Abstract

Two boxes in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, were found to contain the dried type material of the land crabs Cardisoma hirtipes Dana, 1851, and Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851 (Gecarcinidae). The types of the common Pacific land crab, C. hirtipes, were believed to have been lost and a neotype had been designated in earlier revisions. Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851 is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796).

Key words
Land crab; type specimens; Dana material; Cardisoma; taxonomy

Recently, two specimens of gecarcinid crabs were found in the dried collection of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., which have been forgotten by taxonomists working on this family. The specimens were identified as the types of Cardisoma hirtipes Dana, 1851, and Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851. Their features and proportions agree well with the measurements given by Dana (1851) Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]in his original description; and together with the labels, leave no doubt to their identities.

Taxonomy

Family Gecarcinidae MacLeay, 1838MacLeay, W.S. 1838. On the Brachyurous Decapod Crustacea. Brought from the Cape by Dr. Smith. In Smith, A., Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; consisting chiefly of figures and descriptions of the objects of natural history collected during an expedition into the interior of South Africa, in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836; fitted out by ‘The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa’: together with a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the geographical ranges of species in that quarter of the globe, published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, Invertebratae. IV [1849]. pp. 53-71, pls. 2, 3. London, Smith, Elder & Co.

Genus Discoplax A. Milne-Edwards, 1867Milne-Edwards, A. 1867. Description de quelques espèces nouvelles de Crustacés Brachyoures. Annales de la Société Entomogique de France, (4) 7: 263-288.

Discoplax hirtipes ( Dana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8] )

(Figs. 1-3)

Figure 1
Labels associated with the lectotype of Cardisoma hirtipesDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]. A, box cover; B, label inside box.

Figure 2
Cardisoma hirtipesDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8], lectotype male (58.2 × 47.4 mm) (USNM 2356). A, dorsal view of carapace; B, C, frontal view of cephalothorax; D-F, ventral view of of cephalothorax showing thoracic sternum and abdomen. Scale bars = 10.0 mm.

Figure 3
Cardisoma hirtipesDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8], lectotype male (58.2 × 47.4 mm) (USNM 2356). A, dorsal view of left cheliped; B, dorsal view of right cheliped; C, outer view of right chela; D, outer view of left chela; C, left first ambulatory leg; D, right first ambulatory leg; E, left second ambulatory leg; F, right second ambulatory leg; G, left fourth ambulatory leg; H, right third ambulatory leg; I, sternoabdominal cavity with intact right G1; J, ventral view of left G1; K, distal half of left G1, ventral view (denuded); L, dorsal view of left G1; M, distal half of left G1, dorsal view (denuded). Scale bars: A-H = 10.0 mm; I, J, L = 5.0 mm; K, M = 2.0 mm.

Cardisoma hirtipesDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]: 253 (for complete synonymy, see Ng and Shih, 2014Ng, P.K.L. and Shih, H.-T. 2014. The systematics of the land crabs of the Discoplax hirtipes (Dana, 1851) species-group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), with description of a new species from the eastern Indian Ocean. In: H.H. Tan, M. Orchard, P.J.F. Davie and P.K.L. Ng (eds), Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Biodiversity and Management Challenges. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: 109-135.: 112).

Type material. Lectotype male (58.2 × 47.4 mm) (USNM 2356), “Viti” (= Fiji), ca. 17º48'S 178º00'E, coll. U.S. Exploring Expedition.

