Plants Used Against Cancer PDF

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 347 377
www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm
Review
Plants used against cancer an extension of the work of

Jonathan Hartwell
J.G. Graham, M.L. Quinn, D.S. Fabricant, N.R. Farnsworth *
Program for Collaborati6e Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago IL,
60612, USA
Received 4 November 1999; accepted 14 August 2000
Abstract
A survey of plants used ethnomedically against cancer was undertaken, using the NAPRALERT database currently
maintained by the Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
University of Illinois-Chicago. We report over 350 species which are reported to be used against cancer and not cited
in the work of Jonathan Hartwell, Plants used against cancer: a survey, including previously unrepresented genera
and families. 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Anti-cancer agents; Natural products
1. Introduction tion from published and unpublished sources on

over 3000 species of plants which had been re-
Human use of plants as medicinal agents pre- ported to have alleged anti-cancer properties, was
dates recorded history. Ethnomedical plant-use published serially over a period of 5 years, al-
data in many forms has been heavily utilized in though his systematic search of both folkloric
the development of formularies and pharmaco- sources as well as technical literature took over 15
poeias, providing a major focus in global health yr (Hartwell 1967, 1968, 1969a,b,c, 1970a,b,
care, as well as contributing substantially to the 1971a,b,c,d)
drug development process. In deep appreciation of his contributions in the
In December 1967, Hartwell published the first fight against cancer, we here present the results of
of a series of articles in Lloydia on the use of a query of the NAPRALERT database for plants
plants by humans against cancer (Hartwell, 1967). which have been reported to have been used
This monumental work, which contains informa- ethnomedically against cancer, and which did not
originally appear in the Lloydia articles. It is our
* Corresponding author. hope that the following information may prove of
0378-8741/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 8 7 4 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 3 4 1 - X
348 J.G. Graham et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 347377
Table 1
List of plants reported to be used against cancer, but not found in Hartwells plants used against cancer: a survey
Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference
Acanthaceae
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Stem China Used for cancer. Jongsuwat, 1981
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Stem Thailand Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Part not India Used against cancer. Jain, 1970
Heine specified
Ruellia tuberosa L. Bark India Used for cancer in Reddy et al., 1991
stomach.
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Entire plant Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Aceraceae
Acer pseudoplatanus L. Bark England Used to treat tumors. Culpeper, 1950
Acer pseudoplatanus L. Fruit England Fruit dissolves tumours. Culpeper, 1950
Actinidiaceae
Actinidia arguta (Seib. and Zucc.) Entire plant Korea Used for stomach cancer. Han et al., 1984
Planch. Ex Miq.
Actinidia chinensis Planch. Entire plant China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Agavaceae
Dracaena draco (L.) L. Sap Canary Islands Used as an anticarcinogen. Darias et al., 1989
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes longifolia Makino Entire plant China Used for nipple tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Achyranthes longifolia Makino Entire plant China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Fruit India Used for cancer. Sati et al., 1990
Merr.
Pfaffia paniculata (Mart.) Kuntze Root Brazil Used for cancer and Takemoto et al., 1983
leukemia.
Amaryllidaceae
Lycoris radiata (LHer.) Herbert Entire plant China Used against cancer. Huang et al., 1983
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Bark Guyana Used for cancerous ulcers. Wijisekera, 1978
Engl.
Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Fruit Guyana Used for cancerous ulcers. Wijisekera, 1978
Engl.
Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. Root Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1991
Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. Stembark Tanzania Used to treat cancer. Chhabra et al., 1987
Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. Bark Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Rhus longipes Engl. Root Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1984
Rhus longipes Engl. Root Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1987
Rhus 6ernicifera DC. Resin Korea Used for cancer. Cha, 1977
Rhus 6ernicifera DC. Resin Korea Used to treat tumors. Cha, 1977
Schinus lentiscifolius Marchand Leaf Argentina Used for cancer. Graziano et al., 1970
Annonaceae
Annona cherimola Mill. Seed Colombia Used to treat malignant Garcia-Barriga, 1974
tumors.
J.G. Graham et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 347377 349
Table 1 (Continued)
Annona senegalensis Pers. Rootbark Nigeria Used for cancer treatment. Durodola, 1975b
Annona senegalensis Pers. Rootbark Nigeria Used to treat cancer. Adesogan and
Durodola, 1976
Annona senegalensis Pers. Rootbark Nigeria Used to treat cancer. Durodola, 1975a
Cyathostemma argentium (Blume) J. Root Malaysia Used to treat breast cancer. Khamis et al., 1997
Sincl.
Fissistigma oldhamii Merr. Stem Taiwan Used as an antitumor agent. Wu et al., 1994
Fissistigma oldhamii Merr. Stem Taiwan Used for antitumor Wu et al., 1993a,b
purposes.
Apocynaceae
Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. Leaf Kenya Used for skin lumps. Omino and Kokwaro,
and Schult. 1993
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Bark Admiralty Islands Used to treat lung cancer. Holdsworth and
Wamoi, 1982
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Bark India Used to treat tumors. Wasuwat, 1967
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Entire plant India Used for cancer. Gupta, 1979
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Part not specified India Used to treat tumors. Anon., 1985
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Root Thailand Used for cancer. Vashi and Patel, 1989
Aspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg. Bark and leaf Colombia Used to reduce tumors. Schultes, 1979
Cerbera manghas L. Root Samoa Used as a treatment for Mc Cuddin, 1974
cancer.
Echites yucatanensis (Millspex.) Latex (leaf) Mexico Used for corns. Flores and Ricalde,
Stand. 1996
Echites yucatanensis (Millspex.) Latex (leaf) Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
Stand. 1996
Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Latex (unspec.) Brazil Used as an antitumor agent. Van den Berg, 1984
Mull. Arg.) Woodson
Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Stembark Peru Used to treat tumors. Persinos-Perdue and
Mull. Arg.) Woodson Blomster, 1978
Rau6olfia 6omitoria Afzel. Root Guinea Used to treat tumors. Vasileva, 1969
Rhazya stricta Decne. Entire plant Pakistan Used against tumors. Atta-Ur-Rahman and
Fatima, 1982
Rhazya stricta Decne. Entire plant Pakistan Used as an antitumor agent. Ahmad et al., 1971
Rhazya stricta Decne. Leaf India Used to treat tumors. Jewers et al., 1980
Tabernaemontana amygdalaefolia Jacq. Latex (unspec.) Colombia Used to treat tumors. Schultes, 1979
Tabernaemontana amygdalaefolia Jacq. Leaf Colombia Used to treat tumors. Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf Rootbark Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1987
The6etia ahouia (L.) A.DC. Leaf and stem Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
The6etia gaumeri Hemsley Leaf and stem Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
The6etia peru6iana (Pers.) K.Schum. Leaf Mexico Used to destroy tumors. Mendez, 1937
The6etia peru6iana (Pers.) K.Schum. Leaf and stem Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Leaf China Used for carcinomatous Duke and Ayensu,
Lem. growths. 1985a,b
Araceae
Acorus gramineus Sol. in Aiton Entire plant China Used as a cancer folk Duke and Ayensu,
remedy. 1985a,b
Arisaema consanguineum Schott Entire plant China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Arisaema consanguineum Schott Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott Root China Used to treat cancers. Ducki et al., 1995
Arisaema lobatum Engl. Corm China Used on malignant sores. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Leaf Singapore Used to treat cancer.
Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott Leaf Singapore Used as a remedy for Wong and Tan, 1996
cancer.
