Article
Hoehnea 49: e032021, 1 tab., 1 fig., 2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-03/2021
A first review of Gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes,
Basidiomycota) in Paraguay
Yanine Maubet Cano1,3, Michelle Campi Gaona1 and Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira2
How to cite: Maubet Cano, Y., Campi Gaona, M., Trierveiler-Pereira, L. A first review of Gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes,
Basidiomycota) in Paraguay. Hoehnea 49: e032021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-03/2021
ABSTRACT – (A first review of Gasteroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in Paraguay). Based on the available
literature, a list of 40 gasteroid species recorded in Paraguay since the earliest known collection is presented. A total of
forty species are reported, distributed among 16 genera and 4 families. This work represents the first compilation of data
available on this group of fungi for Paraguay. These numbers reveal the scarce amount of species formally cited for the
Paraguayan Funga.
Keywords: bird-nest fungi, earth-stars, neotropical fungal diversity, puffballs, stinkhorns
RESUMEN – (Una primera revisión de los hongos gasteroides (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) en Paraguay). Con base
en la literatura disponible, se presenta una lista de 40 especies de gasteroides registradas en Paraguay desde los primeros
registros conocidos. Se reporta un total de cuarenta especies, distribuidas en 16 géneros y 4 familias. Este trabajo representa
la primera compilación de datos disponibles de este grupo de hongos para Paraguay. Estos números nos revela la escasa
cantidad de especies citadas formalmente para la Funga del país.
Palabras clave: diversidad de Funga neotropical, estrellas de tierra, falo hediondo, hongos nido de pájaro, hongos polvera
Introduction
Gasteroid fungi present a wide range of basidiomata
structure and these distinctive characteristics lead to the
designation of many genera as monotypic or with few species
represented.
The existing bibliographic information on the group
of gasteroid Funga in the last century was limited to a few
citations made by Spegazzinii (1884, 1888, 1891) who
recorded 12 species from the country:Geastrum saccatum
Fr. [as Geaster saccatus], Tulostoma cyclophorum Lloyd
[as Tylostoma berteroanum], Lycoperdon lilacinum
(Mont. & Berk.) Speg., Lycoperdon pseudo-lilacinum
Speg., Lycoperdon pseudogemmatum Speg., Simblum
sphaerocephalum Schltdl., Geastrum saccatum [Geaster
spegazzinianus], Lanopila guaranitica Speg., Bovista
dubiosa Speg. and Lycoperdon scleroderma Speg.
Most of the new citations were made by contemporary
mycologists since the last publication of Spegazzini,
122 years ago. The next recording of gasteroid fungi in
the country occurred in 2013 (Campi et al. 2013), and
more recent studies have been carried out by Campi and
collaborators (Campi et al. 2015, Campi & Maubet 2015a,
2015b, Campi et al. 2017, Maubet et al. 2018)
In the last decade the record of gasteroid fungi has
increased but despite the efforts of mycologists in recent
years, knowledge about the gasteroid mycobiota in Paraguay
remains scattered and incomplete since the collections have
been made sporadically and in very few areas.
Paraguay comprises two distinct geographical regions,
the eastern and western, which are separated by the Paraguay
River. The western region is also known as the Chaco. Which
include 3 ecoregions: Humid Chaco, Dry Chaco, and Pantanal.
The ecoregions of eastern Paraguay includes the Humid
Chaco, Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado (Dinerstein et al. 1995).
This study is a revision of the available data and an
update of the records of species of gasteroid fungi from
Paraguay.
1. Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Avenida Mariscal Estigarribia Km 10, CP 2169 San
Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
2. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Campus Lagoa do Sino, Rodovia Lauri Simões de Barros, Km
12, SP-189, Bairro Aracaçú, 18290-000 Buri, SP, Brazil
3. Corresponding author: ymaubet@gmail.com
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Hoehnea 49: e032021, 2022
Materials and methods
This checklist has been compiled based on literature
records of gasteroid fungi recorded from Paraguay. The
information retrieved from the literature includes distribution
records per department (figure 1), notes about habitat and
substrate, and detailed descriptions and remarks of the
basidiomata. The current taxonomic position is indicated,
as have been described in previous publications and a brief
introduction of the most outstanding characteristics of each
species is provided. The classification and nomenclature
followed the database Mycobank (http://www.mycobank.
org). Genera and species are listed alphabetically (table 1)
and the authorities for the binomials, as well as the author
names and spellings, are in accordance to Robert et al.
