricus amazonicus A. Ortiz
204216 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 203982 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph & Franco–Mol. IF No: 512219 Trophic
/soil saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph /soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil | mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 370 m Dept.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: saprotroph
ANT 2,500–3,000 m Dept.: CUN

5542. Leucoagaricus cinerascens (Quél.) 5543. Leucoagaricus gongylophorus 5544. Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.)
Bon & Boiffard IF No: 316776 Trophic (Möller) Singer IF No: 357960 Trophic Wasser IF No: 355733 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On soil in paddocks | Saprotroph
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN
Uses: HF

5545. Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Peck) 5546. Leucoagaricus serenus (Fr.) Bon & 5547. Leucoagaricus sulphurellus (Pegler)
Singer IF No: 287717 Trophic mode/Guild: Boiffard IF No: 316804 Trophic mode/ B.P. Akers IF No: 622053 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
On soil or wood | Sometimes in oak forests Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: ANT
| Saprotroph gregarious, scattered Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
ANT, CAU, QUI Uses: HF

5548. Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) 5549. Leucocoprinus brunneoluteus 5550. Leucocoprinus brunnescens (Peck)
Singer IF No: 333327 Common name: Capelari & Gimenes IF No: 510207 Trophic Pegler IF No: 109052 Trophic mode/Guild:
Hongo amarillo de macetas (Spanish) mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On soil | on decaying wood | it occurs in
gardens and plant pots | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 200–2,100 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAL,
CAQ, CES, CHO, MET, VID Uses: PO

5551. Leucocoprinus cepistipes (Sowerby) 5552. Leucocoprinus fragilissimus 5553. Leucocoprinus submontagnei
Pat. IF No: 102263 Trophic mode/Guild: (Ravenel ex Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat. IF No: Heinem. IF No: 316830 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: 101889 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil | Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Elev.: 750 m Dept.: ANT, MET Saprotroph solitary, gregarius Distribution: Pantropics, Elev.: Pantropics Dept.: ANT
2,200 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, MET Uses: PO


5554. Macrolepiota colombiana Franco– 5555. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer 5556. Phellorinia herculeana (Pers.)
Mol. IF No: 318604 Common name: IF No: 287857 Trophic mode/Guild: Kreisel IF No: 336277 Common name:
Lechucitas (Spanish) Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: In Merra (Wayunaiki, translated in Spanish)
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On woods or at the edges of woods, or in Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil
soil, in meadows | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Neotropics pastures, on trails, and in other disturbed–ground areas | saprotroph Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph solitary Distribution:
Elev.: 1,700–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, NAR Uses: HF Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Global Distribution Dept.: LAG Uses: MA, SU
Elev.: 1,800–3,000 m Dept.: CUN Uses: HF, ME, SU

Agaricales, Agaricaceae Agaricales, Agaricaceae Agaricales, Amanitaceae
5557. Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr. 5558. Rugosospora pseudorubiginosa 5559. Amanita advena Tulloss, Ovrebo &
IF No: 356687 Common name: Merra de (Cifuentes & Guzmán) Guzmán & Bandala Halling IF No: 359391 Trophic mode/Guild:
diablo (Wayunaiki, translated in Spanish) IF No: 132622 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil symbiotroph/lichenised Habitat: In tropical soil | Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: ANT
saprotroph Habitat: On soil | in arid, desert settings–including rainforest | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 400 m
wasteland, fields, and urban locations | Saprotroph solitary Dept.: ANT, CES, MAG, SUC
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: LAG, CES Uses: MA, SU

Agaricales, Amanitaceae Agaricales, Amanitaceae Agaricales, Amanitaceae
5560. Amanita arocheae Tulloss, Ovrebo & 5561. Amanita aureomonile Tulloss & 5562. Amanita brunneolocularis Tulloss,
Halling IF No: 359392 Trophic mode/Guild: Franco–Mol. IF No: 359393 Trophic mode/ Ovrebo & Halling IF No: 359394 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
soil | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Endemic Habitat: Endomycorrhiza Dept.: VAC Habitat: On soil in montane forests with
Dept.: ANT, VAC oaks | In paddocks | Ectomycorrhizal solitary Distribution:
Neotropics Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, TOL, VAC
Uses: HF

5563. Amanita brunneolocularis var. 5564. Amanita campinaranae Bas IF No: 5565. Amanita ceciliae (Berk. & Broome)
pallida N. Vargas 308543 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Bas IF No: 107714 Trophic mode/Guild:
IF No: 800647 /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
associated to Dicymbe sp., in tropical soil | Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: BOY Uses: HF
rainforest | Ectomycorrhiza Hosts: Dicymbe sp. Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: AMA

5566. Amanita citrina Pers. IF No: 205574 5567. Amanita colombiana Tulloss, Ovrebo 5568. Amanita crebresulcata Bas IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ & Halling IF No: 359388 Trophic mode/ 308549 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil |
montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal solitary Habitat: On soil | Ectomycorrhiza solitary or associated to Dicymbe sp., in tropical
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,580 m Dept.: BOY Uses: in couples Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, BOY Uses: PO rainforest | Ectomycorrhiza solitary Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
HF 572 m Dept.: CES, AMA Uses: EU

5569. Amanita cruzii O.K. Mill. & Lodge IF 5570. Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk. IF No: 5571. Amanita fuligineodisca Tulloss,
No: 474290 Trophic mode/Guild: 206277 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Ovrebo & Halling IF No: 359389 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
Ectomycorrhiza solitary or in couples Elev.: Habitat: On soil | Ectomycorrhiza with
2,460–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR, BOY Uses: HF, PO Quercus sp. solitary or in couples Elev.: 2,750–2,900 m Dept.:
ANT, BOY, NAR Uses: PO Conservation: VU

5572. Amanita fulva Fr. IF No: 212682 5573. Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill. IF No: 5574. Amanita humboldtii Singer
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ 202929 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 326098 Trophic mode/Guild:
ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in exotic symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
plantations and in Quercus forests | soil | in Quercus humboldtii forests |
Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.:
Uses: HF BOY, CUN, NAR

5575. Amanita lanivolva Bas IF No: 5576. Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. IF No: 5577. Amanita picea Tulloss, Ovrebo &
308564 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 161267 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Halling IF No: 359396 Trophic mode/Guild:
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in exotic symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat:
associated to Dicymbe sp., in tropical plantations and in Quercus forests | Endomycorrhiza Dept.: BOY, NAR
rainforest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Distribution: Introduced Elev.:
1,900–3,419 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, BOY, SAN, QUI Uses: ME

5578. Amanita porphyria Alb. & Schwein. 5579. Amanita rubescens Pers. IF No: 5580. Amanita sepultipes N. Vargas &
IF No: 171128 Trophic mode/Guild: 172799 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Restrepo IF No: 550794 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in exotic Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
plantations | Ectomycorrhizal solitary, Conservation: VU
gregarious Distribution: Introduced Dept.: ANT, CUN Uses: HF

5581. Amanita sororcula Tulloss, Ovrebo & 5582. Amanita virosa Bertill. 5583. Amanita xerocybe Bas IF No:
Halling IF No: 359390 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 163692 Trophic mode/ Guild: 308602 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil |
soil in montane forest | Ectomycorrhiza soil in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza associated to Dicymbe sp., in tropical
solitary or in couples Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,460–2,700 solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, BOY, VAC rainforest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA
m Dept.: ANT, BOY Uses: PO Uses: PO


5584. Amanita xylinivolva Tulloss, Ovrebo 5585. Aspidella aureofloccosa (Bas) Vizzini 5586. Saproamanita savannae (Tulloss &
& Halling IF No: 359387 Trophic mode/ & Contu IF No: 803948 Trophic mode/ Franco–Mol.) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel &
Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Contu IF No: 816362 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: On soil | Ectomycorrhiza solitary or Saprotroph solitary, gregarius Distribution: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
in couples Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, NAR, SAN Uses: PO Pantropics Elev.: 381–587 m Dept.: CES Uses: PO

Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae
5587. Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr. IF No: 5588. Conocybe inopinata Hauskn. & 5589. Conocybe juniana (Velen.) Hauskn.
175350 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Contu IF No: 531939 Trophic mode/Guild: & Svrček IF No: 459797 Trophic mode/
/dung saprotroph, leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
In grasslands | Saprotroph solitary Dept.: CUN
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,640–3,120 m Dept.:
CUN,BOG, BOY Uses: MA

5590. Conocybe mesospora Kühner ex 5591. Conocybe mexicana (Murrill) Watling 5592. Conocybe utricystidiata (Enderle &
Watling IF No: 111295 Trophic mode/ IF No: 111296 Trophic mode/Guild: H.–J. Hübner) Somhorst IF No: 587833
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global saprotroph
Distribution Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m

5593. Conocybe velutipes (Velen.) Hauskn. 5594. Descolea antarctica Singer IF No: 5595. Pholiotina altoandina Singer IF No:
& Svrček IF No: 459517 Trophic mode/ 296578 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 125013 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /ectomycorrhizal Conservation: LC /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Dept.: VAC Elev.: 3,600–3,800 m Dept.: RIS

Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae Agaricales, Callistosporiaceae Agaricales, Callistosporiaceae
5596. Pholiotina caricicola Singer IF No: 5597. Callistosporium luteo–olivaceum 5598. Macrocybe titans (H.E. Bigelow &
125014 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 284697 Kimbr.) Pegler, Lodge & Nakasone IF No:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Under Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 443595 Common name: Tocinas
Carex pichinchensis Distribution: undefined saprotroph Habitat: On wet (Spanish), nWnOTO YniOKIiLOi, used by
Pantropics Dept.: RIS wood Elev.: 3,800–4,300 m HotÏ indigenous people Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Habitat:
On soil in the shade at the base of a tree or on the edge of the
road | Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Neotropics
Elev.: 500–907 m Dept.: ANT, SAN, BOY Uses: HF

Agaricales, Callistosporiaceae Agaricales, Chromocyphellaceae Agaricales, Chromocyphellaceae
5599. Pleurocollybia pulcherrima Singer 5600. Chromocyphella muscicola (Fr.) 5601. Phaeosolenia densa (Berk.) W.B.
IF No: 320688 Dept.: CUN Donk IF No: 328185 Trophic mode/Guild: Cooke IF No: 336175 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
In disturbed secondary forest
Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

Agaricales, Chromocyphellaceae Agaricales, Chromocyphellaceae Agaricales, Clavariaceae
5602. Phaeosolenia inconspicua (Sacc.) 5603. Phaeosolenia platensis Speg. IF No: 5604. Clavaria zollingeri Lév. IF No:
Donk IF No: 336178 Trophic mode/Guild: 164407 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 154126 Habitat: On moss bank, in
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph montane forest Distribution: Global
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Distribution Elev.: 2,430 m Dept.: ANT
1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG Conservation: VU

Agaricales, Clavariaceae Agaricales, Clavariaceae Agaricales, Clavariaceae
5605. Clavulinopsis amoena (Zoll. & 5606. Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sowerby) 5607. Clavulinopsis laeticolor (Berk. &
Moritzi) Corner IF No: 295032 Trophic Corner IF No: 295057 Common name: M.A. Curtis) R.H. Petersen IF No: 328402
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Escoba de madremonte, used by Uitoto Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph people Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph Habitat: On soil in montane
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil in forests | on decaying forest | in Cupressus lusitanica plantation Distribution: Global
wood | Saprotroph solitary, cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,000–2,430 m Dept.: ANT
Distribution Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CAU, SAN Uses: HF

Agaricales, Clavariaceae Agaricales, Cortinariaceae Agaricales, Cortinariaceae
5608. Ramariopsis kunzei (Fr.) Corner IF 5609. Cortinarius amazonicus Singer & 5610. Cortinarius arcabucensis M.M.
No: 338194 Trophic mode/Guild: I.J.A. Aguiar IF No: 110301 Trophic mode/ Moser IF No: 311869 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal

Agaricales, Cortinariaceae Agaricales, Cortinariaceae Agaricales, Cortinariaceae
5611. Cortinarius aurantiobrunneus 5612. Cortinarius aureopigmentatus 5613. Cortinarius boyacensis Singer IF No:
Ammirati, Halling & Garnica IF No: 531942 Ammirati, Halling & Garnica IF No: 531943 328998 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in
ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in ectomycorrhizal Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza solitary
Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, BOY, TOL
2,830 m Dept.: SAN Conservation: NT

5614. Cortinarius carranzae Ammirati, 5615. Cortinarius casimirii (Velen.) 5616. Cortinarius colombianus (Halling &
Halling & Garnica IF No: 531944 Trophic Huijsman IF No: 628453 Trophic Ovrebo) Peintner, E. Horak, M.M. Moser &
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Vilgalys IF No: 374590 Trophic mode/
Habitat: On soil | Ectomycorrhiza Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT Habitat: On soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT


5617. Cortinarius flavotomentosus (M.M. 5618. Cortinarius harrisonii Ammirati, 5619. Cortinarius iodes Berk. & M.A. Curtis
Moser) G. Garnier IF No: 450291 Trophic Niskanen & Liimat. IF No: 800333 Trophic IF No: 220464 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Dept.: SAN soil | In mixed oak–dominated forest |
Ectomycorrhiza solitary, gregarius Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
2,200–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, NAR, SAN

5620. Cortinarius lugubris M.M. Moser IF 5621. Cortinarius neotropicus E. Harrower 5622. Cortinarius picosporus M.M. Moser
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: With symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Quercus copeyensis, Q. seemannii, Q.
costaricensis, Q. humboldtii, and Trigobalanus sp.
Ectomycorrhiza. Elev.: 2,200–2,880 m Dept.: HUI, VAC

5623. Cortinarius praelatus M.M. Moser IF 5624. Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. IF No: 5625. Cortinarius rapiolens M.M. Moser IF
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal

5626. Cortinarius riopancensis M.M. 5627. Cortinarius rubellus Cooke 5628. Cortinarius violaceus (L.) Gray IF No:
Moser IF No: 312115 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 166839 Trophic mode/Guild: 239546 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in forests
associated with oak | Ectomycorrhizal
solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,300–2,785 m
Dept.: ANT, BOY, HUI Uses: HF

Agaricales, Cortinariaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae
5629. Pyrrhoglossum pyrrhum (Berk. & 5630. Crepidotus antillarum (Pat.) Singer 5631. Crepidotus applanatus (Pers.) P.
M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 290355 Habitat: IF No: 312241 Trophic mode/Guild: Kumm. IF No: 184669 Trophic mode/
In tropical forest Elev.: 50–1,340 m Dept.: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
ANT, CHO, CUN, QUI Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
1,150–2,400 m

Agaricales, Crepidotaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae
5632. Crepidotus brasiliensis Rick IF No: 5633. Crepidotus brunswickianus (Speg.) 5634. Crepidotus cesatii (Rabenh.) Sacc.
251057 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Sacc. IF No: 191828 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 191614 Trophic mode/Guild:
/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In saprotroph/wood saprotroph
riparian forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m
Dept.: VAC

Agaricales, Crepidotaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae Agaricales, Crepidotaceae 5637.
5635. Crepidotus cuneiformis Pat. IF No: 5636. Crepidotus levisporus Singer IF No: Crepidotus mollis (Schaeff.) Staude IF No:
187409 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 312256 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 204426 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
wood saprotroph Habitat: On rotten wood. wood saprotroph Dept.: VAC /wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood
Saprotroph. Dept.: AMA in Paramo with Espeletia Distribution:
Global Distribution Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CAU Uses: HF

5638. Crepidotus nephrodes (Berk. & M.A. 5639. Crepidotus palmarum Singer IF No: 5640. Crepidotus roseus Singer
Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 204569 Common 296085 Common name: Nacumas IF No: 285839 Trophic mode/Guild:
name: Sakitaj venenoso (Tsotsil, Mayan (Spanish); Orejas blancas (Spanish) saprotroph/wood saprotroph
language) Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On trunks | Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | Saprotroph Distribution:
gregarious Elev.: 2,000–3,400 m Dept.: CUN, MAG, VAC Uses: PO Pantropics Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

5641. Crepidotus uber (Berk. & M.A. 5642. Pleuroflammula flavomarginata 5643. Pleuroflammula squarrulosa Singer
Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 248148 Trophic mode/ (Berk. & Broome) Singer IF No: 303942 IF No: 320696 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: On fallen trunks | Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Dept.: CUN On wood | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 60–3,000 m Dept.: CHO,
CUN, VAC

Agaricales, Cyphellaceae Agaricales, Cyphellaceae Agaricales, Cystostereaceae
5644. Campanophyllum proboscideum 5645. Incrustocalyptella columbiana 5646. Cericium luteoincrustatum
(Fr.) Cifuentes & R.H. Petersen IF No: Agerer IF No: 108088 Trophic mode/Guild: (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam IF No:
488791 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 412747 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAU Elev.: Sea level Dept.: MAG

Agaricales, Entolomataceae Agaricales, Entolomataceae Agaricales, Entolomataceae
5647. Clitopilus argentinus Singer IF No: 5648. Clitopilus testaceus (Dennis) 5649. Entoloma albellum (Romagn.)
295207 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Noordel. & Co–David IF No: 509953 Singer IF No: 131555 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
Elev.: 2,125 m undefined saprotroph ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC


5650. Entoloma arachnoideus (Berk. & 5651. Entoloma avilanum (Dennis) E. 5652. Entoloma clitocyboides E. Horak &
M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 328891 Trophic Horak IF No: 313675 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 115430 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil
parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen leaves |
Dept.: VAC Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: QUI Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

5653. Entoloma conspicuocystidiosum E. 5654. Entoloma dennisii E. Horak IF No: 5655. Entoloma dragonosporum (Singer)
Horak & Singer IF No: 115431 Trophic 313704 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, E. Horak IF No: 313707 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal fungal parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal
parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil in bamboo plantation. Dept.: AMA parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
among litter in firest Dept.: AMA, CAQ

5656. Entoloma dysthales (Peck) Sacc. IF 5657. Entoloma ferrugineogranulatum 5658. Entoloma flavotinctum E. Horak &
No: 202121 Trophic mode/Guild: (Singer) E. Horak IF No: 313714 Trophic Corner IF No: 115433 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil under parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Myrceugenella Dept.: CUN Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

5659. Entoloma hochstetteri (Reichardt) 5660. Entoloma howellii (Peck) Dennis IF 5661. Entoloma lyophylliforme (Singer) E.
G. Stev. IF No: 330487 Trophic mode/ No: 297243 Trophic mode/Guild: Horak IF No: 313755 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil
parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil | saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: In tropical forest | saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Saprotroph solitary, gregarius Distribution: Global Distribution Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO Dept.: VAC
Elev.: 1,500–1,680 m Dept.: CAQ, SAN Uses: PO

5662. Entoloma naranjanum Dennis IF No: 5663. Entoloma pinnum (Romagn.) Dennis 5664. Entoloma pseudopapillatum (Pegler)
297246 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 297251 Trophic mode/Guild: Courtec. & Fiard IF No: 371220 Trophic
saprotroph, symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph,
fungal parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal
saprotroph saprotroph, undefined saprotroph parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Dept.: AMA

5665. Entoloma sericeum Quél. 5666. Entoloma singeri Mešić & Tkalčec IF 5667. Entoloma siparianum Dennis IF No:
IF No: 202631 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 817508 Trophic mode/Guild: 297254 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ saprotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal,
ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil fungal parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Dept.: AMA

5668. Entoloma underwoodii Dennis IF No: 5669. Entoloma venezuelanum (Dennis) E. 5670. Entoloma virgale (Pegler) Courtec. IF
297259 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Horak IF No: 313843 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 521342 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph
fungal parasite, soil saprotroph, undefined ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil /ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite, soil
saprotroph Habitat: On termite mound | Saprotroph solitary saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: In riparian forest Elev.: saprotroph, undefined saprotroph
Distribution: Neotropics Dept.: CAQ 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

5671. Inocephalus cystidiophorus (Dennis) 5672. Rhodocybe gilvoides (Rick) Singer IF 5673. Rhodophana nitellina (Fr.) Papetti IF
Karstedt & Capelari IF No: 519498 Trophic No: 305187 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 551107 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph
saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

Agaricales, Hydnangiaceae Agaricales, Hydnangiaceae Agaricales, Hydnangiaceae
5674. Hydnangium carneum Wallr. IF No: 5675. Laccaria amethystina Cooke IF No: 5676. Laccaria fraterna (Sacc.) Pegler IF
221851 Trophic mode/Guild: 433576 Common name: Lacaria amatista No: 332792 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: (Spanish)Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Hypogeous under a thick layer of leaves symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | Eucalyptus spp. plantations |
and debris in plantation of E. camaldulensis Elev.: 3,078 m soil | in oak forests | in coniferous forets | Ectomycorrhizal Ectomycorrhiza scattered, gregarious Distribution: Global
Dept.: TOL solitary, gregarious, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Distribution Elev.: 2,690 m Dept.: BOY, ANT, CUN, HUI, VAC Uses:
Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: ANT, HUI, CUN Uses: HF EU, HF

5677. Laccaria gomezii Singer & G.M. 5678. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke IF 5679. Laccaria lateritia Malençon IF No:
Muell. IF No: 135152 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 119173 Common name: Lacaria 332794 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On lacada (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On woodland
soil, associated to Quercus, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soils | Saprotroph gregarious Elev.: 2,900
Ectomycorrhiza solitary, gregarius Distribution: Endemic Elev.: soil, in exotic plantations, in oak forests | Ectomycorrhizal m Dept.: BOY Uses: HF
2,270 m Dept.: ANT, HUI solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution, Introduced
Elev.: 1,800–3,400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CUN, HUI,
MAG, NAR, QUI Uses: HF


5680. Laccaria ohiensis (Mont.) Singer IF 5681. Laccaria proxima (Boud.) Pat. IF No: 5682. Laccaria tetraspora Singer
No: 287397 Trophic mode/Guild: 438537 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 287398 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, in exotic symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat:
soil | on sandy soils | in riparian forest plantations | Ectomycorrhizal gregarious, Endomycorrhiza Dept.: ANT, CAU, CUN, HUI
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: scattered Distribution: Introduced Dept.: ANT Uses: HF
VAC

Agaricales, Hydnangiaceae Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae
5683. Laccaria trichodermophora G.M. 5684. Acantholichen variabilis Dal–Forno, 5685. Arrhenia alnetora (Singer) Redhead
Muell. IF No: 106945 Trophic mode/Guild: Coca & Lücking IF No: 814553 Trophic IF No: 106606 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
soil, in exotic plantations | Ectomycorrhizal Saprotroph
gregarious, scattered Distribution: Introduced Dept.: CUN Uses:
HF

Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae
5686. Cora accipiter Moncada, Madriñán 5687. Cora applanata Moncada, Soto– 5688. Cora arachnodavidea Moncada,
& Lücking IF No: 552381 Trophic mode/ Medina & Lücking IF No: 552382 Trophic Dal–Forno & Lücking IF No: 552383
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised

5689. Cora arachnoidea J.E. Hern. & 5690. Cora arborescens Dal–Forno, 5691. Cora arcabucana Moncada, C.
Lücking IF No: 805376 Trophic mode/ Chaves & Lücking IF No: 552384 Trophic Rodríguez & Lücking IF No: 552385
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised

5692. Cora aspera Wilk, Lücking & E. 5693. Cora aturucoa Lücking, Moncada & 5694. Cora barbifera Moncada, Patiño &
Morales IF No: 805377 Trophic mode/ C. Vargas IF No: 552386 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 552388 Trophic mode/

5695. Cora byssoidea Lücking & Moncada 5696. Cora casanarensis L.Y. Vargas, 5697. Cora caucensis Moncada, M.C. Gut.
IF No: 805378 Trophic mode/Guild: Moncada & Lücking IF No: 810489 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 552395 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph/lichenised Conservation: CR mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
Conservation: VU

5698. Cora celestinoa Moncada, Cabr.– 5699. Cora ciferrii (Tomas.) Lücking, A. 5700. Cora corelleslia Moncada, Suár.–
Amaya & Lücking IF No: 552396 Trophic Grall & Thüs IF No: 808696 Trophic mode Corr. & Lücking IF No: 552399 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

5701. Cora crispoleslia Moncada, J.A. 5702. Cora cyphellifera Dal–Forno, 5703. Cora dalehana Moncada, Madriñán
Molina & Lücking IF No: 552400 Trophic Bungartz & Lücking IF No: 805379 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 552402 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

5704. Cora davibogotana Lücking, 5705. Cora davicrinita Moncada, Madriñán 5706. Cora davidia Moncada, L.Y. Vargas
Moncada & Coca IF No: 552403 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 552404 Trophic mode/ & Lücking IF No: 552405 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

5707. Cora dewisanti Moncada, Suár.– 5708. Cora elephas Lücking, Moncada & 5709. Cora fimbriata L.Y. Vargas, Moncada
Corr. & Lücking IF No: 552406 Trophic L.Y. Vargas IF No: 552408 Trophic mode/ & Lücking IF No: 810490 Trophic mode/
Conservation: EN

5710. Cora fuscodavidiana Lücking, 5711. Cora garagoa Simijaca, Moncada & 5712. Cora gigantea Lücking, Moncada &
Moncada & L.Y. Vargas IF No: 552409 Lücking IF No: 552410 Trophic mode/ Coca IF No: 552411 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised

5713. Cora glabrata (Spreng.) Fr. 5714. Cora hafecesweorthensis Moncada, 5715. Cora hawksworthiana Dal–Forno,
IF No: 383684 Trophic mode/Guild: Lücking & R.–E. Peláez IF No: 552414 P.R. Nelson & Lücking IF No: 552416
symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/

5716. Cora hirsuta (Moncada & Lücking) 5717. Cora inversa Lücking & Moncada IF 5718. Cora leslactuca Lücking, Moncada &
Moncada & Lücking IF No: 805388 Trophic No: 805380 Trophic mode/Guild: R.–E. Peláez IF No: 552421 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised


5719. Cora minor (Lücking, E. Navarro & 5720. Cora paraciferrii Lücking, Moncada 5721. Cora pastorum Moncada, Patiño &
Sipman) Lücking IF No: 805389 Trophic & J.E. Hern. IF No: 552427 Trophic mode Lücking IF No: 552429 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

5722. Cora pavonia (Weber & D. Mohr) 5723. Cora pikynasa J.–M. Torres, 5724. Cora putumayensis L.J. Arias,
Mont. IF No: 163226 Trophic mode/Guild: Moncada & Lücking IF No: 552431 Trophic Moncada & Lücking IF No: 552434 Trophic
symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised

5725. Cora quillacinga Moncada, F. Ortega 5726. Cora reticulifera Vain. 5727. Cora rothesiorum Moncada,
& Lücking IF No: 552435 Trophic mode IF No: 383690 Madriñán & Lücking IF No: 552436
/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
lichenised

5728. Cora schizophylloides Moncada, C. 5729. Cora setosa L.Y. Vargas, Moncada & 5730. Cora subdavicrinita Moncada, J.A.
Rodríguez & Lücking IF No: 552439 Lücking IF No: 810491 Trophic mode/ Molina & Lücking IF No: 552442 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Conservation: CR

5731. Cora udebeceana Moncada, R.–E. 5732. Cora undulata L.Y. Vargas, Moncada 5733. Cora urceolata Moncada, Coca &
Peláez & Lücking IF No: 552446 Trophic & Lücking IF No: 810492 Trophic mode/ Lücking IF No: 552447 Trophic mode/
Conservation: CR

5734. Cora verjonensis Lücking, Moncada 5735. Cora viliewoa Lücking, Chaves & 5736. Corella brasiliensis Vain.
& Dal–Forno IF No: 552448 Trophic mode/ Soto–Medina IF No: 552449 Trophic IF No: 383696 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

5737. Corella melvinii (Chaves, Lücking & 5738. Corella zahlbruckneri Schiffn. IF No: 5739. Cuphophyllus pratensis (Pers.) Bon
L. Umaña) Lücking, Dal–Forno & Lawrey IF 383698 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 105223 Trophic mode/Guild:
No: 805394 Trophic mode/Guild: undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Uses: HF

5740. Cuphophyllus virgineus (Wulfen) 5741. Cyphellostereum pusiolum (Berk. & 5742. Dictyonema giganteum L.Y. Vargas,
Kovalenko IF No: 127382 Trophic mode M.A. Curtis) D.A. Reid IF No: 329527 Moncada & Lücking IF No: 810493 Trophic
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
Uses: HF lichenised Distribution: Pantropics, Native
Elev.: 1,700–2,050 m Dept.: ANT, NAR

5743. Dictyonema hernandezii Lücking, 5744. Dictyonema irpicinum Mont. IF No: 5745. Dictyonema irrigatum (Berk. & M.A.
Lawrey & Dal–Forno IF No: 517761 186042 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Curtis) Lücking IF No: 805393 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ /lichenised Biogeographic region: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised
lichenised Amazonia, Andes Distribution: Pantropics,
Native Elev.: 50–1,900 m Dept.: CAQ, RIS, SAN

5746. Dictyonema ligulatum (Kremp.) 5747. Dictyonema membranaceum C. 5748. Dictyonema metallicum Lücking,
Zahlbr. IF No: 365988 Trophic mode/ Agardh IF No: 185858 Trophic mode/ Dal–Forno & Lawrey IF No: 805385
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Guild: symbiotroph/ lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: CHO

5749. Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, 5750. Dictyonema phyllophilum 5751. Dictyonema schenckianum (Müll.
A.A. Spielm. & Marcelli IF No: 805386 (Parmasto) Lücking, Dal–Forno & Lawrey IF Arg.) Zahlbr. IF No: 384320 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ No: 805390 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised symbiotroph/lichenised

5752. Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk. IF 5753. Dictyonema thelephora (Spreng.) 5754. Gliophorus laetus (Pers.) Herink IF
No: 478578 Trophic mode/Guild: Zahlbr. IF No: 384323 Trophic mode/ No: 103375 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/lichenised Biogeographic Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil, In mixed oak–
region: Amazonia, Andes, Pacific dominated forest | Saprotroph Elev.:
Distribution: Pantropics, Native Elev.: 240–2,940 m Dept.: AMA, 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT
CAU, CHO, CUN, GUA, NAR, RIS, VAC, VAU

5755. Hygroaster cleefii Franco–Mol. & 5756. Hygroaster nodulisporus (Dennis) 5757. Hygrocybe aphylla Læssøe &
López–Quint. IF No: 510469 Distribution: Ralaiv., Niskanen & Liimat. IF No: 556369 Boertm. IF No: 511355 Trophic
Pantropics Dept.: CAQ, CHO, CAU Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/
On decayed wood | on soil, solitary
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ


5758. Hygrocybe astatogala R. Heim ex 5759. Hygrocybe batistae Singer 5760. Hygrocybe calciphila Arnolds IF No:
Heinem. IF No: 332155 IF No: 332159 Trophic mode/ Guild: 104317 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Habitat: In tropical forest Distribution:
saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT Temperate Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO

5761. Hygrocybe chloochlora Pegler & 5762. Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) 5763. Hygrocybe coccinea (Schaeff.) P.
Fiard IF No: 315375 Trophic mode/Guild: Wünsche IF No: 356815 Trophic Kumm. IF No: 355640 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: In Guild: saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAU riparian forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m
Dept.: VAC

5764. Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P. 5765. Hygrocybe hondurensis Murrill IF 5766. Hygrocybe hypohaemacta (Corner)
Kumm. IF No: 356885 Trophic mode/ No: 546425 Trophic mode/Guild: Pegler IF No: 315388 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph Habitat: On soil in saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph
forests, rarely in meadows | Saprotroph 2,400–3,600 m Elev.: 400 m Dept.: ANT
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200–
2,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAQ, QUI, MAG Uses: PO

5767. Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. IF 5768. Hygrocybe naranjana Pegler IF No: 5769. Hygrocybe nigrescens (Quél.)
No: 356816 Trophic mode/Guild: 315394 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Kühner IF No: 355613 Trophic
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | Among moss Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 3,600–3,800 m mode/Guild: saprotroph/
| Among leaves | On decaying wood |
Saprotroph scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200–
3,100 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, QUI, TOL, SAN Uses: HF

5770. Hygrocybe occidentalis (Dennis) 5771. Hygrocybe prieta Lodge & Pegler IF 5772. Hygrocybe rosea Murrill IF No:
Pegler IF No: 315395 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 133411 Trophic mode/Guild: 454913 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: BOY

5773. Hygrocybe rubroflava Singer IF No: 5774. Hygrocybe subcaespitosa Murrill IF 5775. Hygrocybe subflavida Murrill IF No:
315403 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 546427 Trophic mode/Guild: 546429 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph/ Habitat: On ground Elev.: 90 Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
m Dept.: AMA Pantropics Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: ANT

5776. Hygrocybe trinitensis (Dennis) 5777. Hygrocybe troyana Murrill 5778. Hygrophorus buccinulus (Speg.)
Pegler IF No: 315415 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 546432 Trophic mode/ Guild: Dennis IF No: 298685 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ Habitat: Fallen leaves | in saprotroph/ Habitat: In secondary forest | Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
chagra | Saprotroph Distribution: on soil | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Habitat: On litter, in mixed oak–dominated
Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: CAQ Dept.: VAC forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT

5779. Hygrophorus cossus (Sowerby) Fr. IF 5780. Hygrophorus niveicolor (Murrill) A.H. 5781. Hygrophorus obconicus Peck IF No:
No: 203105 Trophic mode/Guild: Sm. & Hesler IF No: 287135 Trophic mode 191971 mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal ectomycorrhizal Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m
soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Habitat: On clay–swampy soil, but firm.
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOY, CUN Elev.: 100 m Dept.: AMA

5782. Hygrophorus quercuum Singer IF 5783. Leptoglossum galeatum W.B. Cooke 5784. Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.)
No: 315443 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 333170 Distribution: Pantropics Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys IF
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: Elev.: 2,400–3,800 m No: 375162 Trophic mode/Guild:
Global Distribution Dept.: BOY symbiotroph/lichenised Dept.: TOL

5785. Lichenomphalia aurantiaca 5786. Lichenomphalia hudsoniana (H.S. 5787. Lichenomphalia lobata (Redhead &
(Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni, Jenn.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo &
Moncalvo & Vilgalys IF No: 375163 Vilgalys IF No: 375187 Trophic mode/ Vilgalys IF No: 375196 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Dept.: CUN Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised
lichenised Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 3,000–
Elev.: 3,000–4,000 m Dept.: CUN 4,000 m Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae
5788. Lichenomphalia luteovitellina (Pilát 5789. Galerina cerina A.H. Sm. & Singer IF 5790. Galerina columbiana Singer IF No:
& Nannf.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & No: 297607 Trophic mode/Guild: 314267 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Vilgalys IF No: 586485 Trophic mode/ pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, leaf
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Dept.: CUN parasite, leaf saprotroph, soil saprotroph, saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined
undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: On soil | saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: BOY
associated with mosses, muddy humus of swamps | Saprotroph
gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,400–3,800 m


Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae Agaricales, Hymenogastraceae
5791. Galerina discernibilis Singer IF No: 5792. Galerina emmetensis A.H. Sm. & 5793. Galerina hypsizyga Singer
314268 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Singer IF No: 297615 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 331092 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, leaf pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte
saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined parasite, leaf saprotroph, soil saprotroph, parasite, leaf saprotroph, soil saprotroph,
saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m Elev.: 1,239 m

5794. Galerina mycenoides (Fr.) Kühner IF 5795. Galerina oligocalyptrata Singer IF 5796. Galerina pumila (Pers.) Singer IF No:
No: 253483 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 124826 Trophic mode/Guild: 331133 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, leaf
parasite, leaf saprotroph, soil saprotroph, parasite, leaf saprotroph, soil saprotroph, saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined
undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph Dept.: BOY undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics saprotroph, wood saprotroph
Dept.: BOY

5797. Galerina quinteroensis Singer IF No: 5798. Galerina yungicola Singer IF No: 5799. Gymnopilus chrysopellus (Berk. &
331134 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 331160 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, M.A. Curtis) Murrill IF No: 451329 Trophic
saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, leaf saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, leaf mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined saprotroph, soil saprotroph, undefined Habitat: On trunk Elev.: 220 m Dept.: CAQ
saprotroph, wood saprotroph saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 3,600–3,800 m

5800. Gymnopilus dilepis (Berk. & 5801. Gymnopilus epileatum Ryvarden IF 5802. Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton
Broome) Singer IF No: 445575 Trophic No: 501307 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 331593 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,300 m Dept.: MAG

5803. Gymnopilus lateritius (Pat.) Murrill IF 5804. Gymnopilus lepidotus Hesler IF No: 5805. Gymnopilus parvisporus B.J. Rees IF
No: 451331 Trophic mode/Guild: 314787 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 459679 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On /wood saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
wood, in mixed oak–dominated forest | wood | in chagra | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 decayed wood | in chagra | Saprotroph
Wood saprotroph Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: AMA, CAL

5806. Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus 5807. Gymnopilus rugulosus R. Valenz., 5808. Gymnopilus tuxtlensis Guzm.–Dáv.
Høil. IF No: 447006 Trophic mode/Guild: Guzmán & J. Castillo IF No: 110713 IF No: 361720 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: Sa-protroph Elev.: 2,500–3,200 m Saprotroph Elev.: 400 m Dept.: ANT
Dept.: ANT

5809. Phaeocollybia ambigua E. Horak & 5810. Phaeocollybia caudata E. Horak & 5811. Phaeocollybia columbiana Singer IF
Halling IF No: 355265 Trophic mode/Guild: Halling IF No: 355266 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 319535 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Elev.: 500 m
soil in montane Quercus humboldtii forest Pantropics Elev.: 716–2,500 m Dept.: ANT Dept.: VAC
| Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,500–2,700 m
Dept.: ANT, NAR

5812. Phaeocollybia oligoporpa Singer IF 5813. Phaeocollybia pseudolugubris 5814. Phaeocollybia quercetorum Singer
No: 131574 Trophic mode/Guild: Bandala & E. Horak IF No: 415152 Trophic IF No: 131575 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Pantropics Elev.: 2,350–2,500 m Dept.: Habitat: In forests of Abies religiosa and litter | in mature forest | Saprotroph
ANT, NAR Pinus | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,750 m Dept.: ANT Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,100–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, CAL

5815. Phaeocollybia singularis E. Horak & 5816. Psilocybe antioquiensis Guzmán, 5817. Psilocybe argentina (Speg.) Singer
Halling IF No: 355267 Trophic mode/Guild: Saldarr., Pineda, G. García & L.–F. IF No: 337834 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: Velázquez IF No: 362240 Trophic mode/ saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On
Pantropics Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: NAR Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil in cow dung | Saprotroph Distribution:
subtropical zone | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Austral Elev.: 1,900–3,400 m Dept.: BOY, CHO
Pantropics Dept.: ANT Uses: SU

5818. Psilocybe bispora Guzmán, Franco– 5819. Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.) P. Kumm. 5820. Psilocybe cabiensis Guzmán, M.
Mol. & Ram.–Guill. IF No: 563522 Trophic IF No: 414619 Trophic mode/Guild: Torres & Ram.–Guill. IF No: 370729
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Distribution: Temperate, Europe Elev.: In tropical forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m
2,500 m Dept.: BOY Dept.: CHO

5821. Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill IF 5822. Psilocybe clavata Guzmán 5823. Psilocybe columbiana Guzmán IF
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil or on sugar saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil, in Paramo
cane mulch, moslty in shaded places or on with Espeletia argentea | Saprotroph
rich soil recently moved or altered | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,200–3,500
cespitose Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 1,475 m m Dept.: CUN Uses: SU
Dept.: ANT Uses: ME, SU


5824. Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer IF 5825. Psilocybe fimicola Guzmán IF No: 5826. Psilocybe guatapensis Guzmán,
No: 290107 Common name: Hongo de 321923 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Saldarr., Pineda, G. García & L.–F.
San Isidro Labrador (Spanish; Hongo que Habitat: On dung | Saprotroph Elev.: 3,500 Velázquez IF No: 362241 Trophic mode/
emborracha, used by Uitoto people Trophic m Dept.: CUN Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: In orange
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On dung | In meadows | In brown clay soild covered by mosses, in subtropical forests |
disturbed tropical vegetation | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: Sea level–3,000 m ANT Uses: SU
Dept.: AMA, ANT, BOY, CHO, CAL, CAQ, CUN, MET, SAN, TOL, VAC
Uses: ME, SU

5827. Psilocybe heliconiae Guzmán, 5828. Psilocybe hoogshagenii R. Heim IF 5829. Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim IF No:
Saldarr., Pineda, G. García & L.–F. No: 109476 Trophic mode/Guild: 304487 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Velázquez IF No: 362242 Trophic mode/ saprotroph/ Habitat: On dung | Saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph solitary, gregarious
Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil in solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT Uses:
subtropical zone | Saprotroph solitary, cespitose Distribution: Dept.: ANT Uses: SU SU
Pantropics Dept.: ANT, CAQ Uses: SU

5830. Psilocybe muliercula Singer & A.H. 5831. Psilocybe naematoliformis Guzmán 5832. Psilocybe peruviana Singer IF No:
Sm. IF No: 304489 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 321939 Trophic mode/Guild: 337859 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/ saprotroph/

5833. Psilocybe pintonii Guzmán 5834. Psilocybe pleurocystidiosa Guzmán 5835. Psilocybe plutonia (Berk. & M.A.
IF No: 321944 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 109214 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 223344 Trophic mode
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil, in Paramo | saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil or humus in /Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil, in
Saprotroph solitary, gregarious subtropical forest | Saprotroph tropical rain forest | On decaying wood and
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,450–3,600 m Dept.: CUN Uses: Distribution: Pantropics Uses: SU rotting logs | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution:
SU Pantropics Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO Uses: SU

5836. Psilocybe 5837. Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán IF 5838. Psilocybe subheliconiae Guzmán,
semiangustipleurocystidiata Guzmán, No: 321955 Trophic mode/Guild: Ram.–Guill. & M. Torres IF No: 370695
Ram.–Guill. & M. Torres IF No: 370701 saprotroph/ Habitat: On dung | Saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: gregarious Distribution: Pantropics, In tropical forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m
In tropical forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO, MAG Subtropics Elev.: 400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, SAN Uses: SU Dept.: CHO

5839. Psilocybe subhoogshagenii Guzmán, 5840. Psilocybe subhyperella Singer IF No: 5841. Psilocybe subviscida (Peck)
M. Torres & Ram.–Guill. IF No: 370687 321957 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Kauffman IF No: 446058 Trophic mode
Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN /Guild: saprotroph/
In tropical forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m
Dept.: CHO

5842. Psilocybe wrightii Guzmán 5843. Psilocybe yungensis Singer & A.H. 5844. Psilocybe zapotecorum R. Heim IF
IF No: 321965 Trophic mode/ Guild: Sm. IF No: 313043 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 304501 Common name: Corona de
saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: Cristo (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild:
2,800 m Dept.: ANT 2,640–2,900 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, VAC saprotroph/ Habitat: Grow near rivers,
sometimes, it also grows on the moss on steep, ravine walls | On
humus | On sandy soil, on decayed wood | Saprotroph solitary
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 2,000–2,350 m Dept.:
ANT, MAG Uses: ME, SU

Agaricales, Inocybaceae Agaricales, Inocybaceae Agaricales, Inocybaceae
5845. Inocybe hystrix (Fr.) P. Karst. IF No: 5846. Inocybe jalapensis (Murrill) Singer IF 5847. Inocybe tahquamenonensis D.E.
191435 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 509639 Trophic mode/Guild: Stuntz IF No: 298980 Trophic mode/Guild:
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Forest with oak | Saprotroph Distribution: soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza
Dept.: ANT Subtropics Elev.: 200–2,100 m Dept.: CUN Dept.: BOY

5848. Inocybe tequendamae Singer IF No: 5849. Inosperma calamistratum (Fr.) 5850. Inosperma maculatum (Boud.)
332570 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Matheny & Esteve–Rav. IF No: 830345 Matheny & Esteve–Rav. IF No: 830376
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: Endomycorrhiza Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,100 m ectomycorrhizal Elev.: 3,000 m Dept.: ANT ectomycorrhizal
Dept.: CUN

5851. Inosperma saragum (K.P.D. Latha & 5852. Pseudosperma rimosum (Bull.) 5853. Pseudosperma umbrinellum (Bres.)
Manimohan) Matheny & Esteve–Rav. IF Matheny & Esteve–Rav. IF No: 830693 Matheny & Esteve–Rav. IF No: 830700
No: 830401 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal In oak and pine forests | Saprotroph
Distribution: Europe Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Lycoperdaceae Agaricales, Lycoperdaceae Agaricales, Lycoperdaceae
5854. Apioperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) 5855. Bovista colorata (Peck) Kreisel IF 5856. Bovista dominicensis (Massee)
Vizzini IF No: 819914 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 327156 Trophic mode/Guild: Kreisel IF No: 327159 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ Habitat: On branches, saprotroph/soil saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat:
decaying trunks | on soil | Saprotroph In tropical forest | Saprotroph Distribution:
gregarious, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: Pantropics Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO
1,475 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, PUT, VAC Uses: HF, ME


5857. Bovista fusca Lév. IF No: 201595 5858. Bovista plumbea Pers. 5859. Bovista pusilla (Batsch) Pers. IF No:
Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/soil IF No: 209632 Trophic mode/ Guild: 209390 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On soil, in open spaces saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On /soil saprotroph
near oak trees | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100– mosses. Distribution: Tropics, probably
3,900 m Dept.: CUN Uses: ME introduced Elev.: 2,000–3,000 m Dept.: TOL

5860. Bovista trachyspora (Lloyd) Kreisel 5861. Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan 5862. Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd IF
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: In saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: In
Saprotroph Elev.: 3,800–4,300 m grass, lawns, meadows | Saprotroph grass, often at the edges of meadows, in
solitary, gregarious, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution drainage ditches, or under brush | Saprotroph solitary,
Elev.: 1,475–1,660 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, VAC Uses: HF, ME gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: NAR Uses: ME,
PO

5863. Lycoperdon abyssinicum (Mont.) 5864. Lycoperdon dermoxanthum Vittad. 5865. Lycoperdon fuligineum Berk. & M.A.
Dring IF No: 333483 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 232356 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 216221 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/soil saprotroph saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/soil saprotroph Distribution:
humus in sun–exposed, dry, acid Pantropics Elev.: 1,340–1,800 m Dept.:
grasslands extending to margins of woodland and road verges QUI
Distribution: Probably cosmopolitan Elev.: 520 m Dept.: BOY,
CHO, CUN, RIS

5866. Lycoperdon lividum Pers. 5867. Lycoperdon nigrescens Pers. IF No: 5868. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. IF No:
IF No: 414454 Trophic mode/Guild: 218442 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 220647 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On /soil saprotroph Habitat: On very humose /soil saprotroph Habitat: On wood under
ground Dept.: ANT, BOY sand, acidic woodland, heathland and hardwoods or conifers | Common along
grassland including moss–rich lawns on acid soils. Elev.: 2,560 m roadsides and in urban settings | Decomposing the litter of trees
Dept.: BOY | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary Distribution: Temperate, Europe,
North America Elev.: 3,000 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU, CHO,
CUN, MET Uses: HF Conservation: LC

5869. Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. IF No: 5870. Lycoperdon velutinum Berk. & M.A. 5871. Morganella mexicana Zeller IF No:
232824 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 197111 Trophic mode/Guild: 288452 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: Mostly saprotroph/wood saprotroph
woods under conifers | Saprotroph on deciduous wood, especially on dead
solitary, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, corticate or decorticate branches, either fallen to the ground or
VAC Uses: HF, ME, SU still hanging, less often on lying logs. It occurs also on coniferous
wood, on dead, still hanging branches of Pinus and Juniperus
Elev.: 2,743 m Dept.: BOY, CHO

Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae
5872. Asterophora parasitica (Bull.) Singer 5873. Blastosporella zonata T.J. Baroni & 5874. Calocybe cyanea Singer ex Redhead
IF No: 293497 Trophic mode/Guild: Franco–Mol. IF No: 510721 Habitat: On & Singer IF No: 284702
/parasite Habitat: In oak forest | growing decaying leaves, small sticks or soil among
over Lactarius or Russula basidiomes | mosses, In mixed forest with Quercus
Parasitic Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN humboldtii Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 2,950–3,180 m Dept.:
TOL

Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae Agaricales, Macrocystidiaceae
5875. Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. 5876. Hypsizygus tessulatus (Bull.) Singer 5877. Macrocystidia occidentalis Singer IF
Bigelow IF No: 315778 Trophic mode/ IF No: 287202 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 299962 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On wood | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary In premontane moist forest | Saprotroph
Distribution: Cultivated Uses: HF Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 1,475 m Dept.: ANT

Agaricales, Marasmiaceae Agaricales, Marasmiaceae Agaricales, Marasmiaceae
5878. Brunneocorticium corynecarpon 5879. Calathella columbiana Agerer IF No: 5880. Campanella aeruginea Singer IF No:
(Kunze) R.A. Koch, Lodge, Nakasone & 107778 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 310193 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Aime IF No: 825519 Trophic mode /Guild: /undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On
saprotroph/wood saprotroph bamboo | Saprotroph gregarious Elev.:
20–2,400 m Dept.: CHO, CUN, BOY

5881. Campanella caesia Romagn. IF No: 5882. Campanella castaneipes Singer IF 5883. Campanella elongatispora Singer IF
/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
Saprotroph Dept.: BOY, VAC BOY

5884. Campanella tenuitunicata Singer IF 5885. Chaetocalathus liliputianus (Mont.) 5886. Chaetocalathus magnus Halling IF
No: 293998 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 285127 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 360155 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: On fallen trunks and logs | Saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,350 m Dept.: ANT
VAC gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 150–2,700 m
Dept.: ANT, VAC, BOY, CUN, RIS


5887. Crinipellis alcalivirens Singer IF No: 5888. Crinipellis carecomoeis (Berk. & 5889. Crinipellis eggersii Pat. IF No:
312290 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 285849 Trophic 235124 Trophic mode/Guild:
/leaf saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: mode/Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat:
2,400–3,600 m Dept.: CUN Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,725 m Dept.: VAC 340 m Dept.: AMA, ANT

5890. Crinipellis metuloidophora Singer IF 5891. Crinipellis pseudostipitaria Singer IF 5892. Crinipellis purpurea Singer
saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,800 m Dept.: HUI Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
1,600 m Dept.: ANT VAC

5893. Crinipellis stupparia (Berk. & M.A. 5894. Crinipellis tucumanensis Singer IF 5895. Marasmius atrorubens (Berk.) Mont.
Curtis) Pat. IF No: 451390 Trophic mode No: 312305 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 356826 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Saprotroph Dept.: ANT Fallen leaves | in secondary forest |
1,150–2,400 m Dept.: VAC Saprotroph gregarious Dept.: CAQ

5896. Marasmius bambusinus Fr. IF No: 5897. Marasmius bellus Berk. IF No: 5898. Marasmius beniensis Singer IF No:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On fallen /undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT
Dept.: VAC trunks | Saprotroph scattered Elev.:
1,950–2,000 m Dept.: ANT, MAG Uses: PO

5899. Marasmius berteroi (Lév.) Murrill IF 5900. Marasmius berteroi var. major 5901. Marasmius bezerrae Singer IF No:
No: 357314 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 353597 317271 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT
Dept.: ANT, VAC

5902. Marasmius buzae Dennis IF No: 5903. Marasmius caliensis Singer IF No: 5904. Marasmius carneotinctus Singer IF
333677 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 317274 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 317277 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT /undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
In subandean forest Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,200–1,950 m Dept.: VAC

5905. Marasmius cladophyllus Berk. IF No: 5906. Marasmius cohaerens (Pers.) Cooke 5907. Marasmius confertus Berk. &
240643 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph & Quél. IF No: 118871 Trophic mode/ Broome IF No: 207778 Trophic mode/
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: AMA, ANT, Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
CAQ Habitat: On leaf litter | In humus | Habitat: Fallen leaves | Saprotroph Dept.:
Saprotroph solitary, cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution CAQ
Elev.: 200–3,250 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, TOL Uses: HF, ME

5908. Marasmius corrugatus (Pat.) Sacc. 5909. Marasmius crinis–equi F. Muell. ex 5910. Marasmius cuatrecasasii Singer IF
& P. Syd. IF No: 202993 Trophic mode/ Kalchbr. IF No: 356828 Trophic mode/ No: 317285 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
Habitat: On rotting fallen leaves. On Habitat: On fallen branches | The VAC
decaying log in subprimary hygrophytic forest. On rotting leaves in rhizomorphs cover the branches and foliage of young trees |
degraded mesophytic forest. Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: VAC Saprotroph. Parasitic solitary Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
1,900–2,350 m Uses: HF

5911. Marasmius cundinamarcae Singer 5912. Marasmius cupressiformis Berk. IF 5913. Marasmius cyrillaedis Dennis IF No:
IF No: 317286 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 149212 Trophic mode/Guild: 333688 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: /undefined saprotroph Dept.: CAU
CUN ANT

5914. Marasmius delectans Morgan IF No: 5915. Marasmius echinosphaerus Singer 5916. Marasmius echinulatus (Murrill)
239696 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 333693 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc. & Trotter IF No: 161868 Trophic
/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Dept.: VAC

5917. Marasmius eorotula Singer IF No: 5918. Marasmius fiardii Singer 5919. Marasmius flammans Berk. IF No:
317292 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 109062 Trophic mode/Guild: 242099 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen
On wood of mature forest Dept.: AMA leaves in secondary forest Dept.: CAQ

5920. Marasmius fulvoferrugineus Gilliam 5921. Marasmius graminum (Lib.) Berk. IF 5922. Marasmius griseoradiatus Desjardin
IF No: 317296 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 248929 Trophic mode/Guild: & Ovrebo IF No: 501122 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
ANT On grass | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 60 m Dept.: CHO Uses: ME


5923. Marasmius griseoroseus (Mont.) 5924. Marasmius haedinus Berk. IF No: 5925. Marasmius haematocephalus
Singer IF No: 317298 Trophic mode/Guild: 244106 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph (Mont.) Fr. IF No: 244588 Trophic mode
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen /Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
VAC leaves | in mature and secondary forest | Habitat: On fallen leaves | on fallen logs |
Saprotroph gregarious Dept.: AMA, CAQ, VAC in chagras | in tropical rainforest | Saprotroph gregarious
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 70–200 m Dept.: ANT,
CAQ, CHO, SUC, VAC Uses: PO

5926. Marasmius helvoloides Singer IF No: 5927. Marasmius helvolus Berk. 5928. Marasmius hypophaeus Berk. &
317301 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 167437 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis IF No: 195008 Trophic mode/
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Fallen leaves | in secondary forest | Dept.: VAC
Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

5929. Marasmius idroboi Singer 5930. Marasmius jalapensis Murrill IF No: 5931. Marasmius leoninus Berk.
IF No: 317304 Trophic mode/Guild: 200160 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 198914 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: /undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
VAC On fallen leaves | on logs | in secondary
forest | Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

5932. Marasmius leucozonitiformis Singer 5933. Marasmius manuripiensis Singer IF 5934. Marasmius marasmioides (Singer)
IF No: 317308 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 333723 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 109063 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
VAC BOY

5935. Marasmius marthae Singer IF No: 5936. Marasmius martinii Singer 5937. Marasmius microhaedinus Singer
300195 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 300196 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 333733 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
MAG VAC

5938. Marasmius multiceps Berk. & M.A. 5939. Marasmius munyozii Singer IF No: 5940. Marasmius myocephalus Singer IF
Curtis IF No: 160805 Trophic mode/Guild: 333736 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 317315 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
On trunks | Saprotroph Distribution: VAC
Neotropics Elev.: 120 m Dept.: CHO Uses: EU

5941. Marasmius napoensis Singer IF No: 5942. Marasmius nebularum Singer IF No: 5943. Marasmius neglectus Singer IF No:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen /undefined saprotroph Dept.: BOY /undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC
leaves | Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

5944. Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. IF 5945. Marasmius pallidocinctus Singer IF 5946. Marasmius panerythrus Singer IF
No: 174712 Common name: Hongo No: 317325 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 333747 Trophic mode/Guild:
corralito (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen leaves | in secondary forest |
On soil | In riparian forest Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ
1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC Uses: HF

5947. Marasmius perlongispermus Singer 5948. Marasmius praeandinus Singer IF 5949. Marasmius proletarius Berk. & M.A.
IF No: 317329 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 333757 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis IF No: 484213 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
Distribution: Endemic Dept.: CAU VAC ANT

5950. Marasmius pseudoniveus Singer IF 5951. Marasmius robertsonii Singer IF No: 5952. Marasmius rotalis Berk. & Broome
No: 333760 Trophic mode/Guild: 333762 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 156152 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
Dept.: VAC BOY

5953. Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. IF No: 5954. Marasmius ruber Singer IF No: 5955. Marasmius rubromarginatus Dennis
156778 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 333763 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 300217 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: In /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On fallen saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
secondary forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m trunks | Saprotroph Distribution:
Dept.: VAC Neotropics Elev.: 70–120 m Dept.: MAG

5956. Marasmius rufomarginatus Singer 5957. Marasmius ruforotula Singer IF No: 5958. Marasmius schultesii Singer IF No:
IF No: 300218 Trophic mode/Guild: 287956 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 317341 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: In riparian /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Fallen
VAC forest | on wood | Saprotroph Elev.: leaves | in mature forest | Saprotroph
1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC gregarious Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, VAU


5959. Marasmius scopulatus Desjardin & 5960. Marasmius sejunctus Singer IF No: 5961. Marasmius setulosifolius Singer IF
Ovrebo IF No: 501123 Trophic mode/ 317343 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 486903 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: In cloud forest Elev.: 1,700– On soil | on logs | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m
2,200 m Dept.: VAC Dept.: CAQ, CHO, VAC

5962. Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr. IF 5963. Marasmius spiculosus Singer IF No: 5964. Marasmius splachnoides (Hornem.)
No: 210716 Trophic mode/Guild: 333766 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Fr. IF No: 208079 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On litter | Saprotroph Distribution: Europe
Elev.: 2,600–2,670 m Dept.: CUN

5965. Marasmius splitgerberi (Mont.) 5966. Marasmius tageticolor Berk. IF No: 5967. Marasmius tenuisetulosus (Singer)
Singer IF No: 333767 Trophic mode/Guild: 157809 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Singer IF No: 317352 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil | saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
Fallen leaves | on fallen coconut fruit | in on fallen leaves | in mature and secondary VAC
mature forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 60 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MAG, forest | Saprotroph gregarious Elev.: 200–2,000 m Dept.: AMA,
VAC ANT, CAQ, CHO, CUN, MAG

5968. Marasmius trinitatis Dennis IF No: 5969. Marasmius trinitatis var. 5970. Marasmius variabiliceps Singer IF
300230 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph immarginatus Singer IF No: 349797 No: 333777 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

5971. Marasmius venezuelanus Dennis IF 5972. Marasmius vergeliensis Singer IF 5973. Marasmius violeorotalis Singer IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.:
VAC VAC VAC

5974. Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) 5975. Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) H.C. 5976. Tetrapyrgos alba (Berk. & M.A.
Aime & Phillips–Mora IF No: 500896 Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny IF No: Curtis) E. Horak IF No: 131348 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant 317823 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
pathogen plant pathogen saprotroph Habitat: On twigs | in mature
forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100–3,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, TOL

5977. Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Fr.) E. Horak IF 5978. Tetrapyrgos parvispora Honan & 5979. Tetrapyrgos reducta (Singer) E.
No: 131354 Trophic mode/Guild: Desjardin IF No: 813639 Trophic mode Horak IF No: 131357 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Fallen leaves | in secondary forest | on Saprotroph Elev.: 2,350 m
stumps | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,800
m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ

Agaricales, Mycenaceae Agaricales, Mycenaceae Agaricales, Mycenaceae
5980. Favolaschia alsophilae Singer IF No: 5981. Favolaschia amoene–rosea Henn. 5982. Favolaschia andina Singer
314073 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 350780 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 314074 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: VAC decayed wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 475 m Saprotroph
Dept.: MET Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN,BOG

5983. Favolaschia cinnabarina (Berk. & 5984. Favolaschia dealbata Singer IF No: 5985. Favolaschia fendleri Singer IF No:
M.A. Curtis) Pat. IF No: 101685 Trophic 283337 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 314080 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph Habitat: In stems of saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: On decayed wood | Saprotroph Chusquea sp. in decomposition | in
gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,000 m Dept.: ANT, mountain Pantropics Forest | Saprotroph gregarious Hosts:
VAC, MET Uses: MA Chusquea sp. Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,400–3,800 m

5986. Favolaschia flava (Bres.) Kuntze IF 5987. Favolaschia intermedia (Berk. & 5988. Favolaschia manipularis (Berk.)
No: 297424 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 314083 Trophic Teng IF No: 330839 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
trunks | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,000–3,100 m Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: trunks | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,800–2,000 m
Dept.: MAG Pantropics Elev.: 1,250–2,125 m Dept.: MAG

5989. Favolaschia moelleri (Bres.) Singer 5990. Favolaschia oligopora Singer IF No: 5991. Favolaschia pantherina Singer IF
IF No: 314086 Trophic mode/Guild: 314089 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 314090 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On /wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Chusquea sp. Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50 m Dept.: wood, in mixed oak–dominated forest |
Elev.: 2,125 m Dept.: ANT VAC Saprotroph Elev.: 2,500–3,800 m Dept.: ANT


5992. Favolaschia pterigena Singer IF No: 5993. Favolaschia pygmaea (Speg.) Singer 5994. Favolaschia roseogrisea Singer IF
297428 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 297430 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 314092 Trophic mode/Guild:
/wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: ANT Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m Dept.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
VAC 1,814–2,467 m Dept.: CUN, TOL

5995. Favolaschia selloana Henn. IF No: 5996. Favolaschia sprucei (Berk.) Singer IF 5997. Favolaschia subamyloidea Singer IF
/wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,050– decayed wood | in mature forest | dead woody twigs or bark and on dead
2,100 m Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ herbaceous stems, always on Dicotyledones.

