Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-03T07:04:51.248Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Do the plant host origins of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth populations reflect the agricultural landscapes within which they are caught?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2018

G.H. Baker ,
C.R. Tann ,
P. Verwey  and
L. Lisle
G.H. Baker*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
C.R. Tann
Affiliation:
CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, N.S.W. 2390, Australia
P. Verwey
Affiliation:
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1000, Narrabri, N.S.W. 2390, Australia
L. Lisle
Affiliation:
Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 2351, Australia
*
*Author for correspondence Tel: +61 2 6246 4406 Fax: +61 2 6246 4000 E-mail: Geoff.Baker@csiro.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The use of Bt cotton varieties has greatly reduced the amount of conventional insecticides required to control lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, in Australia, but the possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, a Resistance Management Plan, which includes the mandatory growing of refuge crops (pigeon pea and non-Bt cotton; both C3 plants), has been established for Bt cotton farmers. However, knowledge of the relative contributions made to overall moth populations from the many host origins (both C3 and C4 plants) available to these insects throughout cotton production regions remains limited, as do the scales of movement and spatial mixing of moths within and between these areas. This study used stable isotope signatures (in particular δ13C) to help identify where moths fed as larvae within separate cotton production regions which differed in their proportions of C3 and C4 host crops (e.g. cotton and sorghum, respectively). C3-derived moths predominated in the early season, but C4-derived moths increased in frequency later. The overall proportion of C4 moths was higher in H. armigera than in H. punctigera. Whilst the relative proportions of C3 and C4 moths differed between regions, no differences in such proportiorns were found at smaller spatial scales, nor were there significant correlations between crop composition and isotope signatures in moths. Overall, these results suggest that C4 host plants are likely to be very important in offsetting the development of Bt resistance in these insects and such influences may operate across multiple regions within a single growing season.

Keywords

Bt resistanceHelicoverpalandscapeshost plant originsstable isotopes
Type
Research Papers
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 109 , Issue 1 , February 2019 , pp. 1 - 14
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambika, T., Sheshshayee, M., Viraktamath, C. & Udayakumar, M. (2005) Identifying the dietary source of polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) using carbon isotope signatures. Current Science 89, 1982–1984.Google Scholar
Analytical Software (2013) Statistix® 10. User's Manual. Tallahassee, FL, USA, Analytical Software.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2015) Agriculture and Forestry in the Darling Downs – Maranoa region of Queensland, 2015. Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H. & Tann, C.R. (2013) Mating of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths and their plant host origins as larvae within Australian cotton farming systems. Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, 171–181.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H. & Tann, C.R. (2014) Refuge crop performance as part of the Bt resistance management strategy for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australian cotton production systems. Austral Entomology 53, 240–247.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H. & Tann, C.R. (2017 a) Long-term changes in the numbers of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a cotton production landscape in northern New South Wales, Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 107, 174–187.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H. & Tann, C.R. (2017 b) Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in northern New South Wales, Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 107, 188–199.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H., Tann, C.R. & Fitt, G.P. (2008) Production of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different refuge crops to accompany transgenic cotton plantings in eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 723–732.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H., Tann, C.R. & Fitt, G.P. (2011) A tale of two trapping methods: Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in pheromone and light traps in Australian cotton production systems. Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, 9–23.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H., Leven, T., May, A. & Tann, C.R. (2016 a) Planting window requirements for Bt cotton in Australia: do they limit the exposure of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt toxins? Austral Entomology 55, 32–42.Google Scholar
