Fungal Diversity
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00503-2
REVIEW
Freshwater fungal numbers
Mark S. Calabon1,2 · Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3,4 · E. B. Gareth Jones5 · Zong‑Long Luo6 · Wei Dong4 ·
Vedprakash G. Hurdeal1,2 · Eleni Gentekaki1,2 · Walter Rossi7 · Marco Leonardi7 ·
Vinodhini Thiyagaraja1,3,8,9,10 · Anis S. Lestari1,2,11 · Hong‑Wei Shen1,2,6 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,6,10 ·
Nattawut Boonyuen12 · Ming Zeng1,2,13
Received: 14 November 2021 / Accepted: 13 February 2022
© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Mushroom Research Foundation 2022, corrected publication 2022
Abstract
A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review
based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses. A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal
species are listed with additional details on the isolation source, habitat, geographical distribution, and molecular data. The
Ascomycota (2,968 species, 1,018 genera) dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes (823 species, 298
genera) had the largest number, followed by Dothideomycetes (677 species, 229 genera), Eurotiomycetes (276 species, 49
genera), and Leotiomycetes (260 species, 83 genera). Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi
are: Chytridiomycota (333 species, 97 genera), Rozellomycota (221 species, 105 genera), Basidiomycota (218 species, 100
genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera), Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota (19 species, 10 genera), Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3 genera), Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota
(5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1 genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota
(2 species, 2 genera). The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera, 386 families and 145 orders. The Pleosporales and
Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species, respectively. The
most speciose genera are Chitonomyces (87, Laboulbeniomycetes), Verrucaria (50, Eurotiomycetes), Rhizophydium (52,
Rhizophydiomycetes), Penicillium (47, Eurotiomycetes), and Candida (42, Saccharomycetes).
Keywords Fungal classification · Fungal taxonomy · Freshwater fungi · Higher fungi · Molecular taxonomy · Basal clades
Introduction
It has been over 140 years since Saccardo (1880) described
the first freshwater hyphomycetes, Heliscus lugdunensis (≡
Neonectria lugdunensis). This was followed by the discovery
of four novel taxa [Tetracladium marchalianum, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Anguillospora longissima (≡ Amniculicola longissima)] by de Wildeman (1893,
1894, 1895) from different freshwater habitats and on different substrates. Ingold’s (1942) documentation of 16 freshwater hyphomycetous species, of which 10 are novel species,
and identification of the typical habitat of freshwater fungi
served as an impetus for further studies on the occurrence of
Handling Editor: Chitrabhanu Bhunjun.
* Kevin D. Hyde
kdhyde3@gmail.com
fungal taxa, both sexual and asexual, in freshwater habitats
(Ranzoni 1953; Tubaki 1957; Petersen 1962, 1963a, b; Nilsson 1964; Ingold 1975; Webster and Descals 1981; Tubaki
et al. 1983; Dudka 1985; Nawawi 1985a; Goh and Hyde
1996c; Goh 1997; Sivichai et al. 2002; Shearer et al. 2004,
2007; Lu et al. 2018c; Luo et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2020b).
The classical methods used to document freshwater fungal composition have been significantly improved by recent
developments in fungal identification using molecular techniques. In the classification of freshwater fungi, incorporation of molecular data in the analysis of extant and novel
species provides a better understanding of the phylogenetic
relationships of freshwater taxa (e.g., generic boundaries delimitation of polyphyletic taxa, resolving species
complexes, linking asexual-sexual morphs, or synasexual
morphs). Furthermore, continuous exploration of freshwater habitats led to introduction of many novel taxa (Lu
et al. 2018c; Bao et al. 2020; Dong et al. 2020a; Hsieh et al.
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
13
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Fungal Diversity
2021a). For instance, novel species from China and Thailand
totaled 298 novel species from 2015 to 2020. Unfortunately,
for almost two decades of morpho-phylogenetic taxonomy
of freshwater fungi, there are no published information on
the overall known number of taxa unlike those of fungi in
marine habitats wherein the marine fungal numbers stand
as 1901 species under 769 genera (Jones et al. 2019). The
available published information includes biodiversity studies
in particular geographical areas (Shearer and Crane 1971;
Ho et al. 2001; Pinnoi et al. 2006; Pinruan et al. 2007; Zhang
et al. 2011; Hu et al. 2013a), selected hosts (Gessner and
Van Ryckegem 2003; Pinruan et al. 2007, 2014; Fiuza et al.
2019), or of species within taxonomic (Pinruan et al. 2007,
2014; Luo et al. 2016b, 2019; Zhang et al. 2017a; Lu et al.
2018c; Fiuza et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2020b, 2021a; Hyde
et al. 2021) or morphological groups (Ingold 1975; Webster
and Descals 1981; Bärlocher 1987; Shearer 1993a; Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi 2003; Bao et al. 2021a).
The scattered data on freshwater fungi are currently compiled in an online database, https://freshwaterfungi.org/, but
since the website only started in early 2020 and in the process of collating all the freshwater fungal data, there are no
definite numbers given yet (Calabon et al. 2020b). The only
information in the literature so far is the estimated number of
freshwater fungi to be around 3069–4145, of which, Chytridiomycota (500–1289 species) and Ascomycota (622 species)
have the greatest number of taxa (Jones et al. 2014a). These
figures were considered as an underestimate as there is little
data for many of the aquatic groups, and many microhabitats, substrates, and geographical areas are unexplored or
underexplored and yet to be surveyed.
This paper presents an up-to-date classification of freshwater fungi and the number of taxa recorded in freshwater
habitats. The classification scheme follows Wijayawardene
et al. (2020) unless the taxonomy has been updated recently.
The text is divided into three main sections: (1) Classification of freshwater Ascomycota, (2) Basidiomycota, and (3)
Freshwater fungal basal clades. For Ascomycota section, a
special section Freshwater lichens is included in order to
discuss and enumerate lichenicolous and lichen-like taxa
from Arthoniomycetes, Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes,
Lichinomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. After the section on
the Basidiomycota, the section on Freshwater yeasts was
included with a discussion on their taxonomic classification. Furthermore, since Ingold’s contribution in freshwater mycology is momentous, a special section on Ingoldian
fungi with a taxonomic outline of taxa from freshwater habitats is included in the present review. Every table dealing
with the taxonomic classification of freshwater fungi include
the taxon name, isolation source, and its geographical distribution. Freshwater fungi with molecular data, including the
country where the taxa were isolated, are in bold.
13
Origin of freshwater fungi
Molecular evidence suggests that fungi first appeared about
1.5 billion years ago and evolved from one common ancestor (Heckman et al. 2001). The ancestral fungi may have
lived in water and had flagella, like the members of Chytridiomycota (James et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006; Naranjo-Ortiz
and Gabaldón 2019). Molecular studies of Liu et al. (2006)
showed that the major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota formed a well-supported clade,
and they lacked flagella, while Chytridiomycota are mainly
flagellated, and it formed a basal and early diverging clade
within the fungal kingdom. The loss of a flagellum has
occurred only one time, leading to derived fungal phyla
(Zygomycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) to adapt
from the aquatic environment to terrestrial habitats (James
et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006).
Fungi colonized the land probably during the Cambrian,
over 500 million years ago (MYA), however, the fungal territorialization times are still a matter of debate as the land
fungal fossil records are reported from the Devonian (Taylor
and Osborn 1996; Brundrett 2002). Fungal hyphae and spore
cysts in a stem of Asteroxylon mackiei were also discovered
in the Rhynie chert from the Devonian (419.2 to 358.9 MYA).
The earliest land plants appeared around 470 MYA (Kenrick
et al. 2012; Edwards et al. 2014), while oomycetes had already
colonized terrestrial habitats at that time (Taylor et al. 2014;
Selosse et al. 2015). Microorganisms became abundant within
plant fossils since their territorialization (Taylor et al. 2014;
Selosse et al. 2015). A rich terrestrial fungal fossil (e.g., fossil
chytrids, Glomales and fossil hyphae associated with wood
decay) have been found during the Devonian, around 400
MYA (Taylor et al. 1992, 1995, 2014; Hass et al. 1994; Remy
et al. 1994a, b) and terrestrial fungal fossils were reported as
arbuscular mycorrhizal-like symbioses (Simon et al. 1993;
Raghukumar 2017). Simon et al. (1993) investigated the origin of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their results showed
that these fungi diverged 353–462 MYA, which is consistent
with the fossil records, indicating establishment of arbuscular
mycorrhizal-like symbiosis between fungi and plant roots as
a major event in the colonization of land.
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged at a similar
time with fungal territorialization, around 500–650 MYA,
and mainly saprobic on vascular plants (Lücking et al. 2009;
Gueidan et al. 2011). Studies showed that they had a terrestrial origin (Heckman et al. 2001; James et al. 2006; Liu
et al. 2006; Hyde et al. 2021). Fungal adaption to terrestrial
habitats requires a variety of ecological strategies to obtain
nutrients, such as saprotrophism, parasitism, humification,
and the development of mutual relationships. Ascomycota
and Basidiomycota are the largest groups in the fungal kingdom, and have been reported as endophytes, pathogens, and
Fungal Diversity
saprobes of plants/animals, indicating rapid diversification
on land through different nutritional modes.
Around 250 MYA fungi rapidly increased in numbers
and became abundant as the result of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Following this event, numerous
plants and animals evolved and provided abundant hosts
for fungi (Eshet et al. 1995; Schubert and Bottjer 1995).
Molecular analyses showed that the subclasses and some
orders of the two classes Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes diverged at 150–250 MYA (Hyde et al. 2017a,
2020d; Liu et al. 2017; Hongsanan et al. 2020). Several
studies indicate that after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction (65 MYA), fungi dramatically increased in numbers
(Ward et al. 2005b). Recent molecular clock analyses also
support this view, with many species diverged after 65
MYA (Hyde et al. 2017a; Liu et al. 2017; Samarakoon
et al. 2019; Hongsanan et al. 2020).
At present, the origin, evolution, and taxonomy of fungi
are better understood with the use of molecular analyses for
their study. Early studies of the fungi placed them in the plant
kingdom, and later separated from the plant kingdom as the
fifth kingdom (Whittaker 1969). Earlier, the true fungi comprised four phyla viz. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (Whittaker 1969). While, presently,
the fungal kingdom comprises 20 phyla (Wijayawardene
et al. 2020; Voigt et al. 2021). Among them, eight phyla viz.
Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Rozellomycota include freshwater fungi (Jones
et al. 2014a; Wijayawardene et al. 2018, 2020). Freshwater
fungi have multiple origins and evolved separately through
different lineages (Shearer 1993a). Chytridiomycota are
likely to have evolved from marine ancestors, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota originated from terrestrial habitats
(Heckman et al. 2001; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Ascomycota are the dominant phylum of freshwater fungi. Freshwater
ascomycetes probably are immigrants from terrestrial environments and mainly through three evolutionary pathways
(Shearer 1993a; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006; Hyde et al. 2021).
Classification of freshwater fungi
Our comprehensive review of published data of biodiversity studies and/or single or multi-species taxonomic studies, resulted in an updated classification of freshwater fungi
under thirteen phyla (45 classes), and documentation of
3,870 species from freshwater habitats: Ascomycota 2,968
(1,018 genera), Chytridiomycota 333 (97 genera), Rozellomycota 221 (105 genera), Basidiomycota 218 (100 genera),
Blastocladiomycota 47 (10 genera), Monoblepharomycota
29 (6 genera), Mucoromycota 19 (10 genera), Aphelidiomycota 15 (3 genera), Entomophthoromycota 6 (4 genera),
Mortierellomycota 5 (3 genera), Olpidiomycota 4 (1 genus),
Zoopagomycota 3 (2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota 2 (2
genera) (Table 1). For Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes has
the highest number of taxa which accounts for 27.68% (823
species in 298 genera), followed by Dothideomycetes (677
species, 229 genera). Chytridiomycetes dominated the taxa
under Chytridiomycota with 181 species recorded while 201
taxa are under Microsporidea (Rozellomycota). The freshwater yeasts constitute taxa from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota with 163 species each. The total freshwater fungal
number, 3,870 species, included in this review is within
the estimated range of Jones et al. (2014a) which is around
3,069–4,145 species. The present review lists all the fungal
taxa in freshwater habitats. Some species, including their
occurrence and host substrates, will inevitably be missed
in the process of searching the published literatures. All the
updates will be added on the website, www.freshwaterfungi.
org (Calabon et al. 2020b).
Classification of freshwater Ascomycota
The freshwater Ascomycota comprises thirteen classes namely
Arthoniomycetes, Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes,
Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes,
Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Ascomycota genera incertae sedis totaled to 252 species
(in 141 genera) and two species listed under Pezizomycotina
genera incertae sedis (Pyrenocollema strontianense, Psammina stipitata). Taxonomic classification of freshwater Candelariomycetes, Coniocybomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and
Lichinomycetes were listed in “Freshwater lichens” section as
members of these classes are lichens and lichenicolous taxa.
Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniomycetes is the largest taxonomic group of primarily
lichenized fungi outside of Lecanoromycetes. The taxa are
mostly tropical and subtropical microlichens with bitunicate
asci in ascohymenial apothecia (Henssen and Thor 1994).
Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis shows that Arthoniomycetes is monophyletic and sister class to Dothideomycetes
(Spatafora et al. 2006). On the latest outline of fungi and
fungus-like taxa, Wijayawardene et al. (2020) listed two
orders under Arthoniomycetes: Arthoniales (116 genera) and
Lichenostigmatales (3 genera). Few freshwater Arthoniomycetes have been recorded from freshwater habitats (Björk
et al. 2009; Morse 2013; Khodosovtsev et al. 2016) and the
taxa listed in Table 2 accounts for twelve species (in 8 genera) but undoubtedly there are more taxa to be discovered.
The additional information on freshwater lichenicolous taxa
is discussed in “Freshwater Lichens” section.
