Abstract
Research on biodiversity of bryophyta around Syamsudin Noor International airport has never been reported. The study purposed the types of mosses around the Syamsudin Noor International Airport. A purposive sampling method was used to collect bryophyta and then environmental parameters were directly measured in the field. Moss identification referred to the book A Handbook of Malesian Mosses volume 1 Sphagnales to Dicranales and volume 2 Leucobryaceae to Buxbaumiaceae. Morphological characteristics of mosses were observed at leaf parts, stem, and rhizoids. The results showed 7 species of mosses consisting of Barbula javanica, Hyophila apiculata, Philonotis hastata, Ectropothecium falciforme, Fissidens atroviridis, Calymperes tenerum, and Hyophila involuta. The dominant species was Barbula javanica. The range of environmental parameter valued air temperature 28.1–34.1°C, light intensity 20–35 lux, humidity 74–84%, and soil pH 6.5–7. The results of this study are preliminary data that can be used for further research and determine the changing conditions of the environment around Syamsudin Noor International Airport.
Keywords
- airport
- bryophyta
- diversity
- bioindicator
- environmental
1. Introduction
Moss comes from two words, namely Bryon which means moss and Python which means moist or wet [1]. Several species of mosses which are still classified as thallus form faults and have never found further differences, but mosses are found which and body composition is close to the characteristics of higher plants, namely having stems, leaves, and rhizoids (still in a simple form) [2]. The characteristics of mosses have parts consisting of capsules, seta, leaves, stems (transition from thallus to cormus), and rhizoids (mosses do not yet have true roots) [1]. Moss is recorded to have approximately 18,000 species in the world and is a low-level plant group that ranks second after higher plants. While in Indonesia recorded 1500 species of moss that have been found. This is related to mosses that can live in humid areas because Indonesia is a tropical region which has humid areas so that it supports a lot of moss to live. Moss grows in clumps that cover the surface of the substrate such as weathered wood, litter, tree trunks, rocks, and leaves. Moss has several roles and benefits, one of which is an important component that plays a role in air balance and nutrient cycles in an area, especially tropical rain forests. Lichens can act as pioneer plant nutrients in rich locations. Moss can also act as a bioindicator of environmental pollution in an area or area contaminated with pollutants [3]. This is because mosses have the opportunity to change the environment [4].
This is one of the interesting reasons in this study, the area that became the focus around the airport area which was originally a peat swamp and no human activity with developments that changed environmental conditions into a crowded location. In addition, the conditions around the airport have a view of humid conditions. Environmental changes are also affected by the biodiversity in the area. Thus, this study aims to reveal the diversity of mosses around the Syamsudin Noor international airport area, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
2. Bryophyta around Syamsudin Noor airport
This research was carried out in 5 stages, the first activity was collecting moss samples using the purposive sampling method by taking the complete part of the moss and storing it to maintain moisture and safety. Second, measurement of environmental parameters includes air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil pH. Third, identification is carried out with reference books, namely A Handbook of Malesian Mosses Volume 1 Sphagnales to Dicranales [5] and A Handbook of Malesian Mosses Volume 2 Leucobryaceae to Buxbaumiaceae [5]. Fourth, the morphological characters of mosses consisting of leaves, stems, and rhizoids were observed using a stereo microscope. Fifth, data analysis was carried out descriptively. Several types of moss found around the Syamsudin Noor airport area are:
2.1 Barbula javanica Dozy and Molkenboer
The environmental parameters of
2.2 Hyophila apiculata Fleisher
Mosses are found in the soil substrate and grow in groups.
In the genus Hyophila, the leaf bones are large and erect from base to tip [4]. The shape of the leaf cells when observed was square and the cell size was 11 m. The sporophyte phase was not found in the field. Seta can grow to a length of 8 mm and there is a capsule and calyptra growing at the tip of the seta [9].
2.3 Philonotis hastata Wijk and Margadant
2.4 Ectropothecium falciforme Dozy and Molk
Gametophyte and sporophyte phases are found in this moss. The sporophyte structure consists of seta at the time of measurement which is 11 mm long and brown in color. The seta are brown and have a capsule at the end of the seta [3]. The capsules when measured were 0.9 mm long and brown in color. Calyptra on
2.5 Fissidens atroviridis Besch
The leaves when measured were 1.9 mm long. The leaf length can reach 2.5 mm [5]. The arrangement of the leaves is pinnate and very tight so it looks piled up [9]. Thick leaf margins [14]. The shape of the lancet, flat edge, and pointed tip are in accordance with the characteristics of the research found [9]. The shape of the leaf cells when observed was hexagonal and the length of the leaf cells was 1.1 m. The hexagonal leaf cells are irregular, very thin-walled, and the cells are large [14]. In
2.6 Calymperes tenerum Müll. Hall
2.7 Hyophila involuta Jaeger
2.8 Environmental parameters
Environmental conditions had a significant influence on mosses. The differences of each species of mosses to environmental factors will affect the level of adaptation, species composition, and distribution of mosses [14]. Mosses that live in the tropics can live at temperatures above 25°C [14] with air humidity above 50% [17]. While good light intensity for moss growth can reach 1000 lux [4] and for good soil pH for moss growth it ranges from 4.9 to 8.3 [18]. Based on this, the environment around the Syamsudin Noor airport area is still in the range of environmental conditions that support the growth of moss considering that the place is an open and urban area where there are many activities that cause changes in environmental conditions, one of which is pollution. While in open areas direct sunlight penetrates into the ground, this affects the humidity of the area. In addition, the open area has homogeneous vegetation and only has a few trees as windbreaks. It is different when in forest areas which have heterogeneous vegetation with a wide and closed canopy so as to minimize sunlight entering the lower part of the forest [19]. Environmental changes can occur at any time, so this initial data is very important to know environmental changes in the future, given that mosses can be used as an indicator of environmental change.
3. Conclusion
Bryophyta in the vicinity of Syamsudin Noor International Airport, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, found 7 species of moss which are found both in open and closed places and the most dominant species is Barbula javanica. Considering that the airport is an open area, the dominant moss growing in this area has a good standard of living, as can be seen from environmental parameters including air temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil pH. In addition, this study is preliminary data that can be used to determine other types of moss around Syamsudin Noor International Airport.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks the reviewers who have devoted their time and expertise to review to ensure the quality of this paper. Besides that, thank you to the institution where the research has facilitated the completion of this research and thanks to the funders who have help the writer in the form of material so that this research is going well until it’s finished.
Additional information
Parts of this chapter were first published in the original Indonesian article by the same authors: Riyana Y, Gendro Sari S, Gunawan G. Bryophyta di Sekitar Kawasan Bandar Udara Internasional Syamsudin Noor Kalimantan Selatan [Internet]. Vol. 2, Jurnal Jejaring Matematika dan Sains. Universitas Palangka Raya; 2020. p. 36–40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jjms.2020.v2.i2.402.
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