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Dorsal rays IX, 10; anal rays III, 9; pectoral rays 13; median predorsal 3-4 (usually); a single row of 4-5 scales on cheek below eye; teeth not fully fused to form plates, the individual flattened teeth readily apparent on outer surface of jaws, their tips forming a jagged cutting edge, canines on side of rear of top jaw; no transverse flap under operculum; dorsal fin spines flexible; tail fin slightly rounded in juveniles, straight with pointed tips in adults.
Initial phase mottled reddish to greyish brown, shading to pale orange below; pectoral base dark; rear margin of tail narrowly white; body of terminal phase fish is a mixture of blue green and red brown, head blue green with pinkish orange lines radiating from the eye. Juvenile: body and fins green to green-brown with white and brown spots, two rows of white spots along flank, another along base of dorsal fin; vertical fins grey-green, flecked with brown and white, a large white patch at front of dorsal; pectorals clear; iris green.
Size: grows to 50 cm.
Inhabits rocky and coral reefs.
Depth: 3-25 m.
Widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Americas; the tip of Baja to the SW Gulf of California, the Revillagigedos (where it is common), and the Galapagos.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo). Depth Range Max: 25 m. Depth Range Min: 3 m. Diet: benthic microalgae; benthic macroalgae. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=24; Southern limit=-2; Western limit=-115; Eastern limit=-90; Latitudinal range=26; Longitudinal range=25. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Herbivore. FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated. Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 50 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Resident. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;
Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1994., Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific., Crawford House Press Pty Ltd:1-332.
Bellwood , D. R. and Choat, J. H., 1989., A description of the juvenile phase colour patterns of 24 parrotfish species (Family Scarida) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia., Records of the Australian Museum, 41:1-41.
Bellwood, D. R., 1991., A phylogenetic study of the parrotfishes family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidei), with a revision of genera., Records of the Australian Museum, 20:1-86.
Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
Cuvier , G. and Valenciennes, A., 1840., Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome quatorzième. Suite du livre seizième. Labroïdes. Livre dix-septième. Des Malacoptérygiens., Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons, 14:1-464.
Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen III. Vertebrados - Parte 2., FAO3:1201-1813.
Gilbert, C.H., 1890., A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer "Albatross" on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13:49-126.
Jordan , D.S. and Evermann, B.W., 1898., The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:1241-2183.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
Snodgrass , R. E. and Heller, E., 1905., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:333-427.
Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
Walker, B. W. and Baldwin, W. J., 1964., Provisional check list of fishes of the Revillagigedo islands., 18 pp.
Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific: widest ranging member of the genus, from East Africa to the Revillagigedo and Galapagos islands. Replaced by
Calotomus viridescens
in the Red Sea (Ref.
37816
). Presence in Somalia to be confirmed (Ref.
30573
).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
?
range ? - ? cm
Max length : 54.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
5490
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 9;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 10;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 9;
Vertebrae
: 25. Grayish brown when fresh with scales with fine whitish markings, shading to brownish red ventrally; head paler ventrally, an indistinct orange-brown line from orbit to upper lip; posterior to orbit, 3 short dull reddish lines. Flexible dorsal spines. Caudal fin rounded in juveniles, double emarginate with slightly prolonged lobes in large males. Skin black around anus. Lateral line interrupted. Brownish red pelvic fins with blotches or spots. Dull reddish-brown iris.
Inhabits subtidal reef flats, and lagoon and seaward reefs to a depths of at least 27 m (Ref.
1602
). Found in coral, rubble, seagrass (Ref.
41878
,
58302
) and weedy areas (Ref.
9710
). Benthopelagic (Ref.
58302
). Found singly or in small groups (Ref.
9710
). Feeds on a variety of benthic encrusting algae, e.g.,
Padina
(Ref.
37816
) and seagrasses. A protogynous hermaphrodite which may only have secondary males. Caught with nets and other types of artisanal gear.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Spawning observed to occur off the reef front on the falling tide at the Aldabra Atoll.
Bruce, R.W. and J.E. Randall
, 1985. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific parrotfish genera
Calotomus
and
Leptoscarus
(Scaridae: Sparisomatinae). Indo-Pac. Fish. (5):32 p. (Ref.
525
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24.7 - 28.7, mean 27.5 °C (based on 664 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01004 - 0.01578), b=3.11 (3.05 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
High
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 32.7 [16.7, 106.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.707 [0.295, 1.658] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.7, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.0819 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 21.7 [7.4, 57.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.7 [7.3, 94.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.96 [0.97, 3.40] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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