5998. Favolaschia subceracea (Henn.) 5999. Favolaschia varariotecta Singer IF 6000. Filoboletus gracilis (Klotzsch ex
Donk IF No: 330842 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 286455 Trophic mode/Guild: Berk.) Singer IF No: 286462 Common
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: name: P’ook kisin, used by Maya lacandón
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: people Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
1,150–3,600 m Dept.: VAC 50 m Dept.: VAC undefined saprotroph Habitat: On fallen trunks | Saprotroph
gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,000 m Dept.:
ANT, BOY, CAQ, CES, CUN, MAG, MET, VAC Uses: SU

6001. Flabellimycena flava (Singer) 6002. Hemimycena crispuliformis Singer 6003. Hydropus cavipes (Pat. & Gaillard)
Redhead IF No: 106815 Trophic mode IF No: 315105 Trophic mode/Guild: Dennis IF No: 315341 Trophic mode/
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Habitat: On decaying wood, in shady places
| Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
AMA, CAQ, VAC Uses: HF

6004. Hydropus hydrophoroides Singer IF 6005. Hydropus hygrophilus Singer IF No: 6006. Hydropus irroratus (Pat.) Singer IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Elev.: 1,340 m Dept.: QUI

6007. Hydropus lutescentipes Singer IF 6008. Hydropus nigrita (Berk. & M.A. 6009. Hydropus occidentalis Singer IF No:
No: 108947 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Singer IF No: 315353 Trophic 108955 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m saprotroph Habitat: On decaying wood | Dept.: VAC
Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Neotropics Dept.: ANT, CAL,
CAU, CAQ, CUN, MAG Uses: PO

6010. Hydropus omphaliniformis Singer IF 6011. Hydropus paraensis Singer IF No: 6012. Hydropus semimarginellus Singer IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC On ground Elev.: 220 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

6013. Hydropus subcartilagineus (Murrill) 6014. Mycena alcalina (Fr.) P. Kumm. IF 6015. Mycena alphitophora (Berk.) Sacc.
Singer IF No: 315362 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 225722 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 220250 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
ANT wood saprotroph Habitat: On decaying wood, on humus under wood saprotroph Habitat: In cloud forest | Saprotroph
conifers and oak | On litter | in mature forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,150–3,600 m Dept.: VAC
gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
2,540–3,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, TOL Uses: HF

6016. Mycena chlorinosma Singer IF No: 6017. Mycena citricolor (Berk. & M.A. 6018. Mycena copriniformis Speg. IF No:
260537 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 164943 Trophic 154821 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant
pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood
saprotroph Dept.: CAU saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: On rotting leaves. On fallen saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m
leaves on forest floor. On dead fallen leaf in forest. On
ruboaceous leaves. In fallen leaves in montane forest. On
creeping herb Dept.: MAG

6019. Mycena dumontii Singer 6020. Mycena euspeirea (Berk. & M.A. 6021. Mycena fuscocystidiata Singer IF
IF No: 124961 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 229157 Trophic mode No: 124962 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ leaf pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,725 m wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6022. Mycena gelatinomarginata Lodge 6023. Mycena griseoradiata Singer IF No: 6024. Mycena haematopus (Pers.) P.
IF No: 133914 Trophic mode/Guild: 124966 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Kumm. IF No: 228153
pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant
wood saprotroph Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: VAC saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood saprotroph


6025. Mycena holoporphyra (Berk. & M.A. 6026. Mycena idroboi Singer 6027. Mycena ixoxantha Singer
Curtis) Singer IF No: 334594 Trophic mode IF No: 317987 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 317990 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: VAC wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CAU
Dept.: ANT, TOL

6028. Mycena junquillina Dennis 6029. Mycena leaiana (Berk.) Sacc. IF No: 6030. Mycena multicaudata Singer IF No:
IF No: 334601 Trophic mode/Guild: 122737 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 318000 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood
wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m saprotroph Habitat: In secondary forest | in paddocks saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN
Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

6031. Mycena oregonensis A.H. Sm. IF No: 6032. Mycena parabolica (Fr.) Quél. IF No: 6033. Mycena paraboliciformis Singer IF
273022 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, 184179 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, No: 301445 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
saprotroph Habitat: In cloud forest | Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: ANT wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–2,739 m
Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC Dept.: ANT

6034. Mycena plectophylla (Mont.) Dennis 6035. Mycena pruni Velen. IF No: 275350 6036. Mycena pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. IF
IF No: 318012 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, No: 188082 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, plant saprotroph/litter saprotroph Habitat: On
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, pathogen, undefined saprotroph, wood moss, humus or decaying logs | In Páramo
wood saprotroph Habitat: On twigs and fallen trunks | in mature saprotroph Dept.: CUN with Espeletia sp. | on degraded forest | Saprotroph solitary,
forest | on forest soil | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200–3,500 m
Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAQ, MAG, BOY Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CAU, CUN, VAC Uses: HF
Uses: MA

6037. Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & 6038. Mycena spinosissima (Singer) 6039. Mycena stylobates (Pers.) P. Kumm.
Schwein.) P. Kumm. IF No: 205959 Trophic Desjardin IF No: 413520 Trophic mode IF No: 203527 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
Habitat: On litter | in mature forest | saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: ANT, CAL saprotroph, wood saprotroph wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m

6040. Mycena tenerrima (Berk.) Quél. IF 6041. Mycena tessellata (Mont.) Dennis IF 6042. Mycena xanthocephala Singer IF
pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/leaf saprotroph,
plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph, plant pathogen, undefined saprotroph,
wood saprotroph Habitat: In secondary forest | In riparian forest wood saprotroph wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
| In paddocks | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC

6043. Panellus nubigenus Singer IF No: 6044. Panellus pusillus (Pers. ex Lév.) 6045. Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst. IF
335569 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Burds. & O.K. Mill. IF No: 319152 Trophic No: 355858 Trophic mode/Guild:
/wood saprotroph Habitat: On culms of mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Chusquea | Saprotroph Hosts: Chusquea Habitat: On decaying wood and fallen twigs trunks or decayed wood | on branches |
sp. Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOY | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Saprotroph Distribution: Temperate, North America, Europe Elev.:
Elev.: 1,070–3,100 m Dept.: ANT,BOG, CAU, CUN, MAG, NAR, 2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, VAC
SAN, TOL, VAC Uses: ME

6046. Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. 6047. Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch) 6048. Xeromphalina helbergeri Singer IF
& Broome) Redhead IF No: 106438 Kühner & Maire IF No: 259499 Trophic No: 307865 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Dept.: BOY
Elev.: 3,185–3,555 m Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Mycenaceae Agaricales, Niaceae Agaricales, Niaceae
6049. Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schwein.) 6050. Cyphellopsis subglobispora D.A. 6051. Flagelloscypha fusispora Agerer IF
A.H. Sm. IF No: 307869 Trophic mode/ Reid IF No: 329524 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 112936 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 200–2,100 m Saprotroph Elev.: 3,800–4,300 m
Dept.: BOY, CAQ, VAC

Agaricales, Niaceae Agaricales, Niaceae Agaricales, Niaceae
6052. Flagelloscypha oblongispora Agerer 6053. Flagelloscypha subnuda Agerer IF 6054. Flagelloscypha tetraedrispora
IF No: 112937 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 107979 Trophic mode/Guild: Agerer IF No: 112938 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Agaricales, Niaceae Agaricales, Niaceae Agaricales, Niaceae
6055. Lachnella alboviolascens (Alb. & 6056. Lachnella disseminata Agerer IF No: 6057. Lachnella sauteri (Sacc.) Boud. IF
Schwein.) Fr. IF No: 414590 Trophic mode 108117 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 566611 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph


Agaricales, Omphalotaceae Agaricales, Omphalotaceae Agaricales, Omphalotaceae
6058. Gymnopus androsaceus (L.) Della 6059. Gymnopus aurantiacus Murrill IF 6060. Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill
Magg. & Trassin. IF No: 550654 Trophic No: 250878 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 438406 Common name: Colibia de
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: los robles (Spanish)Trophic mode/Guild:
1,700 m Dept.: VAC saprotroph/ Habitat: On humus | On soil in
forest | In bamboo plantation | Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose
Distribution: Temperate, Subtropics, Pantropics Elev.: 2,100–
3,100 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CUN Uses: HF

6061. Gymnopus foetidus (Sowerby) P.M. 6062. Gymnopus jamaicensis Murrill IF 6063. Gymnopus johnstonii (Murrill) A.W.
Kirk IF No: 550462 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 215889 Trophic mode/Guild: Wilson, Desjardin & E. Horak IF No:
saprotroph/ saprotroph/ Habitat: On fallen twig in 487966 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
primary hygrophytic forest Dept.: AMA Habitat: Fallen leaves | secondary forest |
Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

6064. Gymnopus macropus Halling IF No: 6065. Gymnopus montagnei (Berk.) 6066. Gymnopus neobrevipes R.H.
436937 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Redhead IF No: 550582 Trophic mode Petersen IF No: 555346 Trophic mode
Habitat: On soil among litter | in mature /Guild: saprotroph Habitat: On decayed /Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph
forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m Dept.: Elev.: 2,500 m
Pantropics Elev.: 1,800–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, NAR, QUI AMA, CAQ, VID

6067. Gymnopus omphalodes (Berk.) 6068. Gymnopus spongiosus (Berk. & M.A. 6069. Lentinula aciculospora J.L. Mata &
Halling & J.L. Mata IF No: 371188 Trophic Curtis) Halling IF No: 436936 Trophic R.H. Petersen IF No: 467579 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On fallen mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
trunks | in forest | Saprotroph gregarious Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: Habitat: On fallen oak wood | Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,350–2,675 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, ANT, NAR Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOY Uses: HF
CHO

6070. Lentinula boryana (Berk. & Mont.) 6071. Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler IF 6072. Lentinula raphanica (Murrill) Mata &
Pegler IF No: 316466 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 316467 Trophic mode/Guild: R.H. Petersen IF No: 474236 Trophic mode
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
decaying wood | On stumps of many forest the dead wood of a wide range of tree Habitat: On oak wood, in forest vegetation
trees, especially on species of Sloanea sp. | Saprotroph hosts | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Cultivated Dept.: | on decaying wood in crop sites | Saprotroph gregarious
gregarious Distribution: Pantropics , Subtropics Elev.: 1,800– Uses: HF, MA, ME, PO Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ
2,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN, QUI, TOL Uses: HF Uses: AF, HF, IF

6073. Marasmiellus amphicystis Singer IF 6074. Marasmiellus aporposeptus Singer 6075. Marasmiellus baeosporus Singer IF
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6076. Marasmiellus bisporiger Singer IF 6077. Marasmiellus bolivarianus Singer IF 6078. Marasmiellus calami (Petch) Singer
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC On decayed branches | in mature forest |
Saprotroph gregarious Elev.: 1,955–2,690 m Dept.: BOY

6079. Marasmiellus cnacopolius Singer IF 6080. Marasmiellus columbianus Singer IF 6081. Marasmiellus confluens (Pers.) J.S.
No: 317166 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 317168 Trophic mode/Guild: Oliveira IF No: 828475 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: CAU Saprotroph Dept.: CAU Habitat: On leaf litter | On plant and woody
debris | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CHO
Uses: HF

6082. Marasmiellus corynophloeus Singer 6083. Marasmiellus daguae Singer IF No: 6084. Marasmiellus dealbatus (Berk. &
IF No: 317172 Trophic mode/Guild: 317176 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 300082 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph

6085. Marasmiellus defibulatus Singer IF 6086. Marasmiellus distantifolius (Murrill) 6087. Marasmiellus eburneus (Theiss.)
No: 300083 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 333633 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 317180 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC On litter, in mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, TOL

6088. Marasmiellus epochnous (Berk. & 6089. Marasmiellus gilvus (Pat.) Singer IF 6090. Marasmiellus gilvus var.
M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 300091 Trophic No: 300097 Trophic mode/Guild: cundinamarcae Singer
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph IF No: 348396
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph


6091. Marasmiellus idroboi Singer IF No: 6092. Marasmiellus incarnatipallens 6093. Marasmiellus inconspicuus Murrill
317193 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 317195 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 188095 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6094. Marasmiellus inodermatoides 6095. Marasmiellus laurifoliae Singer IF 6096. Marasmiellus merulius (Bertero ex
Singer IF No: 317196 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 317198 Trophic mode/Guild: Mont.) Singer IF No: 317199 Trophic mode
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph

6097. Marasmiellus neotropicus (Singer) 6098. Marasmiellus nivosus (Berk.) Singer 6099. Marasmiellus nubigenus Singer IF
J.S. Oliveira IF No: 828586 Trophic mode IF No: 317206 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 317207 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Elev.: 200–2,940 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, MAG Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6100. Marasmiellus papillatomarginatus 6101. Marasmiellus peckii (Murrill) Singer 6102. Marasmiellus perangustispermus
Singer IF No: 317213 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 317215 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 621250 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Dept.: CAU, VAC Saprotroph Dept.: ANT Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6103. Marasmiellus platyhyphes Singer IF 6104. Marasmiellus pseudoparaphysatus 6105. Marasmiellus quercinus Singer IF
No: 317222 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 317225 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 317226 Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

6106. Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer 6107. Marasmiellus rhodophyllus Singer IF 6108. Marasmiellus sanctae–marthae
IF No: 287907 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 317229 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 317231 Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m Saprotroph Dept.: CAU Saprotroph Dept.: MAG

6109. Marasmiellus stenophylloides 6110. Marasmiellus subcoracinus (Berk. & 6111. Marasmiellus subolivaceomelleus
(Dennis) Dennis IF No: 317238 Trophic M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 300144 Trophic Singer IF No: 317246 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6112. Marasmiellus synodicus (Kunze ex 6113. Marasmiellus tener Singer 6114. Marasmiellus troyanus (Murrill)
Fr.) Singer IF No: 300152 Trophic mode IF No: 317247 Trophic mode/Guild: Dennis IF No: 283525 Trophic mode/
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

6115. Marasmiellus umbilicatus Singer IF 6116. Marasmiellus volvatus Singer IF No: 6117. Micromphale latisporum Singer IF
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC decayed wood | Saprotroph gregarious Saprotroph Dept.: CAU
Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ

6118. Micromphale occidentale Singer IF 6119. Mycetinis copelandii (Peck) A.W. 6120. Neonothopanus hygrophanus
No: 317678 Trophic mode/Guild: Wilson & Desjardin IF No: 501415 Trophic (Mont.) De Kesel & Degreef IF No: 569713
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | On
2,250 m Dept.: ANT stumps | In degraded forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
Pantropics Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

6121. Neonothopanus nambi (Speg.) R.H. 6122. Rhodocollybia antioquiana J.L. Mata 6123. Rhodocollybia monticola Halling &
Petersen & Krisai IF No: 460803 Trophic & Halling IF No: 370574 Trophic mode/ J.L. Mata IF No: 370545 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: ANT Pantropics Elev.: 1,640–2,65m0 Dept.: ANT, CAU

Agaricales, Omphalotaceae Agaricales, Omphalotaceae Agaricales, Phyllotopsidaceae
6124. Rhodocollybia popayanica (Halling) 6125. Rhodocollybia turpis (Halling) 6126. Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers.) Singer
Halling IF No: 437649 Trophic mode/Guild: Halling IF No: 437653 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 272228
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Elev.: 1,800–2,205 m Dept.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
ANT, CAU 2,350–2,500 m Dept.: ANT


Agaricales, Phyllotopsidaceae Agaricales, Physalacriaceae Agaricales, Physalacriaceae
6127. Phyllotopsis subnidulans (Overh.) 6128. Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. IF 6129. Armillaria puiggarii Speg. IF No:
Singer IF No: 277830 No: 190066 Trophic mode/Guild: 179595 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On very
Pathogen of various hardwood species | decayed log. Saprotroph Dept.: VAC
On deadwood | Plant pathogen. Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: CAL, QUI, RIS Uses: HF

Agaricales, Physalacriaceae Agaricales, Physalacriaceae Agaricales, Physalacriaceae
6130. Armillariella olivacea (Rick) Singer IF 6131. Cylindrobasidium torrendii (Bres.) 6132. Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.)
No: 292711 Trophic mode/Guild: Hjortstam IF No: 108826 Trophic mode/ Redhead & Ginns IF No: 118606 Trophic
pathotroph/plant pathogen Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: saprotroph Habitat: On decayed log | In
CU premontane moist forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics,
Subtropics Elev.: 1,100–2,700 m Dept.: ANT

6133. Cyptotrama chrysopepla (Berk. & 6134. Cyptotrama depauperata Singer IF 6135. Dactylosporina glutinosa (Singer)
M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 517515 Trophic No: 517516 Trophic mode/Guild: R.H. Petersen IF No: 567924 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Dept.: CAU Saprotroph Dept.: ANT saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 30–200 m Dept.: CAQ, VAC

6136. Dactylosporina macracantha 6137. Dactylosporina steffenii (Rick) 6138. Flammulina callistosporioides
(Singer) Dörfelt IF No: 105237 Trophic Dörfelt IF No: 105238 Trophic mode/Guild: (Singer) Singer IF No: 530275 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph On logs | Saprotroph Distribution: saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: CAQ Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,350 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CES, MAG 2,400–3,600 m
Uses: HF

6139. Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer 6140. Gloiocephala allomorpha Singer IF 6141. Gloiocephala confusa Singer IF No:
IF No: 330940 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 314568 Trophic mode/Guild: 331418 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead tree Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m
trunks and branches | Saprotroph cespitose Distribution:
Cultivated Uses: HF Conservation: LC

6142. Gloiocephala lamellosa Singer IF 6143. Gloiocephala longicrinita Singer IF 6144. Gloiocephala quercetorum Ald.–
No: 331420 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 314575 Trophic mode/Guild: Góm. & Franco–Mol. IF No: 474751
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,185–3,600 m Saprotroph Dept.: VAC saprotroph Habitat: On soil among litter |
In montane forests dominated by oak (Quercus) | Saprotroph
scattered, gregarious Elev.: 2,450–2,700 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
SAN Conservation: NT

6145. Gloiocephala quitensis Singer IF No: 6146. Mucidula mucida (Schrad.) Pat. IF 6147. Oudemansiella australis G. Stev. &
314580 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 456952 Trophic mode/Guild: G.M. Taylor IF No: 335480 Trophic mode/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Elev.: 2,350 m Saprotroph Dept.: CES

6148. Oudemansiella canarii (Jungh.) 6149. Oudemansiella cubensis (Berk. & 6150. Oudemansiella platensis (Speg.)
Höhn. IF No: 178851 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) R.H. Petersen IF No: 568044 Speg. IF No: 179000 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On branches | on trunks of living or saprotroph Dept.: ANT On dead branches, on tree trunk,
decaying trees | Saprotroph lignicolous gregarious Distribution: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,475 m Dept.: ANT
Pantropics Elev.: 60–2,000 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CES, CHO, Uses: AF
CUN, MET, MAG, VAC Uses: HF, MA, PO

6151. Physalacria andina (Pat.) Pat. IF No: 6152. Physalacria sanctae–martae G.W. 6153. Xerula hispida Halling & G.M. Muell.
221271 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Martin & A.C. Baker IF No: 289672 Trophic IF No: 460380 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat:
Dept.: MAG saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MAG 2,540–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, NAR

Agaricales, Pleurotaceae Agaricales, Pleurotaceae Agaricales, Pleurotaceae
6154. Hohenbuehelia angustata (Berk.) 6155. Hohenbuehelia atrocoerulea (Fr.) 6156. Hohenbuehelia barbatula (Berk. &
Singer IF No: 298465 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 298468 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) Dennis IF No: 315218 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined
On trunks, Saprotroph Distribution: On wood, in mixed oak–dominated forest | saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Neotropics Elev.: 600 m Dept.: CHO Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,500–2,800 Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 3,800–4,300 m
m Dept.: ANT

6157. Hohenbuehelia calongei Singer IF 6158. Hohenbuehelia espeletiae Singer IF 6159. Hohenbuehelia fluxilis (Fr.) P.D.
No: 315219 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 124852 Trophic mode/Guild: Orton IF No: 332000 Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: TOL On decayed trunks | in tropical dry forest |
Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: SUC


6160. Hohenbuehelia grisea (Peck) Singer 6161. Hohenbuehelia nigra (Schwein.) 6162. Hohenbuehelia pergelatinosa
IF No: 298476 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 298481 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 315223 Trophic mode/Guild:
In cloud forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 1,700– On wood | in chagras | Saprotroph On the bark of dicotyledons in tropical–
2,200 m Dept.: VAC gregarious, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200– montane forest Dept.: VAC
2,200 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ

6163. Hohenbuehelia silvana (Sacc.) O.K. 6164. Hohenbuehelia singeriana Contu & 6165. Nothopanus candidissimus (Sacc.)
Mill. IF No: 129834 Trophic mode/Guild: Padovan IF No: 580055 Trophic mode/ Kühner IF No: 107646 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN Dept.: BOY
3,600–3,800 m

6166. Nothopanus vinosofuscus (Bres.) 6167. Pleurotus cantharelloides Sacc. IF 6168. Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer IF
Singer IF No: 288813 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 120850 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 303973 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: pathotroph, saprotroph/endophyte, plant pathotroph, saprotroph/endophyte, plant
VAC pathogen, wood saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m pathogen, wood saprotroph
Dept.: MAG

6169. Pleurotus djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) 6170. Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél. IF No: 6171. Pleurotus flabellatus Sacc.
Boedijn IF No: 355683 Common name: 170772 Common name: Seta de cardo IF No: 164548 Trophic mode/Guild:
Orelllana (Spanish) Trophic mode/ Guild: (Spanish), Eryngii (Spanish) Trophic mode pathotroph, saprotroph/endophyte, plant
pathotroph, saprotroph/endophyte, plant /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: Trunk,
pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On hardwoods | in tropical endophyte, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m Dept.: CAQ
forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution, Distribution: Global Distribution, Cultivated Uses: HF, ME
Cultivated Elev.: 50 m Dept.: ANT, BOG, CAL, CHO, VAC Uses: HF,
IF, MA, ME, SU

6172. Pleurotus floridanus Singer IF No: 6173. Pleurotus hygrophanus (Earle) Sacc. 6174. Pleurotus microleucus Singer IF No:
289777 Common name: Orelllana & Traverso IF No: 158366 Trophic mode 320723 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
(Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ saprotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen,
saprotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen, endophyte, plant pathogen, wood wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
wood saprotroph Habitat: On sandy soils | In old lawns | On saprotroph Elev.: 2,125 m
roadsides | Saprotroph Dept.: MET Uses: HF

6175. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. 6176. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. IF 6177. Resupinatus applicatus (Batsch)
Kumm. IF No: 174220 Common name: No: 143543 Common name: Orelllana Gray IF No: 119873 Trophic mode/Guild:
Orelllana (Spanish) Trophic mode/ Guild: (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
pathotroph, saprotroph/endophyte, plant saprotroph/endophyte, plant pathogen, Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On decaying wood | On wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead and living wood of hardwoods Elev.: 1,725 m
trunks | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution, | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution,
Cultivated Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: CAL, VAC Uses: HF, ME Cultivated Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC Uses: HF, ME

6178. Resupinatus cinereus (Pat.) J.V. 6179. Resupinatus poriaeformis (Pers.) 6180. Resupinatus trichotis (Pers.) Singer
McDonald & Thorn IF No: 557009 Trophic Thorn, Moncalvo & Redhead IF No: IF No: 338269 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined 500914 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700–3,800 m

Agaricales, Pluteaceae Agaricales, Pluteaceae Agaricales, Pluteaceae
6181. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. 6182. Pluteus chrysophlebius (Berk. & 6183. Pluteus globiger Singer
Kumm. IF No: 114780 Trophic mode/ M.A. Curtis) Sacc. IF No: 230720 Trophic IF No: 304021 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph, wood mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte
saprotroph Habitat: On the dead wood of bryophyte parasite, litter saprotroph, wood parasite, litter saprotroph, wood
hardwoods | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100–2,400 m Dept.: ANT
Distribution Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

6184. Pluteus harrisii Murrill IF No: 6185. Pluteus haywardii Singer 6186. Pluteus jamaicensis Murrill IF No:
149829 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 304022 Trophic mode/Guild: 150465 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, litter pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte saprotroph/bryophyte parasite, litter
saprotroph, wood saprotroph parasite, litter saprotroph, wood saprotroph, wood saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m

6187. Pluteus minor G. Stev. 6188. Pluteus minor var. quercuum Singer 6189. Pluteus nigropallescens Singer IF
IF No: 283630 IF No: 348641 Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: No: 337317 Trophic mode/Guild:
CAU pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte
parasite, litter saprotroph, wood
saprotroph Habitat: On ground

6190. Pluteus romellii (Britzelm.) Sacc. IF 6191. Pluteus rugososulcatus Singer IF 6192. Pluteus salicinus (Pers.) P. Kumm.
saprotroph/wood saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte
parasite, litter saprotroph, wood parasite, litter saprotroph, wood
saprotroph Habitat: On rotten wood. saprotroph


6193. Pluteus thomsonii (Berk. & Broome) 6194. Pluteus xylophilus (Speg.) Singer IF 6195. Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.)
Dennis IF No: 344243 Trophic mode/ No: 304061 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 307781 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ bryophyte pathotroph, saprotroph/bryophyte saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
parasite, litter saprotroph, wood parasite, litter saprotroph, wood

Agaricales, Pluteaceae Agaricales, Porotheleaceae Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae
6196. Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer IF 6197. Phloeomana speirea (Fr.) Redhead 6198. Coprinellus curtus (Kalchbr.)
No: 307802 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 550124 Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 474356 Trophic mode/Guild:

Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae
6199. Coprinellus disseminatus (Pers.) J.E. 6200. Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, 6201. Coprinellus pellucidus (P. Karst.)
Lange IF No: 107842 Trophic mode/Guild: Hopple & Jacq. Johnson IF No: 474361 Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined 474638 Trophic mode/Guild:
On decaying wood, in chagras (fields saprotroph Habitat: On lawns, along saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
originating from slash–and–burn agriculture) and in terra firme sidewalks | In riparian forest and paddock | Saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m
areas | In tropical forest | In paddocks | Saprotroph gregarious, gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 50–2,200 m 1,700–2,600 m Dept.: CUN, VAC Uses: HF, ME
Dept.: AMA, ANT, CHO, CAL, CAQ, MET, SAN, VAC Uses: HF

6202. Coprinellus verrucispermus (Joss. & 6203. Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) 6204. Coprinopsis cinerea (Schaeff.)
Enderle) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No: Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No:
No: 474648 Trophic mode/Guild: 474167 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 474379 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decaying wood, Often growing saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
from senescent roots around stumps, Frequently urban, but also
found in woods, Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: CAL Uses: HF, ME

6205. Coprinopsis lagopus (Fr.) Redhead, 6206. Coprinopsis luteocephala (Watling) 6207. Coprinopsis mexicana (Murrill)
Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No: 319071 Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No: Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/litter 474614 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 474620 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 370 m Dept.:
ANT

6208. Coprinopsis nivea (Pers.) Redhead, 6209. Coprinopsis radiata (Bolton) 6210. Coprinopsis urticicola (Berk. &
Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No: 474625 Trophic Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF No: Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo IF
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 474190 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 474340 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/dung saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph

6211. Homophron spadiceum (P. Kumm.) 6212. Parasola plicatilis (Curtis) Redhead, 6213. Psathyrella argillospora Singer IF
Örstadius & E. Larss. IF No: 811631 Vilgalys & Hopple IF No: 474758 Trophic No: 321105 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Dept.: CAU
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC

6214. Psathyrella bifrons (Berk.) A.H. Sm. 6215. Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire 6216. Psathyrella cystidiosa (Peck) A.H.
IF No: 290023 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 100849 Trophic mode/Guild: Sm. IF No: 321150 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution, Temperate Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: CUN

6217. Psathyrella murrillii A.H. Sm. IF No: 6218. Psathyrella pseudogracilis 6219. Psathyrella viloriana Dennis IF No:
321266 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ (Romagn.) M.M. Moser IF No: 304309 337698 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
wood saprotroph Habitat: On soil | Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood wood saprotroph Habitat: On soil,
Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: saprotroph Habitat: In tropical rainforest associated to moss in Páramo vegetation|
Pantropics Elev.: 190–1,680 m Dept.: CES Dept.: SUC Saprotroph Elev.: 3,300–4,300 m Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Pterulaceae Agaricales, Pterulaceae Agaricales, Pterulaceae
6220. Chaetotyphula columbiana Singer IF 6221. Chaetotyphula hyalina (Jungh.) 6222. Pterula multifida (Chevall.) Fr.
No: 310977 Trophic mode/Guild: Corner IF No: 294780 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 171303
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph Dept.: ANT Saprotroph Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.:
MAG

Agaricales, Pterulaceae Agaricales, Pterulaceae Agaricales, Radulomycetaceae
6223. Pterula plumosa (Schwein.) Fr. 6224. Pterulicium sprucei (Mont.) Leal– 6225. Radulomyces confluens (Fr.) M.P.
IF No: 160883 Dept.: VAC Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff. IF No: Christ. IF No: 338148 Trophic mode/Guild:
831039 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution


Agaricales, Radulomycetaceae Agaricales, Radulomycetaceae Agaricales, Schizophyllaceae
6226. Radulomyces rickii (Bres.) M.P. 6227. Radulomyces subsigmoideus 6228. Porodisculus pendulus (Fr.) Murrill
Christ. IF No: 338156 Trophic mode/Guild: Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 474235 IF No: 431969 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph/plant pathogen, wood
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph
1,900 m Dept.: MAG

Agaricales, Schizophyllaceae Agaricales, Schizophyllaceae Agaricales, Schizophyllaceae
6229. Schizophyllum commune Fr. IF No: 6230. Schizophyllum leprieurii Linder IF 6231. Schizophyllum umbrinum Berk. IF
208403 Common name: Karabaja– No: 215760 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 205848 Trophic mode/Guild:
Kallamba (Quechua Inga) Trophic saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ Saprotroph Elev.: 1,250–2,300 m Dept.: branch of Mangifera indica | Saprotroph
animal pathogen, endophyte, wood saprotroph Habitat: On MAG Elev.: 1,475 m Dept.: ANT
decaying wood | In disturbed areas | In tropical forest | In
paddocks | On decayed tree stump | In mixed oak–dominated
forest | Saprotroph. Parasitic gregarious Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 50–2,900 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, BOY, CAL, CAQ,
CAU, CES, CHO, COR, CUN, MAG, MET, QUI, VAC Uses: HF, ME, PO

Agaricales, Stephanosporaceae Agaricales, Stephanosporaceae Agaricales, Strophariaceae
6232. Cyanobasidium microverrucisporum 6233. Lindtneria chordulata (D.P. Rogers) 6234. Agrocybe earlei (Murrill) Dennis ex
(N. Maek.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Hjortstam IF No: 129768 Trophic mode/ Singer IF No: 283354 Trophic mode/Guild:
346975 Dept.: MAG Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/dung saprotroph, soil
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 500 m Dept.: MAG Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Strophariaceae Agaricales, Strophariaceae Agaricales, Strophariaceae
6235. Agrocybe praecox (Pers.) Fayod IF 6236. Bogbodia uda (Pers.) Redhead IF 6237. Deconica castanella (Peck) Noordel.
saprotroph/dung saprotroph, soil saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph, undefined saprotroph Habitat: On moist soil with Sphagnum | in Páramo
In grass or on wood debris | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Holartic Elev.: 3,550–3,600 m
Dept.: CUN Uses: HF, ME Dept.: CUN

6238. Deconica coprophila (Bull.) P. Karst. 6239. Deconica inquilina (Fr.) Romagn. IF 6240. Deconica montana (Pers.) P.D.
IF No: 178700 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 438249 Trophic mode/Guild: Orton IF No: 329735 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On cow dung | Saprotroph gregarious CAU On moss | on soil in Páramo | Saprotroph
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 1,650 m Dept.: SAN, ANT, Distribution: Temperate Elev.: 2,100–3,600 m Dept.: CUN
CAS, PUT, CUN Uses: SU

6241. Deconica phillipsii (Berk. & Broome) 6242. Deconica phyllogena (Sacc.) 6243. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P.
Noordel. IF No: 580559 Trophic mode/ Noordel. IF No: 515379 Trophic mode Kumm. IF No: 152334 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Dept.: CUN Habitat: On cow dung | Saprotroph Habitat: On tunks and logs | Saprotroph
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 3,450–3,500 m Dept.: BOY cespitose Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 1,600–2,350 m
Dept.: QUI, MAG, VAC Uses: PO

6244. Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff.) P. 6245. Kuehneromyces nudus Singer IF No: 6246. Leratiomyces ceres (Cooke &
Kumm. IF No: 455825 Trophic mode/ 299192 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Massee) Spooner & Bridge IF No: 511252
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On dead
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,205 m Dept.: wood of oak (Quercus humboldtii) Dept.:
ANT BOY

6247. Melanotus alpiniae (Berk.) Pilát ex 6248. Melanotus cassiicolor (Berk.) Singer 6249. Melanotus dumontii Singer IF No:
Pegler IF No: 451336 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 495989 Trophic mode/Guild: 124950 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph
On monocots and dicots | In tropical forest Dept.: CUN
| In mixed oak–dominated forest Elev.: 50–2,800 m Dept.: ANT,
CAQ, CHO, MET, PUT

6250. Pholiota aberrans A.H. Sm. & Hesler 6251. Pholiota baeosperma Singer IF No: 6252. Pholiota naucorioides Singer IF No:
IF No: 319916 Trophic mode/Guild: 303032 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 303050 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.: undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Distribution:
2,373–2,500 m Dept.: ANT Dept.: VAC Pantropics Elev.: 2,400–3,600

6253. Pholiota orinocensis Pat. & Gaillard 6254. Pholiota privigna (Speg.) Singer IF 6255. Pholiota squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm.
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: BOY

6256. Pholiota vernalis (Sacc.) A.H. Sm. & 6257. Protostropharia semiglobata 6258. Stropharia apiahyna (Speg.) Cortez
Hesler IF No: 320085 Trophic mode/Guild: (Batsch) Redhead, Moncalvo & Vilgalys IF & R.M. Silveira IF No: 510883 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: No: 550115 Trophic mode/Guild: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Dept.: VAC On dung | In Paramo | Saprotroph Distribution: Temperate,
Global Distribution Elev.: 3,000–3,450 m Dept.: CAL, CUN


Agaricales, Strophariaceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae
6259. Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex 6260. Leucopaxillus gracillimus Singer & 6261. Tricholoma aurantium (Schaeff.)
Murrill IF No: 145219 Trophic mode/Guild: A.H. Sm. IF No: 287762 Trophic mode/ Ricken IF No: 356852 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph, symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal,
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: fungal parasite Habitat: Endomycorrhiza
Pantropics Elev.: 1,300–2,400 m Dept.: ANT Dept.: NAR

Agaricales, Tricholomataceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae
6262. Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken 6263. Tricholoma cifuentesii Courtec. IF 6264. Tricholoma focale (Fr.) Ricken IF No:
IF No: 259381 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 103859 Trophic mode/Guild: 355595 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, pathotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, fungal
fungal parasite Habitat: On soil in oak fungal parasite Habitat: On soil Dept.: ANT parasite
forests | Ectomycorrhizal solitary, scattered Distribution: Global

Agaricales, Tricholomataceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae Agaricales, Tricholomataceae
6265. Tricholoma margarita (Murrill) 6266. Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) P. 6267. Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.) P.
Murrill IF No: 291537 Habitat: Kumm. IF No: 186494 Trophic mode/ Kumm. IF No: 227491 Trophic mode/
Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,100–2,350 m Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: pathotroph, symbiotroph/
Dept.: ANT, TOL ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite Habitat: ectomycorrhizal, fungal parasite Uses: HF
On soil in oak forests | Ectomycorrhizal solitary, cespitose
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: NAR Uses:
HF

Agaricales, Tubariaceae Agaricales, Typhulaceae Agaricales, Incertae sedis
6268. Phaeomarasmius mercedis Singer 6269. Typhula sclerotioides (Pers.) Fr. IF 6270. Aleurocystis hakgallae (Berk. &
IF No: 125004 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 158050 Trophic mode/Guild: Broome) G. Cunn. IF No: 292367 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: pathotroph/plant pathogen Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Saprotroph Dept.: CUN, BOY Patotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

Agaricales, Incertae sedis Agaricales, Incertae sedis Agaricales, Incertae sedis
6271. Aleurocystis magnispora (Burt) P.A. 6272. Amparoina heteracantha Singer IF 6273. Aphyllotus campanelliformis Singer
Lemke IF No: 325990 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 308644 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 308821 Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOG Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.:
CUN

6274. Arthromyces claviformis T.J. Baroni 6275. Calyptella pteridophytorum Singer IF 6276. Clitocybe columbiana Singer IF No:
& Lodge IF No: 510712 Trophic mode/ No: 310128 Trophic mode/Guild: 311323 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph Dept.: CAU
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC

6277. Clitocybe puiggarii Speg. IF No: 6278. Clitocybula azurea Singer 6279. Collybia brasiliensis (Berk. & Mont.)
230255 Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, IF No: 311384 Trophic mode/Guild: Dennis IF No: 295375 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil | in tropical saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal
rainforest | in mixed oak–dominated forest parasite, plant pathogen Dept.: VAC
| Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: AMA, ANT

6280. Collybia gilva (Pat.) Singer IF No: 6281. Collybia margarita (Murrill) Singer IF 6282. Collybia nivea (Mont.) Dennis IF No:
344073 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, No: 295404 Trophic mode/Guild: 295409 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/fungal parasite, plant pathotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal, saprotroph/fungal parasite, plant
pathogen Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,125 fungal parasite pathogen Habitat: On litter, in forest |
m Dept.: CUN Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 785m
Dept.: CES Uses: MA

6283. Collybia purpurea (Berk. & M.A. 6284. Collybia syringea Singer 6285. Crucibulum cyathiforme H.J. Brodie
Curtis) Dennis IF No: 295426 Trophic IF No: 295437 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 312320 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph/fungal parasite, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
fungal parasite, plant pathogen Habitat: On plant pathogen Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: Paramo with Espeletia Distribution:
dead rotting wood. Saprotroph Dept.: ANT 2,350 m Pantropics Elev.: 3,200 m Dept.: CAU

6286. Cyathus intermedius (Mont.) Tul. & 6287. Cyathus olla (Batsch) Pers. IF No: 6288. Cyathus pedicellatus H.J. Brodie IF
C. Tul. IF No: 140290 Trophic mode/Guild: 215509 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 312432 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: undefined saprotroph Habitat: In tropical saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
In tropical forest Distribution: Pantropics rainforest Distribution: Global Distribution Saprotroph Dept.: ANT
Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO Elev.: 2,400–2,755 m Dept.: ANT, SUC

6289. Cyathus poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul. IF 6290. Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De 6291. Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd. IF No:
No: 205559 Trophic mode/Guild: Toni IF No: 211346 Trophic mode/Guild: 211223 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decaying
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution wood or leaves | On soil | On compost |
Dept.: ANT Dept.: ANT Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 200–2,100 m
Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAL, CAQ Uses: EU


6292. Cyphellocalathus cecropiae (Singer) 6293. Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) 6294. Cystoderma carcharias (Pers.)
Agerer IF No: 112256 Elev.: 430 m Dept.: Fayod IF No: 121919 Trophic mode/Guild: Fayod IF No: 357219 Trophic mode/Guild:
CHO saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Páramo with Espeletia | Saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: NAR
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CUN

6295. Cystoderma chocoanum Franco– 6296. Deigloria amoena Agerer 6297. Deigloria modesta Agerer
Mol. IF No: 360752 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 113181 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 112796 Trophic mode/Guild:
On decayed wood, in disturbed forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,650 m Dept.: CUN Saprotroph Elev.: 1,830 m Dept.: CHO,
Saprotroph Elev.: 70 m Dept.: CHO CUN

6298. Deigloria pulchella Agerer IF No: 6299. Deigloria pulcherrima Agerer IF No: 6300. Dendrothele acerina (Pers.) P.A.
112797 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 112798 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Lemke IF No: 329775 Trophic mode/Guild:
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Elev.: 2,650 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 1,750–2,650 m Dept.: ANT, CUN In tropical montane cloud forest |
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,737–2,832
m Dept.: CUN

6301. Dendrothele incrustans (P.A. 6302. Dendrothele mexicana (P.A. Lemke) 6303. Dendrothele nivosa (Berk. & M.A.
Lemke) P.A. Lemke IF No: 329781 Trophic P.A. Lemke IF No: 329786 Trophic mode/ Curtis ex Höhn. & Litsch.) P.A. Lemke IF No:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 329789 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,700 m undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
2,400–4,300 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG

6304. Dendrothele strumosa (Fr.) P.A. 6305. Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. IF 6306. Gerronema calongei Singer IF No:
Lemke IF No: 329793 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 193923 Trophic mode/Guild: 314430 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,700 m wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph, Elev.: 1,600 m Dept.: VAC
Pathotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: HF

6307. Gerronema citrinum (Corner) Pegler 6308. Gerronema cyathiforme (Berk. & 6309. Gerronema daguense Singer IF No:
IF No: 108896 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) Singer IF No: 297771 Trophic 124833 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
On decayed logs in secondary mesophytic saprotroph Habitat: On fallen twig, in Dept.: VAC
forest or amongst bamboos Dept.: AMA, CAQ secondary hygrophytic forest Dept.: AMA, CAQ

6310. Gerronema retiarium (Berk.) Singer 6311. Gerronema strombodes (Berk. & 6312. Gerronema tenue Dennis
IF No: 314450 Trophic mode/Guild: Mont.) Singer IF No: 331295 Trophic IF No: 331296 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
180 m Dept.: VAC saprotroph Habitat: In secondary forest Associated with mosses Distribution:
Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC Global Distribution Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: VAC

6313. Glabrocyphella palmarum (Berk. & 6314. Lactocollybia epia (Berk. & Broome) 6315. Lactocollybia lacrimosa (R. Heim)
M.A. Curtis) W.B. Cooke IF No: 331340 Pegler IF No: 103506 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 252917 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
undefined saprotroph On stump of Ficus elastica Distribution: Saprotroph Elev.: 370 m Dept.: ANT
Pantropics Elev.: 500–1,660 m Dept.: AMA, ANT

6316. Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke 6317. Lepista subisabellina (Murrill) 6318. Lepista tarda (Peck) Murrill IF No:
IF No: 356735 Trophic mode/Guild: Kreisel IF No: 316563 Trophic mode/ 495629 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: On Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph
compost or organic debris in open areas, Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph Distribution:
gardens, under bushes, and along paths | Saprotroph gregarious, Neotropics Elev.: 1,475–1,660 m Dept.: ANT
solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: HF, ME,
SU

6319. Lycogalopsis solmsii E. Fisch. IF No: 6320. Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) 6321. Melanomphalia baeospora Singer
209949 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Kotl. & Pouzar IF No: 317427 Trophic IF No: 317485 Dept.: VAC
undefined saprotroph Habitat: In fallen mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
trunks and logs | in tropical forest | saprotroph Habitat: On soil | Saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO gregarious, solitary Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

6322. Melanomphalia columbiana Singer 6323. Metulocyphella rostrata Agerer 6324. Nochascypha dumontii Agerer
IF No: 317486 Dept.: BOY IF No: 108212 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 108273 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph


6325. Omphalina cheilocystidiata (Singer) 6326. Omphalina columbiana Singer IF 6327. Omphalina cotopatae (Singer)
Raithelh. IF No: 357677 Trophic mode/ No: 318965 Trophic mode/Guild: Raithelh. IF No: 357680 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/leaf saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 500 m Dept.: VAC Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

6328. Omphalina pseudofibula Dennis IF 6329. Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 6330. Panaeolus antillarum (Fr.) Dennis IF
No: 335384 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 265153 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 335553 Common name: Blanquito
saprotroph/leaf saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat: On soil loco (Spanish); Hongo de los corrales
Saprotroph Elev.: 4,150 in grasslands | Saprotroph Distribution: (Spanish); j+faiyag+, used by Uitoto people
Global Distribution, Temperate Elev.: 1,800–2,640 m Dept.: BOG, Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On
CUN, QUI pastures | Growing on cow dung | Saprotroph solitary
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics, Global Distribution Elev.:
60–2,640 m Dept.: AMA, CAL, PUT, VAC Uses: SU

6331. Panaeolus cambodginiensis Ola'h & 6332. Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc. IF No: 6333. Panaeolus fimicola (Pers.) Gillet IF
R. Heim IF No: 335554 Trophic mode/ 169479 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 158646 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph dung saprotroph Habitat: On dung | On saprotroph/soil saprotroph Habitat:
manured soils | Saprotroph gregarious, Saprotroph Dept.: BOY Uses: ME
solitary Distribution: Pantropics , Subtropics Elev.: 1,400–2,000
m Dept.: BOY, CUN Uses: SU

6334. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) 6335. Panaeolus semiglobatus (Murrill) 6336. Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S.
Quél. IF No: 151194 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc. & Trotter IF No: 176462 Trophic Lundell & Nannf. IF No: 414609 Trophic
saprotroph/dung saprotroph Habitat: On mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph
pastures growing on cow dung | in Páramo Habitat: On pastures | Saprotroph Elev.: Habitat: On dung | Saprotroph Distribution:
with Espeletia sp. | in disturbed tropical vegetation | on soil, in 2,640–2,900 m Dept.: CAL Global Distribution Elev.: 2,800–4,300 m Dept.: CAL, CUN, PUT
mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution, Subtropics Elev.: 0–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CAU,
CHO, CUN, TOL, VAC

6337. Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & 6338. Phaeodepas nutans Singer IF No: 6339. Phaeolepiota aurea (Matt.) Maire IF
Broome) Sacc. IF No: 176403 Trophic 319563 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 250886 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/dung saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global Dept.: ANT, VAC
Distribution Elev.: 1,000 m

6340. Physocystidium cinnamomeum 6341. Pleurocybella panelloides (Dennis) 6342. Pseudofistulina radicata (Schwein.)
(Dennis) Singer IF No: 336976 Raithelh. IF No: 360810 Trophic mode/ Burds. IF No: 321783 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
Dept.: CUN, VAC wood saprotroph

6343. Pseudoomphalina arsitophylli Singer 6344. Ripartitella alba Halling & Franco– 6345. Ripartitella brasiliensis (Speg.)
IF No: 321850 Trophic mode/Guild: Mol. IF No: 415711 Trophic mode/Guild: Singer IF No: 305309 Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Dept.: BOY On litter | in mature forest Distribution: Saprotroph Dept.: ANT, MAG
Pantropics Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: CAL, QUI

6346. Skepperiella spathularia (Berk. & 6347. Tricholomopsis aurea (Beeli) 6348. Tricholomopsis humboldtii Singer,
M.A. Curtis) Pilát IF No: 278496 Trophic Desjardin & B.A. Perry IF No: 821170 Ovrebo & Halling IF No: 127487 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 300 m Dept.: AMA wood | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Pantropics, Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT
250–2,739 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, MAG, MET Uses: HF

6349. Tricholomopsis tropica Dennis IF 6350. Trogia buccinalis (Mont.) Pat. IF No: 6351. Trogia cantharelloides (Mont.) Pat.
No: 307074 Trophic mode/Guild: 440743 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 255748 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: On sandy soil Dept.: AMA wood in mature forest, Saprotroph Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ 370 m Dept.: ANT, VAC

Agaricales, Incertae sedis Agaricales, Incertae sedis Amylocorticiales, Amylocorticiaceae
6352. Trogia icterina (Singer) Corner IF No: 6353. Trogia papyracea (Berk. & M.A. 6354. Amylocorticiellum luteolum
340494 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Curtis) Corner IF No: 340503 Trophic (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Gorjón, Gresl. &
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil | in mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Rajchenb. IF No: 519220 Trophic mode/
mature and secondary forest | Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, QUI, Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG
NAR, SAN

Amylocorticiales, Amylocorticiaceae Amylocorticiales, Amylocorticiaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae
6355. Amylocorticium africanum 6356. Ceraceomyces simulans (Berk. & 6357. Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J.
Hjortstam IF No: 108681 Trophic mode/ Broome) Hjortstam IF No: 136696 Trophic Erikss. IF No: 292495 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
2,100 m Dept.: MAG


Atheliales, Atheliaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae
6358. Athelia decipiens (Höhn. & Litsch.) J. 6359. Athelia epiphylla Pers. 6360. Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu &
Erikss. IF No: 293539 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 226995 Trophic mode/ Guild: Kimbr. IF No: 309351 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/ pathotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/
epiphyte, leaf saprotroph, lichen parasite, epiphyte, leaf saprotroph, lichen parasite, epiphyte, leaf saprotroph, lichen parasite,
lichenised, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On leaf lichenised, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On leaves lichenised, plant pathogen, wood saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN

Atheliales, Atheliaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae
6361. Athelopsis colombiensis Hjortstam 6362. Athelopsis curvispora Hjortstam & 6363. Athelopsis lembospora (Bourdot)
& Ryvarden IF No: 474233 Trophic mode/ Ryvarden IF No: 517281 Trophic mode/ Oberw. IF No: 309360 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.:
CUN

Atheliales, Atheliaceae Atheliales, Atheliaceae Boletales, Boletaceae
6364. Leptosporomyces septentrionalis (J. 6365. Piloderma byssinum (P. Karst.) 6366. Aureoboletus auriporus (Peck)
Erikss.) Krieglst. IF No: 129394 Trophic Jülich IF No: 337038 Trophic mode/Guild: Pouzar IF No: 326826 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: soil in montane forests with oaks |
2,400–3,800 m Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics,
Subtropics, Temperate Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

Boletales, Boletaceae Boletales, Boletaceae Boletales, Boletaceae
6367. Aureoboletus russellii (Frost) G. Wu 6368. Austroboletus amazonicus Vasco– 6369. Austroboletus festivus (Singer)
& Zhu L. Yang IF No: 818394 Trophic Palac. & López–Quint. IF No: 805436 Wolfe IF No: 118428 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: On soil in montane forests | ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | Conservation: VU
Ectomycorrhizal with oaks and other hardwoods solitary, associated to Pseudomonotes tropenbosii, in tropical rainforest,
scattered Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAU Uses: HF solitary Distribution: Pantropics Endemic Elev.: 200–300 m
Dept.: AMA Conservation: CR

6370. Austroboletus neotropical Singer, J. 6371. Austroboletus subflavidus (Murrill) 6372. Austroboletus subvirens (Hongo)
García & L.D. Gómez IF No: 354928 Wolfe IF No: 118437 Trophic mode/Guild: Wolfe IF No: 118438 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On dead wood soil, in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza soil | Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: ANT, HUI
Dept.: NAR Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: NAR

6373. Boletellus ananas (M.A. Curtis) 6374. Boletellus coccineus (Sacc.) Singer 6375. Boletus fuligineotomentosus Singer
Murrill IF No: 100683 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 358698 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 309685 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
soil in montane forests with oaks | soil, in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza
Ectomycorrhizal solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: CAU, VAC
ANT, NAR, VAC Uses: HF, PO

6376. Boletus neoregius Halling & G.M. 6377. Boletus purpurascens Hook. IF No: 6378. Boletus pyrrhosceles Halling IF No:
Muell. IF No: 460561 Trophic mode/Guild: 198556 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 358347 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, in
soil, in Andean forest associated with Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza
Quercus humboldtii | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, NAR
Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CUN

6379. Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. IF No: 6380. Chalciporus caribaeus Pegler IF No: 6381. Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille
200521 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 108761 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph IF No: 311021 Trophic mode/Guild:
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in /fungal parasite Habitat: On soil, in mixed pathotroph/fungal parasite Habitat: On soil
montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal oak–dominated forest | Ectomycorrhiza in plantations | Ectomycorrhizal with
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CAU Uses: HF Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT conifers solitary, gregarious, scattered Distribution: Introduced
Conservation: LC Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

6382. Chalciporus pseudorubinellus (A.H. 6383. Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Opat.) 6384. Fistulinella campinaranae Singer IF
Sm. & Thiers) L.D. Gómez IF No: 450560 Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini IF No: 550673 No: 314143 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/fungal Dept.: CUN, NAR, VAC Uses: HF symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
parasite Habitat: On soil, in Andean forest soil | in tropical rainforest, associated with
associated with oak | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: ANT, Pseudomonotes tropenbosii | Ectomycorrhiza gregarious
CAU Distribution: Endemic Elev.: 200–300 m Dept.: AMA

6385. Fistulinella gloeocarpa Pegler IF No: 6386. Leccinellum rugosiceps (Peck) C. 6387. Leccinum talamancae Halling, L.D.
124413 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Hahn IF No: 834586 Trophic mode/Guild: Gómez & Lannoy IF No: 459942 Trophic
/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: On soil, in mixed oak–dominated
forest Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT

6388. Phylloporus centroamericanus 6389. Phylloporus fibulatus Singer, Ovrebo 6390. Phylloporus phaeoxanthus Singer &
Singer & L.D. Gómez IF No: 106363 & Halling IF No: 127486 Trophic mode/ L.D. Gómez IF No: 106364 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Elev.: Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
ectomycorrhizal Distribution: Pantropics 2,500 m Dept.: ANT, NAR, TOL Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,800–
Elev.: 2,550 m Dept.: ANT, VAC Conservation: VU 2,730 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, NAR, TOL


6391. Phylloporus purpurellus Singer IF 6392. Porphyrellus indecisus (Peck) E.–J. 6393. Porphyrellus umbrosus (G.F. Atk.)
No: 320302 Trophic mode/Guild: Gilbert IF No: 252705 Common name: Singer, J. García & L.D. Gómez IF No:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: Hongo panelo (Spanish); Tusos (Spanish) 354391 Trophic mode/Guild:
Pantropics Dept.: CAU Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in oak forests | Ectomycorrhizal
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

6394. Pulveroboletus atkinsonianus 6395. Pulveroboletus ravenelii (Berk. & 6396. Rugiboletus andinus (Halling)
(Murrill) L.D. Gómez IF No: 450124 Trophic M.A. Curtis) Murrill IF No: 100667 Trophic Halling & B. Ortiz IF No: 830007 Trophic
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
Dept.: ANT, VAC Habitat: In disturbed tropical cloud forest
Elev.: 1,700–2,205 m Dept.: ANT, NAR, VAC Uses: HF

6397. Singerocomus inundabilis (Singer) 6398. Strobilomyces confusus Singer IF 6399. Tylopilus bulbosus Halling & G.M.
T.W. Henkel & Huasbands IF No: 811839 No: 291241 Trophic mode/Guild: Muell. IF No: 489164 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: /ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: In
Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest, soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal soil of montane forests | Ectomycorrhiza
associated with Dycimbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: solitary Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Dept.: HUI Uses: HF Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT Conservation: NT

6400. Tylopilus obscurus Halling 6401. Tylopilus pakaraimensis T.W. 6402. Xanthoconium separans (Peck)
IF No: 134922 Trophic mode/Guild: Henkel IF No: 467831 Trophic mode/ Halling & Both IF No: 445515 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Habitat: On soil in montane forests,
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,350 m Dept.: ANT, HUI, NAR, SAN associated with oak | Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious
Conservation: NT Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, NAR Uses: HF

6403. Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) 6404. Xerocomellus truncatus (Singer, 6405. Xerocomus amazonicus Singer IF
Šutara IF No: 511893 Trophic mode/Guild: Snell & E.A. Dick) Klofac IF No: 563567 No: 325602 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, in Andean
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, forest associated with oak | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.:
NAR Uses: HF ANT Uses: HF

6406. Xerocomus orquidianus (Halling) 6407. Xerocomus subtomentosus (L.) 6408. Xerocomus tenax Nuhn & Halling IF
L.D. Gómez IF No: 450496 Trophic mode/ Quél. IF No: 121483 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 811407 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Habitat: On soil, in Andean forest soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal soil, in Andean forest associated with oak |
associated with oak | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,300–1,400 m Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, CAU Uses: HF Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: ANT
Dept.: ANT

Boletales, Boletinellaceae Boletales, Boletinellaceae Boletales, Boletinellaceae
6409. Boletinellus exiguus (Singer & 6410. Boletinellus monticola (Singer) 6411. Phlebopus beniensis (Singer &
Digilio) Watling IF No: 443005 Trophic Watling IF No: 443007 Trophic mode/ Digilio) Heinem. & Rammeloo IF No:
mode/Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ Guild: saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal 110251 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph,
animal associated biotroph, root associate associated biotroph, root associate symbiotroph/animal associated biotroph,
biotroph Habitat: On soil | in mature forest | In disturbed tropical biotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, HUI root associate biotroph Habitat: On soil | Ectomycorrhiza
cloud forest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 400–1,600 m Dept.:
1,300–2,400 m Dept.: ANT, CAL, VAC CES, MAG

Boletales, Boletinellaceae Boletales, Boletinellaceae Boletales, Calostomataceae
6412. Phlebopus brasiliensis Singer IF No: 6413. Phlebopus braunii (Bres.) Heinem. 6414. Calostoma cinnabarinum Desv. IF
110367 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph, IF No: 282816 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 156972 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/animal associated biotroph, saprotroph, symbiotroph/animal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
root associate biotroph Distribution: associated biotroph, root associate soil, in oak forest Distribution: Pantropics
Pantropics Elev.: 250 m Dept.: MET biotroph Habitat: On decayed wood | in chagras | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CAU Uses: HF, ME
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ

Boletales, Coniophoraceae Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae
6415. Gyrodontium sacchari (Spreng.) 6416. Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) 6417. Tremellogaster surinamensis E.
Hjortstam IF No: 413146 Trophic mode/ Morgan IF No: 122650 Trophic mode/ Fisch. IF No: 279596 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Habitat: In dry sandy grassland | soil | in mature forest | Saprotroph
Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ
Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: HF, ME

Boletales, Gyroporaceae Boletales, Gyroporaceae Boletales, Paxillaceae
6418. Gyroporus castaneus (Bull.) Quél. IF 6419. Gyroporus paralongicystidiatus 6420. Meiorganum curtisii (Berk.) Singer,
No: 356881 Common name: Chesnut Davoodian IF No: 822350 Trophic mode J. García & L.D. Gómez IF No: 361650
bolete (English) Trophic mode/Guild: /Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Elev.: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On 1,640 m Dept.: CAU ectomycorrhizal
soil in montane forests | Ectomycorrhizal with Quercus cespitose,
scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 1,640 m Dept.:
CAU Uses: HF, ME, SU


Boletales, Paxillaceae Boletales, Rhizopogonaceae Boletales, Sclerodermataceae
6421. Paxillus gymnopus C. Hahn IF No: 6422. Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. 6423. Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert
415134 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 100130 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 276857 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal

Boletales, Sclerodermataceae Boletales, Sclerodermataceae Boletales, Sclerodermataceae
6424. Pisolithus tinctorius (Mont.) E. Fisch. 6425. Scleroderma albidum Pat. & Trab. IF 6426. Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. IF
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
sandy soils | In old lawns | On roadsides | soil in Quercus forests and Eucalyptus soil in woods and gardens |
Saprotroph Dept.: BOG Uses: EU, HF plantations | Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: CUN Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, BOY,
CUN Uses: HF, ME

Boletales, Sclerodermataceae Boletales, Sclerodermataceae Boletales, Sclerodermataceae
6427. Scleroderma bovista Fr. 6428. Scleroderma citrinum Pers. IF No: 6429. Scleroderma duckei B.D.B. Silva,
IF No: 186199 Trophic mode/ Guild: 181865 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph M.P. Martín & Baseia IF No: 818097
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil, often Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
found in mossy areas | Ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal
with hardwoods or conifers solitary, gregarious Distribution:
Global Distribution Elev.: 1,340 m Dept.: QUI Uses: HF, ME

Boletales, Sclerodermataceae Boletales, Suillaceae Boletales, Suillaceae
6430. Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) 6431. Suillus brunnescens A.H. Sm. & 6432. Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel
Pers. IF No: 211519 Trophic mode/Guild: Thiers IF No: 339841 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 120823 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
soil, in exotic plantations | Ectomycorrhizal
gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution, Introduced Elev.:
2,200–3,000 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL, CUN Uses: HF, ME
Conservation: LC

Boletales, Incertae sedis Lepidostromatales, Lepidostromataceae Lepidostromatales, Lepidostromataceae
6433. Corneromyces kinabalui Ginns IF 6434. Lepidostroma calocerum (G.W. 6435. Sulzbacheromyces chocoensis
No: 311835 Trophic mode/Guild: Martin) Oberw. IF No: 107531 Trophic Coca, Lücking & Moncada IF No: 827270
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: MAG Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution: /lichenised
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 120–1,500 m Dept.: MAG

Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae,
Lepidostromatales, Lepidostromataceae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae
6436. Sulzbacheromyces tutunendo Coca, 6437. Phlyctibasidium polyporoideum 6438. Auricularia auricula–judae (Bull.)
Lücking & Moncada IF No: 827271 (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jülich IF No: 319899 Quél. IF No: 102281 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
lichenised saprotroph Dept.: CUN On dead wood, on stumps | Saprotroph
gregarious Distribution: Temperate Elev.: 50–2,900 m Dept.:
ANT, CAL, CHO, MET, TOL, VAC Uses: HF, MA, ME

Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae,
Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae
6439. Auricularia cornea Ehrenb. IF No: 6440. Auricularia delicata (Mont. ex Fr.) 6441. Auricularia fuscosuccinea (Mont.)
167247 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Henn. IF No: 122319 Common name: Henn.IF No: 309392 Common name:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: On damp Hongo gelatinoso, used by Uitoto people; Hongo gelatinoso, used by Uitoto people;
old wood | In tropical forest | Saprotroph Oreja de venado, used by Uitoto people Oreja de venado, used by Uitoto people
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 50 m Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Dept.: CHO Uses: HF, ME On decaying wood | In chagras | Saprotroph gregarious, On wood in oak forest | On decaying wood | In tropical forest | In
cespitose Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 200–2,900 chagras | Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose Distribution:
m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAL, CAS, CAQ, CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NSA, Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, AMA, BOY, CAQ, CAU,
QUI, RIS, VAC Uses: AF, HF, ME CHO, CUN, NSA, QUI, VAC Uses: HF, MA, ME

6442. Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) 6443. Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak, 6444. Auricularia tenuis (Lév.) Farl. IF No:
Pers. IF No: 178140 Trophic mode/Guild: Looney & Sánchez–García IF No: 803171 158602 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
On dead wood | Saprotroph Distribution: /undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT, SAN
Global Distribution, Temperate Elev.: 1,100 m Dept.: AMA, CAL,
CAQ, CES, CHO, MET, VAC Uses: HF

6445. Eichleriella shearii (Burt) Spirin & 6446. Elmerina caryae (Schwein.) D.A. 6447. Exidiopsis effusa (Bref. ex Sacc.)
Malysheva IF No: 818025 Trophic mode/ Reid IF No: 354655 Trophic mode/Guild: Möller IF No: 169072 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Dept.: MAG 370 m Dept.: ANT fallen Corylus branch. On decorticated log
of Pinus radiata. On dead attached Fagus branch, Fern worthy
Forest. On fallen Fagus branches Dept.: MAG

6448. Heterochaete albida Pat. 6449. Heterochaete gelatinosa (Berk. & 6450. Heterochaete hirneoloides (Pat.) K.
IF No: 240743 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis) Pat. IF No: 145598 Trophic Wells IF No: 331957 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Dept.: MAG

6451. Heterochaete minuta Pat. 6452. Heterochaete ochracea Pat. IF No: 6453. Heterochaete sanctae–martae
IF No: 145288 Trophic mode/Guild: 145676 Trophic mode/Guild: Bodman IF No: 298422 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m
Dept.: MAG


Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae Auriculariales, Hyaloriaceae
6454. Heterochaete verruculosa (Möller) 6455. Heteroradulum lividofuscum (Pat.) 6456. Myxarium nucleatum Wallr. IF No:
Bodman IF No: 298425 Trophic mode/ Spirin & Malysheva IF No: 818033 Dept.: 123613 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph TOL undefined saprotroph Dept.: ANT, CAU
Dept.: MAG

Auriculariales, Oliveoniaceae Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis
6457. Oliveonia fibrillosa (Burt) Donk IF 6458. Basidiodendron cinereum (Bres.) 6459. Basidiodendron eyrei (Wakef.)
No: 301973 Trophic mode/Guild: Luck–Allen IF No: 326925 Trophic mode Luck–Allen IF No: 326927 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
On decayed wood, in tropical montane saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG
1,250–2,832 m Dept.: CUN, MAG

Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis
6460. Basidiodendron fulvum (Massee) 6461. Basidiodendron radians (Rick) P. 6462. Ductifera pululahuana (Pat.) Donk
Ginns IF No: 110501 Trophic mode/Guild: Roberts IF No: 483584 Trophic mode/ IF No: 297040 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG

Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis
6463. Guepinia fissa Berk. IF No: 189723 6464. Patouillardina cinerea Bres. 6465. Protomerulius minor (A. Møller) V.
Dept.: VAC IF No: 186844 Spirin & O. Miettinen IF No: 830961
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/

Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Auriculariomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae,
Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Auriculariales, Incertae sedis Geastrales, Geastraceae
6466. Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) 6467. Stypella grilletii (Boud.) P. Roberts IF 6468. Geastrum javanicum Lév.
P. Karst. IF No: 120525 Trophic mode/ No: 447071 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 356878 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ parasite Habitat: On saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
decaying wood | In tropical forest |
Saprotroph. Parasite gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution
Elev.: 50–2,200 m Dept.: CAL, CHO, VAC Uses: HF

Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae,
Geastrales, Geastraceae Geastrales, Geastraceae Geastrales, Geastraceae
6469. Geastrum lageniforme Vittad. IF No: 6470. Geastrum mirabile Mont. 6471. Geastrum rufescens Pers.
120749 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 119270 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 121327 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Saprotroph On soil | in tropical dry forest | Saprotroph
solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: SUC Uses: PO

Geastrales, Geastraceae Geastrales, Geastraceae Geastrales, Geastraceae
6472. Geastrum saccatum Fr. IF No: 6473. Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. 6474. Geastrum subiculosum Cooke &
118342 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Curtis) Zeller IF No: 286611 Trophic mode/ Massee IF No: 164516 Trophic mode
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil | in Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
tropical forest | Saprotroph solitary, Habitat: Saprotroph
scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 50–2,100 m
Dept.: AMA, CAL, CAQ, CAU, CHO, MAG, VAC Uses: ME

Geastrales, Geastraceae Gomphales, Gomphaceae Gomphales, Gomphaceae
6475. Geastrum triplex Jungh. IF No: 6476. Gloeocantharellus uitotanus Vasco– 6477. Gomphus cavipes Corner
119601 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Pal. & Franco–Mol. IF No: 336604 Trophic IF No: 314681 Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: On soil in mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil |
forests | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary in mature forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 250 m
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, CUN Uses: ME Dept.: AMA

Gomphales, Gomphaceae Gomphales, Gomphaceae Gomphales, Gomphaceae
6478. Phaeoclavulina abietina (Pers.) 6479. Phaeoclavulina cokeri (R.H. 6480. Phaeoclavulina cyanocephala (Berk.
Giachini IF No: 512962 Trophic mode/ Petersen) Giachini IF No: 512945 Trophic & M.A. Curtis) Giachini IF No: 512947
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
Habitat: On woodland soils | Saprotroph Habitat: On soil Dept.: CAU, VAC ectomycorrhizal Elev.: 75 m Dept.: CHO

6481. Phaeoclavulina zippelii (Lév.) 6482. Ramaria aurantiiramosa (Marr & 6483. Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quél. IF
Overeem IF No: 282346 Trophic mode/ D.E. Stuntz) Franchi & M. Marchetti IF No: No: 414477 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal 554469 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF
Habitat: Soil in anectotrophic forests | symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.:
CAQ, CAU Uses: HF

6484. Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot IF 6485. Ramaria chocoensis C. Hahn & 6486. Ramaria cyaneigranosa Marr & D.E.
No: 356843 Trophic mode/Guild: Christan IF No: 627780 Trophic mode/ Stuntz IF No: 322253 Common name:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Elev.: Manitas (Spanish); Manos (Spanish)
40–75 m Dept.: CHO Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in montane forests.
Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Distribution: Temperate,
North America Dept.: BOY Uses: HF


6487. Ramaria cystidiophora (Kauffman) 6488. Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. IF No: 6489. Ramaria flavosaponaria R.H.
Corner IF No: 304953 Trophic mode/Guild: 356923 Common name: Manitas Petersen IF No: 104709 Trophic mode/
symbiotroph /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On (Spanish); Manos (Spanish) Trophic mode Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal /Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Dept.: NAR
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: NAR Uses: HF Habitat: On soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal
Distribution: Temperate, Europe Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

6490. Ramaria formosa (Pers.) Quél. IF 6491. Ramaria reticulata (Berk. & Cooke) 6492. Ramaria secunda (Berk.) Corner IF
No: 355626 Trophic mode/Guild: Corner IF No: 338186 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 304997 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
soil, in montane Forest | Ectomycorrhizal Pantropics Dept.: VAC soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CAL gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOY Uses: HF
Uses: HF, PO

Gomphales, Gomphaceae Gomphales, Gomphaceae Phallales, Phallaceae
6493. Ramaria stricta (Pers.) Quél. IF No: 6494. Ramaricium albo–ochraceum 6495. Blumenavia angolensis (Welw. &
355674 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Bres.) Jülich IF No: 322291 Trophic Curr.) Dring IF No: 113149 Trophic
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On stumps or mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
buried wood, in montane forests | saprotroph saprotroph
Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: SAN Uses: HF