(2005) database.
Figure 1. Map of Paraguay with the Departments where gasteroid mushrooms have been collected are. AP: Alto Paraguay, AR-Alto
Paraná, AM: Amambay, BO: Boquerón, CG: Caaguazú, CZ: Caazapá, CA: Canindeyú, CE: Central, CO: Concepción, CR: Cordillera,
GU: Guairá, IT: Itapúa, MI: Misiones, ÑE: Neembucú, PR: Paraguarí, PH: Presidente Hayes, SP: San Pedro.
Table 1. List of species cited in Paraguay in alphabetical order, the collection locations and the reference.
Species
Locality
Reference
1 Battarrea phalloides (Dicks.) Pers.
Boquerón
Campi et al. 2016b
2 Blumenavia rhacodes Möller
Cordillera
Campi et al. 2021
3 Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan
Central, Boquerón
Campi et al. 2021
4 Calvatia lilacina (Mont. & Berk.) Henn.
Paraguarí
Spegazzini 1884, 1888
San Pedro, Alto
Campi & Maubet 2016, Campi et al.
5 Calvatia rugosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D.A. Reid
Paraguay
2021
6 Clathrus argentinus L.S. Domínguez
Central
Campi et al. 2021
7 Clathrus chrysomycelinus Möller
Cordillera
Maubet et al. 2018
8 Clathrus columnatus Bosc
Central
Campi et al. 2017
Maubet Cano et al.: Gasteroid fungi in Paraguay: a checklist
Table 1 (continued)
Species
9 Clathrus crispus Turpin
10 Cyathus earlei Lloyd
11 Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul.
Locality
Alto Paraguay
Paraguarí
Alto Paraguay,
Central, Paraguarí
Reference
Maubet et al. 2018
Campi et al. 2021
Maubet et al. 2017, Campi et al. 2020
Campi & Maubet 2015a, Maubet et al.
2017
Maubet et al. 2017
12 Cyathus poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul.
Central
13 Cyathus setosus H.J. Brodie
Paraguarí
Caaguazú,
Paraguarí, San
Pedro
Alto Paraná
Alto Paraguay
Central
Alto Paraguay
Central
Alto Paraguay
Gullón 2011
Campi et al. 2018
Campi & Maubet 2015b
Campi et al. 2018
Campi et al. 2015a
Campi et al. 2018
Paraguarí
Campi et al. 2021
Alto Paraguay,
Central, Paraguarí
Spegazzini (1884) as Geaster saccatus,
Campi & Maubet 2015b, Campi et al.
2018
Central
Campi & Maubet 2015b
Central, Alto
Paraguay, San
Pedro
Alto Paraná
Central
Central
Paraguarí
Paraguarí
Campi et al. 2013, Campi & Maubet
2015b, Campi et al. 2018
14 Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni
Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd.
Geastrum argentinum Speg.
Geastrum coronatum Pers.
Geastrum hariotii Lloyd
Geastrum minimum Schwein.
Geastrum pampeanum var. pallidum Speg.
Geastrum pusillipilosum J.O. Sousa, Alfredo, R.J.
21
Ferreira, M.P Martín & Baseia
15
16
17
18
19
20
22 Geastrum saccatum Fr.
23
Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
Zeller
24 Geastrum triplex Jungh.
25
26
27
28
29
Geastrum violaceum Rick
Itajahya galericulata Möller
Itajahya rosea (Delile) E. Fisch.
Lycoperdon pseudogemmatum Speg.
Lycoperdon pseudolilacinum Speg.