Remarks. Cardisoma hirtipes was described by Dana (1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]: 253) from “Viti” (= Fiji), who listed only one specimen (sex not specified) measuring 28 × 22.5 lines (see also Dana, 1852: 376Dana, J.D. 1852. Crustacea. Part I. In: United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 13(1): i-viii, 1-685. Philadelphia, C. Sherman.). Dana (1852: 377Dana, J.D. 1852. Crustacea. Part I. In: United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 13(1): i-viii, 1-685. Philadelphia, C. Sherman.) redescribed the species, noting that the specimen was a male from the “Feejee Islands”. This was apparently the same specimen figured by him later (Dana, 1855: pl. 24, fig. 2). The line was an English unit of measure that has been variously equivalent to ¹⁄₁₀, ¹⁄₁₂, ¹⁄₁₆ or ¹⁄₄₀ of an inch (= 25.4 mm). In the older literature, English-speaking biologists usually equated a line with ¹⁄₁₂ of an inch (or 2.1 mm). That would put the dimensions of Dana’s male specimen at 58.8 × 47.3 mm. Evans (1967Evans, A.C. 1967. Syntypes of Decapoda described by William Stimpson and James Dana in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Journal of Natural History, 1: 399-411.) had listed a type specimen of the Pacific land crab C. hirtipes (Gecarcinidae) in the Natural History Museum, London (see also Türkay, 1974Türkay, M. 1974. Die Gecarcinidae Asiens und Ozeaniens (Crustacea: Decapoda). Senckenbergiana biologica, 55: 223-259.). Ng and Clark (2014Ng, P.K.L. and Shih, H.-T. 2014. The systematics of the land crabs of the Discoplax hirtipes (Dana, 1851) species-group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), with description of a new species from the eastern Indian Ocean. In: H.H. Tan, M. Orchard, P.J.F. Davie and P.K.L. Ng (eds), Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Biodiversity and Management Challenges. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: 109-135.) examined the specimen and argued that this was actually not a type, belonging to another species, Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796Herbst, J.F.W. 1782-1804. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse nebst einer systematischen Beschreibung ihrer verschieden Arten. Gottlieb August Lange, Berlin & Stralsund. Volumes 1-3: 1-274 + 1-226 +1-66 + 1-46, 1-54 + 1-49, Pls. 1-62. [Vol. 1, Part 1 (Pp. 1-86, Pl. 1): 1782; Vol. 1, Parts 2-5 (Pp. 87-182, Pls. 2-9): 1783; Vol. 1, Part 6 (Pp. 183-206, Pls. 10-13): 1785; Vol. 1, Part 7 (Pp. 207-238, Pls. 14-17): 1788; Vol. 1, Part 8 (Pp. 239-274, Pls. 18-21): 1790; Vol. 2, Part 1 (Pp. 1-48, Pls. 22-25): 1791; Vol. 2, Part 2 (Pp. 49-78, Pls. 26-29): 1792; Vol. 2, Part 3 (Pp. 79-98, Pls. 30-33): 1793; Vol. 2, Part 4 (Pp. 99-146, Pls. 34-36): 1793; Vol. 2, Part 5 (Pp. 147-162, Pls. 37-40): 1794; Vol. 2, Parts 6-end (Pp. 163-226, Pls. 41-46): 1796; Vol. 3, Part 1 (1-66, Pls. 47-50): 1799; Vol. 3, Part 2 (Pp. 1-46, Pls. 51-54): 1801; Vol. 3, Part 3 (Pp. 1-54, Pls. 55-58): 1803; Vol. 3, Part 4 (Pp. 1-49, Pls. 59-62): 1804.] [For dates of publication, see Rathbun, 1897: 157; Sherborn, 1902: xxix]), instead. They commented that since there were no extant types of the species, the neotype male specimen from Fiji designated by Ng and Davie (2012) therefore remained the valid type of C. hirtipes.

The present specimen (USNM 2356) is a male 58.2 × 47.4 mm and agrees well with the size given by Dana (1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]): 58.8 × 47.3 mm. There is no doubt this is the specimen examined and figured by Dana (1851; 1852; 1855). Although Dana (1851; 1852; 1855) mentioned and figured only this one specimen, he did not state it was the holotype or make it clear he only had one specimen (see Ng and Clark, 2014Ng, P.K.L. and Shih, H.-T. 2014. The systematics of the land crabs of the Discoplax hirtipes (Dana, 1851) species-group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), with description of a new species from the eastern Indian Ocean. In: H.H. Tan, M. Orchard, P.J.F. Davie and P.K.L. Ng (eds), Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Biodiversity and Management Challenges. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: 109-135.). As such, it is preferable to designate USNM 2356 as the lectotype of C. hirtipes Dana.

The present lectotype is interesting as the left male first gonopod (G1) had been detached ((Figs. 2D, (3I). The G1 was subsequently rehydrated and was shelved in the wet collections of the USNM (Fig. 3J-M). Who did this is not known as neither the box with the dried body or the bottle with the G1 had any labels to this effect.

Interestingly, Türkay (1974Türkay, M. 1974. Die Gecarcinidae Asiens und Ozeaniens (Crustacea: Decapoda). Senckenbergiana biologica, 55: 223-259.: 233) listed among his material examined for D. hirtipes (as a Cardisoma Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828) as follows: “Südsee, Viti (1 Go/1 des Holotypus von Cardisoma hirtipesDANA 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8])”. He did not indicate where the specimen was from and which museum it was kept in, and was not discussed anywhere else in his paper. Ng and Clark (2014Ng, P.K.L. and Clark, P.F. 2014. The type of the land crab Cardisoma hirtipes Dana, 1851 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae). Zootaxa, 3860: 596-599.: 596) was advised by the late Michael Türkay that he had actually not examined the holotype of the species and the type he had referred to was the specimen recorded by Evans (1967Evans, A.C. 1967. Syntypes of Decapoda described by William Stimpson and James Dana in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Journal of Natural History, 1: 399-411.). Could the detached G1 in USNM be the one he had actually examined instead and then inadvertently forgot in the ensuing years?