Phallales, Phallaceae Phallales, Phallaceae Phallales, Phallaceae
6496. Blumenavia rhacodes Möller IF No: 6497. Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring IF No: 6498. Clathrus columnatus Bosc
241046 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 112728 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 200050 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On soil near woody debris in lawns,
gardens, cultivated soil | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CAU Uses: ME

6499. Laternea dringii A. López, D. 6500. Laternea pusilla Berk. & M.A. Curtis 6501. Laternea triscapa Turpin
Martínez & J. García IF No: 110758 IF No: 238999 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 239726 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Lower mountain humid rainforest | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,761 m Dept.: BOG 2,600–2,700 m Dept.: BOY, CUN

6502. Lysurus gardneri Berk. IF No: 6503. Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. IF No: 6504. Phallus impudicus L. IF No: 245934
198732 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 223415 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/litter
/dung saprotroph, soil saprotroph Habitat: /leaf saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: saprotroph, soil saprotroph, wood
Paramo with Espeletia sp. Distribution: ANT saprotroph
Pantropics Elev.: 3,500 m Dept.: CUN

Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Phallales, Phallaceae Phallales, Phallaceae Cantharellales, Aphelariaceae
6505. Phallus indusiatus Vent. IF No: 6506. Staheliomyces cinctus E. Fisch. IF 6507. Aphelaria trispora Corner IF No:
245788 Common name: Hongo de tierra, No: 219534 Trophic mode/Guild: 326363 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
used by Uitoto people; Corazón de tierra, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
used by Uitoto peopleTrophic mode/Guild: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MAG
saprotroph/litter saprotroph, soil saprotroph, wood saprotroph
Habitat: In soil with litter. Saprotroph. solitary Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: AMA, CAQ Uses: HF

Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis,
Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae
6508. Botryobasidium digitatum (D.P. 6509. Botryobasidium isabellinum (Fr.) 6510. Botryobasidium lembosporum (D.P.
Rogers) G. Langer IF No: 412603 Trophic D.P. Rogers IF No: 252790 Trophic mode Rogers) Donk IF No: 293776 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.:
MAG CUN CUN

Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Botryobasidiaceae
6511. Botryobasidium pruinatum (Bres.) J. 6512. Botryobasidium subcoronatum 6513. Botryobasidium verrucisporum
Erikss. IF No: 293780 Trophic mode/Guild: (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk IF No: 254907 (Burds. & Gilb.) G. Langer IF No: 412613
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
Saprotroph Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: MAG saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
1,900 m Dept.: MAG 2,400 m Dept.: CUN

Cantharellales, Ceratobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Ceratobasidiaceae Cantharellales, Ceratobasidiaceae
6514. Rhizoctonia noxia (Donk) Oberw., R. 6515. Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn IF No: 6516. Tofispora scaberula (Hjortstam &
Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner IF No: 229666 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No:
805621 /plant pathogen Habitat: On an 505172 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
unidentified plant Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
CUN Pantropics Dept.: CUN

Cantharellales, Hydnaceae Cantharellales, Hydnaceae Cantharellales, Hydnaceae
6517. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. IF No: 6518. Cantharellus cinereus Pers. IF No: 6519. Cantharellus cinnabarinus
200345 Common name: Rebozuelo 197287 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph (Schwein.) Schwein. IF No: 356863 Trophic
(Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On montane forests | Ectomycorrhizal with Habitat: On soil in montane forests | In
soil, in montane mixed oak–dominated forests Distribution: hardwoods Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: CUN Uses: HF sandy soils | Ectomycorrhizal with hardwoods solitary, gregarious,
Global Distribution Elev.: 200–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CAU, scattered Distribution: North America, Caribbean Dept.: CUN
CUN, HUI Uses: HF Uses: HF


6520. Cantharellus guyanensis Mont. IF 6521. Cantharellus lateritius (Berk.) Singer 6522. Cantharellus rhodophyllus Heinem.
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: In
soil | in tropical rainforest, associated with soil in montane oak forests | tropical forest, Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 50 m
Dicymbe Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Ectomycorrhizal with Quercus solitary, gregarious, scattered Dept.: CHO
Conservation: LC Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN,
BOY, NAR Uses: HF

6523. Clavulina amazonensis Corner IF 6524. Clavulina cinerea (Bull.) J. Schröt. IF 6525. Clavulina cinereoglebosa Uehling,
No: 468812 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 114574 Trophic mode/Guild: Aime & T.W. Henkel IF No: 561189 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF mode/ Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil | in tropical rainforest |
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

6526. Clavulina cirrhata (Berk.) Corner IF 6527. Clavulina connata (Berk.) Corner IF 6528. Clavulina craterelloides Thacker &
No: 295008 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 295010 Trophic mode/Guild: T.W. Henkel IF No: 488561 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil in tropical rainforest | Ectomycorrhiza Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest |
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

6529. Clavulina effusa Uehling, T.W. 6530. Clavulina griseohumicola T.W. 6531. Clavulina guyanensis Uehling & T.W.
Henkel & Aime IF No: 561190 Trophic Henkel, Meszaros & Aime IF No: 357124 Henkel IF No: 564684 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest | /ectomycorrhizal
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

6532. Clavulina kunmudlutsa T.W. Henkel 6533. Clavulina nigricans Thacker & T.W. 6534. Clavulina rosiramea Uehling, T.W.
& Aime IF No: 518848 Trophic mode/ Henkel IF No: 488562 Trophic mode/ Henkel & Aime IF No: 564665 Trophic
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: On soil in tropical rainforest
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA Conservation: DD

6535. Clavulina sprucei (Berk.) Corner IF 6536. Clavulina tepurumenga T.W. Henkel 6537. Craterellus atratoides T.W. Henkel,
No: 295026 Trophic mode/Guild: & Aime IF No: 518849 Trophic mode/ Aime & A.W. Wilson IF No: 564237 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil | in tropical rainforest | Conservation: DD Habitat: On soil in tropical rainforest
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA associated with Dicymbe sp. Distribution: Endemic Dept.: AMA

6538. Craterellus atratus (Corner) 6539. Craterellus boyacensis Singer IF No: 6540. Craterellus cinereofimbriatus T.W.
Yomyart, Watling, Phosri, Piap. & Sihan. IF 329220 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Henkel & A.W. Wilson IF No: 803952
No: 563344 Trophic mode/Guild: /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza gregarious ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in
soil | in tropical rainforest associated with Dicymbe sp. Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,270–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, tropical rainforest associated with Dicymbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza
Distribution: Endemic Dept.: AMA HUI, BOY Uses: HF Distribution: Endemic Dept.: AMA

6541. Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. 6542. Craterellus strigosus T.W. Henkel, 6543. Gloeomucro flavus (G.W. Martin)
IF No: 153130 Common name: Trompetas Aime & A.W. Wilson IF No: 564238 Trophic R.H. Petersen IF No: 113771 Trophic
de la muerte (Spanish) Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest saprotroph
Habitat: On soil among litter | Ectomycorrhizal. On soil in associated with Dicymbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution:
montane forests/ Ectomycorrhizal with hardwoods gregarious Endemic Dept.: AMA
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: AMA, BOY, CAQ Uses: HF

6544. Hydnum albidum Peck 6545. Hydnum repandum L. IF No: 6546. Multiclavula coronilla (G.W. Martin)
IF No: 141384 Trophic mode/Guild: 225014 Common name: The Hedgehog R.H. Petersen IF No: 334547 Trophic mode
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Elev.: 2,350 mushroom (English) Trophic mode/Guild: /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Elev.:
m Dept.: ANT Uses: HF symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG
soil | In mixed oak–dominated forest | Ectomycorrhiza
gregarious, solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,200–
2,800 m Dept.: ANT Uses: HF, ME Conservation: LC

6547. Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H. 6548. Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H. 6549. Pseudocraterellus sinuosus (Fr.)
Petersen IF No: 334548 Trophic mode/ Petersen IF No: 334552 Trophic mode Corner IF No: 337750 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised Elev.: /Guild: symbiotroph/lichenised symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
3,800–4,300 m Biogeographic region: Andes Distribution:
Pantropics, Native Elev.: 1,400 m Dept.: MAG

6550. Pseudocraterellus undulatus (Pers.) 6551. Repetobasidium mirificum J. Erikss. 6552. Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J.
Rauschert IF No: 102638 Trophic mode/ IF No: 305090 Trophic mode/Guild: Erikss. IF No: 305986 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Dept.: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat:
ANT On decayed wood of Pinus Hosts: Pinus sp. Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN
Distribution: Temperate Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN


6553. Sistotrema diademiferum (Bourdot 6554. Sistotrema octosporum (J. Schröt. 6555. Sistotrema raduloides (P. Karst.)
& Galzin) Donk IF No: 305988 Trophic ex Höhn. & Litsch.) Hallenb. IF No: 115327 Donk IF No: 305991 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: saprotroph Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN
CUN

Cantharellales, Hydnaceae Cantharellales, Tulasnellaceae Cantharellales, Incertae sedis
6556. Sistotremella perpusilla Hjortstam IF 6557. Tulasnella violea (Quél.) Bourdot & 6558. Minimedusa polyspora (Hotson)
No: 115329 Trophic mode/Guild: Galzin IF No: 414502 Trophic mode/Guild: Weresub & P.M. LeClair IF No: 317759
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph, symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal,
On Picea abies Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: MAG

Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Corticiales, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Corticiales, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Corticiales,
Corticiaceae Corticiaceae Corticiaceae
6559. Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Höhn. IF 6560. Corticium roseum Pers. IF No: 6561. Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. &
No: 120730 Dept.: NSA 154203 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph Broome) Burds. IF No: 103294 Trophic
/plant pathogen mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen

6562. Galzinia incrustans Parmasto IF No: 6563. Lawreymyces bogotensis Lücking & 6564. Lawreymyces columbiensis Lücking
331165 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Moncada IF No: 553220 Trophic mode & Moncada IF No: 553221 Trophic mode
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph /Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite /Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite
Elev.: 3,600–3,800 m

6565. Lawreymyces confusus Lücking & 6566. Lawreymyces foliaceae Lücking & 6567. Lawreymyces palicei Lücking &
Moncada IF No: 553222 Trophic mode/ Moncada IF No: 553223 Trophic mode/ Moncada IF No: 553224 Trophic mode/
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite

6568. Lawreymyces pulchellae Lücking & 6569. Lawreymyces spribillei Lücking & 6570. Waitea circinata Warcup & P.H.B.
Moncada IF No: 553225 Trophic mode/ Moncada IF No: 553226 Trophic mode/ Talbot IF No: 340988 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite Guild: pathotroph/lichen parasite pathotroph/ plant pathogen

Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Incertae sedis
6571. Leptocorticium cyatheae (S. Ito & S. 6572. Leptocorticium tenellum Nakasone 6573. Melzerodontia rasilis Hjortstam &
Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 484292 IF No: 341582 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 437816 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On bamboo | on palm Habitat: On bark | Saprotroph Distribution:
trees | on wood | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Pantropics Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN
2,400–2,700 m Dept.: CUN

Gloeophyllales, Gloeophyllaceae Gloeophyllales, Gloeophyllaceae Gloeophyllales, Gloeophyllaceae
6574. Boreostereum vibrans (Berk. & M.A. 6575. Gloeophyllum striatum (Fr.) Murrill 6576. Stiptophyllum erubescens (Berk.)
Curtis) Davydkina & Bondartseva IF No: IF No: 445922 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 324209 Trophic mode/
309835 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
/wood saprotroph Habitat: Dead hardwood Burned decayed wood | Saprotroph
with a white rot. Saprotroph Elev.: 1,250–1,500 m Dept.: CUN, Distribution: Pantropics, Global Distribution Elev.: 200–2,100 m
MAG Dept.: CAQ, CUN, SAN, VAC

Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae
6577. Botryodontia semispathulata 6578. Coltricia barbata Ryvarden & de 6579. Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill
Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 468344 Meijer IF No: 468828 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 119718 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: ANT soil | in tropical rainforest associated with
Dicymbe | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza solitary, gregarius
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 100–2,430 m Dept.: AMA,
ANT, TOL

6580. Coltricia dependella A.M. Vasco– 6581. Coltricia focicola (Berk. & M.A. 6582. Coltricia fonsecoensis W.B. Cooke &
Pal. & Ryvarden IF No: 551094 Trophic Curtis) Murrill IF No: 454835 Trophic mode Bonar IF No: 344443 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal /Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Habitat: Common in oak forests |
Ectomycorrhiza gregarious Distribution: Subtropics Elev.: 2,100–
2,600 m Dept.: CUN

6583. Coltricia hamata (Romell) Ryvarden 6584. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill IF No: 6585. Coltricia verrucata Aime, T.W.
IF No: 311549 Trophic mode/Guild: 356793 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph Henkel & Ryvarden IF No: 491208 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: In Pinus patula mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal
soil | in tropical rainforest | plantation | Ectomycorrhiza gregarious Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest
Ectomycorrhiza scattered, gregarious Dept.: AMA Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,100–2,430 m Dept.: ANT associated with Dicymbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza scattered,
gregarious Elev.: 144 m Dept.: AMA

6586. Coltriciella dependens (Berk. & M.A. 6587. Coltriciella oblectabilis (Lloyd) Kotl., 6588. Cyclomyces setiporus (Berk.) Pat. IF
Curtis) Murrill IF No: 445568 Trophic mode Pouzar & Ryvarden IF No: 106710 Trophic No: 468971 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest decayed wood | in secondary forest |
associated with Dicymbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza gregarious Elev.: Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m Dept.: CAQ
200–300 m Dept.: AMA


6589. Dichochaete setosa (Sw.) Parmasto 6590. Fomitiporella coruscans (Murrill) 6591. Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.)
IF No: 474582 Trophic mode/Guild: Salvador–Montoya & Popoff IF No: Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb. IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 830784 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 516533 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
Dept.: MAG /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On dead saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood
trunk | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 190–1,680 saprotroph Habitat: Often on living sabal palm (Arecaceae) but
Dept.: CES also on other substrates Dept.: ANT, CAU

6592. Fomitiporia bambusarum (Rick) 6593. Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.) 6594. Fulvifomes merrillii (Murrill) Baltazar
Camp.–Sant. & Decock IF No: 809550 Murrill IF No: 286493 Trophic mode/Guild: & Gibertoni IF No: 515287 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood wood saprotroph Elev.: 1,830 m Dept.: Habitat: On dead wood | Saprotroph
saprotroph Dept.: CUN Conservation: LC CUN gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CES Uses: ME, PO

6595. Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) 6596. Fuscoporia chrysea (Lév.) Baltazar 6597. Fuscoporia contigua (Pers.) G. Cunn.
Groposo, Log.–Leite & Góes–Neto IF No: & Gibertoni IF No: 515288 Trophic IF No: 282428 Trophic mode/Guild:
510730 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Known only on Saprotroph Elev.: 460 m Dept.: VAC
Elev.: 730 m Dept.: MET angiosperm from the type locality in Colombia, but is probably to
be found elsewhere in South–America and the West Indies.

6598. Fuscoporia ferrea (Pers.) G. Cunn. IF 6599. Fuscoporia ferruginosa (Schrad.) 6600. Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Berk.)
No: 286518 Trophic mode/Guild: Murrill IF No: 122487 Trophic mode/Guild: Groposo, Log.–Leite & Góes–Neto IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: 510733 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
In tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 910 m Dept.: CAU /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On wood |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN In tropical rainforest | In dicot tree stump | Saprotroph Elev.: 20
m Dept.: CES, CHO, SUC

6601. Hydnoporia corrugata (Fr.) K.H. 6602. Hydnoporia tabacina (Sowerby) 6603. Hymenochaete cervina Berk. & M.A.
Larss. & Spirin IF No: 830589 Dept.: CUN Spirin, Miettinen & K.H. Larss. IF No: Curtis IF No: 224735 Trophic mode/Guild:
830599 Dept.: CUN saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.:
2,200 m Dept.: MAG

6604. Hymenochaete cinnamomea (Pers.) 6605. Hymenochaete damicornis (Link) 6606. Hymenochaete globispora G.A.
Bres. IF No: 224858 Trophic mode/Guild: Lév. IF No: 228605 Trophic mode/Guild: Escobar IF No: 129182 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Both on coniferous and deciduous wood, On decayed wood | in chagra | in tropical Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN
twigs of Rubus, stumps of Abies alba, branches of Larix decidua, forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO, CAQ
Quercus ilex and Juniperus oxycedrus.

6607. Hymenochaete leonina Berk. & M.A. 6608. Hymenochaete luteobadia (Fr.) 6609. Hymenochaete microspora A.L.
Curtis IF No: 231947 Trophic mode/Guild: Höhn. & Litsch. IF No: 439980 Trophic Welden IF No: 129187 Trophic mode
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
On bark of fallen branches or on dead saprotroph Habitat: On wood. Saprotroph Habitat: On bark or decorticated branches
deciduous trunks (Nectandra, Aspidosperma). Saprophyte of Elev.: 427 m Dept.: CAQ, MET of deciduous and coniferous trees. Saprophyte of white rot Dept.:
white rot Elev.: 2,025 m Dept.: MAG CAU

6610. Hymenochaete minuscula G. Cunn. 6611. Hymenochaete papyracea G.A. 6612. Hymenochaete rheicolor (Mont.)
IF No: 298732 Trophic mode/Guild: Escobar IF No: 129184 Trophic mode Lév. IF No: 215960 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
On bark or decorticated branches of Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN On the underside of trunks and on fallen
deciduous and coniferous trees. Saprophyte of white rot Elev.: deciduous branches. Saprophyte of white rot Elev.: 823 m Dept.:
3,231 m Dept.: NAR BOY, CAU, CUN, MAG

6613. Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) 6614. Hymenochaete villosa (Lév.) Bres. 6615. Inonotus calcitratus (Berk. & M.A.
Lév. IF No: 215861 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 174417 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Gomes–Silva & Gibertoni IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: 564574 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
On bark, decorticated branches or on /wood saprotroph Habitat: On decayed
fallen trunks of Acacia, Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Phyllocladus. wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ
Saprophyte of white rot.

6616. Inonotus crocitinctus (Berk. & M.A. 6617. Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. IF 6618. Inonotus pachyphloeus (Pat.) T.
Curtis) Ryvarden IF No: 315901 Trophic No: 100985 Trophic mode/Guild: Wagner & M. Fisch. IF No: 373925 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
live oaks in Quercus sp., Quercus–Pinus Habitat: On wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200–
mixed forests | Saprotroph. On decayed wood | Saprotroph 3,600 m Dept.: CAQ, ANT
solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: MET Uses: ME

6619. Inonotus rickii (Pat.) D.A. Reid IF No: 6620. Inonotus tabacinus (Mont.) G. Cunn. 6621. Phellinidium rufitinctum (Berk. &
298996 Common name: Mapúa chepa o IF No: 121567 Trophic mode/Guild: M.A. Curtis ex A.L. Sm.) Bondartseva & S.
paipai (Wayunaiki) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In Herrera IF No: 358549 Trophic mode
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Distribution: montane disturbed forest | Wood /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Pantropics Dept.: LAG Uses: MA, SU Saprotroph Elev.: 640–2,740 m Dept.: ANT,BOG, CUN, MET


6622. Phellinopsis conchata (Pers.) Y.C. 6623. Phellinus cinchonensis (Murrill) 6624. Phellinus fastuosus (Lév.) S. Ahmad
Dai IF No: 518932 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 319748 Trophic mode/ IF No: 473348 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
In oak forest | Saprotroph Distribution: pathogen, wood saprotroph Distribution: wood saprotroph Distribution: Global
Temperate, North America Elev.: 1,950 m Dept.: VAC Pantropics Elev.: 150–370 m Dept.: ANT, HUI Distribution Elev.: 140–2,680 m Dept.: CHO, CUN, MET

6625. Phellinus ferrugineovelutinus 6626. Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. IF 6627. Phellinus grenadensis (Murrill)
(Henn.) Ryvarden IF No: 319755 Trophic No: 120542 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 319762 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, /Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
pathogen, wood saprotroph Distribution: wood saprotroph Habitat: On wood of pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: In
Pantropics Elev.: 370 m Dept.: CAQ decidous trees, mostly Quercus | Saprotroph Distribution: tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution:
Temperate Elev.: 370–1,950 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CES, RIS, VAC Pantropics Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN
Uses: ME, PO

6628. Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. IF No: 6629. Phellinus nilgheriensis (Mont.) G. 6630. Phellinus punctatiformis (Murrill)
120661 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Cunn. IF No: 336254 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 319784 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
saprotroph Habitat: On wood of decidous wood saprotroph Dept.: ANT, MAG pathogen, wood saprotroph Distribution:
trees | Parasitic imbricate Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: Pantropics Elev.: 370 m Dept.: CAQ
VAC Uses: ME, PO

6631. Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát IF No: 6632. Phellinus sancti–georgii (Pat.) 6633. Phellinus sarcites (Fr.) Ryvarden IF
289350 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Ryvarden IF No: 319792 Trophic mode/ No: 319795 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
saprotroph Habitat: On living and dead pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead
trees | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Pantropics decayed wood, in tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph angiosperms | In tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph
Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: ANT Uses: ME, PO Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN

6634. Phylloporia parasitica Murrill IF No: 6635. Phylloporia pectinata (Klotzsch) 6636. Phylloporia spathulata (Hook.)
183019 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Ryvarden IF No: 460306 Trophic mode Ryvarden IF No: 460305 Trophic mode/
/wood saprotroph Habitat: On the under /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
side of living leaves | Parasitic Dept.: MAG Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Pantropics Elev.: 580 m Dept.: MET Distribution Elev.: 1,415 m Dept.: MET, VAC

6637. Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill IF 6638. Pyrrhoderma lamaoense (Murrill) 6639. Tropicoporus linteus (Berk. & M.A.
No: 431973 Trophic mode/Guild: L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai IF No: 829085 Curtis) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai IF No: 812159
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat:
On wood of decidous trees, mostly On decayed trunks | in tropical dry forest | On decayed wood | Saprotroph
conifers, on dead wood | Saprotroph | parasitic solitary Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: SUC Elev.: 200 m Dept.: CAQ
Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: ME, PO

Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaetales, Oxyporaceae
6640. Tropicoporus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen 6641. Tubulicrinis hamatus (H.S. Jacks.) 6642. Oxyporus mollis Gibertoni &
& Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai IF No: Donk IF No: 307185 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 513385 Trophic mode/
812163 Elev.: 370 m Dept.: ANT saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph
In tropical montane cloud forest |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700–3,700 m Dept.: CUN

Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae
6643. Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pat.) A.L. 6644. Cotylidia diaphana (Cooke) Lentz 6645. Peniophorella pallida (Bres.) K.H.
Welden IF No: 296052 Habitat: In tropical IF No: 344083 Larss. IF No: 510105 Trophic mode/Guild:
forest Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO, MAG saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:

Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae
6646. Peniophorella praetermissa (P. 6647. Peniophorella pubera (Fr.) P. Karst. 6648. Peniophorella rude (Bres.) K.H.
Karst.) K.H. Larss. IF No: 510106 Trophic IF No: 212717 Trophic mode/Guild: Larss. IF No: 510107 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
saprotroph Habitat: In tropical montane Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN
cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN
2,700–4,300 m Dept.: CUN

Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Rickenellaceae Hymenochaetales, Schizoporaceae
6649. Resinicium luteosulphureum (Rick) 6650. Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh. IF 6651. Alutaceodontia alutacea (Fr.)
Baltazar & Rajchenb. IF No: 815708 No: 322818 Trophic mode/Guild: Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 484290
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined pathotroph/bryophyte parasite Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph Bryophyte Parasite Dept.: BOY saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
1,900 m Dept.: MAG

Hymenochaetales, Schizoporaceae Hymenochaetales, Schizoporaceae Hymenochaetales, Schizoporaceae
6652. Fibrodontia brevidens (Pat.) 6653. Hyphodontia alutaria (Burt) J. Erikss. 6654. Hyphodontia arguta (Fr.) J. Erikss. IF
Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 344739 IF No: 414445 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 298786 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution On bark and wood of decaying, fallen
Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN trunks of frondose trees Elev.: 2,100 m Dept.: MAG


6655. Hyphodontia barba–jovis (Bull.) J. 6656. Hyphodontia curvispora J. Erikss. & 6657. Hyphodontia granulosa (Pers.)
Erikss. IF No: 298788 Trophic mode/Guild: Hjortstam IF No: 332402 Trophic mode Bernicchia IF No: 134698 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
On bark or lignum of decayed wood, Habitat: On decayed wood, in tropical Dept.: TOL
normally of deciduous trees (Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Quercus, montane cloud forest | Saprotroph | Saprotroph Distribution:
Salix), both fallen and dead, still standing trunks or hanging Global Distribution Elev.: 2,737 m Dept.: CUN
branches

6658. Hyphodontia microspora J. Erikss. & 6659. Hyphodontia orasinusensis Gilb. & 6660. Hyphodontia tropica Sheng H. Wu IF
Hjortstam IF No: 315550 Trophic mode/ M. Blackw. IF No: 134907 Trophic mode No: 466205 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: BOY Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG

6661. Kneiffiella lanata (Burds. & 6662. Palifer wrightii (Hjortstam & 6663. Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.)
Nakasone) Riebesehl & Langer IF No: Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Donk IF No: 338860 Trophic mode/Guild:
820383 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 501312 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: On slightly decayed wood, in /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On dead Saprotroph Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m Dept.:
tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution: wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–2,700 m Dept.: CUN BOY
Pantropics Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN

6664. Xylodon apacheriensis (Gilb. & 6665. Xylodon asper (Fr.) Hjortstam & 6666. Xylodon brevisetus (P. Karst.)
Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Ryvarden IF No: 562045 Trophic mode Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 509771
509766 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–3,600 m undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Elev.: 500 m Dept.: MAG Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

6667. Xylodon candidissimus (Berk. & M.A. 6668. Xylodon detriticus (Bourdot) K.H. 6669. Xylodon flaviporus (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Larss., Viner & Spirin IF No: 825366 Curtis ex Cooke) Riebesehl & Langer IF No:
509772 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ 820378 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On twigs | undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 2,400 –3,800 m Dept.: CUN Elev.: 370–2,800 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CUN, RIS

6670. Xylodon gamundiae (Gresl. & 6671. Xylodon nesporii (Bres.) Hjortstam & 6672. Xylodon niemelaei (Sheng H. Wu)
Rajchenb.) Riebesehl & Langer IF No: Ryvarden IF No: 634976 Trophic mode Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 514269
827761 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG

6673. Xylodon raduloides Riebesehl & 6674. Xylodon rudis (Hjortstam & 6675. Xylodon stratosus (Hjortstam &
Langer IF No: 820421 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: 509790 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 505168 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
In tropical montane cloud forest | /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On bark | /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On bark |
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,300–3,700 m Dept.: Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN
CUN

Hymenochaetales, Schizoporaceae Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis
6676. Xylodon verecundus (G. Cunn.) 6677. Kurtia argillacea (Bres.) Karasiński 6678. Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F.
Yurchenko & Riebesehl IF No: 827765 IF No: 550543 Distribution: Global Gmel.) Ryvarden IF No: 324865 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Distribution Elev.: 500–3,700 m Dept.: mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph CUN, MAG

Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis
6679. Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden 6680. Trichaptum byssogenum (Jungh.) 6681. Trichaptum fumosoavellaneum
IF No: 324867 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 324868 Trophic mode/ (Romell) Rajchenb. & Bianchin. IF No:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph 129727 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Temperate Elev.: /wood saprotroph
1,800 m Dept.: CAU

Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis
6682. Trichaptum perrottetii (Lév.) 6683. Trichaptum sector (Ehrenb.) Kreisel 6684. Trichaptum subchartaceum (Murrill)
Ryvarden IF No: 324871 Trophic mode/ IF No: 324872 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 324873 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: In Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: On decayed wood | In chagra | In tropical rainforest Elev.: 150 m Dept.: HUI,
tropical forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50– SUC
200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO Uses: EU

Hymenochaetales, Incertae sedis Polyporales, Cerrenaceae Polyporales, Cerrenaceae
6685. Trichaptum trichomallum (Berk. & 6686. Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr. IF 6687. Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill IF No:
Mont.) Murrill IF No: 432159 Trophic mode No: 466361 Trophic mode/Guild: 356790 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On plant pathogen Habitat: On decayed wood
trunk | on wooden poles | on decaying | in mature forest | Saprotroph Elev.:
wood in secondary forest | in tropical forest | Parasitic. 2,100 m Dept.: CAL
Saprotoph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50–1,100 m Dept.: CAL,
CAQ, CHO, MET, VAC


Polyporales, Cerrenaceae Polyporales, Fibroporiaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae
6688. Pseudolagarobasidium venustum 6689. Fibroporia vaillantii (DC.) Parmasto 6690. Daedalea microsticta Cooke IF No:
(Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Nakasone & D.L. IF No: 330872 Trophic mode/Guild: 212456 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
Lindner IF No: 563655 Trophic mode/ saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: Sea level Dept.: MAG

Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae
6691. Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. IF No: 6692. Fomitopsis nivosa (Berk.) Gilb. & 6693. Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.)
246294 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Ryvarden IF No: 114752 Trophic mode/ Bondartsev & Singer IF No: 297501
/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood
saprotroph Habitat: On coniferous hosts | Ca Uses brown rot |
Parasite | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global
Distribution Uses: ME Conservation: EN

Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae
6694. Fomitopsis palustris (Berk. & M.A. 6695. Pilatoporus durescens (Overh. ex J. 6696. Ranadivia modesta (Kunze ex Fr.)
Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden IF No: 105322 Lowe) Zmitr. IF No: 827603 Trophic mode/ Zmitr. IF No: 827588 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/ Guild: pathotroph, Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/ Habitat: On dead wood of
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood deciduous trees in mature forest |
saprotroph Habitat: On Pinus palustris Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: CUN Saprotroph Elev.: 190–1,680 m Dept.: CAQ, CES

Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales, Ganodermataceae
6697. Rhodofomitopsis cupreorosea 6698. Rhodofomitopsis feei (Fr.) B.K. Cui, 6699. Sanguinoderma rude (Berk.) Y.F.
(Berk.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai IF No: 812663 Trophic Sun, D.H. Costa & B.K. Cui IF No: 828446
IF No: 812662 mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
decaying wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m saprotroph
Dept.: CAQ

Polyporales, Grifolaceae Polyporales, Hyphodermataceae Polyporales, Hyphodermataceae
6700. Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray IF No: 6701. Hyphoderma amoenum (Burt) Donk 6702. Hyphoderma gemmeum (D.P.
362177 Common name: Maitake IF No: 298757 Trophic mode/Guild: Rogers) Donk IF No: 298764 Trophic mode
(Japanese) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution:
wood saprotroph Habitat: On wood | Saprotroph gregarious, Pantropics Dept.: MAG
imbricate Distribution: Cultivated Uses: HF, ME

Polyporales, Hyphodermataceae Polyporales, Hyphodermataceae Polyporales, Hyphodermataceae
6703. Hyphoderma litschaueri (Burt) J. 6704. Hyphoderma microcystidium Sheng 6705. Hyphoderma obtusiforme J. Erikss.
Erikss. & Å. Strid IF No: 315523 Trophic H. Wu IF No: 127520 Trophic mode/Guild: & Å. Strid IF No: 315528 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG
Distribution Dept.: CUN

6706. Hyphoderma romeroae C.E. Gómez, 6707. Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk IF 6708. Hyphoderma transiens (Bres.)
Baltazar & Rajchenb. IF No: 807723 No: 298779 Trophic mode/Guild: Parmasto IF No: 332398 Trophic mode/
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph
saprotroph tropical montane cloud forest | Saprotroph
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,700–3,700 m Dept.: CUN

6709. Hyphoderma variolosum Boidin, 6710. Lyomyces crustosus (Pers.) P. Karst. 6711. Lyomyces griseliniae (G. Cunn.)
Lanq. & Gilles IF No: 355003 Trophic IF No: 440071 Habitat: Mostly on Riebesehl & Langer IF No: 820379 Dept.:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph deciduous wood. especially on dead MAG
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN corticate or decorticate branches, either
fallen to the ground or still hanging, less often on lying logs. It
occurs also on coniferous wood, especially on dead, still hanging
branches of Pinus and Juniperus Elev.: 2,400–3,700 m Dept.:
CUN, MAG

6712. Lyomyces juniperi (Bourdot & 6713. Mutatoderma heterocystidium 6714. Mutatoderma mutatum (Peck) C.E.
Galzin) Riebesehl & Langer IF No: 820381 (Burt) C.E. Gómez IF No: 317951 Trophic Gómez IF No: 317952 Trophic mode/
Elev.: 500 m Dept.: MAG mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOG Habitat: In cloud forest Elev.: 1,700–2,200
m Dept.: VAC

Polyporales, Incrustoporiaceae Polyporales, Incrustoporiaceae Polyporales, Incrustoporiaceae
6715. Skeletocutis nivea (Jungh.) Jean 6716. Tyromyces angulatoporus Ryvarden 6717. Tyromyces venustus (A. David &
Keller IF No: 323593 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 622305 Trophic mode/Guild: Rajchenb.) Ryvarden IF No: 552571
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,870 m Dept.: ANT saprotroph

Polyporales, Irpicaceae Polyporales, Irpicaceae Polyporales, Irpicaceae
6718. Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) 6719. Ceriporia spissa (Schwein. ex Fr.) 6720. Ceriporia viridans (Berk. & Broome)
Parmasto IF No: 327227 Trophic mode/ Rajchenb. IF No: 108755 Trophic mode/ Donk IF No: 356865 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–2,700 m Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 670 m Dept.: slightly decayed wood, in tropical montane
Dept.: CUN PUT cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
2,832 m Dept.: CUN


6721. Ceriporia xylostromatoides (Berk.) 6722. Flavodon flavus (Klotzsch) Ryvarden 6723. Gloeoporus thelephoroides (Hook.)
Ryvarden IF No: 116157 Trophic mode/ IF No: 314170 Trophic mode/Guild: G. Cunn. IF No: 331394 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 180 m Dept.: Habitat: On decayed trunks | in tropical dry
ANT forest | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.:
SUC Uses: PO

6724. Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus (Cooke) 6725. Hydnopolyporus palmatus (Hook.) 6726. Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr.
D.A. Reid IF No: 332101 Trophic mode/ O. Fidalgo IF No: 332103 Trophic mode/ IF No: 177211 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
buried dead wood or at the base of trees | subtropical and decaying logs. Soil. Saprophytic species growing on decomposing Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: CAL
tropical forests | Saprotroph cespitose Distribution: Global logs although it is also possible to find it on soil Distribution:
Distribution Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: VAC, CUN Uses: EU Neotropics Elev.: 1,600–2,400 m Dept.: AMA, ANT Uses: HF

Polyporales, Irpicaceae Polyporales, Laetiporaceae Polyporales, Laetiporaceae
6727. Irpex trachyodon (Lév.) Berk. & M.A. 6728. Laetiporus gilbertsonii Burds. IF No: 6729. Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill
Curtis IF No: 451620 Trophic mode/Guild: 372853 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 299348 Common name: Chicken of
saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph the woods (English)Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
living and dead hardwoods | Saprotroph gregarious, solitary
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 250 m Dept.: CAU, CAQ,
MET Uses: HF

Polyporales, Laetiporaceae Polyporales, Meripilaceae Polyporales, Meripilaceae
6730. Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. IF 6731. Rigidoporus biokoensis (Bres. ex 6732. Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.)
No: 121352 Trophic mode/Guild: Lloyd) Ryvarden IF No: 322834 Trophic Ryvarden IF No: 322837 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Habitat: On wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 140–2,740 m
Elev.: 1,250–4,500 m Dept.: MAG, MET m Dept.: CAQ Dept.: ANT, BOG, BOY, CHO, CUN, MET, PUT, VAC

Polyporales, Meripilaceae Polyporales, Meripilaceae Polyporales, Meripilaceae
6733. Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) 6734. Rigidoporus sanguinolentus (Alb. & 6735. Rigidoporus ulmarius (Sowerby)
Overeem IF No: 271072 Trophic mode/ Schwein.) Donk IF No: 338623 Trophic Imazeki IF No: 338624 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 170–370 m Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 370–1,520 m Habitat: On hardwoods and dead trees |
Dept.: ANT, CHO, SAN Dept.: CHO, CUN Parasite | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global
Distribution Dept.: ANT, CES, MAG Uses: ME

Polyporales, Meripilaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae
6736. Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) 6737. Aurantiporus mayaensis (Ginns, D.L. 6738. Ceriporiopsis allantospora Ryvarden
Ryvarden IF No: 322840 Trophic mode/ Lindner & T.J. Baroni) Zmitr. IF No: 827390 IF No: 630711 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 430–640 m saprotroph
Dept.: CAQ, CHO, VAC

Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae
6739. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Pilát) 6740. Diacanthodes Neotropicsis Palacio 6741. Mycoacia livida (Pers.) Zmitr. IF No:
Gilb. & Ryvarden IF No: 105132 Trophic & Robledo IF No: 830968 Trophic mode/ 827437 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph undefined saprotroph Dept.: MAG

Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae 6743. Mycoacia Polyporales, Meruliaceae
6742. Mycoacia rubiginosa Hjortstam & uda (Fr.) Donk IF No: 255241 Trophic 6744. Phlebia coccineofulva Schwein. IF
Ryvarden IF No: 371031 Trophic mode/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined No: 207683 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On slightly decayed saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG wood, in tropical montane cloud forest | rotten wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 500 m
Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,832 m Dept.: Dept.: MAG
CUN

Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Meruliaceae 6746. Phlebia Polyporales, Meruliaceae
6745. Phlebia fascicularia (Rick) radiata Fr. IF No: 204324 Trophic mode/ 6747. Phlebia rufa (Pers.) M.P. Christ. IF
Nakasone & Burds. IF No: 413798 Trophic Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph No: 336335 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: Distribution Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
CUN Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN

Polyporales, Meruliaceae Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae
6748. Phlebia tremellosa (Schrad.) 6749. Cymatoderma caperatum (Berk. & 6750. Cymatoderma dendriticum (Pers.)
Nakasone & Burds. IF No: 106356 Trophic Mont.) D.A. Reid IF No: 296333 Trophic D.A. Reid IF No: 296334 Trophic mode/
mode/ Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global saprotroph Habitat: In tropical forest | Elev.: 762 m Dept.: BOY, CHO, CAU
Distribution Elev.: 1,665–1,900 m Dept.: MAG Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
1,200–1,951 m Dept.: VAC, CAU, NSA Uses: PO

Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae
6751. Cymatoderma elegans Jungh. IF No: 6752. Cymatoderma sclerotioides (Lloyd) 6753. Panus conchatus (Bull.) Fr. IF No:
210287 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ D.A. Reid IF No: 296340 Trophic mode/ 160358 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decaying Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: In tropical
wood | Saprotroph solitary, cespitose Habitat: On decayed wood | Saprotroph forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution: Africa Dept.: CAL Uses: HF Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Conservation: NT Distribution Elev.: 50–2,577 m Dept.: BOG, CHO


Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae
6754. Panus neostrigosus Drechsler– 6755. Panus rudis Fr. IF No: 240204 6756. Panus similis (Berk. & Broome) T.W.
Santos & Wartchow IF No: 801445 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined May & A.E. Wood IF No: 413666 Trophic
Common name: Jaayo´go and Yamoroño, saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph mode/ Guild: saprotroph/undefined
used by Uitoto peopleTrophic mode/Guild: Distribution: Subtropics Elev.: 400 m Dept.: saprotroph
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: In cultivation areas, CAQ
stubble | On recently burned or decomposing logs, in places
exposed to the sun | In tropical forest | Saprotroph lignicolous
gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50–2,100 m
Dept.: AMA, CHO, CAQ, CES, MET, NSA, SAN, VAC Uses: AF, HF

Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Panaceae Polyporales, Phanerochaetaceae
6757. Panus strigellus (Berk.) Overh. IF 6758. Panus tephroleucus (Mont.) T.W. 6759. Atheliachaete sanguinea (Fr.) Spirin
No: 454604 Trophic mode/Guild: May & A.E. Wood IF No: 413667 Trophic & Zmitr. IF No: 560457 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
On trunk | Saprotroph Distribution: saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | in Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN
Pantropics Elev.: 200–1,660 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, MET, VAC mature forest and chagras Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200 m
Uses: IF Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ

Polyporales, Phanerochaetaceae Polyporales, Phanerochaetaceae Polyporales, Phanerochaetaceae
6760. Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. 6761. Hjortstamia novae–granatae (A.L. 6762. Hyphodermella corrugata (Fr.) J.
IF No: 100902 Trophic mode/Guild: Welden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Erikss. & Ryvarden IF No: 315541 Trophic
saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: On 637350 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
dead wood | Saprotroph imbricate /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.:
Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: EU bamboo Dept.: VAC CUN

6763. Phaeophlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) 6764. Phanerochaete australis Jülich IF 6765. Phanerochaete bambusicola Sheng
Zmitr. IF No: 827389 Habitat: On wood No: 113039 Trophic mode/Guild: H. Wu IF No: 825013 Trophic mode/ Guild:
Dept.: MAG saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Sea level Dept.: MAG

6766. Phanerochaete exilis (Burt) Burds. 6767. Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. 6768. Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas &
IF No: 103669 Trophic mode/Guild: Erikss. & Ryvarden IF No: 319728 Trophic Hibbett IF No: 811935 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: mode/ Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Global Elev.: 500 m Dept.: MAG
2,400 m Dept.: CUN Distribution Elev.: 2,400–3,800 m Dept.: VAC

6769. Phlebiopsis friesii (Lév.) Spirin & 6770. Phlebiopsis papyrina (Mont.) 6771. Porostereum novae–granatum (A.L.
Miettinen IF No: 817924 Trophic mode/ Miettinen & Spirin IF No: 817926 Trophic Welden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 132775
Habitat: On decayed wood | Saprotroph saprotroph Dept.: MAG, MET
Dept.: CAQ

6772. Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.) 6773. Rhizochaete filamentosa (Berk. & 6774. Rhizochaete radicata (Henn.) Gresl.,
Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 132780 M.A. Curtis) Gresl., Nakasone & Rajchenb. Nakasone & Rajchenb. IF No: 488114
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 488116 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG

Polyporales, Podoscyphaceae Polyporales, Podoscyphaceae Polyporales, Podoscyphaceae
6775. Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer IF 6776. Podoscypha bolleana (Mont.) Boidin 6777. Podoscypha brasiliensis D.A. Reid IF
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
wood | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious Trunk. Saprotroph Elev.: 22 m Dept.: CAQ,
Distribution: Global Distribution Uses: HF, ME AMA

6778. Podoscypha elegans (G. Mey.) Pat. 6779. Podoscypha fulvonitens (Berk.) D.A. 6780. Podoscypha mellissii (Berk. ex
IF No: 100998 Trophic mode/Guild: Reid IF No: 337361 Trophic mode/Guild: Sacc.) Bres. IF No: 318817 Trophic mode
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

6781. Podoscypha nitidula (Berk.) Pat. IF 6782. Podoscypha ovalispora D.A. Reid IF 6783. Podoscypha petalodes (Berk.)
No: 102294 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 337366 Trophic mode/Guild: Boidin IF No: 304088 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph /undefined saprotroph
On decayed trunk | Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Dept.: MAG, SUC Uses: HF

6784. Podoscypha ravenelii (Berk. & M.A. 6785. Podoscypha tomentipes (Overh.) 6786. Podoscypha venustula (Speg.) D.A.
Curtis) Pat. IF No: 100964 Trophic mode D.A. Reid IF No: 337371 Trophic mode Reid IF No: 337373 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG


Polyporales, Polyporaceae Polyporales, Polyporaceae Polyporales, Polyporaceae
6787. Amauroderma boleticeum (Pat. & 6788. Amauroderma calcigenum (Berk.) 6789. Amauroderma camerarium (Berk.)
Gaillard) Torrend IF No: 461929 Trophic Torrend IF No: 319150 Common name: J.S. Furtado IF No: 308615 Trophic mode
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Donñébeihé, used by Andoke people; /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: On dead hardwood | Saprotroph Hongo oreja de mico nocturno (Spanish) Habitat: Saprotroph. Basidiocarps develop
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On from buried roots when the host is dead. Parasitic Elev.: 370 m
decayed wood | on soil | in mature and secondary forest | in Dept.: ANT, BOY, VAC
tropical rainforest | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 50 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CHO, SUC Uses: SU

6790. Amauroderma exile (Berk.) Torrend 6791. Amauroderma faculum Henao–M. 6792. Amauroderma omphalodes (Berk.)
IF No: 252068 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 464018 Trophic mode/Guild: Torrend IF No: 292467 Common name:
saprotroph /wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: On nWELni Yni OKi iLOi, used by HotÏ
dead hardwood or on the ground | soil, in tropical rainforest | In lowland indigenous people Trophic mode/Guild:
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 40 m Dept.: CHO tropical rainforest Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 40 m Dept.: CHO saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | In mature
forest | on soil | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 1,850 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CES, MAG Uses: HF

6793. Amauroderma praetervisum (Pat.) 6794. Amauroderma preussii (Henn.) 6795. Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont.
Torrend IF No: 451637 Trophic mode/ Steyaert IF No: 308622 Trophic mode & Berk.) Torrend IF No: 356780 Trophic
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: On soil, in tropical rainforest | Habitat: In tropical forest, Saprotroph Habitat: In tropical rainforest | Saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 30 m Dept.: CHO, MAG Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50 m Dept.: CHO Elev.: 430 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, SUC

6796. Amauroderma tapetellum Henao– 6797. Bresadolia uda (Jungh.) Audet IF No: 6798. Cerioporus cavernulosus (Berk.)
M. IF No: 464019 Trophic mode/Guild: 552687 Trophic mode/Guild: Zmitr. IF No: 827127 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
soil, in lowland tropical rainforest |
Saprotroph Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 60–90 m Dept.: CHO

6799. Cerioporus flavus (Sw.) Zmitr. IF No: 6800. Cerioporus mollis (Sommerf.) Zmitr. 6801. Cerioporus scutellatus (Schwein.)
827190 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph & Kovalenko IF No: 812039 Trophic mode Zmitr. IF No: 827123 Trophic mode/Guild:
/wood saprotroph Elev.: 1,800 m Dept.: /Guild: pathotroph/wood saprotroph Dept.: pathotroph/ wood saprotroph Habitat: On
QUI CUN, VAC culm od Chusquea Elev.: 910 m Dept.:
CUN

6802. Cerioporus varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & 6803. Coriolopsis brunneoleuca (Berk.) 6804. Coriolopsis byrsina (Mont.) Ryvarden
Kovalenko IF No: 812042 Trophic mode/ Ryvarden IF No: 311815 Trophic mode/ IF No: 311816 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
Habitat: Burned decayed wood | in Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
secondary forest | On decayed wood | Saprotroph Distribution: Elev.: 730 m Dept.: MET
Pantropics Elev.: 2,150 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ

6805. Coriolopsis occidentalis (Klotzsch) 6806. Coriolopsis phocina (Berk. & 6807. Cubamyces cubensis (Mont.) Murrill
Murrill IF No: 120997 Trophic mode/Guild: Broome) Murrill IF No: 100249 Trophic IF No: 468969 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph
400–2,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAQ

6808. Cubamyces menziesii (Berk.) 6809. Cyanosporus subcaesius (A. David) 6810. Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Gilb. &
Lücking IF No: 836821 Trophic mode/ B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai IF No: Ryvarden IF No: 105299 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph 819275 Dept.: TOL Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Habitat: On dead wood | In tropical forest |
Saprotroph resupinate Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 10–
910 m Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAQ, CHO, QUI, VAC Uses: MA

6811. Echinochaete brachypora (Mont.) 6812. Epithele malaiensis Boidin & Lanq. 6813. Favolus elongoporus (Drechsler–
Ryvarden IF No: 355801 Trophic mode/ IF No: 108873 Trophic mode/Guild: Santos & Ryvarden) Zmitr. & Kovalenko
Guild: saprotroph /undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.: IF No: 812045
Habitat: On decayed trunks | in tropical dry 2,300 m Dept.: MAG
forest | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,600–
1,800 m Dept.: SUC, VAC Uses: PO

6814. Favolus philippinensis (Berk.) Sacc. 6815. Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv. IF No: 6816. Fomes fasciatus (Sw.) Cooke IF No:
IF No: 375142 Trophic mode/Guild: 242812 Common name: Adamasik, used 228729 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/wood saprotroph by Yanomamo indigenous people in Brazil /wood saprotroph Habitat: On living and
Trophic mode/ Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: dead hardwoods in numerous genera, also
On decaying logs | In tropical forest | Saprotroph solitary, Nothofagus Dept.: AMA, ANT, CHO, NSA
cespitose Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 50–2,200 m
Dept.: AMA, ANT, CAL, CAQ, CHO, CUN, MAG, MET, VAC Uses: HF


6817. Fomes meliae (Underw.) Murrill IF 6818. Fomitella supina (Sw.) Murrill IF No: 6819. Foraminispora rugosa (Berk.)
No: 445897 Trophic mode/Guild: 431660 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Costa–Rezende, Drechsler–Santos &
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: /wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Robledo IF No: 819019 Habitat: On dead
Mainly on hardwoods but occasionally on Elev.: 1,520–2,740 m Dept.: BOY, CUN wood | in mature and secondary forest |
conifers Elev.: 4,200 m Dept.: CAQ, MAG Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ

6820. Funalia aspera (Jungh.) Zmitr. & 6821. Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. & 6822. Funalia floccosa (Jungh.) Zmitr. &
Malysheva IF No: 803405 Trophic mode Malysheva IF No: 803406 Trophic mode Malysheva IF No: 803407 Trophic mode
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: On fallen log, in forest clearing | Habitat: Burned decayed wood |
Saprotroph Elev.: 20–160 m Dept.: ANT, CHO Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

6823. Furtadoa brasiliensis (Singer) 6824. Fuscocerrena portoricensis (Fr.) 6825. Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer)
Costa–Rezende, Robledo & Drechsler– Ryvarden IF No: 109768 Trophic mode/ Donk IF No: 314302 Trophic mode/Guild:
Santos IF No: 819017 Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: wood saprotroph Habitat: In tropical
Pantropics Elev.: 1,560 m Dept.: BOY montane cloud forest Elev.: 2,737–2,832 m Dept.: CUN

6826. Ganoderma amazonense Weir IF 6827. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. 6828. Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. IF No:
No: 256601 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 119872 Trophic mode/Guild: 100745 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood
wood saprotroph Habitat: In tropical wood saprotroph Habitat: On fallen logs | saprotroph Habitat: On decayed wood | in
rainforest | on slightly decayed wood, in tropical montane cloud On wounds in living trees | Saprotroph | Parasite gregarious, tropical forest | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Global
forest Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 50–2,832 m Dept.: CHO, scattered Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 430–2,290 m Distribution Elev.: 50–2,585 m Dept.: AMA,BOG, CAQ, CHO Uses:
CUN, SUC Dept.: AMA, CAQ, MET, NAR, SAN, VAC Uses: ME ME

6829. Ganoderma brownii (Murrill) Gilb. IF 6830. Ganoderma carnosum Pat. IF No: 6831. Ganoderma chalceum (Cooke)
No: 331171 Trophic mode/Guild: 240250 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Steyaert IF No: 331172 Trophic mode/
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
wood saprotroph Habitat: In oak forest | saprotroph pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Saprotroph Distribution: North America Elev.: 2,100–2,600 m dead hardwood | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAU
Dept.: CUN

6832. Ganoderma chocoense J.A. Flores, 6833. Ganoderma concinnum Ryvarden IF 6834. Ganoderma curtisii (Berk.) Murrill IF
C.W. Barnes & Ordoñez IF No: 827824 No: 464689 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 100480 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph wood saprotroph
saprotroph Dept.: CHO

6835. Ganoderma dorsale (Lloyd) Torrend 6836. Ganoderma gibbosum (Blume & T. 6837. Ganoderma lobatum (Cooke) G.F.
IF No: 469306 Trophic mode/Guild: Nees) Pat. IF No: 250058 Trophic mode/ Atk. IF No: 286591 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
wood saprotroph pathogen, wood saprotroph Dept.: VAC wood saprotroph Habitat: On decaying logs
and stumps of various hardwoods | Saprotroph gregarious,
solitary Distribution: Pantropics Uses: ME

6838. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. 6839. Ganoderma multiplicatum (Mont.) 6840. Ganoderma nitidum Murrill IF No:
Karst. IF No: 148413 Trophic mode/Guild: Pat. IF No: 357308 Trophic mode/Guild: 141052 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
wood saprotroph Habitat: On wood | In wood saprotroph Habitat: Dead hardwoods saprotroph Habitat: On decayed wood | in
tropical forest | Saprotroph gregarious, cespitose Distribution: Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: VAC mature forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.:
Global Distribution, Subtropics, Introduced Elev.: 50–2,100 m 200 m Dept.: CAQ
Dept.: AMA, CAQ, CES, CHO, CUN, MAG, VAC Uses: MA, ME, SU

6841. Ganoderma oerstedii (Fr.) Torrend IF 6842. Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) 6843. Ganoderma perzonatum Murrill IF
No: 445576 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 464692 Trophic mode/ No: 534208 Trophic mode/Guild:
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
wood saprotroph Habitat: On stumps of pathogen, wood saprotroph wood saprotroph Dept.: SAP
undetermined hardwoods, fallen trunks, dead Quercus sober,
Pinus spp., Ocotea acutifolia, Casuarina cunninghamiana,
Spiraea cantoniensis, Scotia buxifolia, Lonchocarpus sp. Dept.:
BOL

6844. Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. IF 6845. Ganoderma stipitatum (Murrill) 6846. Ganoderma weberianum (Bres. &
No: 123196 Trophic mode/Guild: Murrill IF No: 451185 Trophic mode/ Henn. ex Sacc.) Steyaert IF No: 314330
pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
wood saprotroph Habitat: On decayed pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood
wood | Saprotroph gregarious Elev.: 190–1,680 m Dept.: CES wood | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: ANT, CAL Uses: saprotroph
Uses: PO MA


6847. Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & 6848. Haddowia neurospora (J.S. Furtado) 6849. Hexagonia bartlettii Massee
Broome) Ryvarden IF No: 314701 Trophic Teixeira IF No: 357808 Trophic mode/ IF No: 142662
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
saprotroph Habitat: In tropical forest Elev.: pathogen Habitat: Known from dead wood
50 m Dept.: CHO of deciduous trees Distribution: Neotropics

6850. Hexagonia cucullata (Mont.) Murrill 6851. Hexagonia glabra (P. Beauv.) 6852. Humphreya coffeata (Berk.)
IF No: 451427 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 473867 Steyaert IF No: 315260 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant
pathogen Habitat: In tropical forest |
Saprotroph Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 50–2,740 m Dept.:
BOY, CES, CHO, CUN, MAG

6853. Lentinus arcularius (Batsch) Zmitr. 6854. Lentinus badius (Berk.) Berk. IF No: 6855. Lentinus berteroi (Fr.) Fr.
IF No: 543135 Trophic mode/Guild: 473358 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph IF No: 499398 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On /wood saprotroph Habitat: In shaded areas saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
decayed wood | In secondary forest | In | Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics, decaying wood | In soil | Saprotroph
mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,240–3,050 m Global Distribution Elev.: 1,250 m Dept.: CES solitary, scattered Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ Uses: HF
Dept.: AMA, ANT

6856. Lentinus concavus (Berk.) Corner IF 6857. Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fr. 6858. Lentinus levis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
No: 111605 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 262317 Common name: Jiduriño, Murrill IF No: 445946 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On used by Uitoto people Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
decaying wood | Saprotroph cespitose saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA, CAQ Uses: HF freshly cut or decaying logs | In open areas | In tropical forest |
In mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph cespitose,
AMA, ANT, CAQ, CES, CHO, COR, CUN, MAG, MET, NSA, SAN, TOL,
VAC Uses: AF, HF, MA, ME

6859. Lentinus sajor–caju (Fr.) Fr. IF No: 6860. Lentinus scleropus (Pers.) Fr. IF No: 6861. Lentinus swartzii Berk. IF No:
/wood saprotroph Habitat: On dead wood | /wood saprotroph Habitat: In cultivated /wood saprotroph Habitat: On decaying
In dense rainforest, mountain forest, areas, in mature forest, on decaying logs | wood | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
swamp forest, open forest | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution: Saprotroph cespitose, solitary Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 200 Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 200–2,100 m Dept.: BOY, CAL, CAQ
Global Distribution Uses: HF m Dept.: AMA, CAQ Uses: AF, HF Uses: HF, MA

6862. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. 6863. Lentinus tricholoma (Mont.) Zmitr. 6864. Lentinus velutinus Fr. IF No:
IF No: 164542 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 543137 Trophic mode/Guild: 169641 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: /wood saprotroph Habitat: On decaying
Saprotroph Elev.: 340–790 m Dept.: ANT, wood | Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
MET Pantropics Dept.: ANT, CAQ, MAG, SAN, VAC Uses: HF

6865. Lentinus villosus Klotzsch 6866. Lenzites betulinus (L.) Fr. 6867. Lenzites myriophyllus Lév.
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: dead hardwooods, also ocasionally on
2,000 m Dept.: NSA conifers | Saprotroph solitary Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ
Uses: MA

6868. Megasporoporia setulosa (Henn.) 6869. Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. & 6870. Microporellus obovatus (Jungh.)
Rajchenb. IF No: 110222 Trophic mode/ M.A. Curtis) Murrill IF No: 431804 Trophic Ryvarden IF No: 317697 Trophic mode/
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Elev.: mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph
1,220 m Dept.: BOY Elev.: 200 m Dept.: AMA, MET Habitat: On decayed wood, in tropical
montane cloud forest | Saprotroph Distribution: Global
Distribution Elev.: 370–2,737 m Dept.: ANT, CUN, RIS

6871. Pachykytospora alabamae (Berk. & 6872. Pachykytospora papyracea (Cooke) 6873. Perenniporia medulla–panis (Jacq.)
Cooke) Ryvarden IF No: 319091 Trophic Ryvarden IF No: 319092 Trophic mode/ Donk IF No: 335815 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Habitat: On fallen twig, in oak forest | oak and pine mixed forest Distribution:
Pantropics Elev.: 1,070–1,980 m Dept.: NAR, VAC Saprotroph Distribution: North and South America Elev.: 2,600– Global Distribution Elev.: 2,450 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Conservation:
3,230 m Dept.: ANT,BOG, CAU, CUN, NAR NT

6874. Perenniporia roseoisabellina (Pat. & 6875. Perenniporia stipitata Ryvarden IF 6876. Perenniporiella pendula Decock &
Gaillard) Ryvarden IF No: 107108 Trophic No: 131487 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 373652 Trophic mode/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: on Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
deciduous wood Distribution: Pantropics
Elev.: 122 m Dept.: CHO, VAC


6877. Picipes badius (Pers.) Zmitr. & 6878. Picipes virgatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 6879. Polyporus dictyopus Mont.
Kovalenko IF No: 812028 Dept.: CAU J.L. Zhou & B.K. Cui IF No: 817144 Trophic IF No: 225686 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
decayed wood | in mature forest | decayed wood | in mature and secondary
Saprotroph Dept.: AMA forests | in tropical forest | in oak forest Elev.: 50–3,050 m
Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAU, CHO, CAL, CAQ, CUN, VAC

6880. Polyporus guianensis Mont. IF No: 6881. Polyporus leprieurii Mont. 6882. Polyporus lindigii Lév.
453180 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 161105 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 151394 Trophic mode/Guild:
wood saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph
wood | in mature and secondary forests | decayed wood | in mature and secondary
Saprotroph Elev.: 200–790 m Dept.: AMA, CAL, CAQ, MET, QUI forests | in tropical forest | in montane forest Elev.: 50–2,430 m
Dept.: ANT, CHO, CAQ, VAC

6883. Polyporus luteonitidus Lloyd IF No: 6884. Polyporus polyacanthophorus 6885. Polyporus tenax Lév.
487417 Trophic mode/Guild: Nakasone IF No: 812357 Trophic mode/ IF No: 473953 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph

6886. Porogramme albocincta (Cooke & 6887. Pseudofavolus tenuis (Fr.) G. Cunn. 6888. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P.
Massee) Gibertoni IF No: 803222 Trophic IF No: 337761 Trophic mode/Guild: Karst. IF No: 120171 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 370– wood | in chagras | in tropical forest Elev.:
1,560 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CHO 50 m Dept.: CAQ, CHO

6889. Pycnoporus coccineus (Fr.) 6890. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill 6891. Tinctoporellus epimiltinus (Berk. &
Bondartsev & Singer IF No: 304848 IF No: 121361 Trophic mode/Guild: Broome) Ryvarden IF No: 324633 Trophic
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: In mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
saprotroph chagras | On freshly burned logs and in Elev.: 60–370 m Dept.: CHO
different degrees of decomposition | In places exposed to the
sun | On stubble | Common in disturbance areas | In tropical
forest | In mixed oak–dominated forest | Saprotroph solitary,
AMA, ANT, BOL, BOY, VAC, CAL, CAS, CAU, CAQ, CES, CHO, COR,
MAG, MET, PUT, VAC, VAU Uses: MA, ME

6892. Trametes cirrhifer (Berk. & M.A. 6893. Trametes elegans (Spreng.) Fr. IF 6894. Trametes flavida (Lév.) Zmitr.,
Curtis) Lloyd IF No: 567060 Trophic mode No: 178276 Trophic mode/Guild: Wasser & Ezhov IF No: 561990 Trophic
/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
logs and stumps | Saprotroph solitary, Habitat: On decayed wood | Saprotroph
gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,560 m Dept.: gregarious Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CES
AMA, ANT,BOG, BOL, CAL, CAQ, CAU, CHO, CUN, MAG, MET, NSA,
SAN, VAC, VAU Uses: EU, ME

6895. Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd IF 6896. Trametes maxima (Mont.) A. David 6897. Trametes membranacea (Sw.)
No: 531523 Trophic mode/Guild: & Rajchenb. IF No: 105833 Trophic mode/ Kreisel IF No: 324801 Trophic mode/
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Dept.: VAC Habitat: On dead wood | Saprotroph Habitat: On burned decayed wood | In
gregarious, imbricate Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: MAG, BOL, tropical rainforest | In chagras | On cypress tree stump
MET, SUC Uses: MA Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 200–2,430 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ

6898. Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden 6899. Trametes polyzona (Pers.) Justo IF 6900. Trametes pubescens (Schumach.)
IF No: 473349 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 561896 Trophic mode/Guild: Pilát IF No: 275567 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat:
decayed trunks | Saprotroph gregarious decayed wood | in mature forest | in Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 370–910 m Dept.: ANT, tropical forest | on tree stump | Saprotroph Distribution: Elev.: 3,050 m Dept.: ANT
CAU, CUN, SUC Uses: HF Pantropics Elev.: 50–1,660 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ, CHO, SUC

6901. Trametes repanda (Pers.) Justo IF 6902. Trametes socotrana Cooke IF No: 6903. Trametes trogii Berk. IF No: 208715
No: 805417 Trophic mode/Guild: 214535 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: /wood saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph Uses: MA
Saprotroph Dept.: SAN, VAC wood | In tropical rainforest | Saprotroph
gregarious Elev.: 190–1,680 m Dept.: CES, SUC

6904. Trametes variegata (Berk.) Zmitr., 6905. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd IF No: 6906. Trametes villosa (Sw.) Kreisel IF No:
Wasser & Ezhov IF No: 561999 Trophic 281625 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 324810 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph /wood saprotroph Habitat: On logs and wood saprotroph Habitat: On logs and
Habitat: On dead wood | In tropical forest | stumps | Saprotroph imbricate stumps | Common in disturbance areas |
Saprotroph solitary, imbricate Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 50– Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 2,560 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, In tropical forest | Wood Saprotroph gregarious Distribution:
2,200 m Dept.: CHO, MAG, MET, VAC Uses: ME, PO CUN, MET, NAR, VAC Uses: EU, MA, ME Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 50–1,750 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CAL,
CAU, CES, CHO, MAG, SAN, TOL, VAC Uses: ME


Polyporales, Polyporaceae Polyporales, Sparassidaceae Polyporales, Steccherinaceae
6907. Truncospora roseoalba (Jungh.) 6908. Sparassis spathulata (Schwein.) Fr. 6909. Cabalodontia subcretacea (Litsch.)
Zmitr. IF No: 827314 Elev.: 430 m Dept.: IF No: 228313 Trophic mode/Guild: Piątek IF No: 510163 Trophic mode/Guild:
CAQ pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
wood saprotroph Habitat: Growing from the Saprotroph Elev.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN
roots or bases of trees | Found primarily under hardwoods,
especially oaks | Pathogenic and saprobic Distribution: Global

Polyporales, Steccherinaceae Polyporales, Steccherinaceae Polyporales, Steccherinaceae
6910. Flaviporus hydrophilus (Berk. & M.A. 6911. Flaviporus liebmannii (Fr.) Ginns IF 6912. Junghuhnia nitida (Pers.) Ryvarden
Curtis) Ginns IF No: 113515 Trophic mode No: 113516 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 315983 Trophic mode/Guild:
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Elev.: pathotroph/fungal parasite Habitat: On
Habitat: On fallen trunks | Saprotroph 170–1,710 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CHO fallen log, in forest clearing Distribution:
Elev.: 20 m Dept.: CHO Global Distribution Elev.: 20–2,500 m Dept.: ANT, BOY, CHO, CUN

6913. Lamelloporus americanus Ryvarden 6914. Loweomyces fractipes (Berk. & M.A. 6915. Nigroporus durus (Jungh.) Murrill IF
IF No: 131482 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Jülich IF No: 110787 Trophic mode No: 101786 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Habitat: On decayed wood | in mature dead trees. Saprotroph Dept.: MAG
forest | Saprotroph Dept.: CAQ