Lysurus sphaerocephalum (Schltdl.) Hern. Caff.,
Urcelay, Hosaka & L.S. Domínguez
Mutinus argentines Speg.
Myriostoma calongei Baseia, J.O. Sousa & M.P.
Martín
Phallus campanulatus Berk.
Phallus indusiatus Vent.
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert
Maubet et al. 2017, Campi et al. 2013.
Central, Cordillera
Campi et al. 2013a
Campi et al. 2017
Campi et al. 2017
Spegazzini (1884)
Spegazzini (1884)
Spegazzini (1891) as Simblum
sphaerocephalum, Campi et al. 2021
Campi et al. 2017, Maubet et al. 2018
Paraguarí
Campi et al. 2021
Campi et al. 2021
Maubet et al. 2018
Campi et al. 2015a
37 Scleroderma bovista Fr.
Central
Central
Central
Boquerón,
Cordillera
Central
38 Tulostoma cyclophorum Lloyd
Central, Paraguarí
39 Tulostoma pygmaeum Lloyd
40 Vascellum pampeanum (Speg.) Homrich
Paraguarí
Central
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr.
Paraguarí
Campi et al. 2015b, Campi et al. 2020
Campi et al. 2015a
Spegazzini 1884, 1891 Campi et al.
2016a
Campi et al. 2021
Campi & Maubet, 2016a
3
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Hoehnea 49: e032021, 2022
Results and Discussion
The 40 gasteroid fungi species recorded in Paraguay are
distributed among 16 genera and four families. The most
highly represented family is Agaricaceae with 14 species
(39%), followed by Phallaceae and Geastraceae (with 10
species each respectively, 28%). Geastrum is the genus
with the highest number of species with nine taxa (25%).
The departments with the most records were the Central
department, corresponding to the humid Chaco ecoregion,
with 19 records (47.5%) and the Paraguarí department,
corresponding to the transition ecoregion between humid
Chaco and Atlantic Forest, with 15 records (37.5%), two
species of gasteroid fungi were cited for the Atlantic Forest
ecoregion (5%), eight species for the Pantanal ecoregion
(20%) and two species for the dry Chaco (5%).
It is not possible to speak of the most represented species
in terms of distribution since the country lacks extensive
samplings to represent all the ecoregions appropriately. Dring
(1973) and Miller & Miller (1988) estimated a hundred
genera of gasteromycetes, therefore the diversity of this
group is still not well represented in Paraguay, since only
15 genera are recorded in the literature.
Checklist for the gasteroid species in Paraguay
Agaricaceae Chevall.
Battarrea phalloides (Dicks.) Pers.
Basionym: Lycoperdon phalloides Dicks.
Locality: BO (Campi et al. 2016b).
Identification. Species easily recognizable for presenting
a high basidiome about 10-30 cm including the spore sac,
rapid development, rust in color, stipe expending up to 25
cm in length and bearing a spore sac; exoperidium remaining
as a volva and apically as scales on the endoperidium;
endoperidium and spore sac hemispherical to conical, 2.8
cm to 7.2 cm in diam., later splitting circular along the
middle and deteriorating. Volva membranous up to 15 cm
in diameter, presenting similar color and surface as the
stipe, partially adhered to the stipe base (Rea 1942, GarridoBenavent 2014, Campi et al. 2016b).
Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan
Basionym: Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc
Localities: CE (Campi et al. 2021)
Identification. The main characteristic of this species is a
globose, compact basidiome when young, which develop
a basal portion like an inverted pear or a loaf of bread at
maturity. The surface can be commonly brown and broken up
into mosaic-like scales. The gleba is purplish and pulverulent
at maturity (Zeller & Smith 1964, Morales & Kimbrough
1978).
Calvatia rugosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D.A. Reid
Basionym: Lycoperdon rugosum Berk. & M.A. Curtis
Locality: SP, AP (Campi & Maubet 2016, Campi et al. 2021)
Identification. The main characteristic is the presence of
the orange pigment that stains the basidioma when it is cut
(Cortez et al. 2008). Another distinctive feature is its long
rhizomorphic extension of 20-200 mm in diameter and
10-100 mm high, which folds at the base and is attached
by one or more thin rhizomorphs (Wright & Albertó 2006).