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 Taxonomic classification and numbers of freshwater
fungi
Class
Order
Classification of freshwater Ascomycota
Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniales
Candelariomycetes
Coniocybomycetes
Dothideomycetes
Candelariales
Coniocybales
Asterinales
Botryosphaeriales
Capnodiales
Collemopsidiales
Dothideales
Dyfrolomycetales
Hysteriales
Jahnulales
Kirschsteiniotheliales
Lichenotheliales
Microthyriales
Minutisphaerales
Monoblastiales
Natipusillales
Pleosporales
13
Family
Arthoniaceae
Chrysotrichaceae
Lecanographaceae
Opegraphaceae
Roccellaceae
Candelariaceae
Coniocybaceae
Morenoinaceae
Botryosphaeriaceae
Phyllostictaceae
Teratosphaeriaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Neodevriesiaceae
Xanthopyreniaceae
Saccotheciaceae
Pleurotremataceae
Hysteriaceae
Hysteriales genus incertae sedis
Aliquandostipitaceae
Kirschsteiniotheliaceae
Kirschsteiniotheliales genera incertae sedis
Lichenotheliaceae
Microthyriales genera incertae sedis
Acrogenosporaceae
Minutisphaeraceae
Monoblastiaceae
Natipusillaceae
Acrocalymmaceae
Aigialaceae
Amniculicolaceae
Anteagloniaceae
Aquasubmersaceae
Astrosphaeriellaceae
Bambusicolaceae
Corynesporascaceae
Cucurbitariaceae
Cyclothyriellaceae
Delitschiaceae
Dictyosporiaceae
Didymosphaeriaceae
Dothidotthiaceae
Hermatomycetaceae
Latoruaceae
Lentitheciaceae
Leptosphaeriaceae
Lindgomycetaceae
Longipedicellataceae
Lophiostomataceae
Lophiotremataceae
Number
of species
3
2
1
1
5
4
4
1
3
1
2
5
6
3
2
1
1
1
37
6
6
2
1
13
5
1
4
3
27
2
2
2
24
1
4
2
2
3
55
6
5
1
2
15
6
25
5
20
2
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Eurotiomycetes
Order
Family
Massarinaceae
Melanommataceae
Morosphaeriaceae
Mycoporaceae
Neopyrenochaetaceae
Nigrogranaceae
Occultibambusaceae
Parabambusicolaceae
Periconiaceae
Phaeoseptaceae
Phaeosphaeriaceae
Pleomassariaceae
Pleomonodictydaceae
Pleosporaceae
Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae
Pseudoberkleasmiaceae
Pyrenochaetopsidaceae
Roussoellaceae
Sporormiaceae
Striatiguttulaceae
Teichosporaceae
Testudinaceae
Tetraplosphaeriaceae
Thyridariaceae
Torulaceae
Trematosphaeriaceae
Wicklowiaceae
Pleosporales genera incertae sedis
Trypetheliales
Polycoccaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Tubeufiales
Tubeufiaceae
Wiesneriomycetaceae
Venturiales
Venturiaceae
Dothideomycetes fami- Endosporiaceae
lies incertae sedis
Argynnaceae
Trichothyriaceae
Pseudorobillardaceae
Dothideomycetes gen- Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
era incertae sedis
Arachnomycetales
Arachnomycetaceae
Chaetothyriales
Cyphellophoraceae
Herpotrichiellaceae
Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis
Chaetothyriomycetidae Rhynchostomataceae
family incertae sedis
Eurotiales
Aspergillaceae
Thermoascaceae
Trichocomaceae
Mycocaliciales
Mycocaliciaceae
Number
of species
6
20
13
1
3
2
5
3
8
2
16
4
1
19
6
1
1
5
7
1
1
1
13
1
15
9
3
10
1
1
133
12
1
1
2
1
2
31
1
4
40
2
1
67
1
8
9
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Onygenales
Family
Arthrodermataceae
Onygenaceae
Sclerococcales
Dactylosporaceae
Verrucariales
Adelococcaceae
Verrucariaceae
Laboulbeniomycetes Laboulbeniales
Ceratomycetaceae
Laboulbeniaceae
Pyxidiophorales
Pyxidiophoraceae
Lecanoromycetes
Acarosporales
Acarosporaceae
Arctomiales
Arctomiaceae
Baeomycetales
Baeomycetaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Protothelenellaceae
Trapeliaceae
Xylographaceae
Caliciales
Caliciaceae
Physciaceae
Lecanorales
Pilocarpaceae
Catillariaceae
Cladoniaceae
Haematommataceae
Lecanoraceae
Parmeliaceae
Psoraceae
Ramalinaceae
Scoliciosporaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Lecideales
Lecideaceae
Ostropales
Coenogoniaceae
Graphidaceae
Gyalectaceae
Porinaceae
Peltigerales
Collemataceae
Lobariaceae
Massalongiaceae
Peltigeraceae
Placynthiaceae
Pertusariales
Megasporaceae
Microcaliciaceae
Ochrolechiaceae
Pertusariaceae
Rhizocarpales
Rhizocarpaceae
Teloschistales
Teloschistaceae
Umbilicariales
Ophioparmaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Ostropomycetidae gen- Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis
era incertae sedis
Leotiomycetes
Helotiales
Discinellaceae
13
Number
of species
4
7
5
1
126
73
185
1
4
1
1
4
1
6
1
4
21
4
1
13
1
18
13
1
10
2
1
8
1
1
2
8
13
2
1
9
4
6
1
1
1
3
14
1
1
1
24
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Lichinomycetes
Orbiliomycetes
Pezizomycetes
Saccharomycetes
Sordariomycetes
Order
Family
Gelatinodiscaceae
Helotiaceae
Helotiales genera incertae sedis
Hyaloscyphaceae
Hydrocinaceae
Lachnaceae
Loramycetaceae
Mitrulaceae
Mollisiaceae
Ploettnerulaceae
Tricladiaceae
Vibrisseaceae
Lauriomycetales
Lauriomycetaceae
Leotiales
Leotiales genera incertae sedis
Rhytismatales
Rhytismataceae
Thelebolales
Thelebolales genera incertae sedis
Leotiomycetes families Calloriaceae
incertae sedis
Cenangiaceae
Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
Pezizellaceae
Rutstroemiaceae
Sclerotiniaceae
Leotiomycetes genera Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Lichinales
Lichinaceae
Peltulaceae
Orbiliales
Orbiliaceae
Pezizales
Ascobolaceae
Pezizaceae
Pyronemataceae
Rhizinaceae
Saccharomycetales
Debaryomycetaceae
Dipodascaceae
Lipomycetaceae
Metschnikowiaceae
Phaffomycetaceae
Pichiaceae
Saccharomycetaceae
Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis
Saccharomycodaceae
Saccharomycopsidaceae
Trichomonascaceae
Wickerhamomycetaceae
Annulatascales
Annulatascaceae
Aquapteridosporaceae
Atractosporales
Atractosporaceae
Barbatosphaeriales
Barbatosphaeriaceae
Cancellidiales
Cancellidiaceae
Ceratolentales
Bullimycetaceae
Number
of species
3
19
19
18
13
5
3
2
27
9
33
12
3
5
4
2
34
1
3
3
1
2
15
21
3
19
2
7
2
2
21
7
1
4
7
12
30
50
6
5
5
10
36
4
7
1
7
3
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Family
Conlariales
Diaporthales
Conlariaceae
Diaporthaceae
Gnomoniaceae
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
Sydowiellaceae
Acrodictyaceae
Diaporthomycetidae
family incertae sedis
Diaporthomycetidae
genera incertae sedis
Distoseptisporales
Jobellisiales
Magnaporthales
Myrmecridiales
Ophiostomatales
Parasympodiellales
Phomatosporales
Rhamphoriales
Sporidesmiales
Tirisporellales
Togniniales
Trichosphaeriales
Xenospadicoidales
Coronophorales
Glomerellales
Hypocreales
Hypocreomycetidae
genera incertae sedis
Microascales
13
Number
of species
4
3
4
1
1
6
Junewangiaceae
Papulosaceae
Pseudoproboscisporaceae
Pseudostanjehughesiaceae
Woswasiaceae
Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis
21
7
5
2
1
10
Distoseptisporaceae
Jobellisiaceae
Ceratosphaeriaceae
Magnaporthaceae
Ophioceraceae
Pseudohalonectriaceae
Pyriculariaceae
Myrmecridiaceae
Ophiostomataceae
Parasympodiellaceae
Phomatosporaceae
Rhamphoriaceae
Sporidesmiaceae
Tirisporellaceae
Togniniaceae
Trichosphaeriaceae
Xenospadicoidaceae
Bertiaceae
Chaetosphaerellaceae
Coronophorales genera incertae sedis
Nitschkiaceae
Australiascaceae
Glomerellaceae
Plectosphaerellaceae
Reticulascaceae
Bionectriaceae
Hypocreaceae
Hypocreales genera incertae sedis
Nectriaceae
Niessliaceae
Sarocladiaceae
Stachybotryaceae
Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis
22
3
5
5
11
6
3
4
1
1
7
2
22
2
4
4
21
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
8
5
4
4
57
2
1
7
5
Gondwanamycetaceae
1
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Torpedosporales
Vermiculariopsiellales
Pisorisporiales
Conioscyphales
Fuscosporellales
Pleurotheciales
Pseudodactylariales
Savoryellales
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis
Chaetosphaeriales
Coniochaetales
Cordanales
Phyllachorales
Phyllachorales
Sordariales
Sordariomycetidae
genera incertae sedis
Amphisphaeriales
Ascomycota genera
incertae sedis
Family
Halosphaeriaceae
Microascaceae
Microascales genera incertae sedis
Triadelphiaceae
Juncigenaceae
Vermiculariopsiellaceae
Pisorisporiaceae
Conioscyphaceae
Fuscosporellaceae
Pleurotheciaceae
Pseudodactylariaceae
Savoryellaceae
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis
Chaetosphaeriaceae
Helminthosphaeriaceae
Linocarpaceae
Coniochaetaceae
Cordanaceae
Phyllachoraceae
Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis
Chaetomiaceae
Lasiosphaeriaceae
Podosporaceae
Sordariaceae
Sordariales genera incertae sedis
Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Amphisphaeriaceae
Apiosporaceae
Beltraniaceae
Pseudomassariaceae
Sporocadaceae
Xylariales
Castanediellaceae
Clypeosphaeriaceae
Diatrypaceae
Hyponectriaceae
Hypoxylaceae
Microdochiaceae
Oxydothidaceae
Xylariaceae
Vamsapriyaceae
Zygosporiaceae
Xylariales genera incertae sedis
Xylariomycetidae fam- Cainiaceae
ily incertae sedis
Myelospermataceae
Ascomycota genera
Ascomycota genera incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Number
of species
42
2
1
5
1
5
2
13
15
32
4
34
31
131
10
8
8
5
3
1
16
19
1
1
5
3
4
4
7
2
7
2
2
1
7
2
2
10
5
2
3
13
1
1
252
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Family
Pezizomycotina gen- Pezizomycotina genera Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis
era incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Total
Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota
Agaricomycetes
Agaricales
Limnoperdaceae
Niaceae
Physalacriaceae
Agaricales genera incertae sedis
Atheliales
Atheliaceae
Cantharellales
Hydnaceae
Ceratobasidiaceae
Agaricomycetes genera Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis
incertae sedis
AgaricostilbomyAgaricostilbales
Agaricostilbaceae
cetes
Atractiellomycetes
Atractiellales
Phleogenaceae
Bartheletiomycetes Polyporales
Polyporales genera incertae sedis
Sebacinales
Sebacinaceae
Trechisporales
Hydnodontaceae
Classiculomycetes
Classiculales
Classiculaceae
Cystobasidiomycetes Cystobasidiales
Cystobasidiaceae
Erythrobasidiales
Erythrobasidiaceae
Exobasidiomycetes Doassansiales
Doassansiaceae
Rhamphosporaceae
Exobasidiales
Brachybasidiaceae
Georgefischeriales
Gjaerumiaceae
Tilletiariaceae
Microstromatales
Microstromatales genera incertae sedis
Microbotryomycetes Kriegeriales
Camptobasidiaceae
Kriegeriaceae
Leucosporidiales
Leucosporidiaceae
Microbotryales
Ustilentylomataceae
Sporidiobolales
Sporidiobolaceae
Chrysozymaceae
Microbotryomycetes
families incertae
sedis
Colacogloeaceae
Microbotryomycetes
Microbotryomycetes genera incertae sedis
genera incertae sedis
Moniliellomycetes
Moniliellales
Moniliellaceae
Tremellomycetes
Cystofilobasidiales
Cystofilobasidiaceae
Mrakiaceae
Filobasidiales
Filobasidiaceae
Holtermanniaceae
Piskurozymaceae
Tremellales
Bulleraceae
Bulleribasidiaceae
Cryptococcaceae
Naemateliaceae
Phaeotremellaceae
Rhynchogastremaceae
13
Number
of species
2
2968
2
2
2
2
6
4
2
8
1
1
1
3
1
2
7
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
27
1
1
5
1
5
9
15
1
4
1
12
10
1
1
8
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Family
Ustilaginomycetes
Trichosporonales
Urocystidales
Ustilaginales
Agaricomycotina
incertae sedis
Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis
Agaricomycotina
incertae sedis
Basidiomycota genera
incertae sedis
Tremellaceae
Trimorphomycetaceae
Tremellales genera incertae sedis
Trichosporonaceae
Doassansiopsidaceae
Anthracoideaceae
Ustilaginaceae
Ustilaginales genera incertae sedis
Agaricomycotina incertae sedis
Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis
Total
Classification of freshwater fungal basal clades
Aphelidiomycota
Aphelidiomycetes
Aphelidiales
Aphelidiaceae
Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycetes Blastocladiales
Blastocladiaceae
Catenariaceae
Paraphysodermataceae
Catenomycetales
Catenomycetaceae
Coelomomycetaceae
Blastocladiomycetes
Blastocladiomycetes genus incertae sedis
genus incertae sedis
Total
Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycetes
Chytridiales
Asterophlyctaceae
Chytridiaceae
Chytriomycetaceae
Phlyctochytriaceae
Pseudorhizidiaceae
Scherffeliomycetaceae
Chytridiales genus incertae sedis
Polyphagales
Polyphagaceae
Zygophlyctidales
Zygophlyctidaceae
Zygorhizidiales
Zygorhizidiaceae
Chytridiomycetes fam- Sparrowiaceae
ily incertae sedis
Chytridiomycetes gen- Chytridiomycetes genera incertae sedis
era incertae sedis
Cladochytriomycetes Cladochytriales
Catenochytridiaceae
Cladochytriaceae
Endochytriaceae
Nowakowskiellaceae
Septochytriaceae
Cladochytriales genera incertae sedis
Lobulomycetes
Lobulomycetales
Alogomycetaceae
Lobulomycetaceae
Mesochytriomycetes Gromochytriales
Gromochytriaceae
Mesochytriales
Mesochytriaceae
Polychytriomycetes Polychytriales
Arkayaceae
Number
of species
1
2
1
10
10
1
14
5
1
4
218
15
36
3
1
1
5
1
47
4
35
57
21
1
1
1
9
4
4
1
43
2
15
26
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Rhizophlyctidomycetes
Order
Family
Rhizophlyctidales
Polychytriaceae
Borealophlyctidaceae
Rhizophydiomycetes Rhizophydiales
Spizellomycetes
Synchytriomycetes
Spizellomycetales
Synchytriales
Entomophthoromycota
Entomophthoromy- Entomophthorales
cetes
Monoblepharomycota
HyaloraphidiomyHyaloraphidiales
cetes
Monoblepharidomy- Monoblepharidales
cetes
Rhizophlyctidaceae
Alphamycetaceae
Angulomycetaceae
Aquamycetaceae
Collimycetaceae
Coralloidiomycetaceae
Globomycetaceae
Gorgonomycetaceae
Halomycetaceae
Kappamycetaceae
Pateramycetaceae
Protrudomycetaceae
Rhizophydiaceae
Staurastromycetaceae
Terramycetaceae
Spizellomycetaceae
Synchytriaceae
Synchytriales genus incertae sedis
Total
13
Olpidiomycota
Olpidiomycetes
7
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
52
2
2
1
4
4
333
Ancylistaceae
2
Entomophthoraceae
4
Hyaloraphidiaceae
1
Gonapodyaceae
4
Harpochytriaceae
Monoblepharidaceae
Oedogoniomycetaceae
Telasphaerulaceae
Sanchytriomycota
Sanchytriomycetes
Mortierellomycota
Mortierellomycetes
Mucoromycota
Endogonomycetes
Mucoromycetes
Number
of species
12
10
1
1
Sanchytriales
Sanchytriaceae
2
Mortierellales
Mortierellaceae
5
Endogonales
Mucorales
Endogonaceae
Choanephoraceae
Cunninghamellaceae
Lichtheimiaceae
Mucoraceae
Rhizopodaceae
Syncephalastraceae
Total
Olpidiales
Olpidiaceae
1
1
3
1
10
2
1
19
4
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)
Class
Order
Rozellomycota
Microsporidea
Amblyosporida
Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis
Zoopagomycota
Zoopagomycetes
Family
Amblyosporidae
Caudosporidae
Gurleyidae
Amblyosporida genera incertae sedis
Glugeida
Glugeidae
Spragueidae
Thelohaniidae
Unikaryonidae
Glugeida genus incertae sedis
Neopereziida
Berwaldiidae
Neopereziidae
Neopereziida genera incertae sedis
Nosematida
Enterocytozoonidae
Mrazekiidae
Nosematidae
Ordosporidae
Nosematida genera incertae sedis
Microsporidea families Fibrillasporidae
incertae sedis
Cougourdellidae
Duboscqiidae
Microfilidae
Neonosemoidiidae
Pleistophoridae
Toxoglugeidae
Tuzetiidae
Microsporidea genera Microsporidea genera incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Rozellomycota genera Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis
incertae sedis
Total
Zoopagales
Dothideomycetes
Freshwater Dothideomycetes is a large taxonomic unit referring to fungal species having bitunicate asci, often with fissitunicate dehiscence, with many collected from freshwater.