6916. Nigroporus vinosus (Berk.) Murrill IF 6917. Steccherinum albofibrillosum 6918. Steccherinum ciliolatum (Berk. &
No: 431864 Trophic mode/Guild: (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hallenb. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Budington IF No:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Hjortstam IF No: 133859 Trophic 283706 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Saprotroph Elev.: 910 m Dept.: CAU, CES mode/Guild: saprotroph/ undefined undefined saprotroph Habitat: In tropical
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN montane cloud forest | Saprotroph
Elev.: 2,700–2,850 m Dept.: CUN

6919. Steccherinum hydneum Rick ex 6920. Steccherinum laeticolor (Berk. & 6921. Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers. ex
Maas Geest. IF No: 324028 Trophic M.A. Curtis) Banker IF No: 440453 Trophic J.F. Gmel.) Gray IF No: 122972 Trophic
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.:
2,700 m Dept.: CUN 2,400–3,600 m Dept.: CUN CUN

6922. Steccherinum reniforme (Berk. & 6923. Steccherinum robustius (J. Erikss. & 6924. Steccherinum undigerum (Berk. &
M.A. Curtis) Banker IF No: 440454 Trophic S. Lundell) J. Erikss. IF No: 306421 Trophic M.A. Curtis) Westphalen & Tomšovský IF
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined No: 822518 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
2,450–3,100 m

Polyporales, Steccherinaceae Polyporales, Xenasmataceae Polyporales, Xenasmataceae
6925. Trullella duracina (Pat.) Zmitr. IF No: 6926. Xenasma aculeatum C.E. Gómez IF 6927. Xenasma pulverulentum (H.S.
827469 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 325581 Trophic mode/Guild: Jacks.) Donk IF No: 307836 Trophic
Habitat: Burned decayed wood | in chagra saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
| In disturbed natural forest | Wood Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
saprotroph Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: ANT, CAQ 2,400 m Dept.: CUN

Polyporales, Xenasmataceae Polyporales, Xenasmataceae Polyporales, Xenasmataceae
6928. Xenasma rimicola (P. Karst.) Donk 6929. Xenasma tulasnelloideum (Höhn. & 6930. Xenasmatella borealis (K.H. Larss.
IF No: 307837 Trophic mode/Guild: Litsch.) Donk IF No: 307839 Trophic mode & Hjortstam) Duhem IF No: 517402
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–2,700 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: saprotroph
CUN CUN

Polyporales, Xenasmataceae Polyporales, Incertae sedis Polyporales, Incertae sedis
6931. Xenasmatella vaga (Fr.) Stalpers IF 6932. Amaropostia stiptica (Pers.) B.K. 6933. Aquascypha hydrophora (Berk.) D.A.
No: 474103 Trophic mode/Guild: Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai IF No: 819257 Reid IF No: 326417 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ Habitat: saprotroph/ Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.:
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN On pine tree stump Elev.: 2,430 m Dept.: AMA, CAQ, VAU
ANT

Polyporales, Incertae sedis Polyporales, Incertae sedis Polyporales, Incertae sedis
6934. Candelabrochaete dispar Hjortstam 6935. Candelabrochaete simulans 6936. Diacanthodes novoguineensis
& Ryvarden IF No: 103131 Trophic mode Hjortstam IF No: 412698 Trophic mode (Henn.) O. Fidalgo IF No: 329835
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 500 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: saprotroph Habitat: Wood Saprotroph
MAG MAG Elev.: 1,220 m Dept.: VAC

6937. Diplomitoporus hondurensis 6938. Hypochnicium punctulatum (Cooke) 6939. Inflatostereum glabrum (Pat.) D.A.
(Murrill) Ryvarden IF No: 464050 Trophic J. Erikss. IF No: 298818 Trophic mode/ Reid IF No: 332534 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 730 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG
MET


6940. Nigrohydnum nigrum Ryvarden 6941. Phanerodontia chrysosporium 6942. Phaneroites subquercinus (Henn.)
IF No: 131483 (Burds.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: Hjortstam & Ryvarden IF No: 517288
517285 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: On dead saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
wood | Saprotroph Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: VAC Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG
Uses: EU

Polyporales, Incertae sedis Russulales, Albatrellaceae Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae
6943. Phlebiella californica (Liberta) K.H. 6944. Polyporoletus sublividus Snell IF No: 6945. Artomyces pyxidatus (Pers.) Jülich IF
Larss. & Hjortstam IF No: 131329 Trophic 279276 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph No: 110490 Common name: Cocas
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On decayed (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: On palm Elev.: 3,700 wood | Saprotroph Elev.: 200 m Dept.: /undefined saprotroph Habitat: On the
m Dept.: CUN CAQ dead wood of hardwoods | Saprotroph solitary, gregarious
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOY Uses: HF, ME

Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae
6946. Auriscalpium villipes (Lloyd) Snell & 6947. Auriscalpium vulgare Gray 6948. Lentinellus ursinus (Fr.) Kühner IF
E.A. Dick IF No: 293564 Trophic mode/ IF No: 101255 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 255281 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen, saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
pathogen, wood saprotroph wood saprotroph

Russulales, Hericiaceae Russulales, Hericiaceae Russulales, Hericiaceae
6949. Dentipellis dissita (Berk. & Cooke) 6950. Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. IF 6951. Laxitextum incrustatum Hjortstam &
Maas Geest. IF No: 312859 Trophic mode No: 356812 Common name: Chivos Ryvarden IF No: 112401 Trophic mode
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph (Spanish), Ubres de vaca (Spanish), /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: In tropical montane cloud forest Pollitos (Spanish) Trophic mode/Guild: Habitat: On bark or decorticated wood of
Elev.: 2,400–2,850 m Dept.: CUN saprotroph/ Habitat: On deadwood | From the wounds of living branches and logs on the ground. Saprophyte of white rot of
oaks and other hardwoods, Parasite solitary Distribution: Global angiosperms, except one collection on pine
Distribution, Introduced Dept.: BOY Uses: HF, ME Conservation:
LC

Russulales, Peniophoraceae Russulales, Peniophoraceae Russulales, Peniophoraceae
6952. Asterostroma andinum Pat. IF No: 6953. Asterostroma muscicola (Berk. & 6954. Baltazaria galactina (Fr.) Leal–
227968 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ M.A. Curtis) Massee IF No: 199608 Trophic Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff.
undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined IF No: 825235 Dept.: MAG
Dept.: MAG saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
2,400–2,700 m Dept.: BOG

6955. Dichostereum effuscatum (Cooke & 6956. Lachnocladium schweinfurthianum 6957. Peniophora albobadia (Schwein.)
Ellis) Boidin & Lanq. IF No: 312966 Trophic Henn. IF No: 203917 Trophic mode/Guild: Boidin IF No: 335776 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/undefined saprotroph pathotroph, saprotroph/plant pathogen,
saprotroph Habitat: In tropical montane wood saprotroph Habitat: On wood |
cloud forest Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 2,700 m Saprotroph | parasitic Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN
Dept.: BOG, CUN

6958. Peniophora carnea (Berk. & Cooke) 6959. Peniophora confusa C.E. Gómez IF 6960. Peniophora nuda (Fr.) Bres. IF No:
Cooke IF No: 174149 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 319308 Trophic mode/Guild: 122950 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph,
wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph wood saprotroph Habitat: In soil on saprotroph Habitat: On tree bark
Distribution: Global Distribution Elev.: 457–701 m Dept.: MAG branches of Ocotea. Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: CUN

6961. Peniophora versiformis (Berk. & 6962. Scytinostroma lusitanicum (Trotter) 6963. Scytinostroma portentosum (Berk. &
M.A. Curtis) Bourdot & Galzin IF No: P.M. Kirk IF No: 550464 Trophic mode/ M.A. Curtis) Donk IF No: 305711 Trophic
255366 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph, Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
saprotroph/plant pathogen, wood saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 500
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG m Dept.: MAG

Russulales, Peniophoraceae Russulales, Peniophoraceae Russulales, Russulaceae
6964. Vararia gomezii Boidin & Lanq. 6965. Vararia sphaericospora Gilb. IF No: 6966. Lactarius atroviridis Peck
IF No: 325411 340854 Elev.: 1,900 m Dept.: MAG IF No: 226377 Trophic mode/Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
soil, associated to Quercus |
Ectomycorrhiza solitary, gregarius Distribution: Pantropics Elev.:
2,500–2,918 m Dept.: ANT, BOY

Russulales, Russulaceae Russulales, Russulaceae Russulales, Russulaceae
6967. Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. IF 6968. Lactarius caucae Singer IF No: 6969. Lactarius chrysorrheus Fr. IF No:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: Endomycorrhiza /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil |
soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAU Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Global
Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT, NAR, SAN, TOL Uses: Distribution Elev.: 2,600 m Dept.: ANT, CUN Uses: HF
HF

6970. Lactarius costaricensis Singer IF No: 6971. Lactarius gerardii Peck IF No: 6972. Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr. IF No:
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics montane forests | Ectomycorrhizal with montane oak forests Distribution:
Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: NAR Quercus solitary Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: ANT Uses: Subtropics, Pantropics Elev.: 2,200–2,400 m Dept.: ANT, BOY,
HF CAU, CUN, NAR, VAC Uses: HF, ME, SU


6973. Lactarius kabansus Pegler & 6974. Lactarius lignyotellus A.H. Sm. & 6975. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. IF No:
Piearce IF No: 112981 Trophic mode/ Hesler IF No: 332892 Trophic mode/Guild: 165811 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
Guild: symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Uses: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Dept.: ANT, /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in
HF SAN Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.:
2,830 m Dept.: SAN

6976. Lactarius obscuratus (Lasch) Fr. IF 6977. Lactarius quercuum Singer IF No: 6978. Lactarius rimosellus Peck
No: 316240 Trophic mode/Guild: 332905 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 168401 Trophic mode/ Guild:
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics soil | in Andean forest | Ectomycorrhiza
Dept.: BOY Elev.: 2,540–2,850 m Dept.: ANT, SAN

6979. Lactarius rubidus (Hesler & A.H. 6980. Lactarius subumbrinus Hesler & 6981. Lactarius xanthogalactus Peck IF
Sm.) Methven IF No: 803100 Trophic A.H. Sm. IF No: 116123 Trophic mode/ No: 196072 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat:
Uses: HF Conservation: LC Habitat: On soil | in Andean forest | Endomycorrhiza Dept.: NAR
Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: ANT

6982. Lactifluus annulifer (Singer) 6983. Lactifluus brasiliensis (Singer) 6984. Lactifluus castaneibadius (Pegler)
Nuytinck IF No: 563171 Trophic mode/ Silva–Filho & Wartchow IF No: 831815 De Crop IF No: 814202 Trophic mode/
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
ectomycorrhizal

6985. Lactifluus deceptivus (Peck) Kuntze 6986. Lactifluus hallingii Delgat & De 6987. Lactifluus subiculatus S.L. Mill.,
IF No: 228626 Trophic mode/Guild: Wilde IF No: 831085 Trophic mode/Guild: Aime & T.W. Henkel IF No: 564265 Trophic
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil in montane forests with Quercus Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest
humboldtii, Q. seemannii, Q. copeyensis, Quercus sp., associated with Dicymbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution:
Ectomycorrhizal solitary Distribution: Neotropics Elev.: 2,500– Endemic Dept.: AMA
2,900 m Dept.: ANT, BOY Uses: HF Conservation: VU

6988. Lactifluus venezuelanus (Dennis) 6989. Russula boyacensis Singer IF No: 6990. Russula brevipes Peck
De Crop IF No: 814211 Trophic mode/ 338679 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 166953 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Ectomycorrhiza solitary Distribution: soil in montane oak forests | In degraded
Pantropics Dept.: BOY secondary forest | Ectomycorrhizal solitary, gregarious Elev.:
2,100 m Dept.: CAL, CES, CUN Uses: HF

6991. Russula burlinghamiae Singer IF No: 6992. Russula caucaensis Singer IF No: 6993. Russula columbiana Singer IF No:
/ectomycorrhizal /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil |
Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics
Dept.: CAU Dept.: CUN

6994. Russula compacta Frost 6995. Russula cremoricolor Earle IF No: 6996. Russula crustosa Peck
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF
soil | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,500 m Dept.:
ANT Uses: HF

6997. Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. 6998. Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. IF 6999. Russula foetens Pers.
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Uses: HF
soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal
solitary, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOY,
SAN Uses: HF

7000. Russula gelatinivelata S.L. Mill., 7001. Russula humboldtii Singer 7002. Russula hygrophytica Pegler IF No:
Aime & T.W. Henkel IF No: 564267 Trophic IF No: 338698 Trophic mode/Guild: 113091 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph
mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | in
soil | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: tropical rainforest, associated with
Pantropics Dept.: CUN Dycimbe sp. | Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

7003. Russula idroboi Singer 7004. Russula peckii Singer 7005. Russula puiggarii (Speg.) Singer IF
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
soil | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,000 m Dept.: soil | Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 3,100 m Dept.:
CUN ANT


7006. Russula rosea Pers. 7007. Russula sanguinea Fr. 7008. Russula sardonia Fr. IF No: 204740
IF No: 465253 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 205048 Trophic mode/Guild: Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/
symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil in
soil | in tropical rainforest | montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal solitary
Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: AMA Uses: HF Distribution: Global Distribution Dept.: BOY Uses: HF

7009. Russula semililacea Singer IF No: 7010. Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux 7011. Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. IF
125052 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph IF No: 445434 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 203449 Trophic mode/Guild:
/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On soil | symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
Ectomycorrhiza Dept.: CUN soil | in mixed oak–dominated forest | soil in montane forests. Ectomycorrhizal
Ectomycorrhiza Elev.: 2,500–2,800 m Dept.: ANT solitary, growing in groups of two Distribution: Global Distribution
Dept.: ANT Uses: HF

Russulales, Stereaceae Russulales, Stereaceae Russulales, Stereaceae
7012. Aleurodiscus andinus Núñez & 7013. Aleurodiscus australiensis Wakef. IF 7014. Aleurodiscus croceus Pat.
Ryvarden IF No: 437421 Trophic mode/ No: 151211 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 213547 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: CUN bark of Eucalyptus sp. and Phillipa sp. unidentified deciduous trees Elev.: 2,700
m Dept.: BOY, CAU, CUN

7015. Aleurodiscus disciformis (DC.) Pat. 7016. Aleurodiscus mirabilis (Berk. & M.A. 7017. Aleurodiscus vitellinus (Lév.) Pat. IF
IF No: 439663 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Höhn. IF No: 120915 Trophic mode No: 213756 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Always on Quercus Dept.: TOL Habitat: In tropical montane cloud forest |
Saprotroph Dept.: CUN

7018. Conferticium ochraceum (Fr.) 7019. Stereum cinereobadium Fr. IF No: 7020. Stereum complicatum (Fr.) Fr. IF No:
Hallenb. IF No: 112778 Trophic mode/ 473706 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph 169676 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/
Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph /undefined saprotroph undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Dept.: TOL Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN

7021. Stereum gausapatum (Fr.) Fr. IF No: 7022. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. IF 7023. Stereum insignitum Quél.
193672 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph No: 189826 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 182771 Trophic mode/Guild:
/undefined saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: On saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat:
Elev.: 2,940 m bark and wood of trunks, twigs, or stumps On decayed wood | Saprotroph Dept.: MET
of a wide range of dead or living deciduous trees | In disturbed
tropical cloud forest | In mixed oak–dominated forest |
Saprotroph imbricate, gregarious Distribution: Global Distribution
Elev.: 1,700–2,850 m Dept.: ANT,BOG, BOY, CAQ, CAU, CHO,
CUN, HUI, MAG, MET, NAR, VAC Uses: ME, PO

7024. Stereum ochraceoflavum (Schwein.) 7025. Stereum ostrea (Blume & T. Nees) 7026. Stereum rugosum Pers.
Sacc. IF No: 193355 Trophic mode/Guild: Fr. IF No: 180792 Trophic mode/Guild: IF No: 192347 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
On montane forest | Saprotroph
Distribution: Temperate, Global Distribution Elev.: 1,100–2,870
m Dept.: ANT, CAL, CUN

7027. Stereum striatum (Fr.) Fr. 7028. Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar IF 7029. Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.) P.
IF No: 215666 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 339694 Trophic mode/Guild: Karst. IF No: 307888 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph saprotroph/undefined saprotroph

Russulales, Stereaceae Russulales, Stereaceae Russulales, Incertae sedis
7030. Xylobolus illudens (Berk.) Boidin IF 7031. Xylobolus subpileatus (Berk. & M.A. 7032. Gloeodontia discolor (Berk. & M.A.
No: 307889 Trophic mode/Guild: Curtis) Boidin IF No: 307892 Trophic mode Curtis) Boidin IF No: 331386 Trophic
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Habitat: /Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
On hardwood log | Saprotroph Elev.: 2,700 Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,450–3,100 m saprotroph Habitat: On hardwood Dept.:
m Dept.: MAG CAQ

Russulales, Incertae sedis Sebacinales, Sebacinaceae Sebacinales, Sebacinaceae
7033. Gloeodontia pyramidata (Berk. & 7034. Sebacina candida L.S. Olive 7035. Sebacina fuliginea (Rick) L.S. Olive
M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam IF No: 132977 IF No: 305716 IF No: 305717 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/wood saprotroph
saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph
Distribution: Pantropics Elev.: 2,700 m Dept.: BOG

Sebacinales, Sebacinaceae Stereopsidales, Stereopsidaceae Stereopsidales, Stereopsidaceae
7036. Tremelloscypha dichroa (Lloyd) 7037. Stereopsis hiscens (Berk. & 7038. Stereopsis radicans (Berk.) D.A.
Oberw., Garnica & K. Riess IF No: 808189 Ravenel) D.A. Reid IF No: 339677 Trophic Reid IF No: 339681 Trophic mode/Guild:
Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph/ mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph Habitat:
ectomycorrhizal saprotroph Habitat: In cloud forest | On decayed wood | in mature forest Elev.:
Saprotroph Elev.: 1,700–2,200 m Dept.: VAC 200 m Dept.: CAQ, MAG


Thelephorales, Bankeraceae Thelephorales, Bankeraceae Thelephorales, Bankeraceae
7039. Hydnellum singeri Maas Geest. IF 7040. Sarcodon bairdii A.C. Grupe & 7041. Sarcodon colombiensis A.C. Grupe
No: 315321 Habitat: Moist spot, under Vasco–Pal. IF No: 812925 Trophic mode & Vasco–Pal. IF No: 811919 Trophic mode
Quercus humboldtii on woody humus /Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal
Dept.: VAC Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest, Habitat: On soil in tropical rainforest,
associated with Dycimbe sp. Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ associated with Pseudomonotes tropenbosii Distribution:

Thelephorales, Bankeraceae Thelephorales, Bankeraceae Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae
7042. Sarcodon pallidogriseus A.C. Grupe 7043. Sarcodon rufobrunneus A.C. Grupe 7044. Amaurodon aeruginascens
& Vasco–Pal. IF No: 813076 Trophic mode & Vasco–Pal. IF No: 813077 Trophic mode (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Kõljalg & K.H.
/Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal /Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Larss. IF No: 412397 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest, Habitat: On soil | in tropical rainforest, symbiotroph/ ectomycorrhizal Dept.: MAG
associated with Dycimbe sp. Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: CAQ associated with Dycimbe sp. Distribution: Pantropics Dept.: AMA

Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae
7045. Amaurodon viridis (Alb. & Schwein.) 7046. Amaurodon wakefieldiae (Burds. & 7047. Phellodon fibulatus K.A. Harrison IF
J. Schröt. IF No: 431418 Trophic mode/ M.J. Larsen) Kõljalg & K.H. Larss. IF No: No: 319805 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Dept.: 412401 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph symbiotroph/ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On
MAG /ectomycorrhizal Habitat: On bark of decayed wood | in mature forest |
Quercus nigra Distribution: Pantropics, Subtropics Elev.: 500 m Saprotroph Dept.: AMA, CAQ
Dept.: MAG

7048. Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst. IF No: 7049. Thelephora albicans Hook. IF No: 7050. Thelephora badia Hook.
246562 Trophic mode/Guild: symbiotroph 123070 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 177652 Trophic mode/ Guild:
/ectomycorrhizal Distribution: Global saprotroph/ Habitat: Endomycorrhiza
Distribution Elev.: 1,750 m Dept.: VAC Dept.: CAQ, MET
Uses: HF

7051. Thelephora cervicornis Corner IF No: 7052. Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr. IF 7053. Thelephora penicillata (Pers.) Fr. IF
340029 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ No: 245584 Trophic mode/Guild: No: 145245 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: Endomycorrhiza Elev.: 1,800 m saprotroph/ Habitat: On soil in disturbed saprotroph Habitat: Endomycorrhiza Dept.:
Dept.: QUI oak forest, Ectomycorrhiza Distribution: BOY
Global Distribution Elev.: 2,430 m Dept.: ANT, MAG, SAN

Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae Thelephorales, Thelephoraceae Trechisporales, Hydnodontaceae
7054. Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. IF No: 7055. Tomentella lapida (Pers.) Stalpers 7056. Brevicellicium exile (H.S. Jacks.)
193195 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ IF No: 107334 K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam IF No: 309948
Habitat: Endomycorrhiza Distribution: Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Global Distribution Dept.: BOY saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph

Trechisporales, Hydnodontaceae Trechisporales, Hydnodontaceae Trechisporales, Hydnodontaceae
7057. Brevicellicium flavovirens Hjortstam 7058. Brevicellicium molle Hjortstam & 7059. Dextrinocystis capitata (D.P. Rogers
IF No: 474231 Trophic mode/Guild: Ryvarden IF No: 112754 Trophic mode/ & Boquiren) Gilb. & M. Blackw. IF No:
saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph 134905 Trophic mode/Guild:
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Pantropics Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: CUN Dept.: MAG

7060. Litschauerella clematidis (Bourdot & 7061. Scytinopogon pallescens (Bres.) 7062. Sistotremastrum niveocremeum
Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden IF No: Singer IF No: 290831 Trophic mode/Guild: (Höhn. & Litsch.) J. Erikss. IF No: 305982
316946 Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/ saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
undefined saprotroph Habitat: On decayed saprotroph Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.:
wood and bark Distribution: Temperate Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.: 3,700 m Dept.: CUN
CUN

7063. Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) 7064. Subulicystidium rarocrystallinum 7065. Trechispora bispora (Warcup &
Parmasto IF No: 339833 Trophic mode/ Ordynets & K.H. Larss. IF No: 554269 P.H.B. Talbot) Liberta IF No: 324815
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood
Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 500–3,800 m saprotroph saprotroph Habitat: On soils cultivated with
Dept.: CUN, MAG apple and peach Elev.: 2,900 m Dept.: BOY

7066. Trechispora clancularis (Park.– 7067. Trechispora farinacea (Pers.) 7068. Trechispora mutabilis (Pers.) Liberta
Rhodes) K.H. Larss. IF No: 362539 Trophic Liberta IF No: 340215 Trophic mode/ IF No: 340222 Trophic mode/Guild:
mode/Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph saprotroph/ wood saprotroph
Habitat: In tropical montane cloud forest
Elev.: 500–2,700 m Dept.: CUN, MAG

7069. Trechispora nivea (Pers.) K.H. Larss. 7070. Trechispora regularis (Murrill) 7071. Trechispora stevensonii (Berk. &
IF No: 414296 Trophic mode/Guild: Liberta IF No: 324824 Trophic mode/ Broome) K.H. Larss. IF No: 414297 Trophic
saprotroph/wood saprotroph Habitat: Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph mode/ Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph
Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400–2,700 m Dept.: Habitat: Saprotroph Elev.: 2,400 m Dept.:
CUN CUN


7072. Trechispora thelephora (Lév.) 7073. Trechispora verruculosa (G. Cunn.) 7074. Tubulicium dussii (Pat.) Oberw. ex
Ryvarden IF No: 471949 Trophic mode/ K.H. Larss. IF No: 436323 Trophic mode/ Jülich IF No: 325100 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: saprotroph/ wood saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/wood saprotroph saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph

Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae
Trechisporales, Hydnodontaceae sedis, Incertae sedis sedis, Incertae sedis
7075. Tubulicium erectum Hjortstam & 7076. Minostroscyta discoidalis Hjortstam 7077. Odonticium flabelliradiatum (J.
Ryvarden IF No: 507306 Trophic mode/ & Ryvarden IF No: 474234 Trophic mode/ Erikss. & Hjortstam) Zmitr. IF No: 529194
Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Trophic mode/Guild: saprotroph/undefined
Habitat: Saprotroph Dept.: MAG saprotroph Dept.: MAG
Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Incertae sedis, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Incertae sedis,
Agaricomycetes, Incertae sedis, Incertae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae
7078. Odonticium helgae Hjortstam & 7079. Brevicellopsis allantospora 7080. Radulodontia pyriformis Hjortstam
Ryvarden IF No: 103621 Trophic mode (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam & & Ryvarden IF No: 507302 Trophic mode/
/Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph Ryvarden IF No: 507301 Trophic mode Guild: saprotroph/undefined saprotroph
Habitat: Saprotroph Distribution: Europe, /Guild: saprotroph/ undefined saprotroph
South America Elev.: 500 m Dept.: MAG Dept.: MAG
Fungi, Fossil Fungi, Incertae sedis, Incertae Fungi, Fossil Fungi, Incertae sedis, Incertae Fungi, Fossil Fungi, Incertae sedis, Incertae
sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis,
7081. Asterinites colombiensis Doub. & D. 7082. Asterinites tellezii Doub. & D. Pons 7083. Dicellaesporites magnus Doub. & D.
Pons ex Kalgutkar & Janson. IF No: ex Kalgutkar & Janson. IF No: 483253 Pons IF No: 485252 Trophic mode/Guild:
483252 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Fungi Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Fungi fossil Fungi
7084. Diporisporites elongatus Hammen 7085. Diporisporites minutiporatus 7086. Diporisporites minutus Hammen IF
IF No: 330110 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Hammen IF No: 330111 Trophic mode/ No: 330112 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil
Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi Fungi
7087. Inapertisporites minutus Hammen 7088. Inapertisporites typicus Hammen IF 7089. Inapertisporites variabilis Hammen
IF No: 332523 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil No: 332524 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil IF No: 332525 Trophic mode/Guild:
Fungi Fungi fossilFungi/
7090. Incertisporites polygranulatus 7091. Lacrimasporonites arcuatus Doub. 7092. Lacrimasporonites ovalis Doub. & D.
Hammen IF No: 332526 Trophic mode/ & D. Pons IF No: 485259 Trophic mode/ Pons IF No: 485260 Trophic mode/Guild:
Guild: fossil Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi fossil Fungi
7093. Mediaverrunites fournieri Elsik & 7094. Mediaverrunites magnus Elsik & 7095. Monoporisporites annulatus
Jarzen IF No: 568010 Trophic mode/Guild: Jarzen IF No: 568012 Trophic mode/Guild: Hammen IF No: 334446 Trophic mode/
fossil Fungi fossil Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi
7096. Monoporisporites buerglii Hammen 7097. Monoporisporites grandis Hammen 7098. Monoporisporites minutus Hammen
IF No: 334447 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil IF No: 334449 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil IF No: 334450 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil
Fungi Fungi Fungi
7099. Multicellaesporites cerrejonensis 7100. Pluricellaesporites erdtmanii 7101. Pluricellaesporites filiformis
Doub. & D. Pons Hammen IF No: 337279 Trophic mode/ Hammen IF No: 337280 Trophic mode/
IF No: 485250 Guild: fossil Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi
7102. Pluricellaesporites krauselii 7103. Pluricellaesporites minutigranulatus 7104. Pluricellaesporites typicus Hammen
Hammen IF No: 337282 Trophic mode/ Hammen IF No: 337283 Trophic mode/ IF No: 337287 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil
Guild: fossil Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi Fungi
7105. Polyadosporites firbasii Hammen IF 7106. Polyadosporites garciabarrigae 7107. Polyadosporites suescae Hammen
No: 337454 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Hammen IF No: 337455 Trophic mode/ IF No: 337456 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil
Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi Fungi
7108. Polyporisporites elongatus Hammen 7109. Spirotremesporites duenasii Elsik IF 7110. Spirotremesporites ecuatorialis
IF No: 337477 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil No: 130384 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Dueñas IF No: 112635 Trophic mode/
Fungi Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi
7111. Spirotremesporites multiplex 7112. Spirotremesporites simplex Dueñas 7113. Striadyadosporites constrictus
Dueñas IF No: 112636 Trophic mode/ IF No: 112637 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil Dueñas IF No: 112047 Trophic mode/
Guild: fossil Fungi Fungi Guild: fossil Fungi

Fungi, Fossil Fungi, Incertae sedis, Incertae Fungi, Fossil Fungi, Incertae sedis, Incertae Protozoa, Amoebozoa, Mycetozoa,
sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, sedis, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Myxogastrea, Columellinia,
Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Clastodermatida, Clastodermatidae
7114. Striadyadosporites elongatus 7115. Triporisporites minutus Hammen IF 7116. Clastoderma debaryanum A. Blytt
Dueñas IF No: 112651 Trophic mode/ No: 340461 Trophic mode/Guild: fossil IF No: 248890
Guild: fossil Fungi Fungi
Protozoa, Amoebozoa, Mycetozoa, Protozoa, Amoebozoa, Mycetozoa, Protozoa, Amoebozoa, Mycetozoa,

Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Echinosteliida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida,
Echinostelidae Physaridae Physaridae
7117. Echinostelium minutum de Bary 7118. Badhamia capsulifera (Bull.) Berk. 7119. Badhamia cinerascens G.W. Martin
IF No: 184024 IF No: 244059 IF No: 260781

Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida,
Physaridae Physaridae Physaridae
7120. Craterium aureum (Schumach.) 7121. Craterium concinnum Rex 7122. Craterium leucocephalum (Pers.)
Rostaf. IF No: 181471 Ditmar IF No: 192765
IF No: 181399

7123. Craterium minutum (Leers) Fr. 7124. Craterium paraguayense (Speg.) G. 7125. Fuligo septica (L.) F.H. Wigg.
IF No: 182597 Lister IF No: 502082 IF No: 149977

7126. Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rostaf. 7127. Physarella oblonga (Berk. & M.A. 7128. Physarum bitectum G. Lister
IF No: 207070 Curtis) Morgan IF No: 434174
IF No: 178631

7129. Physarum bivalve Pers. 7130. Physarum bogoriense Racib. 7131. Physarum brunneolum (W. Phillips)
IF No: 162941 IF No: 162327 Massee IF No: 415210

7132. Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers. 7133. Physarum citrinum Schumach. 7134. Physarum compressum Alb. &
IF No: 166471 IF No: 215457 Schwein. IF No: 261574

7135. Physarum dictyosporum G.W. Martin 7136. Physarum didermoides (Ach. ex 7137. Physarum echinosporum Lister
IF No: 336966 Pers.) Rostaf. IF No: 203302 IF No: 210888

7138. Physarum flavicomum Berk. 7139. Physarum fulgens Pat. 7140. Physarum galbeum Wingate
IF No: 208360 IF No: 208313 IF No: 214775

7141. Physarum globuliferum (Bull.) Pers. 7142. Physarum gyrosum Rostaf. 7143. Physarum javanicum Racib.
IF No: 204726 IF No: 215806 IF No: 434172

7144. Physarum leucopus Link 7145. Physarum melleum (Berk. & 7146. Physarum notabile T. Macbr.
IF No: 208156 Broome) Massee IF No: 216143 IF No: 320453

7147. Physarum nutans Pers. 7148. Physarum oblatum T. Macbr. 7149. Physarum ovisporum G. Lister
IF No: 222855 IF No: 232879 IF No: 273170

7150. Physarum psittacinum Ditmar 7151. Physarum pusillum (Berk. & M.A. 7152. Physarum roseum Berk. & Broome
IF No: 247841 Curtis) G. Lister IF No: 121249 IF No: 243061

7153. Physarum sessile Brândză 7154. Physarum stellatum (Massee) G.W. 7155. Physarum tenerum Rex
IF No: 278006 Martin IF No: 289681 IF No: 246629

Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Physarida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Stemonitida,
Physaridae Physaridae Amaurochaetidae
7156. Physarum vernum Sommerf. 7157. Physarum viride (Bull.) Pers. 7158. Comatricha elegans (Racib.) G.
IF No: 146303 IF No: 239928 Lister IF No: 120382


Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Stemonitida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Stemonitida, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Stemonitida,
Amaurochaetidae Amaurochaetidae Amaurochaetidae
7159. Comatricha laxa Rostaf. 7160. Comatricha lurida G. Lister 7161. Comatricha pulchella (C. Bab.)
IF No: 185323 IF No: 191246 Rostaf. IF No: 205427

Amaurochaetidae Amaurochaetidae Lamprodermatidae
7162. Comatricha tenerrima (M.A. Curtis) 7163. Comatricha typhoides (Bull.) Rostaf. 7164. Collaria elegans (Racib.) Dhillon &
G. Lister IF No: 119605 Nann.–Bremek. ex Ing
IF No: 279965 IF No: 474908

Lamprodermatidae Lamprodermatidae Lamprodermatidae
7165. Collaria lurida (G. Lister) Nann.– 7166. Lamproderma muscorum (Lév.) 7167. Lamproderma scintillans (Berk. &
Bremek. IF No: 311477 Hagelst. IF No: 316328 Broome) Morgan IF No: 121369

Lamprodermatidae Stemonitidae Stemonitidae
7168. Lamproderma tuberculosporum 7169. Stemonitis axifera (Bull.) T. Macbr. 7170. Stemonitis axifera var. smithii (T.
M.L. Farr IF No: 119956 Macbr.) Hagelst.
IF No: 332956 IF No: 353191

Stemonitidae Stemonitidae Stemonitidae
7171. Stemonitis fusca Roth 7172. Stemonitis herbatica Peck 7173. Stemonitis splendens Rostaf.
IF No: 240909 IF No: 234635 IF No: 230930

Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Incertae sedis, Myxogastrea, Columellinia, Incertae sedis, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Cribrariida,
Incertae sedis Incertae sedis Cribrariidae
7174. Diachea bulbillosa (Berk. & Broome) 7175. Diachea leucopodia (Bull.) Rostaf. 7176. Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.–
Lister IF No: 118786 IF No: 582745 Bremek.
IF No: 312279

Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Cribrariida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Cribrariida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Cribrariida,
Cribrariidae Cribrariidae Cribrariidae
7177. Cribraria intricata Schrad. 7178. Cribraria macrocarpa Schrad. 7179. Cribraria microcarpa (Schrad.) Pers.
IF No: 148753 IF No: 148143 IF No: 148498

Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Cribrariida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida,
Cribrariidae Dianematidae Dianematidae
7180. Cribraria tenella Schrad. 7181. Dictydiaethalium plumbeum 7182. Prototrichia metallica (Berk.)
IF No: 242959 (Schumach.) Rostaf. ex Lister Massee IF No: 164583
IF No: 119378

Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida,
Trichiidae Trichiidae Trichiidae
7183. Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. 7184. Arcyria denudata (L.) Wettst. 7185. Arcyria globosa Schwein.
IF No: 174952 IF No: 120316 IF No: 162259

7186. Arcyria incarnata (Pers.) Pers. 7187. Arcyria insignis Kalchbr. & Cooke 7188. Arcyria leiocarpa Massee
IF No: 162394 IF No: 162948 IF No: 531555

7189. Arcyria obvelata (Oeder) Onsberg 7190. Arcyria pomiformis (Leers) Rostaf. 7191. Arcyria stipata (Schwein.) Lister
IF No: 308918 IF No: 145668 IF No: 184737

7192. Hemitrichia calyculata (Speg.) M.L. 7193. Hemitrichia clavata (Pers.) Rostaf. 7194. Hemitrichia pardina (Minakata) Ing
Farr IF No: 315117 IF No: 122205 IF No: 450504

7195. Hemitrichia serpula (Scop.) Rostaf. 7196. Hemitrichia spinifera M.L. Farr 7197. Metatrichia floriformis (Schwein.)
IF No: 179218 IF No: 315119 Nann.–Bremek.
IF No: 107414

7198. Perichaena chrysosperma (Curr.) 7199. Perichaena depressa Lib. 7200. Trichia decipiens (Pers.) T. Macbr.
Lister IF No: 118849 IF No: 149011 IF No: 164198 Trophic mode/Guild:
saprotroph/soil saprotroph

Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida, Myxogastrea, Lucisporinia, Trichiida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida,
Trichiidae Trichiidae Liceidae
7201. Trichia scabra Rostaf. 7202. Trichia verrucosa Berk. 7203. Licea biforis Morgan
IF No: 180329 IF No: 207953 IF No: 174441


Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida,
Liceidae Liceidae Reticulariidae
7204. Licea minima Fr. 7205. Licea pusilla Schrad. 7206. Lycogala epidendrum (J.C. Buxb. ex
IF No: 156944 IF No: 168854 L.) Fr. IF No: 205910

Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Liceida,
Reticulariidae Reticulariidae Reticulariidae
7207. Lycogala exiguum Morgan 7208. Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. 7209. Tubifera microsperma (Berk. & M.A.
IF No: 212013 IF No: 189393 Curtis) G.W. Martin
IF No: 291645

Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Stemonitida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Stemonitida, Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Stemonitida,
Didymiidae Didymiidae Didymiidae
7210. Diderma effusum (Schwein.) 7211. Diderma hemisphaericum (Bull.) 7212. Diderma niveum (Rostaf.) T. Macbr.
Morgan IF No: 212838 Hornem. IF No: 120603 IF No: 356594

7213. Diderma radiatum (L.) Morgan 7214. Didymium anellus Morgan 7215. Didymium bahiense Gottsb.
IF No: 206927 IF No: 154289 IF No: 329953

7216. Didymium clavus (Alb. & Schwein.) 7217. Didymium difforme (Pers.) Gray 7218. Didymium dubium Rostaf.
Rabenh. IF No: 160185 IF No: 176195 IF No: 154052

7219. Didymium intermedium J. Schröt. 7220. Didymium iridis (Ditmar) Fr. 7221. Didymium leoninum Berk. & Broome
IF No: 156976 IF No: 157402 IF No: 157750

7222. Didymium minus (Lister) Morgan 7223. Didymium nigripes (Link) Fr. 7224. Didymium squamulosum (Alb. &
IF No: 250167 IF No: 242247 Schwein.) Fr. IF No: 181562

Myxogastrea, Myxogastria, Stemonitida, Protostelea, Ceratiomyxea, Protostelida, Protostelea, Ceratiomyxea, Protostelida,
Didymiidae Ceratiomyxidae Ceratiomyxidae
7225. Didymium verrucosporum A.L. 7226. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (O.F. Müll.) 7227. Ceratiomyxa sphaerosperma
Welden IF No: 544182 T. Macbr. IF No: 232106 Boedijn IF No: 232207
Chromista, Cercozoa, Endomyxa, Chromista, Cercozoa, Endomyxa, Chromista, Cercozoa, Endomyxa,

Phytomyxea, Incertae sedis, Phytomyxea, Incertae sedis, Phytomyxea, Incertae sedis,
Plasmodiophorida, Plasmodiophoridae Plasmodiophorida, Plasmodiophoridae Plasmodiophorida, Plasmodiophoridae
7228. Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin 7229. Polymyxa graminis Ledingham 7230. Polymyxa graminis f.sp. colombiana
IF No: 214750 IF No: 266382 Legrève, Delfosse & Maraite
IF No: 484573
Chromista, Oomycota, Incertae sedis, Chromista, Oomycota, Incertae sedis, Chromista, Oomycota, Incertae sedis,
Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales, Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales, Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales,
Albuginaceae Albuginaceae Albuginaceae
7231. Albugo candida (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) 7232. Albugo chardonii W. Weston IF No: 7233. Albugo ipomoeae–panduratae
Roussel IF No: 122113 Trophic mode/ 534448 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph (Schwein.) Swingle IF No: 120694 Trophic
Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen /plant pathogen mode/ Guild: pathotroph/plant pathogen
Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales, Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales, Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales,
Albuginaceae Albuginaceae Albuginaceae
7234. Pustula tragopogonis (Pers.) Thines 7235. Wilsoniana bliti (Biv.) Thines 7236. Wilsoniana platensis (Speg.) Thines
IF No: 346454 IF No: 345130 IF No: 345146
Peronosporea, Albuginidae, Albuginales, Peronosporea, Peronosporidae, Peronosporea, Peronosporidae,
Albuginaceae Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae
7237. Wilsoniana portulacae (DC.) Thines 7238. Halophytophthora vesicula 7239. Peronosclerospora sorghi (W.
IF No: 345084 (Anastasiou & Churchl.) H.H. Ho & S.C. Weston & Uppal) C.G. Shaw
Jong IF No: 126021 IF No: 319377
Peronosporea, Peronosporidae, Peronosporea, Peronosporidae, Peronosporea, Peronosporidae,
Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae
7240. Peronospora dianthicola R. Heim 7241. Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. 7242. Peronospora sparsa Berk.
IF No: 508269 IF No: 232886 IF No: 143418
7243. Phytophthora betacei M.F. Mideros, 7244. Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & 7245. Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
L.E. Lagos & S. Restrepo IF No: 815748 Cohn) J. Schröt. IF No: 199322 IF No: 260884
7246. Phytophthora citricola Sawada 7247. Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker 7248. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de
IF No: 260970 IF No: 251892 Bary IF No: 232148

7249. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de 7250. Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) 7251. Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd.
Haan IF No: 194443 E.J. Butler IF No: 194605 IF No: 303624
Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae Peronosporales, Pythiaceae
7252. Plasmopara borreriae (Lagerh.) 7253. Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. 7254. Globisporangium splendens (Hans
Constant. IF No: 354627 Curtis) Berl. & De Toni IF No: 208592 Braun) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.
IF No: 517635
Peronosporales, Pythiaceae Peronosporales, Pythiaceae Peronosporales, Pythiaceae
7255. Globisporangium sylvaticum (W.A. 7256. Lagenidium giganteum Couch ex 7257. Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler IF
Campb. & F.F. Hendrix) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Redhead No: 162965 Trophic mode/Guild:
Kakish. IF No: 517636 IF No: 551798 pathotroph/plant pathogen
Peronosporales, Pythiaceae Peronosporales, Pythiaceae Peronosporales, Pythiaceae
7258. Pythium graminicola Subraman. IF 7259. Pythium insidiosum De Cock, L. 7260. Pythium myriotylum Drechsler IF No:
No: 119045 Trophic mode/Guild: Mend., A.A. Padhye, Ajello & Kaufman IF 271965 Trophic mode/Guild: pathotroph/
pathotroph/plant pathogen No: 130421 Trophic mode/Guild: plant pathogen
Chromista, Oomycota, Incertae sedis,
Peronosporea, Peronosporidae,
Rhipidiales, Salispinaceae
7261. Salispina spinosa (Fell & Master)
Marano, A.L. Jesus & Pires–Zottar.
IF No: 551604

Trametes polyzona
CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA [Ana Cristina Bolaños] 425
Cortinarius violaceus
[Natalia Vargas-Estupiñan]
ASCOMYCOTA
Laminae
Selected species of Colombian fungi
Agonimia foliacea Robert Lücking Akanthomyces tuberculatus Tatiana Sanjuan Allographa angustata Robert Lücking
Allophoron farinosum Robert Lücking Alternaria alternata Álvaro Rúa Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum Nataly Gómez-
Montoya
Anzia parasitica Robert Lücking Aspergillus section Fumigati Álvaro Rúa
Ascopolyporus polychrous Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Aspergillus section Fumigati Álvaro Rúa Aspergillus section Nigri Álvaro Rúa

ASCOMYCOTA
Aspergillus section Nigri Álvaro Rúa Aspergillus section Terrei Álvaro Rúa Aspergillus section Terrei Álvaro Rúa
Auriculora byssomorpha Robert Lücking Baeomyces rufus Robert Lücking Bathelium madreporiforme Robert Lücking
Beauveria locustiphila Tatiana Sanjuan Blackwellomyces sp. Tatiana Sanjuan Brigantiaea leucoxantha Robert Lücking
Bunodophoron melanocarpum Robert Lücking Byssoloma subdiscordans Robert Lücking Caloplaca brebissonii Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Chlorociboria aeruginosa Robert Lücking Cladia aggregata Robert Lücking Cladonia confusa Robert Lücking
Cladonia grayi Robert Lücking Cladonia secundana Robert Lücking Coccocarpia pellita Robert Lücking
Cookeina sulcipes Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Cordyceps nidus Robert Lücking
Crocodia aurata Robert Lücking Cookeina tricholoma Viviana Motato-Vásquez Cresponea melanocheiloides Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Cryptothecia striata Robert Lücking Curvularia sp. Álvaro Rúa Dibaeis columbiana Robert Lücking
Diorygma poitaei Robert Lücking Dyplolabia afzelii Robert Lücking Enchylium conglomeratum Robert Lücking
Entonaema cinnabarinum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Erioderma divisum Robert Lücking Exophiala jeanselmei Álvaro Rúa
Fusarium oxysporum Álvaro Rúa Fusarium oxysporum Álvaro Rúa Glyphis scyphulifera Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Graphis dolichographa Robert Lücking Gyalidea hyalinescens Robert Lücking Helminthocarpon leprevostii Robert Lücking
Herpothallon rubrocinctum Robert Lücking Heterodermia comosa Robert Lücking Hypoxylon rubiginosum Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Hortaea werneckii Álvaro Rúa
Hortaea werneckii Álvaro Rúa Icmadophila aversa Robert Lücking Leotia lubrica Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

ASCOMYCOTA
Leptogium phyllocarpum Robert Lücking Leucodermia vulgaris Robert Lücking
Leptogidium dendriscum Robert Lücking Lobariella sipmanii Robert Lücking Lopezaria versicolor Robert Lücking
Malmographina plicosa Robert Lücking Marcelaria purpirina Robert Lücking
Microascus brevicaulis Álvaro Rúa Microascus brevicaulis Álvaro Rúa

ASCOMYCOTA
Microsporum gypseum Álvaro Rúa Microsporum gypseum Álvaro Rúa
Morchella sp. Tatiana Sanjuan Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Álvaro Rúa Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Álvaro Rúa
Nigrovothelium tropicum Robert Lücking Normandina pulchella Robert Lücking
Ophiocordyceps australis Tatiana Sanjuan Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila Kent Brothers Oropogon loxensis Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Paecilomyces variotti Álvaro Rúa Pannaria andina Robert Lücking
Paecilomyces variotti Álvaro Rúa Pannaria rubiginosa Robert Lücking Parainoa subconcolor Robert Lücking
Parmotrema cetratum Robert Lücking Peltigera dolichorrhiza Robert Lücking
Peltigera vainioi Robert Lücking Penicillium sp. Álvaro Rúa Penicillium sp. Álvaro Rúa

ASCOMYCOTA
Phaeographis galeanoae Robert Lücking Phyllobaeis imbricata Robert Lücking
Phyllopsora breviuscula Robert Lücking Phillipsia domingensis Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano Phyllopsora pyxinoides Robert Lücking
Placopsis rhodocarpa Álvaro Rúa Placopsis roivainenii Álvaro Rúa Polycauliona candelaria Robert Lücking
Porpidia macrocarpa Álvaro Rúa Pseudochapsa subdactylifera Álvaro Rúa Pseudocyphellaria sandwicensis Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Psoroma hypnorum Robert Lücking Punctelia stictica Robert Lücking Pyrenula astroidea Robert Lücking
Pyrenula ochraceoflava Robert Lücking Pyxine coccifera Robert Lücking Ramalina celastri Robert Lücking
Ramboldia russula Robert Lücking Rhabdodiscus anamorphoides Robert Lücking Rhizina undulata Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Rhizocarpon geographicum Robert Lücking Rusavskia elegans Robert Lücking Sarcographa cinchonarum Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Scutellinia scutellata Nataly Gómez-Montoya Siphula decumbens Robert Lücking
Stereocaulon novogranatense Robert Lücking Stereocaulon ramulosum Robert Lücking Sticta dilatata Robert Lücking
Sticta macrofuliginosa Robert Lücking Sticta peltigerella Robert Lücking
Stigmatochroma metaleptoides Robert Lücking Strigula smaragdula Robert Lücking Tephromela atra Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Thamnolia vermicularis Bibiana Moncada
Trypethelium eluteriae Robert Lücking
Tylophoron moderatum Robert Lücking Tolypocladium capitatum Robert Lücking
Umbilicaria polyphylla Robert Lücking Usnea amabilis Robert Lücking

ASCOMYCOTA
Usnea baileyi Robert Lücking Xanthoparmelia taractica Robert Lücking Xanthoparmelia taractica Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Xylaria curta Nataly Gómez-Montoya Xylaria multiplex Robert Lücking Xylaria polymorpha Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Yoshimuriella subdissecta Robert Lücking Yoshimuriella subdissecta Robert Lücking

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Amanita colombiana Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Amanita citrina Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Amanita colombiana Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Amanita fuligineodisca Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Amanita flavoconia Nataly Gómez-Montoya Amanita flavoconia Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Amanita rubescens Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Amanita xylinivolva Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Amanita virosa Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Amanita xerocybe Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Auricularia auricula-judae Martha L. Ortiz-Moreno Aquascypha hydrophora Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Aseroe rubra Nataly Gómez-Montoya Auricularia delicata Robert Lücking Auricularia fuscosuccinea Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Auricularia mesenterica Ana Cristina Bolaños Auricularia mesenterica Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Auricularia polytricha Ana Cristina Bolaños
Boletinellus exiguus Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Austropuccinia psidii Mauricio Salazar Blumenavia angolensis Nataly Gómez-Montoya Calvatia cyathiformis Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Calostoma cinnabarinum Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Calostoma cinnabarinum Bibiana Moncada Cantharellus coccolobae Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Cerioporus scutellatus Robert Lücking
Campanella caesia Robert Lücking Cerioporus flavus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Chlorophyllum molybdites Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano
Clathrus archeri Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano Clavariachaete rubiginosa Nataly Gómez-Montoya Clavulina kunmudlutsa Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Collybia plectophylla Ana Cristina Bolaños Collybia plectophylla Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Clavulinopsis fusiformis Nataly Gómez-Montoya Coltricia perennis Gineth Adriana Calderón Coprinellus disseminatus Robert Lücking

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Cora accipiter Robert Lücking Cora elephas Robert Lücking
Coprinellus micaceus Gineth Adriana Calderón Cora davidiana Robert Lücking
Cora viliewoa Robert Lücking
Corella zahlbruckneri Robert Lücking
Cortinarius aurantiobrunneus Natalia Vargas

Estupiñan
Cortinarius violaceus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Cortinarius violaceus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Cortinarius iodes Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Cotylidia aurantica Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Craterellus boyacensis Tatiana Sanjuan Craterellus fallax Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Crepidotus appalachianensis Nataly Gómez-Montoya Crossopsora byrsonimae Meike Piepenbring Craterellus fallax Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Cyathus striatus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Cymatoderma caperatum Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Cyptotrama asprata Nataly Gómez-Montoya Cystidiodontia laminifera Viviana Motato-Vásquez Dacrymyces lacrymalis Nataly Gómez-Montoya

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Dacryopinax spathularia Kent Brothers Dictyonema sericeum Robert Lücking Earliella scabrosa Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Entoloma incanum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Favolus brasiliensis Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Filobletus gracilis Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Fistulinella campinaranae Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Flaviporus liebmannii Viviana Motato-Vásquez

var. scrobiculata
Flavodon flavus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Flavodon flavus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Fulvifomes inermis Nataly Gómez-Montoya

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Fuscocerrena portoricensis Viviana Motato-Vásquez Fuscoporia senex Nataly Gómez-Montoya Fuscoporia wahlbergii Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Ganoderma australe Ana Cristina Bolaños Ganoderma australe Robert Lücking Fuscoporia wahlbergii Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Ganoderma multiplicatum Ana Cristina Bolaños Geastrum fimbriatum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Geastrum pectinatum Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Geastrum saccatum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Geastrum triplex Nataly Gómez-Montoya Gloeocantharellus uitotanus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Gymnopus sp. Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Gloiocephala quercetorum Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Hericium erinaceus Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano Hemileia vastatrix Mauricio Salazar
Hexagonia tenuis Ana Cristina Bolaños Hohenbuehelia nigra Nataly Gómez-Montoya Hydnodon thelephorus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus Robert Lücking

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Hygrocybe conica Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano
Hydnum repandum Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Hydnum repandum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Laccaria gomezii Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Laccaria laccata Nataly Gómez-Montoya Lactarius gerardii Robert Lücking Lactarius gerardii Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Lactarius chrysorrheus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Lactarius indigo Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Lactarius indigo Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Lactifluus hallingii Robert Lücking Lactifluus hallingii Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Laetiporus sulphureus Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano
Lentinula raphanica Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Leccinum andinum Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Lentinus tricholoma Nataly Gómez-Montoya Lentinus crinitus Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Lepidostroma calocerum Robert Lücking Lepista nuda Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Leucopholiota sp. Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Leucopaxillus gracillimus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Macrocybe titans Kent Brothers
Lycoperdon sp. Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Lycoperdon sp. Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Macrolepiota colombiana Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano Maramius cladophyllus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Maramius rhabarbinus Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Mutinus caninus Ana Cristina Bolaños Mycena alcalina Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Mycena holoporphyra Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Oudemansiella Aida Marcela

canarii Vasco-Palacios
Mycena pura Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Mycena pura Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Oudemansiella Ana Cristina Bolaños Panaeolus Ana Esperanza
canarii semiovatus Franco-Molano
Panaeolus Ana Esperanza Phaeoclavulina Aida Marcela Phaeomarasmius Natalia Vargas Phallus indusiatus Aida Marcela
sphinctrinus Franco-Molano zippelii Vasco-Palacios sp. Estupiñan Vasco-Palacios
Phanerochaete australis Viviana Motato-Vásquez Phellinus setulosus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Phlebia chrysocreas Viviana Motato-Vásquez

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Phlebia radiata Viviana Motato-Vásquez
Pisolithus arhizus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Phlebiopsis crassa Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Phylloporus fibulatus Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Pleurotus djamor Ana Cristina Bolaños Pleurotus djamor Nataly Gómez-Montoya Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Ana Cristina Bolaños
Pluteus nanus Nataly Gómez-Montoya Podaxis pistilaris Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Polyporus leprieurii Nataly Gómez-Montoya

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Polyporus udus Kent Brothers Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Psilocybe cubensis Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Pycnoporus sanguineus Ana Cristina Bolaños Puccinia sorghi Meike Piepenbring
Psilocybe cubensis Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Pycnoporus sanguineus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Ramaria gracilis Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Rhizochaete radicata Viviana Motato-Vásquez Rhodophana nitellina Nataly Gómez-Montoya Ramaria stricta Bibiana Moncada

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Rigidoporus microporus Viviana Motato-Vásquez Russula emetica Nataly Gómez-Montoya Russula emetica Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Schizophyllum commune Nataly Gómez-Montoya

Sarcodon rufobrunneus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios
Scleroderma areolatum Nataly Gómez-Montoya Schizophyllum commune Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Schizophyllum commune Robert Lücking
Scleroderma flavidum Robert Lücking Stalgilomyces sp. Tatiana Sanjuan Stereopsis radicans Nataly Gómez-Montoya

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Stereum complicatum Viviana Motato-Vásquez Stereum ostrea Robert Lücking Strobilomyces confusus Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Thelephora cf. palmata Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Trametes elegans Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Tetrapyrgos alba Nataly Gómez-Montoya Trametes pavonia Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Trametes polyzona Ana Cristina Bolaños
Trametes versicolor Robert Lücking Trametes villosa Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Trametes villosa Nataly Gómez-Montoya

BASIDIOMYCOTA
Tremella fuciformis Ana Cristina Bolaños Tremella mesenterica Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Tricholoma sp. Natalia Vargas Estupiñan
Trogia papyracea Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Trogia papyracea Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Truncospora ochroleuca Nataly Gómez-Montoya
Tylopilus obscurus Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios Volvariella bombycina Tatiana Sanjuan
Xerocomellus chrysenteron Natalia Vargas Estupiñan Ustilago maydis Meike Piepenbring Xylodon radula Viviana Motato-Vásquez

INDEX OF FAMILIES
Aseroe rubr
[Nataly Gómez-Montoya]
Index of Families
A Bartaliniaceae 213, 345 Coccocarpiaceae 213, 286 Dactylosporaceae 213, 265

Abrothallaceae 213, 241 Basidiobolaceae 213, 216 Coccodiniaceae 213, 247 Davidiellaceae 213, 232
Acarosporaceae 213, 255, 256 Beltraniaceae 213, 343 Coccotremataceae 213, 316 Debaryomycetaceae 222
Acaulosporaceae 213, 218, Bionectriaceae 213, 328, 329 Cochlearomycetaceae 213, Dianematidae 213, 422
219 Blastocladiaceae 213, 216 323 Diaporthaceae 213, 326
Acrospermaceae 213, 241 Bolbitiaceae 213, 375 Coelomomycetaceae 213, 216 Diatrypaceae 213, 345
Agaricaceae 143, 144, 213, Boletaceae 144, 213, 398, Coenogoniaceae 213, 298– Didymellaceae 213, 237
372–374 399 300 Didymiidae 213, 423
Ajellomycetaceae 213, 254 Boletinellaceae 213, 399 Coleosporiaceae 213, 352 Didymosphaeriaceae 213, 237,
Albatrellaceae 213, 416 Botryobasidiaceae 213, 402 Collemataceae 213, 286–288 238
Albuginaceae 213, 423 Botryosphaeriaceae 213, 241 Coniochaetaceae 213, 325, Diplocystidiaceae 213, 399
Amanitaceae 143, 144, 213, Brigantiaeaceae 213, 294 326 Dipodascaceae 213, 222
374, 375 Bulleribasidiaceae 213, 371 Coniocybaceae 213, 231 Discinellaceae 213, 319
Amaurochaetidae 213, 421 Coniophoraceae 213, 399 Diversisporaceae 213, 219
Ambisporaceae 213, 218 C Coniothyriaceae 213, 237 Dothideaceae 213, 236
Amniculicolaceae 213, 236 Cainiaceae 213, 345 Cordanaceae 213, 326 Dothidotthiaceae 213, 238
Amphisphaeriaceae 213, 344, Calcarisporiaceae 213, 329 Cordieritidaceae 213, 318, 319 Drepanopezizaceae 213, 319
345 Caliciaceae 213, 256–258 Cordycipitaceae 70, 213, 330,
Amylocorticiaceae 213, 397 Callistosporiaceae 213, 375 331 E
Ancylistaceae 213, 216 Calostomataceae 213, 399 Corticiaceae 213, 404 Eballistraceae 213, 368
Anthracoideaceae 213, 368, Candelariaceae 213, 231 Cortinariaceae 143, 144, 213, Echinostelidae 213, 421
369 Capnodiaceae 213, 232 375, 376 Ectolechiaceae 213, 260–263
Aphelariaceae 213, 402 Castanediellaceae 213, 345 Coryneliaceae 213, 250 Elaphomycetaceae 213, 254
Apiosporaceae 213, 344 Catillariaceae 213, 263 Corynesporascaceae 213, 237 Elsinoaceae 213, 236
Apoharknessiaceae 213, 326 Celotheliaceae 213, 248 Crepidotaceae 213, 376 Endomelanconiopsidaceae
Arachnopezizaceae 213, 318 Cenangiaceae 213, 318 Cribrariidae 213, 422 213, 241
Archaeosporaceae 213, 218 Ceratiomyxidae 213, 423 Cronartiaceae 213, 352 Englerulaceae 213, 246
Arthoniaceae 213, 225–228 Ceratobasidiaceae 213, 402 Cryphonectriaceae 170, 213, Entolomataceae 144, 213,
Arthopyreniaceae 213, 236 Ceratocystidaceae 213, 339 326 376, 377
Arthrodermataceae 213, 254 Cerrenaceae 213, 407, 408 Cryptobasidiaceae 213, 368 Entomophthoraceae 213, 216
Arthrorhaphidaceae 213, 318 Chaconiaceae 213, 352 Cryptococcaceae 213, 371 Entylomataceae 213, 368
Ascobolaceae 213, 324 Chaetomiaceae 213, 343, 344 Cucurbitariaceae 213, 237 Eocronartiaceae 213, 352
Aspergillaceae 213, 250–254 Chaetosphaeriaceae 213, 341 Cuniculitremaceae 213, 371 Epibryaceae 213, 247
Asterinaceae 213, 231, 232 Chaetothyriaceae 213, 247 Cunninghamellaceae 213, 217 Erysiphaceae 213, 319
Asterotexaceae 213, 232 Chlorociboriaceae 213, 318 Cylindriaceae 213, 331 Erythrobasidiaceae 213, 351
Astrosphaeriellaceae 213, 237 Choanephoraceae 213, 217 Cyphellaceae 213, 376 Etheirophoraceae 213, 340
Atheliaceae 213, 397, 398 Chromocyphellaceae 213, 375 Cyphellophoraceae 213, 247 Euantennariaceae 213, 246
Auriculariaceae 157, 213, 400, Chrysotrichaceae 213, 228 Cyphobasidiaceae 213, 351 Exobasidiaceae 213, 368
401 Chytridiaceae 213, 216 Cystobasidiaceae 213, 351
Auriscalpiaceae 213, 416 Cladoniaceae 213, 263–265 Cystocoleaceae 213, 232 F
Cladosporiaceae 213, 232 Cystostereaceae 213, 376 Fibroporiaceae 213, 408
B Claroideoglomeraceae 220 Filobasidiaceae 213, 370,
Backusellaceae 213, 217 Clastodermatidae 213, 421 D 371
Baeomycetaceae 213, 295 Clavariaceae 213, 375 Dacampiaceae 213, 237 Fomitopsidaceae 213, 408
Bankeraceae 213, 419 Clavicipitaceae 213, 329, 330 Dacrymycetaceae 213, 370 Fuscideaceae 213, 318

INDEX OF FAMILIES
G Inocybaceae 214, 382 Monascaceae 214, 254 Peronosporaceae 214, 423,

Ganodermataceae 124, 143, Irpicaceae 124, 214, 408, 409 Monoblastiaceae 214, 242 424
144, 213, 408 Morchellaceae 72, 214, 325 Pertusariaceae 214, 316, 317
Geastraceae 213, 401 L Mortierellaceae 108, 214, 216, Pestalotiopsidaceae 214, 345
Gelatinodiscaceae 213, 319 Laboulbeniaceae 214, 255 217 Pezizaceae 214, 325
Geoglossaceae 72, 213, 255 Lachnaceae 214, 320, 321 Mrakiaceae 214, 370 Pezizellaceae 214, 322
Georgefischeriaceae 213, 368 Laetiporaceae 214, 409 Mucoraceae 214, 217, 218 Phacidiaceae 214, 324
Geotrichum 98, 213 Lamprodermatidae 214, 422 Muyocopronaceae 214, 236 Phaeococcomycetaceae 214,
Gigasporaceae 213, 219, 220 Lasiosphaeriaceae 214, 344 Mycenaceae 144, 214, 231
Gloeophyllaceae 213, 404 Lauriomycetaceae 214, 349 386–388 Phaeodimeriellaceae 214, 246
Glomeraceae 141, 213, Lecanographaceae 214, 228 Mycocaliciaceae 214, 255 Phaeosphaeriaceae 214, 238
220–222 Lecanoraceae 214, 266, 267 Mycoporaceae 214, 238 Phakopsoraceae 214, 353,
Glomerellaceae 213, 327 Lecideaceae 214, 285 Mycosphaerellaceae 214, 354
Glomosporiaceae 213, 370 Leotiaceae 70, 72, 214, 323 232–236 Phallaceae 214, 402
Gomphaceae 213, 401, 402 Lepidostromataceae 214, 400 Mycosyringaceae 214, 370 Phanerochaetaceae 214, 410
Gomphillaceae 213, 296–298 Leprocaulaceae 214, 285 Mytilinidiaceae 214, 236 Phleogenaceae 214, 351
Graphidaceae 213, 302–316 Leptodontidiaceae 214, 321 Myxotrichaceae 214, 322 Phlyctidaceae 214, 300
Graphostromataceae 213, Leptosphaeriaceae 214, 238 Phomatosporaceae 214, 349
345, 346 Letrouitiaceae 214, 294 N Phragmidiaceae 214, 354
Grifolaceae 213, 408 Liceidae 214, 422, 423 Nectriaceae 214, 333–337 Phragmoxenidiaceae 214, 371
Gymnosporangiaceae 213, 352 Lichenoconiaceae 214, 242 Neolauriomycetaceae 214, 322 Phyllachoraceae 214, 341–343
Gyroporaceae 213, 399 Lichtheimiaceae 214, 217 Niaceae 214, 388 Phyllostictaceae 214, 241
Lineolataceae 214, 242 Niessliaceae 214, 337 Phyllotopsidaceae 214, 390,
H Lophiostomataceae 214, 238 Nitschkiaceae 214, 327 391
Haematommataceae 213, 265, Lycoperdaceae 214, 382, 383 Physalacriaceae 214, 391
266 Lyophyllaceae 214, 383 O Physaridae 214, 421
Halosphaeriaceae 213, 340 Lyrommataceae 214, 248 Ochrolechiaceae 214, 316 Physciaceae 214, 258–260
Hamatocanthoscyphaceae Odontotremataceae 214, 302 Pilobolaceae 214, 218
213, 319 M Oliveoniaceae 214, 401 Piskurozymaceae 214, 371
Hansfordiaceae 213, 346 Macrocystidiaceae 214, 383 Olpidiaceae 214, 216 Planistromellaceae 214, 241
Harknessiaceae 213, 326 Macrovalsariaceae 214, 238 Omphalotaceae 144, 214, Plasmodiophoridae 214, 423
Helicobasidiaceae 213, 352 Magnaporthaceae 214, 341 389, 390 Platygloeaceae 214, 352
Helicogoniaceae 213, 323 Malasseziaceae 214, 368 Onygenaceae 214, 254, 255 Plectosphaerellaceae 214, 328
Helotiaceae 213, 319, 320 Malmideaceae 214, 267, 268 Opegraphaceae 214, 228, Pleosporaceae 214, 238–240
Helvellaceae 213, 325 Marasmiaceae 143, 144, 214, 229 Pleurotaceae 214, 391, 392
Hericiaceae 213, 416 383–386 Ophiocordycipitaceae 214, Ploettnerulaceae 214, 322
Herpomycetaceae 213, 255 Marthamycetaceae 214, 318 337, 338 Pluteaceae 214, 392, 393
Herpotrichiellaceae 213, 247, Massarinaceae 214, 238 Ophioparmaceae 214, 318 Pneumocystaceae 214, 225
248 Megalosporaceae 214, 294 Ophiostomataceae 214, 327 Podoscyphaceae 214, 410
Hyaloriaceae 213, 371, 401 Megasporaceae 214, 316 Orbiliaceae 214, 324 Podosporaceae 214, 344
Hyaloscyphaceae 213, 320 Melampsoraceae 214, 352 Oxyporaceae 214, 406 Polycoccaceae 214, 243
Hydnaceae 213, 402–404 Melanommataceae 214, 238 Polyporaceae 143, 144, 214,
Hydnangiaceae 213, 377, 378 Melaspileaceae 214, 242 P 411–414
Hydnodontaceae 213, 419 Meliolaceae 214, 340, 341 Panaceae 214, 409, 410 Polystomellaceae 214, 246
Hygrophoraceae 121, 131, Meripilaceae 214, 409 Pannariaceae 214, 288, 289 Porinaceae 214, 300–302
144, 213, 378–380 Meruliaceae 214, 409 Paraglomeraceae 214, 222 Porotheleaceae 214, 393
Hymenochaetaceae 213, 404, Metschnikowiaceae 214, 222 Parasympodiellaceae 214, 349 Protoscyphaceae 214, 246
405 Microascaceae 214, 340 Parmeliaceae 79, 121, 131, Psathyrellaceae 214, 393
Hymenogastraceae 124, 144, Microbotryaceae 214, 351 214, 268–280 Pseudeurotiaceae 214, 324
213, 380–382 Micropeltidaceae 214, 242 Parodiellaceae 214, 246 Pseudoperisporiaceae 214,
Hyphodermataceae 213, 408 Microsphaeropsidaceae 214, Parodiopsidaceae 214, 246 246
Hypocreaceae 213, 331–333 238 Patellariaceae 214, 242 Pseudopyrenochaetaceae 214,
Hypoxylaceae 214, 346, 347 Microtheliopsidaceae 214, 248 Paxillaceae 214, 399, 400 240
Microthyriaceae 214, 242 Peltigeraceae 121, 131, 132, Psilolechiaceae 214, 280
I Mikronegeriaceae 214, 352 133, 214, 289–293 Psoraceae 214, 280
Icmadophilaceae 214, 316 Milesinaceae 214, 352, 353 Peltulaceae 214, 324 Pterulaceae 214, 393
Incrustoporiaceae 214, 408 Mniaeciaceae 214, 323 Peniophoraceae 214, 416 Pucciniaceae 36, 214, 354–
Induratiaceae 214, 347 Mollisiaceae 214, 321 Perisporiopsidaceae 214, 246 363