Calvatia lilacina (Mont. & Berk.) Henn
Basionym: Bovista lilacina Berk. & Mont.
Locality: PR (Spegazzini 1884, 1888).
Identification. Bates et al. (2009) reported Calvatia lilacina
as a synonym of Calvatia fragilis in Arizona, USA. On
the other hand both species are treated as independent by
Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia (2009) in Brazil. Cortez et al.
(2012) consider this species a synonym of C. cyathiformis
but other authors differ and consider C. cyathiformis as a
different species (Verma et al. 2018).
Comments: C. lilacina was recorded for Spegazzinii (1884)
as Lycoperdon lilacinum.
Cyathus earlei Lloyd
Locality: PR (Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by an
exoperidium without plication, covered by a light color
tomentum, organized in small tufts, endoperidium smooth or
inconspicuously plicate, with a light, shiny color, contrasting
with the exterior layer and peridioles with a double-layer
cortex (Cruz et al. 2014).
Cyathus limbatus Tul. & C. Tul
Basionym: Cyathodes limbatum (Tul. & C. Tul.)
Localities: AP, CE, PR (Maubet et al. 2017, Campi et al.
2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by having
plicate peridium on the internal and external surface, large
peridioles (7-10 mm × 6-7 mm) with bilayered cortex, dark
brown to black peridioles and basidiospores of 10-12 ×
16-22 μm. Another distinctive feature of the species is
that at the base of the pseudostipe a woolly golden brown
subicule is formed (Brodie & Dennis 1954, TrierveilerPereira & Baseia 2010).
Maubet Cano et al.: Gasteroid fungi in Paraguay: a checklist
Cyathus poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul
Basionym: Cyathodes poeppigii (Tul. & C. Tul.)
Localities: CE (Campi & Maubet 2015a, Maubet et al. 2017).
Identification. The most remarkable diagnostic characteristics
of the species are the large size of the basidiospores (20-28 ×
30-42 µm) and the deep internal and external striations of
the peridium (Brodie and Dennis 1954).
Cyathus setosus H.J. Brodie
Localities: PR (Maubet et al. 2017).
Identification. C. setosus is characterized by a conical
peridium, of intense dark brown coloration, smooth external
surface and a slightly plicated internal surface, with dark
conspicuous setae 0.5-1 mm long, large peridioles without
a tunic, double cortex, and a small subiculum (Brodie 1967,
Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2013).
Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni
Basionym: Nidularia stercorea Schwein.
Locality: CG, PR, SP (Maubet et al. 2017, Campi et al.
2013b).
Identification. The morphological characteristics of the
species are the absence of folds, either internal or external,
in the peridium, the presence of hairs grouped into golden
brown strands covering the entire basidioma in the immature
state, these hairs fall with age leaving the peridium with
smooth appearance at maturity and taking a dark color
ranging from light brown to gray (Maubet et al. 2017).
5
Lycoperdon pseudogemmatum Speg.
Locality: PR (Spegazzinii 1884).
Identification. Cortez et al. (2013) consider this species a
possible synonym of Lycoperdon perlatum, a highly variable
species, which is characterized by the presence of spines in
the conical exoperidium with a rounded apex.
Lycoperdon pseudolilacinum Speg.
Locality: PR (Spegazzinii 1884).
Identification. This species resembles L. lilacinum but
differs in the color of the gleba and the very fragile peridium
(Spegazzini 1884).
Tulostoma cyclophorum Lloyd
Basionym: Tulostoma berteroanum f. pampeanum Speg.
Locality: CE, PR (Spegazzini 1884, Campi et al. 2016a).