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia mollissima Hance Entire plant China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Aristolochia tagala Cham. Leaf Philippines Used to treat cancer. Masilungan et al., 1971
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepias speciosa Torrey Latex (unspec.) USA-NV Used to remove corns. Train et al., 1957
Cynanchum hancockianum (Maxim.) Entire plant Mongolia Used to treat cancer. Konda et al., 1990
Iljinski
Cynanchum hancokianum (Maxim.) Root China Used for cancer. Lou et al., 1991
Iljinski
Cynanchum taiwanianum Yamazaki Root Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Lin et al., 1997a,b
Heterostemma brownii Hay Aerial parts Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Lin et al., 1997a,b
Janakia arayalpathra J. Joseph and Root India Used as a remedy for Subramonian et al.,
V.Chandrasekaran tumors. 1996
Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne. Bark Senegal Used as an antitumor drug. Aquino et al., 1995
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Entire plant China Used as a folkloric Yang et al., 1981
and Arn. antitumor drug.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Entire plant China Used as an antitumor Miyakawa et al., 1986
and Arn folkdrug.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Stem China Used for cancer. Luo et al., 1993a,b
and Arn.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Stem China Used for treatment of Luo et al., 1993a,b
and Arn. cancer.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Stem China Used for treatment of Zhou et al., 1980
and Arn. cancer.
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight Stem China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
and Arn. 1985a,b
Raphionacme hirsuta (E. Mey.) Bulb South Africa Used as an anticancer Charlson, 1980
R.A.Dyer remedy.
Raphionacme hirsuta (E. Mey.) Part not specified South Africa Used to treat cancer. Charlson, 1979
R.A.Dyer
Raphionacme hirsuta (E. Mey.) Tuber South Africa Used for the treatment of Watt and
R.A.Dyer tumors. Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962
Sarcostemma australe R.Br. Latex (unspec.) Australia Used to treat cancer. Reid and Betts, 1979
Tylophora floribunda Miq. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Balanaphoraceae
Sarcophyte piriei Hutch. Entire plant Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1987
Begoniaceae
Begonia crassirostris Irmscher Entire plant China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Begonia glabra Aubl. Entire plant Panama Used as ananticancer agent. Gupta et al., 1996
Berberidaceae
Berberis amurensis Maxim. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Dysosma auranticocaulis (Hand.Mazz.) Root China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
Hu 1985a,b
Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson Root Taiwan Used to treat condylomata. Kao et al., 1992
Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson Root Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Kao et al., 1992
Epimedium hunanense (Hand.Mazz.) Aerial parts China Used for leukopenia. Liang et al., 1997
Hand. Mazz.
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. Root USA Used for cancer. Nebelkopf, 1981
Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carr. Leaf China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde. Leaf China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Mahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC. Leaf China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Nandina domestica Thunb. Fruit Japan Used for pharyngeal tumors. Shoji et al., 1984
Betulaceae
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. Wood South Korea Used to treat cancer. Lee et al., 1992
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. Wood South Korea Used to treat cancer. Rhan et al., 1992
Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Bark China Used for mammary Duke and Ayensu,
carcinoma. 1985a,b
Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Rootbark China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Rootbark Malawi Used to treat cancer of the Msonthi and Magombo,
uterus. 1983
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. Bark Mexico Used for uterine cancer. Gentry, 1980
Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl.) Bark Bolivia Used for cancer. Gentry, 1980
Nicholson
Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau Trunkwood Brazil-Minas Used for cancer. De et al., 1976
Gerais
Bombacaceae
Bombax bre6icuspe Sprague Root Guinea Used as an antitumor agent. Vasileva, 1969
Boraginaceae
Echium arenarium Guss. Leaf Sudan Used to treat tumors and Yousif et al., 1983
abscesses.
Buddlejaceae
Buddleja globosa Hope Leaf Bolivia Used to treat warts. Houghton, 1984
Buddleja globosa Hope Leaf Chile Used to treat warts. Houghton, 1984
Buddleja incana R. and P. Flower and leaf Chile Used to treat warts. Houghton, 1984
Buddleja officinalis Maxim. Flowers China Used for cancer. Houghton, 1984
Campanulaceae
Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold and Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
Zucc.) Trautv. 1985a,b
Codonopsis ner6osa (Chipp.) Nannf. Root China Used for cancer of the Duke and Ayensu,
cervix. 1985a,b
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Laurentia longiflora (L.) Petermann Entire plant Indonesia Used as a cancer cure. Hsu, 1967
Pratia nummularia A. Br. and Ascher Entire plant Taiwan Used against tumors. Ho et al., 1995
Capparidaceae
Cadaba glandulosa Forsk. Leaf Sudan Used to treat tumors and Yousif et al., 1983
abscesses.
Cadaba rotundifolia Forsk. Leaf Sudan Used to treat tumors and Yousif et al., 1983
abscesses.
Cadaba rotundifolia Forsk. Root Sudan Used for tumor cure. Yousif et al., 1984
Capparis tomentosa Lam. Entire plant Mozambique Used for treatment of Amico, 1977
cancer.
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera etrusca G. Santi Seed Madeira Used to treat warts. Rivera and Obon, 1995
Sambucus racemosa L. Bark USA-WA Used to treat tumors. Forlines et al., 1992
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus zonatus Fenzl Flowers Turkey Used to treat warts on Ishikura, 1982
hands.
Drymaria gracilis Cham. and Schltdl. Leaf and stem Mexico Used to treat tumors. Woo and Woo, 1989
Melandrium firmum (Siebold and Entire plant South Korea Used for breast cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
Zucc.) Rohrb. 1985a,b
Celastraceae
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Gupta et al., 1996
Maytenus blepharodes (Pitt.) A. Branches Panama Used as an antitumor agent. Darias et al., 1989
Gentry
Maytenus canariensis (Loes.) Kunkel Fruitjuice Canary Islands Used to remove papillomas. Shirota et al., 1995
Maytenus chuchuhuasca R.Hamet and Bark Brazil Used for skin cancer. Itokawa et al., 1992
Col.
Maytenus ebenifolia Reiss. Stembark Peru Used as an antitumor agent. Anon., 1985
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Entire plant India Used for cancer. Shirota et al., 1996
Hou
Maytenus kruko6ii A.C. Smith Stembark Brazil Used to treat skin cancer. Chavez et al., 1998
Maytenus kruko6ii A.C. Smith Part not specified Brazil Used to treat skin cancer. Honda et al., 1997
Maytenus macrocarpa (R. and P.) Stembark Peru Used for skin cancer. Kokwaro, 1976
Briquet
Maytenus obscura (A.Rich.) Cufod. Leaf East africa Used against cancer: Chhabra et al., 1991
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell Bark Ethiopia Used to treat cancer. Wilson and Mariam,
1979
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell Rootbark Tanzania Used to treat cancer. Ulubelen and Cole,
1965
Maytenus trichotoma Turcz. Entire plant Mexico Used as an antitumor agent Shen and Zhou, 1992
Tripterygium regelii Sprague and Root China Used for cancer. Takaishi et al., 1991
Take.
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. Fruit Japan Used for cancer. Anon., 1976
Cephalotaxaceae
Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.f. Part not specified China Used for tumor treatment. Tai and Hung, 1981
Chloranthaceae
Chloranthus glaber Makino Aerial parts China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai Entire plant China Used to treat cancers. Jain, 1970
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai Aerial parts Hong Kong Used to treat cancer. Takeda et al., 1993
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai Entire plant China Used as an antitumor agent. Tsui and Brown, 1996
Table 1 (Continued)
Combretaceae
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Part not specified India Used for cancer on the face. Pettit et al., 1982
Wall. ex Bedd.