INDEX OF FAMILIES
Pucciniastraceae 214, 363, Spirographaceae 214, 315 Uncolaceae 214, 365

364 Sporidiobolaceae 214, 351 Urocystidaceae 214, 370
Pucciniosiraceae 214, 364 Sporormiaceae 214, 240 Uropyxidaceae 214, 365
Pyrenulaceae 214, 248–250 Stachybotryaceae 214, 339 Ustilaginaceae 214, 369, 370
Pyriculariaceae 214, 341 Steccherinaceae 124, 214, Ustilentylomataceae 214, 351
Pyronemataceae 214, 325 415
Pythiaceae 214, 424 Stemonitidae 214, 422 V
Stephanosporaceae 214, 394 Valsaceae 214, 326
R Stereaceae 214, 418 Valsariaceae 214, 246
Radulomycetaceae 214, 393, Stereocaulaceae 214, 284, Varicellariaceae 214, 317
394 285 Venturiaceae 214, 241
Ramalinaceae 214, 280–283 Stereopsidaceae 214, 418 Verrucariaceae 214, 250
Ramboldiaceae 214, 284 Stictidaceae 214, 315 Vezdaeaceae 214, 349
Raveneliaceae 214, 364 Strigulaceae 214, 243 Vibrisseaceae 214, 323
Reticulariidae 214, 423 Strophariaceae 214, 394, 395 Vizellaceae 214, 236
Rhizocarpaceae 214, 293, 294 Suillaceae 214, 400
Rhizophlyctidaceae 214, 216 Symbiotaphrinaceae 214, 349 W
Rhizopodaceae 214, 218 Syncephalastraceae 214, 218 Wickerhamomycetaceae 214,
Rhizopogonaceae 214, 400 Synchytriaceae 214, 216 224
Rhynchogastremaceae 214,
371 T X
Rhytismataceae 214, 324 Taphrinaceae 214, 225 Xenasmataceae 214, 415
Rickenellaceae 214, 406 Telimenaceae 214, 343 Xylariaceae 35, 70, 143, 144,
Robillardaceae 214, 347 Teloschistaceae 214, 294, 295 214, 347–349
Roccellaceae 214, 229, 230 Tephromelataceae 214, 285 Xylobotryaceae 214, 349
Roccellographaceae 214, 230 Teratosphaeriaceae 214, 236
Russulaceae 129, 143, 144, Tetraplosphaeriaceae 214, 240
214, 416–418 Thelenellaceae 214, 317
Rutstroemiaceae 214, 322 Thelephoraceae 214, 419
Tilletiaceae 214, 368
S Tilletiariaceae 214, 368
Saccharomycetaceae 214, Togniniaceae 214, 327
222, 223 Torulaceae 214,240
Saccharomycodaceae 214, Tranzscheliaceae 214, 365
225 Trapeliaceae 214, 295, 296
Saccotheciaceae 214, 236 Trematosphaeriaceae 214, 240
Saksenaeaceae 214, 218 Tremellaceae 214, 371, 372
Salispinaceae 214, 424 Trichiidae 214, 422
Sarcoscyphaceae 214, 325 Trichiidae 214, 422
Schaereriaceae 214, 317 Tricholomataceae 144, 214,
Schizoparmaceae 214, 326 395
Schizophyllaceae 214, 394 Trichomeriaceae 214, 248
Schizoporaceae 214, 406, 407 Trichomonascaceae 214, 224
Schizosaccharomycetaceae Trichosporonaceae 214, 372
214, 225 Tricladiaceae 214, 323
Sclerodermataceae 214, 400 Trimorphomycetaceae 214,
Sclerotiniaceae 214, 322 372
Sebacinaceae 214, 418 Trypetheliaceae 214, 243–246
Septobasidiaceae 214, 368 Tubariaceae 214, 395
Skierkaceae 214, 364 Tuberaceae 214, 325
Solenopeziaceae 214, 323 Tubeufiaceae 214, 240, 241
Sordariaceae 214, 344 Tulasnellaceae 214, 404
Sparassidaceae 214, 415 Tympanidaceae 214, 323
Sphaerophoraceae 121, 131, Typhulaceae 214, 395
214, 284
Sphaerophragmiaceae 214, U
365 Umbelopsidaceae 214, 218
Sphinctrinaceae 214, 255 Umbilicariaceae 214, 318

Lepista nuda
[Aida Marcela Vasco-Palacios]
Index of Genera
Page numbers in bold text correspond to photographs
A Amanita 61, 129, 137, 142, Arachnopeziza 318 Athelia 398

Aaosphaeria 237 181, 374, 375, 440, 441 Archaeospora 218 Atheliachaete 410
Abortiporus 410 Amaropostia 415 Architrypethelium 243 Athelopsis 398
Abrothallus 241 Amauroderma 411 Arcopilus 343 Atroporus 121, 126
Absidia 108, 217 Amaurodon 419 Arcyria 422 Aulaxina 296
Acantholichen 378 Amazonomyces 225 Armillaria 47, 391 Aurantiosporium 118, 351
Acanthothecis 302 Ambispora 218 Armillariella 391 Aurantiporus 409
Acanthotrema 302 Amniculicola 236 Arrhenia 378 Aurapex 170, 326
Acaromyces 368 Amparoina 395 Arrhytidia 370 Aureobasidium 96, 98, 143,
Acarospora 255 Ampelomyces 238 Arthonia 225–228 170, 236
Acaulospora 108, 171, 218 Amphinema 397 Arthopyrenia 236 Aureoboletus 398
Achorella 246 Ampliotrema 304 Arthotheliopsis 296 Auricularia 48, 157, 158, 168,
Achroomyces 352 Amycosphaerella 232 Arthothelium 227 169, 400, 441, 442
Acremoniopsis 339 Amylocorticiellum 397 Arthrinium 344 Auriculora 280, 428
Acremonium 143, 339 Amylocorticium 397 Arthrobotrys 324 Auriscalpium 416
Actinomortierella 108 Ancistrosporella 229 Arthromyces 395 Austroboletus 61, 64, 128,
Actinomucor 108, 217 Angiopsora 353 Arthropsis 255 180, 181
Actinoplaca 296 Anguillospora 236 Arthrorhaphis 318 Austropuccinia 365, 442
Aderkomyces 296 Anisochora 341 Arthuria 353 Austrotrema 304
Aecidium 365, 366 Anisomeridium 242 Articulospora 319 Auxarthron 255
Agaricus 157, 158, 159, 166, Annulohypoxylon 71, 346, 427 Artomyces 416
372, 373 Anomomorpha 304 Aschersonia 329 B
Agonimia 250, 427 Antennariella 232 Ascobolus 324 Bachmanniomyces 349
Agrocybe 394 Antennospora 340 Ascochyta 237 Bacidia 280, 281
Ainoa 295 Anthracocystis 369 Ascocoryne 319 Bacidina 281
Akanthomyces 73, 74, 157, Anthracoidea 114, 117, 368 Ascopolyporus 330, 427 Bacidiopsora 281
330, 427 Anthracothecium 248 Aseroe 441, 458 Backusella 217
Alatospora 323 Anzia 268, 427 Aspergillus 143, 166, 170, Bactrospora 230
Albonectria 333 Aphanoascus 254 250, 251, 427, 428 Baculifera 256
Albotricha 320 Aphanotria 328 Asperisporium 232 Badhamia 421
Albugo 423 Aphelaria 402 Aspidella 375 Badimia 281
Alectoria 268 Aphelariopsis 368 Aspidothelium 317 Baeodromus 364
Aleuria 325 Aphyllotus 395 Asteridiella 340 Baeomyces 82, 295, 428
Aleurocystis 395 Apioperdon 382 Asterina 231 Bagliettoa 250
Aleurodiscus 418 Apiosordaria 344 Asterinites 420 Balansia 329
Allantonectria 349 Apiosphaeria 341 Asteristion 304 Baltazaria 416
Allantophomopsis 324 Apiospora 344 Asterophora 383 Bapalmuia 260
Allographa 82, 304, 427 Apiotrichum 372 Asterostroma 416 Barnettozyma pratensis 224
Allophoron 349, 427 Apodus 344 Asterotexis 232 Basidiobolus 108, 216
Alternaria 238, 239, 427 Apoharknessia 326 Asterothyrium 296 Basidiodendron 401
Alutaceodontia 406 Apophysomyces 108, 218 Astraeus 399 Bathelium 245, 428
Alveolaria 364 Appendiculella 340 Astrochapsa 304 Batistopsora 353
Alysidiella 349 Aquacidia 260 Astrosphaeriella 237 Batrachochytrium 108, 216
Alyxoria 228 Aquanectria 333 Astrothelium 243–245 Beauveria 73, 74, 159, 170,
Amandinea 256 Aquascypha 415, 441 Athallia 294 171, 330, 428

INDEX OF GENERA
Bellicidia 281 Bunodophoron 121, 130, 131, Catenulopsora 353 Cionothrix 364
Belonium 322 284, 428 Catillaria 263 Circinella 108, 218
Belonopsis 321 Byssocaulon 228 Catillochroma 282 Cladia 263, 429
Beltrania 343 Byssolecania 260 Celothelium 248 Cladonia 36, 82, 263–265,
Beltraniella 344 Byssoloma 261, 428 Cephalotrichiella 340 429
Berkeleyomyces 339 Byssomerulius 408 Ceraceomyces 397 Cladophialophora 247
Biatora 281 Byssonectria 325 Ceratiomyxa 423 Cladosporium 143, 157, 170,
Biatoropsis 372 Byssosphaeria 238 Ceratobasidium 143, 156 232
Bibbya 281 Ceratocarpia 246 Clandestinotrema 305
Binderoboletus 61 C Ceratocystis 339, 340 Clarohilum 233
Bionectria 73, 328 Cabalodontia 415 Cercidospora 246 Claroideoglomus 220
Bioscypha 323 Cacumisporium 349 Cercospora 37, 170, 232, 233 Clastoderma 421
Biostictis 315 Cadophora 322 Cercosporella 233 Clathrus 402, 443
Bipolaris 239 Caeoma 366 Cericium 376 Clavaria 68, 375
Biscogniauxia 345 Calathella 383 Cerion 324 Clavariachaete 443
Bisporella 69, 71, 319 Calcarisporium 329 Cerioporus 48, 411, 443 Clavariopsis 240
Bjerkandera 410 Calenia 296, 297 Ceriporia 408, 409 Clavatospora 340
Blackwellomyces 330, 428 Caleniopsis 297 Ceriporiopsis 409 Claviceps 166, 329
Blastenia 294 Calicium 256 Cerotelium 353 Clavispora 222
Blastobotrys 224 Calidion 365 Cerrena 407 Clavochytridium 216
Blastocladiella 216 Callistosporium 375 Cetraria 268, 269 Clavulina 61, 129, 180, 403,
Blastospora 352 Calocera 370 Cetraspora 219, 220 443
Blastosporella 383 Calocybe 383 Chaconia 352 Clavulinopsis 375, 443
Blumenavia 402, 442 Calogaya 294 Chadefaudia 340 Clithris 318
Blumeria 319 Calonectria 333 Chaenotheca 178, 231 Clitocybe 395
Boeremia 237 Calopadia 261 Chaenothecopsis 255 Clitocybula 395
Bogbodia 394 Caloplaca 294, 295, 428 Chaetocalathus 383 Clitopilus 376
Bogoriella 245 Calostilbe 333 Chaetomidium 343 Clonostachys 170, 328
Bolbitius 375 Calostoma 48, 399, 442 Chaetopsina 333 Clypeolum 350
Boletellus 398 Calothyrium 242 Chaetoseptoria 349 Clypeopyrenis 248
Boletinellus 399, 442 Calvatia 383, 442 Chaetosphaeria 341 Coccidioides 255
Boletus 48, 127, 398 Calvitimela 285 Chaetothyrium 247 Coccocarpia 82, 286, 429
Boreostereum 404 Calycellina 322 Chaetotyphula 393 Coccodiella 341
Botryobasidium 402 Calycina 71, 322 Chalara 322 Coccomyces 324
Botryodiplodia 326 Calyptella 395 Chalciporus 398 Coccostroma 341
Botryodontia 404 Camarotella 341 Chapsa 304, 305 Cochlearomyces 323
Botryosphaeria 170, 241 Camillea 68, 345, 346 Chardonia 350 Cochliobolus 239
Botryostroma 241 Campanella 16, 48, 383, 443 Chardoniella 112, 114, 116, Codinaea 341
Botryotinia 322 Campanophyllum 376 364 Coelomomyces 108, 216
Botryotrichum 143, 343 Camposporium 349 Cheilymenia 325 Coenogonium 298–300
Botrytis 157, 159, 170, 322 Camptomeris 349 Chiodecton 229 Coleosporium 352
Bovista 382, 383 Campylocarpon 333 Chlorencoelia 318 Collaria 422
Brasilicia 260 Campylospora 349 Chlorociboria 48, 149, 318, Collariella 343
Bresadolia 121, 126, 411 Canasta 365 429 Collema 286
Brevicellicium 419 Candelabrochaete 415 Chlorophyllum 373, 443 Colletotrichum 143, 170, 327,
Brevicellopsis 420 Candelaria 231 Choanephora 217 328
Brigantiaea 294, 428 Candida 48, 68, 92, 96, 98, Chromocyphella 375 Collybia 48, 395, 443
Brownliella 294 99, 100, 107, 224, 225 Chroodiscus 305 Colpoma 324
Brunneochlamydosporium 328 Canoparmelia 268 Chrysocelis 116, 352 Coltricia 404, 443
Brunneocorticium 383 Cantharellus 61, 157, 402, Chrysocyclus 354 Coltriciella 129, 404
Bryochiton 246 403, 442 Chrysofolia 326 Comatricha 421
Bryorella 246 Capnodium 232 Chrysoporthe 170, 326 Conferticium 418
Bryoria 268 Capronia 247 Chrysopsora 354 Coniarthonia 227
Bryostigma 230 Carbacanthographis 304 Chrysosporium 255 Conidiobolus 108, 216
Buellia 47, 256 Caribaeomyces 242 Chrysothrix 228 Conidiosporomyces 368
Buelliella 246 Castanediella 345 Chytridium 216 Coniella 326
Bulbothrix 268 Catacauma 341 Cinnamomeonectria 333 Coniocarpon 227
Bullatina 296 Catenulocercospora 232 Cintractia 117, 368, 369 Coniochaeta 325, 326

INDEX OF GENERA
Coniothyrium Cutaneotrichosporon 96, 372 Diachea 422 Echinochaete 411

Conocybe 375 Cyanobasidium 394 Dialonectria 334 Echinoderma 373
Constrictolumina 245 Cyanoboletus 398, 445 Diaporthe 326 Echinoplaca 297
Cookeina 35, 36, 69, 71, 167, Cyanosporus 411 Diatrype 72, 345 Echinostelium 421
168, 325, 429 Cyathus 48, 395, 445 Dibaeis 6, 316, 430 Edythea 366
Coprinellus 12, 393, 443, 444 Cyberlindnera 225 Dicaeoma 354 Effuseotrichosporon 372
Coprinopsis 47, 393 Cyclaneusma 318 Dicellaesporites 420 Eichleriella 400
Coprinus 61, 373 Cyclomyces 404 Dicephalospora 319 Elaphomyces 68, 71, 72, 74,
Cora 48, 83, 120, 121, 130, Cylindrium 331 Dicheirinia 364 254
131, 133, 378, 379, 444 Cylindrobasidium 391 Dichochaete 405 Elmerina 400
Corallomycetella 333 Cylindrocarpon 334 Dichocladosporium 232 Elsinoe 236
Corallonectria 334 Cylindrocladium 334 Dichoporis 243 Emmanuelia 289
Cordana 326 Cymatoderma 61, 409, 445 Dichosporidium 229 Enchylium 90, 286, 430
Cordierites 318 Cyphellocalathus 396 Dichostereum 416 Encoelia 318
Cordyceps 48, 66, 68, 69, 73, Cyphellophora 247 Dichotomopilus 344 Endocarpon 250
74, 157, 159, 171, 330, Cyphellopsis 388 Dictydiaethalium 422 Endococcus 247
331, 429 Cyphellostereum 379 Dictyomeridium 245 Endoconidioma 236
Corella 379, 444 Cyphobasidium 351 Dictyonema 131, 379, 446 Endomelanconiopsis 241
Corethromyces 255 Cyptotrama 391, 445 Dictyothyrium 242 Endophyllum 354
Coriolopsis 411 Cystidiodontia 445 Diderma 423 Endotrabutia 341
Corneromyces 400 Cystobasidium 351 Didymella 237 Enterographa 229
Corticifraga 297 Cystocoleus 232 Didymium 423 Entoloma 376, 377, 446
Corticium 404 Cystoderma 396 Dietelia 364 Entomophthora 216
Cortinarius 61, 375, 376, 426, Cystolepiota 373 Dimelaena 257 Entomortierella 108
444 Cytospora 326 Dimeriella 246 Entonaema 346, 430
Corynelia 250 Dimerina 246 Entrophospora 39, 171, 219
Corynespora 237 D Dimerium 246 Entyloma 117, 118, 368
Cosmospora 73, 334 Dacampia 237 Dimidiographa 230 Eocronartium 352
Cotylidia 406, 445 Dacrymyces 370, 445 Dinemasporium 349 Epibryon 247
Craterellus 129, 403, 445 Dacryopinax 370, 446 Diorchidium 364 Epicoccum 104, 237
Craterium 421 Dactylaria 323 Diorygma 305, 430 Epidermophyton 254
Cratiria 256 Dactylonectria 334 Diplocarpon 319 Epithamnolia 323
Crepidotus 157, 168, 169, 376, Dactylosporina 391 Diplocladiella 350 Epithele 411
445 Daedalea 408 Diploicia 257 Eremothecella 227
Crespoa 269 Daldinia 159, 346 Diplomitoporus 415 Erioderma 288, 430
Cresponea 228, 429 Dasyscyphella 320 Diploschistella 297 Erioscyphella 320
Cribraria 422 Dasyscyphus 320 Diploschistes 305, 306 Erysiphe 319
Crinipellis 384 Dasyspora 365 Dipodascus 222 Erythricium 404
Crocicreas 323 Debaryomyces 222 Diporisporites 420 Erythrobasidium 351
Crocodia 121, 130, 131, 289, Deconica 394 Dirinaria 257 Erythrodecton 229
429 Deigloria 396 Dissophora 108, 216 Eschatogonia 282
Cronartium 117, 352 Dekkera 222 Distopyrenis 248 Etheirophora 340
Crossopsora 353, 445 Delortia 350 Ditiola 370 Euantennaria 246
Crossopsorella 353 Dematophora 347 Diutina 225 Eucalyptostroma 341
Crucibulum 395 Dendrosporium 350 Diversispora 219 Eucasphaeria 339
Crutarndina 305 Dendrothele 396 Dolichousnea 269 Eudarluca 238
Cryphonectria 326 Dendryphion 240 Dominikia 220 Eugeniella 261
Crypthonia 227 Dennisiella 247 Dothidella 246 Eumitria 269
Cryptococcus 37, 62, 93, 96, Dentipellis 416 Dothidotthia 238 Eutypella 345
97, 98, 99, 100, 107, 371 Dermatocarpon 250 Dothistroma 233 Exidiopsis 400
Cryptophyllachora 349 Descolea 375 Drechslera 240 Exobasidium 368
Cryptothecia 227, 430 Desmella 366 Ductifera 401 Exophiala 247, 430
Cubamyces 411 Desmosorus 366 Dyplolabia 306, 430 Exserohilum 240
Cunninghamella 108, 217 Devriesia 236
Cuphophyllus 379 Dextrinocystis 419 E F
Curucispora 373 Diabole 364 Earliella 167, 168, 411, 446 Falciformispora 240
Curvibasidium 352 Diacanthodes 409 Eballistra 368 Farysia 369
Curvularia 111, 143, 239, 430 Diacanthodes 415 Echidnodella 232 Favolaschia 386, 387

INDEX OF GENERA
Favolus 158, 168, 169, 411, Geastrum 48, 401, 447 H Hydnopolyporus 48, 124, 409,
446 Gelatinomyces 323 Haddowia 413 448
Fellhanera 262 Geminispora 342 Haematomma 265, 266 Hydnoporia 405
Fellomyces 371 Genea 325 Haiyanga 340 Hydnotrya 72
Fibrillithecis 306 Geoglossum 72, 255 Halophytophthora 423 Hydnum 403, 449
Fibrodontia 406 Geomyces 324 Hamatocanthoscypha 319 Hydropisphaera 329
Fibroporia 408 Gerronema 396 Hannaella 371 Hydropus 387
Filobasidium 370, 371 Gerwasia 354 Hanseniaspora 98, 223 Hygroaster 379
Filoboletus 387, 446 Gibbera 241 Hansfordia 346 Hygrocybe 379, 380, 449
Filosporella 323 Gibberella 170 Hansfordiella 242 Hygrophorus 380
Fimetariella 344 Gibellula 331 Harknessia 326 Hymenochaete 124, 405
Fissurina 306 Gigaspora 220 Hegermila 320 Hymenopsis 350
Fistulina 396 Gilmaniella 350 Heiomasia 310 Hymenoscyphus 319, 320
Fistulinella 398, 446 Glabrocyphella 396 Helicobasidium 352 Hymenotorrendiella 320
Flabellimycena 387 Glaucotrema 306 Helicogloea 351 Hyperdermium 331
Flabelloporina 300 Gliocephalotrichum 336 Helicogonium 323 Hyperphyscia 258, 259
Flabellospora 350 Gliocladiopsis 336 Helicomyces 240 Hyphoderma 408
Flagelloscypha 388 Gliomastix 339 Heliscella 350 Hyphodermella 410
Flagellospora 323 Gliophorus 379 Heliscus 336 Hyphodontia 406, 407
Flakea 250 Globisporangium 424 Helminthocarpon 230, 431 Hypholoma 394
Flammulina 157, 391 Globonectria 328 Helminthosporiella 238 Hyphopichia 225
Flaviporus 124, 415, 446 Gloeocantharellus 128, 401, Helminthosporium 238 Hyphopolynema 350
Flavobathelium 243 447 Helotium 319 Hypocenomyce 318
Flavodon 409, 446 Gloeodontia 418 Helvella 72, 325 Hypochnicium 415
Flavoparmelia 269 Gloeomucro 403 Hemileia 366, 448 Hypocrea 331
Flavopunctelia 269 Gloeophyllum 404 Hemimycena 387 Hypocrella 329
Fomes 411, 412 Gloeoporus 409 Hemitrichia 422 Hypocreopsis 331
Fomitella 412 Gloeotinia 319 Hennenia 116, 366 Hypogymnia 269
Fomitiporella 405 Gloiocephala 61, 180, 391, Hericium 48, 61, 157, 169, Hypomontagnella 346
Fomitiporia 61, 181, 405 448 181, 416, 448 Hypomyces 331
Fomitopsis 408 Glomus 39, 108, 141, 171, Herpomyces 255 Hypotrachyna 269–272
Fonsecaea 247 221 Herpothallon 227, 431 Hypotrachynicola 349
Foraminispora 412 Glyphis 306, 430 Herpotrichia 238 Hypoxylon 346, 347, 431
Fouragea 228 Golovinomyces 319 Heterocephalacria 371 Hypsizygus 383
Fuligo 421 Gomphillus 297 Heterochaete 400, 401
Fulvia 233 Gongronella 217 Heterodermia 258, 431 I
Fulvifomes 405, 446 Goplana 352 Heteroradulum 401 Icmadophila 180, 316, 431
Fulvophyton 230 Grammothele 413 Hevansia 331 Ijuhya 329
Funalia 412 Graphis 82, 307–309, 431 Hexagonia 413, 448 Illosporium 339
Funneliformis 220 Grifola 408 Hirsutella 337 Ilyonectria 339
Furcasterigmium 328 Grovesia 323 Histoplasma 254 Imshaugia 272
Furtadoa 412 Guepinia 401 Hjortstamia 410 Inapertisporites 420
Fusarium 39, 68, 143, 169, Guepiniopsis 370 Hobsonia 351 Incrupila 320
170, 171, 334–336, 430 Gyalectidium 297 Hohenbuehelia 391, 392, 448 Incrustocalyptella 376
Fuscidea 318 Gyalidea 297, 431 Holocotylon 373 Induratia 347
Fuscocerrena 412, 447 Gyalideopsis 297, 298 Homophron 393 Inflatostereum 415
Fuscoporia 405, 447 Gyalolechia 295 Homostegia 247 Inocephalus 377
Fuscutata heterogama 220 Gymnographopsis 310 Hortaea 431 Inocybe 382
Fusicolla 336 Gymnopilus 381 Humicola 344 Inonotus 405
Gymnopus 389, 448 Humphreya 413 Inosperma 382
G Gymnosporangium 352 Huneckia 295 Intralichen 350
Gaeumannomyces 341 Gymnostellatospora 324 Hyalocamposporium350 Iodophanus 325
Galerina 380 Gyoerffyella 319 Hyalopsora 363 Ionomidotis 318
Gallowayella 295 Gyrodontium 399 Hyaloria 371 Irenina 341
Galzinia 404 Gyronactis 229 Hyaloscypha 320 Irenopsis 341
Ganoderma 124, 157, 159, Gyroporus 399 Hydnangium 377 Irpex 409
169, 412, 447 Gyrothrix 350 Hydnellum 419 Isaria 331
Gassicurtia 257 Gyrotrema 310 Hydnodon 448 Issatchenkia 222

INDEX OF GENERA
J Lathagrium 286 Licea 422, 423 Megaloblastenia 294

Jackrogersella 347 Lauriomyces 349 Lichenobarya 331 Megalospora 294
Jamesdicksonia 60, 368 Lawreyella 318 Lichenoconium 242 Megalotremis 242
Janauaria 373 Lawreymyces 404 Lichenomphalia 380 Megaspora 316
Jocatoa 310 Laxitextum 416 Lichenopeltella 242 Megasporoporia 413
Jola 352 Lecanactis 229 Lichenostella 350 Meiorganum 399
Junghuhnia 415 Lecania 282 Lichenostigma 230, 231 Melampsora 352
Lecanicillium 39, 74, 171, Lichenotubeufia 240, 241 Melampsoridium 363
K 331 Lichtheimia 108, 217 Melanochlamys 247
Kalbographa 310 Lecaniella 282 Lindtneria 394 Melanomphalia 396
Karlingia 216 Lecanographa 228 Lineolata 242 Melanotrema 310
Karschia 247 Lecanora 266, 267 Linhartia 298 Melanotus 394
Kazachstania 223 Lecanosticta 233 Linnemannia 108 Melaspilea 242
Kernia 340 Leccinellum 398 Linochora 342 Meliola 341
Kernkampella 364 Leccinum 61, 180, 398, 450 Lithothelium 248 Meloderma 324
Kluyveromyces 223 Lecidea 35, 82, 285 Litschauerella 419 Melzerodontia 404
Kneiffiella 407 Lecidella 267 Lobariella 82, 83, 121, 130, Menegazzia 272, 273
Knufia 350 Leioderma 288 131, 289, 290, 432 Metacordyceps 329
Kodamaea 225 Leiorreuma 310 Loflammia 262 Metapochonia 329
Komagataella 223 Lembosia 232 Loflammiopsis 262 Metarhizium 74, 157, 159, 171,
Kretzschmaria 347 Lentinellus 416 Logilvia 262 329, 330
Kryptastrina 368 Lentinula 157, 158, 159, 163, Lopezaria 282, 432 Metasphaeria 236
Kuehneola 354 169, 389, 450 Lophiostoma 238 Metatrichia 422
Kuehneromyces 394 Lentinus 157, 158, 168, 169, Loweomyces 415 Metschnikowia 222
Kuklospora 219 413, 450 Lunulospora 350 Metulocyphella 396
Kuntzeomyces 118, 369 Lenzites 413 Lycogala 423 Meyerozyma 93, 98, 100, 157,
Kurtia 407 Leocarpus 421 Lycogalopsis 396 167, 222
Kurtzmaniella 223 Leohumicola 323 Lycoperdon 61, 383, 451 Micarea 262
Kweilingia 353 Leotia 48, 71, 72, 323, 431 Lyomyces 408 Microascus 340, 432
Lepidocollema 288 Lyromma 248 Microbotryum 351
L Lepidostroma 400, 450 Lysurus 402 Microcyclus 241
Laboulbenia 255 Lepiota 373 Microdochium 344, 345
Lacazia 255 Lepista 396, 450, 462 M Micromphale 390
Laccaria 48, 142, 377, 378, Lepra 316, 317 Macalpinomyces 369 Microporellus 413
449 Lepraria 284 Macrocybe 158, 375, 451 Micropuccinia 354
Lachancea 223 Leprieurina 350 Macrocystidia 383 Microsphaeropsis 238
Lachnella 388 Leprocaulon 285 Macrolepiota 157, 374, 451 Microsporum 254, 433
Lachnocladium 416 Leproplaca 295 Macronectria 73, 336 Microtheliopsis 248
Lachnum 71, 320, 321 Leptocorticium 404 Macrophomina 170, 241 Microthia 326
Lacrimasporonites 420 Leptodontidium 321 Macrovalsaria 238 Microthyrium 242
Lactarius 127, 142, 416, 417, Leptodothiorella 241 Madurella 344 Milesi 363
449 Leptogidium 288, 432, 472 Malassezia 108, 368 Milesina 352, 353
Lactifluus 61, 417, 450 Leptogium 286–288, 432 Malmidea 267, 268 Milospium 350
Lactocollybia 396 Leptoglossum 380 Malmographina 310, 432 Mimeomyces 255
Laetiporus 48, 409, 450 Leptosphaeria 238 Maramius 451 Miniancora 323
Lagenidium 424 Leptosphaerulina 237 Marasmiellus 389 Minimedusa 404
Lambertella 322 Leptospora 247 Marasmius 31, 384–386 Minostroscyta 420
Lamelloporus 415 Leptosporomyces 398 Maravalia 352 Miyabella 216
Lamproderma 422 Leratiomyces 394 Marcelaria 245, 432 Moelleriella 330
Lanzia 322 Letrouitia 294 Mariannaea 336 Moellerodiscus 322
Laocoon 233 Lettauia 318 Maronina 131 Moesziomyces 369
Lareunionomyces 322 Leucoagaricus 373, 450 Marssonina 319 Mollisia 321
Lasiobelonium 323 Leucocintractia 369 Marthamyces 318 Monascus 254
Lasiodiplodia Leucocoprinus 373, 451 Martiniozyma 223 Monilinia 323
Lasioloma 262 Leucodecton 310 Massarina 238 Moniliophthora 386
Lasiosphaeria 344 Leucodermia 259, 432 Mazosia 229, 230 Monoblastia 242
Laternea 402 Leucopaxillus 395, 451 Mediaverrunites 420 Monochaetia 345
Laterotheca 247 Leucopholiota 451 Megacollybia 396 Monoporisporites 420

INDEX OF GENERA
Morchella 72, 168, 169, 325, Neofusicoccum 241 Oudemansiella 157, 158, 391, Penicilliopsis 68, 251
433 Neometulocladosporiella 322 452 Penicillium 39, 107, 143, 166,
Morganella 383 Neonectria 73, 337 Ovatospora 344 170, 171, 251–253, 434
Mortierella 69, 108, 216, 217 Neonothopanus 390 Ovicuculispora 329 Penidiella 236
Mucidula 391 Neopestalotiopsis 345 Oxyporus 406 Peniophora 416
Mucor 108, 157, 217, 218 Neophysopella 366 Peniophorella 406
Multicellaesporites 420 Neoprotoparmelia 121, 130, P Penzigomyces 350
Multiclavula 403 131, 273 Pachykytospora 413 Perenniporia 413
Munkiodothis 342 Neoscytalidium 110, 241, 433 Paecilomyces 143, 251 Perichaena 422
Musicillium 328 Neottiosporina 350 Paecilomyces 434 Periconia 240
Musidium 328 Nephridiophaga 216 Palifer 407 Peristomialis 329
Mutatoderma 408 Nephroma 290 Pallidocercospora 234 Peroneutypa 345
Mutinus 402, 451 Nephromopsis 273 Pallidogramme 312 Peronosclerospora 423
Mycena 60, 387, 388, 451, Neurospora 344 Panaeolina 397 Peronospora 423
452 Niesslia 337 Panaeolus 48, 58, 397, 452 Perrotia 321
Mycetinis 390 Nigelia 330 Pandora 216 Pertusaria 317
Mycoacia 409 Nigrohydnum 416 Panellus 388 Pestalotia 345
Mycocalicium 255 Nigromacula 350 Pannaria 14, 288, 434 Pestalotiopsis 345
Mycochlamys 350 Nigroporus 415 Pantospora 234 Petriella 340
Mycofalcella 323 Nigrospora 143, 349 Panus 164, 168, 169, 409, Peziza 68, 325
Mycoporum 238 Nigrovothelium 245, 433 410 Pezizella 322
Mycosphaerella 233 Niorma 295 Papiliotrema 371 Phacidium 324
Mycosyrinx 118, 370 Niptera 321 Paracercosporidium 96, 234 Phacopsis 276
Mycovellosiella 234 Nitschkia 327 Paracoccidioides 254 Phaeoacremonium 327
Myelochroa 273 Nochascypha 396 Paraconiothyrium 237, 238 Phaeoclavulina 401, 452
Myeloconis 300 Normandina 250, 433 Paracremonium 337 Phaeocollybia 381
Myriochapsa 310 Norrlinia 247 Paragalactinia 325 Phaeocytostroma 350
Myriogenospora 330 Nothopanus 392 Paraglomus 222 Phaeodepas 397
Myriolecis 267 Novomicrothelia 245 Paragyalideopsis 298 Phaeodimeriella 246
Myriophacidium 324 Nummularia 346 Parainoa 295, 434 Phaeographis 76, 312, 313,
Myriospora 256 Paraisaria 338 435
Myriostigma 227 O Parallopsora 282 Phaeoisariopsis 234
Myriotrema 310 Oberwinkleria 368 Paramyrothecium 339 Phaeolepiota 397
Myrmaecium 246 Ocellularia 311 Parapallidocercospora 234 Phaeolus 409
Myxarium 401 Ochroconis 350 Paraphaeosphaeria 238 Phaeomarasmius 395, 452
Ochrolechia 316 Parapithomyces 350 Phaeophlebiopsis 410
N Odonticium 420 Parasiphula 316 Phaeophleospora 234
Nadsonia 225 Oehlia 221 Parasola 393 Phaeophyscia 259
Nadvornikia 310 Oidiodendron 322 Parastagonospora 238 Phaeosaccardinula 247
Naganishia 371 Oidium 319 Parasterina 232 Phaeoscypha 322
Nakazawaea 225 Olivea 352 Parasympodiella 349 Phaeoseptoria 238
Nanostictis 315 Oliveonia 401 Parmelia 273 Phaeosolenia 375
Napicladium 241 Olpidiaster 216 Parmeliella 289 Phaeosphaeria 238
Nawawia 350 Ombrophila 319 Parmelinella 273 Phaeosporis 344
Nebularia 288 Omphalina 397 Parmelinopsis 273 Phaeosporobolus 231
Nectria 73, 336 Oomyces 241 Parmotrema 273–276, 434 Phaeostigme 246
Nectriopsis 329 Opegrapha 228 Parmotremopsis 276 Phaeotrabutia 342
Nemania 347 Opegrapha 312 Parodiella 246 Phaeotremella 371
Neobarya 330 Ophiocordyceps 68, 71, 73, 74, Parodiopsis 246 Phakopsora 116, 117, 353,
Neobulgaria 319 337, 338, 433 Parvothecium 339 354
Neocallimastix 157 Ophiodothella 342 Passalora 234 Phalangispora 350
Neocercosporidium 234 Ophionectria 337 Patouillardina 401 Phallus 48, 402, 452, 511
Neoconidiobolus 216 Ophioparma 318 Paxillus 400 Phanerochaete 410, 452
Neocosmospora 170, 336, Orbilia 324 Peloronectria 339 Phanerodontia 416
337 Orcularia 257 Peltella 236 Phaneroites 416
Neodasyscypha 321 Oropogon 273, 433 Peltigera 290, 434 Phellinidium 405
Neodictyopus 121, 126 Orphanocoela 350 Peltula 324 Phellinopsis 406
Neoeriomycopsis 349 Otospora 219 Penicillifer 337 Phellinotus 125

INDEX OF GENERA
Phellinus 406, 452 Placopsis 79, 295, 296, 435 Propolis 318 Puccinia 35, 37, 62, 114, 115,
Phellodon 419 Placynthiella 296 Prospodium 117, 365 116, 117, 355–362, 454
Phellorinia 374 Plasmodiophora 423 Protocrea 331 Pucciniosira 364
Phialemoniopsis 349 Plasmopara 424 Protocreopsis 329 Puiggariella 243
Phialocephala 321 Platygramme 313 Protomerulius 401 Pulveroboletus 399
Phialophora 247 Platygraphopsis 302 Protomicarea 280 Punctelia 276, 436
Phillipsia 48, 68, 71, 325, Platypeltella 242 Protoparmelia 276 Purpureocillium 171, 339
435 Platythecium 313, 314 Protoscypha 246 Pustula 423
Phlebia 409, 452, 453 Plectania 325 Protostropharia 394 Pycnoporus 157, 159, 414, 454
Phlebiella 416 Plectocarpon 228 Prototrichia 422 Pycnotrema 314
Phlebiopsis 410, 453 Plectosphaerella 328 Psathyrella 393 Pyramidospora 350
Phlebopus 399 Plenodomus 240 Pseudallescheria 156, 340 Pyrenochaetopsis 237
Phloeomana 393 Pleochaeta 319 Pseudeurotium 324 Pyrenophora 240
Phlyctibasidium 400 Pleotrichocladium 238 Pseudevernia 276 Pyrenula 82, 248–250, 436
Phlyctis 300 Pleurocollybia 375 Pseudobogoriella 246 Pyrgidium 255
Pholiota 394 Pleurocybella 397 Pseudocercosporella 235 Pyricularia 341
Pholiotina 375 Pleuroflammula 376 Pseudochaetosphaeronema Pyrrhoderma 406
Phoma 237 Pleuropedium 350 240 Pyrrhoglossum 376
Phomatospora 349 Pleurophragmium 350 Pseudochapsa 314, 435 Pythium 424
Phomopsis 170, 326 Pleurotus 150, 157, 168, 169, Pseudocosmospora 337 Pyxine 257, 258, 436
Phragmidiella 354 171, 392, 453 Pseudocraterellus 403
Phragmidium 354 Pliariona 314 Pseudocyphellaria 121, 131, Q
Phragmocapnias 248 Pluricellaesporites 420 132, 290, 291, 435 Questieria 246
Phylacia 347 Pluteus 392, 393, 453 Pseudofavolus 414
Phyllachora 342, 343 Pneumocystis 225 Pseudofistulina 397 R
Phyllobaeis 82, 295, 435 Podaxis 374, 453 Pseudogibellula 331 Raciborskiella 242
Phylloblastia 250 Podila 108 Pseudographis 349 Racoplaca 243
Phyllocharis 243 Podoscypha 410 Pseudogymnoascus 324 Radulodontia 420
Phyllocrea 343 Podosordaria 347 Pseudohydnum 401, 454 Radulomyces 393, 394
Phyllogloea 371 Podosphaera 319 Pseudoidium 319 Ramalina 283, 436
Phyllogyalidea 298 Podospora 344 Pseudolagarobasidium 408 Ramaria 128, 157, 401, 454
Phylloporia 406 Podosporium 350 Pseudolostoma 180 Ramaricium 402
Phylloporis 243 Podostictina 121, 131, 132, Pseudoomphalina 397 Ramariopsis 375
Phylloporus 61, 128, 398, 399, 290 Pseudoparmelia 276 Ramboldia 284, 436
453 Podoxyphium 248 Pseudoparodiella 241 Ramularia 235
Phyllopsora 435 Polioma 354, 355 Pseudopestalotiopsis 345 Ramulispora 235
Phyllosticta 241 Polyblastidium 260 Pseudopeziza 319 Ranadivia 408
Phyllotopsis 390, 391 Polycauliona 295, 435 Pseudopithomyces 238 Rasamsonia 253
Physalacria 391 Polycephalomyces 338 Pseudoplectania 325 Ravenelia 117, 364
Physarella 421 Polycoccum 243 Pseudopyrenochaeta 240 Redeckera 219
Physarum 421 Polydesmia 323 Pseudopyrenula 246 Redingeria 314
Physcia 259, 260 Polymeridium 245 Pseudorhytisma 324 Reimnitzia 314
Physcidia 282 Polymyxa 423 Pseudosperma 382 Relicina 276, 277
Physocystidium 397 Polyporoletus 416 Pseudosydowia 236 Remototrachyna 277
Physopella 354 Polyporus 121, 124, 126, 414, Pseudoteratosphaeria 236 Repetobasidium 403
Phytophthora 157, 423, 424 453, 454 Pseudothis 327 Resinicium 406
Piccolia 318 Porina 300–302, 317 Pseudotulostoma 129, 254 Resinomycena 388
Pichia 96, 98, 99, 100, 223 Porodaedalea 406 Pseudozasmidium 235 Resupinatus 392
Picipes 414 Porodisculus 394 Pseudozyma 369 Reticularia 423
Pilatoporus 408 Porogramme 414 Psilachnum 322 Rexia 265
Pilobolus 218 Poronia 68, 347 Psilocybe 153, 159, 381, 382, Rhabdodiscus 314, 436
Pilocintractia 369 Porostereum 410 454 Rhabdospora 235
Piloderma 398 Porphyrellus 157, 399 Psilolechia 280 Rhachomyces 255
Pilophorus 265 Porpidia 285, 435 Psiloparmelia 276 Rhagadostomella 327
Piskurozyma 371 Preussia 240 Psoroglaena 250 Rhinocladiella 248
Pisolithus 400, 453 Prillieuxina 232 Psoroma 289, 436 Rhinotrichella 350
Pithyella 320 Proliferodiscus 321 Pterula 393 Rhizina 436
Placoasterina 232 Pronectria 329 Pterulicium 393 Rhizocarpon 293, 294, 436

INDEX OF GENERA
Rhizochaete 410, 454 Scedosporium 340 Sphaerophragmium 365 Syncesia 230

Rhizoctonia 143, 171, 402 Schaereria 317 Sphaerosporium 325 Synchytrium 108, 216
Rhizoglomus 221 Schiffnerula 246 Sphaerostilbella 331 Szczawinskia 263
Rhizomucor 217 Schismatomma 230 Sphaerulina 235
Rhizophagus 155, 221 Schizophyllum 47, 122, 123, Sphenospora 364 T
Rhizopogon 400 158, 394, 455 Spirographa 315 Taeniolella 236
Rhizopus 108, 218 Schizopora 407 Spirotremesporites 420 Talaromyces 39, 107, 253
Rhodocollybia 390 Schizosaccharomyces 225 Sporisorium 107, 114, 117, 369 Tapellaria 263
Rhodocybe 377 Schizoxylon 315 Sporophagomyces 331 Tapesia 321
Rhodofomitopsis 408 Schwanniomyces 223 Sporopodium 262 Taphrina 225
Rhodophana 377, 454 Sclerococcum 265 Sporothrix 37, 327 Tatraea 320
Rhodosporidiobolus 351 Scleroderma 48, 138, 142, Sprucidea 268 Tausonia 370
Rhodotorula 48, 98, 99, 107, 400, 455 Stachybotrys 339 Telimena 343
351, 352 Sclerophora 231 Stachylidium 351 Telimenochora 343
Rhopographus 247 Sclerophyton 229 Stagonospora 238 Teloschistes 295
Rhynchogastrema 371 Sclerotinia 170, 323 Stagonosporopsis 237 Tephromela 285, 437
Rhytidhysteron 44, 48, 242 Sclerotium 143 Staheliomyces 10, 402 Termitomyces 60
Rickenella 406 Scolecostigmina 236 Stalgilomyces 455 Terriera 324
Rigidoporus 409, 455 Scorias 232 Starmerella 225 Testicularia 369
Rinodina 260 Scutellinia 325, 437 Steccherinum 415 Tetracladium 323
Ripartitella 397 Scutellospora 108, 171, 220 Stegobolus 315 Tetragoniomyces 371
Robillarda 347 Scutisporus 350 Stemonitis 422 Tetramelas 258
Robledia 241 Scutula 262 Stemphylium 143, 240 Tetraploa 240
Roccella 230 Scytalidium 323 Stenella 236 Tetrapyrgos 386
Rogellia 302 Scythioria 295 Stenocarpella 327 Thalassogena 340
Rolueckia 298 Scytinopogon 419 Stephanonectria 329 Thalloloma 315
Rosellinia 347 Scytinostroma 416 Stereocaulon 36, 79, 82, 284, Thamnogalla 319
Roselliniella 344 Sebacina 418 285, 437 Thamnolia 316, 208, 438
Rosellinula 247 Sedecimiella 350 Stereopsis 418, 455 Thamnomyces 347
Rosisphaerella 235 Septobasidium 368 Stereum 418, 456 Thecaphora 118, 370
Rostania 288 Septoglomus 222 Sticta 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 121, Thecotheus 325
Roumegueria 247 Septoria235 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, Thekopsora 364
Rubrotricha 298 Septotrapelia 262 133, 174, 180, 181, 191, Thelephora 419, 456
Rugiboletus 399 Setophoma 238 192, 291–293, 437 Thelonectria 337
Rugosospora 374 Seynesia 345 Stictis 316 Thelotrema 315
Rusavskia 295, 436 Sieverdingia 219 Stigmatochroma 258, 437 Thozetella 341
Russula 127, 128, 129, 142, Similiphoma 237 Stigmidium 235 Tilletia 114, 118, 368
417, 418, 455 Simplicillium 331 Stilbella aleuriata 340 Tinctoporellus 414
Singerocomus 399 Stilbocrea 329 Tofispora 402
S Siphula 316, 437 Stiptophyllum 404 Tolypocladium 48, 71, 72, 74,
Saccharomyces 93, 98, 99, Sipmaniella 294 Stirtonia 228 339, 438
100, 157, 168, 223 Sistotrema 403, 404 Striadyadosporites 420, 421 Tolyposporella 368
Saccobolus 324 Sistotremastrum 419 Strigula 243, 437 Tomentella 419
Sacksenaea 108 Sistotremella 404 Strobilomyces 399, 456 Torrubiella 331
Sagenidiopsis 230 Skeletocutis 408 Stromatinia 323 Torula 240
Saitozyma 372 Skepperiella 397 Stromatographium 349 Torulaspora 223
Saksenaea 218 Skierka 364 Stropharia 394, 395 Trabutia 343
Salispina 424 Skyttea 318 Strossmayeria 323 Tracylla 351
Sanguinoderma 408 Solicoccozyma 96, 371 Stylonectria 337 Trametes 36, 48, 167, 168,
Sanguinotrema 314 Solitaria 295 Stypella 401 414, 425, 456
Saproamanita 375 Solorina 291 Suberoteratosphaeria 236 Tranzschelia 365
Saprochaete 222 Sonderhenia 236 Subulicystidium 419, 420 Trapelia 296
Sarcodon 128, 419, 455 Sordaria 344 Sugiyamaella 224 Trapeliopsis 296
Sarcographa 314, 436 Sparassis 415 Suillus 61, 400 Trechispora 419, 420
Sarcopodium 350 Sphacelotheca 351 Sulcopyrenula 250 Trematosphaeria 240
Sarocladium 339 Sphaerellopsis 238 Sulzbacheromyces 400 Tremella 60, 62, 371, 372, 457
Satchmopsis 323 Sphaerellothecium 235 Symbiotaphrina 349 Tremellogaster 399
Saturnispora 223 Sphaerodothis 343 Syncephalastrum 108, 218 Tremelloscypha 418

INDEX OF GENERA
Triangularia 344 Ustilaginoidella 337 Y

Trichaptum 407 Ustilago 60, 107, 114, 115, Yarrowia 222
Tricharia 298 117, 369, 370, 457 Yoshimuriella 48, 293, 439
Trichia 422 Uwebraunia 235 Ypsilospora 364
Trichocintractia 369 Uwemyces 235
Trichocladium 344 Z
Trichoderma 39, 68, 107, V Zasmidium 235, 236
143, 155, 157, 170, 171, Vainionora 267 Zevadia 351
331–333 Valsa 326 Zoophthora 216
Trichodochium 351 Vanrija 96, 372 Zwackhia 228
Trichoglossum 72, 255 Vararia 416 Zygosaccharomyces 223
Tricholoma 395, 457 Varicellaria 317 Zymoseptoria 247
Tricholomopsis 397 Varicosporium 319
Trichomerium 248 Variospora 295
Trichomonascus 224 Verrucaria 250
Trichonectria 329 Verticillium 328
Trichophyton 254 Vestergrenia 236
Trichosporon 372 Vezdaea 349
Trichothelium 301, 302 Vibrissea 323
Triporisporites 421 Vishniacozyma 371
Tripospermum 232 Vizella 236
Triscelophorus 351 Volutella 337
Trogia 397, 457 Volutellonectria 337
Tropicoporus 406 Volvariella 393, 457
Trullella 415
Truncatella 345 W
Truncospora 415, 457 Waitea 404
Trypethelium 246, 438 Wardomyces 340
Tuber 72, 325 Wickerhamiella 224
Tubeufia 241 Wickerhamomyces 98, 224
Tubifera 423 Wilcoxina 325
Tubulicium 420 Willeya 250
Tubulicrinis 406 Wilsoniana 423
Tulasnella 143, 404 Wirthiotrema 315
Tylophorella 230 Wojnowiciella 238
Tylophoron 228, 438
Tylopilus 61, 180, 399, 457 X
Typhula 395 Xanthoconium 399
Tyromyces 408 Xanthonectria 329
Xanthoparmelia 279, 280, 439
U Xanthoria 78, 295
Uleodothis 241 Xenasma 415
Umbelopsis 218 Xenasmatella 415
Umbilicaria 318, 438 Xenoacremonium 337
Uncol 116, 365 Xenocylindrocladium 337
Unguiculariopsis 319 Xenonectriella 337
Unilacryma 60 Xenosporium 241
Uredendo 354 Xepicula 351
Uredinopsis 364 Xerocomellus 399, 457
Uredo 366–368 Xerocomus 399
Urocystis 370 Xeromphalina 388
Uromyces 114, 116, 117, 362, Xerula 391
363 Xylaria 68, 71, 72, 73, 143,
Uropyxis 365 167, 168, 170, 347–349,
Usnea 82, 83, 178, 277–279, 439
438, 439 Xylobolus 418
Ustanciosporium 369 Xylobotryum 71, 349
Ustilaginoidea 330 Xylodon 407, 457

Leptogidium dendriscum
[Robert Lücking]
Alphabetical List of Synonyms
Synonym Accepted Name Synonym Accepted Name

Abortiporus fractipes (Berk. & M.A. Loweomyces fractipes (Berk. & Amparoina spinosissima (Singer) Mycena spinosissima (Singer)
Curtis) Bondartsev M.A. Curtis) Jülich Singer Desjardin
Abundisporus roseoalbus (Jungh.) Truncospora roseoalba (Jungh.) Amphiloma gossypinum (Mont.) Nyl. Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.)
Ryvarden Zmitr. Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.
Ekman
Acaromyces ingoldii Boekhout, Acaromyces ingoldii Boekhout,
Scorzetti, Gerson & Sztejnb. Scorzetti, Gerson & Sztejnb. ex Ampliotrema auratum (Tuck.) Kalb Ampliotrema auratum (Tuck.) Kalb
Denchev & T. Denchev
Anaptychia barbifera (Nyl.) Trevis. Heterodermia barbifera (Nyl.) Kr.P.
Acarospora nigromarginata B. de Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta Singh
Lesd.
Anaptychia casarettiana A. Massal. Polyblastidium casarettianum (A.
Acarospora xanthophana (Nyl.) Acarospora congregata K. Knudsen Massal.) Kalb
Jatta & Flakus
Anaptychia comosa (Eschw.) A. Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.)
Acaulospora appendicula Spain, Ambispora appendicula (Spain, Massal. Follmann & Redón
Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck) C. Walker
Anaptychia corallophora (Taylor) Polyblastidium corallophorum
Acaulospora myriocarpa Spain, Archaeospora myriocarpa (Spain, Vain. (Taylor) Kalb
Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck) Oehl,
G.A. Silva, B.T. Goto & Sieverd. Anaptychia flabellata var. flabellata Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D.
(Fée) A. Massal. Awasthi
Aecidium capsici F. Kern & Whetzel Puccinia capsicicola F. Kern &
Thurst. Anaptychia fulvescens var. Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D.
fulvescens (Vain.) Kurok. Awasthi
Aecidium cordiicola Pardo-Card. Puccinia cordiicola Pardo-Card.
Anaptychia leucomela f. albociliata Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb
Aecidium emmeorhizae Pardo-Card. Uromyces emmeorhizae Syd. Hue
Aecidium jericosensis Pardo-Card. Puccinia jericosensis Pardo-Card. Anaptychia leucomelaena (L.) Vain. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb
Aeciure ancizari Salazar-Yepes & Puccinia ancizari Mayor Anaptychia leucomelaena f. Leucodermia lutescens (Kurok.)
Buriticá hypoxantha (Tuck.) Hillmann Kalb
Agaricus focalis Fr. Tricholoma focale (Fr.) Ricken Anaptychia leucomelaena var. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb
Agaricus umbilicatus Hook. Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fr. angustifolia (Meyen & Flot.) Müll.
Arg.
Agonimia papillata (O.E. Erikss.) Flakea papillata O.E. Erikss.
Diederich & Aptroot Anaptychia lutescens Kurok. Leucodermia lutescens (Kurok.)
Kalb
Alectoria loxensis var. atroalbicans Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Zukal
Nyl. Anaptychia neoleucomelaena Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb
Kurok.
Allographa pachygrapha (Nyl.) Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.)
Lücking & Kalb Kalb, Staiger & Elix Anaptychia obscurata (Nyl.) Vain. Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.)
Trevis.
Amandinea insperata (Nyl.) H. Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb &
Mayrhofer & Ropin Giralt Anaptychia obscurata var. sorediata Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.)
(Nyl.) Trevis.
Amanita flavoconia var. inquinata Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk.
Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling Anaptychia ophioglossa f. albociliata Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb
(Nyl.) Kurok.
Amanita flavoconia var. sinapicolor Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk.
Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling Anaptychia podocarpa (Bél.) A. Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D.
Massal. Awasthi
Amanita rubescens Pers. var. Amanita rubescens Pers.
rubescens Anaptychia speciosa (Wulfen) A. Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen)
Massal. Trevis.
Amanita savannae Tulloss & Saproamanita savannae (Tulloss
Franco-Mol. & Franco-Mol.) Redhead, Vizzini, Anaptychia subcomosa (Nyl.) Trevis. Heterodermia subcomosa (Nyl.) Elix
Drehmel & Contu
Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. & Amniculicola longissima (Sacc. & P.
Amauroderma rude (Berk.) Torrend Sanguinoderma rude (Berk.) Y.F. P. Syd.) Ingold Syd.) Nadeeshan & K.D. Hyde
Sun, D.H. Costa & B.K. Cui
Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) Y.M. Annulohypoxylon stygium (Lév.) Y.M.
Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont. Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh var. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh
& Berk.) Torrend f. schomburgkii & Berk.) Torrend stygium
Amauroderma sprucei (Pat.) Torrend Foraminispora rugosa (Berk.) Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum
Costa-Rezende, Drechsler-Santos (Lév.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. (Lév.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M.
& Robledo Hsieh var. thouarsianum Hsieh

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SYNONYMS

Anthracothecium duplicans (Nyl.) Pyrenula duplicans (Nyl.) Aptroot Arthrorhaphis citrinella var. alpina Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R.
Müll. Arg. (Schaer.) Poelt Sant.
Anthracothecium ochraceoflavum Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Ascidium cinchonarum f. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Harris intermedium Nyl.
Anthracothecium opertum (Nyl.) Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot Ascidium cinchonarum Fée Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Müll. Arg.
Ascidium discolor (Ach.) Nyl. Ampliotrema discolor (Ach.) Kalb
Anthracothecium pyrenuloides Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C.
Ascidium discolor var. Ampliotrema discolor (Ach.) Kalb
(Mont.) Müll. Arg. Harris
dodecamerum Nyl.
Anzia phalachrocheila Vain. Anzia parasitica (Fée) Zahlbr.
Ascidium domingense (Fée) Nyl. Ocellularia domingensis (Fée ex
Anzia taeniata (Nyl.) Stizenb. Anzia parasitica (Fée) Zahlbr. Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Areolospora terrophila S.C. Jong & Phaeosporis melasperma (Nyl.) Ascidium postpositum Nyl. Ocellularia postposita (Nyl.) Frisch
E.E. Davis Clem.
Ascidium rhabdosporum Nyl. Ocellularia rhabdospora (Nyl.)
Arthonia aleurocarpa Nyl. Cryptothecia aleurocarpa (Nyl.) Redinger
Makhija & Patw.
Ascidium xanthostroma Hue Ocellularia xanthostroma (Nyl.)
Arthonia astroidea Ach. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. Zahlbr.
Arthonia calamicola (Syd.) R. Sant. Eremothecella calamicola Syd. & Asterinella antioquensis Toro Asterina antioquensis (Toro) Garcés
P. Syd.
Astrothelium confusum Müll. Arg. Astrothelium crassum (Fée) Aptroot
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. Coniocarpon cinnabarinum DC.
Astrothelium galbineum Kremp. Astrothelium macrocarpum (Fée)
Arthonia cinnabarina var. adspersa Arthonia adspersa (Mont.) Kremp. Aptroot & Lücking
(Mont.) Nyl.
Astrothelium pyrenastrosulphureum Astrothelium sulphureum (Eschw.)
Arthonia lobariellae Etayo Bryostigma lobariellae (Etayo) S.Y. Aptroot & Lücking Nyl.
Kondr. & Hur
Astrothelium septicollare (Eschw.) Pyrenula septicollaris (Eschw.) R.C.
Arthonia polygramma f. denudata Arthonia polygramma Nyl. Leight. Harris
Nyl.
Atelosaccharomyces hudeloi Beurm. Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf)
Arthonia radiata f. astroidea (Ach.) Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. & Gougerot Lodder & Kreger-van Rij
Ach.
Aurantiopileus mayaensis Ginns, Aurantiporus mayaensis (Ginns,
Arthonia rubella var. confluens Nyl. Arthonia rubella (Fée) Nyl. D.L. Lindner & T.J. Baroni D.L. Lindner & T.J. Baroni) Zmitr.
Arthonia scriblitella Nyl. Cryptothecia scriblitella (Nyl.) Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. Auricularia nigricans (Sw.) Birkebak,
Makhija & Patw. Looney & Sánchez-García
Arthonia varia var. antillarum (Fée) Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. Bacidia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda
Nyl.
Bacidia auerswaldii (Hepp ex Scutula effusa (Auersw. ex
Arthopyrenia catapasta (Nyl.) Müll. Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) Stizenb.) Mig. Rabenh.) Kistenich, Timdal,
Arg. R.C. Harris Bendiksby & S. Ekman
Arthopyrenia contendens (Nyl.) Polymeridium contendens (Nyl.) R.C. Bacidia brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) Brasilicia brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.)
Müll. Arg. Harris Zahlbr. Lücking, Kalb & Sérus.
Arthopyrenia subprostans (Nyl.) Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.) Bacidia dominicana (Vain.) Zahlbr. Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.)
Müll. Arg. R.C. Harris Vězda
Arthothelium aleurocarpum (Nyl.) Cryptothecia aleurocarpa (Nyl.) Bacidia endoleuca (Nyl.) J. Kickx f. Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby)
Zahlbr. Makhija & Patw. Zahlbr.
Arthothelium ambiguellum (Nyl.) Arthonia ambiguella Nyl. Bacidia fragilis Vězda Fellhanera fragilis (Vězda) Lücking
Müll. Arg. & Kalb
Arthothelium cyrtodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Arthonia cyrtodes Nyl. Bacidia fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.)
Arthothelium macrothecum (Fée) A. Arthonia macrotheca Fée Zahlbr. Vězda
Massal. Bacidia incompta (Hook.) Anzi Bellicidia incompta (Borrer)
Arthothelium macrothecum (Fée) Arthonia macrotheca Fée Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.
Müll. Arg. Ekman
Arthothelium nephelinum (Nyl.) Arthonia nephelina Nyl. Bacidia medialis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Bacidina medialis (Tuck.) Kistenich,
Zahlbr. Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman
Arthothelium scriblitellum (Nyl.) Cryptothecia scriblitella (Nyl.) Bacidia millegrana var. Bacidia neofusconigrescens Lücking
Zahlbr. Makhija & Patw. fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Arthothelium taediosum (Nyl.) Müll. Arthonia taediosa Nyl. Bacidia millegrana var. suffusa Bacidia suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid.
Arg. (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Arthothelium xanthocarpum (Nyl.) Arthonia xanthocarpa Nyl. Bacidia pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.) Bacidina pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.)
Müll. Arg. Zahlbr. Vězda
Arthothelium xanthocarpum (Nyl.) Arthonia xanthocarpa Nyl. Bacidia palmularis (Müll. Arg.) Bapalmuia palmularis (Müll. Arg.)
Zahlbr Zahlbr. Sérus.