Identification. This species is easily distinguishable by
persistent membranous exoperidium in old specimens,
endoperidium with a velvety texture and abundant
mycosclereids well visible to the stereoscope on its surface,
a mamiform and fimbriated mouth, and by the globose
basidiospores with ridges which offer a characteristic
cross-linked to sub-crosslinked morphology (Campi et al.
2016a).
Comments: This species was recorded as Tulostoma
berteroanum by Spegazzini (1884).
Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd.
Basionym: Peziza striata Huds.
Tulostoma pygmaeum Lloyd
Locality: AR (Gullón 2011).
Identification. This species is characterized by its tubular
mouth, hyphal exoperidium, and basidiospores with a distinct
verrucose ornamentation (Moreno et al. 1995).
Identification. Easy to recognize by the hirsute exoperidium
with a shiny and striate inner surface. Microscopically, it
has large ovoid basidiospores (14-17 × 7-9) (Baseia &
Milanez 2001).
Podaxis pistillaris (L.) Fr.
Basionym: Lycoperdon pistillare L.
Localities: BO, CR (Campi et al. 2015b, Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by the hard and
fibrous pseudostipe that penetrates the gleba. The gleba is
covered by a scaly, sub-cylindrical peridium which turns
dark and powdery in the mature stage (Morse 1933).
Locality: PR (Campi et al. 2021)
Vascellum pampeanum (Speg.) Homrich, in Homrich &
Wright
Basionym: Lycoperdon pampeanum Speg.
Locality: CE (Campi & Maubet 2016).
Identification. V. pampeanum is characterized by having
a diaphragm that separates the gleba from the subgleba,
the presence of mycosclereids on the surface of the
exoperidium and the presence of eucapilicium (Homrich
& Wright 1988).
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Hoehnea 49: e032021, 2022
Geastraceae Corda
Geastrum argentinum (Speg.)
Basionym: Geastrum argentines Speg.
Locality: AP (Campi et al. 2018).
Identification. G. argentinum is characterized by emerging
from a whitish subicule and by an external surface of the
velvety mycelial layer which is detached from fibrous tissue
(Zamora et al. 2014).
Geastrum coronatum Pers.
Basionym: Geastrum limbatum Fr.
Locality: CE (Campi & Maubet 2015b).
Identification. This species is mainly characterized by arched
basidiomata, dark brown and asperulate endoperidium, a
myceliar layer covered with abundant debris, a fibrillose
peristome, larger pedicel (up to 4 mm high), and basidiospores
with prominent truncate warts (Sunhede 1989, Soto & Wright
2000, Alves & Cortez 2016).
Identification. Recognized by a small basidiomata (up to
17 mm wide), an exoperidium covered with short hairs
(up to 1 mm), a fibrillose peristome and basidiospores of
4.4-6 × 4.3-5.9 (-6.8) μm diam (Crous et al. 2016, Lima
& Baseia 2018).
Geastrum saccatum Fr.
Localities: AP, CE, PR (Spegazzini 1884, Campi et al.
2018).
Identification. This species is characterized by a large
basidiomata (up to 8 cm in diameter), involute lacinias,
non-hygroscopic, a prominent conspicuous collar around
the endoperidium from the pseudoparenchymal layer of
exoperidium, sessile endoperidium, delimited or unbounded
fibrous peristoma (Sunhede 1989).
Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zeller
Basionym: Coilomyces schweinitzii Berk. & M.A. Curtis
Locality: CE (Campi & Maubet 2015b).
Identification. The species is characterized by having nonhygroscopic exoperidium, endoperidium sessile or with
a very short stipe, peristoma strongly plicated and well
defined. (Trierveiler-Pereira & Silveira 2012).
Identification. This species is recognized by small cespitose
basidiomata and by the presence of a white to yellowish,
subiculum that spreads throughout the substrate, which is
generally decomposing wood (Baseia et al. 2003). Some
specimens previously identified as G. schweinitzii for the
neotropics were different species based on phylogenetic
analysis and thus the species could be endemic of the region
were the type material was collected (Accioly et al. 2019)
Geastrum minimum Schwein.
