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Stirtonia alba in North America?
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Preliminary results are presented of a project aiming to explore the lichen biodiversity in Sri Lanka. The following mostly corticolous (one saxicolous) new species are described: Arthonia karunaratnei with dark brown, round apothecia in groups that are surrounded by a bright orange area, with ascospores 2-septate, 9.0–10.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm; Enterographa wijesundarae with sessile, pruinose apothecia with thin margins that are higher than the disc, with ascospores 13–17-septate, 50–60 × 4.5–5.5 μm, without substances; Fellhanera stipitata with convex, brown apothecia, fusiform to clavate, 5–7-septate ascospores of 21–24.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm, and sessile to tubular pycnidia with conidia 4.5–5.5 × 1.5–2.0 μm; Malmidea plicata which is similar to M. vinosa but with folded thallus and smaller ascospores; Phlyctis lueckingii with ca. 0.2–0.3 mm large, grey-pruinose apothecia in dense groups and fusiform 7-septate ascospores of 27–29 × 5.5–6.5 μm; thallus with norstictic acid.; Porina viridipustulata with numerous pustules of ca. 0.2–0.7 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.3 mm high and ascospores 3–7-septate, 57–60 × 12–13 μm; Stirtonia isidiata with glossy white thallus with isidia, which are partly globose but mostly irregularly cylindrical, often with some constrictions or branching, usually gnarled and decumbent, generally ca. 0.2–0.3 mm thick and up to ca. 2 mm long; ascigerous areas apothecium-like, sessile; ascus with 1 ascospore, ca. 250 × 150 μm; ascospores hyaline, broadly fusiform 7–9-septate, 210–225 × 105–115 μm.; and Trypetheliopsis hirsuta with black, ear-shaped, pointed, glossy campylidia of ca. 0.4–0.9 mm diam., ca. 0.5–1.2 mm high, at the outside with black bristles. Furthermore, 88 lichen species are newly recorded from Sri Lanka, including 55 species new for the Indian subcontinent. Interestingly, eight of these are first reports from the whole of the Palaeotropics. These species were previously known only from either Costa Rica or the Amazonian and/or Atlantic rain forest of Brazil.
Three new corticolous Arthoniaceae are described from the Chapada do Araripe, an isolated table mountain in the state of Ceara, in NE Brazil. Arthonia stipitata, lichenicolous on unidentified sorediate crusts, with red, tiny, stipitate apothecia, 3-septate ascospores, 10-12 x 3.0-3.5 mu m. Stirtonia lucida with rather small ascigerous areas, lichexanthone and zeorin in the thallus, globose asci, ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 17-19 x 8-10 mu m, with occasionally some longitudinal septa. Stirtonia ochracea with rather small ochraceous ascigerous areas, thallus without secondary metabolites, ascospores 8 per ascus, (7-)9(-11)-septate, 47-55 x 14-20 mu m. These species were found during a study aiming at an inventory of the lichen biodiversity of the Cerrado forests in the area, and were not found during earlier ecological studies in the Caatinga forests in the same area. Stirtonia lucida is the first species assigned to this genus which occasionally has some longitudinal septa in the ascospores. Such specimens might be confused with Cryptothecia species.
A world key to the 21 species of Stirtonia is presented. Three new Stirtonia species are described from the Neotropics: Stirtonia ibirapuitensis Aptroot, Kaffer & S. M. Martins, with whitish to cream amoeboid ascigerous areas with lichexanthone on a greenish thallus without lichexanthone and ascospores of 27-32 x 9.5-12.5 mu m; Stirtonia punctiformis Aptroot & Sipman, with ascigerous structures of thallus colour, consisting of one or more brown asci with brown walls with surrounding tissue, in groups or irregular lines and brown ascospores 61-73 x 27-35 mu m; and Stirtonia viridis Aptroot, L. I. Ferraro, Sipman & M. Caceres, with ascigerous structures mostly linear, branched and anastomosing, whitish, and contrasting with the often greenish thallus and with ascospores 50-58 x 15-22 mu m. In addition, a specimen of S. neotropica is reported that contains some patches of lichexanthone, S. curvata is reported new to the Neotropics from Brazil and the Netherlands Antilles, and S. nivea is reported new to the Northern Hemisphere from Puerto Rico. Also, Crypthonia divaricatica Aptroot & Sipman, with an irregular, thick thallus with divaricatic and usnic acids and flat white ascigerous areas and macrocephalic 5-9-septate ascospores 20-27 x 9.5-12.5 mu m is described from Mexico. While only one Stirtonia species was known from the Neotropics as recently as 2009, the total number of Stirtonia species known from the Neotropics is now 12, an equal number to the 12 species that are known from the Palaeotropics.