Baker, G.H., Parry, H. & Tann, C.R. (2016 b) Pigeon pea refuge crops are likely to provide patchy delivery of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within Bt cotton production regions in eastern Australia. Austral Entomology 55, 439–448.Google Scholar
Brévault, T., Nibouche, S., Achaleke, J. & Carrière, Y. (2012) Assessing the role of non-cotton refuges in delaying Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in West Africa. Evolutionary Applications 5, 53–65.Google Scholar
Brockwell, J., Andrews, J.A., Gault, R.R., Gemell, L.G., Griffith, G.W., Herridge, D.F., Holland, J.F., Karsono, S., Peoples, M.B., Roughley, R.J., Thompson, J.A., Thompson, J.A. & Troedson, R.J. (1991) Erratic nodulation and nitrogen fixation in field-grown pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 653–661.Google Scholar
Ceeney, S. (2016) Preamble to the resistance management plans (RMP) for Bt cotton 2016–17. pp. 67–82 in Maas, S. & Redfern, R. (Eds) Cotton Pest Management Guide 2016–17. Narrabri, Australia, CRDC & CottonInfo.Google Scholar
Ceeney, S., Schellhorn, N. & Ives, A. (2015) Refuges key to manage resistance in a variable cropping landscape. Australian Cottongrower 36(2), 28–29.Google Scholar
Coombs, M., Del Socorro, A.P., Fitt, G.P. & Gregg, P.C. (1993) The reproductive maturity and mating status of Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera and Mythimna convecta moths collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, 529–534.Google Scholar
Cottee, N. (2017) Biotechnology for changing practice. Farm Policy Journal 14(2), 43–51.Google Scholar
CottonInfo Team (2016) Australian Cotton Production Manual 2016. Narrabri, Australia, CRDC.Google Scholar
Cunningham, J.P. & Zalucki, M.P. (2014) Understanding Heliothine (Lepidoptera: Heliothinae) pests: what is a host plant?. Journal of Economic Entomology 107, 881–896.Google Scholar
Daly, J.C. & Gregg, P. (1985) Genetic variation in Heliothis in Australia: species identification and gene flow in the two pest species H. armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, 169–184.Google Scholar
Dillon, M. & Hoque, Z. (2000) An analysis of pest pressure in an area-wide management group. pp. 75–83 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Cotton Conference. Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Dillon, M., Fitt, G. & Zalucki, M. (1998) How should refugia be placed upon the landscape? A modelling study considering pest movement behaviour. pp. 179–188 in Zalucki, M.P., Drew, R.A.I. & White, G.G. (Eds) Pest Management – Future Challenges. Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Applied Entomological Research Conference. Brisbane, Australia, University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Dillon, M.L., Fitt, G.P., Hamilton, J.G. & Rochester, W.A. (1996) A simulation model of wind-driven dispersal of Helicoverpa moths. Ecological Modelling 86, 145–150.Google Scholar
Downes, S.J., Mahon, R.J. & Olsen, K. (2007) Adaptive resistance management in Australia for Bt-cotton: current status and future challenges. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 95, 208–213.Google Scholar
Downes, S.J., Parker, T.L. & Mahon, R.J. (2009) Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in Australian populations of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) from 2002 to 2006. Journal of Economic Entomology 102, 733–742.Google Scholar
Downes, S., Mahon, R., Rossiter, L., Kauter, G., Leven, T., Fitt, G. & Baker, G. (2010 a) Adaptive management of pest resistance by Helicoverpa species (Noctuidae) in Australia to the Cry 2Ab Bt toxin in Bollgard II® cotton. Evolutionary Applications 3, 574–584.Google Scholar
Downes, S.J., Parker, T.L. & Mahon, R.J. (2010 b) Incipient resistance of Helicoverpa punctigera to the Cry2Ab Bt toxin in Bollgard® cotton. PLoS ONE 5, 1–5.Google Scholar
