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Hypnea is an economically and ecologically important red alga including about 53 species worldwide. Here, we describe H. asiatica sp. nov. from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Specimens of this species from the northwestern Pacific have often been assigned to H. charoides. Hypnea asiatica is distinguished by percurrent main axes, branches with abruptly c...
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Although Pterocladiella is a well-known agar-producing red algal genus, its taxonomy in Korea appears to be confused. In the present study, we demonstrate the occurrence of Pterocladiella nana and P. tenuis, as well as P. capillacea in Korea on the basis of morphological and plastid rbcL sequence comparisons. P. capillacea commonly occurs along the...
Mastocarpus stellatus is a common intertidal red alga in the north Atlantic. Previous work showed that the species was divided into at least two breeding groups in the northeastern Atlantic, a northern one (absent in Spain and Portugal) and a southern one, which were almost completely inter-sterile. It also showed that, in laboratory culture, at le...
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... Hypnea molecular studies began in the Pacific ocean (Yamagishi & Masuda 2000, Yamagishi et al. 2003, geraldino et al. 2009, geraldino et al. 2010, expanding to the South atlantic, mainly on the brazilian coast (Jesus et al. 2016,b, Nauer et al. 2014, and in recent years, the Caribbean Sea , Cabrera et al. 2020) and the North atlantic (Campbell et al. 2021). the molecular markers most used for species delimitation were the plastid rbcl, encoding the large subunit of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, and the mitochondrial CoI-5P, encoding the 5' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, proposed for rhodophyta barcoding by Saunders (2005). ...
Abbreviations: CoI-5P, 5' end of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene; Ml, maximum likelihood; NJ, neighbor joining; rbcl, gene encoding for the large subunit of the enzyme ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Abstract the genus Hypnea is well known to be rich in cryptic species, with many new species being recognized recently based on molecular data. therefore, we used mitochondrial (CoI-5P) and plastid (rbcl) molecular markers, in addition to aspects of morphology, to investigate the diversity of Hypnea on the coast of South Florida. Molecular divergences and phylogenetic inferences indicated that four species were present: H. caraibica and H. cryptica, both new occurrences on the Florida coast; H. musciformis, already previously reported and H. spiniformis sp. nov. described in this work. our data reinforce the importance of studies with an integrative taxonomy approach to delimit species and correctly identify them.
... There are roughly 67 species in the genus Hypnea, most of which are found in warm seas around the world (Mshigeni and Chapman, 1994;Geraldino et al., 2009). These species are mostly found growing as epiphytes in the shallow subtidal zone and have a high degree of morphological plasticity, including color variety (Schenkman and Oliveira Filho, 1986;Reis et al., 2003). ...
The production performance and interlinkages between environmental parameters and growth performances of Hypnea musciformis were evaluated under two cultivation techniques, namely "off-bottom long-line" and "off-bottom net", for a period of nine months from September 2021 to May 2022 at the Nuniachara regions of the southeast coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. For this study, five off-bottom long-line (14 m × 5 m) and five off-bottom net (3.5 m × 3.5 m) cultivation plots were established and managed in a participatory farming approach with coastal communities. When growing to a length of 30-40 cm, H. musciformis was partially harvested every 15-30 days, depending on the cultivation months. The gross weight biomass (GWB) in the off-bottom net cultivation system was almost two folds higher than the off-bottom long-line system. Similarly, the average daily growth rate (DGR) was found to be 33% higher in the off-bottom net cultivation system compared to the off-bottom long-line system. The correlation analysis demonstrated that various environmental parameters were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the GWB and DGR of H. musciformis. Temperature, Turbidity, and Total Suspended Solids were significantly (p < 0.001) negatively correlated, while salinity and different nutrient concentrations (NO 3-N, NO 2-N, and PO 4-P) were significantly (p < 0.001) positively correlated with the GWB and DGR of H. musciformis seaweed. Furthermore, multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that high concentrations of nutrients (NO 3-N, NO 2-N, and PO 4-P) and salinity positively influenced the DGR and GWB from December to February, while the opposite ecological processes were responsible for the lower DGR and GWB values of H. musciformis in the other cultivation months. The findings of the present study demonstrated that the off-bottom net cultivation system could be a promising farming technology for producing carrageenan-enriched H. musciformis.