Three new species are described in the small genus Stirtonia, all from NE Brazil, and all from one reserve of Caatinga forest in Paraíba. Stirtonia microspora is characterized by the small macrocephalic ascospores, S. nitida by the smooth thallus even covering the ascigerous areas and S. nivea by the pruinose, elongated ascigerous areas. This is an unexpected diversity of this mostly palaeotropical genus in the neotropics. A revised worldwide key to the known species is presented. © 2014 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
A morphotaxonomic account of all known species of Stirtonia is presented. Of the 18 species described for the genus, 12 are accepted and a key for their determination is provided. Stirtonia indica Makhija & Patw. is newly described, and names of 5 species reported by Groenhart, but hitherto remaining as nomma nuda, are validated: S. aggregata Groenh., S. alba Groenh., S. gibberulosa Groenh., S. marginta Groenh. and S. mellea Groenh. Six species are excluded from the genus: S. amazonica Sambo, S. arthonioides Groenh. nom. nud., S. macrocephala R. Sant., S. monospora Awasthi & K. P. Singh, S. sprucei R. Sant., and S. verruculosa Groenh. nom. nud.
Eight lichenized ascomycetes and one lichenicolous non-lichenized fungus are described as new to science, namely Coniocarpon coralloideum from Venezuela and Ecuador, Crustospathula khaoyaiana from Thailand, Cryptolechia pittieriana from Venezuela, Cryptothecia napoensis from Ecuador, Malmidea incrassata from Brazil, Malmidea reunionis from Réunion, Malmidea tratiana from Thailand, Stirtonia rhizophorae from Thailand and the nonlichenized fungus Melaspilea lekae from Thailand. The following ten taxa are new additions to the lichen biota of the countries given in brackets: Agonimia pacifica (China), Bactrospora myriadea (Thailand), Brigantiaea phaeomma (China), Brigantiaea sorediata (Tanzania), Coenogonium pineti (Thailand), Cratiria vioxanthina (Brazil), Cryptothecia eungellae(Thailand), Eschatogonia dissecta (Brazil), Malmidea badimioides (Mexico) and Porpidia albocaerulescens var. polycarpiza (Thailand). Buellia vioxanthina is transferred to the genus Cratiria, and a new chemotype of Eschatogonia prolifera was found in Thailand.
Stirtonia byssoidea, S. coei and S. latispora, all from coastal hammocks within Everglades National Park, are described as new to science. Stirtonia byssoidea is characterized by a felty byssoid thallus, conspicuous immersed white pruinose-like lirelliform ascigerous zones, small ascospores and the presence of perlatolic acid. It is closest to S. alba but has a different thallus type and much smaller ascospores. Stirtonia coei is recognized by its lirellate ascigerous zones raised well above a greyish crystallate thallus, large ascospores and a lack of chemistry. It is closest to S. curvata but differs by its I+ blue thallus, strongly raised ascigerous zones and by having no lichen substances. Stirtonia latispora can be identified by its white lirelliform ascigerous areas immersed in a greyish green thallus, large, broad ascospores with a conspicuously enlarged mid cell and lack of substances. It would also key out close to S. curvata but differs by the aforementioned ascigerous zones, an I+ blue thallus, wider ascospores with a different locular configuration and its lack of chemistry. A key to the six species known from the Neotropics is also provided.
The lichen genus Stirtonia has been revised. Thirteen species are accepted in the genus, including three new to science, viz. S. curvata from Irian Jaya and Java, S. schummii from the Seychelles and S. neotropica from Costa Rica and the Dutch Antilles. The known range of the genus is extended from Asian to pantropical. The genus is most diverse in the palaeotropics.