The ecology of freshwater fungi has not been systematically
studied due to the variability and uncertainty of the host
habitat, especially the specimens collected from the rainy
or drought seasons. Thus, the numbers of freshwater Dothideomycetes are counted based on the fungi reported from
biodiversity studies and/or single or multi-species taxonomic
studies from freshwater habitats (Dong et al. 2020b). Dong
et al. (2020b) is the key reference for a comprehensive taxonomic account of freshwater Dothideomycetes, including
Zoopagaceae
Overall total
Number
of species
49
5
24
2
12
7
10
6
1
4
12
3
1
6
6
1
4
2
2
3
2
1
10
1
7
20
20
221
3
3870
morphological descriptions, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, notes with dichotomous keys of taxa, and mapped freshwater distributions with references for each species.
According to recent statistics, freshwater dothideomycetous species reside in six orders, 43 families and 145 genera,
while 46 genera are exclusively documented from freshwater
environments (Dong et al. 2020b). In this paper, freshwater Dothideomycetes are distributed in 18 orders, 75 families and 229 genera. Pleosporales is the largest freshwater
order with 391 freshwater species, followed by Tubeufiales
and Jahnulales with 145 and 37 freshwater species, respectively (Table 3, Fig. 1). Few taxa are reported in Minutisphaerales, Capnodiales, and Kirschsteiniotheliales with 18,
13, and 12 freshwater species, respectively. Representative
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 2 Classification of freshwater Arthoniomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa
Taxon
ASCOMYCOTA
ARTHONIOMYCETES
Arthoniales
Arthoniaceae
Arthonia caudata
Arthonia helvola
Arthonia radiata
Chrysotrichaceae
Chrysothrix caesia
Chrysothrix granulosa
Lecanographaceae
Alyxoria varia
Opegraphaceae
Cresponea chloroconia
Roccellaceae
Enterographa osagensis
Enterographa zonata
Gyrographa gyrocarpa
Pseudoschismatomma rufescens
Schismatomma cretaceum
Substrate
Distribution
References
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
Canada
Canada
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
River
Canada
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Björk et al. (2009)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Creek
Waterfall
Central North America
Canada
North America
Canada
Ukraine
Morse (2013)
Halda (2011)
Earland-Bennett and Seaward (1974)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
River watershed
Nature reserve
Dothideomycetes taxa are illustrated in Fig. 2. Natipusillales
is the only order in which all species are from freshwater
habitats. In total, 677 dothideomycetous species are reported
in this study from freshwater habitats.
The taxonomic studies on freshwater fungi have greatly
advanced with molecular data resulting in a rapid increase in
fungal numbers (Zhang et al. 2017a; Bao et al. 2018, 2019c,
2020). However, large numbers of fungi are yet to be documented in poorly studied regions as shown in Dong et al.
(2020b). Furthermore, the identities of some earlier proposed
fungi need to be reappraised with molecular data to confirm
their taxonomical status. Fungal numbers are often related
to the numbers of researchers working on specific fungal
groups. It is a challenge indeed for mycologists and/or taxonomists to classify and document this huge number of fungi
before they become extinct.
Eurotiomycetes
Eurotiomycetes was established by Eriksson and Winka
(1997) and presently consists of six subclasses: Chaetothyriomycetidae, Coryneliomycetidae, Cryptocaliciomycetidae,
Eurotiomycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae, and Sclerococcomycetidae (Hibbett et al. 2007; Wood et al. 2016; Geiser
et al. 2017; Réblová et al. 2017; Prieto et al. 2021). The
microcolonies of Eurotiomycetes formed under natural conditions do not have much morphological differences leading
13
to difficulty morphologically in distinguishing species. The
incorporation of molecular techniques in the fungal taxonomy made the classification of fungi more objective, accurate, and comprehensive (Wood et al. 2016; Réblová et al.
2017; Luo et al. 2019; Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Dong
et al. 2020b; Prieto et al. 2021). Wijayawardene et al. (2020)
provided an outline of the classification of the fungi and
fungus-like taxa, and counted all legally published species,
with a total of 3,994 Eurotiomycetes species.
The Eurotiomycetes are medically and industrially important
group (e.g., producers of toxic and potentially useful metabolites, fermentation agents in food and enzymes production,
pathogens of humans and animals) (Alexopoulos et al. 1996;
Jaklitsch et al. 2016; Quan et al. 2020). Eurotiomycetes includes
mostly saprophytic species occurring in various substrates (e.g.,
wood, compost, dung, decaying plant material, foodstuffs, soil),
and some have parasitic and/or commensal associations with
other fungi (Yang et al. 2014, 2018a; Garrido-Benavent and
Pérez-Ortega 2015; Jaklitsch et al. 2016; Le et al. 2020).
Most species of Eurotiomycetes are reported in terrestrial
environments, and freshwater environments account for only
a small part (Liu et al. 2015b; Dong et al. 2020b; Wan et al.
2021) (Fig. 3). Currently known freshwater Eurotiomycetes
are mostly saprophytes on submerged wood, decaying leaves,
branches, and plant debris in lakes and streams (Liu et al.
2015b, 2018b; Dong et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019). Some
taxa grow on inundated stones and isolated from sediments
Fungal Diversity
in freshwater habitats, and even from drinking water (Iwatsu
et al. 1991; de Hoog et al. 2011; Crous et al. 2013).
Table 4 lists 276 species of freshwater Eurotiomycetes
fungi, but this number is undoubtedly underestimated. The
data includes common taxa in freshwater environments, i.e.,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Thelidium, Verrucaria., and most of
this data comes from cultivable fungi. In this paper, freshwater
Eurotiomycetes are documented from seven orders, thirteen
families and 49 genera. Verrucariales is the largest freshwater
order with 127 freshwater species, followed by Eurotiales and
Chaetothyriales with 76 and 46 freshwater species, respectively
(Table 4). Representative freshwater Eurotiomycetes are illustrated in Fig. 3. The most speciose genus is Verrucaria with
50 freshwater species, followed by Penicillium (47 species),
Thelidium (22 species), Aspergillus (18 species), Exophiala (17
species), and Staurothele (16 species). Many freshwater Eurotiomycetes are uncultivable, and some groups are misidentified
without the help of molecular data as morphologically, they
are indistinguishable. In addition, some species will inevitably
be missed in the process of searching the published literature.
Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes includes about 2100 species, most of
which belong to the order Laboulbeniales (Weir and Hammond
1997; Goldmann and Weir 2018). The latter are all obligate
biotrophs associated with arthropods, therefore it is possible
to define “Freshwater Laboulbeniales” as species occurring on
arthropods (which in this case are all insects) that live or spend
most of their time in the aquatic environment. Insect ecology
is not the “questionable” subject of this paper, and we rely on
the definitions contained in a paper dealing with this topic (Jäch
1998). After this clarification, we can report that the “freshwater”
Laboulbeniales total about 258 species and represent the 12% of
the described species in this order of fungi. These 258 species
are found in 25 genera, of which 20 include only aquatic species,
while the other 4 are mainly composed of species that live in
other ecosystems (Table 5). Figure 4 illustrates Laboulbeniomycetes from freshwater habitats.
These numbers are entirely provisional. Freshwater
Laboulbeniales have received little attention in recent years,
with only 7 species described during the last six years (Rossi
et al. 2016; Das et al. 2018; Santamaria et al. 2020; Boonmee et al. 2021; Sundberg et al. 2021). On the other hand,
molecular analysis confirmed the presence of dimorphic
species in the largest genus Chitonomyces (Goldmann and
Weir 2012): which is something that will certainly affect the
taxonomy (and the numbers) of this and other genera.
Leotiomycetes
Leotiomycetes, the most diverse ascomycetous class in Pezizomycotina, encompasses hyphomycetes with undetermined
sexual morphs and apothecial or cleistothecial-bearing fungal members that are either distinctively growing on the
substrates or immersed in stromatic tissues (Berbee 2001;
Baschien et al. 2013; Johnston et al. 2019). Freshwater
Leotiomycetes thrives on various submerged substrates or
floating objects either in static or running waters (Shearer
1993a; Goh and Hyde 1996c; Thomas 1996). Freshwater
Leotiomycetes have been found in various environments:
ponds, rainfall, melting ice (Czeczuga and Orłowska 1999),
lakes (Ingold 1954), springs (Czeczuga et al. 2007), swamps
(Shearer and Crane 1986; Raja et al. 2008b), a polluted lake
(Luo et al. 2004), rivers (Funck et al. 2015), water distribution system (Grabińska-Łoniewska et al. 2007) and on
various substrates: herbaceous and woody substrates (Tsui
et al. 2000; Wong and Hyde 2001), dead cryptogamic plants
(Ingold 1954), scums trapped by woody debris in streams
(Ingold 1974), and isolated from stream spume (Magnes and
Hafellner 1991; Baschien et al. 2013).
In previous studies on fungal discoveries, freshwater
Leotiomycetes were listed along with other classes under
freshwater ascomycetes (Shearer 1993a; Cai et al. 2003d;
Vijaykrishna et al. 2006; Shearer and Raja 2013) or documented exclusively as discomycetes (Ingold 1954; Kjuller
1960; Beaton and Weste 1976, 1977), as hyphomycetes
(Dudka 1963; Marvanová and Descals 1987; Yu et al. 1988;
Zhu and Yu 1992; Czeczuga and Orłowska 1999; Baschien
et al. 2013), Ingoldian fungi (Ingold 1942; Chan et al. 2000),
and aero-aquatic fungi (Abdullah and Webster 1983; Sriindrasutdhi et al. 2015). Studies documenting the overall
freshwater fungal members within Leotiomycetes are lacking (Baschien et al. 2013).
Previous discoveries on new taxa and sexual morph association of freshwater Leotiomycetes were solely based on
morphological observation (Ingold 1942; Beaton and Weste
1977; Muller et al. 1979; Shearer 1993a, b; Webster et al.