Combretum caffrum (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Rootbark South africa Used to treat cancer. Abela and Santos, 1974
Kuntze
Commelinaceae
Cyanotis 6aga (Lour.) Roem. and Entire plant Philippines Used for control of breast Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Schult. cancer.
Compositae
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Entire plant Colombia Used to treat cancer. Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Kuntze
Achyrocline lehmanii Heiron. Entire plant Colombia Used to treat cancer. Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Achyrocline saturoides (Lam.)DC. Entire plant Colombia Used to treat cancer. Morton, 1975
Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Leaf Venezuela Used as a poultice for Salie et al., 1996
tumors.
Arctotis auriculata Jacq. Leaf South africa Used for uterine cancer. Lao et al., 1984
Artemisia argyi H.Lev. and Vaniot Entire plant China Used as an antitumor agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Aster amellus L. Entire plant China Used for inguinal tumors. Hussain et al., 1993
Aster amellus L. Flowers India Used to treat tumors. Hussain et al., 1993
Aster amellus L. Root India Used in inguinal tumors. Cha, 1977
Aster tataricus L.f. Entire plant China Used as a cancer folk Cha, 1977
remedy.
Aster tataricus L.f. Root Korea Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Aster tataricus L.f. Root Korea Used to treat tumors. Han et al., 1984
Cirsium maackii Maxim Entire plant Korea Used for mammary cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Crassocephalum bojeri (DC.) Robyns Entire plant Tanzania Used as a cancer remedy. Lin and Lin, 1993
Echinops grijisii Hance Root Taiwan Used for bone tumors. Lin and Lin, 1993
Echinops grijisii Hance Root Taiwan Used for hepatoma. Lin et al., 1992
Echinops grijisii Hance. Root Taiwan Used to treat cancers. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Echinops latifolius Tausch. Root Taiwan Used to treat cancers. Hsu, 1967
Echinops latifolius Tausch. Root China Used to treat tumors. Lin et al., 1992
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Leaf Indonesia Used as an anticancer agent. Hsu, 1967
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Leaf Indonesia Used as an anticancer agent. Hsu, 1967
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Leaf Indonesia Used to treat cancers. Lee et al., 1972
Eupatorium formosanum Hayata Leaf and stem Taiwan Used for leukemia. Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Gnaphalium elegans Kunth. Entire plant Colombia Used to treat cancer. Torrenegra et al., 1980
Gnaphalium elegans Kunth. Flower and leaf Colombia Used to treat cancer.
Gnaphalium elegans Kunth. Flowers Colombia Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Inula britannica L. Flowers China Used for cancer of the Duke and Ayensu,
esophagus. 1985a,b
Inula britannica L. Flowers China Used for cancer. Chien et al., 1983
Inula linariaefolia Turcz. Flowers China Used for malignant tumors. Zani et al., 1995
Jungia floribunda Less. Aerial parts Brazil Used for warts. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Benth. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Ma et al., 1997
Ligularia intermedia Nakai Root China Used as an antitumor agent. Sarg, 1975
Pulicaria crispa (Forsk.) Sch.- Bip. Aerial parts Saudi arabia Used for vaginal tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.- Bip. Root India Used for treatment of cancer. Saxena and Dixit, 1993
Senecio integrifolius (L.) Clairv. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Senecio oryzetorum Diels Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray Entire plant Indonesia Used as an anticancer agent. Hsu, 1967
Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder Fruit China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. Entire plant Italy Used to treat corns. De Feo et al., 1992
Cuscuta chilensis Ker Gawl. Entire plant Chile Used to treat tumors. San Martin, 1983
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Part not specified India Used for cancer. Jain, 1970
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Entire plant India Used for malignancy. Nisa et al., 1985
Crassulaceae
Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb and Leaf Madeira Used as a corn salve. Rivera and Obon, 1995
Berth.
Aeonium glandulosum (Ait.) Webb. Leaf Madeira Used as a corn salve. Han et al., 1984
and Berth.
Sedum alboroseum Baker Entire plant Korea Used for lymphoma. Fujita et al., 1995a,b
Semper6i6um armenum Boiss. and Leaf Turkey Used for warts. Novaretti and
Huet Lemordant, 1990
Semper6i6um ar6ense Lec and Lamot. Leaf France Used to treat corns. Novaretti and
Lemordant, 1990
Semper6i6um montanum L. Leaf France Used to treat corns. Garcia-Barriga, 1974
Cruciferae
Draba litamo L. Entire plant Colombia Used against cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Draba nemorosa L. Entire plant China Used for leukemia. Yu et al., 1994a,b
Cucurbitaceae
Bolbostemma paniculatum (Max.) Bulb China Used for treatment of tumors. Xu et al., 1986
Franquet
Bolbostemma paniculatum (Max.) Bulb China Used to treat tumors and Kong et al., 1986
Franquet warts.
Bolbostemma paniculatum (Max.) Tuber China Used for treatment of Abebe, 1986
Franquet carcinoma.
Cucumis prophetarum L. Root Ethiopia Used for skin cancer. Pan, 1960
Trichosanthes japonica Regel Fruit China Used for vaginal cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Trichosanthes japonica Regel Fruit China Used for vaginal cancer. Pan, 1960
Trichosanthes uniflora Hao Entire plant China Used for carcinomatious sores. Chiang et al., 1994
Cupressaceae
Juniperus recur6a Buch.-Ham. ex D. Part not specified Nepal Used to prevent and cure Lechner-Knecht, 1982
Don cancer.
Table 1 (Continued)
Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex Part not specified Nepal Used to prevent and cure Lechner-Knecht, 1982
Lamb cancer.
Cyatheaceae
Cyathea fauriei (Christ.) Copel Shoots Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Chiang et al., 1994
Cycadaceae
Cycas re6oluta Thunb. Leaf China Used for cancer. Hsu, 1967
Cycas re6oluta Thunb. Leaf China Used for liver cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Cycas rumphii Miq. Resin India Used for malignant ulcers. Holdsworth et al., 1983
Cyperaceae
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Tuber Korea Used for abdominal tumors. Cha, 1977
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Tuber Korea Used for vaginal Cha, 1977
indurations.
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Tuber Korea Used to treat tumors. Cha, 1977
Kyllinga bre6ifolia Rottb. Part not specified India Used against tumors. Jain, 1970
Scirpus holoschoenus L. Inflorescence Spain Used to treat warts. Gonzalez-Tejero et al.,
1995
Davalliaceae
Da6allia mariesii T.Moore ex Bak. Protoplasts South Korea Used for stomach cancer. Cui et al., 1990
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum toxicarium (G. Don) Bark Guinea Used to treat tumors. Vasileva, 1969
Baill.
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli Fruit Malaysia Used to treat cancerous Ahmad and
growths. Holdsworth, 1995
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea collettii Hook.f. Rhizome China Used for carcinoma of the Hu et al., 1996
bladder.
Dioscorea collettii Hook.f. Rhizome China Used for carcinoma of the Hu et al., 1996
bladder.
Dioscorea collettii Hook.f. Rhizome China Used for renal tumors. Hu et al., 1996
Dioscorea collettii Hook.f. Rhizome China Used to treat cervical Hu et al., 1996
carcinoma.
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Tuber Indonesia Used for swellings and Hirschhorn, 1983
tumors.
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacus asper Wall. Root China Used for cancer of the Duke and Ayensu,
breast. 1985a,b
Droseraceae
Drosera anglica Huds. Leaf England Juice destroys warts and Culpeper, 1950
corns.
