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Common name: Hackberry Family.
Number of genera 8. Number of species 105.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple; 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit pericarpium; simple; drupe; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s), or within accessory organ(s); within perianth (Terma, basally); accrescent; 1-seeded; 1-seeded; from 1–5 cm long; 1.5–3 cm long; 1-carpellate; in transection terete; apex beaked, or not beaked; indehiscent. Epicarp brown (all shades), or green (at least); dull; durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present; thick, thin, and fleshy; composed of 2 distinct layers; with thick and firm over thin and fleshy; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; bony; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone unilocular; stone 1-loculate; not smooth, or smooth; with rugose; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; oblong, or circular; in transection terete, or compressed; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface crateriform; surface reticulate, or sculptured; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other, or with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); thin, or membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo, or surrounding food reserve. Hilum punctate, or larger than punctate (assumed). Raphe conspicuous; shorter than seed. Endosperm development nuclear; scant; fleshy; smooth; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); 2–2.5 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; peripheral; foliate; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons (rarely); arcuate, or bent, or annular; 100% annular (nearly); with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.6–0.8 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1.5–4.7 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; thick; flat, or once-folded, or twice-folded; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Separated from Ulmaceae primarily based on Wiegrefe et al. (1998).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Aphananthe Planch., nom. cons. -- Celtis L. -- Chaetacme Planch. -- Gironniera Gaudich. -- Lozanella Greenm. -- Parasponia Miq. -- Pteroceltis Maxim. -- Trema Lour.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 193 (Cronquist & Mabberley have in Ulmaceae). Elias, T.S. 1970. The genera of Ulmaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 51:18–40; Takaso, T. & H. Tobe. 1990. Seed coat morphology and evolution in Celtidaceae and Ulmaceae (Urticales). Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 103:25–41; Wiegrefe, S.J., K.J. Sytsma, & R.P. Guries. 1998. The Ulmaceae, one family or two? Evidence from choroplast DNA restriction site mapping. Pl. Syst. Evol. 210:249–270; Hunziker, A.T. & N. Dottori. 1978. V. Descripción de Sparrea gen. nov. Kurtziana 11:35–40.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit (mainly endocarps) & no seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or fruit incomplete, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Schopmeyer, Gunn & Ritchie. Fruit illustration(s): Schopmeyer. Seed illustration(s): Gunn & Ritchie, Hunziker & Dottori (1978), Karen. Embryo illustration(s): Schopmeyer, Gunn & Ritchie, LeMaout & Decaisne, Hunziker & Dottori (1978), Karen. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 051 which was Ulmaceae (now a reassembled plate) - all taxa here are in Celtidaceae: Aphananthe philippinensis Planch.(D-F), Celtis caucasica (first G-I), Lozanella enantiophylla (P-R), Parasponia andersonii Planch. (S-U), Pteroceltis tatarinowii (second G-I), Trema (amboinensis) cannabina Lour. (J-L).
• Seed. 1 of 13. Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch.: seed. • Fruit. 2 of 13. Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch.: fruit. • Fruit. 3 of 13. Celtis bungeana Blume: fruit with exocarp removed. • Fruit. 4 of 13. Celtis bungeana Blume: fruits. • Seed. 5 of 13. Celtis bungeana Blume: seed. • Fruit. 6 of 13. Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.: fruit. • Seed. 7 of 13. Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.: seeds. • Embryo. 8 of 13. Aphananthe philippinensis Planch.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 13. Celtis caucasica Willd.: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 13. Lozanella enantiophylla (Donn. Sm.) Killip & C. V. Morton: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 13. Parasponia andersonii (Planch.) Planch.: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 13. Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 13. Trema cannabinum Lour.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