1993, 1995). However, the advance of sequencing technology introduced deeper morpho-phylogenetic insights on
novel species and holomorph revelation of freshwater Leotiomycetes from various regions and substrates (Belliveau
and Bärlocher 2005; Campbell et al. 2006, 2009; Baschien
et al. 2013; Duarte et al. 2015; Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2015;
Baudy et al. 2019). Additionally, evolutionary lineages of
freshwater fungi began to unfold. Studies on evolutionary
freshwater fungi based on 18S rRNA data revealed that
terrestrial fungi were the common ancestors of freshwater
Leotiomycetes along with other classes (Dothideomycetes,
Orbiliomycetes, Sordariomycetes) (Belliveau and Bärlocher 2005; Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Hence, providing
freshwater fungi with DNA molecular data is important not
only for basic taxonomic justification but also to answer
unsolved evolutionary links within Leotiomycetes. This
study provides a list of freshwater Leotiomycetes including
13
13
Table 3 Classification of freshwater Dothideomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa
Taxon
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river, stream, lake)
China
Thailand
Australia, Brunei, China, Malaysia,
Philippines
Hu et al. (2013b)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Hyde (1993a), Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho
et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo
et al. (2004)
Foam (rivulet, river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus
glutinosa (stream)
Austria, Canada, France, Ireland, UK
Tripospermum infalcatum
Rainwater: building roofs, needles of Pinus densiflora
Japan, Poland
Tripospermum limneticum
Tripospermum myrti
Submerged decaying leaves
Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies,
water-filled treeholes
India
Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Hungary, India, Malaysia
Tripospermum prolongatum
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged
decaying leaves (stream), foam (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of dicotyledon (stream)
India, USA
China
Ingold et al. (1968a), Bärlocher (1987),
Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000)
Ando and Tubaki (1984a), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997)
Patil et al. (2019)
Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher (1987),
Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and Révay
(2003), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Qiao et al. (2017)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum fluviatile
Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium
River
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Bulgaria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Shivarov et al. (2018)
ASCOMYCOTA
DOTHIDEOMYCETES
Asterinales
Morenoinaceae
Morenoina palmicola
Botryosphaeriales
Botryosphaeriaceae
Dothiorella uruguayensis
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Tiarosporella paludosa
Neodevriesiaceae
Tripospermum camelopardus
Tripospermum sinense
Phyllostictaceae
Guignardia manokwaria
Capnodiales
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerella aspidii
Mycosphaerella equisetina
Mycosphaerella equiseticola
Mycosphaerella perexigua
Stigmidium rivulorum
Teratosphaeriaceae
Fungal Diversity
Substrate
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Apenidiella foetida
Apenidiella strumelloidea
Collemopsidiales
Xanthopyreniaceae
Collemopsidium japonicum
Collemopsidium monense
Zwackhiomyces lacustris
Dothideales
Saccotheciaceae
Aureobasidium melanogenum
Aureobasidium pullulans
Submerged plant debris (river)
Leaf of Carex sp. (stagnant water)
Spain
Russia
Crous et al. (2019)
Quaedvlieg et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Stream
Stream and lake margin
Japan
UK
Europe
Harada (1999)
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Orange (2002)
Ground- and tapwater
Water (lake, pond), glacial meltwater river
Slovenia
Slovakia, Argentina
Novak Babič et al. (2016)
Sláviková et al. (1992), Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1993), de García et al.
(2012)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China, South Africa
Tsui et al. (1998b)
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2020a)
Scirpus, Typha
USA
Cavaliere (1975)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Raja et al. (2005, 2009b), Shearer et al.
(2015)
Raja et al. (2005), Raja et al. (2009b),
Dong et al. (2020b),
Liu et al. (2015a)
Raja and Shearer (2007), Raja et al.
(2009b)
Pang et al. (2002)
Pang et al. (2002), Raja et al. (2009b)
Hyde (1992a), Hyde and Wong (1999b),
Tsui et al. (2000), Ho et al. (2001), Tsui
and Hyde (2004), Raja and Shearer
(2006), Hyde (2007), Raja et al.
(2009b), Suetrong et al. (2011), Shearer
et al. (2015)
Dyfrolomycetales
Pleurotremataceae
Melomastia aquatica
Hysteriales
Hysteriaceae
Gloniopsis calami
Hysteriales genus incertae sedis
Graphyllium planispora
Jahnulales
Aliquandostipitaceae
Aliquandostipite crystallinus
Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, USA, Venezuela
Costa Rica, USA, Thailand
Aliquandostipite manochiae
Aliquandostipite minuta
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decorticated wood (swamp)
Thailand
USA
Aliquandostipite separans
Aliquandostipite siamensiae
Ascagilis bipolaris
Submerged decaying branches
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Egypt
Thailand, USA
Australia, China, Costa Rica, Malaysia,
Peru, Thailand, USA
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
13
Table 3 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Ascagilis guttulaspora
Ascagilis queenslandica
Ascagilis seychellensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Australia
Brazil, Costa Rica, Seychelles
Ascagilis submersa
Ascagilis sunyatsenii
Ascagilis thailandensis
Brachiosphaera jamaicensis
Brachiosphaera tropicalis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying herbaceous, wood (river, stream,
waterfall), foam (river), water
Thailand
China
Thailand
Jamaica, China, Poland
Brazil, China, Malaysia, Panama, Peru,
Thailand, USA, Venezuela
Jahnula apiospora
Jahnula appendiculata
Submerged decorticated wood (creek)
Canada
Peru, Thailand
Submerged decaying wood (e.g. (Azadirachta indica var.
siamensis, Erythrophleum teysmannii, Melaleuca cajuputi,
Shorea obtusa, S. roxburghii, Wrightia tomentosa, Xylia
xylocarpa, Zollingeria dongnaiensis (river), Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Salix sp.) (creek, lake,
China, France, Germany, Malaysia,
stream, waterfall)
South Africa, Thailand, USA
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Hyde and Wong (1999b), Raja and
Shearer (2006), Barbosa et al. 2013a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Inderbitzin et al. (2001), Pang et al. 2002)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Crane and Dumont (1975), Chang (1994)
Descals et al. (1976), Tubaki et al. (1983),
Chang (1994), Cai et al. (2002b),
Campbell et al. (2007). Smits et al.
(2007), Raja et al. (2009b), Suetrong
et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015)
Raja et al. (2008a)
Pinruan et al. (2002), Pinnoi et al. (2006),
Pinruan et al. (2007), Sivichai and
Boonyuen (2010), Shearer et al. (2015)
Jahnula aquatica
Submerged decorticated wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Ecuador, USA
China, South Africa, Thailand
Jahnula morakotii
Jahnula poonythii
Submerged Azadirachta indica test block (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Thailand
China, Mauritius, Mexico
Jahnula purpurea
Jahnula rostrata
Submerged decorticated branch (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream)
Martinique
China, USA
Jahnula sangamonensis
Submerged decorticated wood (river)
USA
Jahnula seychellensis
Submerged decaying wood and twig (stream, river)
Brazil, Philippines, Seychelles
Jahnula systyla
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Australia, China, Malaysia
Fungal Diversity
Jahnula bipileata
Jahnula granulosa
Kirschstein (1936), Hawksworth (1984),
Ho (1998), Hyde and Wong (1999b),
Ho et al. (2001), Raja and Shearer
(2006), Raja et al. (2009b), Fournier
et al. (2010), Sivichai et al. (2011)
Raja and Shearer (2006)
Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al.
(2002b), Suetrong et al. (2011)
Sivichai and Boonyuen (2010)
Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al.
(2002b), Luo et al. (2004), González
and Chavarría (2005)
Fournier et al. (2015)
Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al.
(2009b), Dong et al. (2020b),
Raja and Shearer (2006), Raja et al.
(2009b)
Hyde and Wong (1999b), Cai et al.
(2003a), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Ho (1998), Hyde and Wong (1999b), Ho
et al. (2001)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Megalohypha aqua-dulces
Neojahnula australiensis
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Panama, Thailand
Australia, Brunei, China, Peru, Thailand, USA
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Brazil, China
China
China
China, Thailand
China
Pseudojahnula potamophila
Xylomyces acerosisporus
Xylomyces aquaticus
Xylomyces chlamydosporus
Xylomyces foliicola
Xylomyces giganteus
Xylomyces punctatus
Xylomyces pusillus
13
Kirschsteiniotheliales
Kirschsteiniotheliaceae
Kirschsteiniothelia aquatica
Kirschsteiniothelia atra
Kirschsteiniothelia cangshanensis
Kirschsteiniothelia fluminicola
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata
Kirschsteiniothelia submersa
Kirschsteiniotheliales genera incertae sedis
References
Ferrer et al. (2007)
Hyde (1993b), Ho et al. (2001), Raja et al.
(2009b), Suetrong et al. (2011), Shearer
et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Australia, Costa Rica, USA
Hyde and Wong (1999b), Raja and
Shearer (2006), Raja et al. (2009b),
Submerged decaying leaves (river)
Brazil
Oliveira et al. (2015b)
Submerged decaying woods (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Austria, Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Spain, Dudka (1966), Czeczuga et al. (1990),
Thailand, Ukraine, UK, USA
Hyde and Goh (1999a), Marvanová
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) and leaves, foam (stream),
(2000), Sivichai et al. (2002), Gönczöl
water (river), submerged decaying Licuala longicalyand Révay (2003), Pinnoi et al. (2006),
cata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp), water-filled
Pinruan et al. (2007), Barbosa et al.
treeholes
(2013b), Hernández-Restrepo et al.
(2017)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall)
Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, SeyGoos et al. (1977), Lamore and Goos
chelles, Thailand, USA
(1978), Goh et al. (1997a), Hyde and
Goh (1997), Hyde and Goh (1998c),
Tsui et al. (2001d), Fryar et al. (2004),
Luo et al. (2004), Raja et al. (2009b),
Kurniawati et al. (2010), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (e.g., Calophyllum
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. 2018)
brasiliense) (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Australia, China, South Africa
Goh et al. (1997a), Hyde et al. (1998a),
Jiang et al. (2008)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Goh et al. (1997a), Tsui et al. (2001d)
Submerged decaying wood and leaf (lake, river)
Brazil, China
Goh et al. (1997a), Tsui et al. (2001d),
Cai et al. (2002b), da Silva and Gusmão
(2015)
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Bao et al. (2018)
Su et al. (2016a)
Bao et al. (2018)
Bao et al. (2018)
Hyde et al. (2017b), Bao et al. (2018)
Su et al. (2016a)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Brachysporiella gayana
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream, waterfall),
submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Brazil, China, Thailand
Brachysporiella pulchra
Brachysporiella rhizoidea
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa
conferta (peat swamp)
Brazil
China, Thailand
Brachysporiella setosa
Taeniolella longissima
Taeniolella phialosperma
Lichenotheliales
Lichenotheliaceae
Endococcus rugulosus
Endococcus verrucisporus
Lichenotheliaceae
Endococcus rugulosus
Monoblastiales
Monoblastiaceae
Acrocordia cavata
Microthyriales
Microthyriales genera incertae sedis
Heliocephala elegans
Minutisphaerales
Acrogenosporaceae
Acrogenospora aquatica
Acrogenospora basalicellularispora
Acrogenospora ellipsoidea
Acrogenospora guttulatispora
Acrogenospora obovoidspora
Acrogenospora olivaceospora
Acrogenospora ovalis
Acrogenospora sphaerocephala
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged Scots pine test block (water-cooling tower)
Sediment
Brunei, China
UK
Korea
Goh and Hyde (1999), Pinnoi et al.
(2006), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Pinruan et al. (2007), Tsui et al. (2001b),
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Ranghoo et al.
(1999), Tsui et al. (2001b)
Ho et al. (2001)
Jones et al. (2002)
Goh et al. (2021a)
Stream and lake margin
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Europe
Orange (2002)
Orange (2002)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall),
bamboo, leaves (stream), decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat
swamp), submerged Phragmites (river)
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
Brazil, Brunei, China, Philippines,
Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand,
USA, UK
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Bao et al. (2020)
Bao et al. (2020)
Hu et al. (2010a)
Bao et al. (2020)
Bao et al. (2020)
Bao et al. (2020)
Goh et al. (1998c)
Lamore and Goos (1978), Shearer and
Crane (1986), Hyde and Goh (1998c),
Goh and Hyde (1999), Sivichai et al.
(2000b), Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al.
(2003a), Barbosa et al. (2013b), Hyde
et al. (2019)
Bao et al. (2020)
Acrogenospora submersa
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Acrogenospora subprolata
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
China
Acrogenospora thailandica
Acrogenospora verrucispora
Acrogenospora yunnanensis
Minutisphaeraceae
Minutisphaera aquaticum
Minutisphaera aspera
Minutisphaera fimbriatispora
Minutisphaera japonica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
China
Goh et al. (1998c), Tsui et al. (2001d),
Bao et al. (2020)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Bao et al. (2020)
Bao et al. (2020)
Submerged decorticated wood river)
Submerged decorticated wood (stream)
Submerged decorticated wood (pond)
Submerged decorticated Fraxinus excelsior, Salix sp.
(brook)
Submerged decorticated wood (swamp)
Thailand
USA
USA
Japan, France
Bao et al. (2019a)
Raja et al. (2015)
Ferrer et al. (2011), Raja et al. (2013b)
Raja et al. (2013b, 2015)
USA
Raja et al. (2015)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged corticated wood (swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged corticated wood (swamp)
Peru
Ecuador
Costa Rica, Peru
Ecuador
Raja et al. (2012b), Shearer et al. (2015)
Ferrer et al. (2011)
Ferrer et al. (2011), Shearer et al. (2015)
Ferrer et al. (2011)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Egypt
Thailand
Zhang et al. (2012a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Thailand
Thailand
Dong et al. (2020b)
Bao et al. (2019b)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
China
China
Hyde et al. (2019)
Hyde et al. (2019), Dong et al. (2020b)
Minutisphaera parafimbriatispora
Monoblastiales
Monoblastiaceae
Acrocordia cavata
Natipusillales
Natipusillaceae
Natipusilla bellaspora
Natipusilla decorospora
Natipusilla limonensis
Natipusilla naponensis
Pleosporales
Acrocalymmaceae
Acrocalymma aquaticum
Acrocalymma bipolare
Acrocalymma medicaginis
Aigialaceae
Fissuroma neoaggregatum
Neoastrosphaeriella aquatica
Amniculicolaceae
Amniculicola aquatica
Amniculicola guttulata
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Amniculicola longissima
Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Repub- Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni
Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseu(1953), Hudson and Ingold (1960)ngold
lic, France, Germany, India, Ireland,
doplatanus, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus
(1960, Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960),
Jamaica, Nigeria, Poland, UK, USA,
sylvatica, Ulmus sp.) (stream), foam (stream, spring, river,
Petersen (1962), Crane (1968), AlasoaVenezuela
lake), submerged decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus
dura (1968a), Iqbal and Webster (1973),
spp., Betula glandulosa, Alnus tenuifolia, A. glutinosa
Abdullah and Webster (1980), Bär(stream, river), water (river, stream), scum (stream),
locher (1987), Czeczuga et al. (1990),
sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree
Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
canopies and palm species
Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000),
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits
et al. (2007), Baschien et al. (2008),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep
and Sridhar (2012), Fiuza and Gusmão
(2013a)
Submerged Salix sp. wood
Denmark
Zhang et al. (2009a)
Partly submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior
France
Zhang et al. (2008b)
Submerged wood of Alnus glutinosa
France
Zhang et al. (2009a)
Austria, Brazil. Canada, Czech Repub- Ingold (1958a), Dixon (1959), Hudson
Scum (stream), foam (stream, river), submerged decaying
and Ingold (1960), Baxter (1960),
lic, France, Germany, India, Ireland,
leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. tenuifolia Salix spp., Populus
Ingold (1960), Petersen (1962), AnastaJapan, Jamaica, Poland, Portugal,
spp., Betula glandulosa (stream), sediment (dam), stemsiou (1964), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner
Slovakia, UK, USA Venezuela
flow and throughfall of tree canopies, water (river, stream)
et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher
(1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and
Kaveriappa (2003), Belliveau and
Bärlocher (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka
(2007), Smits et al. (2007), Baschien
et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius
et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012),
Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Raposeiro
et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018),
Johnston and Baschien 2020)
Submerge decayed leaves of Poaceae (river), foam (river)
Ireland, UK
Iqbal (1972a), Harrington (1997)
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Marvanová
Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves (stream), water
Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada,
(2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
(river, stream)
Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain¸ USA,
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005), Smits
Venezuela
et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al.