Downes, S., Wilson, L., Knight, K., Kauter, G. & Leven, T. (2010 c) Preamble to the resistance management plan (RMP) for Bollgard II 2010/11. pp. 70–80 in Maas, S. (Ed.) Cotton Pest Management Guide 2010–11. Narrabri, Australia, Cotton Catchment Communities.Google Scholar
Downes, S., Walsh, T. & Tay, W.T. (2016) Bt resistance in Australian insect pest species. Current Opinion in Insect Science 15, 78–83.Google Scholar
Downes, S., Kriticos, D., Parry, H., Paull, C., Schellhorn, N. & Zalucki, M.P. (2017) A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes. Pest Management Science 73, 485–492.Google Scholar
Endersby, N.M., Hoffmann, A.A., McKechnie, S.W. & Weeks, A.R. (2007) Is there genetic structure in populations of Helicoverpa armigera from Australia? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 122, 253–263.Google Scholar
ESRI (2015) ArcGIS 10.3.1 for Desktop. Redlands, CA, USA, Environmental Systems Research Institute.Google Scholar
Farrow, R.A. & Daly, J.C. (1987) Long-range movements as an adaptive strategy in the genus Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a review of its occurrence and detection in four pest species. Australian Journal of Zoology 35, 1–24.Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. & Miles, M. (2002) Area-wide pest management on the darling downs – has it worked?. pp. 711–719 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Cotton Conference. Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P. (1989) The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 34, 17–52.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P. (2000) An Australian approach to IPM in cotton: integrating new technologies to minimise insecticide dependence. Crop Protection 19, 793–800.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P. (2004) Implementation and impact of transgenic Bt cottons in Australia. pp. 371–381 in Swanepoel, A. (Ed.) Cotton Production for the New Millenium. Proceedings of the 3rd World Cotton Research Conference. Pretoria, South Africa, Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Industrial Crops.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P. & Cotter, S.C. (2004) The Helicoverpa problem in Australia: biology and management. pp. 45–61 in Sharma, H.C. (Ed.) Heliothis/Helicoverpa Management. Emerging Trends and Strategies for Future Research. New Delhi, India, Oxford & IBH Publishing.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P., Gregg, P., Zalucki, M. & Twine, P. (1990) Studies of the ecology of Heliothis spp. in inland Australia: what relevance to the cotton industry?. pp. 313–325 in Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Cotton Conference. Surfers Paradise, Australia.Google Scholar
Fitt, G.P., Dillon, M.l. & Hamilton, J.G. (1995) Spatial dynamics of Helicoverpa populations in Australia – simulation modelling and empirical-studies of adult movement. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 13, 177–192.Google Scholar
Gould, F., Blair, N., Reid, M., Rennie, T., Lopez, J. & Micinski, S. (2002) Bacillus thuringiensis-toxin resistance management: stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 16581–16586.Google Scholar
Gregg, P.C., Fitt, G.P., Zalucki, M.P., Murray, D.A.H. & McDonald, G. (1993) Winter breeding and spring migration of Helicoverpa spp. in inland Australia, 1989–1991. pp. 460–463 in Corey, S.A., Dall, D.J. & Milne, W.M. (Eds) Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne, Australia, CSIRO Publications.Google Scholar
Gregg, P.C., Fitt, G.P., Zalucki, M.P. & Murray, D.A.H. (1995) Insect migration in an arid continent. II. Helicoverpa spp. in eastern Australia. pp. 151–172 in Drake, V.A. & Gatehouse, A.G. (Eds) Insect Migration: Tracking Resources Through Space and Time. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, P.C., Del Socorro, A.P. & Rochester, W.A. (2001) Field test of a model of migration of moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in inland Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 40, 249–256.Google Scholar
Gregg, P.C., Henderson, G.S., Del Socorro, A.P., Le Mottee, K. & Birchall, C. (2016) Polyphagy in an uncertain environment: Helicoverpa punctigera in inland Australia. Austral Ecology 41, 819–828.Google Scholar
Head, G., Jackson, R.E., Adamczyk, J., Bradley, J.R., Van Duyn, J., Gore, J., Hardee, D.D., Leonard, B.R., Luttrell, R., Ruberson, J., Mullins, J.W., Orth, R.G., Sivasupramaniam, S. & Voth, R.A. (2010) Spatial and temporal variability in host use by Helicoverpa zea as measured by analyses of stable carbon isotope ratios and gossypol residues. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 583–592.Google Scholar