Geastrum triplex Jungh. in Tijdschr
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2015a).
Locality: SP, CE, AP (Campi et al. 2013b, Campi et al.
2018).
Geastrum hariotii Lloyd
Basionym: Geaster harioti Lloyd
Locality: AP (Campi et al. 2018).
Identification. G. minimum is normally treated as a single,
rather variable species, mostly small-sized and often showing
quite large crystals of calcium oxalate on the endoperidial
surface (Zamora et al. 2014)
Geastrum pampeanum var. pallidum Speg.
Basionym: Geastrum pampeanus var. pallidus Speg.
Locality: AP (Campi et al. 2018).
Identification. This species is characterized by a small
basidiomata (17-30 mm wide), non-hygroscopic
exoperidium, sessile endoperidium and basidiospores of
3.5-5 μm diam. (Campi et al. 2018).
Geastrum pusillipilosum J.O. Sousa, Alfredo, R.J. Ferreira,
M.P Martín & Baseia
Locality: PR (Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by large
basidiomata (up to 8 cm in diameter), involute lacinias,
non-hygroscopic, prominent conspicuous collar around
the endoperidium from the pseudoparenchymal layer of
exoperidium, sessile endoperidium, delimited or unbounded
fibrous peristoma. (Campi et al. 2018). Recent phylogenetic
studies suggest that the morphological concept of the species
actually represents an assemblage of closely related species
which vary in the distribution patterns (Kasuya et al. 2012).
Geastrum violaceum Rick
Locality: AR (Campi et al. 2013a).
Identification. This species is mainly distinguished by
the pink, red to pale violet color of the exoperidium, a
character that easily separates it from other species of the
genus (Trierveiler-Pereira & Silveira 2012).
Maubet Cano et al.: Gasteroid fungi in Paraguay: a checklist
Myriostoma calongei Baseia, J.O. Sousa & M.P. Martín
Locality: PR (Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by a verrucose
endoperidium, with prominent triangular processes and
could be restricted to South America (Sousa et al. 2017).
Phallaceae Corda
Blumenavia rhacodes Möller
Locality: CR (Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. The species is characterized by a pale
orange to greyish orange (beige) receptacle consisting of
3-5 columns, and glebifers occuring on lateral expansions
(“teeth”) distributed along the column’s margins (TrierveilerPereira et al. 2019, Melanda et al. 2020).
Clathrus argentinus Domínguez
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2021).
Identification. This species is characterized by having the
receptacle arms not joined at the base and a strongly yellow
basal mycelium, and glebiferous zones with digitiform
extensions, are at the intersection of the arms that form the
network (Domínguez de Toledo 1985).
Clathrus chrysomycelinus Möller
Basionym: Clathrella chrysomycelina (Möller) E. Fisch.
Locality: PR (Maubet et al. 2018).
Identification. This species is characterized by obovoid,
perforate, white to yellowish receptacle, isodiametric meshes,
having the receptacle arms joined at the base and a strong
yellow basal mycelium. In addition, the glebe is confined to
glebifers at the inner side of the arm’s intersections (Dring
et al. 1971, Dring 1980).
Comments: Maubet et al. (2018) mention that the material
was collected in Ybycui city, reviewing the herbarium
material, the right collection site corresponds to Piribebuy
city, Cordillera Department.
7
Clathrus crispus Turpin
Basionym: Clathrella crispa (Turpin) E. Fisch.
Locality: AP (Maubet et al. 2018).
Identification. This species is characterized by having
a small receptacle (5 cm or less, some larger up to 15
cm), globose to subglobose of reddish coloration, with
somewhat regular meshes (usually round at the apex and
more elongated towards the base) and with a corrugated
and folded membrane surrounding the meshes where the
gleba is located (Dring 1980).
Itajahya galericulata Möller, Bras.
Localities: CE, PR (Campi et al. 2017, 2021).
Identification. Characterized by massive ‘eggs’ (3‒8 cm
high), a white pseudostipe, a hemispherical, wig-like
receptacle with a flat apex that is covered with a calyptra
(membranous cap) (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019).