(2009), Duarte et al. (2012), Pietryczuk
et al. (2018)
Amniculicola immersa
Amniculicola lignicola
Amniculicola parva
Anguillospora crassa
Anguillospora curvula
Anguillospora filiformis
Distribution
References
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Anguillospora furtiva
Foam (stream, river)
Austria, Ireland, Slovakia, UK
Anguillospora gigantea
Cuba, Poland, USA
Anguillospora mediocris
Water (river, spring), decaying unidentified leaves (spring),
submerged decaying leaves of Populus sp. (irrigation
ditch)
Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Hungary
Anguillospora pseudolongissima
Submerged decaying leaves of Salix (rivulet), foam (river)
Brazil, USA
Anguillospora pulchella
Anguillospora rosea
Foam
Foam (stream, river, waterfalls), apothecium of Orbilia on
submerged branch of tree, submerged decorticated twigs
USA
Austria, Ireland, UK
Anguillospora rubescens
Anguillospora virginiana
Fouskomenomyces cupreorufescens
Submerged decaying grass blades (river)
Foam
Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (oligotropic
peat bog)
Submerged decaying plant debris
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying plant debris
Submerged decaying plant debris
Submerged decaying plant debris
Submerged dead herbaceous stem (Dipsacus?)
Belarus
USA
Austria
Submerged culm of Phragmites and stems of Typha latifolia Denmark, Pakistan, USA
(lake), submerged decaying branches
Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000),
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Baschien et al. (2008)
Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962),
Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Gönczöl and Marvanová (2002), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005)
Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962), Fiuza
and Gusmão (2013a)
Parker and Roane (1976)
Harrington (1997), Descals et al. (1998),
Marvanová (2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005)
Gulis and Marvanová (1999)
Parker and Roane (1976)
Voglmayr (2004), Magaña-Dueñas et al.
(2020)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020)
Bao et al. (2019d)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Bao et al. (2019d)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2020)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991), Zhang
et al. (2012b)
Fallah and Shearer (2001), Zhang et al.
(2009b), Tanaka et al. (2010)
Submerged bamboo stem
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
Liu et al. (2015a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Japan
Thailand
Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
Zhang et al. (2012a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa
conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Thailand
Dong et al. (2020b)
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007)
Fouskomenomyces mimiticus
Murispora aquatica
Murispora cicognanii
Murispora fagicola
Murispora fissilispora
Murispora asexualis
Murispora navicularispora
Murispora rubicunda
Neomassariosphaeria typhicola
13
Anteagloniaceae
Flammeascoma bambusae
Purpureofaciens aquatica
Aquasubmersaceae
Aquasubmersa japonica
Aquasubmersa mircensis
Astrosphaeriellaceae
Aquatospora cylindrica
Astrosphaeriella angustispora
Spain
China
China
China
Spain
Spain
Spain
Austria, France
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Astrosphaeriella aquatica
Submerged rachides of Livistona (river), submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Licuala longicalycata (peat
swamp)
Submerged roots of Iriartea (stream)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata and Metroxylon sagu (peat
swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river)
Papua New Guinea, Ecuador, Thailand
Hyde (1994a), Hyde and Fröhlich (1998),
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Ecuador
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Hyde and Fröhlich (1998)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Thailand
Australia
Papua New Guinea, Philippines
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006)
Hyde and Fröhlich (1998), Cai et al.
(2003a)
Hyde and Goh (1998c)
Tsui et al. (2001f), Wong and Hyde
(2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al.
(2004), Shearer et al. (2007), Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Ren et al. (2013)
Ariyawansa et al. (2015), Dong et al.
(2020b)
Hyde et al. (1998a), Goh and Hyde
(1999), Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004)
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Cai et al. (2002b), Hu et al. (2013a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Cai et al. (2003a), Pinruan et al. (2014)
Astrosphaeriella exorrhiza
Astrosphaeriella floridana
Astrosphaeriella frondicola
Astrosphaeriella lophiostomopsis
Astrosphaeriella malayensis
Astrosphaeriella maquilingiana
Astrosphaeriella papuana
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, river, stream,
waterfall), decaying culms of Thysanolaena maxima
Seychelles
China, Philippines, Thailand
Astrosphaeriella thailandensis
Caryospora aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, waterfall)
Thailand
China, Thailand
Caryospora minima
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, stream,
reservoir)
China, Philippines, South Africa
Caryospora obclavata
Caryospora quercus
Caryospora submersa
Pithomyces elaeidicola
Pithomyces flavus
Pithomyces niger
Pithomyces obscuriseptatus
Xenoastrosphaeriella tornata
Submerged decorticated woody debris
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Rainwater from building roofs
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river), decaying
Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
USA
Thailand
Thailand
Brazil
China
Brazil
Poland
Philippines, Thailand
Australia, China, South Africa
Tsui et al. (2000), Cai et al. (2002b),
Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Rainwater from building roofs
Mexico
Poland
Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2004)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Xenoastrosphaeriella trochus
Bambusicolaceae
Bambusicola aquatica
Corynesporascaceae
Corynespora aquatica
Corynespora cubensis
Fungal Diversity
Astrosphaeriella seychellensis
Astrosphaeriella stellata
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Corynespora lignicola
Corynespora submersa
Cucurbitariaceae
Neocucurbitaria aquadulcis
Neocucurbitaria variabilis
Cyclothyriellaceae
Massariosphaeria scirpina
Massariosphaeria websteri
Delitschiaceae
Delitschia bispora
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
China
Hyde et al. (2020a)
Hyde et al. (2020a)
Submerged plant debris
Submerged plant debris
Spain
Spain
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Typha leaves
Submerged decaying culms of cf. Phragmites karka
USA
Pakistan
Cavaliere (1975)
Tanaka et al. (2010)
Water-cooling towers
UK
Delitschia fasciatispora
Delitschia palmietensis
Dictyosporiaceae
Aquadictyospora lignicola
Aquaticheirospora lignicola
Cheirosporium triseriale
Cheirosporium vesiculare
Dendryphiella vinosa
Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis
Dictyocheirospora aquatica
Dictyocheirospora garethjonesii
Dictyocheirospora gigantica
Submerged branch (river)
Submerged bark (river)
Mauritius
Mauritius
Eaton and Jones (1970, 1971b), Eaton
(1972)
Hyde and Steinke (1996)
Hyde and Steinke (1996)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., submerged test block of
Anisoptera oblonga) (river, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
China
Thailand
China
Egypt
Thailand
Thailand
China
China
South Africa, Thailand
Li et al. (2017)
Kodsueb et al. (2007)
Cai et al. (2008)
Abdel-Aziz (2016a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Wang et al. (2016)
Wang et al. (2016)
Goh et al. (1999)
China, Philippines
Thailand
China
China, Thailand
China
Thailand
China, Thailand
Brunei, Thailand
Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004)
Yang et al. (2018b)
Luo et al. (2004)
Boonmee et al. (2016), Wang et al.
(2016), Dong et al. (2020b)
Cai et al. (2003b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Boonmee et al. (2016), Fu et al. (2021)
Ho et al. (2001), Pinruan et al. (2014)
Egypt
China
China
Liu et al. (2015a)
Hu et al. (2010a)
Goh et al. (1999)
Dictyocheirospora heptaspora
Dictyocheirospora indica
Dictyocheirospora musae
Dictyocheirospora rotunda
Dictyocheirospora tetraploides
Dictyocheirospora thailandica
Dictyocheirospora vinaya
Dictyosporium alatum
13
Dictyosporium aquaticum
Dictyosporium biseriale
Dictyosporium brahmaswaroopii
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream), decaying Metroxylon
sagu (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying date palm (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Dictyosporium canisporum
Dictyosporium digitatum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Anisoptera oblonga, Dipterocarpus alatus, Machilus velutina, Pinus massoniana,
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (reservoir, river, stream)
and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream), submerged
test blocks of Anisoptera oblonga, Dipterocarpus alatus,
Machilus velutina, Pinus massoniana (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test
block) (stream)
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Submerged decaying fronds of Phoenix dactylifera (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test
block) (river, stream, waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Machilus velutina, Pinus
massonaina wood baits) (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying stem (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged bamboo culms (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged stems of Typha latifolia (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, Thailand
Cai et al. (2003b)
Goh et al. (1999), Goh and Hyde (1999)
Tsui et al. (2000), Tsui et al. (2001e),
Sivichai et al. (2002)
Brazil, China, Thailand
Ho et al. (2001), Sivichai et al. (2002),
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
China
China
China, Thailand
Brunei, China
Cai et al. (2003c), Luo et al. (2004)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Goh et al. (1999), Sivichai et al. (2002),
Yang et al. (2018a)
Boonmee et al. (2016)
Abdel-Aziz (2016a)
Shearer (1972)
Luo et al. (2004)
Crous et al. (2011)
Sivichai et al. (2002), Kurniawati et al.
(2010)
Goh et al. (1999)
China
Thailand
Thailand
Buenos Aires
Thailand
China
China
Philippines
China
China
China
China
China
UK
China
China
Cai and Hyde (2007a)
Liu et al. (2015a)
Yang et al. (2018b)
Arambarri (2001)
Yang et al. (2018b)
Cai et al. (2003c)
Wongsawas et al. (2009b)
Cai et al. (2002c)
Cai et al. (2003b)
Ho et al. (1999a)
Fu et al. (2021)
Fu et al. (2021)
Boonmee et al. (2016)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Li et al. (2017)
Boonmee et al. (2016)
Dictyosporium elegans
Dictyosporium lakefuxianense
Dictyosporium muriformis
Dictyosporium nigroapice
Dictyosporium olivaceosporum
Dictyosporium palmae
Dictyosporium pelagicum
Dictyosporium polystichum
Dictyosporium stellatum
Dictyosporium subramanianii
Dictyosporium tetraseriale
Dictyosporium tetrasporum
Dictyosporium thailandicum
Dictyosporium tratense
Dictyosporium triramosum
Dictyosporium tubulatum
Dictyosporium yunnanense
Dictyosporium zhejiangense
Digitodesmium bambusicola
Digitodesmium heptasporum
Digitodesmium recurvum
Jalapriya apicalivaginatum
Jalapriya aquatica
Jalapriya pulchra
Pseudocoleophoma typhicola
Pseudodictyosporium wauense
Vikalpa lignicola
Didymellaceae
Japan
Egypt
USA
China
Ontario
Thailand
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Calophoma complanata
Didymella castillejae
Didymella glacialis
Didymella hellebori
Microsphaeropsis olivacea
Nothophoma spiraeae
Didymosphaeriaceae
Didymosphaeria bisphaerica
Didymosphaeria pittospora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Carex rostrata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged plant litter
China
Malaysia
Austria
Malaysia
Brunei
Korea
Ho et al. (2001)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Hyde (2007)
Ho et al. (2001)
Goh et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged beech test blocks in storage tank and water in
cooling tower
Typha leaves
Senescent culms of Schoenoplectus litoralis
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged, partially decomposed grass stem
Thailand
India
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Udaiyan and Hosagoudar (1991)
UK
China
USA
USA
Pugh and Mulder (1971)
Wong et al. (2000)
Shearer (1972)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Foam (lake, spring, stream, river), submerged decaying
leaves of Alnus sp. (stream), stemflow and throughfall of
tree canopies
Austria, Brazil, Canada, India, Spain,
Switzerland, USA, Venezuela
Submerged decaying leaves of Prunus and unidentified
angiosperm leaves, foam (stream, lake, spring, river)
Foam (stream), submerged decaying wood and
leaves(stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
USA
Ingold (1949), Anastasiou (1964), Crane
(1968), Bärlocher (1987), Marvanová
(2000), Smits et al. (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al. (2012)
Petersen (1962), Crane (1968)
Canada
USA
Iqbal (1972a), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar
and Bärlocher (1993)
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993)
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a)
Submerged decaying stream (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
Dong et al. (2020b)
Tibpromma et al. (2017)
Sumerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying branch of Populus sp. (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
France
China
Calabon et al. (2021b)
Su et al. (2016b)
Crous et al. (2018)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti
Paraconiothyrium fuckelii
Pseudotrichia allequashensis
Dothidotthiaceae
Mycocentrospora acerina
Mycocentrospora angulata
Mycocentrospora aquatica
13
Mycocentrospora clavata
Mycocentrospora varians
Hermatomycetaceae
Hermatomyces sphaericus
Latoruaceae
Pseudoasteromassaria aquatica
Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea
Lentitheciaceae
Halobyssothecium bambusicola
Halobyssothecium cangshanense
Halobyssothecium carbonneanum
Halobyssothecium kunmingense
Canada, UK
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Halobyssothecium obiones
Phragmites australis culms and stems, Typha leaves (river,
swamps)
UK, USA
Halobyssothecium unicellulare
Keissleriella linearis
Lentithecium clioninum
Lentithecium pseudoclioninum
Poaceascoma aquaticum
Setoseptoria arundinacea
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged dead stems of Phragmites sp. (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged twigs of woody plant (pond)
Submerged decaying bamboo (stream)
Submerged decaying wood, submerged stems of Phragmites
sp. (lake)
Submerged dead herbaceous stems (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged culms of Phragmites australis and P. japonica
(river)
Egypt
France
Japan
Japan
Thailand
China, Denmark, UK
Pugh and Mulder (1971), Apinis et al.
(1972a), Taligoola et al. (1972), Shearer
and Crane (1986)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Zhang et al. (2009c)
Tanaka et al. (2005b)
Tanaka et al. (2015)
Luo et al. (2016a)
Apinis et al. (1972a), Luo et al. (2004),
Zhang et al. (2009c)
Tanaka et al. (2004)
Xu et al. (2020)
Xu et al. (2020)
Hirayama et al. (2010)
Scirpus, Typha (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river), Phragmites australis
stems and leaves
USA
USA, UK
Phragmites australis culms
Phragmites australis leaves
Typha leaves
Juncus filiformis (lake)
UK
UK
UK
Austria
Cavaliere (1975)
Lamore and Goos (1978), Dudka (1963),
Apinis et al. (1972b), Taligoola et al.