Hoque, Z., Farquharson, R. & Dillon, M. (2002) Three seasons of IPM in an areawide management group – a comparative analysis of field level profitability. pp. 749–755 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Cotton Conference. Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Ives, A.R., Paull, C.A., Hulthen, A.D., Downes, S., Andow, D.A., Haygood, R., Zalucki, M.P. & Schellhorn, N.A. (2017) Spatio-temporal variation in landscape composition may speed resistance evolution of pests to Bt crops. PLoS ONE 12, e0169167.Google Scholar
Liu, B., Yang, L., Yang, F., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Lu, Y. & Gardiner, M.M. (2016 a) Landscape diversity enhances parasitism of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) eggs by Trichogramma chilonis in cotton. Biological Control 93, 15–23.Google Scholar
Liu, B., Yang, L., Yang, Y. & Lu, Y. (2016 b) Influence of landscape diversity and composition on the parasitism of cotton bollworm eggs in maize. PLoS ONE 11, e0149476.Google Scholar
Lu, Z.Z. & Baker, G. (2013) Spatial and temporal dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in contrasting agricultural landscapes in northwestern China. International Journal of Pest Management 59, 25–34.Google Scholar
Luong, T.T.A., Downes, S.J., Cribb, B., Perkins, L.E. & Zalucki, M.P. (2016) Oviposition site selection and survival of susceptible and resistant larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt and non-Bt cotton. Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, 710–717.Google Scholar
Maas, S. (2014) (Ed.) Australian Cotton Production Manual 2014. Toowoomba, Australia, Greenmount Press.Google Scholar
Macpherson, I. (2002) Area wide pest management at work: a consultant's view. pp. 743–748 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Cotton Conference. Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Maelzer, D.A., Zalucki, M.P. & Laughlin, R. (1996) Analysis and interpretation of long-term light trap data for Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: population changes and forecasting pest pressure. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, 547–557.Google Scholar
Mattson, W.J. (1980) Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11, 119–161.Google Scholar
Morton, R., Tuart, L.D. & Wardhaugh, K.G. (1981) The analysis and standardisation of light-trap catches of Heliothis armiger (Hübner) and H. punctiger Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71, 207–225.Google Scholar
Murray, D.A.H., Boddington, J., Lloyd, R.J., Rogers, J., Zalucki, M. & Ward, A. (1998) Regional management of Heliothis on the Darling Downs. pp. 351–355 in Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Cotton Conference. Gold Coast, Australia.Google Scholar
Oertel, A., Zalucki, M.P., Maelzer, D.A., Fitt, G.P. & Sutherst, R. (1999) Size of the first spring generation of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and winter rain in central Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 38, 99–103.Google Scholar
O'Leary, M. (1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Fractionation techniques may reveal new aspects of carbon dynamics in plants. Bioscience 38, 328–336.Google Scholar
Parry, H.R., Paull, C.A., Zalucki, M.P., Ives, A.R., Hulthen, A. & Schellhorn, N.A. (2017) Estimating the landscape distribution of eggs by Helicoverpa spp., with implications for Bt resistance management. Ecological Modelling 365, 129–140.Google Scholar
Pate, J.S., Unkovich, M.J., Erskine, P.D. & Stewart, G.R. (1998) Australian mulga ecosystems – 13C and 15N natural abundances of biota components and their ecophysiological significance. Plant, Cell and Environment 21, 1231–1242.Google Scholar
Rajapakse, C.N.K. & Walter, G.H. (2007) Polyphagy and primary host plants: oviposition preference versus larval performance in the lepidopteran pest Helicoverpa armigera. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 1, 17–26.Google Scholar
Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R., Smith, A.D., Edwards, A.S., Zhang, X.-X., Cheng, X.-N., Wang, H.-K., Cheng, J.-Y. & Zhai, B.-P. (1995) Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, 397–414.Google Scholar
Rochester, W.A., Dillon, M.L., Fitt, G.P. & Zalucki, M.P. (1996) A simulation model of the long-distance migration of Helicoverpa spp. moths. Ecological Modelling 86, 151–156.Google Scholar