... Even with the recent investments in molecular data and greater sampling intensity (Geraldino et al., 2009(Geraldino et al., , 2010Jesus et al., 2016Jesus et al., , 2019aNauer et al., 2014Nauer et al., , 2015Nauer et al., , 2016Nauer et al., , 2019Kang and Nam, 2018;Cabrera et al., 2020;Huisman et al., 2021;Kundu and Bast, 2021), Hypnea remains a source of several taxonomic problems, with challenging species delimitation (Price et al., 1992;Jesus et al., 2016Jesus et al., , 2019a. This has been pronounced not only in the most species-rich genus of Cystocloniaceae, but also in the family as a whole, as molecular efforts have been limited to a few genes so far (Hommersand and Fredericq, 2003;Won et al., 2016;Yang and Kim, 2017;Hoffman et al., 2018;Soares and Fujii, 2020;Tonicelli et al., 2021). ...
Cystocloniacae is a highly diverse family of Rhodophyta, including species of ecological and economic importance, whose phylogeny remains largely unresolved. Species delimitation is unclear, particularly in the most speciose genus, Hypnea, and cryptic diversity has been revealed by recent molecular assessments, especially in the tropics. Here, we carried out the first phylogenomic investigation of Cystocloniaceae, focused on the genus Hypnea, inferred from chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes including taxa sampled from new and historical collections. In this work, molecular synapomorphies (gene losses, InDels and gene inversions) were identified to better characterize clades in our congruent organellar phylogenies. We also present taxon-rich phylogenies based on plastid and mitochondrial markers. Molecular and morphological comparisons of historic collections with contemporary specimens revealed the need for taxonomic updates in Hypnea, the synonymization of H. marchantae to a later heterotypic synonym of H. cervicornis and the description of three new species: H. davisiana sp. nov., H. djamilae sp. nov. and H. evaristoae sp. nov.
... The molecular investigation of the specimen previously described as C. saidana from Hawaiʻi (BISH 740394) demonstrated that it is in fact a member of the genus Hypnea, here described as H. tsudae, rather than Calliblepharis. Calliblepharis saidana was first described from Enoshima, Japan, as Hypnea saidana, and was subsequently transferred to Calliblepharis after investigation of topotype specimens (Yang & Kim 2017 Over the past 20 years, a number of taxonomic studies have been carried out on the genus Hypnea (Yamagishi & Masuda 2000, Geraldino et al. 2009, Nauer et al. 2015, Jesus et al. 2016, Nauer et al. 2019a, Nauer et al. 2019b, which demonstrated that morphological identification based on vegetative specimens can be challenging or even impossible (Nauer et al. 2019b). Cabrera et al. (2020) (Huisman 2018), and vegetative features alone are frequently not enough to characterize different species. ...
Surveys of Hawaiian macroalgae over the past 15 years have yielded numerous specimens representing species new to science. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. is here described based on a plant collected at a depth of 98 m from Kapou, Pa-pahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument, Hawaiʻi. Phylogenetic analyses of three molecular markers (COI, rbcL, and SSU) and analyses of morphological features were used to describe the new species in the family Cystocloniaceae. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. grouped with C. fimbriata, C. rammediorum, C. occidentalis and C. jolyi in a clade with full support for the rbcL analysis, representing a distinct lineage within the genus. Phylogenetic and vegetative morphological comparisons demonstrated that the new Hawaiian species is most closely related to C. rammediorum from Israel (rbcL similarity of 96.3%), although no female reproductive structures were found to allow a more comprehensive comparison. In order to determine whether C. yasutakei represents the first confirmed report of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian Islands , phylogenetic and morphological analysis of the Hawaiian Hypnea saidana (=Calliblepharis saidana) specimen acces-sioned at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum was performed. These analyses demonstrated that this specimen belongs to a new species in the genus Hypnea, which is here described as H. tsudae sp. nov. C. yasutakei, in addition to being a new species, is also reported as the first confirmed record of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the description of H. tsudae brings the number of species for this genus in Hawaiʻi to eight.
... In the Mexican Caribbean, a previous study based on molecular markers (rbcL and COI-5P) allowed to confirm the presence of conspicuous intertidal populations of Hypnea musciformis on the coast of Quintana Roo (Vázquez-Delfín et al., 2016; voucher specimens and accession numbers in Supplementary material). Mexican specimens formed a monophyletic group with European specimens (including those from the type locality), with a divergence between them of 0.8-1.6% for rbcL and 2.8-3.2% for COI-5P, that are below the interspecific divergences reported for the genus (Geraldino et al., 2006(Geraldino et al., , 2009(Geraldino et al., , 2010Nauer et al., 2014Nauer et al., , 2015Nauer et al., , 2019b. Chemical studies performed in the same intertidal populations, showed a high carrageenan content of up to 37.8% of dry weight (Vázquez-Delfín et al., 2014). ...