(1972), Lamore and Goos (1978)
Apinis et al. (1972a)
Apinis et al. (1972b)
Pugh and Mulder (1971)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
China
USA
Dong et al. (2020b)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Arundellina typhae
Clohesyomyces aquaticus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged, partially decomposed stems of Typha latifolia
and unidentified grass stem (lake)
Submerged dead stem of Typha sp. (river)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream)
UK
Australia, China, Thailand
Hongkongmyces aquaticus
Hongkongmyces brunneisporus
Hongkongmyces pedis
Hongkongmyces snookiorum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, lake)
Freshwater (river)
Submerged detritus (fen)
Thailand
China
Korea
Korea, USA
Lindgomyces angustiascus
Lindgomyces apiculatus
Submerged decorticated wood (lake)
Submerged twigs of woody plant (pond)
USA
Japan
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Hyde (1993a), Cai et al. 2006, Zhang
et al. (2012a), Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Bao et al. (2021b)
Pangging et al. (2021b)
Crous et al. (2018), Pangging et al.
(2021b)
Raja et al. (2013a)
Raja et al. (2011)
Setoseptoria magniarundinacea
Tingoldiago clavata
Tingoldiago hydei
Tingoldiago graminicola
Leptosphaeriaceae
Leptosphaeria acuta
Leptosphaeria albopunctata
Leptosphaeria culmifraga
Leptosphaeria eustomoides
Leptosphaeria modesta
Leptosphaeria sepalorum
Lindgomycetaceae
Aquimassariosphaeria kunmingensis
Aquimassariosphaeria typhicola
Japan
Thailand
Thailand
Japan, UK
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Lindgomyces aquaticus
Lindgomyces breviappendiculatus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Thailand
Japan
Lindgomyces carolinensis
Lindgomyces cigarosporus
Lindgomyces cinctosporus
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood of Salix sp. and branchlet of
Fagus sylvatica (brook, stream)
Submerged wood and twig of Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus
excelsior, Rhamnus cathartica, Frangula alnus, Salix sp.,
and submerged dead root of Platanus sp. (stream)
Submerged woody debris (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus,
Platanus sp., Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (reservoir,
stream), submerged herbaceous stem (Scirpus brevicaudatus, S. validus, S. atrovirens, Typha latifolia) (lake)
USA
USA
France, Spain, USA
Dong et al. (2020b)
Tanaka et al. (2005b), Hirayama et al.
(2010)
Raja et al. (2017)
Raja et al. (2017)
Hirayama et al. (2010), Zhang et al.
(2014d)
Zhang et al. (2014d)
Lindgomyces lemonweirensis
Lindgomyces madisonensis
Lindgomyces okinawaensis
Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis
Lindgomyces rotundatus
Lolia aquatica
Submerged, decorticated wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (creek)
Submerged dead twigs (river)
Submerged dead twigs of woody plant (river)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Salix sp.) (pond, river)
Decayed stem of Phragmites australis (irrigation canal)
USA
USA
Japan
Japan
Japan, USA
Egypt
Lolia dictyospora
Neolindgomyces submersus
Longipedicellataceae
Longipedicellata aptrootii
Submerged decayed rachis of Phoenix dactylifera (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Egypt
Australia
Lindgomyces griseosporus
Lindgomyces ingoldianus
France, Spain
Australia, Brunei, China, France, Japan,
Malaysia, Thailand, USA
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream, river) China, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand
13
Longipedicellata aquatica
Pseudoxylomyces aquaticus
Pseudoxylomyces elegans
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks), twigs, bark
Thailand
Thailand
Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan,
Seychelles, Thailand, USA
Submersispora variabilis
Lophiostomataceae
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Shearer and Hyde (1997), Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000), Sivichai
et al. (2002), Hirayama et al. (2010),
Goh and Hyde (1999) Fallah and
Shearer (2001), Zhang et al. (2014d)
Raja et al. (2011)
Crous et al. (2015)
Li et al. (2016)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Hirayama et al. (2010)
Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab (2010),
Abdel-Aziz (2016c)
Abdel-Aziz (2016c)
Hyde and Goh (1999b)
Hyde and Wong (1999a), Cai et al.
(2003a), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Zhang
et al. (2016), Dong et al. (2020b), Goh
and Hyde (1999)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Goh et al. (1997a), Sivichai et al. (2000b,
2002), Tsui and Hyde (2004), Raja et al.
(2007), Barbosa and Gusmão (2011),
Patil and Borse (2015), Tanaka et al.
(2015), Dong et al. (2020b), Chethana
et al. (2021)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Biappendiculispora japonica
Crassiclypeus aquaticus
Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata
Flabellascoma aquaticum
Lentistoma aquaticum
Lentistoma bipolare
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, reservoir, stream,
waterfall), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and
Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp)
China
Japan
China
China
Thailand
Australia, Brunei, China, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines Seychelles, South
Africa, Thailand, USA
Lophiostoma amphibium
Lophiostoma appendiculatum
Lophiostoma aquaticum
Equisetum fluviatile, Carex rostrata, C. nigra
Submerged Salix wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Austria
USSR
Brunei, Malaysia, South Africa. UK
Lophiostoma frondisubmersum
New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand,
USA
Lophiostoma lunisporum
Lophiostoma maquilingense
Lophiostoma proprietunicatum
Lophiostoma purpurascens
Submerged rachides of Livistona, submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp),
submerged decaying wood (stream, river, waterfall) and
bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Bao et al. (2019c)
Hashimoto et al. (2018)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Bao et al. (2019c)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Hyde (1995a,b), Hyde and Aptroot
(1998a), Hyde and Goh (1998c), Goh
and Hyde (1999) Sivichai et al. (2000b),
Tsui et al. (2000), Ho et al. (2001,
2002), Sivichai et al. (2002), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Pinruan
et al. (2007, 2014), Raja et al. (2009b),
Hashimoto et al. (2018)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Dudka (1963)
Webster (1965), Hyde and Aptroot
(1998a), Hyde et al. (1998a), Ho et al.
(2001)
Hyde (1994a), Cai et al. (2003a), Pinnoi
et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), Raja
et al. (2009b), Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Neotrematosphaeria biappendiculata
Neovaginatispora fuckelii
Sigarispora arundinis
Sigarispora clavata
Vaginatispora aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Phragmites australis
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Japan
China
USSR
China
Australia, China, Thailand
Vaginatispora armatispora
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Thailand
Lophiotremataceae
Lophiotrema culmifragum
Lophiotrema rubi
Massarinaceae
Schoenoplectus lacustri
Submerged, partially decomposed wood (lake)
USSR
USA
Australia
Philippines
China
Australia, China, New Guinea
Hyde and Goh (1998a)
Hyde and Aptroot (1998a)
Tsui et al. (1999b), Luo et al. (2004)
Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al.
(2000)
Tanaka et al. (2005a)
Bao et al. (2019c)
Dudka (1963)
Bao et al. (2019c)
Hyde (1995c), Tsui et al. (2000), Zhang
et al. (2014a)
Hu et al. (2010b), Bao et al. (2019c),
Hyde et al. (2019)
Fungal Diversity
Dudka (1963)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
13
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Byssothecium circinans
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Hungary
Byssothecium flumineum
Helminthosporium aquaticum
Helminthosporium velutinum
Massarina australiensis
Massarina eburnea
Melanommataceae
Bertiella ellipsoidea
Byssosphaeria schiedermayeriana
Byssosphaeria siamensis
Camposporium appendiculatum
Camposporium antennatum
Twigs of Prunus serotina (creek)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (waterfalls)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
USA
China
China
Australia
USA
Révay and Gönczöl (1990), Gönczöl and
Revay (1993)
Crane et al. (1992)
Zhu et al. (2016)
Zhu et al. (2016)
Hyde (1992a)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Foam (stream), water (stream)
Thailand
Seychelles
Thailand
China
Hungary, Venezuela
Camposporium cambrense
Camposporium dulciaquae
Camposporium fusisporum
Camposporium hyalinum
Camposporium marylandicum
Camposporium multiseptatum
Camposporium pellucidum
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged cupules of Fagus sylvatica (stagnant water)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, reservoir), foam
(stream), water-filled treeholes
Thailand
Thailand
Philippines
UK
USA
China
Austria, Brazil, China, Hungary, India,
Ireland, UK, Venezuela
Camposporium quercicola
Camposporium septatum
Herpotrichia dalisayi
Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Philippines
Thailand
Philippines
Australia, Brunei, Malaysia
Melanomma australiense
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia
Phragmocephala atra
Phragmocephala garethjonesii
Phragmocephala glanduliformis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Water-filled treeholes
China
China
Hungary
Hyde et al. (2018)
Hyde and Goh (1998c)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003),
Smits et al. (2007)
Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Calabon et al. (2021a)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Abdullah (1980)
Shearer (1974)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Ingold (1975), Gönczöl (1976b), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Voglmayr
(1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl
and Révay (2003), Rajashekhar and
Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Hyde
et al. (2020b)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Hyde and Aptroot (1998b)
Bareen and Iqbal (1994), Hyde et al.
(1996b), Ho et al. (2001), Vijaykrishna
and Hyde (2006), Hyde (2007)
Hyde and Goh (1999b), Vijaykrishna and
Hyde (2006)
Su et al. (2015)
Su et al. (2015)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Tumularia aquatica
Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves of broad- Austria, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Czech
Republic, France, India, Poland, UK,
leaved trees and shrubs, water (river), submerged leaf litter
USA
of Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Tumularia tuberculata
Foam (stream), submerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Alnus
sp., Quercus, and Fagus sylvatica, stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, water (stream)
Austria, Canada, France, Hungary,
India, Spain
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall),
bamboo (river), twigs
Thailand
Australia, Brunei, China, Martinique,
Peru, Japan, Philippines, Thailand
Twig (waterfall)
Canada
Morosphaeriaceae
Aquihelicascus songkhlaensis
Aquihelicascus thalassioideus
Aquihelicascus yunnanensis
Neohelicascus aquaticus
Neohelicascus chiangraiensis
Neohelicascus egyptiacus
Neohelicascus elaterascus
Neohelicascus gallicus
Neohelicascus submersus
Neohelicascus unilocularis
Neohelicascus uniseptatus
Mycoporaceae
Mycoporum antecellens
Neopyrenochaetaceae
Distribution
References
Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953),
Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Iqbal
and Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987),
Marvanová and Descals (1987), Sridhar
and Kaveriappa (1992), Gessner et al.
(1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová
(2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Gönczöl (1976a), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová (2000),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al.
(2014)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Hyde and Aptroot (1998a), Tsui et al.
(2000), Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004) Kurniawati
et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2013a),
Tanaka et al. (2015), Shearer et al.
(2015), Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (pond, stream)
China, Japan, Thailand
Zhang et al. (2013a), Tanaka et al. (2015),
Zeng et al. (2018), Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Thailand
Luo et al. (2016c)
Submerged decaying dicotyledonous wood (river)
Egypt
Zhang et al. (2013a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and bamboo
Brunei, Chile, China, Japan, Peru, Phil- Shearer (1993b), Hyde et al. (1998a), Goh
and Hyde (1999), Tsui et al. (2000), Ho
(river), twigs (lake)
ippines, South Africa, Thailand, USA
et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a), Luo
et al. (2004), Raja et al. (2009b), Tanaka
et al. (2015), Shearer et al. (2015), Hyde
et al. (2020a), Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged wood of Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Rob- France
Zhang et al. (2014c)
inia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix sp. (brook)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Martinique
Zhang et al. (2014c), Zhang et al. (2015)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Luo et al. (2016c)
Björk et al. (2009)
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Neopyrenochaeta asexualis
Neopyrenochaeta glabra
Neopyrenochaeta submersa
Pyrenochaetopsidaceae
Pyrenochaetopsis aquatica
Nigrogranaceae
Nigrograna aquatica
Nigrograna cangshanensis
Occultibambusaceae
Brunneofusispora hyalina
Occultibambusa aquatica
Occultibambusa kunmingensis
Occultibambusa pustula
Seriascoma didymosporum
Parabambusicolaceae
Aquastroma magniostiolatum
Parabambusicola aquatica
Paramonodictys solitarius
Periconiaceae
Periconia aquatica
Periconia byssoides
Periconia cookei
Periconia digitata
Periconia minutissima
Submerged plant debris
Submerged plant debris
Submerged plant debris
Spain
Spain
Spain
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Submerged plant debris
Spain
Magaña-Dueñas et al. (2021)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Tibpromma et al. (2017)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying bamboo (waterfall)
Submerged decaying bamboo (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
China
China
China
Calabon et al. (2021a)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (pond, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Japan, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Tanaka et al. (2015), Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
China
USA, China
China
China
Brazil, China, Philippines
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Dead culms of Phragmites australis, submerged stems of
unidentified herbaceous plant (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Japan
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Shearer (1972), Luo et al. (2004)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Luo et al. (2004)
Cai et al. (2002b), Cai et al. (2003a) Luo
et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b),
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Tanaka et al. (2015)
China
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Submerged branch of Robinia pseudoacacia, driftwood of
Salix sp
Submerged decaying wood
France
Zhang et al. (2013b)
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Nature Reserve
Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile
Ukraine, UK
Austria
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Periconia pseudobyssoides
Periconia pseudodigitata
Periconia submersa
Phaeoseptaceae
Phaeoseptum aquaticum
13
Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum
Phaeosphaeriaceae
Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae
Juncaceicola alpina
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Leptospora rubella
Ophiobolus typhae
Ophiosphaerella herpotricha
Phaeosphaeria caricis
Phaeosphaeria caricinella
UK
UK
UK
USA
Austria
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Ingold (1951)
Pugh and Mulder (1971)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Phaeosphaeria culmorum
Phaeosphaeria eustoma
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying leaves of Typha latifolia
Typha sheath
Submerged decaying grass (lake)
Carex rostrata, C. paupercula subspec. irrigua, Juncus
filiformis
Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Glyceria fluitans
Submerged decaying wood (river), Typha leaves, Scirpus
Austria
UK, USA
Phaeosphaeria halima
Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides
Phragmites australis stem
Submerged beech wood, Carex rostrata
UK
Austria, UK
Phaeosphaeria juncicola
Phaeosphaeria licatensis
Phaeosphaeria microscopica
Scirpus, Typha
Typha leaves
Phragmites australis leaves and steam
USA
UK
UK
Phaeosphaeria sowerbyi
Phaeosphaeria vilasensis
Pleomassariaceae
Beverwykella cerebriformis
Beverwykella clathrata
Typha leaves
Submerged decaying Juncus stem (lake)
USA
USA
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Eaton and Jones (1971a), Pugh and
Mulder (1971), Cavaliere 1975)
Taligoola et al. (1972)
Eaton and Jones (1971b), Magnes and
Hafellner (1991)
Cavaliere (1975)
Pugh and Mulder (1971)
Apinis et al. (1972b), Taligoola et al.