Itajahya rosea (Delile) E. Fisch.
Basionym: Phallus roseus Delile
Localities: CE (Campi et al. 2017)
Identification. This species, which has a phalloid shape, is
characterized by the presence of a calyptra at the apex of the
receptacle and the pinkish pseudostipe (Ottoni et al. 2010).
Lysurus sphaerocephalum (Schltdl.) Hern. Caff., Urcelay,
Hosaka & L.S. Domínguez
Basionym: Simblum sphaerocephalum Schltdl.
Localities: CE, PR (Spegazzini 1891, Campi et al. 2021)
Identification. The diagnostic features of the species are
the fertile portion of the receptacle that is an irregular net,
reddish, enclosing the stipe, which exceeds the stipe width.
Stipe reddish and stylized, length clearly exceeds width, not
striate (Hernández-Caffot et al. 2018).
Mutinus argentinus Speg.
Localities: CE, CR (Campi et al. 2017, Maubet et al. 2018).
Clathrus columnatus Bosc
Basionym: Laternea columnata (Bosc) Nees
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2017).
Identification. Species characterized by having 2-5 robust
spongy reddish to orange columns free at the base and fused
at the apex. The gleba is spread on the internal portion of
the columns and not confined to a glebifer (Sandoval-Leiva
et al. 2014, Magnago et al. 2013).
Identification. The species is characterized by a pinkish
pseudostipe that tapers towards the apex, and a granulose,
bright red fertile part with a small pore at the tip when
mature (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019).
Comments: Maubet et al. (2018) mention that the material
was collected in Ybycui city, reviewing the herbarium
material the right collection site corresponds to Piribebuy
city, Cordillera Department.
8
Hoehnea 49: e032021, 2022
Phallus campanulatus Berk.
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2021)
Identification. The species is characterized by a whitish
pseudostipe with small perforations, an off white, perforate,
narrow campanulate, wrinkled to minutely rugulose
receptacle with a toothed margin. The pore at the receptacle
apex is so prominent that a ring-like structure can be observed
around it (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019).
Phallus indusiatus Vent.
Localities:CE (Maubet et al. 2018).
Identification. The species is characterized by a whitish
pseudostipe, a reticulate, white receptacle and the long,
white indusium. Mycelial strands are often abundant and
have purplish pigments (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019).
Sclerodermataceae Corda
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert
Basionym: Lycoperdon arrizon Scop.
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2015a)
Identification. This species is recognized by its epigeous,
globose basidiomata, echinate basidiospores (Campi et al.
2015a).
Scleroderma bovista Fr.
Locality: CE (Campi et al. 2015a)
Identification. The species is characterized by the presence
of a smooth yellowish-brown peridium, with some reddish
dark brown areas, basidiospores (11‒) 12‒14 (‒16) µm in
diameter, with a well-developed crosshair (Nouhra et al.
2012).
Acknowledgements
This work was carried out within the framework of
the project PINV18-699 “Development of molecular
tools for the taxonomic identification of fungi from 3
Ecoregions of Paraguay”, funded by the Consejo Nacional
de Ciencias y Tecnología (CONACYT). The authors thanks
to Professor Andrea Weiler, for the contribution with the
map. Anonymous reviewers are generous acknowledged, for
discussions and comments that improved the manuscript. Sc.
Andrew G. Cervantes is acknowledged, for the revision of
the manuscript’s English and for the valuable contribution
to the writing.
Author Contributions
Yanine Maubet Cano: Conceptualization of manuscipt
draft, Contribution to critical revision; Contribution to
data collection.
Michelle Campi Gaona: Contribution to data collection;
Contribution to critical revision; Contribution to manuscript
preparation.
Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira: Contribution to manuscript
preparation; Contribution to data collection, Contribution
to critical revision, adding intellectual content.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.
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Associate Editor: Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach
Received: 05/01/2021
Accepted: 20/12/2021
ISSN da publicação online 2236-8906
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License