Drosera anglica Huds. Leaf England Used to erode the skin. Culpeper, 1950
Ebenaceae
Diospyros tomentosa Poir. Part not India Used to treat tumors. Jain, 1970
specified
Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gurke Rootbark Zimbabwe Used to treat melanomas. Sibanda et al., 1992
Elaeagnaceae
Hippophae salicifolia D.Don Fruit India Used as an anticancer drug. Uniyal, 1990
Table 1 (Continued)
Elaeocarpaceae
Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz Leaf and stem Chile Used to treat tumors as a He et al., 1997
plaster.
Ericaceae
Vaccinium bracteatum C.P. Thunb. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon sieboldianum Siebold and Stembark China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
Zucc. ex Steud. 1985a,b
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha californica Benth. Leaf Mexico Used for cancer. Ishikura, 1982
Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh Thorns Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Croton draco Schltdl. Aerial parts Panama Used as an antitumor agent. Gupta et al., 1996
Croton draconoides Mull.Arg. Latex (unspec.) Peru Used for cancer. Piacente et al., 1998
Croton erythrochilus Mull.Arg. Latex (unspec.) Peru Used for cancer. Piacente et al., 1998
Croton fla6ens L. Leaf Mexico Used for callouses. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Croton fla6ens L. Leaf Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Croton lechleri Mull.Arg. Latex (unspec.) Peru Used for cancer. Cai et al., 1993
Croton lechleri Mull.Arg. Sap Brazil Used against cancer. Pieters et al., 1992
Croton lechleri Mull.Arg. Sap Ecuador Used for treatment of Cai et al., 1993
cancer.
Croton urucurana Baill. Bark Brazil Used to treat some types of Peres et al., 1997
cancer.
Croton urucurana Baill. Stembark Brazil Used to treat cancer. Peres et al., 1997
Euphorbia australis Boiss. Latex (unspec.) Australia Used as an embrocation for Reid and Betts, 1979
skin sores.
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Latex (unspec.) Pakistan Used as an antitumor agent. Ahmad et al., 1977
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Root Pakistan Said to have antitumor Ahmad et al., 1977
properties.
Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata Aerial parts South Korea Used in treatment of Ahn et al., 1996
lymphadenoma.
Euphorbia heterophylla L. Stem Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Euphorbia kansui Liou ex S.B.Ho Root China Used as an antitumor drug. Cha, 1977
Euphorbia kansui Liou ex S.B.Ho Root Korea Used to treat abdominal Cha, 1977
tumors.
Euphorbia kansui Liou ex S.B.Ho Root Korea Used to treat tumors. Wu et al., 1991
Euphorbia kansui Liou ex S.B.Ho Root Taiwan Used to treat cancer. Ding and Jia, 1992
Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Entire plant Italy Used to treat warts and De Feo et al., 1992
verrucas.
Euphorbia micractina Boiss. Entire plant China Used as an antitumor agent. Shi et al., 1994
Euphorbia micractina Boiss. Entire plant China Used as an antitumor agent. Shi et al., 1995
Euphorbia par6ifolia E.Mey. Part not specified Colombia Used locally for cancer. Hirschhorn, 1982
Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. Root Korea Used to treat tumors. Cha, 1977
Euphorbia poissonii Pax Latex (unspec.) Nigeria Used for skin papillomas. Evans and Kinghorn,
(Northern) 1975
Euphorbia prolifera Buch.Ham Latex (unspec.) China Used for treatment of Wu et al., 1995
tumors.
Euphorbia prolifera Buch.Ham Root China Used to treat tumors. Dagang et al., 1994
Table 1 (Continued)
Euphorbia serrata L. Latex (unspec.) Spain Used for warts. Martinez-Lirola et al.,
1996
Glochidion concolor Mull.Arg. Leaf Tonga Used to treat breast Singh et al., 1984
carcinoma.
Hura polyandra Baill. Leaf Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Jatropha dioica Sesse Root Mexico Used to treat cancer.
Jatropha elliptica Mull.Arg. Tuber Brazil Used for neoplasms. Calixto and Santana,
1987
Sapium macrocarpum Muell. Stem Mexico Used for warts. Flores and Ricalde,
1996
Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Wood Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Tragia in6olucrata L. Part not specified India Used for cancer. Jain, 1970
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia syl6estris Sw. Leaf and stem Colombia Used as an antitumor agent. Garcia-Barriga, 1975
Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre ex Seed China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
Laness. 1985a,b
Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre ex Seed Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Laness.
Fouquieriaceae
Fouquieria fasciculata Nash Stem USA-NM To help remove benign Moore, 1979
tumors.
Ganodermataceae
Ganoderma applanata (Pers.) Fruitbody South Korea Used to treat cancers. Kim et al., 1994
Patouillard
Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.: Fr.) Fruitbody Japan Used for cancer. Huang et al., 1991
Karst.
Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.: Fr.) Fruitbody Taiwan Used as an antitumor Furusawa et al., 1992
Karst. remedy.
Gentianaceae
Gentiana loureiroi (D.Don) Griseb. Entire plant China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Gentiana rhodantha Franch. Entire plant China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Gentiana scabra Bunge Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Geraniaceae
Pelargonium gra6eolens LHer Essential oil China Used for cervical cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Globulariaceae
Globularia alypum L. Leaf Tunisia Used to treat cancer. Boukef et al., 1982
Gramineae
Sasa palmata (hort. ex Burb.) E.G. Leaf Japan Used as an anticancer agent. Namba and Bae, 1982
Camus
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Entire plant Korea Used for cancer. Han et al., 1984
Guttiferae
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Entire plant China Used for treatment of Ishiguro et al., 1994a,b
tumors.
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Entire plant China Used for treatment of Ishiguro et al., 1984
tumors.
Table 1 (Continued)
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Entire plant China Used to treat tumors. Ishiguro et al., 1990
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Entire plant China Used to treat tumors. Ishiguro et al., 1994a,b
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Entire plant Japan Used to treat tumors. Ishiguro et al., 1987
Gyrostemonaceae
Codonocarpus cotinifolius (Desf.) Leaf Australia Infusion taken as a cancer Reid and Betts, 1979
F.Muell. cure.
Codonocarpus cotinifolius (Desf.) Rootbark Australia Infusion used as a cancer Reid and Betts, 1979
F.Muell. cure.
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Bark Tonga Used for breast cancer. Singh et al., 1984
Hymenochaetaceae
Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilat Fruitbody Area not stated Used for cancer. Konopa et al., 1961
Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilat Fruitbody France Used to treat cancer. Reinach-hirtzbach and
Ourisson, 1971
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis nyasica Baker Rhizome Malawi Used for intestinal cancer. Vinesi et al., 1990
Hypoxis nyasica Baker Tuber Malawi Used for uterine cancer. Kamwendo et al., 1985
Hypoxis rooperii S.Moore Tuber Swaziland Used to treat uterine cancer. Amusan et al., 1995
Icacinaceae
Icacina mannii Oliver Root Zaire Used to treat fibrous OnOkoko et al., 1985
tumors.
Iridaceae
Crocosmia crocosmiiflora (Lem. ex Corm Japan Used as an antitumor agent. Asada et al., 1988
Morren) N.E. Br.
Iris pallasii Fisch. ex Trev. Seed China Used in folk remedies for Li et al., 1981
cancer.
Juglandaceae
Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Cotyledons China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Root South Korea Used for treatment of Son, 1995
cancer.
Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Root South Korea Used to treat cancer. Joe et al., 1996
Juncaceae
Juncus acutus L. Leaf Spain Used for warts. Martinez-Lirola et al.,
1996
Krameriaceae
Krameria cytisoides Cav. Root Mexico Used for stomach cancer. Achenbach et al., 1987
Labiatae
Ajuga gene6ensis L. Twig China Used for vaginal cancer. Pan, 1960
Ajuga gene6ensis L. Twig China Used to treat cancer. Pan, 1960
Glechoma hederacea L. Fruitjuice (unripe) England Used to treat cancer. Culpeper, 1950
Isodon wikstroemioides (Hand.Mazz.) Leaf China Used to treat tumors. Wu et al., 1993a,b
H.Hara
Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S.Y.Hu Shoots China Used for whitlow. Hu, 1976
Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S.Y.Hu Shoots China Used to treat cancer. Hu, 1976
Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S.Y.Hu Shoots China Used to treat cancer. Hu, 1976
Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet Entire plant China Used for breast tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet Stem China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Lepechinia spicata Willd. Part not specified Mexico Used for uterine tumors. Ishikura, 1982
Leucas flaccida R.Br. Leaf Rarotonga Used for abdominal tumor. Holdsworth, 1991
Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara Aerial parts China Used for the treatment of Sun et al., 1982
tumors.
Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara Leaf China Used for the treatment of Li et al., 1987
tumors.
Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara Leaf China Used for the treatment of Sun et al., 1992a,b
tumors.
Sal6ia chinensis Benth. Entire plant China Used for cancer. Qian and Li, 1992
Sal6ia hiptoides Mart. and Gal. Entire plant El Salvador Used as a cataplasm for Hirschhorn, 1982
tumors.
Sal6ia plebeia R.Br. Aerial parts South Korea Used to treat tumors. Um et al., 1996
Scutellaria barbata D.Don Aerial parts China Used for cancers. Wong et al., 1993
Scutellaria barbata D.Don Entire plant China Used for cancers. Ducki et al., 1996
Scutellaria barbata D.Don Entire plant China Used to treat tumors. Wong et al., 1992a,b
Scutellaria barbata D.Don Part not specified China Used for liver, lung and Wong et al., 1992a,b
rectal cancers.
Scutellaria barbata D.Don Root China Used for liver, lung and Wang et al., 1996
rectal cancers.
Scutellaria indica L. Root South Korea Used for cancer. Bae et al., 1994
Scutellaria ri6ularis Wall. ex Benth. Aerial parts Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Lin, 1987
Scutellaria ri6ularis Wall. ex Benth. Entire plant China Used to treat tumors.
Scutellaria ri6ularis Wall. ex Benth. Root China Used to treat tumors.
Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. and Entire plant Iran Applied on topical cancer Zargari, 1992
Wendelbo lesions.
Lauraceae
Ocotea caparrapi (Nates) Dugand Essential oil Colombia Used to treat cancerous Palomino et al., 1996
tumors.
Ocotea caparrapi (Nates) Dugand Sap Colombia Used to treat tumors. Garcia-Barriga, 1974
Ocotea foetens Benth. and Hook. Branchlets Madeira Used for malignant diseases. Rivera and Obon, 1995
Ocotea usambarensis Engl. Bark East africa Used against cancer. Kokwaro, 1976
Leeaceae
Leea guineense G.Don Leaf Guinea Used against cancer. Vasileva, 1969
Leguminosae
Acacia xanthophloea Benth. Fruit Tanzania Used to treat cancer. Chhabra et al., 1991
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Stembark South Korea Used for lung cancer. Woo, 1985
Albizia schimperiana Oliver Stembark Tanzania Used to treat warts. Chhabra et al., 1984
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ex Root China Used as an adjunct to Wong et al., 1992a,b
Link.) Bunge cancer therapy.
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Fruit Colombia Used to treat malignant Garcia-Barriga, 1974
ulcers.
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Pod Domin.Repub. Acclaimed as a cure for Morton, 1975
cancer.
Caesalpinia 6olkensii Harms Part not specified Kenya Used for retinoblastoma.
Caragana cuneata Moench Leaf India Used to treat gastic cancer. Singh et al., 1996a,b
Cassia obtusifolia L. Leaf Nepal Used to treat tumors. Singh et al., 1979
Cassia obtusifolia L. Seed Nepal Used to treat tumors. Singh et al., 1979
Centrosema pubescens Benth. Flowers Mexico Used against cancer. Hastings, 1990
Crotalaria assamica Benth. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Table 1 (Continued)
Crotalaria ferruginea Graham Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Crotalaria sessiliflora L. Entire plant China Used for skin and cervical Duke and Ayensu,
carcinomas. 1985a,b
Dalea leporina (Aiton) Bullock Part not specified Mexico Used against tumors. Hastings, 1990
Dalea lutea Willd. Part not specified Mexico Used against tumors. Hastings, 1990
Entada glandulosa Pierre ex Seed Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Gagnepain
Entada scandens Benth. Seed Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Enterolobium schomburgkii (Benth.) Leaf Panama Used for Inflamed tumors. Esposito-Avella et al.,
Benth. 1985
Erythrophleum guineense G.Don Bark Mozambique Used as a cancer remedy. Amico, 1977
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in DC. Root China Used for cancer. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Maackia tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand.- Root China Used an an antitumor drug. Martin-Cordero et al.,
Mazz. 1995
Maackia tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand.- Root China Used as an antitumor drug. Zeng et al., 1996
Mazz.
Maackia tenuifolia (Hemsl.) Hand.- Root China Used as an antitumor drug. Zeng et al., 1997
Mazz.
Mucuna collettii Lace Seed Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Twig India Used to treat tumors. Sharma et al., 1992
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Root Tanzania Used against malignant Chhabra et al., 1987
Milne-Redh. ulcers.
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poiret Stembark Senegal Used to treat tumors of the Ayensu, 1978
glands.
Sophora japonica L. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Sophora subprostrata Chun and Root China Used as an antitumor agent. Kyogoku et al., 1975
T.C.Chen
Sophora subprostrata Chun and Root China Used for cancer. Sakamoto et al., 1992
T.C.Chen
Sophora subprostrata Chun and Root China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
T.C.Chen 1985a,b
Sophora tomentosa L. Leaf Rarotonga Used to treat cancer of the Holdsworth, 1991
breast.