(1972)
Cavaliere (1975)
Fallah et al. (1999b)
Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Pinus serotina and evergreen
broad-leaved shrubs (puddles), Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Decaying leaves (tin can filled with rainwater), rainwater
from building roofs, blackened leaf (pond), submerged
Fagus leaves (stream), water-filled treeholes
Malaysia
Brazil, USA
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988b)
Voglmayr and Delgado-Rodríguez (2003),
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland,
UK
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Hungary
van Beverwijk (1954), Abdullah and
Webster (1980), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997), Gönczöl and Révay
(2003)
Révay and Gönczöl (1990)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brunei, China
Ho et al. (2001), Bao et al. (2021a)
Water (river)
Scirpus, Typha (lake)
Submerged Typha leaves
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged leaf
Submerged decaying twig
Submerged decaying plant material
Poland
USA
UK
China
Brazil
Korea
Korea
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Cavaliere (1975)
Pugh and Mulder (1971)
Su et al. (2015)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Nam et al. (2020)
Nam et al. (2020)
Beverwykella pulmonaria
Splanchnonema britzelmayrianum
Pleomonodictydaceae
Pleomonodictys capensis
Pleosporaceae
Alternaria alternata
Clathrospora permunda
Comoclathris typhicola
Curvularia eragrostidis
Curvularia geniculata
Curvularia muehlenbeckiae
Curvularia pseudobrachyspora
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Curvularia verruculosa
Decorospora gaudefroyi
Platysporoides tirolensis
Pleospora hydrophila
Pleospora incerta
Pleospora palustris
Pleospora pelagica
Pleospora phaeospora
Pleospora scirpicola
China
UK
Austria
USSR
Austria
UK
China
Austria
UK, USA, USSR
Pleospora submersa
Stemphylium majusculum
Typhicola typharum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Carex rostrata (lake)
Salix wood
Carex rostrata
Scirpus maritimus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Equisetum fluviatile (lake)
Submerged decaying Scirpus validus stems (lake), Schoenoplectus lacustris stalks (la ke)
Submerged decaying Salix twigs
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying Typha latifolia stem and leaves (lake)
UK
Brunei
USA, UK
Su et al. (2015)
Webster and Lucas (1961)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Dudka (1963)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Webster and Lucas (1961)
Hu et al. (2013b)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Ingold (1955), Dudka (1963), Fallah and
Shearer (2001)
Webster and Lucas (1961)
Ho et al. (2001)
Webster (1955), Pugh and Mulder (1971),
Cavaliere (1975), Fallah and Shearer
(2001)
Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae
Carinispora nypae
Pseudoastrosphaeriella africana
Pseudoastrosphaeriella aquatica
Pseudoastrosphaeriella bambusae
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Dead bamboo stems (waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged dead branches of bamboo and wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Submerged dead branches of bamboo
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake), decaying
Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Thailand
Brunei, China, Philippines, Thailand
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Bao et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged, partially decomposed bark (lake)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
USA
Philippines
China
China
Dong et al. (2020b)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Submerged wood (water-cooling towers)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Endophytic in Acorus calamus (pond), mud (rice field),
sediment
UK
China
China, Korea
Eaton and Jones (1971b)
Luo et al. (2004)
Song et al. (2020), Goh et al. (2021a)
Pseudoastrosphaeriella longicolla
Pseudoastrosphaeriella papillata
13
Pseudoberkleasmiaceae
Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense
Roussoellaceae
Roussoella aquatica
Roussoella intermedia
Roussoella minutella
Neoroussoella bambusae
Neoroussoella leucaenae
Sporormiaceae
Sporormiella minima
Sporormiella minimoides
Westerdykella aquatica
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Phookamsak et al. (2015), Dong et al.
(2020b)
Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Hyde and Fröhlich (1998), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Pinruan et al.
(2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Westerdykella aurantiaca
Westerdykella dispersa
Westerdykella multispora
Westerdykella purpurea
Striatiguttulaceae
Longicorpus striatisporus
Teichosporaceae
Chaetomastia clavigera
Testudinaceae
Angustospora nilensis
Tetraplosphaeriaceae
Aquatisphaeria thailandica
Ernakulamia cochinensis
Sediment
Sediment
Beech wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Korea
Korea
UK
Thailand
Goh et al. (2021a)
Goh et al. (2021a)
Eaton (1972)
Chethana et al. (2021)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Thailand
Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Schoenoplectus lacustris
USSR
Dudka (1963)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Egypt
Li et al. (2016)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaf (stream)
Thailand
Brazil, Thailand
Shrungabeeja aquatica
Shrungabeeja vadirajensis
Tetraploa abortiva
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying leaf litter (river)
Thailand
Thailand
Argentina
Tetraploa aquatica
Tetraploa aristata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Decaying palm leaflets, submerged branches, roots of
Ctenanthe oppenheimiana and Stromanthe sanguinea,
stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged
decaying woods (stream, waterfall, river), foam (stream),
decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp)
China
Argentina, Brazil, China, Hungary,
India, Japan, Malaysia, Peru, Thailand
Tetraploa ellisii
Leaf lesions of Oryza sativa (river)
Peru
Tetraploa puzheheiensis
Tetraploa scheueri
Tetraploa thailandica
Tetraploa yunnanensis
Triplosphaeria acuta
Thyridariaceae
Thyridaria triseptata
Torulaceae
Dendryphion aquaticum
Dendryphion comosum
Submerged decaying wood (wetland)
Decaying leaves, Carex acutiformis
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (werland)
Submerged bamboo culms (stream)
China
UK
Thailand
China, Thailand
Japan
Li et al. (2021b)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015), Dong et al.
(2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi
(2003)
Li et al. (2020)
Révay (1993), Tsui et al. (2001d),
Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi
(2003), Hosoya et al. (2006), Hosoya
and Tanaka (2007), Karamchand and
Sridhar 2008, Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Pinruan et al. (2014)
Schoenlein-Crusius and Piccolo Grandi
(2003)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Scheuer (1991)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Tanaka et al. (2009)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
USA
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged leaves
China
Brazil
Su et al. (2016a)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
13
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Dendryphion fluminicola
Dendryphion nanum
Dendryphion submersum
Neotorula aquatica
Neotorula submersa
Rostriconidium aquaticum
Rostriconidium cangshanense
Rostriconidium pandanicola
Torula aquatica
Torula herbarum
Torula fici
Torula gaodangensis
Torula masonii
Trematosphaeriaceae
Falciformispora aquatica
Falciformispora lignatilis
Falciformispora uttaraditensis
Hadrospora fallax
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying twig (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
China
China, USA
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
Brazil, China
China
China
China
Su et al. (2018)
Su et al. (2016a)
Su et al. (2016a)
Su et al. (2016a)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Su et al. (2018)
Shen et al. (2021)
Shen et al. (2021)
Su et al. (2018)
Luo et al. (2004), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Su et al. (2018)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Su et al. (2018)
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying twigs (creek)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river)
Thailand
USA
Thailand
China, USA
Trematosphaeria callicarpa
Trematosphaeria confusa
Trematosphaeria hydrela
Trematosphaeria lineolatispora
Trematosphaeria pertusa
Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling tower)
China, Philippines, USA
Australia, Malaysia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
USA
Hungary, Japan, UK
Hyde et al. (2019)
Raja et al. (2009b)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Shearer and Crane (1971), Luo et al.
(2004
Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004)
Hyde (1995b), Ho et al. (2001)
Petrak (1925)
Raja et al. (2009b)
Eaton and Jones (1971b), Révay and
Gönczöl (1990), Kane et al. (2002),
Tanaka et al. (2015)
Submerged decorticated debris (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
USA
Thailand
Thailand
Raja et al. (2010b)
Calabon et al. (2020a)
Boonmee et al. (2019)
Submerged bamboo (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decorticated wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam and submerged decaying leaf litter (stream)
China
Thailand
USA
Thailand
Brazil
India
Cai and Hyde (2007b)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Shearer and Crane (1999)
Calabon et al. (2020c)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Wicklowiaceae
Wicklowia aquatica
Wicklowia phuketensis
Wicklowia submersa
Pleosporales genera incertae sedis
Ascorhombispora aquatica
Fusiformiseptata crocea
Isthmosporella pulchra
Mycoenterolobium aquadictyosporium
Mycoenterolobium platysporum
Scolecobasidium anellii
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Scolecobasidium dendroides
Scolecobasidium flagelliferum
Rebentischia unicaudata
Repetophragma fasciatum
Trypetheliales
Polycoccaceae
Polycoccum sp.
Trypetheliaceae
Arthopyrenia fallaciosa
Tubeufiales
Tubeufiaceae
Acanthohelicospora aurea
Acanthohelicospora guianensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Rainwater from building roofs
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brunei
Poland
USA
Brazil
Ho et al. (2001)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
River Watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, reservoir), stemflow
Thailand
China, India, Thailand
Acanthophiobolus helicosporus
Aquaphila albicans
Carex paniculata
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall),
bamboo (river)submerged rotting wood of angiosperm
Denmark
Australia, Brunei, China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Thailand
Berkleasmium aquaticum
Berkleasmium corticola
Berkleasmium guangxiense
Berkleasmium latisporum
Berkleasmium longisporum
Berkleasmium micronesiacum
China
Brazil, China
China
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Philippines
Malaysia
Thailand
Thailand
Cai et al. (2003a)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007)
Lu et al. (2017a)
Pinruan et al. (2007), (Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Berkleasmium zhejiangense
Boerlagiomyces grandisporus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Nenga pumila
(peat swamp)
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa
conferta (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015)
Munk (1957)
Goh et al. (1998b), Ho et al. (2001), Cai
et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Hyde et al. (2016b),
Dong et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2017a)
Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Lu et al. (2017a)
Lu et al. (2017a), Dong et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2014)
China
Philippines
Boerlagiomyces lacunosisporus
Boerlagiomyces websteri
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decorticated wood (river)
Wongsawas et al. (2009a)
Stanley and Hyde (1997), Cai et al.
(2003a)
Hyde (1992b)
Shearer and Crane (1995), Sivichai and
Boonyene (2004)
Berkleasmium monilicellulare
Berkleasmium moriforme
Berkleasmium thailandicum
Berkleasmium typhae
Australia
USA, Thailand
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Camporesiomyces vaccinii
Chlamydotubeufia chlamydospora
Chlamydotubeufia cylindrica
Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis
Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis
Dematiohelicoma perelegans
Dematiohelicomyces helicosporus
Dictyospora thailandica
Stemflow and throughfall of palm species
Submerged twig (creek)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
India
Panama
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Helicoarctatus aquaticus
Helicoarctatus thailandicus
Helicodochium amazonicum
Helicodochium aquaticum
Helicohyalinum aquaticum
Helicoma ambiens
Helicoma atroseptatum
Helicohyalinum infundibulum
Helicoma aquaticum
Helicoma gigasporum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata
(peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood, bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
Thailand
Thailand
Brazil
Thailand
Thailand
India
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
China. Thailand
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Shearer (1987)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Hyde et al. (2016b), Lu et al. (2018c)
Brahmanage et al. (2017), Lu et al.
(2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Yuan et al. (2020)
Monteiro et al. (2014c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Brahmanage et al. (2017)
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Tsui et al. (2001b), Pinruan et al. (2014)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decorticated wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood, stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies, foam (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
USA
Hungary
China
India, Thailand, Venezuela
Helicoma guttulatum
Helicoma hongkongense
Helicoma longisporum
Helicoma multiseptatum
Helicoma nematosporum
Helicoma pannosum
Helicoma resinae
Helicoma septoconstrictum
Helicomyces ambiguus
Helicomyces bellus
Helicomyces chiayiensis
Helicomyces colligatus
13
Helicomyces geniculatus
Helicomyces hyalosporus
Helicomyces macrofilamentosus
Philippines, Thailand
China, Thailand
Thailand
China
Thailand
Malaysia, Thailand
China
China
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Tsui et al. (2001b), Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lamore and Goos (1978)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Kuo and Goh (2018a)
Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Lu et al. (2018c)
Kuo and Goh (2018a)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Helicomyces roseus
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and Australia, Brazil, Brunei, China, India,
Malaysia, Thailand
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, stream, river, waterfall), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm
species, leaves (stream), foam (stream)
Helicomyces scandens
Helicomyces torquatus
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Submerged decaying wood (stream), twig, foam (stream),
stemflow and throughfall of palm species
India
Brunei, China, India, Malaysia,
Panama, Thailand, Venezuela
Helicosporium aquaticum
Helicosporium flavidum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (wood)
Submerged decaying wood (wood)
Stemflow and throughfall of palm species
Submerged decaying wood (wood)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
Hyde and Goh (1997), Ho et al. (2001,
2002), Sivichai et al. (2002), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Luo et al.
(2004), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Barbosa
et al. (2013b), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Lane and Shearer (1984), Ho et al.