The discovery of the present lectotype means that the neotype selected by Ng and Davie (2012Ng, P.K.L. and Davie, P.J.F. 2012. The Blue Crab of Christmas Island, Discoplax celeste, new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 60: 89-100.) is now no longer a type specimen. The species is currently classified in the genus Discoplax A. Milne-Edwards, 1867Milne-Edwards, A. 1867. Description de quelques espèces nouvelles de Crustacés Brachyoures. Annales de la Société Entomogique de France, (4) 7: 263-288. (see Ng and Guinot, 2001Ng, P.K.L. and Guinot, D. 2001. On the land crabs of the genus Discoplax A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), with description of a new cavernicolous species from the Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49: 311- 338.; Ng and Shih, 2014Ng, P.K.L. and Shih, H.-T. 2014. The systematics of the land crabs of the Discoplax hirtipes (Dana, 1851) species-group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), with description of a new species from the eastern Indian Ocean. In: H.H. Tan, M. Orchard, P.J.F. Davie and P.K.L. Ng (eds), Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Biodiversity and Management Challenges. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: 109-135.).

Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796)

(Figs. 4, 5)

Figure 4
Labels associated with the lectotype of Cardisoma obesumDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]. A, box cover; B, C, labels inside box.

Figure 5
Cardisoma obesumDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8], lectotype male (90.6 × 70.0 mm) (USNM 2356). A, dorsal view of carapace; B, frontal view of cephalothorax. Scale bars = 10.0 mm.

Cancer carnifex Herbst, 1796: 163, pl. 41, fig. 1 (for complete synonymy, see Türkay, 1974Türkay, M. 1974. Die Gecarcinidae Asiens und Ozeaniens (Crustacea: Decapoda). Senckenbergiana biologica, 55: 223-259.: 224).

Cardisoma obesumDana, 1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]: 252.

Type material. 1 carapace (90.6 × 70.0 mm) (USNM 2356), Peacock Island, Tuamotu, 14°30'S 146°18'W, coll. U.S. Exploring Expedition.

Remarks. Cardisoma obesum was described by Dana (1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]: 252-253) from “Paumotu” (= Tuamotu) in French Polynesia, and he listed one specimen (sex not specified) measuring 3.67 by 3 inches (93.2 × 76.2 mm). Dana (1852: 376) Dana, J.D. 1852. Crustacea. Part I. In: United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 13(1): i-viii, 1-685. Philadelphia, C. Sherman.redescribed the species and figured the carapace, noting that it was from Peacock Island in the Paumotu Archipelago, and that the “... only specimen of this species saved from among the many collected, is a carapax.” The front of the carapace was figured in Dana (1855: pl. 24, fig. 1)Dana, J.D. 1855. Crustacea: Atlas. In: United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 14: 1-27, pls. 1-96.. Cardisoma obesum is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of C. carnifex (see Türkay, 1974Türkay, M. 1974. Die Gecarcinidae Asiens und Ozeaniens (Crustacea: Decapoda). Senckenbergiana biologica, 55: 223-259.). The whereabouts of the type of C. obesum, was to date not known.

The present specimen (USNM 2356) measures 90.6 × 70.0 mm and the measurements are slightly smaller from that given by Dana (1851Dana, J.D. 1851. Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce. Crustacea Grapsoidea, (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5(10): 247-254. [Published before 30 November 1851 (Anonymous, 1851: 439), and 31 December 1851 (Anonymous, 1852: 173); also issued as a separate with the same title and pagination 1-8]) but this can easily be explained by the fact that all that is left of the specimen is the carapace and the left side is broken and in poor condition. As thus, there is doubt this is in fact the holotype specimen of C. obesum.

Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Rafael Lemaitre and Karen Reed (USNM) for helping him find the dried specimens in question. The visit to USNM was facilitated by a travel grant from the National University of Singapore. This note is dedicated to an old friend, Michael Türkay, and the author of so many important papers on Brachyura, including especially the Gecarcinidae, which he always loved.

References

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