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek Entire plant China Used for carcinomatious Duke and Ayensu,
swellings. 1985a,b
Liliaceae
Hosta japonica Trattinick Entire plant Korea Used to treat lymphoma. Han et al., 1984
Hosta longipes L.H.Bailey Entire plant Korea Used to treat lymphoma. Han et al., 1984
Merendera caucasica M. Bieb. Bulb Turkey Used for malignant disease. Ulubelen and Tanker,
1975
Smilax menispermoidea A.DC. Rhizome China Used as an anticancer drug. Ju and Jia, 1992
Smilax sieboldii Miq. Entire plant South Korea Used to treat tumors. Suh et al., 1996
Smilax sieboldii Miq. Root China Used to treat tumors. Woo et al., 1992
Linaceae
Linum 6irginianum L. Seed USA Used to treat tumors. Hussey, 1974
Loranthaceae
Plicosepalus sagittifolius (Sprague) Branches Tanzania Used to treat cancer. Chhabra et al., 1991
Danse
Table 1 (Continued)
Plicosepalus sagittifolius (Sprague) Branch and leaf Tanzania Used to treat cancer. Chhabra et al., 1984
Danse
Viscum calcaratum S. Balle Part not specified India Used for skin tumors. Tiwari, 1995
Lycoperdaceae
Lycoperdon bo6ista L. Entire plant Malaysia Applied to tumors. Burkill, 1966a,b
Melastomataceae
Medinilla crassiner6ia Blume Entire plant Papua-New Used to treat nasal cancer. Holdsworth and
Guinea Sakulas, 1986
Melastoma malabathricum L. Flowers India Used for treatment of Mohandoss and
cancer. Ravindran, 1993
Meliaceae
Aglaia elliptica Blume Bark Thailand Used against tumors. Pannell, 1992
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Root Geog area not Used to treat tumors. Jain and Srivastava,
N.R.Park stated 1985
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Stembark India Used for spleen and liver Srivastava and
N.R.Park tumors. Agnihotri, 1985
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Stembark India Useful for tumors. Rabi and Gupta, 1995
N.R.Park
Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. Leaf Nigeria Used to treat whitlow. Bhat et al., 1990
Carapa guianensis Aubl. Seed oil Brazil Used to treat uterine cancer. Hammer and Johns,
1993
Swietenia humilis Zucc. Seed Mexico Used to treat cancer. Segura-Correa et al.,
1993
Moraceae
Ficus pretoriae Burtt Davy Sap Oman Used for warts. Ghazanfar and
Al-Sabahi, 1993
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Stemwood Thailand Used as an antineoplastic. Karnjanapee and
Corner Natori, 1966
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Wood Thailand Used for cancer Wasuwat, 1967
Corner
Myristicaceae
Knema tenuiner6ia W.J.J.O.DeWilde Stembark Thailand Said to be popular cancer Banerji et al., 1994
remedy.
Knema tenuiner6ia W.J.J.O.DeWilde Stembark Thailand Used as a cancer remedy. Kijjoa et al., 1991
Virola bicuhyba Warb. Seed Brazil Used to treat tumors of the Plotkin and Schultes,
joints. 1990
Mmyrtaceae
Leptospermum scoparium Forst. and Aerial parts Australia Used for treatment of Mayer, 1993
Forst. cancers.
Nyssaceae
Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Root Taiwan Used as an antitumor folk Wu et al., 1980
medicine.
Nyssa sinensis Oliv. Rootbark China Used as an herbal medicine Luo and Xiong, 1991
for cancer.
Olacaceae
Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Bark Ecuador Used to treat lung cancer. El-Seedi et al., 1994
Ximenia americana L. Root Kenya Used for cancer. Suh et al., 1996
Table 1 (Continued)
Oleaceae
Forsythia koreana Nakai Fruit South Korea Used to treat tumors. Moon et al., 1985
Ligustrum lucidum Aiton f. Seed China Used as an adjunct to Wong et al., 1992a,b
cancer treatment.
Onagraceae
Epilobium hirsutum L. Entire plant Egypt Used for adenoma. Barakat et al., 1997
Epilobium hirsutum L. Entire plant Egypt Used for prostate tumors. Barakat et al., 1997
Orchidaceae
Pleione bulbocodioides Rolfe Tuber China Used to treat tumors. Bai et al., 1997
Pandaceae
Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Entire plant Guinea Used against tumors. Vasileva, 1969
Planch.
Papaveraceae
Chelidonium sinense DC. Entire plant Korea Used for stomach cancer. Han et al., 1984
Pedaliaceae
Rogeria adenophylla J. Gay ex Delile Stem Sudan Used for abscesses and Yousif et al., 1983
tumors.
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth Leaf Colombia Used to treat tumors. Garcia-Barriga, 1974
Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte Root China Used as an antitumor Hua, 1992
remedy.
Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte Root China Used for treatment of Yi and Dai, 1991
tumors.
Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte Root China Used to treat tumors. Yi, 1992
Phytolacca ri6inoides Kunth and Leaf Colombia Used to treat tumors. Garcia-Barriga, 1974
Bouche
Phytolacca sanguinea H. Walter Leaf Colombia Used to treat tumors. Garcia-Barriga, 1974
Pinaceae
Pinus par6iflora Siebold and Zucc. Strobilus Japan Used for cancer. Sakagami et al., 1992
Pinus par6iflora Siebold and Zucc. Strobilus Japan Used for gastric cancer. Lai et al., 1990
Pinus par6iflora Siebold and Zucc. Strobilus Japan Used to treat gastric Sakagami et al., 1989
carcinoma.
Piperaceae
Piper boehmerifolium Wall. Root India Used for the treatment of Mahanta et al., 1974
tumors.
Piper latifolium Forst.f. Leaf Rarotonga Used to treat breast cancer. Holdsworth, 1991
Piper methysticum Forst.f. Leaf Rotuma Used for warts.
Piper syl6aticum Roxb. Root India Used for the treatment of Mahanta et al., 1974
tumors.
Plantaginaceae
Plantago asiatica L. Leaf Easter Island Used for internal cancers. Holdsworth, 1992
Plantago hirtella Kunth Entire plant Mexico Used against cancerous Jiu, 1966
diseases.
Plantago paralias Decne. Leaf Argentina Used as an antitumor agent. Bandoni et al., 1976
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago toxicaria Bertol. Root South Africa Used against cancerous Ko, 1933
diseases.
Polygalaceae
Monnina obtusifolia H.B.K. Aerial parts Ecuador Used as an antitumor agent. Pinto et al., 1994
Table 1 (Continued)
Polypodiaceae
Phymatosorus di6ersifolium (Willd.) Root Easter Island Used for cancer. Holdsworth, 1992
Pich.
Polypodium maritimum Heiron. Rhizome Panama Used against cancer. Gupta et al., 1979
Polypodium subpetiolatum Hook. Rhizome Guatemala Used for tumors of the skin. Anderson et al., 1979
Polyporaceae
Antrodia cinnamomea Chang et Chou Fruitbody Taiwan Used for cancer. Cherng et al., 1996
Coriolus 6ersicolor (L.: Fr.) Quelet Fruitbody Taiwan Used to treat tumors. Liu et al., 1993
Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) Gray Fruitbody Japan Used for cancer. Ohno et al., 1985
Pteridaceae
Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. Part not specified Colombia Used for tumors. Laferriere, 1994
Cheilanthes contracta (Kunze) Mett. Part not specified South Africa Used to treat cancer. Charlson, 1979
ex Kuhn
Cheilanthes sulphurea (Cav.) Mickel Rhizome Peru Used for tumors. Ramirez, et al., 1988
and Beitel
Ranunculaceae
Anemone ri6ularis Buch.Ham ex DC. Root India Used in the treatment of Jain and Puri, 1984
tumors.
Coptis japonica Makino Rhizome Korea Used to treat abdominal Cha, 1977
tumors.
Coptis japonica Makino Rhizome Korea Used to treat tumors. Cha, 1977
Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. and Root Japan Used as a remedy against Shimizu et al., 1978
Presl cancer.
Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. Entire plant Canada Used for cancers on skin. Turner, 1984
Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Root China Used for hepatoma. Duke and Ayensu,
Makino 1985a,b
Thalictrum faberi Ulbr. Root China Used for treatment of Lin et al., 1994a,b
stomach cancer.
Thalictrum faberi Ulbr. Root China Used to treat stomach Lin et al., 1983
cancer.
Thalictrum faberi Ulbr. Root China Used to treat stomach Wagner et al., 1984
cancer.
Rhamnaceae
Pomaderris kumeraho A.Cunn Leaf New Zealand Used for skin cancer. Brooker et al., 1989
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora bre6istyla Salvosa Bark Colombia Used to treat esophageal Garcia-Barriga, 1975
cancer.