On the Mexican coasts, carrageenophytes are harvested from natural populations and exported as raw material for the extraction of carrageenan. Hypnea musciformis, a native species to the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, is an economically important seaweed due to its kappa/iota carrageenan content, and as a source of different bioactive compounds. This study describes the phenology (biomass and relative abundance of life cycle phases) and biochemical composition of H. musciformis from Playa Xcalacoco, Quintana Roo, Mexico through the seasonal cycle. The species grew up over a broad range of environmental conditions including different substrata (natural and artificial), forming conspicuous and perennial populations throughout the seasonal cycle, with abundances up to 148.8 g dw m⁻². Spatiotemporal differences on its reproductive behavior and biochemical composition were found, reflecting its ability to overcome changing environmental conditions by adjusting its reproductive strategies and metabolism. Carrageenan yields reached up to 29.5% of dry weight, which is within the range of other exploited carrageenophytes (20 – 70%), suggesting that the species represent a potential resource of such compound for the area.
... Solieria J.Agardh and Eucheumatopsis isiformis (C.Agardh) Núñez-Resendiz, Dreckmann & Sentíes were selected as the outgroup for the cox2-3 spacer dataset (Zuccarello et al. 2006;Tan et al. 2012Tan et al. , 2014Núñez-Resendiz et al. 2019). As cox1 sequences were not available for these species, Gracilariopsis vermiculophylla Ohmi and Hypnea cervicornis J.Agardh (Geraldino et al. 2009) were selected as the outgroup taxa following Lim et al. (2014). ...
The region of Eastern Sabah, Malaysia, harbours a rich diversity of eucheumatoid (i.e. Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp.) algae. The global cultivation of this group of red algae has generally been increasing over the last five decades to respond to worldwide demand in carrageenans. Yet, the industry relies on a handful of clonally propagated individuals; hence the diverse populations of eucheumatoids in Eastern Sabah, Malaysia are widely regarded as potential source of novel germplasm useful for marker-assisted breeding. Based on an unprecedented depth of sampling of previously surveyed areas, this study was undertaken to determine the specific and intraspecific diversity of wild eucheumatoids in the Eastern Sabah region. Six eucheumatoid populations were haphazardly sampled, yielding 195 specimens. Using our previously established methods, the cox2–3 spacer (332 bp) and cox1 (1,407 bp) genetic markers were sequenced and analysed. Our data confirm that eucheumatoids in this area are extremely diverse: four eucheumatoid species in total were encountered and up to three different species coexist in each location surveyed; across all species, 17 novel haplotypes were uncovered. Importantly, we also found that the populations at the six sites investigated were highly differentiated, suggesting that nearby islands may also harbour distinct populations and more unknown haplotypes. Our findings also identified several cox2–3 spacer farmed haplotypes of K. alvarezii (haplotype 3, SWAG) and K. striatus (haplotype 89), suggesting that escapees from farms reproduce in the wild and may potentially compete with the indigenous eucheumatoid population in East Malaysia. These results highlight a need to extend genetic surveys to other islands for discovering novel diversity and to extend the coverage of conservation policies. They also stress the importance of Malaysia acting now to develop its own cultivars by tapping into the country’s rich natural diversity, as well as assessing the risks of bioinvasion to the natural population via long-term biodiversity assessments.
... Yamagishi and Masuda (2000) described Hypnea flexicaulis from Japan and Geraldino et al. (2006) described it from Korea, and later this name was merged into H. cervicornis by de Jesus et al. (2016). Additionally, 18S (nrDNA SSU), rbcL and cox1 were used to characterize the species Hypnea asiatica from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan of China, and conclude that Hypnea charoides should be removed from the northwestern Pacific marine flora (Geraldino et al. 2009), rbcL, cox1 and psaA were used to explore the phylogeny of the genus Hypnea (Geraldino et al. 2010), and the genetic variability within the species and the genetic lineages of Hypnea to contemporary distribution were also examined using rbcL and cox1 (Geraldino et al. 2015). These studies mentioned above were mainly based on limited sequence data. ...
Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae) is a commercially important carrageenan producing seaweed. Currently, there are no organellar genomes of Hypnea species available in public databases. Here, we report the complete organellar genomes of H. cervicornis using next-generation sequencing technology. The mitochondrial genome has a circular mapping organization with a total length of 25,060 bp and consists of 50 genes (24 protein-coding, 2 rRNA, and 24 tRNA). The plastid genome is also a circular molecule and is 176,446 bp in length and includes 230 genes (194 protein-coding, 3 rRNA, 30 tRNA, 1 tmRNA and 2 misc_RNA). Colinear analysis show that the organellar genomes in the Gigartinales are conserved, except for the inversion of two genes (trnY and trnR) in the mitochondrial genome and a 12.5-kb rearrangement in the plastid genome. One stem-loop structure at the intergenic regions between trnS2 and trnA, plus one short hairpin structure between cob and trnL2 are detected in the mitochondrial genome of H. cervicornis. The Ka/Ks analysis reveal that values for most of the protein-coding genes in organellar genomes of H. cervicornis are below one, reflecting the importance of those genes. Phylogenetic relationships based on shared protein-coding genes from the organellar genomes of Rhodophyta are also examined.
... The genus Hypnea J.V. Lamouroux, with 61 accepted species belonging to the family of Cystocloniaceae (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), is one of the economic red algal genera in intertidal and subtidal zones of tropical and warm temperate marine biogeographical regions (Geraldino et al. 2009;Yokoya et al. 2020). Hypnea is an economically important genus of seaweeds for the production of kappa carrageenan in food industry. ...
Global utilization of seaweeds for food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and production of polysaccharide is increasing and seaweeds are becoming the most important cultivated marine organisms. This study assessed the cultivation potential of the red alga, Hypnea flagelliformis, along the southern coastlines of Iran using monoline plastic rope method, with regard to several environmental parameters of seawater over a year (November 2017 to October 2018). Correlations between relative growth rate (RGR) and environmental parameters were investigated using Pearson correlation analysis. Biochemical composition contents (moisture, ash, protein, and lipid) of the cultivated samples were measured during the experiment. Yield and structural properties of the extracted carrageenan using aqueous and alkali-treated extraction of the samples were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. This study showed that this species can grow only in 6 months of the year (November to April) in outdoor conditions. The highest relative growth rate (9 ± 0.4% day−1) was obtained in December. Salinity and temperature had significant impacts on the growth of H. flagelliformis. The biochemical composition content range for moisture (86.76-91.76% fw), ash (30-39% dw), total protein (1.40-3.03% dw), and lipid (1.08-3.15% dw) varied during the experiment. The yield of alkali-treated carrageenan (mean 34.5 ± 2.5% dw) was higher than aqueous method (mean 20.7 ± 1.3% dw). FT-IR analysis indicated that the extracted hydrocolloids are mainly from κ-carrageenan type. The findings demonstrate that H. flagelliformis has good potential for cultivation and as a carrageenan source.
... Finally, this study also compared the efficacy of three genetic markers in elucidating the genetic structure of B. occidentalis. The value of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (Cox1) and the COX II-III intergenic spacer region (Cox2-3) for evaluating population structure and intraspecific genetic diversity in red macroalgae has been validated in multiple studies (e.g., Zuccarello et al., 1999Zuccarello et al., , 2005Zuccarello et al., , 2006Yang et al., 2008;Kim et al., 2010Kim et al., , 2012Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014), whereas the plastidencoded RuBisCO large subunit (rbcL) is generally regarded as a slow-evolving gene with poor resolution at the intra-species level (Yang et al., 2008;Geraldino et al., 2009;Tan et al., 2012). With that said, there are a number of cases in which Cox2-3 has failed to detect important intraspecific variation detected by other markers (e.g., O'Doherty and Sherwood, 2007), and also, there are specific studies in which rbcL has effectively elucidated phylogeographic patterns of Rhodophyta species. ...
... One important example for the Western Atlantic and GoMx was studied by Gurgel et al. (2004b) who found 10 haplotypes for Gracilaria tikvahiae spread in four lineages, including two associated with the Western and Eastern GoMx, respectively. As a final point, Cox1 has been a reliable marker for red macroalgae (Geraldino et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2010Kim et al., , 2012. ...