Roush, R.T., Fitt, G.P., Forrester, N.W. & Daly, J.C. (1998) Resistance management for insecticidal transgenic crops: theory and practice. pp. 247–257 in Zalucki, M.P., Drew, R.A.I. & White, G.G. (Eds) Pest Management – Future Challenges. Proceedings of the 6th Australasian Applied Entomology Conference. Brisbane, Australia, University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Sage, R.F. & Monson, R.K. (Eds) (1998) C4 Plant Biology. San Diego, USA, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schellhorn, N. & Paull, C. (2013) Landscape composition and Helicoverpa pest management. Australian Cottongrower 34(2), 48–52.Google Scholar
Scott, K.D., Wilkinson, K.S., Lawrence, N., Lange, C.L., Scott, L.J., Merritt, M.A., Lowe, A.J. & Graham, G.C. (2005) Gene-flow between populations of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is highly variable between years. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, 381–392.Google Scholar
Scott, L.J., Lawrence, N., Lange, C.L., Graham, G.C., Hardwick, S., Rossiter, L., Dillon, M.L. & Scott, K.D. (2006) Population dynamics and gene flow of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and grain crops in the Murrumbidgee valley, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, 155–163.Google Scholar
Smith, B. & Epstein, S. (1971) Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology 47, 380–384.Google Scholar
Tsafack, N., Menozzi, P., Brevault, T., Soti, V., Deconchat, M. & Ouin, A. (2013) Effects of landscape context and agricultural practices on the abundance of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in cotton fields: a case study in northern Benin. International Journal of Pest Management 59, 294–302.Google Scholar
Tsafack, N., Alignier, A., Head, G.P., Kim, J.H., Goulard, M., Menozzi, P. & Ouin, A. (2016) Landscape effects on the abundance and larval diet of the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera in cotton fields in North Benin. Pest Management Science 72, 1613–1626.Google Scholar
Walter, G.H. & Benfield, M.D. (1994) Temporal host plant use in three polyphagous Heliothinae, with special reference to Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 458–465.Google Scholar
Wardhaugh, K.G., Room, P.M. & Greenup, L.R. (1980) The incidence of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. Punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and other host plants in the Namoi valley of New South Wales. Bulletin of Entomological Research 70, 113–132.Google Scholar
Weeks, A.R., Endersby, N.M., Lange, C.L., Lowe, A., Zalucki, M.P., Hoffmann, A.A. (2010) Genetic variation among Helicoverpa armigera populations as assessed by microsatellites: a cautionary tale about accurate allele scoring. Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, 445–500.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.G.L. (1983) Abundance and mortality of over-wintering Heliothis spp. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 22, 191–199.Google Scholar
Wilson, L., Downes, S., Khan, M., Whitehouse, M., Baker, G., Grundy, P. & Maas, S. (2013) IPM in the transgenic era: a review of the challenges from emerging pests in Australian cotton systems. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 737–749.Google Scholar
Ye, L-F., Fu, X., Ouyang, F., Xie, B-Y. & Ge, F. (2015) Determining the major Bt refuge crops for cotton bollworm in North China. Insect Science 22, 829–839.Google Scholar
Zalucki, M.P. & Furlong, M.J. (2005) Forecasting Helicoverpa populations in Australia: a comparison of regression-based models and a bio-climatic based modelling approach. Insect Science 12, 45–56.Google Scholar
Zalucki, M.P., Daglish, G., Firempong, S. & Twine, P.H. (1986) The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. What do we know? Australian Journal of Zoology 34, 779–814.Google Scholar
Zalucki, M.P., Gregg, P.C., Fitt, G.P., Murray, D.A.H., Twine, P.H. & Jones, C. (1994) Ecology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) in the inland areas of eastern Australia: larval sampling and host plant relationships during winter/spring. Australian Journal of Zoology 42, 329–346.Google Scholar
Zhao, X.-Y., Fu, X.-W., Ali, A., Wilson, K. & Wu, K.M. (2016) Is Heliothis viriplaca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a long-distance migrant? Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, 740–748.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Baker et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S4 and Figures S1-S7

Download Baker et al. supplementary material(File)
File 6.6 MB