Rosaceae
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke Entire plant China Used for cancers. Peng et al., 1995a,b
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke Part not specified China Used as an anticancer herb. Murakami et al., 1985
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalm Bark Kenya Used for retinoblastoma.
Rosa lae6igata Michx. Pericarp China Used for skin tumors. Yoshida et al., 1989
Rubiaceae
Galium aparinoides Forsk. Entire plant East Africa Used against cancer. Kokwaro, 1976
Galium aparinoides Forsk. Entire plant East Africa Used to cure throat cancer. Kokwaro, 1976
Hedyotis chrysotricha (Pallib.) Merrill Entire plant China Used to treat cancer. Peng et al., 1995a,b
Hedyotis chrysotricha (Pallib.) Merrill Entire plant China Used to treat cancer. Peng et al., 1995a,b
Morinda citrifolia L. Fruit Hawaii Used in the treatment of
breast cancer.
Morinda citrifolia L. Root Rarotonga Used for external cancerous Holdsworth, 1991
lesions.
Table 1 (Continued)
Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) Merr. Leaf Guinea Applied to tumors. Vasileva, 1969
Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. and Entire plant China Used for intestinal cancer. Hsu, 1967
Schult.) DC.
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Aerial parts China Used against tumors. Hsu, 1967
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Aerial parts China Used to treat cancers. Wong et al., 1992a,b
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Aerial parts Taiwan Used in tumor therapy. Hsu, 1967
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Entire plant China Used for liver cancer. Huang, 1981
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Entire plant Malaysia Used to treat cancer. Wong et al., 1992a,b
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Entire plant Singapore Used to treat cancer. Wong et al., 1993
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Part not specified China Used for liver, lung and Hsu, 1967
rectal cancer.
Rubia discolor Turcz. Root Ethiopia Used against cancer. Kloos et al., 1978
Rubia discolor Turcz. Root Ethiopia Used for cancer. Kloos, 1977
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. Bark Peru Used against tumors. Tirillini, 1996
and Schult.) DC.
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. Bark Peru Used to treat cancer. Wirth and Wagner,
and Schult.) DC. 1997
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. Rootbark Peru Used to treat cancer. Stuppner et al., 1992
and Schult.) DC.
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. Rootbark Peru Used to treat cancer. Stuppner, et al., 1993
and Schult.) DC.
Xeromphis obo6ata (Hochst.) Keay Rootbark Zimbabwe Used for melanoma. Sibanda et al., 1989
Rutaceae
Haplophyllum dauricum (L.) G.Don Aerial parts Russia Used to treat tumors. Bessonova et al., 1984
Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Leaf and stem India Used for leprosy. Philip, 1981
Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruit India Used to remove tumors. Bose and Bose, 1939
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Fruit India Claimed to be good for Chopra et al., 1960
tumors.
Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew. Fruit Nepal Used against tumors. Suwal, 1970
Santalaceae
Iodina rhombifolia Hook. and Arn. Leaf Brazil Used for carcinoma. Spitzer et al., 1994
Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne. Root Tanzania Used for cancer. Chhabra et al., 1991
Scrophulariaceae
Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Part not specified Mexico Used for cancer. Hirschhorn, 1982
Pedicularis resupinata L. Aerial parts South Korea Used to treat malignant Yoo et al., 1993
abscesses.
Picria fel-terrae Lour. Entire plant China Used against cancer. Huang et al., 1988
Sibthorpia peregrina L. Leaf Madeira Used as a corn salve. Rivera and Obon, 1995
Veronica persica Poir. Entire plant Peru Used for cancer. Ramirez et al., 1988
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. Entire plant China Used as an anticancer agent. Lin et al., 1994a,b
Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Entire plant South Korea Used as a folk medicine to Rhan et al., 1992
Spring treat cancer.
Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Entire plant South Korea Used to treat cancer. Lee et al., 1992
Spring
Simaroubaceae
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Root Tanzania Used as a cytotoxic agent. Chhabra et al., 1993
Solanaceae
Fabiana imbricata R.and P. Aerial parts Chile Used to treat tumors. Brown and Shill, 1994
Solanum dubium Dunal Fruit Sudan Used to treat tumors. El Kheir and Salih,
1979
Table 1 (Continued)
Solanum hispidum Pers. Part not specified India Used to treat skin tumors.
Solanum lyratum Thunb. in Murr. Aerial parts Taiwan Used to treat cancers. Lee et al., 1997
Solanum lyratum Thunb. in Murr. Entire plant China Used for cancers. Yu et al., 1994a,b
Solanum lyratum Thunb. in Murr Entire plant China Used to treat cancers. Murakami, et al., 1985
Wedelia chinensis V.Tackh. Leaf Sudan Used for abscesses and Yousif et al., 1983
tumors.
Sparganiaceae
Sparganium stoloniferum (Graebn.) Rhizome China Used for abdominal tumors. Anon., 1977
Buch.-Ham
Stemonaceae
Stemona collinsae Craib Root Thailand Used for cancer. Wasuwat, 1967
Sterculiaceae
Waltheria americana L. Branches Mexico Used for cancer. Dimayuga et al., 1987
Waltheria americana L. Leaf Mexico Used for cancer. Dimayuga et al., 1987
Waltheria americana L. Root Mexico Used for cancer. Dimayuga et al., 1987
Taxaceae
Taxus bre6ifolia Nutt. Bark USA-WA Used to treat skin cancer. Forlines et al., 1992
Taxodiaceae
Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) K.K. Stem China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Tremellaceae
Tremella fuciformis Berk. Entire plant China Used for cancer. Lin et al., 1984a,b
Tropaeolaceae
Tropaeolum majus L. Leaf and stem Mexico Used for lung cancer. Morton, 1977
Ulmaceae
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Bark India Used for treating intestinal Sabnis and Bedi, 1983
cancer.
Ulmus da6idiana Planch. Rootbark South Korea Used for gastric cancer. Son et al., 1989
Ulmus da6idiana Planch. Rootbark South Korea Used to treat gastric cancer. Kim et al., 1996a,b
Ulmus da6idiana Planch. Rootbark South Korea Used to treat gastric cancer. Kim et al., 1996a,b
Ulmus manschurica Nakai Bark South Korea Used as a folk medicine to Rhan et al., 1992
treat cancer.
Umbelliferae
Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson Fruit China Used to treat tumors. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Entire plant China Used for hepatoma. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Oenanthe ja6anica (Blume) DC. Entire plant China Used for cancerous Duke and Ayensu,
swellings. 1985a,b
Sanicula coerulescens Franch. Entire plant China Used on malignant sores. Duke and Ayensu,
1985a,b
Urticaceae
Myrianthus arboreus Beauv. Leaf Guinea Used against tumors. Nqounou et al., 1990
Myrianthus arboreus Beauv. Trunkwood Cameroon Used to treat tumors. Vasileva, 1969
Valerianaceae
Patrinia scabra Bunge Root China Used to treat cervical Kouno et al., 1994
erosion.
Table 1 (Continued)
Verbenaceae
Callicarpa rubella Lindl. Bark India Used for cancer. Jamir, 1990
Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Leaf India Used for swellings or tumor Bhandary et al., 1995
growth.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Part not specified India Used for cancer. Jain, 1970
Pygmaeopremna herbacea (Roxb.) Root India Used to treat tumors. Sankaram and Rao,
Moldenke 1978
Vitex negundo L. Leaf Philippines Used to treat cancer. Masilungan et al., 1971
Violaceae
Viola diamantica Nakai Aerial parts South Korea Used for cancer. Yook et al., 1989
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia katsumadai Hayata Seed China Used for cancer-like Saiki et al., 1978
symptoms.
