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Synonyms: Blepharocaryaceae Airy Shaw; Cassuviaceae Juss. ex R. Br., nom. illeg.; Julianiaceae Hemsl.; Pistaciaceae Martinov; Podoaceae Baill. ex Franch.; Spondiadaceae Martinov
Common name: Sumac Family.
Number of genera 77. Number of species 850.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule an intact or entire fruit, or an incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit anthocarp, or pericarpium; simple; drupe, or samara; simple; cypsela (Cotinus), or glans (Anacardium occidentale L.), or pseudosamara (Swintonia acuta Engl.); without persistent central column; within accessory organ(s), or not within accessory organ(s); within imbricated scales, or perianth, or hypanthium, or involucre, or panicle (sterile parts lengthening & becoming hairy); with hypanthium wide-mouthed (Anacardium); with hypanthium wall distinct from fruit wall; with hypanthium fleshy; (2–)5(–12)-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; apex not beaked; indehiscent. Epicarp brown (all shades), or red, or black, or purple; durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs short; hairs scattered, or dense; hairs not glandular; without armature, or with armature (Rhus spp.); with bristles; without armature glochidiate; not smooth, or smooth; without wing(s), or with wing(s) (Loxopterygium, Schinopsis); 1-winged; with wing(s) apical; without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin, or crustaceous, or woody, or bony; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum, or with operculum (Spondiadeae); without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril absent. Seed larger than minute; oblong, or pyriform; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present, or absent; adhering to endocarp; without embryo surrounded and capped by viscid tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with merged raised features; surface ridged, or undulate, or wrinkled; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; membranous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo (assumed). Endosperm development nuclear; trace; smooth; with starch, or without starch; with oils.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 1.5–1.8 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate; bent, or arcuate, or straight; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2 (& lobed or cleft at apex); 0.6–0.9 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle (4.5–6.5 times); 4.5–6.5 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; massive; smooth; with apices cleft, or lobed; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed (at least); not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Read Wannan & Quinn (1990).
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Florida (FL), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Texas (TX).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Rhus toxicodendron L. (=Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.): USA state noxious weed: MI●. -- Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi: USA state noxious weed: FLª●, TXª. -- Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze: USA state noxious weed: MN●. -- Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze: USA state noxious weed: MI●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Rhus diversiloba Torr. & A. Gray = Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene -- Rhus glabra L. -- Rhus microphylla Engelm. -- Rhus parviflora Roxb. = Toxicodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) Kuntze -- Rhus L. spp. -- Rhus trilobata Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray -- Rhus vernix L. = Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze -- Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene -- Toxicodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) Kuntze -- Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze -- Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Anacardium excelsum (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels -- Anacardium occidentale L. -- Astronium fraxinifolium Schott -- Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe -- Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex C. Krauss -- Mangifera indica L. -- Pistacia vera L. -- Schinopsis balansae Engl. -- Schinus molle L.w -- Spondias mombin L. -- Spondias purpurea L. -- Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntzew -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Actinocheita F. A. Barkley -- Amphipterygium Schiede ex Standl. -- Anacardium L. -- Androtium Stapf -- Antrocaryon Pierre -- Apterokarpos Rizzini -- Astronium Jacq. -- Baronia Baker -- Blepharocarya