Bacidia pauciseptata R. Sant. Fellhanera pauciseptata (R. Sant.) Bogoriella miculiformis (Nyl. ex Pseudobogoriella miculiformis (Müll.
Lücking Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking Arg.) Lücking, R. Miranda & Aptroot
Bacidia psychotriae (Müll. Arg.) Eugeniella psychotriae (Müll. Arg.) Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers.) Fr. Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr.
Zahlbr. Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb Boletellus ananas var. minor Singer Boletellus coccineus (Sacc.) Singer
Bacidia rhapidophylli (Rehm) Zahlbr. Fellhanera rhaphidophylli (Rehm) Boletellus russellii (Frost) E.-J. Aureoboletus russellii (Frost) G. Wu
Vězda Gilbert & Zhu L. Yang
Bacidia stanhopeae (Müll. Arg.) Fellhanera stanhopeae (Müll. Arg.) Boletus atkinsonianus (Murrill) Pulveroboletus atkinsonianus
Zahlbr. Lücking, Lumbsch & Elix Sacc. & Trotter (Murrill) L.D. Gómez
Bacidia trachona (Flot.) Lettau Aquacidia trachona (Ach.) Aptroot Boletus auriporus Peck Aureoboletus auriporus (Peck)
Bacidiopsora squamulosula (Nyl.) Bacidia squamulosula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Pouzar
Kalb Boletus fibrosus Hook. Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr.
Badimia newtoniana (Henriq.) Vězda Eugeniella newtoniana (Henriq.) Boletus orquidianus Halling Xerocomus orquidianus (Halling)
Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb L.D. Gómez
Baeomyces absolutus Tuck. Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb & Boletus pavonius Hook. Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden
Gierl
Boletus pseudorubinellus A.H. Sm. Chalciporus pseudorubinellus (A.H.
Baeomyces columbiana Vain. Dibaeis columbiana (Vain.) Kalb & & Thiers Sm. & Thiers) L.D. Gómez
Gierl
Boletus pulverulentus Opat. Cyanoboletus pulverulentus (Opat.)
Baeomyces fungoides (Sw.) Ach. Dibaeis fungoides (Sw.) Kalb & Gierl Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini
Baeomyces imbricatus Hook. Phyllobaeis imbricata (Hook.) Kalb Boletus reticulatus Hook. Pseudofavolus tenuis (Fr.) G. Cunn.
& Gierl Boletus subtomentosus J.A. Palmer Xerocomus subtomentosus (L.)
Baeomyces imbricatus var. Phyllobaeis erythrella (Mont.) Kalb Quél.
erythrellus (Mont.) Vries Boletus subtomentosus L. Xerocomus subtomentosus (L.)
Baeomyces imbricatus var. Phyllobaeis imbricata (Hook.) Kalb Quél.
glaucescens Nyl. & Gierl Boletus tenuis Hook. Pseudofavolus tenuis (Fr.) G. Cunn.
Baeomyces imbricatus var. Phyllobaeis imbricata (Hook.) Kalb Boletus truncatus (Singer, Snell & Xerocomellus truncatus (Singer,
imbricatus Vries & Sipman & Gierl E.A. Dick) Pouzar Snell & E.A. Dick) Klofac
Baeomyces imbricatus var. linearis Phyllobaeis linearis (B.G. de Vries) Borrera flavicans Ach. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
De Vries V. Marcano & Sipman
Botrydina aurantiaca Redhead & Lichenomphalia aurantiaca
Bagnisiopsis miconiicola Garcés Coccodiella miconiicola (Garcés) I. Kuyper (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead,
Hino & Katum. Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Bathelium degenerans (Vain.) R.C. Astrothelium degenerans (Vain.) Botrydina lobata Redhead & Kuyper Lichenomphalia lobata (Redhead
Harris Aptroot & Lücking & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni,
Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Bathelium feei (Meissn.) Aptroot Astrothelium feei (C.F.W. Meissn.)
Aptroot & Lücking Botryobasidium botryoideum Botryobasidium pruinatum (Bres.)
(Overh.) Parmasto J. Erikss.
Biatora cuyabensis (Malme) S.Y. Phyllopsora cuyabensis (Malme)
Kondr. Zahlbr. Botryohypochnus isabellinus (Fr.) J. Botryobasidium isabellinum (Fr.)
Erikss. D.P. Rogers
Biatora pyrrhomelaena Tuck. Phyllopsora pyrrhomelaena (Tuck.)
Swinscow & Krog Botryohypochnus scaberelus Tofispora scaberula (Hjortstam &
Hjortstam & Ryvarden Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Biatorella conspersa (Fée) Vain. Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafellner
Botryohypochnus scaberulus Tofispora scaberula (Hjortstam &
Bilimbia sublecanorina (Nyl.) Fellhanera sublecanorina (Nyl.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Szatala Vězda
Botryohypochnus verrucisporus Botryobasidium verrucisporum
Bilimbia tricholoma (Mont.) Fink Byssoloma tricholomum (Mont.) Burds. & Gilb. (Burds. & Gilb.) G. Langer
Zahlbr.
Bottaria ochraceoflava (Nyl.) Vain. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C.
Bipolaris cactivora (Petr.) Alcorn Curvularia cactivora (Petr.) Y. Marín Harris
& Crous
Bottaria ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) Vain. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C.
Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Harris
Not.) Kuntze var. mediterranea Not.) Kuntze
Bovista abyssinica Mont. Lycoperdon abyssinicum (Mont.)
Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf & Calycina citrina (Hedw.) Gray Dring
S.E. Carp.
Bovista dermoxantha (Vittad.) De Lycoperdon dermoxanthum Vittad.
Bisporella discedens (P. Karst.) S.E. Calycina claroflava (Grev.) Kuntze Toni
Cam.
Brevicellicium allantosporum Brevicellopsis allantospora
Bisporella discedens (P. Karst.) S.E. Calycina claroflava (Grev.) Kuntze Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Hjortstam
Carp. & Ryvarden
Bisporella sulfurina (Quél.) S.E. Calycina sulfurina (Quél.) Kuntze Buellia aethalea var. aethaleoides Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr.
Carp. (Nyl.) Grummann


Buellia coccinea (Fée) Aptroot Gassicurtia coccinea Fée Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup, Frödén
& Søchting
Buellia gerontoides (Stirt.) Imshaug Stigmatochroma gerontoides (Stirt.)
Marbach Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin Calogaya saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrák
Buellia glaziouana var. sensitiva Buellia mamillana (Tuck.) W.A. Caloplaca stellata Wetmore & Polycauliona stellata (Wetmore &
(Zahlbr.) Imshaug Weber Kärnefelt Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
Buellia lauricassiae (Fée) Müll. Arg. Cratiria lauri-cassiae (Fée) Marbach Caloplaca xanthostigmoidea Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea
(Räsänen) Zahlbr. (Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Buellia modesta (Kremp.) Müll. Arg. Cratiria americana (Fée) Kalb &
Marbach Camarophyllus buccinulus (Speg.) Hygrophorus buccinulus (Speg.)
Pegler Dennis
Buellia posthabita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Rinodina posthabita (Nyl.) Aptroot
Candelaria concolor f. substellata Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold
Buellia sensitiva Zahlbr. Buellia glaziouana (Kremp.) Müll. Nyl.
Arg.
Candida azyma Van der Walt, Wickerhamiella azyma (Van der
Bulbothrix subinflata (Hale) Hale Parmelinopsis subinflata (Hale) Johannsen & Yarrow Walt, Johannsen & Yarrow) C. Vega
Benatti & Marcelli & Lachance
Byssocaulon molle (Sw.) Nyl. Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.) Candida chiropterorum Grose & Blastobotrys chiropterorum (Grose
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Marink. & Marink.) Kurtzman & Robnett
Ekman
Candida kunwiensis S.G. Hong, Metschnikowia kunwiensis (S.G.
Byssoloma aeruginascens Vězda Byssoloma guttiferae (Bat. & Peres) Bae, M. Herzberg, Titze & Hong, Bae, M. Herzberg, Titze &
Lücking & Sérus. Lachance Lachance) Brysch-Herzb.
Byssoloma wettsteinii (Zahlbr.) Eugeniella leucocheila (Tuck.) Candida natalensis Van der Walt & Kurtzmaniella natalensis (Van der
Zahlbr. Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb Tscheuschner Walt & Tscheuschner) C.A. Rosa,
Byssophoropsis undulata (Fée) Sagenidiopsis undulata (Fée) Egea, Casareg. & Lachance
Tehler Tehler, Torrente & Sipman Candida norvegensis Dietrichson ex Pichia norvegensis Leask & Yarrow
Caeoma ancizari Salazar-Yepes & Puccinia ancizari Mayor Uden & Farinha
Buriticá Candida pararugosa Nakase, Wickerhamiella pararugosa
Caeoma fusagasugense Salazar- Puccinia fusagasugensis Salazar- Komag. & Fukaz. (Nakase, Komag. & Fukaz.) de Vega
Yepes & Buriticá Yepes & Buriticá & Lachance
Calenia conspersa (Stirt.) R. Sant. Rolueckia conspersa (Stirt.) Candida parazyma Lachance Wickerhamiella parazyma
Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr. (Lachance) C. Vega & Lachance
Calenia laevigata Müll. Arg. Caleniopsis laevigata (Müll. Arg.) Candida rugosa (H.W. Anderson) Diutina rugosa (H.W. Anderson)
Vězda & Poelt Diddens & Lodder Khunnamw., Jindam., Limtong &
Lachance
Calenia submaculans R. Sant. Calenia triseptata Zahlbr.
Candida sergipensis R.C. Trindade, Wickerhamiella sergipiensis (R.C.
Caleniopsis conspersa (Stirt.) Rolueckia conspersa (Stirt.) M.A. Resende, Lachance & C.A. Trindade, M.A. Resende, Lachance
Lücking et al. Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr. Rosa & C.A. Rosa) C. Vega & Lachance
Calicium curtum Turn. & Borr. Calicium abietinum Pers. Canomaculina muelleri (Vain.) Elix Parmotrema muelleri (Vain.) O.
Calicium subquercinum auct. non Calicium lenticulare Ach. & Hale Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix &
Asahina Lumbsch
Callopisma conjugens (Nyl.) Müll. Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.)
Arg. Elix Hale
Calopeltis tetraspora Toro Caribaeomyces tetrasporus (Toro) Canoparmelia carneopruinata Crespoa carneopruinata (Zahlbr.)
Cif. (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale Lendemer & B.P. Hodk.
Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. Brownliella cinnabarina (Ach.) S.Y. Canoparmelia salacinifera (Hale) Parmelinella salacinifera (Hale)
Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, Elix & Hale Marcelli & Benatti
Jung Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur Cantharellus lateritius var. Cantharellus lateritius (Berk.) Singer
Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Flavoplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Arup, colombianus R.H. Petersen
Frödén & Søchting Catacauma macroloculatum Phyllachora macroloculata Chardón
Caloplaca conjugens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Caloplaca erythrantha (Tuck.) Chardón
Zahlbr. Catillaria endochroma (Fée) Zahlbr. Catillochroma endochromum (Fée)
Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Caloplaca erythrantha (Tuck.) Kalb
Zahlbr. Catinaria versicolor (Fée) Sipman Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb &
Caloplaca diducta f. albicans (Nyl.) Caloplaca diducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Hafellner
Zahlbr. Cercospora aciotidis Chupp Pseudocercospora aciotidis (Chupp)
U. Braun & Crous
Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulf.) Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen)
D.T.& Sarnth. Søchting, Frödén & Arup Cercospora ambrosiae Chupp Passalora ambrosiae (Chupp) Crous
& U. Braun
Caloplaca pollinii (A. Massal.) Jatta Huneckia pollinii (A. Massal.) S.Y.
Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, Cercospora coriariae Chupp Pseudocercospora coriariae (Chupp)
Jung Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo


Cercospora cornifoliae Chupp Passalora cornifoliae (Chupp) U. Chapsa platycarpella (Vain.) Astrochapsa platycarpella (Vain.)
Braun & Crous A.Frisch Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch
Cercospora hemidiodiae Toro Pseudocercospora hemidiodiae Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Asteristion platycarpoides (Tuck.) I.
(Toro) Deighton Breuss & Lücking Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Cercospora lantanicola Chupp Pseudocercosporella lantanicola Chapsa pseudoschizostoma (Hale) Pseudochapsa pseudoschizostoma
(Chupp) U. Braun & Crous Sipman (Hale) Parnmen, Lücking &
Lumbsch
Cercospora liabi Syd. & P. Syd. Passalora liabi (Syd. & P. Syd.) U.
Braun & Crous Chapsa referta (Hale) Lücking Ocellularia referta Hale
Cercospora miconiicola Chupp Pseudocercospora miconiicola Chiodecton decussans Nyl. Syncesia decussans (Nyl.) Tehler
(Chupp) U. Braun & Crous Chiodecton depressum Fée Syncesia depressa (Fée) Tehler
Cercospora polymniae Chupp Pseudocercospora polymniae Chiodecton dilatatum (Nyl.) Vain. Sagenidiopsis undulata (Fée) Egea,
(Chupp) U. Braun & Crous Tehler, Torrente & Sipman
Cercospora ulmifoliae Obreg.-Bot. Pseudocercospora ulmifoliae Chiodecton effusum Fée Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
(Obreg.-Bot.) U. Braun & Crous Chiodecton extenuatum (Nyl.) Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.)
Cerrena caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. & Zahlbr. Sparrius
Malysheva Chiodecton farinaceum var. Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
Cetraria islandica subsp. Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. subfibrillosum Nyl.
crispiformis (Räsänen) Kärnefelt Chiodecton leptostictum (Nyl.) Mazosia leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius
Cetraria islandica subsp. islandica Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Zahlbr.
(L.) Ach. Chiodecton meratii Fée Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
Cetraria laureri Kremp. Nephromopsis laureri (Kremp.) Chiodecton perplexum Nyl. Syncesia graphica (Fr.) Tehler
Kurok.
Chiodecton perplexum var. caesium Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
Cetraria tenuifolia var. columbiana Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt Nyl.
Räsänen Chiodecton perplexum var. pelinum Syncesia graphica (Fr.) Tehler
Cetraria tenuissima L. Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. Nyl.
Cetrariastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) W.L. Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar, Chiodecton perplexum var. Syncesia effusa (Fée) Tehler
Culb. & C.F. Culb. A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch subfibrosum auct. non Nyl.
Cetrariastrum columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hypotrachyna columbiensis (Zahlbr.) Chiodecton pterophorum Nyl. Syncesia decussans (Nyl.) Tehler
W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Chiodecton rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.)
Lumbsch Nyl. Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Cetrariastrum dubitans Sipman Hypotrachyna dubitans (Sipman) Chiodecton sanguineum (Sw.) Vain. Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.)
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Lumbsch
Chiodecton separatum Nyl. Sclerophyton syncesioides Sparrius
Cetrariastrum equadoriense (R. Hypotrachyna ecuadorensis (R. Chiodecton seriale Ach. Sclerophyton seriale (Ach.) Sparrius
Sant.) Sipman Sant.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman,
Elix & Lumbsch Chrysoporthella hodgesiana Chrysoporthe hodgesiana Gryzenh.
Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. & M.J. Wingf. ex Chungu, Gryzenh.
Cetrariastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) Hypotrachyna sorocheila (Vain.) & M.J. Wingf.
W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch Chytridium schenkii var. dumontii Chytridium schenkii (P.A. Dang.)
Dogma Scherff.
Cetrariastrum vexans Zahlbr. ex Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex
W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Cintractia occulta Mol.-Val. Kuntzeomyces ustilaginoideus
Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch (Henn.) Sacc. & P. Syd.
Chaenocarpus melanurus Lév. Xylaria melanura (Lév.) Sacc. Cintractia pannucea Liro Anthracoidea pannucea (Liro) Vánky
Cintractia vesiculata Mol.-Val. Ustanciosporium standleyanum
Chaenotheca carthusiae (Harm.) Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.) Müll.
(Zundel) M. Piepenbr.
Lettau Arg.
Cladia fuliginosa Filson Rexiella fuliginosa (Filson) S.
Chaetomium murorum Corda Botryotrichum murorum (Corda)
Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas and Ahti
X.Wei Wang & Samson
Cladina arbuscula subsp. boliviana Cladonia boliviana Ahti
Chaetostigmella meliolinae Toro Phaeodimeriella meliolinae (Toro) (Ahti) Ahti
Toro
Cladina arcuata (Ahti) Ahti & Cladonia arcuata Ahti
Chapsa albomaculata (Sipman) Pseudochapsa albomaculata Follmann
Sipman & Lücking (Sipman) Parnmen, Lücking &
Lumbsch Cladina boliviana (Ahti) Ahti Cladonia boliviana Ahti
Chapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Kalb Pseudochapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Cladina confusa (R. Sant.) Follmann Cladonia confusa R. Sant.
Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch & Ahti
Chapsa phlyctidioides (Müll. Arg.) Pseudochapsa phlyctidioides (Müll. Cladina halei Ahti Cladonia halei (Ahti) Ahti & DePriest
Mangold Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch Cladina peltastica Nyl. Cladonia peltastica (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.


Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. Cladonia rangiferina var. abbayesii Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Ahti
Cladina rotundata (Ahti) Ahti Cladonia rotundata Ahti
Cladonia rangiferina var. filiformis Cladonia sprucei Ahti
Cladina sprucei (Ahti) Ahti Cladonia sprucei Ahti
Eschw.
Cladina sylvatica var. silvestris Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
Cladonia squamosa var. denticollis Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
(Oed.)
(Hoffm.) Flörke
Cladonia aggregata (Sw.) Eschw. Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Cladonia stenophyllodes (Vain.) Cladonia corymbites Nyl.
Cladonia alpicola (Flot.) Vain. Cladonia dactylota Tuck. Sandst.
Cladonia bacillaris var. squamigera Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. Cladonia subsquamosa f. attenuata Cladonia granulosa (Vain.) Ahti
Vain. Vain.
Cladonia coccifera f. stemmatina Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. Cladonia subsquamosa var. Cladonia granulosa (Vain.) Ahti
Ach. granulosa Vain.
Cladonia corallifera var. kunzeana Cladonia corallifera (Kunze) Nyl. Cladonia sylvatica f. laxiuscula Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
Vain. Delise
Cladonia cornucopioides f. pleurota Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer. Cladonia sylvatica var. sylvestris Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
auct. non Flörke Oed.
Cladonia degenerans var. muricella Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. Cladonia verticillata var. filaris Müll. Cladonia isabellina Vain.
(Delise) Vain. Arg.
Cladonia degenerans var. squamosa Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. Cladonia vicaria f. divaricata Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg.
f. multibrachiata Flörke Abbayes
Cladonia didyma var. muscigena Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. Cladonia vicaria f. gigantea auct. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg.
(Eschw.) Vain. non
Cladonia didyma var. vulcanica Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. Cladonia vulcanica f. isidioclada Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.
(Zoll. & Moritzi) Vain. (Mont. & Bosch) Abbayes
Cladonia dilleniana var. stenophylla Cladonia corymbites Nyl. Cladonia vulcanica Zoll. Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.
auct. non (Nyl.) Vain.
Clathrina aggregata var. straminea Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Cladonia fimbriata f. subulata (L.) Cladonia aleuropoda Vain. Müll. Arg.
Schaer.
Clathroporina endochrysea (C. Bab.) Porina endochrysea C. Bab.
Cladonia fimbriata var. ochrochlora Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke Müll. Arg.
(Flörke) Vain.
Clathroporina exocha (Nyl.) Müll. Porina exocha (Nyl.) P.M. McCarthy
Cladonia furcata var. hapalea f. Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. Arg.
implexa Flörke
Clathroporina mastoidea (Ach.) R.C. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Cladonia furcata var. pinnata Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. Harris
(Flörke) Vain.
Clavaria calocera G.W. Martin Lepidostroma calocerum (G.W.
Cladonia hypoxanthoides auct. non Cladonia meridensis Ahti & S. Martin) Oberw.
Vain. Stenroos
Clavaria calocera G.W.Martin Lepidostroma calocerum (G.W.
Cladonia macrophylla (Schaer.) Cladonia dactylota Tuck. Martin) Oberw.
Stenh.
Clavaria coronilla G.W. Martin Multiclavula coronilla (G.W. Martin)
Cladonia medusina (Bory) Nyl. Cladonia peltastica (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. R.H. Petersen
Cladonia merochlorophaea var. Cladonia novochlorophaea (Sipman) Clavaria mucida Fr. Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H.
novochlorophaea Sipman Brodo & Ahti Petersen
Cladonia miniata var. miniata G. Cladonia miniata G. Mey. Clavulinopsis coronilla (G.W. Martin) Multiclavula coronilla (G.W. Martin)
Mey. Corner R.H. Petersen
Cladonia miniata var. secundana Cladonia secundana Nyl. Clypeotrabutia medellinensis Phyllachora medellinensis (Chardón)
(Nyl.) Vain. Chardón Petr.
Cladonia mitrula subsp. Cladonia corymbites Nyl. Clypeotrabutia montserratis Phyllachora montserratis (Chardón)
stenophyllodes Vain. Chardón Petr.
Cladonia pityrea (Flörke) Fr. Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R. Coccocarpia aurantiaca (Hook. f. & Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Laundon Taylor) Mont. & Bosch Swinscow & Krog
Cladonia polia R. Sant. Cladonia confusa R. Sant. Coccocarpia ciliolata Mont. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Swinscow & Krog
Cladonia pycnoclada var. Cladonia confusa R. Sant.
exalbescens Vain. Coccocarpia cronia var. granulosa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
(Müll. Arg.) Vain. Swinscow & Krog
Cladonia pyxidata var. neglecta Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
auct. non (Flörke) A. Massal. Coccocarpia cronia var. isidiophylla Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.)
(Müll. Arg.) Vain. Arv. & D.J. Galloway
Cladonia rangiferina f. bicolor Müll. Cladonia confusa f. bicolor (Müll.
Arg. Arg.) Ahti & DePriest Coccocarpia incisa f. pellita (Sw.) Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg.


Coccocarpia incisa Pers. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Collema olivaceum Hook. Leptogium pseudolivaceum Lücking
Swinscow & Krog
Collema pycnocarpum auct. non Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.)
Coccocarpia incisa var. pellita (Ach.) Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Nyl. Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Nyl.
Collema pycnocarpum Nyl. Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.)
Coccocarpia microphyllina Lücking Coccocarpia microphyllina Lücking Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
& Aptroot & Aptroot
Collema pycnocarpum var. Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.)
Coccocarpia molybdea f. pellita Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. crassiusculum auct. non (Malme) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
(Ach.) Nyl. C.W. Dodge
Coccocarpia molybdea Pers. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Collybia aurea (Beeli) Pegler Tricholomopsis aurea (Beeli)
Swinscow & Krog Desjardin & B.A. Perry
Coccocarpia molybdea var. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Collybia dealbata (Berk. & M.A. Marasmiellus dealbatus (Berk. &
aurantiaca (Hook.f. & Taylor) Nyl. Swinscow & Krog Curtis) Dennis M.A. Curtis) Singer
Coccocarpia molybdea var. incisa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Collybia omphalodes (Berk.) Dennis Gymnopus omphalodes (Berk.)
(Pers.) Nyl. Swinscow & Krog Halling & J.L. Mata
Coccocarpia molybdea var. incisa f. Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Collybia plectophylla (Mont.) Singer Mycena plectophylla (Mont.) Dennis
pellita (Ach.) Nyl.
Collybia popayanica Halling Rhodocollybia popayanica (Halling)
Coccocarpia parmelioides (Hook.) Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Halling
Tuck. Swinscow & Krog
Collybia turpis Halling Rhodocollybia turpis (Halling)
Coccocarpia parmelioides var. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Halling
aurantiaca (Hook.f. & Taylor) Nyl. Swinscow & Krog
Colonnaria columnata (Bosc) E. Clathrus columnatus Bosc
Coccocarpia pellita var. granulosa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Fisch.
Müll. Arg. Swinscow & Krog
Conidiobolus thromboides Drechsler Neoconidiobolus thromboides
Coccocarpia pellita var. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) (Drechsler) B. Huang & Y. Nie
parmelioides (Hook.) Müll. Arg. Swinscow & Krog
Coprinus mexicanus Murrill Coprinopsis mexicana (Murrill)
Coccocarpia pellita var. strigosa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo
Müll. Arg. Swinscow & Krog
Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fr. Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.)
Coelomomyces reticulatus var. Coelomomyces reticulatus Couch & Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson
parvus Couch, R.C. Farr & W.K. A.J. Walker
Mora Cordyceps acridophila Sanjuan & Beauveria acridophila (Sanjuan &
Franco-Mol. Franco-Mol.) Sanjuan, B. Shrestha,
Coenogonium andinum Karst. Coenogonium confervoides Nyl. Kepler & Spatafora
Coenogonium confervoides var. Coenogonium confervoides Nyl. Cordyceps amazonica Henn. Paraisaria amazonica (Henn.)
arborum Nyl. Luangsa-ard, Mongkols. & Samson
Coenogonium flavicans (Vězda & Coenogonium geralense (Henn.) Cordyceps caloceroides Berk. & Ophiocordyceps caloceroides (Berk.
Farkas) Kalb & Lücking Lücking M.A. Curtis & M.A. Curtis) Petch
Collema burgesii (L.) Ach. Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. Cordyceps gracillima Kobayasi Ophiocordyceps gracillima
Collema callibotrys Tuck. Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Otálora, (Kobayasi) Sanjuan & Spatafora
P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Cordyceps submilitaris Henn. Nigelia martiale (Speg.) Luangsa-
Collema callibotrys var. Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Otálora, ard & Thanakitp.
coccophyllizum (Zahlbr.) Degel. P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Corethromyces latonae Thaxt. Mimeomyces latonae (Thaxt.)
Collema coccophyllizum Zahlbr. Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Otálora, Thaxt.
P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Coriolopsis aspera (Jungh.) Teng Funalia aspera (Jungh.) Zmitr. &
Collema coccophylloides Nyl. Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Otálora, Malysheva
P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Coriolopsis caperata (Berk.) Murrill Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. &
Collema conglomeratum Hoffm. Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.) Malysheva
Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Coriolopsis cirrhifer (Berk. & M.A. Trametes cirrhifer (Berk. & M.A.
Collema conglomeratum var. Enchylium conglomeratum (Hoffm.) Curtis) Murrill Curtis) Lloyd
corynesporum (Malme) Degel. Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin Coriolopsis floccosa (Jungh.) Funalia floccosa (Jungh.) Zmitr. &
Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. var. Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. Ryvarden Malysheva
glaucophthalmum Coriolus pavonius (Hook.) Murrill Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden
Collema glaucophthalmum var. Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. Cortinarius focalis (Fr.) M.M. Moser Tricholoma focale (Fr.) Ricken
granatense Hue
Coscinopeltella montalvoae Vestergrenia multipunctata (G.
Collema glaucophthalmum var. Collema implicatum Nyl.
Chardón Winter) Arx & E. Müll.
implicatum (Nyl.) Degel.
Cosmospora vilior (Starbäck) Pseudocosmospora vilior (Starbäck)
Collema implicatum Nyl. Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl.
Rossman & Samuels C.S. Herrera & P. Chaverri
Collema leptalaeum var. leptalaeum Collema leptaleum Tuck.
Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pers.) A.L. Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pat.) A.L.
Collema marginellum (Sw.) Räusch. Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) Gray Welden var. aurantiaca Welden


Cotylidia pusiola (Berk. & M.A. Cyphellostereum pusiolum (Berk. & Datronia mollis (Sommerf.) Donk Cerioporus mollis (Sommerf.) Zmitr.
Curtis) A.L. Welden M.A. Curtis) D.A. Reid & Kovalenko
Craterellus fallax A.H. Sm. Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. Datronia scutellata (Schwein.) Gilb. Cerioporus scutellatus (Schwein.)
& Ryvarden Zmitr.
Creographa brasiliensis A. Massal. Phaeographis brasiliensis (A.
Massal.) Kalb & Matthes-Leicht Deflexula sprucei (Mont.) Maas Pterulicium sprucei (Mont.) Leal-
Geest. Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff.
Crocicreas gemmisporum S.E. Carp. Helicogonium gemmisporum (S.E.
Carp.) Baral Dendrophora albobadia (Schwein.) Peniophora albobadia (Schwein.)
Chamuris Boidin
Crocynia gossypina (Sw.) A. Massal. Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.)
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Dendrothele cyathea (S. Ito & S. Leptocorticium cyatheae (S. Ito & S.
Ekman Imai) N. Maek. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Crocynia gossypina var. mollis (Sw.) Phyllopsora pyxinoides (Nyl.) Dendrothele cyatheae (S. Ito & S. Leptocorticium cyatheae (S. Ito & S.
Hue. Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Imai) N. Maek. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Ekman Dermocybe flavotomentosa M.M. Cortinarius flavotomentosus (M.M.
Crocynia pyxinoides Nyl. Phyllopsora pyxinoides (Nyl.) Moser Moser) G. Garnier
Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Diaporthe manihotis Punith. Phomopsis manihot (Speg.)
Ekman Chevaug.
Cryptothecia farkasiae Lücking Amazonomyces farkasiae (Lücking) Dichonema sericeum (Sw.) Mont. Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk.
Lücking, Sérus. & G. Thor
Dichostereum granulosum (Pers.) Hyphodontia granulosa (Pers.)
Cryptothecia filicina (Ellis & Everh.) Myriostigma filicinum (Ellis & Everh.) Boidin & Lanq. Bernicchia
Lücking & G. Thor Frisch & G. Thor
Dictyonema glabratum (Spreng.) D. Cora glabrata (Spreng.) Fr.
Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb.) Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Hawksw.
G. Thor Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Dictyonema hirsutum Moncada & Cora hirsuta (Moncada & Lücking)
Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb.) Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Lücking Moncada & Lücking
Thor Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor
Dictyonema melvinii Chaves et al. Corella melvinii (Chaves, Lücking
Cryptothelium diplocarpum (Nyl.) Astrothelium diplocarpum Nyl. & L. Umaña) Lücking, Dal-Forno &
Zahlbr. Lawrey
Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Cochliobolus geniculatus R.R. Dictyonema minus Lücking et al. Cora minor (Lücking, E. Navarro &
Earle) Boedijn Nelson Sipman) Lücking
Cyclomyces tabacinus (Mont.) Pat. Inonotus tabacinus (Mont.) G. Cunn. Dictyonema pavonium (Sw.) Parm. Cora glabrata (Spreng.) Fr.
Cylindrocarpon fusisporum Samuels Nectria fusispora Rossman Dictyonema zahlbruckneri (Schiffn.) Corella zahlbruckneri Schiffn.
& Brayford V. Marcano
Cylindrocladium colombiense Crous Calonectria colombiensis Crous Didymium cancellatum (Batsch) Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-
Macbride Bremek.
Cylindrocladium graciloideum Crous Calonectria gracilipes Crous &
& Mchau Mchau Didymosphaeria arxii Aa Aaosphaeria arxii (Aa) Aptroot
Cymatella longipes G.W. Martin Marasmius martinii Singer Dimelaena diffractella (Müll. Arg.) Dimelaena tenuis (Müll. Arg.) H.
Sheard Mayrhofer & Wippel
Cyphelium leptoconium (Nyl.) Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell
Zahlbr. Dimerella dilucida (Kremp.) R. Sant. Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.)
Kalb & Lücking
Cystocoleus niger (Huds.) Har. Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn)
Thwaites Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm)
Malme Kalb & Lücking
Cytidia habgallae (Berk. & Broome) Aleurocystis hakgallae (Berk. &
G.W. Martin Broome) G. Cunn. Dimerella fallaciosa (Müll. Arg.) Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll.
Vězda Arg.) Kalb & Lücking
Cytospora eucalyptina Speg. Valsa fabianae G.C. Adams, M.J.
Wingf. & Jol. Roux Dimerella flavicans Vězda & Farkas Coenogonium flavicans (Vězda &
Farkas) Kalb & Lücking
Dacrymyces involutus Schwein. Arrhytidia involuta (Schwein.) Coker
Dimerella hypophylla Vězda Coenogonium hypophyllum (Vězda)
Daedalea levis Hook. Trametes elegans (Spreng.) Fr. Kalb & Lücking
Dasyscyphus bambusinus (Bres.) Erioscyphella bambusina (Bres.) Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevis. Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb
Dennis Kirschst. & Lücking
Dasyscyphus brasiliensis (Mont.) Erioscyphella brasiliensis (Mont.) Dimerella pyrophthalma (Mont.) Coenogonium pyrophthalmum
Le Gal Baral, Šandová & B. Perić Vězda (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman
Dasyscyphus fimbriifer (Berk. & Lachnum fimbriiferum (Berk. & M.A. Dimerella zonata (Müll. Arg.) R. Coenogonium zonatum (Müll. Arg.)
M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Curtis) J.H. Haines Sant. Kalb & Lücking
Dasyscyphus nudipes (Fuckel) Sacc. Lachnum nudipes (Fuckel) Nannf. Diploschistes muscorum subsp. Diploschistes bartlettii (Lumbsch)
var. nudipes bartletii Lumbsch Lücking
Dasyscyphus varians Rehm Lachnum varians (Rehm) M.P. Dirinaria confusa var. saxicola Dirinaria confusa D.D. Awasthi
Sharma (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi


Dothidea circumscripta Berk. Sphaerodothis circumscripta (Berk.) Exidia nucleata (Schwein.) Burt Myxarium nucleatum Wallr.
Theiss. & Syd.
Exidiopsis candida (L.S. Olive) K. Sebacina candida L.S. Olive
Dothidella stuebelii Henn. Microcyclus stuebelii (Henn.) E. Wells
Müll. & Sanwal
Exidiopsis fuliginea Rick Sebacina fuliginea (Rick) L.S. Olive
Dothidina sphaerospora Chardón Coccodiella miconiae (Duby) I. Hino
Exidiopsis laccata (Bourdot & Exidiopsis effusa (Bref. ex Sacc.)
& Katum.
Galzin) Luck-Allen Möller
Dufourea flabellata Hue Bunodophoron flabellatum (Hue)
Favolus grammocephalus (Berk.) Favolus elongoporus (Drechsler-
Soto, M. Prieto & Wedin
Imazeki Santos & Ryvarden) Zmitr. &
Dufourea tortuosa Nees Peltula tortuosa (Ach.) Wetmore Kovalenko
Echinoplaca affinis Kalb & Vězda Aderkomyces heterellus (Stirt.) Fellhanera dominicana (Vain.) Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.)
Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda Vězda Vězda
Echinoplaca strigulacea (Müll. Arg.) Actinoplaca strigulacea Müll. Arg. Fissurina deficiens Fissurina nigririmis var. deficiens
R. Sant. (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer
Echinopodospora terrestris S.C. Apiosordaria terrestris (S.C. Jong Fissurina flavicans (Kashiw.) M. Phaeographis flavicans Kashiw.
Jong & E.E. Davis & E.E. Davis) J.C. Krug, Udagawa Nakan. & Kashiw.
& Jeng
Fistulina radicata (Schwein.) Pseudofistulina radicata (Schwein.)
Enteridium lycoperdon (Bull.) M.L. Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. Schwein. Burds.
Farr
Fistulinella campinaranae var. Fistulinella campinaranae Singer
Entoloma cystidiophorum Dennis Inocephalus cystidiophorus (Dennis) scrobiculata Singer
Karstedt & Capelari
Flegographa leprieurii (Mont.) A. Phaeographis leprieurii (Mont.)
Entoloma sericeum (Bull.) Quél. var. Entoloma sericeum Quél. Massal. Staiger
sericeum
Fomitopsis feei (Fr.) Kreisel Rhodofomitopsis feei (Fr.) B.K. Cui,
Entoloma spadiceum E. Horak & Entoloma singeri Mešić & Tkalčec M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai
Singer
Fomitopsis supina (Sw.) Murrill Fomitella supina (Sw.) Murrill
Entrophospora colombiana Spain & Acaulospora colombiana (Spain &
Fulvifomes umbrinellus (Bres.) Y.C. Fomitiporella coruscans (Murrill)
N.C. Schenck N.C. Schenck) Kaonongbua, J.B.
Dai Salvador-Montoya & Popoff
Morton & Bever
Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. & Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. &
Entrophospora schenckii Sieverd. Archaeospora schenckii (Sieverd. &
Malysheva Malysheva
& S. Toro S. Toro) C. Walker & A. Schüßler
Fusarium lolii (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc. Fusarium heterosporum Nees & T.
Erynia radicans (Bref.) Humber Zoophthora radicans (Bref.) A.
Nees
Batko
Fusarium roseum f. phaseoli N. Fusarium roseum Link
Everniastrum catawbiense (Degel.) Hypotrachyna catawbiensis (Degel.)
Barros
Sipman Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Dipodascus geotrichum (E.E. Butler
Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Sipman Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar, Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & & L.J. Petersen) Arx
A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch Malloch
Everniastrum columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hypotrachyna columbiensis (Zahlbr.) Galerina cerina var. nebularum A. Galerina cerina A.H. Sm. & Singer
Sipman Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & H. Sm. & Singer
Lumbsch Galerina cerina var. nebularum A.H. Galerina cerina A.H. Sm. & Singer
Everniastrum fragile Sipman Hypotrachyna fragilis (Sipman) Sm. & Singer
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Galerina emmetensis var. Galerina emmetensis A.H. Sm. &
Lumbsch intermedia A.H. Sm. & Singer Singer
Everniastrum limaeforme (Taylor) Hypotrachyna limiformis (Taylor) Ganoderma fornicatum (Fr.) Pat. Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.)
Hale ex Sipman Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Ryvarden
Lumbsch
Ganoderma hollidayi Steyaert Ganoderma chalceum (Cooke)
Everniastrum lipidiferum (Hale & Hypotrachyna lipidifera (Hale & M. Steyaert
Wirth) Sipman Wirth) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman,
Geastrum trichifer Rick Geastrum mirabile Mont.
Elix & Lumbsch
Gerronema cheilocystidiatum Singer Omphalina cheilocystidiata (Singer)
Everniastrum planum Sipman Hypotrachyna plana (Sipman)
Raithelh.
Divakar, A. Crespo, Elix & Lumbsch
Gloeocystidium ochroleucum Bres. Scytinostroma lusitanicum (Trotter)
Everniastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) Hypotrachyna sorocheila (Vain.)
& Torrend P.M. Kirk
Sipman Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch Gloeosporium vanillae Cooke Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S.
Hughes
Everniastrum subvexans Sipman Hypotrachyna subvexans (Sipman)
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Glomus manihotis R.H. Howeler, Rhizophagus manihotis (R.H.
Lumbsch Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck Howeler, Sieverd. & N.C. Schenck)
C. Walker & A. Schüßler
Everniastrum vexans (W.L. Culb. & Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex
C.F. Culb.) Sipman W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Glossodium aversum Nyl. Icmadophila aversa (Nyl.) Rambold
Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch & Hertel


Glyphis actinobola Nyl. Sarcographa cinchonarum Fée Graphina pachygrapha (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.)
Kalb, Staiger & Elix
Glyphis cicatricosa var. favulosa Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
(Ach.) Nyl. Graphina platycarpa (Eschw.) Graphis platycarpa Eschw.
Glyphis confluens f. analoga Nyl. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. Zahlbr.
Glyphis favulosa Ach. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. Graphina plurispora (Redinger) Allographa plurispora (Redinger)
Wirth & Hale Lücking & Kalb
Glyphis favulosa var. intermedia Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
Müll. Arg. Graphina pseudoanaloga (Vain.) Graphis pseudoanaloga Vain.
Zahlbr.
Glyphis labyrinthica Ach. Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.)
Müll. Arg. Graphina reniformis (Fée) Müll. Arg. Diorygma reniforme (Fée) Kalb,
Staiger & Elix
Glyphis medusulina Nyl. Sarcographa medusulina (Nyl.) Müll.
Arg. Graphina scribillans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Thalloloma scribillans (Nyl.) Lücking
Gnomonia ospinae Chardón Apiosphaeria guaranitica (Speg.) Graphina sophistica (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Graphis platycarpa Eschw.
Höhn. Graphina streblocarpa (Bél.) Müll. Graphis streblocarpa (Bél.) Nyl.
Gomphillus ophiosporus Kalb & Gomphillus hyalinus (Pat.) Lücking, Arg.
Vězda Kalb & Vězda Graphina subserpentina (Nyl.) Müll. Graphis subserpentina Nyl.
Grammothele setulosa (Henn.) Ryv. Megasporoporia setulosa (Henn.) Arg.
Rajchenb. Graphina tetraphora (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Acanthothecis tetraphora (Nyl.)
Graphina acharii (Fée) Müll. Arg. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Staiger & Kalb
Kalb Graphina triphora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Allographa triphora (Nyl.) Lücking
Graphina acharii f. enteroleuca Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & & Kalb
(Ach.) Zahlbr. Kalb Graphina virginea (Eschw.) Müll. Diorygma poitaei (Fée) Kalb, Staiger
Graphina acharii f. subducens (Nyl.) Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Arg. & Elix
Zahlbr. Kalb Graphiopsis chlorocephala (Fresen.) Dichocladosporium chlorocephalum
Graphina acharii var. albicans (Nyl.) Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Trail (Fresen.) K. Schub., U. Braun &
Müll. Arg. Kalb Crous
Graphina acharii var. monospora Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Graphis abapha Nyl. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.)
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Kalb Staiger & Kalb
Graphina aggregans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Anomomorpha aggregans (Nyl.) Graphis acharii Fée Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
Staiger Kalb
Graphina agminalis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Jocatoa agminalis (Nyl.) Lücking, Graphis adpressa Vain. Allographa adpressa (Vain.) Lücking
Herrera-Camp. & R. Miranda & Kalb
Graphina analoga var. subradiata Allographa subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking Graphis afzelii Ach. Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal.
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. & Kalb Graphis aggregans Nyl. Anomomorpha aggregans (Nyl.)
Graphina anguina (Mont.) Müll. Arg. Thalloloma anguinum (Mont.) Trevis. Staiger
Graphina chlorocarpa (Fée) Müll. Allographa chlorocarpa (Fée) Graphis agminalis Nyl. Jocatoa agminalis (Nyl.) Lücking,
Arg. Lücking & Kalb Herrera-Camp. & R. Miranda
Graphina chrysocarpa (Raddi) Müll. Allographa chrysocarpa (Raddi) Graphis alborosella Nyl. Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch
Arg. Lücking & Kalb Graphis analoga var. monophora Graphis analoga Nyl.
Graphina cleistomma (Nyl.) Müll. Allographa cleistomma (Nyl.) Tuck.
Arg. Lücking & Kalb Graphis analoga var. subradiata Nyl. Allographa subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking
Graphina collospora (Vain.) Zahlbr. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.) & Kalb
Staiger & Kalb Graphis analoga var. subtecta (Nyl.) Graphis subtecta (Nyl.) Lücking
Graphina columbiana (Nyl.) Müll. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.) Zahlbr.
Arg. Staiger & Kalb Graphis analoga var. subtecta Nyl. Graphis subtecta (Nyl.) Lücking
Graphina dimidiata (Vain.) Zahlbr. Graphis dimidiata Vain. Graphis anguilliformis Taylor Allographa rhizicola (Fée) Lücking
Graphina haemographa (Nyl.) Müll. Thalloloma haemographum (Nyl.) & Kalb
Arg. Staiger Graphis angustata Eschw. Allographa angustata (Eschw.)
Graphina hololeucoides (Nyl.) Müll. Acanthothecis hololeucoides (Nyl.) Lücking & Kalb
Arg. Staiger & Kalb Graphis bettinae Lücking, L. Allographa bettinae (Lücking,
Graphina incrustans (Fée) Müll. Arg. Fissurina incrustans Fée Umaña, Chaves & Sipman Umaña, Chaves & Sipman) Lücking
& Kalb
Graphina insculpta (Eschw.) Müll. Fissurina insculpta Mont.
Arg. Graphis cabbalistica Nyl. Kalbographa cabbalistica (Nyl.)
Lücking
Graphina malmei Redinger Malmographina plicosa (C.F.W.
Meissn.) M. Cáceres, Rivas Plata Graphis chlorocarpa Fée Allographa chlorocarpa (Fée)
& Lücking Lücking & Kalb
Graphina marcescens (Fée) Müll. Carbacanthographis marcescens Graphis chrysenteron Mont. Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.)
Arg. (Fée) Staiger & Kalb Staiger, Kalb & Lücking


Graphis chrysocarpa (Raddi) Allographa chrysocarpa (Raddi) Graphis inusta Ach. Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll.
Spreng. Lücking & Kalb Arg.
Graphis cinerea Fée Allographa cinerea (Fée) Lücking Graphis inusta f. medusuliformis Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll.
& Kalb Nyl. Arg.
Graphis cinnabarina Fée Thalloloma cinnabarinum (Fée) Graphis koreaiensis Sipman Gymnographopsis koreaiensis
Staiger (Sipman) Lücking & Sipman
Graphis cleistomma Nyl. Allographa cleistomma (Nyl.) Graphis leiogramma Nyl. Platythecium leiogramma (Nyl.)
Lücking & Kalb Staiger
Graphis colubrosa Nyl. Platygramme colubrosa (Nyl.) Graphis leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl. Phaeographis leprieurii (Mont.)
Staiger Staiger
Graphis cometia Fée Diorygma poitaei (Fée) Kalb, Staiger Graphis leprographa Nyl. Allographa leprographa (Nyl.)
& Elix Lücking & Kalb
Graphis comma (Ach.) Spreng. Allographa comma (Ach.) Lücking Graphis leucocheila (Fée) Nyl. Phaeographis leucocheila (Fée)
& Kalb Müll. Arg.
Graphis confluens (Fée) Müll. Arg. Diorygma confluens (Fée) Kalb, Graphis leucocheila f. irradiata Nyl. Phaeographis leucocheila (Fée)
Staiger & Elix Müll. Arg.
Graphis connata (Eschw.) Nyl. Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Graphis lumbricina Vain. Allographa lumbricina (Vain.)
Eschw. Lücking & Kalb
Graphis daintreensis (A.W. Archer) Allographa daintreensis (A.W. Graphis macella Kremp. Allographa macella (Kremp.) R.
A.W. Archer Archer) Lücking & Kalb Lücking & K. Kalb
Graphis dealbata Nyl. Allographa dealbata (Nyl.) Lücking Graphis malacodes Nyl. Allographa malacodes (Nyl.) Lücking
& Kalb & Kalb
Graphis decolorascens Nyl. Phaeographis decolorascens (Nyl.) Graphis marginifera Vain. Allographa rustica (Kremp.) Lücking
Lücking & Kalb
Graphis dendritica Ach. Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Graphis mesographa Nyl. Phaeographis mesographa (Nyl.)
Arg. Müll. Arg.
Graphis dimorpha Nyl. Platythecium leiogramma (Nyl.) Graphis mexicana (Hale) Lücking Allographa mexicana (Hale) Lücking
Staiger et al. & Kalb
Graphis dividens Nyl. Phaeographis dividens (Nyl.) Kr.P. Graphis miniata Redinger Allographa miniata (Redinger)
Singh & Swarnal. Lücking & Kalb
Graphis dolichographa Nyl. Allographa dolichographa (Nyl.) Graphis monophora Nyl. Diorygma monophorum (Nyl.) Kalb,
Lücking & Kalb Staiger & Elix
Graphis dumastii (Fée) Spreng. Fissurina dumastii Fée Graphis muscicola (Kalb) Staiger Allographa mexicana (Hale) Lücking
Graphis farinulenta Müll. Arg. Allographa farinulenta (Müll. Arg.) & Kalb
Lücking & Kalb Graphis myriocarpa (Fée) Trevis. Melaspilea myriocarpa Fée
Graphis flexibilis Kremp. Allographa angustata (Eschw.) Graphis nuda (H. Magn.) Staiger & Allographa nuda (H. Magn.) Lücking
Lücking & Kalb Lücking & Kalb
Graphis fulgurans Nyl. Phaeographis fulgurans (Nyl.) Graphis obtecta f. columbiana Nyl. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.)
Zahlbr. Staiger & Kalb
Graphis furfuracea Leight. Fissurina furfuracea (Leight.) A.W. Graphis obtecta Nyl. Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.)
Archer Staiger & Kalb
Graphis glaucoleucodes Nyl. Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & Graphis obtecta var. columbiana Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.)
Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix (Nyl.) Hue Staiger & Kalb
Graphis glauconigra Vain. Allographa glauconigra (Vain.)
Graphis pachygrapha Nyl. Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.)
Lücking & Kalb
Kalb, Staiger & Elix
Graphis grammitis Fée Platythecium grammitis (Fée)
Graphis patellula (Fée) Nyl. Leiorreuma patellulum (Fée) Staiger
Staiger
Graphis pilarensis M. Cáceres & Allographa pilarensis (Cáceres &
Graphis haematites Fée Phaeographis haematites (Fée)
Lücking Lücking) Lücking & Kalb
Müll. Arg.
Graphis pittierii Lücking, L. Umaña, Allographa pittieri (Lücking, Umaña,
Graphis haemographa Nyl. Thalloloma haemographum (Nyl.)
Sipman & Chaves Sipman & Chaves) Lücking & Kalb
Staiger
Graphis planetocarpa Leight. Melaspilea myriocarpa Fée
Graphis hypolepta Nyl. Thalloloma hypoleptum (Nyl.)
Staiger Graphis plurispora (Redinger) Allographa plurispora (Redinger)
Lücking & Chaves Lücking & Kalb
Graphis illinata Eschw. Allographa illinata (Eschw.) Lücking
& Kalb Graphis radiata (Mont.) Nyl. Fissurina radiata Mont.
Graphis intricans Nyl. Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Graphis reniformis Fée Diorygma reniforme (Fée) Kalb,
Staiger Staiger & Elix


Graphis rhizocola (Fée) Lücking & Allographa rhizicola (Fée) Lücking Graphis tetraphora Nyl. Acanthothecis tetraphora (Nyl.)
Chaves & Kalb Staiger & Kalb
Graphis rigida (Fée) Spreng. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Graphis tricosa (Ach.) Nyl. Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll.
Kalb Arg.
Graphis rigida f. enteroleuca (Ach.) Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Graphis triphora Nyl. Allographa triphora (Nyl.) Lücking
Nyl. Kalb & Kalb
Graphis rigida f. subducens Nyl. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & Graphis triticea Nyl. Fissurina triticea (Nyl.) Staiger
Kalb
Graphis tumidula (Fée) Spreng. Allographa tumidula (Fée) Lücking
Graphis rigida var. subducens (Nyl.) Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking & & Kalb
Nyl. Kalb
Graphis turgidula Müll. Arg. Allographa rustica (Kremp.) Lücking
Graphis rimulosa (Mont.) Trevis. Allographa rimulosa (Mont.) Lücking & Kalb
& Kalb
Graphis uruguayensis Allographa uruguayensis Lücking
Graphis ruiziana (Fée) A. Massal. Allographa ruiziana (Fée) Lücking
Graphis vernicosa (Ach.) Nyl. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
& Kalb
Kalb
Graphis rustica Kremp. Allographa rustica (Kremp.) Lücking
Graphis vernicosa f. monospora Nyl. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
& Kalb
Kalb
Graphis scalpturata Ach. Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.)
Graphis vernicosa f. submonospora Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
Staiger
Nyl. Kalb
Graphis scalpturata f. plurifera Nyl. Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée)
Graphis vernicosa var. albicans Nyl. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
Fée
Kalb
Graphis scalpturata var. dissimilis Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.)
Graphis vernicosa var. chrysocarpa Allographa chrysocarpa (Raddi)
(Nyl.) Staiger
Lücking & Kalb
Graphis scalpturata var. plurifera Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée)
Graphis vernicosa var. Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
Nyl. Fée
hyperbolizans Nyl. Kalb
Graphis scaphella Ach. Allographa scaphella (Ach.) Lücking
Graphis vernicosa var. monospora Allographa acharii (Fée) Lücking &
& Kalb
Nyl. Kalb
Graphis scribillans Nyl. Thalloloma scribillans (Nyl.) Lücking
Graphis vestitoides (Fink) Staiger Allographa vestitoides (Fink)
Graphis scripta var. serpentina Graphis pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach. Lücking & Kalb
(Ach.) Meyen
Graphis virginea (Eschw.) Mont. Diorygma poitaei (Fée) Kalb, Staiger
Graphis seminuda Müll. Arg. Allographa seminuda (Müll. Arg.) & Elix
Lücking & Kalb
Graphis xanthospora Müll. Arg. Allographa xanthospora (Müll. Arg.)
Graphis separanda Nyl. Leiorreuma patellulum (Fée) Staiger Lücking & Kalb
Graphis serpentina (Ach.) Ach. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. Graphis zonatula Zahlbr. Graphis longiramea Müll. Arg.
Graphis serpentinella Nyl. Platythecium serpentinellum (Nyl.) Gyalidea epiphylla Vězda Phyllogyalidea epiphylla (Vězda)
Staiger Lücking & Aptroot
Graphis sitiana Vain. Allographa sitiana (Vain.) Lücking Gyalidea hyalinescens (Nyl.) Vězda Gyalidea hyalinescens (Nyl.) Vězda
& Kalb var. hyalinescens
Graphis sophistica Nyl. Graphis platycarpa Eschw. Gyalideopsis athalloides (Nyl.) Diploschistella athalloides (Nyl.)
Vězda Lücking, Knudsen & Fryday
Graphis sphalera Nyl. Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.)
Staiger, Kalb & Lücking Gyalideopsis lithophila G. Thor & Diploschistella lithophila (G. Thor &
Vězda Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda
Graphis striatula (Ach.) Spreng. Allographa striatula (Ach.) Lücking
& Kalb Gymnopus confluens (Pers.) Marasmiellus confluens (Pers.) J.S.
Antonín, Halling & Noordel. Oliveira
Graphis striatula f. elongata Nyl. Allographa striatula (Ach.) Lücking
& Kalb Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Glyphis scyphulifera (Ach.) Staiger
Nyl.
Graphis subchrysocarpa Lücking Allographa ochracea (C.W. Dodge)
Lücking & Kalb Haplosporangium lignicola G.W. Mortierella lignicola (G.W. Martin)
Martin W. Gams & R. Moreau
Graphis subflexibilis Lücking & Allographa subflexibilis (Lücking &
Chaves Chaves) Lücking & Kalb Heliscus submersus H.J. Huds. Aquanectria submersa (H.J. Huds.)
L. Lombard & Crous
Graphis subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking Allographa subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking
& Kalb Hemileia colombiana Buriticá Blastospora colombiana (Buriticá)
M. Salazar, A.A. Carvalho & J.F.
Graphis substriata Nyl. Glyphis substriatula (Nyl.) Staiger
Hennen
Graphis substriatula Nyl. Glyphis substriatula (Nyl.) Staiger
Hemithecium balbisii (Fée) Trevis. Allographa balbisii (Fée) Lücking &
Graphis subvirginea f. denudata Graphis dracaenae Vain. Kalb
Leight.
Hemithecium chlorocarpum (Fée) Allographa chlorocarpa (Fée)
Graphis tachygrapha Nyl. Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger Trevis. Lücking & Kalb


Hemithecium chrysenteron (Mont.) Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Hyalothyridium maydis Latterell & Orphanocoela maydis (Latterell &
Trevis. Staiger, Kalb & Lücking A.E. Rossi A.E. Rossi) Nag Raj
Herpothallon albidum (Fée) Aptroot, Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch & G. Hydnodon thelephorus (Lév.) Banker Trechispora thelephora (Lév.)
Lücking & G. Thor Thor Ryvarden
Herpothallon antillarum (Vain.) Diorygma antillarum (Vain.) Nelsen, Hydnum palmatum Berk. Hydnopolyporus palmatus (Hook.)
Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor Lücking & Rivas Plata O. Fidalgo
Herpothallon mycelioides (Vain.) Crypthonia mycelioides (Vain.) Hydropus cavipes (Pat. & Gaillard) Hydropus cavipes (Pat. & Gaillard)
Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor Frisch & G. Thor Dennis var. cavipes Dennis
Herpothallon sanguineum (Sw.) Fr. Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Hydropus cavipes var. murinialbus Hydropus cavipes (Pat. & Gaillard)
Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor Singer Dennis
Heterina tortuosa (Nees) Nyl. Peltula tortuosa (Ach.) Wetmore Hydropus marasmioides Singer Marasmius marasmioides (Singer)
Heterochaete lividofusca Pat. Heteroradulum lividofuscum (Pat.) Singer
Spirin & Malysheva Hygrocybe conica (Scop.) P. Kumm. Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P.
Heterochaete shearii (Burt) Burt Eichleriella shearii (Burt) Spirin & var. conica Kumm.
Malysheva Hygrocybe conica var. brevispora Hygrocybe conica (Schaeff.) P.
Heterodermia casarettiana (A. Polyblastidium casarettianum (A. (Dennis) S.A. Cantrell & Lodge Kumm.
Massal.) Trevis. Massal.) Kalb Hygrocybe earlei Murrill Agrocybe earlei (Murrill) Dennis ex
Heterodermia circinalis (Zahlbr.) Leucodermia circinalis (Zahlbr.) Singer
W.A. Weber Kalb Hygrocybe laeta (Pers.) P. Kumm. Gliophorus laetus (Pers.) Herink
Heterodermia corallophora (Taylor) Polyblastidium corallophorum var. laeta
Skorepa (Taylor) Kalb Hygrocybe occidentalis (Dennis) Hygrocybe occidentalis (Dennis)
Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D. Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D. Pegler var. occidentalis Pegler
Awasthi var. flabellata Awasthi
Hygrocybe virginea (Wulfen) P.D. Cuphophyllus virgineus (Wulfen)
Heterodermia hypoleuca (Ach.) Polyblastidium hypoleucum (Ach.) Orton & Watling var. virginea Kovalenko
Trevis. Kalb
Hygrophorus hondurensis (Murrill) Hygrocybe hondurensis Murrill
Heterodermia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Polyblastidium hypoleucum (Ach.) Murrill
Trevis. Kalb
Hygrophorus hypohaemactus Corner Hygrocybe hypohaemacta (Corner)
Heterodermia japonica (Sato) Polyblastidium japonicum (M. Satô) Pegler
Swinscow & Krog Kalb
Hygrophorus nodulisporus Dennis Hygroaster nodulisporus (Dennis)
Heterodermia leucomela Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Ralaiv., Niskanen & Liimat.
Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Hymenochaete rhabarbarina (Berk.) Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Berk.)
Cooke Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto
Heterodermia leucomelos subsp. Leucodermia boryi (Fée) Kalb
boryi (Fée) Swinscow & Krog Hymenoscyphus herbarum (Pers.) Calycina herbarum (Pers.) Gray
Heterodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Leucodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Dennis
Follmann & Redón Kalb Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Kurtia argillacea (Bres.) Karasiński
Heterodermia magellanica (Zahlbr.) Polyblastidium magellanicum Donk
Swinscow & Krog (Zahlbr.) Kalb Hyphoderma brunneocontextum Hyphoderma romeroae C.E. Gómez,
Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Polyblastidium microphyllum (C.E. Gómez) M. Galán Baltazar & Rajchenb.
Skorepa (Kurok.) Kalb Hyphoderma pallidum (Bres.) Donk Peniophorella pallida (Bres.) K.H.
Heterodermia propagulifera (Vain.) Polyblastidium propaguliferum Larss.
Dey (Vain.) Kalb Hyphoderma praetermissum (P. Peniophorella praetermissa (P.
Heterodermia squamulosa (Degel.) Polyblastidium squamulosum Karst.) J. Erikss. & A. Strid Karst.) K.H. Larss.
W.L. Culb. (Degel.) Kalb Hyphoderma puberum (Fr.) Wallr. Peniophorella pubera (Fr.) P. Karst.
Heterodermia vulgaris (Vain.) Leucodermia vulgaris (Vain.) Kalb Hyphoderma rude (Bres.) Hjortstam Peniophorella rude (Bres.) K.H.
Follmann & Redón & Ryvarden Larss.
Heterosporium paradoxum Syd. & Laocoon paradoxus (Syd. & P. Syd.) Hyphodontia alutacea (Fr.) J. Erikss. Alutaceodontia alutacea (Fr.)
P. Syd. J.C. David Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Heufleria diplocarpa (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Astrothelium diplocarpum Nyl. Hyphodontia apacheriensis (Gilb. & Xylodon apacheriensis (Gilb. &
Hexagonia hydnoides (Sw.) M. Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr. Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Canf.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Fidalgo
Hyphodontia aspera (Fr.) J. Erikss. Xylodon asper (Fr.) Hjortstam &
Hexagonia tenuis J.M. Hook Pseudofavolus tenuis (Fr.) G. Cunn. Ryvarden
Hjortstamia novae-granata (A.L. Hjortstamia novae-granatae (A.L. Hyphodontia brevidens (Pat.) Fibrodontia brevidens (Pat.)
Welden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Welden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Ryvarden Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Hohenbuehelia culmicola Singer Hohenbuehelia singeriana Contu & Hyphodontia breviseta (P. Karst.) J. Xylodon brevisetus (P. Karst.)
Padovan Erikss. Hjortstam & Ryvarden


Hyphodontia candidissima (Berk. & Xylodon candidissimus (Berk. & Hypotrachyna singularis (Hale) Hale Remototrachyna singularis (Hale)
M.A. Curtis) Langer M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Flakus, Kukwa & Sipman
Hyphodontia crustosa (Pers.) J. Lyomyces crustosus (Pers.) P. Karst. Hypoxylon bakeri Earle Hypomontagnella monticulosa
Erikss. (Mont.) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lambert
Hyphodontia detritica (Bourdot & Xylodon detriticus (Bourdot) K.H. Hypoxylon hainesii J.D. Rogers & Camillea hainesii (J.D. Rogers &
Galzin) J. Erikss. Larss., Viner & Spirin Dumont Dumont) Læssøe, J.D. Rogers &
Whalley
Hyphodontia detritica (Bourdot) J. Xylodon detriticus (Bourdot) K.H.
Erikss. Larss., Viner & Spirin Hypoxylon hypomiltum Mont. var. Hypoxylon hypomiltum Mont.
hypomiltum
Hyphodontia gamundiae Gresl. & Xylodon gamundiae (Gresl. &
Rajchenb. Rajchenb.) Riebesehl & Langer Hypoxylon rubigineoareolatum Hypomontagnella rubigineoareolata
Hyphodontia juniperi (Bourdot & Lyomyces juniperi (Bourdot & Rehm (Rehm) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lambert
Galzin) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam Galzin) Riebesehl & Langer Hypoxylon sclerophaeum Berk. & Hymenoscyphus sclerogenus (Berk.
Hyphodontia lanata Burds. & Kneiffiella lanata (Burds. & M.A. Curtis & M.A. Curtis) Dennis
Nakasone Nakasone) Riebesehl & Langer Hypoxylon scriblita Mont. Camillea scriblita (Mont.) Læssøe,
Hyphodontia nespori (Bres.) J. Xylodon nesporii (Bres.) Hjortstam J.D. Rogers & Whalley
Erikss. & Hjortstam & Ryvarden Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr. Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray
Hyphodontia niemelaei Sheng H. Xylodon niemelaei (Sheng H. Wu) Inocybe calamistrata (Fr.) Gillet Inosperma calamistratum (Fr.)
Wu Hjortstam & Ryvarden Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
Hyphodontia radula (Pers.) Langer Xylodon raduloides Riebesehl & Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm. Pseudosperma rimosum (Bull.)
& Vesterh. Langer Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
Hyphodontia rudis Hjortstam & Xylodon rudis (Hjortstam & Inopilus avilanus (Dennis) Pegler Entoloma avilanum (Dennis) E.
Ryvarden Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Horak
Hyphodontia stratosa Hjortstam & Xylodon stratosus (Hjortstam & Inopilus cystidiophorus (Dennis) Inocephalus cystidiophorus (Dennis)
Ryvarden Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Pegler Karstedt & Capelari
Hyphodontia verecunda (G. Cunn.) Xylodon verecundus (G. Cunn.) Inopilus siparianus (Dennis) Pegler Entoloma siparianum Dennis
Hjortstam & Ryvarden Yurchenko & Riebesehl
Irenina fidelis Toro Asteridiella fidelis (Toro) Hansf.
Hyphodontia wrightii Hjortstam & Palifer wrightii (Hjortstam &
Ryvarden Ryvarden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Kabatiella microsticta Bubák Aureobasidium microstictum
(Bubák) W.B. Cooke
Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quél. Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff.) P.
Kumm. Karlingia lobata var. microspora Karlingia lobata Karling
Karling
Hypholoma subviride (Berk. & M.A. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P.
Curtis) Dennis Kumm. Kluyveromyces lactis (Krassiln.) Van Kluyveromyces lactis (Stell.-Dekk.)
der Walt Van der Walt
Hypochniciellum luteolum Hjortstam Amylocorticiellum luteolum
& Ryvarden (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Gorjón, Lachnum abnorme (Mont.) J.H. Erioscyphella abnormis (Mont.)
Gresl. & Rajchenb. Haines & Dumont Baral, Šandová & B. Perić
Hypocrea muroiana f. Hypocrea muroiana I. Hino & Lachnum brasiliense (Mont.) J.H. Erioscyphella brasiliensis (Mont.)
dimorphospora Yoshim. Doi Katum. Haines & Dumont Baral, Šandová & B. Perić
Hypocrea muroiana f. minor Hypocrea muroiana I. Hino & Lachnum cerinum (Pers.) Nannf. Neodasyscypha cerina (Pers.)
Yoshim. Doi Katum. Spooner
Hypocrea patella f. tropica Yoshim. Trichoderma patellotropicum Lachnum fuscescens (Pers.) P. Lachnum fuscescens (Pers.) P.
Doi Samuels Karst. var. fuscescens Karst.
Hypocrea subtrachycarpa Yoshim. Trichoderma subtrachycarpum Lachnum nudipes var. minor Dennis Lachnum nudipes (Fuckel) Nannf.
Doi (Yoshim. Doi) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr Lachnum sclerotii (A.L. Sm.) J.H. Erioscyphella sclerotii (A.L. Sm.)
Hypotrachyna aguirrei Sipman, Elix Remototrachyna aguirrei (Sipman, Haines & Dumont Baral, Šandová & B. Perić
& T.H. Nash Elix & T.H. Nash) Flakus, Kukwa & Lactarius annulifer Singer Lactifluus annulifer (Singer)
Sipman Nuytinck
Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Remototrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Lactarius brasiliensis Singer Lactifluus brasiliensis (Singer) Silva-
Hale Divakar, Lumbsch, Ferencová, Filho & Wartchow
Prado & A. Crespo
Lactarius deceptivus Peck Lactifluus deceptivus (Peck) Kuntze
Hypotrachyna formosana (Zahlbr.) Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S.
Hale Park & Hale Lactarius fragilis (Burl.) Hesler & Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr.
A.H. Sm.
Hypotrachyna gigas (Kurok.) Hale Hypotrachyna longiloba (H. Magn.)
C.W. Sm. Laeticorticium roseum (Pers.) Donk Corticium roseum Pers.
Hypotrachyna rachista (Hale) Hale Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) Lagarobasidium detriticum (Bourdot Xylodon detriticus (Bourdot) K.H.
Hale & Galzin) Jülich Larss., Viner & Spirin
Hypotrachyna rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Remototrachyna rhabdiformis Laurera effusa Aptroot & Sipman Astrothelium effusum (Aptroot &
Hale (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking


Laurera madreporiformis (Eschw.) Bathelium madreporiforme (Eschw.) Lecanora diplinthia f. terrestris Hue Rinodina diplinthia (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Riddle Trevis.
Lecanora diplinthia Nyl. Rinodina diplinthia (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Laurera megasperma (Mont.) Astrothelium megaspermum (Mont.)
Lecanora domingensis f. inexplicata Letrouitia flavidula (Tuck.) Hafellner
Zahlbr. Aptroot & Lücking
(Nyl.) Hue
Laurera phaeomelodes (Müll. Arg.) Astrothelium subdiscretum (Nyl.)
Lecanora erysiphaea Nyl. Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Müll.
Arg.
Laurera sphaerioides (Mont.) Astrothelium sphaerioides (Mont.)
Lecanora erythrantha Tuck. Caloplaca erythrantha (Tuck.)
Zahlbr.
Laurera variata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Astrothelium variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot
Lecanora erythrella (Ach.) Ach. Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen)
& Lücking
Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Lazulinospora wakefieldia Burds. & Amaurodon wakefieldiae (Burds. &
Lecanora erythroleuca Nyl. Caloplaca erythroleuca (Nyl.)
M.J. Larsen M.J. Larsen) Kõljalg & K.H. Larss.
Zahlbr.
Lecanactis elaeocarpa (Nyl.) Tehler Gyronactis elaeocarpa (Nyl.) Ertz &
Lecanora erythroleucoides Nyl. Caloplaca erythroleucodes (Nyl.)
Tehler
Zahlbr.
Lecanactis homoeoides (Nyl.) Lecanactis epileuca (Nyl.) Tehler
Zahlbr. Lecanora granifera var. Vainionora flavovirens (Fée) Kalb
subaeruginosa Nyl.
Lecanactis insignior (Nyl.) Vain. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Torrente Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa,
Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Lecanactis leprieurii (Mont.) Tuck. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Torrente Lecanora homobola Nyl. Rinodina homobola (Nyl.) Malme
Lecanactis proximans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Cresponea proximata (Nyl.) Egea & Lecanora inaequata Nyl. Ochrolechia inaequata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Torrente Lecanora insperata Nyl. Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb &
Lecania heterochroa Müll. Arg. Badimia dimidiata (Bab. ex Leight.) Giralt
Vězda Lecanora laciniosa var. substellata Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold
Lecania sulphureofusca (Fée) Müll. Sipmaniella sulfureofusca (Fée) (Ach.) Nyl.
Arg. Kalb Lecanora multifera (Nyl.) Vain. Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.)
Lecanicillium sabanense J.S. Akanthomyces sabanensis (Chir.- Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.
Chirivi-Salomon, Restrepo & T.I. Salom., Restrepo & Sanjuan) Chir.- Schmitt
Sanjuan Salom., Sanjuan & Restrepo Lecanora multifera Nyl. Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.)
Lecanora albella var. chlarona Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.
(Ach.) Nyl. Schmitt
Lecanora albella var. praeferenda Lecanora praeferenda (Nyl.) Nyl. Lecanora murorum var. obliterarum Calogaya saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrák
Nyl. (Pers.) Nyl.
Lecanora alboatrata Nyl. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Lecanora pyracea (Ach.) Nyl. Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup, Frödén
Hafellner & Søchting
Lecanora angulosa f. chlarona Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. Lecanora quadrilocularis Nyl. Caloplaca quadrilocularis (Nyl.)
(Ach.) Hue Zahlbr.
Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner Lecanora russeola Nyl. Caloplaca russeola (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecanora aurantiaca f. erythrella Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Lecanora subaeruginosa (Nyl.) Nyl. Vainionora flavovirens (Fée) Kalb
(Ach.) Nyl. Søchting, Frödén & Arup Lecanora subferruginea Nyl. Blastenia subferruginea (Nyl.) Müll.
Lecanora aurantiaca var. erythrella Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen) Arg.
(Ach.) Nyl. Søchting, Frödén & Arup Lecanora subfusca f. chlarona Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.
Lecanora brebissonii (Fée) Nyl. Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) J. Sant. (Ach.) Körb.
ex Hafellner & Poelt Lecanora subfusca var. argentata Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Röhl.
Lecanora chlarona (Ach.) Nyl. Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. (Ach.) Boistel
Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach. Trapelia coarctata (Turner) M. Lecanora subfusca var. atrynea Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.
Choisy Ach.
Lecanora colobinoides Nyl. Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Müll. Lecanora subfusca var. chlarona Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.
Arg. (Ach.) Ach.
Lecanora conjugens Nyl. Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Lecanora subfusca var. conferta Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa,
(Duby) Schaer. Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Lecanora conjungens Nyl. Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecanora subfusca var. Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.
Lecanora crocantha Nyl. Caloplaca crocantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
subcrenulata Nyl.
Lecanora diducta f. albicans Nyl. Caloplaca diducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecanora subfusca var. Lecanora subgranulata (Nyl.) Nyl.
Lecanora diducta Nyl. Caloplaca diducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. subgranulata Nyl.
Lecanora dimidiata Bab. Badimia dimidiata (Bab. ex Leight.) Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain. Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain.
Vězda subsp. subimmersa


Lecanora subimmersa subsp. Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain. Lecidea erythroleucoides (Nyl.) Hue Caloplaca erythroleucodes (Nyl.)
subimmersa Zahlbr.
Lecanora sulphureofusca Fée Sipmaniella sulfureofusca (Fée) Lecidea flavovirescens (Wulfen) Fr. Gyalolechia flavovirescens (Wulfen)
Kalb Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Lecanora umbrina (Ach.) A. Massal. Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Lecidea fulgidula Nyl. Bacidia fulgidula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Zhao Xin & Lumbsch Lecidea furfuracea Pers. Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.)
Lecanora wilsonii Müll. Arg. subsp. Lecanora wilsonii Müll. Arg. Zahlbr.
wilsonii Lecidea fusciuscula Nyl. Sprucidea fuscula (Nyl.) Lücking
Lecanora xanthopa Hue Caloplaca xanthopa (Hue) Zahlbr. Lecidea fuscula Nyl. Sprucidea fuscula (Nyl.) Lücking
Lecanora xanthophana Nyl. Acarospora xanthophana (Nyl.) Lecidea geographica var. viridiatra Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen)
Jatta (Wulfen) Nyl. Körb.
Leccinum andinum Halling Rugiboletus andinus (Halling) Lecidea hostheleoides Nyl. Bacidia hostheleoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Halling & B. Ortiz
Lecidea insignior Nyl. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Leccinum rugosiceps (Peck) Singer Leccinellum rugosiceps (Peck) C. Torrente
Hahn
Lecidea insperata (Nyl.) Nyl. Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb &
Lecidea admixta Nyl. Megalospora admixta (Nyl.) Sipman Giralt
Lecidea admixta Th. Fr. Megalospora admixta (Nyl.) Sipman Lecidea iodea Nyl. Bacidia iodea (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecidea alboatrata (Nyl.) Vain. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Lecidea ischnospora Nyl. Bacidia ischnospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Hafellner
Lecidea lecanorella auct. non Nyl. Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb &
Lecidea albomaculans Nyl. Bacidia albomaculans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Vězda
Lecidea amplificans Nyl. Megalospora coccodes (Bél.) Lecidea lecanorella Nyl. Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb &
Sipman Vězda
Lecidea andesita Nyl. Bacidia andita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Lecidea leprieurii Mont. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Torrente
Lecidea andita Nyl. Bacidia andita (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecidea leucoxantha Spreng. Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Spreng.)
Lecidea brebissonii Fée Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) J. Sant.
R. Sant. & Hafellner
ex Hafellner & Poelt
Lecidea lutea (Dicks.) Taylor Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb
Lecidea breviuscula Nyl. Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.
& Lücking
Arg.
Lecidea lutea var. eximia Nyl. Coenogonium eximium (Nyl.) Kalb
Lecidea byssomorpha Nyl. Auriculora byssomorpha (Nyl.) Kalb
& Lücking
Lecidea cittarina Nyl. Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & Lecidea luteola Ach. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Vězda
Lecidea melacheila Nyl. Bacidia melacheila (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecidea coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. Trapelia coarctata (Turner) M.
Choisy Lecidea melaenella Nyl. Catillaria melaenella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecidea conjugens (Nyl.) Hue Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Lecidea millegrana (Taylor) Nyl. Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr.
Lecidea conspersa Fée Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Hafellner Lecidea millegrana f. Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr.
fusconigrescens Nyl.
Lecidea conspirans Nyl. Buellia conspirans (Nyl.) Vain.
Lecidea parasema Ach. Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.
Lecidea contigua f. platycarpa Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Choisy
(Lam.) Nyl. A.J. Schwab
Lecidea parasema var. elaeochroma Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.
Lecidea contigua var. platycarpa Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Ach. Choisy
(Lam.) Fr. A.J. Schwab
Lecidea parasema var. entereoleuca Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.
Lecidea crocantha (Nyl.) Hue Caloplaca crocantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Nyl. Choisy
Lecidea cupreorosella var. Aquacidia trachona (Ach.) Aptroot Lecidea parmelioides Hook. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
chloroticoides Nyl. Swinscow & Krog
Lecidea demutans Nyl. Malmidea demutans (Nyl.) Lücking Lecidea parvifolia Pers. Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.
Lecidea domingensis f. inexplicata Letrouitia flavidula (Tuck.) Hafellner Arg.
(Nyl.) Hue Lecidea parvifolia var. breviuscula Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.
Lecidea domingensis var. Letrouitia flavidula (Tuck.) Hafellner (Nyl.) Nyl. Arg.
inexplicata Nyl. Lecidea parvifolia var. corallina Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.
Tuck. Arg.
Lecidea endochroma (Fée) Nyl. Catillochroma endochromum (Fée)
Kalb Lecidea parvifolia var. subgranulosa Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.
Tuck. Arg.
Lecidea endoleuca (Nyl.) Nyl. Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby)
Zahlbr. Lecidea perminima Nyl. Catillaria perminima (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lecidea erythrantha (Tuck.) Hue Caloplaca erythrantha (Tuck.) Lecidea petraea Ach. Rhizocarpon concentricum (Davies)
Zahlbr. Beltr.


Lecidea piperis f. circumtincta (Nyl.) Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Lentinus similis Berk. & Broome Panus similis (Berk. & Broome) T.W.
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch May & A.E. Wood
Lecidea piperis Spreng. Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Lentinus strigellus Berk. Panus strigellus (Berk.) Overh.
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Lenzites repanda (Mont.) Fr. Cubamyces cubensis (Mont.) Murrill
Lecidea piperis var. circumtincta Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb,
Lepidostroma terricolens Mägd. & Lepidostroma calocerum (G.W.
Nyl. Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
S. Winkl. Martin) Oberw.
Lecidea posthabita Nyl. Rinodina posthabita (Nyl.) Aptroot
Lepiota hemisclera (Berk. & M.A. Cystolepiota hemisclera (Berk. &
Lecidea promixans Nyl. Lecanactis proximans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Curtis) Sacc. M.A. Curtis) Pegler
Lecidea proposita Nyl. Bacidia proposita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Lepiota rubella Bres. Echinoderma rubellum (Bres.) Migl.
Lecidea punctuliformis Nyl. Lecidella punctuliformis (Nyl.) Kalb Lepraria chlorina (Ach.) Ach. Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R.
Laundon
Lecidea russula Ach. Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb,
Lumbsch & Elix Lepraria usnica Sipman Septotrapelia usnica (Sipman) Kalb
& Bungartz
Lecidea russula var. obscura Nyl. Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb,
Lumbsch & Elix Leprocaulon albicans (Th. Fr.) Hue Lepraria albicans (Th. Fr.) Lendemer
& B.P. Hodk.
Lecidea sanguinariella Nyl. Gassicurtia coccinea Fée
Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. Lepraria arbuscula (Nyl.) Lendemer
Lecidea smaragdescens Nyl. Bacidia smaragdescens (Nyl.)
& B.P. Hodk.
Zahlbr.
Leprocaulon congestum (Nyl.) I.M. Lepraria congesta (Nyl.) Lendemer
Lecidea sororiella Nyl. Bacidia sororiella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Lamb & A. Ward & B.P. Hodk.
Lecidea squamulosula Nyl. Bacidia squamulosula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.)
Lecidea stellulata Taylor Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd Gams Gams ex D. Hawksw.
Lecidea subferruginea (Nyl.) Hue Blastenia subferruginea (Nyl.) Müll. Leprocaulon subalbicans (I.M. Lepraria subalbicans (I.M. Lamb)
Arg. Lamb) I.M. Lamb & A. Ward Lendemer & B.P. Hodk.
Lecidea subjuncta Nyl. Buellia subjuncta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Leproloma sipmanianum Kümmerl. Lepraria sipmaniana (Kümmerl. &
& Leuckert Leuckert) Kukwa
Lecidea subvirescens Nyl. Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll.
Arg. Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) J.R. Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris
Laundon
Lecidea tenebrosa Flot. Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux Leptogium bullatum var. Leptogium vesiculosum (Sw.) Malme
dactylinoideum Nyl.
Lecidea trachona (Ach.) Flot. Bacidia segregata (Müll. Arg.)
Zahlbr. Leptogium corrugatulum Nyl. Leptogium marginellum (Sw.) Gray
Lecidea trachona var. chloroticoides Aquacidia trachona (Ach.) Aptroot Leptogium inflexum var. isidiosulum Leptogium laceroides B. de Lesd.
Nyl. Nyl.
Lecidea trailiana Müll. Arg. Malmidea trailiana (Müll. Arg.) Kalb, Leptogium olivaceum (Hook.) Leptogium pseudolivaceum Lücking
Rivas Plata & Lumbsch Zahlbr.
Lecidea trichospora Nyl. Bacidia trichospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Leptogium punctulatum Nyl. Leptogium diaphanum (Sw.) Mont.
Lecidea tuberculosa Fée Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Leptogium tremelloides var. Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont.
Sipman azureum (Sw.) Nyl.
Lecidea umbricolor Nyl. Fuscidea umbricolor (Nyl.) Hertel Leptonia howellii (Peck) Dennis Entoloma howellii (Peck) Dennis
Lecidea versicolor (Fée) Fée Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Leptotrema bahianum (Ach.) Müll. Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch
Hafellner Arg.
Lecidea versicolor var. vigilans Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Leptotrema lepadodes (Tuck.) Thelotrema lepadodes Tuck.
(Taylor) Nyl. Hafellner Zahlbr.
Lecidea vigilans (Taylor) Nyl. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Leptotrema metaphoricum (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.)
Hafellner Zahlbr. Vain.
Lecidea vigilans auct. non (Taylor) Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Leptotrema monosporum (Nyl.) Thelotrema monosporum Nyl.
Nyl. Hafellner Müll. Arg.
Lecidea viridiatra (Wulf.) Flot. Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Leptotrema wightii (Taylor) Müll. Sanguinotrema wightii (Taylor)
Körb. Arg. Lücking
Lecidea vulpina Tuck. Letrouitia vulpina (Tuck.) Hafellner Leucocoprinus sulphurellus Pegler Leucoagaricus sulphurellus (Pegler)
& Bellem. B.P. Akers
Leifia flabelliradiata (J. erikss. & Odonticium flabelliradiatum (J. Leucodecton expallescens (Nyl.) Nadvornikia expallescens (Nyl.) I.
Hjortstam) Ginns Erikss. & Hjortstam) Zmitr. Rivas Plata & Lücking Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Leiotrametes menziesii (Berk.) Welti Cubamyces menziesii (Berk.) Leucogramma chrysenteron (Mont.) Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.)
& Courtec. Lücking Staiger et al. Staiger, Kalb & Lücking
Lentinus cubensis Berk. & M.A. Lentinula boryana (Berk. & Mont.) Lichen parmelioides Hook. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Curtis Pegler Swinscow & Krog


Lobaria carassensis Vain. Yoshimuriella carassensis (Vain.) Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer
Moncada & Lücking var. procera
Lobaria corrosa (Ach.) Vain. Yoshimuriella corrosa (Ach.) Macrophoma symbolanthi Syd. & Botryodiplodia symbolanthi (Syd. &
Moncada & Lücking P. Syd. P. Syd.) Syd.
Lobaria crenulata (Hook.) Trevis. Lobariella crenulata (Hook.) Malcolmiella furfurosa (Tuck.) Malmidea furfurosa (Tuck. ex Nyl.)
Yoshim. Cáceres & Lücking Kalb & Lücking
Lobaria denudata (Taylor) C.W. Yoshimuriella denudata (Taylor) Malcolmiella granifera (Ach.) Kalb Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb,
Dodge Moncada & Lücking & Lücking Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Lobaria denudata (Taylor) Yoshim. Yoshimuriella denudata (Taylor) Malcolmiella piperis (Spreng.) Kalb Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb,
Moncada & Lücking & Lücking Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Lobaria deplanata (Nyl.) Yoshim. Yoshimuriella deplanata (Nyl.) Malcolmiella trailiana (Müll. Arg.) Malmidea trailiana (Müll. Arg.) Kalb,
Moncada & Lücking Vězda Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Lobaria dissecta (Sw.) Raeusch. Yoshimuriella dissecta (Sw.) Malcolmiella vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb,
Moncada & Lücking & Lücking Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Lobaria dissecta (Sw.) Räusch. Yoshimuriella dissecta (Sw.) Marasmiellus brasiliensis (Berk. & Collybia brasiliensis (Berk. & Mont.)
Moncada & Lücking Mont.) Singer Dennis
Lobaria excisa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. Emmanuelia excisa (Müll. Arg.) Marasmiellus defibulatus var. Marasmiellus defibulatus Singer
Lücking, Moncada & Ant. Simon insignis Singer
Lobaria exornata var. corallophora Lobariella exornata (Zahlbr.) Marasmiellus defibulatus var. Marasmiellus defibulatus Singer
Yoshim. Yoshim. strictior Singer
Lobaria fendleri (Tuck. & Mont.) Yoshimuriella fendleri (Tuck. & Marasmiellus ramealis var. Marasmiellus ramealis (Bull.) Singer
Lindau Mont.) Moncada & Lücking tucumanensis Singer
Lobaria pallida (Hook.) Trevis. Lobariella pallida (Hook.) Moncada Marasmiellus subcoracinus (Berk. Marasmiellus subcoracinus (Berk. &
& Lücking & M.A. Curtis) Singer subsp. M.A. Curtis) Singer
subcoracinus
Lobaria patinifera (Taylor) Hue Emmanuelia patinifera (Taylor)
Lücking, M. Cáceres & Ant. Simon Marasmius androsaceus (Bolton) Fr. Gymnopus androsaceus (L.) Della
Magg. & Trassin.
Lobaria patinifera (Taylor) Müll. Arg. Emmanuelia patinifera (Taylor)
Lücking, M. Cáceres & Ant. Simon Marasmius copelandii Peck Mycetinis copelandii (Peck) A.W.
Wilson & Desjardin
Lobaria peltigera (Delise) Vain. Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.)
Lücking & Moncada Marasmius corrugatus var. Gymnopus aurantiacus Murrill
aurantiacus (Murrill) Singer
Lobaria subdissecta (Nyl.) Vain. Yoshimuriella subdissecta (Nyl.)
Moncada & Lücking Marasmius floriceps Berk. & M.A. Marasmius leoninus Berk.
Curtis
Lobaria subexornata Yoshim. Lobariella subexornata (Yoshim.)
Yoshim. Marasmius gilvus Pat. Marasmiellus gilvus (Pat.) Singer
Lobaria tenuis Vain. Emmanuelia tenuis (Vain.) Lücking, Marasmius haematocephalus Marasmius haematocephalus
Moncada & Gumboski (Mont.) Fr. var. haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr.
Loflammea flammea (Müll. Arg.) Loflammia epiphylla (Fée) Lücking Marasmius haematocephalus var. Marasmius haematocephalus
Vězda & Vězda leucophyllus Singer (Mont.) Fr.
Lopadium cytharinum (Nyl.) Zahlbr Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & Marasmius haematocephalus var. Marasmius haematocephalus
Vězda pseudotageticolor Singer (Mont.) Fr.
Lopadium cyttarinum (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & Marasmius pallidocinctus var. Marasmius pallidocinctus Singer
Vězda latisporus Singer
Lopadium newtonianum (Henriq.) Eugeniella newtoniana (Henriq.) Marasmius pseudoniveus Singer Marasmius pseudoniveus Singer
R. Sant. Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb var. pseudoniveus
Lopharia crassa (Lév.) Boidin Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas & Marasmius pseudoniveus var. Marasmius pseudoniveus Singer
Hibbett amylocystis Singer
Marasmius variabiliceps var. Marasmius variabiliceps Singer
Lopharia novae-granatae A.L. Hjortstamia novae-granatae (A.L.
separatus Singer
Welden Welden) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
Maronea multifera (Nyl.) Vain. Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.)
Lopharia papyracea (Jungh.) D.A. Phlebiopsis friesii (Lév.) Spirin &
Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.
Reid Miettinen
Schmitt
Lopharia papyrina (Mont.) Boidin Phlebiopsis papyrina (Mont.)
Maronina multifera (Nyl.) Hafellner Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.)
Miettinen & Spirin
& R.W. Rogers Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.
Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch Bovista pusilla (Batsch) Pers. Schmitt
Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. var. Lycoperdon umbrinum Pers. Marssonia agaves Earle Marssonina agaves (Earle) Magnus
umbrinum
Mazosia rotula var. granularis (Müll. Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll.
Macabuna petreae Pardo-Card. Catenulopsora petreae Pardo-Card. Arg.) Müll. Arg. Arg.) R. Sant.


Mazosia striguloides (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Mycomicrothelia xanthonica Bogoriella xanthonica (Komposch,
Komposch & Aptroot Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot &
Megalaria endochroma (Fée) Fryday Catillochroma endochromum (Fée)
Lücking
& Lendemer Kalb
Megalospora coccodes (Bél.) Megalospora coccodes (Bél.) Mycoporellum sparsellum (Nyl.) Mycoporum sparsellum Nyl.
Sipman subsp. coccodes Sipman Müll. Arg.
Megalospora sulphurata var. Megalospora sulphurata Meyen Mycoporum pycnocarpum Nyl. Mycoporum compositum (A.
nigricans (Müll. Arg.) Riddle Massal.) R.C. Harris
Megalospora versicolor (Fée) Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Mycosphaerella flexuosa Crous & Pseudoteratosphaeria flexuosa
Zahlbr. Hafellner M.J. Wingf. (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. &
Crous
Megalospora versicolor var. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb &
dichroma (Fée) Riddle Hafellner Mycosphaerella perpendicularis Pseudoteratosphaeria
Crous & M.J. Wingf. perpendicularis (Crous & M.J.
Megasporoporiella cavernulosa Cerioporus cavernulosus (Berk.) Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous
(Berk.) B.K. Cui, Y.C. Dai & Hai J. Li Zmitr.
Mycosphaerella scytalidii Crous & Phaeophleospora scytalidii (Crous &
Melanographa chionographa (Nyl.) Melaspilea chionographa (Nyl.) M.J. Wingf. M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous
Müll. Arg. Zahlbr.
Myriotrema bahianum (Ach.) Hale Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch
Melanographa diplasiospora (Nyl.) Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll.
Müll. Arg. Arg. Myriotrema calvescens (Fée) Hale Ocellularia calvescens (Fée) Müll.
Arg.
Melanographa interalbicans (Nyl.) Melaspilea interalbicans (Nyl.) Müll.
Müll. Arg. Arg. Myriotrema compunctum (Ach.) Leucodecton occultum (Eschw.)
Hale Frisch
Melanotheca achariana Fée Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) Vain.
Myriotrema dactyliferum (Hale) Leucodecton dactyliferum (Hale)
Melanotheca aciculifera Nyl. Celothelium aciculiferum (Nyl.) Vain.
Gyeln. Lücking
Melanotheca arthonioides (Eschw.) Pyrenula arthoniotheca Upreti
Myriotrema glaucophaenum Glaucotrema glaucophaenum
Müll. Arg.
(Kremp.) Zahlbr. (Kremp.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Meliolina chardonii Toro Asteridiella chardonii (Toro) S.
Hughes Myriotrema myriocarpum (Fée) Hale Austrotrema myriocarpum (Fée) I.
Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Meruliopsis corium (Pers.) Ginns Byssomerulius corium (Pers.)
Parmasto Myriotrema pachystomum (Nyl.) Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.)
Hale Sipman
Merulius tremellosus Schrad. Phlebia tremellosa (Schrad.)
Nakasone & Burds. Myriotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Pycnotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.)
Hale Rivas Plata & Lücking
Micromphale brevipes (Berk. & Gymnopus neobrevipes R.H.
Ravenel) Singer Petersen Myriotrema subcompunctum (Nyl.) Leucodecton subcompunctum (Nyl.)
Hale Frisch
Mollisia caesia var. andina Dennis Mollisia caesia (Fuckel) Sacc.
Myriotrema subwrightii (Hale) Hale Stegobolus anamorphus (Nyl.)
Morganella fulginea Lycoperdon fuligineum Berk. & M.A. Frisch & Kalb
Curtis
Myriotrema terebratulum (Nyl.) Hale Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale
Morispora tayronensis Salazar- Gerwasia tayronensis Salazar-
Yepes, Pardo-Card. & Buriticá Yepes, Pardo-Card. & Buriticá Myriotrema wightii (Taylor) Hale Sanguinotrema wightii (Taylor)
Lücking
Mortierella ornata W. Gams Dissophora ornata (W. Gams) W.
Gams Myxomycidium flavum G.W. Martin Gloeomucro flavus (G.W. Martin)
Lepidostroma calocerum (G.W. R.H. Petersen
Multiclavula calocera (G.W. Martin)
R.H. Petersen Martin) Oberw. Naematoloma subviride (Berk. & Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P.
Muscodor suturae Kudalkar, Strobel Induratia suturae (Kudalkar, M.A. Curtis) A.H. Sm. Kumm.
& Riy.-Ul-Hass. Strobel & Riy.-Ul-Hass.) Samarak., Naematoloma udum (Pers.) P. Bogbodia uda (Pers.) Redhead
Thongbai, K.D. Hyde & M. Stadler Karst.
Mutatoderma brunneocontextum Hyphoderma romeroae C.E. Gómez, Nectria consors (Ellis & Everh.) Volutellonectria consors (Ellis &
C.E. Gómez Baltazar & Rajchenb. Seaver Everh.) J. Luo, X.M. Zhang & W.Y.
Mycena margarita Murrill Collybia margarita (Murrill) Singer Zhuang
Mycomicrothelia apposita (Nyl.) D. Bogoriella apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot & Nectria pachyderma Rossman Hydropisphaera pachyderma
Hawksw. Lücking (Rossman) Rossman & Samuels
Mycomicrothelia captiosa (Kremp.) Bogoriella captiosa (Kremp.) Nectria parviphialis Samuels Bionectria parviphialis (Samuels)
D.Hawksw. Aptroot & Lücking Schroers
Mycomicrothelia exigua (Müll. Arg.) Bogoriella exigua (Müll. Arg.) Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray var. Nemania serpens (Pers.) Gray
D.Hawksw. Aptroot & Lücking serpens
Mycomicrothelia hemispherica Bogoriella hemisphaerica (Müll. Neobarya usneae Etayo Lichenobarya usneae (Etayo) Etayo,
(Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking Diederich & Lawrey
Mycomicrothelia thelena (Ach.) D. Bogoriella thelena (Ach.) Aptroot & Neuropogon sphacelatus (R. Br.) Usnea sphacelata R. Br.
Hawksw. Lücking D.J. Galloway


Neuropogon sulphureus (Kön.) Usnea sphacelata R. Br. Omphalina luteovitellina (Pilat & Lichenomphalia luteovitellina
Hellb. Nannf.) M. Lange (Pilát & Nannf.) Redhead, Lutzoni,
Nigromacula hypotrachynae Etayo Nigromacula uniseptata (D. Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. Omphalodina pseudistera (Nyl.) S.Y. Lecanora pseudistera Nyl.
Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Kondr., L. Lőkös & Farkas
Mason Petch Opegrapha abbreviata Fée Zwackhia bonplandii (Fée) Ertz
Nothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) Neonothopanus hygrophanus Opegrapha apomelaena A. Massal. Alyxoria apomelaena (A. Massal.)
Singer (Mont.) De Kesel & Degreef Ertz
Ocellularia alborosella (Nyl.) R. Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch Opegrapha atra Pers. Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid.
Sant.
Opegrapha bonplandii Fée Zwackhia bonplandii (Fée) Ertz
Ocellularia amplior (Nyl.) Redinger Ampliotrema amplius (Nyl.) Kalb
Opegrapha bonplandii var. Zwackhia bonplandii (Fée) Ertz
Ocellularia auberiana (Mont.) Hale Rhabdodiscus auberianus (Mont.) abbreviata (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Vain.
Opegrapha chionographa Nyl. Melaspilea chionographa (Nyl.)
Ocellularia cavata var. submutata Ocellularia violacea Räsänen Zahlbr.
(Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Opegrapha diplasiospora Nyl. Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll.
Ocellularia cinchonarum f. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Arg.
intermedia (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Opegrapha filicina Mont. Fouragea filicina (Mont.) Trevis.
Ocellularia clandestina (Ach.) Müll. Clandestinotrema clandestinum
Arg. (Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Opegrapha gracilior Nyl. Ancistrosporella gracilior (Nyl.)
Lumbsch Lücking
Ocellularia comparabilis (Kremp.) Ocellularia terebrata (Ach.) Müll. Opegrapha herbarum Mont. Alyxoria culmigena (Lib.) Ertz
Müll. Arg. Arg.
Opegrapha insignior (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea &
Ocellularia dehiscens (Leight.) Fibrillithecis dehiscens (Leight.) Torrente
Zahlbr. Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch
Opegrapha interalbicans Nyl. Melaspilea interalbicans (Nyl.) Müll.
Ocellularia discolor (Ach.) Spreng. Ampliotrema discolor (Ach.) Kalb Arg.
Ocellularia epitrypa (Nyl.) A.L.Sm. Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) Opegrapha leucophila Nyl. Ancistrosporella leucophila (Nyl.)
Vain. Ertz
Ocellularia erumpens (H. Magn.) Clandestinotrema erumpens (H. Opegrapha longissima Müll. Arg. Dimidiographa longissima (Müll.
Hale Magn.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Arg.) Ertz & Tehler
Lumbsch
Opegrapha onchospora Nyl. Ancistrosporella onchospora (Nyl.)
Ocellularia fragilis Hale Myriotrema fragile (Hale) Hale Ertz
Ocellularia glyphica (Nyl.) Hale Redingeria glyphica (Nyl.) Frisch Opegrapha prosodea Ach. Zwackhia prosodea (Afzel.) Ertz
Ocellularia lepadinoides (Leight.) Ampliotrema lepadinoides (Leight.)
Opegrapha proximans (Nyl.) Müll. Lecanactis proximans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Zahlbr. Kalb
Arg.
Ocellularia leucomelaena (Nyl.) Hale Clandestinotrema leucomelanum
Opegrapha puiggarii Müll. Arg. Fouragea puiggarii (Müll. Arg.)
(Nyl.) Rivas Plata, Lücking &
Zahlbr.
Lumbsch
Opegrapha robusta Vain. Zwackhia robusta (Vain.) Ertz
Ocellularia lindigiana Müll. Arg. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Ocellularia metaphorica (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Opegrapha rotula var. sublaevis Mazosia paupercula (Müll. Arg.) R.
Zahlbr. Vain. Müll. Arg. Sant.
Ocellularia microsporum (Zahlbr.) Redingeria microspora (Zahlbr.) M. Opegrapha varia Pers. Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler
Hale Cáceres & Lücking Opegrapha viridipruinosa Coppins Alyxoria viridipruinosa (Coppins &
Ocellularia myriotremoides (Nyl.) Myriotrema myriotremoides (Nyl.) & Yahr Yahr) Ertz
Zahlbr. Hale Opegrapha viridis (Ach.) Ach. Zwackhia viridis (Ach.) Poetsch &
Ocellularia recondita (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Rhabdodiscus reconditus (Stirt.) Schied.
Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch Opegrapha viridis (Ach.) Behlen & Zwackhia viridis (Ach.) Poetsch &
Ocellularia remanens (Nyl.) Müll. Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale Desberger Schied.
Arg. Ophiocordyceps amazonica (Henn.) Paraisaria amazonica (Henn.)
Ocellularia sinuosa Sipman Gyrotrema sinuosum (Sipman) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones Luangsa-ard, Mongkols. & Samson
Frisch & Spatafora
Ocellularia subemersa Müll. Arg. Rhabdodiscus subemersus (Müll. Ophiocordyceps blattarioides Paraisaria blattarioides (Sanjuan &
Arg.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Sanjuan & Spatafora Spatafora) Luangsa-ard, Mongkols.
Lumbsch & Samson
Ocellularia terebratula (Nyl.) Müll. Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale Oropogon loxensis var. atroalbicans Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Zukal
Arg. (Nyl.) Hue
Omphalina foliacea P.M. Jørg. Agonimia foliacea (P.M. Jørg.) Oudemansiella glutinosa Singer Dactylosporina glutinosa (Singer)
Lücking & Moncada R.H. Petersen


Pachyospora verrucosa (Ach.) A. Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Arcadia Parmelia caraccensis Taylor Hypotrachyna caraccensis (Taylor)
Massal. & A. Nordin Hale
Palifer gamundiae (Gresl. & Xylodon gamundiae (Gresl. & Parmelia cervicornis Tuck. Hypotrachyna caraccensis (Taylor)
Rajchenb.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden Rajchenb.) Riebesehl & Langer Hale
Palifer verecundus (G. Cunn.) Xylodon verecundus (G. Cunn.) Parmelia cetrata Ach. Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale
Stalpers & P.K. Buchanan Yurchenko & Riebesehl
Parmelia cetrata f. ciliosa Viaud- Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale
Panaeolus campanulatus (L.) Quél. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Gr.-Mar.
Quél.
Parmelia cetrata f. sorediifera Vain. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.
Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Choisy
Lundell & Nannf. var. semiovatus Lundell & Nannf.
Parmelia ciliata (Duby) Nyl. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.
Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél. Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Choisy
Quél.
Parmelia citrella Kurok. Hypotrachyna citrella (Kurok.) Hale
Pannaria aurantiaca (Hook. f. & Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Taylor) Schwend. Swinscow & Krog Parmelia commensurata Hale Parmotrema commensuratum
(Hale) Hale
Pannaria mariana var. pannosa Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Müll. Arg.
(Sw.) Hue Parmelia conspersa (Ach.) Ach. Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex
Ach.) Hale
Pannaria nigrocincta (Mont.) Nyl. Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll.
Arg. Parmelia conspersa var. stenophylla Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.)
Ach. Ahti & D. Hawksw.
Pannaria pannosa (Sw.) Delise Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Müll. Arg.
Parmelia crenulata Hook. Lobariella crenulata (Hook.)
Pannaria parmelioides (Hook.) Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Yoshim.
Colmeiro Swinscow & Krog
Parmelia crinita Ach. Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M.
Pannaria parmelioides f. granulosa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Choisy
(Müll. Arg.) Hue Swinscow & Krog
Pannaria parmelioides var. incisa Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Parmelia cristifera Taylor Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor)
(Ach.) Hue Swinscow & Krog Hale
Pannoparmelia hypotrachyna (Nyl.) Remototrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Parmelia densirhizinata Kurok. Hypotrachyna densirhizinata
R. Sant. Divakar, Lumbsch, Ferencová, (Kurok.) Hale
Prado & A. Crespo Parmelia dilatata Vain. Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale
Pannularia nigrocincta (Mont.) Nyl. Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll. Parmelia dominicana Vain. Parmotrema dominicanum (Vain.)
Arg. Hale
Paraphelaria colombiana A.L. Aphelariopsis colombiana (A.L. Parmelia eborina Hale Parmotrema eborinum (Hale) Hale
Welden Welden) Jülich
Parmelia endorubra f. Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.)
Parathelium indutum Nyl. Pyrenula adacta Fée imbricatiformis Gyeln. Hale
Parathelium polysemum Nyl. Lithothelium polysemum (Nyl.) Parmelia endosulphurea (Hillmann) Parmotrema endosulphureum
Aptroot Hale (Hillmann) Hale
Parmelia abstrusa Vain. Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale Parmelia fasciculata Vain. Parmotrema fasciculatum (Vain.)
Parmelia acanthifolia Pers. Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale Hale
Parmelia andina Müll. Arg. Parmotrema andinum (Müll. Arg.) Parmelia flaventior Stirt. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale
Hale
Parmelia flavescens (Kremp.) Nyl. Parmotrema flavescens (Kremp.)
Parmelia andreana Müll. Arg. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale Hale
Parmelia angustior Nyl. Imshaugia angustior (Nyl.) Sipman Parmelia flavotincta Hale Parmotrema flavotinctum (Hale)
Parmelia atrichella Nyl. Bulbothrix atrichella (Nyl.) Hale Hale
Parmelia aurata (Ach.) Eschw. Crocodia aurata (Ach.) Link Parmelia fracta Hale Parmotrema fractum (Hale) Hale
Parmelia austrosinensis Zahlbr. Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Parmelia gigas Kurok. Hypotrachyna longiloba (H. Magn.)
Hale C.W. Sm.
Parmelia bangii Vain. Parmotrema bangii (Vain.) Hale Parmelia granatensis Nyl. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale
Parmelia blanchetii Hue Parmotrema blanchetianum (Müll. Parmelia granulosa Vain. Hypotrachyna columbiensis (Zahlbr.)
Arg.) Kalb Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch
Parmelia bogotensis Vain. Hypotrachyna bogotensis (Vain.)
Hale Parmelia hypotrachyna Nyl. Remototrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.)
Divakar, Lumbsch, Ferencová,
Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner Punctelia borreri (Turner) Krog Prado & A. Crespo
Parmelia borreri f. rudecta (Ach.) Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog
Parmelia kamtschadalis var. Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex
Nyl.
americana f. tenuis Müll. Arg. W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A.
Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
Parmelia caperata f. ramealis Nyl. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale Parmelia laevigata (Sm.) Ach. Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale


Parmelia laevigata var. gracilis Müll. Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Parmelia teresiana Gyeln. Xanthoparmelia ulcerosa (Zahlbr.)
Arg. Hale Hale
Parmelia laevigata var. sinuosa Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale Parmelia tiliacea var. sublaevigata Hypotrachyna sublaevigata (Nyl. ex
(Sm.) Nyl. Nyl. Tuck.) Hale
Parmelia latissima Fée Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale Parmelia tinctorum Nyl. Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex
Nyl.) Hale
Parmelia leucobates Nyl. Anzia leucobates (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Parmelia ulcerata Vain. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale
Parmelia mellissii C.W. Dodge Parmotrema mellissii (C.W. Dodge)
Hale Parmelia vermicularis Vain. Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar,
Parmelia mesogenes Nyl. Parmotrema mesogenes (Nyl.) Hale A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
Parmelia microblasta Vain. Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.) Parmelia zollingeri Hepp Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale
Hale Parmeliella incrassata P.M. Jørg. Nebularia incrassata (P.M. Jørg.)
Parmelia microspora Müll. Arg. Xanthoparmelia microspora (Müll. P.M. Jørg.
Arg.) Hale Parmeliella mariana (Fr.) P.M. Jørg. Lepidocollema marianum (Fr.) P.M.
Parmelia mougeotii Schaer. Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Schaer. & D.J. Galloway Jørg.
ex D. Dietr.) Hale Parmelina cleefi Sipman Hypotrachyna cleefii (Sipman)
Parmelia negata Nyl. Punctelia negata (Nyl.) Krog Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Lumbsch
Parmelia osteoleuca Nyl. Hypotrachyna osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale
Parmelina lindmanii (Lynge) Hale Myelochroa lindmanii (Lynge) Elix
Parmelia perforata (Jacq.) Ach. Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A. & Hale
Massal.
Parmelina melanochaeta (Kurok.) Parmotrema melanochaetum
Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Hale (Kurok.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo,
Choisy Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch
Parmelia perlata f. sorediifera Müll. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Parmelina minarum (Vain.) Hale Hypotrachyna minarum (Vain.) Krog
Arg. Choisy & Swinscow
Parmelia perlata var. ciliata Duby Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Parmelina muelleri (Vain.) Hale Parmotrema muelleri (Vain.) O.
Choisy Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix &
Parmelia physodalica Hale Hypotrachyna physodalica (Hale) Lumbsch
Hale Parmelina spumosa (Asahina) Hale Hypotrachyna spumosa (Asahina)
Parmelia prolongata Kurok. Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) Krog & Swinscow
Hale Parmelina swinscowii (Hale) Hale Hypotrachyna swinscowii (Hale)
Parmelia propagulifera Vain. Hypotrachyna microblasta (Vain.) Krog & Swinscow
Hale Parmelinopsis cleefii (Sipman) V. Hypotrachyna cleefii (Sipman)
Parmelia rachista Hale Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) Marcano & Sipman Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix &
Hale Lumbsch
Parmelia rampoddensis Nyl. Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Hypotrachyna horrescens (Taylor)
Hale Elix & Hale Krog & Swinscow
Parmelia reducens Nyl. Hypotrachyna reducens (Nyl.) Hale Parmelinopsis melanochaeta Parmotrema melanochaetum
(Kurok.) Elix & Hale (Kurok.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo,
Parmelia relicina var. coronata (Fée) Bulbothrix coronata (Fée) Hale Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch
Nyl.
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix Hypotrachyna minarum (Vain.) Krog
Parmelia reticulata Taylor Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. & Hale & Swinscow
Choisy
Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asah.) Elix Hypotrachyna spumosa (Asahina)
Parmelia revoluta Flörke Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale & Hale Krog & Swinscow
Parmelia rudecta Ach. Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asahina) Hypotrachyna spumosa (Asahina)
Parmelia sancti-angeli Lynge Parmotrema sancti-angelii (Lynge) Elix & Hale Krog & Swinscow
Hale Parmelinopsis swinscowii (Hale) Elix Hypotrachyna swinscowii (Hale)
Parmelia sinuosa (Sm.) Ach. Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale & Hale Krog & Swinscow
Parmelia sorocheila Vain. Hypotrachyna sorocheila (Vain.) Parmentaria astroidea Fée Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris
Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Parmentaria chilensis Fée Pyrenula chilensis (Fée) R.C. Harris
Lumbsch
Parmotrema blanchetii (Hue) Hale Parmotrema blanchetianum (Müll.
Parmelia subcrinita auct. non Nyl. Parmotrema ultralucens (Krog) Hale
Arg.) Kalb
Parmelia sublaevigata (Nyl.) Nyl. Hypotrachyna sublaevigata (Nyl. ex
Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M.
Tuck.) Hale
Hale & Ahti Choisy
Parmelia sublaevigata var. texana Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix
Parmotrema leucosemothetum Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.
(Tuck.) Nyl. & Hale
(Hue) Hale Choisy
Parmelia subsinuosa Nyl. Hypotrachyna pulvinata (Fée) Hale
Parmotrema subarnoldii (Abbayes) Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale
Parmelia taeniata Nyl. Anzia parasitica (Fée) Zahlbr. Hale


Patellaria albomaculans (Nyl.) Müll. Bacidia albomaculans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Pertusaria melaleuca (Sw. & Sow.) Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby
Arg. Duby
Patellaria millegrana var. suffusa Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. Pertusaria multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl. Lepra multipuncta (Turner)
Müll. Arg. Hafellner
Patellaria segregata Müll. Arg. Bacidia segregata (Müll. Arg.) Pertusaria multipuncta f. Pertusaria subvaginata Nyl.
Zahlbr. subvaginata Nyl.
Patellaria subpulchra Müll. Arg. Badimia dimidiata (Bab. ex Leight.) Pertusaria subventosa Malme Lepra subventosa (Malme) I.
Vězda Schmitt & Lumbsch
Patellaria versicolor (Fée) Müll. Arg. Lopezaria versicolor (Flot.) Kalb & Pertusaria tetrathalamia var. Pertusaria rhodiza Nyl.
Hafellner rhodiza (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Peltidea pulverulenta Taylor Peltigera pulverulenta (Taylor) Nyl. Pertusaria tetrathalamia var. Pertusaria rhodiza Nyl.
Peltigera boliviensis var. irregularis Peltigera laciniata (G. Merr.) Gyeln. rhodiza Müll. Arg.
Gyeln. Pertusaria vaginata Nyl. Varicellaria velata (Turner) I.
Peltigera laciniata var. irregularis Peltigera laciniata (G. Merr.) Gyeln. Schmitt & Lumbsch
(Gyeln.) Gyeln. Pertusaria velata (Turn.) Nyl. Varicellaria velata (Turner) I.
Peltigera membranacea f. Peltigera fibrilloides (Gyeln.) Vitik. Schmitt & Lumbsch
fibrilloides Gyeln. Peziza michelii (Boud.) Dennis Paragalactinia michelii (Boud.) Van
Peltigera polydactyla f. dolichorhiza Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. Vooren
Nyl. Peziza patena Lév. Lachnum patena (Lév.) J.H. Haines
Peltigera polydactyla var. Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. & Dumont
dolichorhiza Nyl. Phaeochorella sphaerospora Phyllachora conica (Chardón) Petr.
Peltigera polydactyla var. hymenina Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise Chardón
(Ach.) Flotow Phaeographina cabbalistica (Nyl.) Kalbographa cabbalistica (Nyl.)
Peltigera scutata (Dicks.) Duby Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad. Müll. Arg. Lücking
Peltigera spuria (Ach.) DC. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Phaeographina caesiopruinosa Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée)
Laundon (Fée) Müll. Arg. Fée
Peltigera tomentosa Vain. Peltigera laciniata (G. Merr.) Gyeln. Phaeographina chrysenteron Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.)
(Mont.) Müll. Arg. Staiger, Kalb & Lücking
Penicillium funiculosum Thom Talaromyces funiculosus (Thom)
Samson, N. Yilmaz, Frisvad & Phaeographina chrysocarpa (Raddi) Allographa chrysocarpa (Raddi)
Seifert Redinger Lücking & Kalb
Penicillium purpurogenum Talaromyces purpureogenus Phaeographina colubrosa (Nyl.) Platygramme colubrosa (Nyl.)
Samson, N. Yilmaz, Houbraken, Müll. Arg. Staiger
Spierenb., Seifert, Peterson, Varga Phaeographina dividens (Nyl.) K.P. Phaeographis dividens (Nyl.) Kr.P.
& Frisvad Singh & D.D. Awasthi Singh & Swarnal.
Peniophora gemmea D.P. Rogers Hyphoderma gemmeum (D.P. Phaeographina dolichographa (Nyl.) Allographa dolichographa (Nyl.)
Rogers) Donk Zahlbr. Lücking & Kalb
Pertusaria acroscyphoides Sipman Lepra acroscyphoides (Sipman) I. Phaeographina internigricans Graphis internigricans Nyl.
Schmitt, B.P. Hodk. & Lumbsch (Leight.) Zahlbr.
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner Phaeographina mesographa (Nyl.) Phaeographis mesographa (Nyl.)
Choisy & Werner Müll. Arg. Müll. Arg.
Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex Ahles Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) DC. Phaeographina scalpturata (Ach.) Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.)
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. Lepra amara (Ach.) Hafellner Müll. Arg. Staiger
Pertusaria culbersonii Vězda Varicellaria culbersonii (Vězda) I. Phaeographis cinnabarina (Fée) Thalloloma cinnabarinum (Fée)
Schmitt & Lumbsch Müll. Arg. Staiger
Pertusaria leioplaca var. octospora Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) DC. Phaeographis dimorpha (Nyl.) Platythecium leiogramma (Nyl.)
Nyl. Zahlbr. Staiger
Pertusaria leioplaca var. pycnocarpa Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) DC. Phaeographis glaucoleucoides (Nyl.) Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. &
Nyl. Zahlbr. Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix
Pertusaria leioplaca var. Pertusaria trypetheliiformis Nyl. Phaeographis inusta var. Phaeographis medusiformis
trypetheliiformis (Nyl.) Nyl. medusuliformis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. (Kremp.) Müll. Arg.
Pertusaria leioplaca var. turgida Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) DC. Phaeographis leiogramma (Nyl.) Platythecium leiogramma (Nyl.)
Müll. Arg. Zahlbr. Staiger
Pertusaria leioplacoides var. rhodiza Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl. Phaeographis patellula (Nyl.) Müll. Leiorreuma patellulum (Fée) Staiger
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Arg.
Pertusaria leioplacoides var. Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl. Phaeographis serpentinella (Nyl.) Platythecium serpentinellum (Nyl.)
tetraspora Müll. Arg. Zahlbr. Staiger


Phaeoschizophyllum leprieurii Schizophyllum leprieurii Linder Phlyctella andensis (Nyl.) Nyl. Phlyctis andensis Nyl.
(Linder) W.B. Cooke
Phlyctella endecamera (Nyl.) Nyl. Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Lücking
Phaeotrema glyphicum (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Redingeria glyphica (Nyl.) Frisch & Sipman
Phaeotrema pachysporum (Nyl.) Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. Phlyctidia boliviensis (Nyl.) Müll. Phlyctis boliviensis Nyl.
Zahlbr. Arg.
Phaeotrema pachystomum (Nyl.) Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.) Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Nyl. Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Lücking
Zahlbr. Sipman & Sipman
Phakopsora columbiana F. Kern & Arthuria columbiana (F. Kern & Pholiota apiahyna Speg. Stropharia apiahyna (Speg.) Cortez
Whetzel Whetzel) Cummins & R.M. Silveira
Phanerochaete filamentosa (Berk. & Rhizochaete filamentosa (Berk. & Phoma andina var. crystalliniformis Stagonosporopsis crystalliniformis
M.A. Curtis) M.A. Curtis) Gresl., Nakasone & Loer., R. Navarro, M. Lôbo & (Loer., R. Navarro, M. Lôbo &
Rajchenb. Turkenst. Turkenst.) Aveskamp, Gruyter &
Phanerochaete sanguinea (Fr.) Atheliachaete sanguinea (Fr.) Spirin Verkley
Pouzar & Zmitr. Phyllachora ambrosiae (Berk. & Cryptophyllachora ambrosiae
Phanerochaete subquercina (Henn.) Phaneroites subquercinus (Henn.) M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Sacc.) L. Kiss, Kovács, P.F.
Hjortstam Hjortstam & Ryvarden Cannon & R.G. Shivas
Phellinus calcitratus (Berk. & M.A. Inonotus calcitratus (Berk. & M.A. Phyllachora antioquensis Chardón Phyllachora oxyspora Starbäck
Curtis) Ryvarden Curtis) Gomes-Silva & Gibertoni Phyllachora cornispora-necrotica Phyllachora acutispora Speg.
Phellinus callimorhus Lév. Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Chardón
Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto Phyllachora molinae Chardón Phyllachora urvilleana Speg.
Phellinus callimorphus (Lév.) Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Phyllachora murilloi Garcés Phyllachora acutispora Speg.
Ryvarden Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto
Phyllachora ruelliae Chardón Telimena ruelliae (Chardón)
Phellinus conchatus (Pers.) Quél. Phellinopsis conchata (Pers.) Y.C. Mardones, Trampe & M. Piepenbr.
Dai
Phyllobathelium epiphyllum (Müll. Phyllobathelium firmum (Stirt.)
Phellinus contiguus (Pers.) Pat. Fuscoporia contigua (Pers.) G. Arg.) Müll. Arg. Vězda
Cunn.
Phyllophiale alba R. Sant. Porina alba (R. Sant.) Lücking
Phellinus ferreus (Pers.) Bourdot & Fuscoporia ferrea (Pers.) G. Cunn.
Galzin Phyllophthalmaria coccinea (Leight.) Chroodiscus coccineus (Leight.)
Zahlbr. Müll. Arg.
Phellinus ferruginosus (Schrad.) Fuscoporia ferruginosa (Schrad.)
Pat. Murrill Phylloporina platypoda (Müll. Arg.) Phylloporis platypoda (Müll. Arg.)
Müll. Arg. Vězda
Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Tropicoporus linteus (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Teng Curtis) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai Phylloporina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg.
Arg.
Phellinus pachyphloeus (Pat.) Pat. Inonotus pachyphloeus (Pat.) T.
Wagner & M. Fisch. Phylloporina rufula var. obscurata Porina limbulata (Kremp.) Vain.
(Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
Phellinus punctatus (Fr.) Pilát Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.)
Murrill Phylloporina spruceana Müll. Arg. Porina limbulata (Kremp.) Vain.
Phellinus punctatus (P. Karst.) Pilát Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.) Phyllopsora buettneri var. glauca (B. Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll. Arg.)
Murrill de Lesd.) Brako Zahlbr.
Phellinus rufitinctus (Berk. & M.A. Phellinidium rufitinctum (Berk. Phyllopsora corallina var. Phyllopsora ochroxantha (Nyl.)
Curtis ex Cooke) Pat. & M.A. Curtis ex A.L. Sm.) ochroxantha (Nyl.) Brako Zahlbr.
Bondartseva & S. Herrera Phyllopsora corallina var. santensis Phyllopsora santensis (Tuck.)
Phellinus tropicalis M.J. Larsen & Tropicoporus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen (Eschw.) Brako Swinscow & Krog
Lombard & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai Phyllopsora labriformis Timdal Parallopsora labriformis (Timdal)
Phlebia livida (Pers.) Bres. Mycoacia livida (Pers.) Zmitr. Kistenich, Timdal & Bendiksby
Phlebia lividina Hjortstam Phlebia fascicularia (Rick) Phyllopsora leucophyllina (Nyl.) Parallopsora leucophyllina (Nyl.)
Nakasone & Burds. Timdal Kistenich, Timdal & Bendiksby
Phlebia subcretacea (Litsch.) M.P. Cabalodontia subcretacea (Litsch.) Phyllopsora parvifolia var. Phyllopsora canoumbrina (Vain.)
Christ. Piątek subgranulosa (Tuck.) Müll. Arg. Brako
Phlebiella tulasnelloidea (Höhn. & Xenasma tulasnelloideum (Höhn. & Phyllosticta noackiana Allesch. Boeremia noackiana (Allesch.)
Litsch.) Oberw. Litsch.) Donk Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley
Phlebiella vaga (Fr.) P. Karst. Xenasmatella vaga (Fr.) Stalpers Physcia acromela (Pers.) Nyl. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Phlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) Phaeophlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) Physcia adglutinata f. minor (Fée) Hyperphyscia minor (Fée) Kalb
Hjortstam Zmitr. Nyl.
Phlebopus brunneoruber (Beeli) Phlebopus braunii (Bres.) Heinem. Physcia aegialita (Ach.) Nyl. Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel. ex Ach.)
Heinem. & Rammeloo B.J. Moore
Phloeospora mimosae-pigrae Evans Sphaerulina mimosae-pigrae H.C. Physcia albicans (Pers.) J.W. Heterodermia albicans (Pers.)
& G. Carrión Evans & G. Carrión Thomson Swinscow & Krog


Physcia angustifolia (Meyen & Flot.) Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Platygrapha elaeocarpa Nyl. Gyronactis elaeocarpa (Nyl.) Ertz &
Nyl. Tehler
Physcia barbifera var. subcomosa Heterodermia subcomosa (Nyl.) Elix Platygrapha endecamera Nyl. Phlyctis endecamera (Nyl.) Lücking
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. & Sipman
Physcia candelaria f. orbicularis Nyl. Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold Platygrapha extenuata Nyl. Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.)
Physcia candelaria f. substellata Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold Sparrius
(Ach.) Nyl. Platygrapha flavescens Nyl. Syncesia flavescens (Nyl.) Tehler
Physcia ciliata f. erythrocardia Phaeophyscia endococcinodes Platygrapha flaviseda Nyl. Lecanactis flaviseda (Nyl.) Tehler
(Tuck.) J.W. Thomson (Poelt) Essl.
Platygrapha homoeoides Nyl. Lecanactis epileuca (Nyl.) Tehler
Physcia crispa var. mollescens (Nyl.) Heterodermia albicans (Pers.)
Vain. Swinscow & Krog Platygrapha homoeoides var. Lecanactis epileuca (Nyl.) Tehler
plicata Nyl.
Physcia flavicans (Sw.) DC. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Platygrapha interrupta (Fée) Nyl. Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée)
Physcia fragilescens Zahlbr. Physcia sorediosa (Vain.) Lynge Müll. Arg.
Physcia hypoglauca Nyl. Niorma hypoglauca (Nyl.) S.Y. Platygrapha leptographa Nyl. Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée)
Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, Müll. Arg.
M.H. Jeong & Hur
Platygrapha leucopsara Nyl. Schismatomma leucopsarum (Nyl.)
Physcia hypoleuca (Ach.) Nyl. Polyblastidium hypoleucum (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Kalb
Platygrapha lineolata Nyl. Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée)
Physcia leucomela (L.) Mich. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Müll. Arg.
Physcia leucomela f. albociliata Nyl. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Platygrapha ocellata Nyl. Mazosia ocellata (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Physcia leucomela var. angustifolia Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Platygrapha permutans Nyl. Byssoloma permutans (Nyl.) Lücking
(Meyen & Flot.) Nyl.
Platygrapha phlyctella Nyl. Phlyctis andensis Nyl.
Physcia leucomela var. podocarpa Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D.
(Bél.) Nyl. Awasthi Platygrapha psaroleuca Nyl. Syncesia psaroleuca (Nyl.) Tehler
Physcia obscura f. endochrysea Nyl. Phaeophyscia endococcinodes Platygrapha rotula (Mont.) Nyl. Mazosia rotula (Mont.) A. Massal.
(Poelt) Essl.
Platygrapha rotula f. centrifuga Nyl. Mazosia rotula (Mont.) A. Massal.
Physcia obscura var. ulotrichoides Phaeophyscia endococcinodes
Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée) Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.)
Nyl. (Poelt) Essl.
Müll. Arg. Sparrius
Physcia obscurata Nyl. Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.)
Platythecium hypoleptum (Nyl.) M. Thalloloma hypoleptum (Nyl.)
Trevis.
Nakan. & Kashiw. Staiger
Physcia obsessa (Mont.) Nyl. Physcia integrata Nyl.
Pleoscutula hypotrachynae Etayo Spirographa hypotrachynae (Etayo)
Physcia obsessa Nyl. Physcia integrata Nyl. Flakus, Etayo & Miądl.
Physcia picta (Sw.) Nyl. Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear Pleuromycenula circularis Singer Helotium circulare (Singer) Redhead
Physcia podocarpa (Bél.) Nyl. Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Pleuromycenula flava Singer Flabellimycena flava (Singer)
Awasthi Redhead
Physcia setosa (Ach.) Nyl. Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Essl. Pleurotrema polysemum (Nyl.) Müll. Lithothelium polysemum (Nyl.)
Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Arg. Aptroot
Trevis. Polychidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Leptogidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Nyl.
Physcia speciosa var. hypoleuca Polyblastidium hypoleucum (Ach.) Henssen
(Ach.) Nyl. Kalb Polycoccum arnoldii (Hepp ex Körb.) Sphaerellothecium arnoldii (A.
Physcia syncolla Nyl. Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex D. Hawksw. Massal.) Hafellner
Nyl.) Kalb Polyozosia dispersa (Pers.) S.Y. Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa,
Phytoconis aurantiaca (Redhead & Lichenomphalia aurantiaca Kondr., L. Lőkös & Farkas Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Kuyper) Redhead & Kuyper (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead, Polyozosia hagenii (Ach.) S.Y. Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa,
Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys Kondr., L. Lőkös & Farkas Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Phytoconis lobata (Redhead & Lichenomphalia lobata (Redhead Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr. Lentinus arcularius (Batsch) Zmitr.
Kuyper) Redhead & Kuyper & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni,
Moncalvo & Vilgalys Polyporus blanchetianus Berk. & Cerioporus varius (Pers.) Zmitr. &
Mont. Kovalenko
Placodium murorum var. obliteratum Calogaya saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrák
(Pers.) Duby Polyporus brenningii Henn. Fomitopsis nivosa (Berk.) Gilb. &
Ryvarden
Platygloea blastomyces Möller Achroomyces blastomyces (Möller)
Wojewoda Polyporus gilvus Peck Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat.
Platygloea effusa J. Schröt. Achroomyces effusus (J. Schröt.) Polyporus hymeninus Lév. Coriolopsis brunneoleuca (Berk.)
Mig. Ryvarden
Platygrapha dilatata Nyl. Sagenidiopsis undulata (Fée) Egea, Polyporus maximus (Mont.) Overh. Trametes maxima (Mont.) A. David
Tehler, Torrente & Sipman & Rajchenb.