A new checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi occurring in the continental United States and Canada is presented. It contains 3,580 lichen species and an additional 219 species of lichenicolous and allied fungi, for a total of 3,799 species in 477 genera. The following taxa are reported as new to North America: Arthonia linitae, Buellia adjuncta, Buelliella physciicola, Cornutispora intermedia, Diploschistes candidissimus, Epicladonia simplex, Fulgensia bracteata subsp. deformis, Graphium aphthosae, Homostegia piggotii, Leproloma membranaceum var. chrysodectoides, Lettauia cladoniicola, Lichenostigma maureri, Melaspilea epigena, Nectria lecanodes, Polycoccum vermicularium, Sphaerulina dolichotera, Thelotrema suecicum, Vouauxiella lichenicola, and Xanthoria fulva. Also, three new combinations are proposed: Lecanora albella var. rubescens (Imshaug & Brodo) Lumbsch, Lichinella melamphylla (Tuck.) Essl., and Lichinella minnesotensis (Fink) Essl.
Ten lichen species are reported as new to the United States: Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) Sant. apud Thorold, Bombyliospora vulpina (Nyl.) Burg., Echinoplaca pellicula (Müll.Arg.) Sant., Leptotrema lepadodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Lopadium fuscum Müll.Arg., Parmeliopsis subambigua Gyeln., Phaeographina quassiaecola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Phaeographis lyellii (Sm.) Zahlbr., Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Stirtonia alba (Müll.Arg.) ined. An additional 43 species are reported for the first time from the state of Louisiana: Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arn., A. heppii (Naeg. ex Körb.) Naeg. ex Körb., Arthonia caesia (Flot.) Körb., Bacidia chlorococca (Graewe ex Stizenb.) Lett., B. inundata (Fr.) Körb., B. naegelii (Hepp) Zahlbr., Buellia callispora (Knight) J. Stein., B. elizae (Tuck.) Tuck., B. punctata var. polyspora (Will.) Fink, Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain., Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulf.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., C. floridana (Tuck.) Tucker comb. nov., C. intermedia (B.deLesd.) Zahlbr., Catillaria bouteillei (Desm.) Zahlbr., Chiodecton perplexum Nyl., Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers.) Zahlbr., Endocarpon pusillum Hedw., Graphina scolecitis (Tuck.) Fink, Leptogium millegranum Sierk, Leptotrema polycarpum Müll.Arg., Lopadium puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp, Ocellularia americana Hale, O. lathraea (Tuck.) Zahlbr., O. subtilis (Tuck.) Ridd., Pertusaria amara (Ach.)Nyl., P. copiosa Erichs., P. leucostoma (Bernh.) Mass., P. ostiolata Dibb., P. pustulata (Ach.) Duby, P. sinusmexicani Dibb., P. tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl., P. texana Müll.Arg., Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Moberg, Polychidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Henss., Rinodina granuligera Magn., R. milliaria Tuck., R. ochrocea Will., Sarcogyne clavus (Ram.) Kremp., Sphinctrina tubaeformis Mass., Thelotrema sanfordianum Zahlbr. and Tricharia melanothrix Fée. A lichen parasite, Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi Mont., is newly reported for Louisiana. One new combination, Caloplaca floridana (Tuck.) Tucker, is made. Notes concerning distribution and substrates are provided for the species which are range extensions and also for an additional 35 species which are rarely collected or insufficiently documented.
This new checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi for the continental United States and Canada includes 3,409 accepted taxa in 401 genera. Seventy-eight of these taxa represent lichenicolous or allied fungi. The single alphabetical list contains hundreds of synonyms and excluded names together with the accepted taxa. Sixty-four new combinations are proposed in the genera Acrocordia, Anisomeridium, Anthracothecium, Arthopyrenia, Aspicilia, Catinaria, Ditremis, Enterographa, Fuscidea, Heterodermia, Hubbsia, Julella, Lecidella, Lepraria, Melanelia, Micarea, Mycoporum, Ocellularia, Parmentaria, Plagiocarpa, Polymeridium, Pyrenocollema, Pyrenula, Rinodina, Strigula, Tomasellia, and Tuckermannopsis.
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