F. Muell. -- Bonetiella Rzed. -- Bouea Meisn. -- Buchanania Spreng. -- Campnosperma Thwaites, nom. cons. -- Campylopetalum Forman -- Cardenasiodendron F. A. Barkley -- Choerospondias B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill -- Comocladia P. Browne -- Cotinus Mill. -- Cyrtocarpa Kunth -- Dobinea Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don -- Dracontomelon Blume -- Drimycarpus Hook. f. -- Ebandoua Pellegr. -- Euleria Urb. -- Euroschinus Hook. f. -- Faguetia Marchand -- Fegimanra Pierre -- Gluta L. -- Haematostaphis Hook. f. -- Haplorhus Engl. -- Harpephyllum Bernh. ex O. Krauss -- Heeria Meisn. -- Holigarna Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., nom. cons. -- Koordersiodendron Engl. -- Lannea A. Rich., nom. cons. -- Laurophyllus Thunb. -- Lithrea Miers ex Hook. & Arn. -- Loxopterygium Hook. f. -- Loxostylis A. Spreng. ex Rchb. -- Mangifera L. -- Mauria Kunth -- Melanochyla Hook. f. -- Metopium P. Browne -- Micronychia Oliv. -- Montagueia Baker f. -- Mosquitoxylum Krug & Urb. -- Nothopegia Blume, nom. cons. -- Ochoterenaea F. A. Barkley -- Operculicarya H. Perrier -- Orthopterygium Hemsl. -- Ozoroa Delile -- Pachycormus Coville ex Standl. -- Parishia Hook. f. -- Pegia Colebr. -- Pentaspadon Hook. f. -- Pistacia L. -- Pleiogynium Engl. -- Poupartia Comm. ex Juss. -- Protorhus Engl. -- Pseudoprotorhus H. Perrier -- Pseudosmodingium Engl. -- Pseudospondias Engl. -- Rhodosphaera Engl. -- Rhus L. -- Schinopsis Engl. -- Schinus L. -- Sclerocarya Hochst. -- Semecarpus L. f. -- Smodingium E. Mey. ex Sond. -- Solenocarpus Wight & Arn. -- Sorindeia Thouars -- Spondias L. -- Swintonia Griff. -- Tapirira Aubl. -- Thyrsodium Salzm. ex Benth. -- Toxicodendron Mill. -- Trichoscypha Hook. f.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 805 (including 808: Julianiaceae). Barkley, F.A. 1957. Generic key to the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). Lloydia 20:255–265; Wannan, B.S. & C.J. Quinn. 1990. Pericarp structure and generic affinities in the Anacardiaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 102:225–252; Teichman, I. von. 1990. Pericarp and seed coat structure in Tapirira guianensis (Spondiadeae: Anacardiaceae). S. African J. Bot. 56:435–439; Teichman, I. von, P.J. Robbertse, & E. Schoonraad. 1988. The structure of the seed of Mangifera indica L. and notes on seed characters of the tribe Mangifereae (Anacardiaceae). S. African J. Bot. 54:472–476.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Roosmalen, M.G.M. van. 1985. Fruits of the Guianan flora, 483 pp. Institute of Systematic Botany, Wageningen Agricultural University. Drukkerij Veenman B.V., Wageningen, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Mirle, C. and R.J. Burnham. 1999. Identification of asymmetrically winged samaras from the Western Hemisphere. Brittonia 51:1–14.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit illustrations, no seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or fruit incomplete, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Gaertner, Roosmalen, Baillon, Engler & Prantl. Fruit illustration(s): Karen (only 2 genera from Julianiaceae), Gaertner, Schopmeyer, Roosmalen, Gunn & Dennis. Embryo illustration(s): Karen, Schopmeyer, Baillon, Engler & Prantl, Martin. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 258: Amphipterygium (Juliania) adstringens (Schtdl.) Schiede ex Standley (A-B), Orthopterygium huaucui Hemsley (C-D).
• Fruit. 1 of 19. Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl.: fruit. • Fruit. 2 of 19. Anacardium occidentale L.: fruit. • Embryo. 3 of 19. Anacardium occidentale L.: embryo. • Fruit. 4 of 19. Blepharocarya depauperata Specht: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 19. Blepharocarya depauperata Specht: seeds. • Fruit. 6 of 19. Cotinus coggyria Scop.: fruits. • Fruit. 7 of 19. Gluta renghas L.: fruit with calyx. • Fruit. 8 of 19. Loxoterygium sagotii Hook. f.: fruit. • Fruit and seed. 9 of 19. Pachycormus discolor (Benth.) Coville: fruits with calyx and seed. • Seed. 10 of 19. Pachycormus discolor (Benth.) Coville: seed. • Fruit. 11 of 19. Pistacia vera L.: fruit and seed. • Seed. 12 of 19. Pistacia vera L.: seed. • Fruit. 13 of 19. Pseudomodingium perniciosum Engl.: fruits. • Seed. 14 of 19. Pseudomodingium perniciosum Engl.: seed. • Fruit. 15 of 19. Rhus taitensis Guill.: fruits. • Fruit and seed. 16 of 19. Rhus taitensis Guill.: fruit and seed. • Fruit and seed. 17 of 19. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi: fruit and seed. • Embryo. 18 of 19. Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl.: embryo. • Embryo. 19 of 19. Orthopterygium huaucui (A. Gray) Hemsley: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