Alpinia parpurtura Sch. Leaf Cook Islands Used to treat tumors. Holdsworth, 1990
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia indica Burm.f. Aerial parts Pakistan Used as a remedy for Atta-Ur-Rahman et al.,
tumors. 1984
Fagonia indica Burm.f. Leaf and Twigs Pakistan Claimed to be a remedy for Ali Ansari et al., 1982
tumors.
Fagonia indica Burm.f. Leaf and Twigs Pakistan Used for cancer. Atta-Ur-Rahman,
1982a,,b
some utility as a source of new material in the microbes and animals (primarily marine animals)
search for cancer chemotherapeutic agents from as well as biological testing data for natural
plants. compounds of defined structure. The database
currently houses information on over 58 000
species of organisms and 155 000 distinct
2. Materials and methods chemical constituents.
An ethnomedical search was conducted for
The NAPRALERT database (Loub et al., entries dealing with angiosperms, gymnosperms,
1985), which was used in this study, resides in the pteridophytes, bryophytes, lichens and fungi
Program for Collaborative Research in the where specific references were cited that the
Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of organism in question was used for some type of
Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, cancer or cancerous growth. Since Hartwells
Chicago, Illinois. Collection and encoding of surveys were conducted on reports of plants being
pertinent data from the world literature on used before cancer was recognized as a modern
natural products has been an on-going project disease entity, he often included uses of plants for
since 1975. The database currently contains such conditions as resistant sores, etc. The
information from over 160 000 articles, books, current survey has not used this type of data.
abstracts and proceedings. Approximately 20% of Data are presented in the Tables 13 are
the information available predate the 1975 arranged alphabetically by family, genus and
literature. species. Further details can be found in the cited
A majority of data in NAPRALERT deals with references. The NAPRALERT database, as used
the ethnomedical uses, biological testing, and in this study, was last updated on February 1,
phytochemistry of organisms, including plants, 1999.
Table 2 Table 2 (Continued)

Genera in this article which are not found in Hartwell
Genus Family
Genus Family
Holoptelea Ulmaceae
Acanthospermum Compositae Hura Euphorbiaceae
Achyrocline Compositae Hydnocarpus Flacourtiaceae
Actinidia Actinidiaceae Icacina Icacinaceae
Adenium Apocynaceae Inonotus Hymenochaetaceae
Aeonium Crassulaceae Iodina Santalaceae
Anogeissus Combretaceae Isodon Labiatae
Antrodia Polyporaceae Janakia Asclepiadaceae
Aphanamixis Meliaceae Jungia Compositae
Aspidosperma Apocynaceae Knema Myristicaceae
Bolboschoenus Cyperaceae Krameria Krameriaceae
Bolbostemma Cucurbitaceae Kyllinga Cyperaceae
Cadaba Capparidaceae Laggera Compositae
Calystegia Convolvulaceae Laurentia Campanulaceae
Camptotheca Nyssaceae Leptadenia Asclepiadaceae
Caragana Leguminosae Leptospermum Myrtaceae
Carapa Meliaceae Leucas Labiatae
Casearia Flacourtiaceae Ligularia Compositae
Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxaceae Lycoperdon Lycoperdaceae
Cerbera Apocynaceae Maackia Leguminosae
Chloranthus Chloranthaceae Mahonia Berberidaceae
Cnidoscolus Euphorbiaceae Melandrium Caryophyllaceae
Combretum Combretaceae Melastoma Melastomataceae
Coriolus Polyporaceae Merendera Liliaceae
Crocosmia Iridaceae Metopium Anacardiaceae
Crotalaria Leguminosae Minquartia Olacaceae
Cyanotis Commelinaceae Monnina Polygalaceae
Cyathea Cyatheaceae Murraya Rutaceae
Cyathostemma Annonaceae Nandina Berberidaceae
Cycas Cycadaceae Notholaena Pteridaceae
Davallia Davalliaceae Osyris Santalaceae
Dichapetalum Dichapetalaceae Parkinsonia Leguminosae
Dillenia Dilleniaceae Pfaffia Amaranthaceae
Duchesnea Rosaceae Phymatosorus Polypodiaceae
Dysosma Berberidaceae Picria Scrophulariaceae
Eclipta Compositae Pleione Orchidaceae
Entada Leguminosae Plicosepalus Loranthaceae
Epipremnum Araceae Pratia Campanulaceae
Eriocaulon Eriocaulaceae Pulsatilla Ranunculaceae
Erythrophleum Leguminosae Pygmaeopremna Verbenaceae
Euclea Ebenaceae Rabdosia Labiatae
Fabiana Solanaceae Raphidophora Araceae
Fissistigma Annonaceae Rauvolfia Apocynaceae
Fouqueria Fouqueriaceae Rhazya Apocynaceae
Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Rogeria Pedaliaceae
Globularia Globulariaceae Sarcandra Chloranthaceae
Glochidon Euphorbiaceae Sarcophyte Balanaphoraceae
Glyptostrobus Taxodiaceae Sarcostemma Asclepiadaceae
Grifola Polyporaceae Selaginella Selaginellaceae
Gyrocarpus Hernandiaceae Semiaquilegia Ranunculaceae
Haplophyllum Rutaceae Sempervivum Crassulaceae
Harrisonia Simaroubaceae Sibthorpia Scrophulariaceae
Heterostemma Asclepiadaceae Sparganium Sparganiaceae
Himatanthus Apocynaceae Stemona Stemonaceae
Table 2 (Continued) presentation of ethnomedical anti-cancer

literature references from the database, with more
Genus Family
than 500 separate records for over 350 species,
Suregada Euphorbiaceae distributed in over 280 genera and 100 families
Thunbergia Acanthaceae which were not mentioned in a compilation such
Tripterygium Celastraceae as Hartwells, illustrates the analytical utility of
Tylophora Asclepiadaceae
the database in the sampling of the stream of data
Vigna Leguminosae
Virola Myristicaceae which is continuously being generated in the
Wedelia Compositae literature of natural products. The utility of the
Xeromphis Rubiaceae NAPRALERT database to generate specific
Ximenia Olacaceae plant-use information has been well illustrated by,
Zeyheria Bignoniaceae
although is not limited to, the type of
Zhumeria Labiatae
information, which has been presented in this
article. One may consider the application of such
Table 3 an investigation to numerous disease states.
Families of plants in this article not listed in Hartwell
Actinidiaceae Acknowledgements
Agavaceae
Balanaphoraceae This was supported, in part, grants U19
Buddlejaceae
CA52956 and PO1 CA48112 from the National
Cephalotaxaceae
Chloranthaceae Cancer Institute (USA); and grant P50
Cycadaceae AT10055-02 from the National Center for
Davalliaceae Complementary Alternative Medicine. The
Dichapetalaceae authors wish to thank the many colleagues who
Eriocaulaceae
have participated in the development of the
Ganodermatacea
Globulariaceae NAPRALERT database from 1975 to the
Gyrostemonacea present.
Hymenochaetace
Hypoxidaceae
Icacinaceae References
Krameriaceae
Leeaceae
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 347 377

Plants used against cancer an extension of the work of

Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Anti-cancer agents; Natural products

1. Introduction tion from published and unpublished sources on

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Family/Species Part Country Uses Reference

Table 2 Table 2 (Continued)

Table 2 (Continued) presentation of ethnomedical anti-cancer

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