Studies on the population structure of common widespread macroalgae in the Gulf of Mexico (GoMx) are scarce, and this knowledge gap limits our understanding on how disturbances affect the genetic diversity of macroalgae in this basin. The latter is due to the lack of a baseline that can be compared with allele frequency surveys conducted after a major disturbance such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH), which leaked 780,000 m³ of crude oil in the vicinity of highly diverse macroalgal communities. Fortunately, quantitative assessments of the population structure pre-DWH can be accomplished for several macroalgae with dried specimens collected from research cruises conducted before 2010 in the offshore GoMx. Based on three markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COX II-III intergenic spacer, and the RuBisCO large subunit), this study reconstructed the allele frequencies pre-DWH for a GoMx-widespread macroalga, Botryocladia occidentalis, and revealed the existence of distinct populations in each of three distant regions of the GoMx: Florida Middle Grounds (FL), Campeche Banks (CB), and offshore Louisiana (LA). Population structure was assessed with exact tests of population differentiation and Analyses of Molecular Variance. FL harbored the most differentiated and genetically diverse population due to the presence and abundance of unique haplotypes. Interestingly, FL haplotypes were not closely phylogenetically related to each other and included the most divergent lineages of the entire GoMx; this phylogeographic pattern suggests a strong influence of migrants from the Caribbean on the FL population. Additionally, likelihood ratio tests with a small sample collected post-DWH indicated that the LA population underwent strong changes, showing statistically significant differences before (LA) vs. after (L2) the disaster. Whereas the LA population had affinity to CB, L2 showed a FL haplotype that, before the disaster, had never been reported in LA or CB. Such changes may not be permanent but rather a temporary response to disturbance; also, they may not necessarily be caused by the spilled oil but by other factors associated with the DWH.
... At present, 59 Hypnea species are recognized as "current" (Jesus et al. 2018, Guiry andGuiry 2019), these being widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Despite its widespread occurrence and economic importance, recurrent taxonomic problems in this genus involve species complexes, poor definitions and cryptic species (Price et al. 1992, Abbott 1999, Geraldino et al. 2006, 2009, Dawes and Mathieson 2008, Jesus et al. 2013, 2018, Nauer et al. 2014. Species delimitation in Hypnea is complicated by the high degree of morphological variation within individual species populations, which may be influenced by environmental factors in specific habitats (Yamagishi and Masuda 2000). ...
... stellulifera J. Agardh were based on sequences of the plastid rbcL, the gene encoding the large subunit of RuBisCo Masuda 2000, Yamagishi et al. 2003). Subsequently, nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (cox1) were associated with rbcL for the study of specimens from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (Geraldino et al. 2009), resulting in the recognition of a new species in the northeast Pacific: Hypnea asiatica P.J.L. Geraldino, E.C. Yang et S.M. Boo. Geraldino et al. (2010) investigated the phylogeny of the genus using the chloroplastic rbcL and psaA genes, which clustered all the species, most of them from Asia, into three major clades corresponding to the infrageneric sections previously defined by Agardh (1852). ...
... Three unidentified/doubtful species, whose limits demand additional morphological and molecular studies, deserve further investigation. Hypnea sp. 1 from Japan (AB033166, Yamagishi and Masuda 2000) and Vietnam (EU240849, Geraldino et al. 2009) were closely related to Hypnea flava from Brazil (Figures 1, 2 -subclade E), whereas Hypnea sp. 2 from Japan (AB033167, Yamagishi and Masuda 2000) grouped with Hypnea spinella from Brazil and Caribbean into an assembly of mat-forming species (Figure 2 -subclade E). Hypnea sp. 3 from Florida, USA (AF3856351, Hommersand and Fredericq 2003) has been previously shown to group as a sister taxon of all other Hypnea species (Geraldino et al. 2010. ...
Hypnea is a monophyletic genus with a complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history, and is an important commercial source of carrageenan. Phylogenies of this genus have been accessed based primarily on Asian species; however, recent studies performed in South America revealed a great diversity of species, for which phylogenetic relationships need to be evaluated. Three infrageneric sections are recognized in the genus: Pulvinatae , Spinuligerae , and Virgatae ; however, morphological and molecular circumscriptions within each section lack clarity. In this study, we analyzed three distinct markers to establish phylogenetic relationships among Hypnea species. To assign each species to the correct section, morphological data were obtained from original descriptions, reference literature, and comparisons with type/topotype and herbaria specimens. Our analyses recovered robust phylogenies for the genus and provided new insights on the taxonomic status and relationships among and within Hypnea species. The combination of three genetic markers increased the resolution and support, resulting in the largest and best-resolved phylogeny of the genus to date. Single and combined analyses revealed that the three sections of the genus Hypnea are taxonomically irrelevant, as currently recognized. Morphological differences are not associated with monophyletic groups and similarities among clades could be better explained by convergent evolution in thallus habit.