Polyporus modestus Kunze:Fr. Ranadivia modesta (Kunze ex Fr.) Pseudofavolus cucullatus (Mont.) Hexagonia cucullata (Mont.) Murrill
Zmitr. Pat.
Polyporus omphalodes Berk. Amauroderma omphalodes (Berk.) Pseudohiatula irrorata (Pat.) Singer Hydropus irroratus (Pat.) Singer
Torrend
Pseudoparmelia amazonica (Nyl.) Canoparmelia amazonica (Nyl.) Elix
Polyporus pavonius (Hook.) Fr. Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden Hale & Hale
Polyporus philippinensis Berk. Favolus philippinensis (Berk.) Sacc. Pseudoparmelia carneopruinata Crespoa carneopruinata (Zahlbr.)
(Zahlbr.) Hale Lendemer & B.P. Hodk.
Polyporus purpurascens Berk. & Byssomerulius corium (Pers.)
M.A. Curtis Parmasto Pseudoparmelia salacinifera (Hale) Parmelinella salacinifera (Hale)
Hale Marcelli & Benatti
Polyporus tricholoma Mont. Lentinus tricholoma (Mont.) Zmitr.
Pseudophyscia obscurata (Nyl.) Hue Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.)
Polyporus trichomallus Berk. & Trichaptum trichomallum (Berk. &
Trevis.
Mont. Mont.) Murrill
Pseudophyscia speciosa (Wulfen) Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen)
Polyporus udus Jungh. Bresadolia uda (Jungh.) Audet
Müll. Arg. Trevis.
Polyporus virgatus Berk. & M.A. Picipes virgatus (Berk. & M.A.
Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll.
Curtis Curtis) J.L. Zhou & B.K. Cui
Arg. var. diluta Arg.
Polystictus floridanus Berk. Trichaptum sector (Ehrenb.) Kreisel
Pseudopyrenula diluta var. Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll.
Porina mirabilis Lücking & Vězda Porina alba (R. Sant.) Lücking degenerans Vain. Arg.
Porina phyllogena Müll. Arg. Phylloporis phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Pseudopyrenula dirempta (Nyl.) Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll.
Clem. Müll. Arg. Arg.
Porina platypoda Müll. Arg. Phylloporis platypoda (Müll. Arg.) Pseudopyrenula myriomma (Nyl.) Astrothelium annulare (Fée) Aptroot
Vězda Müll. Arg. & Lücking
Porina pseudofulvella Sérus. Porina rufula (Kremp.) Vain. Pseudopyrenula obvoluta (Nyl.) Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer)
Zahlbr. Schaer.
Porina rubicolor auct. non (Stirt.) Porina limbulata (Kremp.) Vain.
Müll. Arg. Pseudopyrenula papulosa (Nyl.) Astrothelium papulosum (Nyl.)
Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Lücking
Porina rugosa Kalb & Vězda Porina radiata Kalb, Lücking &
Vězda Pseudopyrenula pupula (Ach.) Müll. Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot
Arg. & Lücking
Porina rugosa Vězda Porina radiata Kalb, Lücking &
Vězda Pseudopyrenula thelotremoides Astrothelium thelotremoides (Nyl.)
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Aptroot & Lücking
Porostereum crassum (Lév.) Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas &
Hjortstam & Ryvarden Hibbett Pseudosagedia atrocoerulea (Müll. Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg.
Arg.) Hafellner & Kalb
Porpidia flavocoerulescens Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan
(Hornem.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab Pseudosagedia cerasi (Schrad.) M. Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A.
Choisy Massal.
Postia stiptica (Pers.) Jülich Amaropostia stiptica (Pers.) B.K.
Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai Pseudosagedia guentheri (Flot.) Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr.
Hafellner & Kalb
Pronectria leptaleoides Etayo Xenonectriella leptaleoides (Etayo)
Etayo Pseudosagedia nitidula (Müll. Arg.) Porina nitidula Müll. Arg.
Hafellner & Kalb
Prospodium appendiculatum var. Prospodium appendiculatum
colombianum López-Alzate & (Kuntze) Arthur Pseudosagedia papillifera (Stirt.) Porina papillifera F. Schill.
Salazar-Yepes Hafellner & Kalb
Prospodium garcesii F. Kern & Canasta garcesii (F. Kern & Thurst.) Pseudosagedia umbilicata (Müll. Porina umbilicata (Müll. Arg.) F.
Thurst. A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen Arg.) Hafellner & Kalb Schill.
Protoparmelia picea (Dicks.) Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata Psilocybe muliercula Singer & A.H.
Hafellner Hafellner Guzmán Sm.
Pseudocercospora colombiensis Parapallidocercospora colombiensis Psilocybe caerulescens var. Psilocybe caerulescens Murrill
Crous & M.J. Wingf. (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Videira & ombrophila R. Heim
Crous
Psilocybe castanella var. Psilocybe subhyperella Singer
Pseudocyphellaria arvidssonii D.J. Crocodia arvidssonii (D.J. Galloway) subhyperella (Singer) Guzmán
Galloway D.J. Galloway & Elix
Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.) P. Deconica coprophila (Bull.) P. Karst.
Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Crocodia aurata (Ach.) Link Kumm.
Vain.
Psilocybe montana (Pers.) P. Kumm. Deconica montana (Pers.) P.D.
Pseudocyphellaria clathrata (De Crocodia clathrata (De Not.) Trevis. Orton
Not.) Malme
Psilocybe phyllogena (Peck) Peck Deconica phyllogena (Sacc.)
Pseudocyphellaria encoensis R. Podostictina encoensis (R. Sant.) Noordel.
Sant. D.J. Galloway & de Lange
Psilocybe subacutipilea Guzmán, Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim
Pseudocyphellaria perpetua Pseudocyphellaria hawaiiensis H. Saldarr., Pineda, G. García & L.-F.
McCune & Miądl. Magn. Velázquez


Psorotheciopsis philippinensis Linhartia philippinensis Rehm Radulodon venustus Hjortstam & Pseudolagarobasidium venustum
(Rehm) Lücking Ryvarden (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Nakasone
& D.L. Lindner
Puccinia bocconiae Mayor Coleosporium bocconiae (Mayor) P.
Syd. & Syd. Ramalina calicaris f. ecklonii Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog &
Puccinia sidae-rhombifoliae Mayor Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex (Spreng.) Nyl. Swinscow
Mont. Ramalina calicaris f. protensa Nyl. Ramalina protensa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Puccinia solani-micranthumi Pardo- Puccinia solani-micranthi Pardo Ramalina calicaris f. rigida (Pers.) Ramalina rigida Ach.
Card. Nyl.
Puccinia spegazzinii De Toni Micropuccinia spegazzinii (De Toni) Ramalina calicaris var. denticulata Ramalina denticulata (Eschw.) Nyl.
Arthur & H.S. Jacks. (Eschw.) Nyl.
Pyrenastrum astroideum (Fée) Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris Ramalina complanata f. protensa Ramalina protensa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Pyrenastrum pyrenuloides (Mont.) Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Nyl.
Nyl. Harris Ramalina geniculata Hook. f. & Ramalina inflata (Hook. f. & Taylor)
Pyrenula concatervans (Nyl.) R.C. Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.) Müll. Taylor Hook. f. & Taylor
Harris Arg. Ramalina yemensis (Ach.) Nyl. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog &
Pyrenula convexa (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Swinscow
Pyrenula costaricensis Müll. Arg. Pyrenula aggregata (Fée) Fée Ramalina yemensis var. ecklonii f. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog &
sublinearis Nyl. Swinscow
Pyrenula discolor Ach. Ampliotrema discolor (Ach.) Kalb
Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot
Pyrenula laii Aptroot Pyrenula immissa (Stirt.) Zahlbr. var. botrytis
Pyrenula macrocarpa A. Massal. Pyrenula complanata (Mont.) Trevis. Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken var. Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Bourdot
Pyrenula marginata Hook. Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trevis. botrytis
Pyrenula marginatula Müll. Arg. Pyrenula adacta Fée Ramaria botrytis var. Ramaria aurantiiramosa (Marr &
aurantiiramosa Marr & D.E. Stuntz D.E. Stuntz) Franchi & M. Marchetti
Pyrenula mastophoroides var. Pyrenula mastophoroides (Nyl.)
flavicans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Zahlbr. Ramaria zippelii (Lév.) Corner Phaeoclavulina zippelii (Lév.)
Overeem
Pyrenula mucosa (Vain.) R.C. Harris Pyrenula papillifera (Nyl.) Aptroot
Ramularia endophylla Verkley & U. Mycosphaerella punctiformis (Pers.)
Pyrenula nova-granadensis Upreti & Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R.C.
Braun Starbäck
Ajay Singh Harris
Resinicium friabile Hjortstam & Melo Resinicium luteosulphureum (Rick)
Pyrenula obvoluta (Nyl.) Aptroot Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer)
Baltazar & Rajchenb.
Schaer.
Pyrenula obvoluta (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Rexia fuliginosa (Filson) S. Stenroos, Rexiella fuliginosa (Filson) S.
& Aptroot Schaer. Pino-Bodas & Ahti Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas and Ahti
Pyrenula pinguis Fée Pyrenula quassiicola Fée Rhodocybe nitellina (Fr.) Singer Rhodophana nitellina (Fr.) Papetti
Pyrenula santensis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Pyrenula balia (Kremp.) R.C. Harris Rhodocybe testacea Dennis Clitopilus testaceus (Dennis)
Noordel. & Co-David
Pyrenula subaggregata Müll. Arg. Pyrenula aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.)
Ach. Rhodophyllus ferrugineogranulatus Entoloma ferrugineogranulatum
Singer (Singer) E. Horak
Pyrenula subducta var. retracta Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. Rhodophyllus lyophylliformis Singer Entoloma lyophylliforme (Singer) E.
Horak
Pyrenula verruculosa Upreti & Ajay Pyrenula schiffneri (Zahlbr.) Aptroot
Singh Rhodotorula colostri (T. Castelli) Rhodosporidiobolus colostri (T.
Lodder Castelli) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M.
Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafellner Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Kalb, Groenew. & Boekhout
Lumbsch & Elix
Rhodotorula rubra (Schimon) F.C. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (A. Jörg.)
Pyxine caesiopruinosa (Tuck.) Pyxine albovirens (G. Mey.) Aptroot Harrison F.C. Harrison
Imshaug
Rhodotorula taiwanensis F.L. Lee & Rhodotorula taiwanensis F.L. Lee
Pyxine cocoes f. isidiophora Müll. Pyxine isidiophora (Müll. Arg.) C.H. Huang & C.H. Huang ex Denchev & T.
Arg. Imshaug Denchev
Pyxine cocoes var. sorediata (Ach.) Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. Ricasolia corrosa (Ach.) Nyl. Yoshimuriella corrosa (Ach.)
Tuck. Moncada & Lücking
Pyxine isidiophora (Müll. Arg.) Pyxine coralligera Malme Ricasolia crenulata (Hook.) Nyl. Lobariella crenulata (Hook.)
Imshaug Yoshim.
Pyxine meissneri Nyl. Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug Ricasolia excisa (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb. Emmanuelia excisa (Müll. Arg.)
Pyxine microspora Vain. Pyxine pyxinoides (Müll. Arg.) Kalb Lücking, Moncada & Ant. Simon
Pyxine sorediata f. caesiopruinosa Pyxine albovirens (G. Mey.) Aptroot Ricasolia fendleri (Mont. & Tuck.) Yoshimuriella fendleri (Tuck. &
(Tuck.) Hue Nyl. Mont.) Moncada & Lücking
Racodium rupestre Pers. Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Ricasolia pallida (Hook.) Nyl. Lobariella pallida (Hook.) Moncada
Thwaites & Lücking


Ricasolia peltigera (Delise) Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.) Schismatomma lineolata (Nyl.) Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée)
Lücking & Moncada Zahlbr. Müll. Arg.
Ricasolia subdissecta f. deplanata Yoshimuriella deplanata (Nyl.) Schismatomma ocellatum (Nyl.) Mazosia ocellata (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Nyl. Moncada & Lücking Zahlbr.
Ricasolia subdissecta f. scrobiculata Yoshimuriella subdissecta (Nyl.) Schismatomma permutans (Nyl.) Byssoloma permutans (Nyl.) Lücking
Nyl. Moncada & Lücking Zahlbr.
Ricasolia subdissecta Nyl. Yoshimuriella subdissecta (Nyl.) Schizopora flavipora (Berk. & M.A. Xylodon flaviporus (Berk. & M.A.
Moncada & Lücking Curtis ex Cooke) Ryvarden Curtis ex Cooke) Riebesehl &
Ricasolia tenuis (Vain.) Stizenb. Emmanuelia tenuis (Vain.) Lücking, Langer
Moncada & Gumboski Schizopora trichiliae (Van der Byl) Xylodon flaviporus (Berk. & M.A.
Rimelia bonplandii Nata Parmotrema bonplandii (Mata) O. Ryvarden Curtis ex Cooke) Riebesehl &
Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Elix & Langer
Lumbsch Scutellospora heterogama (T.H. Dentiscutata heterogama (T.H.
Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) Hale & A. Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & F.E. Nicolson & Gerd.) Sieverd., F.A.
Fletcher Sanders Souza & Oehl
Rimelia commensurata (Hale) Hale Parmotrema commensuratum Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk Baltazaria galactina (Fr.) Leal-Dutra,
& A. Fletcher (Hale) Hale Dentinger & G.W. Griff.
Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Scytinostroma ochroleucum (Bres. Scytinostroma lusitanicum (Trotter)
Fletcher Choisy & Torrend) Donk P.M. Kirk
Rimelia simulans (Hale) Hale & A. Parmotrema simulans (Hale) Hale Segestria octomera (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Porina octomera (Müll. Arg.) F.
Fletcher Harris Schill.
Rimelia subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale Parmotrema subisidiosum (Müll. Segestria rubentior (Stirt.) R.C. Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg.
& A. Fletcher Arg.) Hale Harris
Rinodina insperata (Nyl.) Malme Orcularia insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Sesquicillium pseudosetosum Clonostachys pseudosetosa
Giralt Samuels (Samuels) Schroers
Roccella decipiens Darb. Roccella verruculosa Follmann Sphaeria depressa Hook. Phacidium depressum Hook. ex
Berk.
Rogersella asperula Liberta & A.J. Lyomyces griseliniae (G. Cunn.)
Navas Riebesehl & Langer Sphaeria depressa J.M. Hook Phacidium depressum Hook. ex
Berk.
Rogersella griseliniae (G. Cunn.) Lyomyces griseliniae (G. Cunn.)
Stalpers Riebesehl & Langer Sphaeria melanococca Lév. Dothidotthia melanococca (Lév.)
Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Dematophora bunodes (Berk. & Aptroot
Broome) Sacc. Broome) C. Lambert, Wittstein & Sphaerodothis columbiensis Phyllachora columbiensis (Chardón)
M. Stadler Chardón P.F. Cannon
Rosellinia obregonii L.E. Petrini Dematophora obregonii (L.E. Sphaerophoron compressum Ach. Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
Petrini) C. Lambert, Wittstein & M. Wedin
Stadler
Sphaerophorus compressus Ach. Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
Rozites colombiana Halling & Cortinarius colombianus (Halling & Wedin
Ovrebo Ovrebo) Peintner, E. Horak, M.M.
Moser & Vilgalys Sphaerophorus formosanus Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
(Zahlbr.) Asahina Wedin
Rozites colombianus Halling & Cortinarius colombianus (Halling &
Ovrebo Ovrebo) Peintner, E. Horak, M.M. Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (Sw.) Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
Moser & Vilgalys DC. Wedin
Russula emetica subsp. lacustris Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. Sphaerostilbe gracilipes Tul. & C. Nectria gracilipes (Tul. & C. Tul.)
Singer Tul. Wollenw.
Saccomorpha icmalea (Ach.) Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins Spirechina columbiensis F. Kern & Gerwasia columbiensis (F. Kern &
Clauzade & Cl. Roux & P. James Whetzel Whetzel) Buriticá
Sarcographa actinobola (Nyl.) Müll. Sarcographa cinchonarum Fée Squamacidia janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) Phyllopsora cinchonarum (Fée)
Arg. Brako Timdal
Sarcographa decolorascens (Nyl.) Phaeographis decolorascens (Nyl.) Steccherinum subochraceum Steccherinum hydneum Rick ex
Zahlbr. Lücking Bononi & Hjortstam Maas Geest.
Sarcographa intricans (Nyl.) Müll. Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Stegobolus anamorphoides (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus anamorphoides (Nyl.)
Arg. Staiger Lücking Vain.
Sarcographa leprieurii (Mont.) Müll. Phaeographis leprieurii (Mont.) Stegobolus anamorphus (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus anamorphoides (Nyl.)
Arg. Staiger Frisch & Kalb Vain.
Schaereria tenebrosa (Flot.) Hertel Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Stegobolus auberianus (Mont.) Rhabdodiscus auberianus (Mont.)
& Poelt Clauzade & Cl. Roux A.Frisch & Kalb Vain.
Schismatomma flavescens (Nyl.) Syncesia flavescens (Nyl.) Tehler Stegobolus auberianus (Mont.) Rhabdodiscus auberianus (Mont.)
Zahlbr. Frisch & Kalb Vain.


Stegobolus fissus (Nyl.) A.Frisch Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) Sticta damicornis var. sinuosa Sticta sinuosa Pers.
Vain. (Pers.) Nyl.
Stegobolus fissus (Nyl.) Frisch Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) Sticta damicornis var. Sticta subscrobiculata (Nyl.) Gyeln.
Vain. subscrobiculata Nyl.
Stegobolus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Sticta denudata Taylor Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.)
A.Frisch Vain. Lücking & Moncada
Stegobolus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Sticta excisa Müll. Arg. Emmanuelia excisa (Müll. Arg.)
Frisch Vain. Lücking, Moncada & Ant. Simon
Stegobolus percolumellatus Ocellularia percolumellata Sipman Sticta kunthii var. pilosella (Nyl.) Sticta gyalocarpa (Nyl.) Trevis.
(Sipman) A.Frisch Zahlbr.
Stegobolus percolumellatus Ocellularia percolumellata Sipman Sticta laciniata var. denudata Nyl. Sticta subdenudata Moncada &
(Sipman) Frisch Lücking
Stegobolus reconditus (Stirt.) Rhabdodiscus reconditus (Stirt.) Sticta laciniata var. dilatata (Nyl.) Sticta boliviana Nyl.
A.Frisch Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch Müll. Arg.
Stegobolus subemersus (Müll. Arg.) Rhabdodiscus subemersus (Müll. Sticta laciniata var. laeviuscula Nyl. Sticta orizabana Nyl.
A.Frisch Arg.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Sticta lenormandii f. brevior (Nyl.) Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking
Lumbsch
Sticta lenormandii f. brevior Nyl. Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking
Stenella pseudoparkii Crous & M.J. Zasmidium pseudoparkii (Crous &
Wingf. M.J. Wingf.) Crous & U. Braun Sticta microisidiata Magain et al. Sticta ciliata Taylor
Stephanophorus digitatus A. Leptogium digitatum (A. Massal.) Sticta neopulmonacea Gyeln. Sticta neopulmonaria Gyeln.
Massal. Zahlbr. Sticta paramuna Moncada & Sticta andina Moncada, Lücking &
Stereocaulon albicans Th. Fr. Lepraria albicans (Th. Fr.) Lendemer Lücking Sérus.
& B.P. Hodk. Sticta patinifera (Taylor) Müll. Arg. Emmanuelia patinifera (Taylor)
Stereocaulon alpestre (Flot.) Th. Fr. Stereocaulon tomentosum var. Lücking, M. Cáceres & Ant. Simon
alpestre Flot. Sticta peltigera Delise Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.)
Stereocaulon denudatum Flörke Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. Lücking & Moncada
Stereocaulon denudatum var. Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. Sticta peruviana (Delise) Nyl. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain.
vesuvianum (Pers.) Laur. Sticta tomentosa f. latior Nyl. Sticta cometia Ach.
Stereocaulon lecanoreum Nyl. Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr. Sticta tomentosa f. leucoblepharis Sticta leucoblepharis Tuck. & Mont.
Stereocaulon mixtum Nyl. Stereocaulon ramulosum Raeusch. (Mont.) Nyl.
Stereocaulon proximum Nyl. Stereocaulon ramulosum Raeusch. Sticta tomentosa f. leucoblepharis Sticta leucoblepharis Tuck. & Mont.
(Mont.) Zahlbr.
Stereocaulon proximum var. Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr.
compressum (Nyl.) Nyl. Sticta tomentosa f. leucoblepharis Sticta leucoblepharis Tuck. & Mont.
(Tuck. & Mont.) Zahlbr.
Stereocaulon proximum var. Stereocaulon ramulosum Raeusch.
gracilius Müll. Arg. Sticta tomentosa f. ornata (Müll. Sticta dilatata (Nyl.) Vain.
Arg.) Hue
Stereocaulon ramulosum f. Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr.
compressum Nyl. Sticta tomentosa var. dilatata (Nyl.) Sticta dilatata (Nyl.) Vain.
Hue
Stereocaulon ramulosum f. Stereocaulon meyeri Stein
farinosum Th. Fr. Sticta weigelii f. beauvoisii (Delise) Sticta beauvoisii Delise
Hue
Stereocaulon ramulosum var. Stereocaulon strictum Th. Fr.
compressum (Nyl.) Nyl. Sticta weigelii var. beauvoisii Sticta beauvoisii Delise
(Delise) Hue
Stereocaulon ramulosum var. Stereocaulon ramulosum Raeusch.
elegans Th. Fr. Sticta weigelii var. peruviana Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain.
(Delise) Vain.
Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. var. Stereocaulon tomentosum Th. Fr.
tomentosum Stictina andensis Nyl. Sticta andensis (Nyl.) Trevis.
Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. Stictina andreana Müll. Arg. Sticta andreana (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
denudatum (Flörke) I.M. Lamb. Stictina cometia (Ach.) Nyl. Sticta cometia Ach.
Stereocaulon violascens Müll. Arg. Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. Stictina filicinella Nyl. Sticta filicinella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Sticta aurata Ach. Crocodia aurata (Ach.) Link Stictina fuliginosa (Dicks.) Nyl. Sticta fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach.
Sticta colombiana Moncada & Sticta andina Moncada, Lücking & Stictina gyalocarpa Nyl. Sticta gyalocarpa (Nyl.) Trevis.
Lücking Sérus.
Stictina humboldtii (Hook.) Nyl. Sticta humboldtii Hook.
Sticta damaecornis f. rudiuscula Sticta rudiuscula (Vain.) Moncada
Stictina impressula (Nyl.) Nyl. Sticta impressula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Vain. & Lücking
Stictina kunthii (Hook.) Nyl. Sticta kunthii Hook.
Sticta damicornis f. subscrobiculata Sticta subscrobiculata (Nyl.) Gyeln.
(Nyl.) Stizenb. Stictina kunthii var. pilosella Nyl. Sticta kunthii Hook.


Stictina lenormandii (Nyl.) Nyl. Sticta lenormandii (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Strigula radiata Lücking Phylloporis radiata (Lücking) S.H.
Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei
Stictina lenormandii f. brevior Nyl. Sticta brevior Moncada & Lücking
Stictina lenormandii f. laevis Nyl. Sticta laevis (Nyl.) Vain. Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll. Arg. Racoplaca subtilissima Fée
Stictina limbata f. andensis (Nyl.) Sticta andensis (Nyl.) Trevis. Strigula viridiseda (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Dichoporis viridiseda (Nyl.) S.H.
Jiang, Lücking & Sérus.
Stictina peltigerella Nyl. Sticta peltigerella (Nyl.) Trevis.
Strigula vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) Lücking Phylloporis vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) S.H.
Stictina peruviana (Delise) Nyl. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei
Stictina quercizans var. beauvoisii Sticta beauvoisii Delise Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Protostropharia semiglobata
(Delise) Müll. Arg. Quél. (Batsch) Redhead, Moncalvo &
Stictina quercizans var. ornata Müll. Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach. Vilgalys
Arg. Stypella minor Möller Protomerulius minor (A. Møller) V.
Stictina quercizans var. peruviana Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain. Spirin & O. Miettinen
(Delise) Nyl. Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Niorma chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y.
Stictina tomentosa (Sw.) Nyl. Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach. Th. Fr. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell,
M.H. Jeong & Hur
Stictina tomentosa var. dilatata Nyl. Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach.
Teloschistes hypoglaucus (Nyl.) Niorma hypoglauca (Nyl.) S.Y.
Stictina tomentosa var. impressula Sticta impressula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Zahlbr. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell,
Nyl.
M.H. Jeong & Hur
Stictina tomentosa var. ornata Sticta tomentosa (Sw.) Ach.
Tephromela aglaea (Sommerf.) Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.)
(Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
Hertel & Rambold Hafellner
Stigmatidium extenuatum (Nyl.) Nyl. Sclerophyton extenuatum (Nyl.)
Sparrius Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn
Frank) Donk
Stigmatidium granulatum auct. non Erythrodecton granulatum (Mont.)
(Mont.) Nyl. G. Thor Thecaria montagnei (Bosch) Staiger Pliariona montagnei (Bosch) A.
Massal.
Stigmatidium interruptum (Fée) Nyl. Platygraphopsis interrupta (Fée)
Müll. Arg. Thelenella cinerascens (Vain.) R.C. Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain.
Harris
Stigmatidium leptostictum Nyl. Mazosia leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius
Thelenella fugiens (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Aspidothelium fugiens (Müll. Arg.)
Stirtonia sprucei R. Sant. Amazonomyces sprucei (R. Sant.) Harris R. Sant.
Lücking, Sérus. & G. Thor
Theloschistes flavicans var. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Strigula actinoplaca Nyl. Actinoplaca strigulacea Müll. Arg. acromela (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
Strigula agyronema var. confluens Puiggariella nemathora (Mont.) S.H. Theloschistes flavicans var. exilis Teloschistes exilis (Michx.) Vain.
Müll. Arg. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei (Michx.) Müll. Arg.
Strigula complanata (Fée) Mont. Phyllocharis orbicularis (Fr.) S.H.
Thelotrema albidum Nyl. Chapsa albida (Nyl.) Lücking &
Jiang, Lücking & Sérus.
Sipman
Strigula elegans (Fée) Müll. Arg. Strigula smaragdula Fr.
Thelotrema albomaculatum Sipman Pseudochapsa albomaculata
Strigula janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) Raciborskiella janeirensis (Müll. (Sipman) Parnmen, Lücking &
Lücking Arg.) R. Sant. Lumbsch
Strigula maculata (Cooke & Racoplaca maculata (Cooke & Thelotrema auberianoides Nyl. Ocellularia auberianoides (Nyl.)
Massee) R. Sant. Massee) S.H. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Müll. Arg.
Wei
Thelotrema bahianum (Ach.) Ach. Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch
Strigula melanobapha (Kremp.) R. Racoplaca melanobapha (Kremp.)
Sant. S.H. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei Thelotrema bahianum var. Ocellularia obturascens (Nyl.) Hale
obturascens Nyl.
Strigula nemathora Mont. Puiggariella nemathora (Mont.) S.H.
Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei Thelotrema bahianum var. ruptum Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch
Nyl.
Strigula nigrocincta var. soluta Müll. Puiggariella nemathora (Mont.) S.H.
Arg. Jiang, Lücking & J.C. Wei Thelotrema berkeleyanum (Mont.) Stegobolus berkeleyanus Mont.
Brusse
Strigula obducta (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Phylloporis obducta (Müll. Arg.) R.
Harris Sant. & Tibell Thelotrema brasilianum Hale Acanthotrema brasilianum (Hale)
Frisch
Strigula orbicularis Fr. Phyllocharis orbicularis (Fr.) S.H.
Jiang, Lücking & Sérus. Thelotrema calvescens Fée Ocellularia calvescens (Fée) Müll.
Arg.
Strigula phaea (Ach.) R.C. Harris Dichoporis phaea (Ach.) S.H. Jiang,
Lücking & Sérus. Thelotrema cavatum Ach. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Phylloporis phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Thelotrema cavatum f. amplius Nyl. Ampliotrema amplius (Nyl.) Kalb
Harris Clem. Thelotrema cavatum f. obturatum Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Strigula plana Müll. Arg. Strigula smaragdula Fr. (Ach.) Nyl.
Strigula platypoda (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Phylloporis platypoda (Müll. Arg.) Thelotrema cavatum var. amplius Ampliotrema amplius (Nyl.) Kalb
Harris Vězda Nyl.


Thelotrema cavatum var. planius Ocellularia violacea Räsänen Thelotrema olivaceum (Fée) Mont. Myriotrema olivaceum Fée
Nyl.
Thelotrema pachystomum Nyl. Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.)
Thelotrema cavatum var. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Sipman
submutatum Nyl. Thelotrema pauperius Nyl. Clandestinotrema pauperius (Nyl.)
Thelotrema cinchonarum (Fée) Vain. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch
Thelotrema clandestinum f. Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale Thelotrema platycarpoides Tuck. Asteristion platycarpoides (Tuck.) I.
remanens Nyl. Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Thelotrema clandestinum Fée Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale Thelotrema refertum (Hale) Hale Ocellularia referta Hale
Thelotrema colobicum Nyl. Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) Frisch Thelotrema sphinctrinellum Nyl. Myriotrema sphinctrinellum (Nyl.)
Hale
Thelotrema compunctum (Sm.) Nyl. Leucodecton occultum (Eschw.)
Frisch Thelotrema spondaicum (Nyl.) Hale Phaeographis spondaica (Nyl.)
Lücking
Thelotrema concretum Fée Myriotrema concretum (Fée) Hale
Thelotrema sublilacinum (Ellis & Chapsa sublilacina (Ellis & Everh.)
Thelotrema dehiscens Leight. Fibrillithecis dehiscens (Leight.) Everh.) Vain. M. Cáceres & Lücking
Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch
Thelotrema terebratulum Nyl. Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Hale
Thelotrema develatum Nyl. Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) Frisch
Thelotrema wightii (Taylor) Nyl. Sanguinotrema wightii (Taylor)
Thelotrema dilatatum (Müll. Arg.) Pseudochapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
Hale Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch
Thuemenella izawae Yoshim. Doi Trichoderma izawae (Yoshim. Doi)
Thelotrema dissutum (Hale) Hale Chapsa dissuta (Hale) Mangold Jaklitsch & Voglmayr
Thelotrema dolichosporum (Nyl.) Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. Tomentellago aeruginascens Amaurodon aeruginascens
Nyl. Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Hjortstam & Ryvarden) Kõljalg &
Thelotrema epitrypum f. simplicius Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) K.H. Larss.
Nyl. Vain. Torulaspora delbrueckii (Lindner) Debaryomyces delbrueckii (Lindner)
Thelotrema epitrypum Nyl. Rhabdodiscus fissus (Müll. Arg.) E.K. Novák & Zsolt Kudryavtsev
Vain. Trabutiella diazii Chardón Phyllachora conica (Chardón) Petr.
Thelotrema erumpens H. Magn. Clandestinotrema erumpens (H. Trachylia leptoconia Nyl. Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell
Magn.) Rivas Plata, Lücking &
Trametes coccinea (Fr.) Hai J. Li & Pycnoporus coccineus (Fr.)
Lumbsch
S.H. He Bondartsev & Singer
Thelotrema expallescens Nyl. Nadvornikia expallescens (Nyl.) I.
Trametes cubensis (Mont.) Sacc. Cubamyces cubensis (Mont.) Murrill
Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch
Trametes fibrosa Fr. Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr.
Thelotrema glaucopallens Nyl. Wirthiotrema glaucopallens (Nyl.)
Rivas Plata & Kalb Trapelia geochroa (Körb.) Hertel Ainoa geochroa (Körb.) Lumbsch &
I. Schmitt
Thelotrema glyphicum Nyl. Redingeria glyphica (Nyl.) Frisch
Trapelia mooreana (Carroll) P. Ainoa mooreana (Carroll) Lumbsch
Thelotrema gymnocarpum Nyl. Ocellularia gymnocarpa (Nyl.) James & I. Schmitt
Zahlbr.
Trapeliopsis subconcolor (Anzi) Parainoa subconcolor (Anzi) Resl &
Thelotrema inscalpens Nyl. Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. Hertel T. Sprib.
Thelotrema laevigans f. avertens Clandestinotrema clandestinum Tremella lutescens Lloyd. Tremella mesenterica Retz.
Nyl. (Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking &
Lumbsch Tremella tubercularia Berk. Tremella globispora D.A. Reid
Thelotrema laevigans Nyl. Clandestinotrema clandestinum Tricharia albostrigosa R. Sant. Aderkomyces albostrigosus (R.
(Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda
Lumbsch Tricharia couepiae (Bat.) Lücking Aderkomyces couepiae Bat.
Thelotrema leucocarpoides Nyl. Ocellularia leucocarpoides (Nyl.) Tricharia heterella (Stirt.) Lücking Aderkomyces heterellus (Stirt.)
Lücking Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda
Thelotrema leucomelanum Nyl. Clandestinotrema leucomelanum Tricharia subalbostrigosa Lücking Aderkomyces subalbostrigosus
(Nyl.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & (Lücking) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda
Lumbsch
Tricharia vulgaris (Müll. Arg.) R. Gyalideopsis vulgaris (Müll. Arg.)
Thelotrema leucomelanum var. Clandestinotrema cathomalizans Sant. Lücking
cathomalizans Nyl. (Nyl.) Rivas Plata, Lücking &
Tricholoma cystidiosum Cifuentes Tricholoma cifuentesii Courtec.
Lumbsch
& Guzmán
Thelotrema metaphoricum Nyl. Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.)
Trichosporon gamsii Middelhoven, Apiotrichum gamsii (Middelhoven,
Vain.
Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell) Yurkov &
Thelotrema microporoides Nyl. Myriotrema rugiferum (Harm.) Hale Boekhout
Thelotrema monosporum var. Thelotrema lepadodes Tuck. Trichothelium rubescens Lücking Porina rubescens (Lücking)
patulum Nyl. Hafellner & Kalb
Thelotrema myriocarpum Fée Austrotrema myriocarpum (Fée) I. Triclinum cinchonarum Fée Phyllopsora cinchonarum (Fée)
Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch Timdal


Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.) Umbilicaria cristata C.W. Dodge & Umbilicaria africana (Jatta) Krog &
Zahlbr. Aptroot & Lücking Baker Swinscow
Trypethelium annulare Mont. Astrothelium annulare (Fée) Aptroot Umbilicaria subcalvescens Sipman Umbilicaria calvescens Nyl.
& Lücking
Umbilicaria zahlbruckneri Frey Umbilicaria africana (Jatta) Krog &
Trypethelium columbianum Nyl. Architrypethelium columbianum Swinscow
(Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking
Unguiculariopsis lobariellum S.Y. Lawreyella lobariella (S.Y. Kondr.
Trypethelium infuscatulum Müll. Astrothelium infuscatulum (Müll. Kondr. & D.J. Galloway & D.J. Galloway) Flakus, Etayo,
Arg. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking Kukwa & Rodr. Flakus
Trypethelium madreporiforme Bathelium madreporiforme (Eschw.) Urceolaria scruposa (Schreb.) Ach. Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Eschw. Trevis. Norman
Trypethelium nigritulum Nyl. Pyrenula arthoniotheca Upreti Uredo bibasiporulus Pardo-Card. Puccinia garcesispora Pardo-Card.
Trypethelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Astrothelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Uredo caldasii Salazar-Yepes & Puccinia caldasii Salazar-Yepes &
R.C. Harris Aptroot & Lücking Buriticá Buriticá
Trypethelium ochroleucum (Eschw.) Astrothelium phlyctaena (Fée) Uredo cameliae Mayor Angiopsora cameliae (Mayor) Mains
Nyl. Aptroot & Lücking
Uredo caucensis Mayor Physopella caucensis (Mayor)
Trypethelium ochrothelium Nyl. Astrothelium ochrothelium (Nyl.) Buriticá
Müll. Arg.
Uredo cordiarum F. Kern & Whetzel Puccinia cordiarum M. Salazar &
Trypethelium papulosum (Nyl.) Astrothelium papulosum (Nyl.) J.C. Gómez
Makhija & Patw. Aptroot & Lücking
Uredo crotalariae-nitens Salazar- Uromyces crotalariae-nitens
Trypethelium phaeothelium Nyl. Astrothelium phaeothelium (Nyl.) Yepes & Buriticá Salazar-Yepes & Buriticá
Aptroot & Lücking
Uredo fusagasugensis Salazar- Puccinia fusagasugensis Salazar-
Trypethelium pupula (Ach.) R.C. Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot Yepes & Buriticá Yepes & Buriticá
Harris & Lücking
Uredo gigantiformis Salazar-Yepes Uromyces gigantiformis Salazar-
Trypethelium scorioides Leight. Astrothelium scoriothelium Aptroot
& Buriticá Yepes & Buriticá
& Lücking
Uredo jericosensis Pardo-Card. Puccinia jericosensis Pardo-Card.
Trypethelium sprengelii Ach. Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng.
Uromyces cissampeli Dietel Uromyces novissimus var.
Trypethelium thelotremoides (Nyl.) Astrothelium thelotremoides (Nyl.)
cissampeli (Dietel) Berndt
R.C. Harris Aptroot & Lücking
Uromyces cundinamarcensis Mayor Gerwasia cundinamarcensis (Mayor)
Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Nigrovothelium tropicum (Ach.)
Buriticá
Arg. Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot
Uromyces neophtirusae H.S. Jacks. Uromyces phtirusae Mayor
Trypethelium tuberculosum (Vain.) Astrothelium tuberculosum (Vain.)
ex Buriticá & Pardo-Card.
R.C. Harris Aptroot & Lücking
Trypethelium variatum Nyl. Astrothelium variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot Uromyces rubi-urticifolii Mayor Gerwasia rubi-urticifolii (Mayor)
& Lücking Buriticá
Trypethelium variolosum Ach. Astrothelium variolosum (Ach.) Müll. Uromyces trifolii (R. Hedw.) Lév. Puccinia trifolii R. Hedw.
Arg. Uromyces variabilis Mayor Gerwasia variabilis (Mayor) Buriticá
Tubeufia eriodermatis Etayo Lichenotubeufia eriodermatis Usnea antillarum (Vain.) Zahlbr. Eumitria baileyi Stirt.
(Etayo) Etayo
Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Eumitria baileyi Stirt.
Tubeufia pannariae Etayo Lichenotubeufia pannariae (Etayo)
Etayo Usnea barbata f. ceratina (Ach.) Usnea ceratina Ach.
Schaer
Tuckneraria laureri (Kremp.) Nephromopsis laureri (Kremp.)
Randlane & A. Thell Kurok. Usnea barbata var. rubiginea Meyen Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
& Flot.
Tylophorella polyspora f. compressa Tylophorella pyrenocarpoides (Müll.
Nádv. Arg.) Egea Usnea barbata var. scabrida (Taylor) Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Müll. Arg.
Tylophorella polyspora Vain. Tylophorella pyrenocarpoides (Müll.
Arg.) Egea Usnea barbata var. strigosa (Ach.) Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Pers.
Flot.
Tylophoron rufocapillatum Nádv. Tylophoron protrudens Nyl.
Usnea caespitia Motyka Usnea durietzii Motyka
Tylophoron simile Nádv. Tylophoron protrudens Nyl.
Usnea ceratina var. scabrosa Ach. Usnea ceratina Ach.
Tylopilus indecisus (Peck) Murrill Porphyrellus indecisus (Peck) E.-J.
Gilbert Usnea chaetophora Stirt. Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl.
Tylopilus umbrosus (G.F. Atk.) A.H. Porphyrellus umbrosus (G.F. Atk.) Usnea finkii Zahlbr. Usnea transitoria Motyka
Sm. & Thiers Singer, J. García & L.D. Gómez Usnea florida var. comosa Ach. Usnea subfloridana Stirt.
Tyromyces duracinus (Pat.) Murrill Trullella duracina (Pat.) Zmitr.
Usnea florida var. mollis (Stirt.) Usnea mollis Stirt.
Tyromyces subcaesius A. David Cyanosporus subcaesius (A. David) Vain.
B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai
Usnea florida var. perplexans (Stirt.) Usnea perplexans Stirt.
Uleodothis andina Chardón Achorella andina (Chardón) Chardón Vain.


Usnea laevigata Vain. Usnea bogotensis Vain. Verrucaria mamillana Ach. Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trevis.
Usnea moreliensis Motyka Usnea moreliana Motyka Verrucaria marginata (Hook.) Hepp Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trevis.
Usnea radiata Stirt. Usnea concinna Stirt. Verrucaria marginata var. convexa Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Nyl.
Usnea rubescens var. areolata Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Motyka Verrucaria mastoidea (Ach.) Nyl. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Usnea rubicunda var. primaria Usnea sanguinea Swinscow & Krog Verrucaria mastophora Nyl. Pyrenula mastophora (Nyl.) Müll.
Motyka Arg.
Usnea rubricornuta Truong & P. Usnea moreliana Motyka Verrucaria mastophoroides Nyl. Pyrenula mastophoroides (Nyl.)
Clerc Zahlbr.
Usnea solida Motyka Usnea ceratina Ach. Verrucaria mastophoroides var. Pyrenula mastophoroides (Nyl.)
flavicans Nyl. Zahlbr.
Usnea spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka Usnea dasaea Stirt.
Verrucaria myriomma Nyl. Astrothelium annulare (Fée) Aptroot
Usnea spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka ex Usnea dasaea Stirt. & Lücking
B. de Lesd.
Verrucaria nitida var. aspistea (Ach.) Pyrenula aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.)
Usnea subcomosa Vain. Usnea ceratina Ach. Nyl. Ach.
Usnea subhirta (Vain.) Motyka Usnea cornuta Körb. Verrucaria nucula (Ach.) Nyl. Porina nucula Ach.
Usnea sulcata Motyka Usnea alata Motyka Verrucaria nucula var. endochrysea Porina endochrysea C. Bab.
(Mont.) Nyl.
Usnea sulcata var. neutra (Motyka) Usnea alata Motyka
Motyka. Verrucaria obvoluta Nyl. Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer)
Schaer.
Usnea superba Motyka Usnea arthroclada Fée
Verrucaria ochraceoflava Nyl. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C.
Usnea trichodea f. gracilis (Ach.) Usnea gracilis Ach.
Harris
Hue
Verrucaria operta Nyl. Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot
Ustilago concelata Zundel Sporisorium concelatum (Zundel)
M. Piepenbr. Verrucaria papilligera Leight. Pyrenula papilligera (Leight.) Müll.
Arg.
Ustilago garcesii Zundel Anthracocystis panici-leucophaei
(Bref.) McTaggart & R.G. Shivas Verrucaria papulosa Nyl. Astrothelium papulosum (Nyl.)
Aptroot & Lücking
Verrucaria americana Fée Porina americana Fée
Verrucaria pleiomera Nyl. Pyrenula pleiomera (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Verrucaria apposita Nyl. Bogoriella apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot &
Lücking Verrucaria porinoides Mont. Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot
& Lücking
Verrucaria aspistea Ach. Pyrenula aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.)
Ach. Verrucaria punctella var. exstans Pyrenula quassiicola Fée
Nyl.
Verrucaria astroidea (Fée) Nyl. Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris
Verrucaria pupula (Ach.) Nyl. Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot
Verrucaria belonospora Nyl. Porina belonospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. & Lücking
Verrucaria cartilaginea Fée Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot Verrucaria pyrenuloides (Mont.) Nyl. Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C.
& Lücking Harris
Verrucaria catapasta Nyl. Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) Verrucaria santensis Tuck. Pyrenula balia (Kremp.) R.C. Harris
R.C. Harris
Verrucaria subducta f. retracta Nyl. Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Verrucaria contendens Nyl. Polymeridium contendens (Nyl.) R.C. Verrucaria subducta Nyl. Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Harris
Verrucaria subducta var. retracta Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Verrucaria convexa (Nyl.) Nyl. Pyrenula subducta (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Nyl.
Verrucaria cryptostoma Nyl. Pyrenula cryptostoma (Nyl.) Müll. Verrucaria subprostans Nyl. Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.)
Arg. R.C. Harris
Verrucaria diffluens Nyl. Astrothelium pulcherrimum (Fée) Verrucaria thelena Ach. Bogoriella thelena (Ach.) Aptroot &
Aptroot & Lücking Lücking
Verrucaria diluta Fée Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. Verrucaria thelotremoides Nyl. Astrothelium thelotremoides (Nyl.)
Arg. Aptroot & Lücking
Verrucaria dirempta Nyl. Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. Verrucaria tropica Ach. Nigrovothelium tropicum (Ach.)
Arg. Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot
Verrucaria dolichophora Nyl. Porina dolichophora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. Wardia vastatrix J.F. Hennen & Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome
Verrucaria duplicans Nyl. Pyrenula duplicans (Nyl.) Aptroot M.M. Hennen
Woessia pseudohyphophorifera Bacidina pseudohyphophorifera
Verrucaria heterochroa Mont. Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.)
Lücking & Sérus. (Lücking & Sérus.) Lücking
Aptroot & Lücking
Xanthomendoza weberi (S.Y. Kondr. Gallowayella weberi (S.Y. Kondr. &
Verrucaria hypophyta Nyl. Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer)
& Kärnefelt) L. Lindblom Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko,
Schaer.
S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur &
Verrucaria intrusa Nyl. Polyblastiopsis intrusa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. A. Thell

Synonym Accepted Name

Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyeln.) Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.)
Hale Ahti & D. Hawksw.
Xanthoparmelia taractica (Kremp.) Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.)
Hale Ahti & D. Hawksw.
Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén,
Arup & Søchting
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. Rusavskia elegans (Link) S.Y. Kondr.
& Kärnefelt
Xanthoria flavicans DC. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Xanthoria weberi S.Y. Kondr. & Gallowayella weberi (S.Y. Kondr. &
Kärnefelt Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko,
S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur &
A. Thell
Xylaria ianthinovelutina (Mont.) Xylaria xanthinovelutina (Mont.)
Mont. Mont.
Xylobotryum rickii (Theiss.) Lloyd Xylaria rickii Theiss.
Xylosphaera aenea (Mont.) Dennis Xylaria aenea Mont.
Xylosphaera comosa (Mont.) Dennis Xylaria comosa (Mont.) Fr.
Xylosphaera guianensis (Mont.) Xylaria guianensis (Mont.) Fr.
Dennis
Xylosphaera multiplex (Kunze) Xylaria multiplex (Kunze) Fr.
Dennis
Xylosphaera papyrifera (Link) Xylaria papyrifera (Link) Fr.
Dennis
Xylosphaera platypoda (Lév.) Dennis Xylaria platypoda (Lév.) Fr.
Xylosphaera poitei (Lév.) Dennis Xylaria poitei (Lév.) Fr.
Xylosphaera rhizocola (Mont.) Xylaria rhizocola (Mont.) Mont.
Dennis
Xylosphaera rickii (Theiss.) Dennis Xylaria rickii Theiss.
Xylosphaera scruposa (Fr.) Dennis Xylaria scruposa (Fr.) Fr.
Xylosphaera telfairii (Berk.) Dennis Xylaria telfairii (Berk.) Sacc.
Xylosphaera xanthinovelutina Xylaria xanthinovelutina (Mont.)
(Mont.) Dennis Mont.

Alphabetical List of Misapplied and Doubtful Names
Taxon Correct Identification/Distribution Taxon Correct Identification/Distribution

Allographa vernicosa (Fée) Lücking Allographa subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking Chaenotheca degelii Tibell Chaenotheca olivaceorufa (Vain.)
& Kalb & Kalb Zahlbr.
Allographa granulata (Fée) Lücking not occurring in Colombia Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell not occurring in Colombia
& Kalb Chaenotheca laevigata Nádv. Chaenotheca olivaceorufa (Vain.)
Anaptychia leucomela var. Leucodermia leucomelos (L.) Kalb Zahlbr.
neoleucomelaena f. neoleucomelaena Chaenothecopsis debilis (Sm.) Tibell not occurring in Colombia
Anthracoidea caricis (Pers.) Bref. Anthracoidea altiphila Vánky & M. Chaenothecopsis debilis (Smith & not occurring in Colombia
Piepenbr. Sowerby) Tibell
Anthracoidea pannucea (Liro) Vánky Anthracoidea uleana (Syd. & P. Syd.) Chaenothecopsis nivea (F. Wilson) not occurring in Colombia
Vánky Tibell
Arthonia melanophthalma auct. non Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) not occurring in Colombia
Dufour A.F.W. Schmidt
Arthonia oxytera Nyl. not occurring in Colombia Cladina sandstedei (des Abb.) Ahti not occurring in Colombia
Arthonia polymorpha auct. non Ach. Arthonia meizomorpha Nyl. Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo not occurring in Colombia
Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A. Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A. Cladina sylvatica auct. non (L.) Nyl. Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
Massal. Massal.
Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. not occurring in Colombia
Asterothyrium leptosporum auct. Asterothyrium leucophthalmum
non Müll. Arg. (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Cladonia aff. acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. not occurring in Colombia
Astrothelium hypoxylon auct. non Astrothelium sulphureum (Eschw.) Cladonia bacillaris Nyl. Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.
(Fée) Nyl. Nyl. Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. Cladonia microscypha Ahti & S.
Bacidia consimilis auct. non (Müll. Loflammiopsis brasiliensis Lücking Stenroos
Arg.) R. Sant. & Kalb Cladonia boryi Tuck. not occurring in Colombia
Badimia galbinea (Kremp.) Vězda Badimia vezdana Lücking, Farkas Cladonia calycantha auct. non Nyl. Cladonia rappii var. exilior (Abbayes)
& V. Wirth Ahti
Baeomyces placophyllus auct. non Phyllobaeis erythrella (Mont.) Kalb Cladonia carassensis Vain. not occurring in Colombia
Ach.
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. Cladonia rappii var. exilior (Abbayes)
Bryocaulon divergens (Ach.) not occurring in Colombia Ahti
Kärnefelt
Cladonia clathrata Ahti & L. Xavier not occurring in Colombia
Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D. Oropogon bicolor Essl.
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. not occurring in Colombia
Hawksw.
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd Cratiria obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach Cladonia cornucopioides auct. non Fr. Cladonia corallifera (Kunze) Nyl.
& Kalb Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hoffm. not occurring in Colombia
Buellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. not occurring in Colombia Cladonia degenerans f. trachyna Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
Bunodophoron insigne (Laurer) Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.) auct. non (Ach.) Flörke
Wedin Wedin Cladonia degenerans var. Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R.
Byssoloma subpolychromum auct. Byssoloma minutissimum Kalb & gracilescens auct. non (Flörke) Laundon
non Vězda Vězda Spreng.
Caloplaca crocea (Kremp.) Hafellner Caloplaca erythroleuca (Nyl.) Cladonia degenerans var. trachyna Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
& Poelt Zahlbr. auct. non Nyl.
Caloplaca lucifera Thor Caloplaca granularis (Müll. Arg.) Cladonia dilleniana Flörke not occurring in Colombia
Zahlbr. Cladonia dissecta Ahti not occurring in Colombia
Caloplaca pallidior (Nyl.) Zahlbr. not occurring in Colombia Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp.
Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Müll. Arg. Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold Cladonia flagellaris Ahti & Marcelli not occurring in Colombia
Celothelium dominicanum auct. non Celothelium cinchonarum (Müll. Cladonia furfuracea auct. non Vain. Cladonia furfuraceoides Ahti &
(Vain.) M.B. Aguirre Arg.) Vain. Sipman
Cetraria crispa auct. non (Ach.) Nyl. Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt Cladonia hypoxantha auct. non Cladonia microscypha Ahti & S.
Cetraria islandica var. crispa auct. Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt Tuck. Stenroos
non Ach. Cladonia macilenta var. carcata Cladonia miniata G. Mey.
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. not occurring in Colombia auct. non (Ach.) Nyl.
& C.F. Culb. Cladonia mitis Sandst. Cladonia boliviana Ahti

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MISAPPLIED AND DOUBTFUL NAMES

Cladonia mitrula auct. non Tuck. Cladonia corymbosula Nyl. Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia peltasta (Ach.) Spreng. not occurring in Colombia Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.) Fibrillithecis inspersa Kalb
Sipman
Cladonia peziziformis auct. non Cladonia corymbosula Nyl.
(With.) J.R. Laundon Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & not occurring in Colombia
Tønsberg
Cladonia phyllophora Hoffm. not occurring in Colombia
Graphis assimilis Nyl. Graphis intricata Fée
Cladonia polystomata Ahti & not occurring in Colombia
Sipman Graphis diplocheila Vain. not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. Cladonia confusa R. Sant. Graphis epimelaena Müll. Arg. not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia pycnoclada (Pers.) Nyl. Cladonia confusa R. Sant. Graphis frumentaria auct. non Fée Allographa triphora (Nyl.) Lücking
& Kalb
Cladonia rangiferina var. sylvatica Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
auct. non (Hoffm.) Nyl. Graphis intermedians Vain. not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia solida Vain. not occurring in Colombia Graphis leptogramma Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia stenophylla auct. non Nyl. Cladonia corymbites Nyl. Graphis leptographa auct. non Nyl. Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger
Cladonia subulata Wigg. Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw. Graphis pezizoides auct. non Ach. Phaeographis lindigiana Müll. Arg.
Cladonia sylvatica auct. non (L.) Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. Graphis poitaei sensu Nyl. Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. &
Rabenh. Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix
Cladonia verticillaris (Raddi) Fr. Cladonia rappii var. exilior (Abbayes) Graphis polyclades Kremp. not occurring in Colombia
Ahti Graphis streimannii A.W. Archer not occurring in Colombia
Cladonia vicaria auct. non R. Sant. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. Graphis subregularis A.W. Archer not occurring in Colombia
Coccocarpia aeruginosa auct. non Coccocarpia epiphylla (Fée) Kremp. Graphis sulphurella (Zahlbr.) Lücking not occurring in Colombia
Müll. Arg.
Graphis syzygii Aptroot Carbacanthographis sp.
Coccocarpia gallaicoi Lücking, Coccocarpia sp.
Chaves & L. Umaña Graphis valparaiensis Adaw. & not occurring in Colombia
Makhija
Coccocarpia molybdea var. cronia Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
auct. non (Tuck.) Nyl. Swinscow & Krog Haematomma puniceum (Ach.) A. Haematomma persoonii (Fée) A.
Massal. Massal.
Coccocarpia smaragdina auct. non Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.)
Pers. Swinscow & Krog Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach Amandinea megaspora Marbach
Cresponea premnea (Ach.) Egea & not occurring in Colombia Heterodermia andina Moberg not occurring in Colombia
Torrente Hyperphyscia adglutinata auct. non Hyperphyscia confusa Essl., C.A.
Cryptothecia atropunctata G. Thor not occurring in Colombia (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt Morse & S.D. Leav.
Cryptothecia bartlettii G. Thor not occurring in Colombia Hypogymnia austerodes auct. non Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti
(Nyl.) Räsänen
Cryptothecia candida (Kremp.) R. Myriostigma filicinum (Ellis & Everh.)
Sant. Frisch & G. Thor Hypotrachyna thysanota (Kurok.) not occurring in Colombia
Hale
Cryptothecia candida auct. non Myriostigma filicinum (Ellis & Everh.)
(Kremp.) R. Sant. Frisch & G. Thor Laurera chrysoglypha auct. non Astrothelium sphaerioides (Mont.)
(Vain.) Zahlbr. Aptroot & Lücking
Cryptothecia cf. exilis G. Thor not occurring in Colombia
Lecanora allophana (Ach.) Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Cyanisticta obvoluta (Sw.) C.W. not occurring in Colombia
Dodge Lecanora aurantiaca auct. non Caloplaca xanthopa (Hue) Zahlbr.
(Lightf.) Nyl.
Dibaeis sorediata Kalb & Gierl not occurring in Colombia
Lecanora cancriformis auct. non Lecanora caesiorubella Ach.
Dichosporidium boschianum (Mont.) not occurring in Colombia (Hoffm.) Vain.
G. Thor
Lecanora cenisia Ach. not occurring in Colombia
Diploschistes gypsaceus auct. non Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.)
(Ach.) Zahlbr. Lumbsch Lecanora miculata Ach. Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) J. Sant.
ex Hafellner & Poelt
Dirinaria coccinea (Müll. Arg.) D.D. not occurring in Colombia
Awasthi Lecanora pallidior Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Dirinaria palmarum (Vain.) C.W. not occurring in Colombia Lecanora populicola (DC.) Duby not occurring in Colombia
Dodge Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. not occurring in Colombia
Dirinaria subpicta (Nyl.) C.W. Dodge not occurring in Colombia Lecanora subcrenulata auct. non Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.
Echinoplaca argentea auct. non Aderkomyces couepiae Bat. Müll. Arg.
(Mont.) R. Sant. Lecidea anomala auct. non Ach. Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr.
Echinoplaca heterella auct. non Echinoplaca handelii (Zahlbr.) Lecidea atroalbella Nyl. Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr.
(Stirt.) R. Sant. Lücking
Lecidea domingensis auct. non Letrouitia flavidula (Tuck.) Hafellner
Entyloma amaranthi Mol.-Val. Albugo bliti (Biv.) Kuntze (Pers.) Nyl.
Erioderma physcioides auct. non Erioderma divisum P.M. Jørg. & Arv. Lecidea endoleuca f. laurocerasi Bacidia proposita (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Vain. auct. non (Delise) Nyl.


Lecidea enteroleuca auct. non Ach. Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Parmelia latissima auct. non Fée Parmotrema fractum (Hale) Hale
Choisy Parmelia limbata auct. non Laurer Relicina abstrusa (Vain.) Hale
Lecidea glabrescens Nyl. not occurring in Colombia Parmelia saccatiloba auct. non Parmotrema fractum (Hale) Hale
Lecidea intermediella Nyl. Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll. Taylor
Arg. Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale not occurring in Colombia
Lepra albopunctata (A.W. Archer & not occurring in Colombia Parmotrema gibberosum Kurok. not occurring in Colombia
Elix) A.W. Archer & Elix
Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum not occurring in Colombia
Lepra scaberula (A.W. Archer) I. not occurring in Colombia (Tav.) Hale
Schmitt, B.P. Hodk. & Lumbsch
Peltigera cf. membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Lepra ventosa (Malme) Lendemer & not occurring in Colombia
R.C. Harris Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) not occurring in Colombia
Baumg.
Lepraria neglecta auct. non (Nyl.) Lepraria caesioalba (B. de Lesd.)
Erichsen J.R. Laundon Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Leptogium inflexum auct. non Nyl. Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. Peltigera polydactyla auct. non Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
(Neck.) Hoffm.
Leptogium menziesii auct. non Leptogium andinum P.M. Jørg.
(Ach.) Mont. Petractis hypoleuca (Ach.) Vězda not occurring in Colombia
Leptogium pulchellum auct. non Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck. Phaeographis subtigrina (Vain.) not occurring in Colombia
Ach. Zahlbr.
Leucocintractia leucoderma (Berk.) Leucocintractia scleriae (DC.) M. Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) not occurring in Colombia
M. Piepenbr. Piepenbr., Begerow & Oberw. Essl.
Lobaria discolor auct. non (Bory) Yoshimuriella deplanata (Nyl.) Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) not occurring in Colombia
Hue Moncada & Lücking Essl.
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. not occurring in Colombia Physcia adglutinata (Flörke) Nyl. Hyperphyscia confusa Essl., C.A.
Morse & S.D. Leav.
Lobaria quercizans Michx. not occurring in Colombia
Physcia adscendens H. Olivier Heterodermia sp.
Mazosia pseudobambusae auct. Mazosia bambusae (Vain.) R. Sant.
non Kalb & Vězda Physcia dactylifera Elix not occurring in Colombia
Microbotryum bistortarum (DC.) Sphacelotheca hydropiperis Physcia endochrysea auct. non Phaeophyscia endococcinodes
Vánky (Schumach.) de Bary (Nyl.) Hampe (Poelt) Essl.
Physcia endococcina auct. non Phaeophyscia endococcinodes
Mycoblastus glabrescens (Nyl.) not occurring in Colombia
(Körb.) Nyl. (Poelt) Essl.
Zahlbr.
Physcia obscura var. endococcina Phaeophyscia endococcinodes
Mycomicrothelia melanospora not occurring in Colombia
auct. non (Körb.) B. de Lesd. (Poelt) Essl.
(Hepp) D. Hawksw.
Physcia stellaris (L.) Fr. not occurring in Colombia
Myriostigma miniatum (Vain. ex not occurring in Colombia
Lücking) Aptroot, Ertz, Grube & M. Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Cáceres Physcia stellaris f. rosulata auct. Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.)
Nephroma helveticum Ach. Nephroma tropicum (Müll. Arg.) non (Ach.) Nyl. Fürnr.
Zahlbr. Physcia tribacioides Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Ocellularia interposita (Nyl.) Hale not occurring in Colombia Physcia verrucosa Moberg not occurring in Colombia
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Ochrolechia africana Vain. Platygramme impudica (A.W. Platygramme sp.
Massal. Archer) A.W. Archer
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Ochrolechia subpallescens Polycauliona phlogina (Ach.) Arup, Solitaria chrysophthalma (Degel.)
Massal. Verseghy Frödén & Søchting Arup, Søchting & Frödén
Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. not occurring in Colombia Polymeridium simulans R.C. Harris not occurring in Colombia
Massal.
Polymeridium subcinereum auct. Polymeridium pyrenuloides (Fée)
Pannaria mariana auct. non (Fr.) Pannaria mosenii C.W. Dodge non (Nyl.) R.C. Harris Aptroot
Müll. Arg.
Porina elegans Malme not occurring in Colombia
Parmelia americana auct. non Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex
(Meyen & Flot.) Mont. W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Porina farinosa C. Knight not occurring in Colombia
Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf Everniastrum sp.
Parmelia erumpens Kurok. not occurring in Colombia Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain. Pseudocyphellaria citrina (Pers.)
Parmelia gracilis auct. non (Müll. Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Lücking, Moncada & S. Stenroos
Arg.) Vain. Hale Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain. Pseudocyphellaria sandwicensis
Parmelia kamtschadalis auct. non Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar, (Zahlbr.) Moncada & Lücking
(Ach.) Eschw. A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain. Pseudocyphellaria xanthosticta
(Pers.) Moncada & Lücking
Parmelia kamtschadalis var. Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar,
americana auct. non (Meyen & A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch Pseudocyphellaria faveolata (Delise) not occurring in Colombia
Flot.) Nyl. Malme


Pseudocyphellaria mougeotiana Pseudocyphellaria xanthosticta Stereocaulon corticatulum Nyl. Stereocaulon atlanticum (I.M.
(Delise) Vain. (Pers.) Moncada & Lücking Lamb) I.M. Lamb
Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Pseudoparmelia cubensis (Nyl.) Elix Stereocaulon fronduliferum I.M. not occurring in Colombia
Hale & T.H. Nash Lamb
Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Pseudoparmelia uleana (Müll. Arg.) Stereocaulon myriocarpoides auct. Stereocaulon myriocarpum Th. Fr.
Hale Elix & T.H. Nash non Nyl.
Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Polymeridium sp. Stereocaulon verruciferum Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Harris
Sticta crocata (L.) Ach. Pseudocyphellaria xanthosticta
Pyrenula minarum Vain. not occurring in Colombia (Pers.) Moncada & Lücking
Pyrenula nanospora (Ajay Singh) not occurring in Colombia Sticta dilatata auct. non (Nyl.) Vain. Sticta granatensis Nyl.
Upreti Sticta dissecta auct. non (Sw.) Ach. Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.)
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. not occurring in Colombia Lücking & Moncada
Pyrenula nitidella (Flörke) Müll. Arg. not occurring in Colombia Stictina crocata (L.) Nyl. Pseudocyphellaria sandwicensis
(Zahlbr.) Moncada & Lücking
Pyrenula sublaevigata (Patw. & not occurring in Colombia
Makhija) Upreti Stictina limbata auct. non (Hochst.) Sticta andensis (Nyl.) Trevis.
Nyl.
Pyxine coccinea (Spreng.) Mont. & Pyxine coccifera (Fée) Nyl.
Bosch Stictina tomentella auct. non Nyl. Sticta humboldtii Hook.
Pyxine nana Kalb not occurring in Colombia Tricharia helminthospora auct. non Rubrotricha subhelminthospora
R. Sant. Lücking
Ramalina aspera Räsänen not occurring in Colombia
Tricharia helminthospora R. Sant. Rubrotricha subhelminthospora
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog &
Lücking
Swinscow
Tricharia leucothrix Fée Tricharia spp.
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Röhl. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog &
Swinscow Tricharia melanothrix Fée Tricharia spp.
Ramalina ecklonii auct. non Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Tricharia triseptata R. Sant. Tricharia sipmanii Lücking
(Spreng.) Meyen & Flot. Swinscow Trypethelium regnellii Malme Astrothelium sp.
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. not occurring in Colombia Trypethelium virens Tuck. ex E. Astrothelium sp.
Ramalina menziesii Taylor not occurring in Colombia Michener
Ramalina siliquosa (Huds.) A.L. Sm. not occurring in Colombia Urocystis anemones (Pers.) G. Urocystis ranunculi (Lib.) Moesz
Winter
Ramalina sorediantha Nyl. not occurring in Colombia
Usnea flavorubescens Truong & P. not occurring in Colombia
Rhabdodiscus crassus (Müll. Arg.) not occurring in Colombia
Clerc
Frisch
Usnea florida (L.) Hoffm. not occurring in Colombia
Ricasolia dissecta auct. non Nyl. Yoshimuriella peltigera (Vain.)
Lücking & Moncada Usnea longissima Ach. Usnea crenulata Truong & P. Clerc
Ricasolia erosa auct. non (Eschw.) Yoshimuriella fendleri (Tuck. & Usnea longissima Ach. Usnea mexicana Vain.
Nyl. Mont.) Moncada & Lücking
Usnea mollis Stirt. Usnea fragilescens var. mollis
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Catillaria sp. (Vain.) P. Clerc
Massal.
Usnea plicata (L.) Weber ex F.H. not occurring in Colombia
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Neoprotoparmelia multifera (Nyl.) Wigg.
Massal. Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.
Usnea plicata (L.) Wigg. not occurring in Colombia
Schmitt
Usnea rubescens auct. non Stirt. Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Roccella fuciformis (L.) DC. not occurring in Colombia
Verrucaria punctella auct. non Nyl. Pyrenula quassiicola Fée
Roccella tinctoria DC. not occurring in Colombia
Verrucaria punctella var. adacta Pyrenula quassiicola Fée
Schismatomma graphidioides not occurring in Colombia
auct. non Nyl.
(Leight.) Zahlbr.
Verrucaria pyrenuloides Fée Pyrenula chilensis (Fée) R.C. Harris
Septotrapelia triseptata (Hepp) Septotrapelia glauca Aptroot &
Aptroot Chaves Viridothelium virens (Tuck. ex Astrothelium phlyctaena (Fée)
Michener) Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot & Lücking
Sphaerophoron australe Laurer Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
Aptroot
Wedin
Viridothelium virens (Tuck. ex Astrothelium pulcherrimum (Fée)
Sphaerophorus australis Laurer Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.)
Michener) Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot & Lücking
Wedin
Aptroot
Sporisorium microsporum (J. Sporisorium paspali-notati (Henn.
Schröt. & Henn.) M. Piepenbr. ex G.P. Clinton) M. Piepenbr.
Stereocaulon botryosum auct. non Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers.
Ach.
Stereocaulon coralloides auct. non Fr. Stereocaulon myriocarpum Th. Fr.

Phallus indusiatus
[Aida M. Vasco-Palacios]
The Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia is the first comprehensive listing of the known Colombian funga. Compiled by a team
of Colombian and international mycologists from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Humboldt Institute and numerous
partner institutions, it consolidates expert-generated information linked and accessible through an online portal (ColFungi
(ColFungi).
).
The checklist is accompanied by 15 chapters written by specialists, providing perspectives on the state of knowledge
on the Colombian funga, covering a range of topics, from the diversity of the main groups of fungi and the history of
mycological studies in this country, to aspects of the biogeography, ecology, biotechnology, conservation, and uses of
Colombian fungi and their presence in national and international biological collections. The Catalogue is further enriched by
diverse supplementary material, allowing users to explore further open questions and opportunities, to develop new ideas
on the use of fungi and their conservation, and to foster social and environmental awareness.
Rafael F. de Almeida is a biologist
Almeida is a biologist with expertise in Taxonomy and Systematics. He served as
Colombia (UPFC) project. Robert Lücking is a
research editor for the Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia (UPFC) project. Robert
lichenologist at the Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum in Berlin, where he works as
shop.kew.org/kewbooksonline
curator for lichens, fungi, and bryophytes, with emphasis on the funga of South America. Aída
Vasco-Palacios is
Vasco-Palacios  is a professor at the Faculty of Microbiology at the University of Antioquia, where ISBN 978–1–84246–790–9
she studies fungal biodiversity in Colombia and its biotechnological potential. Also, she is the
president of the Colombian Association of Mycologists. Ester Gaya is a Senior Research Leader in
the Trait Diversity and Function department at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), where
she leads the Comparative Fungal Biology team. Mauricio Diazgranados is
Diazgranados is a research leader
in the Ecosystem Stewardship department at RBG Kew. He focuses on investigating how useful
plants and fungi can contribute to developing nature-based solutions to tackle environmental
and societal challenges. He was also the principal investigator of the UPFC project. 9 781842 467909

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Catalogue of

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Design: Nicola Thompson, Culver Design

Printed in Great Britain by Halstan & Co Ltd

Funded by: Implemented by:

Chapter 2 Two Centuries of Mycological History in Colombia 33

Chapter 3 Diversity of Fungi of Colombia 45

Chapter 4 Diversity of Basidiomycota in Colombia 49

Chapter 5 Diversity of Non-Lichenised Macro-Ascomycota of Colombia 67

Chapter 6 Diversity, Ecogeography, and Importance of Lichens of Colombia 77

Chapter 7 Diversity of Environmental Yeasts of Colombia: A Systematic Review 93

Chapter 8 Micromycetes of Colombia: Focusing on the Hidden Diversity 105

Chapter 9 Diversity of Rust and Smut Fungi of Colombia 113

Chapter 10 A Critical Assessment of Biogeographic Distribution Patterns of Colombian Fungi 121

Chapter 12 Useful Fungi of Colombia 151

Chapter 13 Biotechnology of Fungi of Colombia 165

Chapter 14 Fungal Conservation in Colombia 175

Chapter 15 Fungi in Colombian and International Biological Collections 189

Chapter 16 Annotated Checklist of Fungi of Colombia 209

Index of Families 459

Index of Genera 463

Alphabetical List of Synonyms 473

Alphabetical List of Misapplied and Doubtful Names 507

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EXPANDING PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND POSSIBILITIES

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*Corresponding author: m.diazgranados@kew.org

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FIGURE 2. ColPlantA (https://colplanta.org/) and ColFungi (https://colfungi.org/) site homepages.

CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA 23

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Corresponding authors: aida.vasco@udea.edu.co;. Ibmoncada@udistrital.edu.co.

CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA 33

INTRODUCTION FUNGI IN PRE-HISPANIC TIMES AND THEIR BIOCULTURAL

34 CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA

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AT PRESENT more generalists and include fungi in their research lines

40 CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA

diversity in territories previously under the control of this References

CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA 41

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*Corresponding author: r.luecking@bgbm.org

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46 CATALOGUE OF FUNGI OF COLOMBIA