(2001), Smits et al. (2007), Ghate and
Sridhar (2015), Lu et al. (2018c), Kuo
and Goh (2018b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Hsieh et al. (2021a)
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
India
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
China
China
China
Thailand
Thailand
China
China
China
China
China
Lu et al. (2018c)
Brahmanage et al. (2017)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Liu et al. (2018a)
Liu et al. (2018a)
Luo et al. (2017)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Luo et al. (2017)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Luo et al. (2017)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Hsieh et al. (2021a)
China
Thailand
Luo et al. (2017)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Helicosporium flavisporum
Helicosporium flavum
Helicosporium gracile
Helicosporium lumbricopsis
Helicosporium murinum
Helicosporium panachaeum
Helicosporium setiferum
Helicosporium thailandense
Helicosporium vesicarium
Helicotruncatum palmigenum
Helicotubeufia guangxiensis
Helicotubeufia jonesii
Muripulchra aquatica
Neochlamydotubeufia fusiformis
Neochlamydotubeufia khunkornensis
Neohelicomyces aquaticus
Neohelicomyces dehongensis
Neohelicomyces grandisporus
Neohelicomyces hyalosporus
Neohelicomyces longisetosus
Neohelicomyces submersus
Neohelicomyces thailandicus
Distribution
References
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
13
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Neohelicosporium acrogenisporum
Neohelicosporium aquaticum
Neohelicosporium astrictum
Neohelicosporium ellipsoideum
Neohelicosporium guangxiense
Neohelicosporium griseum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (wood, reservoir, river)
Thailand
China
Thailand
Thailand
China
Brunei, China, Malaysia, Thailand
Neohelicosporium hyalosporum
Neohelicosporium irregulare
Neohelicosporium krabiense
Neohelicosporium parvisporum
Neohelicosporium submersum
Neohelicosporium sympodiophorum
Neohelicosporium taiwanense
Neohelicosporium thailandicum
Neotubeufia krabiensis
Parahelicomyces talbotii
Parahelicomyces aquaticus
Parahelicomyces hyalosporus
Pseudohelicoon gigantisporum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)`
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream), water (river)
China
Thailand
Thailand
China
Thailand
China
China
Thailand
Thailand
China, Thailand
Thailand
China
Australia, Poland, Thailand
Pseudohelicoon subglobosum
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
Tubeufia abundata
Tubeufia aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Thailand
Thailand
China, Thailand
Tubeufia brevis
Tubeufia brunnea
Tubeufia cerea
Tubeufia chlamydospora
Tubeufia claspisphaeria
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam, submerged decaying leaf litter (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala
longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
India
Thailand
China, Thailand
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018a)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018a)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho et al. (2001),
Hyde (2007), Chuaseeharonnachai et al.
(2013)
Lu et al. (2018a)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018a)
Dong et al. (2020b)
Hsieh et al. (2021a)
Kuo and Goh (2018a)
Lu et al. (2018a)
Chaiwan et al. (2017)
Lu et al. (2018c), Hsieh et al. (2021a)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Luo et al. (2017)
Goh and Hyde (1996a), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Goh and Kuo (2018)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Luo et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c), Dong
et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Kodsueb et al. (2004), Pinnoi et al.
(2006), Pinruan et al. (2007)
Sivichai et al. (2002), Luo et al. (2017),
Lu et al. (2018c), Dong et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Tubeufia cylindrothecia
Tubeufia dictyospora
Tubeufia eccentrica
China, Thailand
Thailand
China
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Tubeufia fangchengensis
Tubeufia filiformis
Tubeufia geniculata
Tubeufia guangxiensis
Tubeufia hechiensis
Tubeufia hyalospora
Tubeufia inaequalis
Tubeufia krabiensis
Tubeufia latispora
Tubeufia laxispora
Tubeufia mackenziei
Tubeufia palmarum
Tubeufia parvispora
Tubeufia rubra
Tubeufia sympodihylospora
Tubeufia sympodilaxispora
Tubeufia sympodiophora
Tubeufia taiwanensis
Tubeufia tectonae
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Thailand
China
China
China
Thailand
China, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Brunei, Malaysia
Thailand
China
China
China
China
China
Thailand
Tubeufia tratensis
Tubeufia xylophila
Xenosporium africanum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Thailand
China
China
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2017b), Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Chaiwan et al. (2017), Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2017b)
Lu et al. (2017b), Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2017b)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Ho et al. (2002)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Hyde et al. (2016b), Lu et al. (2018c),
Dong et al. (2020b)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Lu et al. (2018c)
Kuo and Goh (2021)
China
Kuo and Goh (2021)
China
Kuo and Goh (2021)
Throughfall of palm species
Foam (stream, river), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies
India
India, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela
Phalangispora nawawii
Submerged decaying leaves (river), foam (stream)
India, Malaysia, Venezuela
Phalangispora sinensis
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
China
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Nawawi and Webster (1982a), Sridhar
and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al.
(2005), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Kuthubutheen (1987a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Smits et al. (2007)
Guo et al. (2019)
Xenosporium formosiforme
Xenosporium parvulum
Wiesneriomycetaceae
Phalangispora bharathensis
Phalangispora constricta
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Setosynnema isthmosporum
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Papua New Guinea, Thailand
Setosynnema limnetica
Setosynnema yunnanense
Speiropsis hyalospora
Submerged leaves (river)
India
Submerged decaying dicotyledonous leaves (river)
China
Submerged leaves of Coffea arabica (stream), foam (stream) India
Speiropsis pedatospora
Rainwater from building roofs, submerged leaves of Coffea
arabica (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies
Austria, India, Poland, Thailand
Speiropsis scopiformis
Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves (stream)
Brazil, Malaysia
Wiesneriomyces conjunctosporus
Wiesneriomyces laurinus
Submerged decaying wood
Malaysia
Rainwater from building roofs, submerged decaying Licuala Brazil, India, Malaysia, Poland, Thailand
longicalycata (peat swamp), submerged decaying leaves
(stream), foam (stream)
Shaw and Sutton (1985), Marvanová and
Hywel-Jones (2000)
Borse et al. (2019)
Bai et al. (2013)
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988, 1992),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988, 1992),
Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1987a),
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1988c)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003),
Pinruan et al. (2007), Barbosa et al.
(2013b), Pinruan et al. (2014), Hosoya
et al. (2019)
Venturiales
Venturiaceae
Magnohelicospora fuscospora
Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis
Argynnaceae
Lepidopterella palustris
Submerged decaying leaves and twigs of Salix (reservoir)
Ireland
Abdullah and Webster (1980)
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
USA
Lepidopterella tangerina
Submerged decaying wood (river)
USA
Shearer and Crane (1980), Raja et al.
(2009b)
Raja and Shearer (2008), Raja et al.
(2009b)
Pseudorobillardaceae
Pseudorobillarda phragmitis
Water (river), foam (rivulet, stream)
Austria, India, Poland
Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata
(peat swamp)
Thailand
Carex nigra, C. rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile, Eriophorum
angustifolium, Juncus filiformis (lake)
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Submerged petiole of Nymphaea odorata
USA
Raja et al. (2010c)
Pseudorobillarda sojae
Czeczuga et al. (1990), Voglmayr (1996),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Plaingam et al. (2005), Pinruan et al.
(2014)
Trichothyriaceae
Lichenopeltella nigroannulata
13
Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
Alascospora evergladensis
Fungal Diversity
Table 3 (continued)
13
Table 3 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Ascominuta lignicola
Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala
longicalycata and Nenga pumila (peat swamp)
China, Thailand
Ascominuta ovalispora
Bactrodesmium aquaticum
Bactrodesmium indicum
Bactrodesmium spilomeum
Clavariopsis aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river, reservoir)
Submerged beech test block (cooling tower)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Tilia cordata, Salix spp.,
Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia)
(stream), submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica
and Hevea brasiliensis (stream), foam (stream, rivulet,
river, spring, lake), water (river, stream), scum (stream),
sediment (dam), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Thailand
India
Clavariopsis azlanii
Submerged decaying leaves, foam (stream)
India, Malaysia, Venezuela
Clavariopsis brachycladia
Clavariopsis bulbosa
Gibbera myrtilli
Submerged leaf of Acer
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Vaccinium macrocarpon, V.
oxycoccus, Ledum groenlandicum (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Japan
India
USA
Ranghoo and Hyde (2000), Pinruan et al.
(2007), Hu et al. (2010b), Pinruan et al.
(2014)
Hu et al. (2010a)
Borse (2019)
Rao (1983)
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni
(1953), Hudson and Ingold (1960),
Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960), Crane
(1968), Iqbal and Webster (1973), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and Kaveriappa
(1988), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Gessner
et al. (1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher
(1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
Suberkropp (2003), Belliveau and
Bärlocher (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka
(2007), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar
and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and
Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al. (2012),
Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Nawawi (1987a), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Smits et al. (2007)
Tubaki (1957)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru
China
USA
USA
Thailand
Philippines
China, Thailand
Australia, China
Thailand
China
Ferrer et al. (2008), Shearer et al. (2015)
Ho et al. (2001)
Shearer (1972)
Schoknecht and Crane (1983)
Hu et al. (2010b)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Hu et al. (2010b)
Hyde and Goh (1998a)
Hu et al. (2010b)
Ho et al. (2001)
Lucidascocarpa pulchella
Monodictys abuensis
Monodictys castaneae
Monodictys cruciseptata
Monodictys fluctuata
Monodictys levis
Monodictys melanocephaloides
Monodictys pandani
Monodictys paradoxa
Monodictys peruviana
UK
Austria, Canada, Czech Republic,
France, India, Ireland, Japan, Poland,
Portugal, Spain, UK, USA, Venezuela
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Brazil, China, Hungary, South Africa
China
China
China
USA
Hungary
Australia
France
Denmark
UK, USA
Submerged decaying wood (stream), water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decorticated wood (lake)
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior (stream)
Submerged decaying leaf sheath (lake)
Submerged decaying wood and Phragmites australis culms
(lake, river)
Monodictys putredinis
Monodictys sessilis
Monodictys striata
Monodictys trichocladiopsis
Ocala scalariformis
Oncopodiella trigonella
Quintaria aquatica
Quintaria microspora
Wettsteinina moniliformis
Wettsteinina niesslii
Hyde et al. (1998a), Tsui et al. (2000,
2001d), Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Tsui et al. (2000, 2001d)
Tsui et al. (2000)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Raja et al. (2009a)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Hyde and Goh (1999b)
Zhang et al. (2008a)
Van Ryckegem and Aptroot (2001)
Ingold (1955), Apinis et al. (1972a), Taligoola et al. (1972), Shearer (1972)
Distribution
Substrate
Taxon
Table 3 (continued)
References
Fungal Diversity
information about the availability of sequence data of the
listed fungal species.
Some 260 freshwater Leotiomycetes are listed in Table 6,
but this figure is underestimated. Based on the results in
Table 6, Helotiales has the largest freshwater fungal members with 187 species across 12 families including Helotiales
genera incertae sedis. Few taxa under Lauriomycetales (3
species), Leotiales (5 species), Rhytismatales (4 species),
and Thelebolales (2 species) are reported in freshwater habitats. Forty-four species are members of Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis while 15 species are under Leotiomycetes
genera incertae sedis. Based on the current revisions of the
Leotiomycetes (Wijayawardene et al. 2020), many species
of freshwater Leotiomycetes have been updated and we refer
to the currently accepted names.
Freshwater Leotiomycetes listed in the Table 6 includes
aero-aquatic species, Ingoldian fungi, meiosporic ascomycetes (discomycetes) and hyphomycetes. Helicocentralis
hyalina found in Thailand, Pseudaegerita conifera and P.
websteri both from Spain, were documented as new species
of aero-aquatic fungi within Leotiomycetes and mostly found
on submerged lignocellulose materials (Abdullah et al. 2005;
Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2015). Aero-aquatic fungi are equipped
with aerially release propagules and air trapping elements
which are distinctive to freshwater hyphomycetes.
Freshwater hypomycetous Leotiomycetes consist of semiterrestrial aquatic and Ingoldian fungi which are important
as decomposers with slight difference in substrate specialization and sporulation. Dactylaria, a semi-terrestrial
hyphomycetes can sporulate underwater and play a role as
decomposers of plant materials (Shearer et al. 2007; Bärlocher et al. 2008; Tsui et al. 2016). Ingoldian fungi were
mostly isolated from floating foam or associated with leaf
substrates and often found as asexual morphs with unique
conidial shapes i.e. branched forms (Varicosporium) (Campbell et al. 2009), tetraradiate (Alatospora, Articulaspora,
Tetracladium, Tricladium) and sigmoid (Flagellospora)
(Ranzoni 1956). Ingoldian fungi are chiefly leaf decomposers in freshwater ecosystems (Wong et al. 1998a) by producing exoenzymes that increases leaf litters’ palatability for
invertebrate diets (Bärlocher and Kendrick 1974; Gessner
et al. 2007).
Members of freshwater Leotiomycetes, especially discomycetes, are considered responsible for degrading woody
substrates in water bodies, even though their roles are not as
significant as Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes (Wong
et al. 1998a; Hyde et al. 2016a). Wood, plant materials composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, are difficult to
break down even in freshwater ecosystems. Hence, colonization of freshwater ascomycetes including discomycetes are
capable to secrete enzymes for ligno-cellulose degradation
on woody substrates and play a prominent role in nutrient
cycling and energy transfer between trophic elements in
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 1 Major families of Dothideomycetes taxa from freshwater habitats
freshwater ecosystems (Simonis et al. 2008; Gessner et al.
2010).
Freshwater Leotiomycetes biodiversity and prevalence
can be affected by substrate availability and pollution. A
study has been undertaken on the effect of substrate preferences on freshwater Leotiomycetes. For nutrition reasons,
Alastospora acuminata and Tetrachaetum elegans were
found mostly on Acacia and Eucalyptus leaves, respectively
(Thomas et al. 1992). Hyphomycetes fungi, Dactylaria spp.
were the only freshwater Leotiomycetes less affected by
organic pollution (Luo et al. 2004). However, other studies
reported that diversity of hyphomycetous and ascomycetous fungi were greatly reduced in polluted environments
(Raviraja et al. 1998; Tsui et al. 2001e). The combination of
macroclimate and microclimate may also affect freshwater
fungal prevalence in general, including Leotiomycetes species in certain regions either in temperate or tropical zones
(Webster and Descals 1981). While similar climate in different continents resulted parallel comparison in species
assemblages of freshwater ascomycetes (Raja et al. 2009b),
microclimate such as temperature, pH, and altitude may be
related to Ingoldian fungal prevalence in particular areas
(Chauvet 1991).
Orbiliomycetes
Orbiliaceae was previously assigned to Helotiales but it
was raised to a class rank based on morpho-phylogenetic
analysis. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) accepted twelve genera in Orbiliaceae while Microdochiella (M. fusarioides)
and Mycoceros (M. antennatissimus) are members of
Orbiliales genus incertae sedis and Orbiliomycetes genus
13
incertae sedis, respectively. Baral et al. (2018) provided a
list of generic names of Orbiliomycetes while Baral et al.
(2020) provided a comprehensive taxonomic account of the
class and its geographical distribution. Orbiliomycetes are
collected in various habitats (hygric, semi-aquatic, xeric).
Nineteen species, in ten genera, (Arthrobotrys, Hyalorbilia, Dactylella, Dicranidion, Helicoon, Monacrosporium,
Orbilia, Orbiliella, Trinacrium, Vermispora), are listed in
Table 7.
Pezizomycetes
Pezizomycetes thrive mostly in terrestrial habitats, such
as burnt land, deserts, forests, sand, steppe, and on different substrates (dung, leaves, soil, wood) (Hansen and
Pfister 2006; Pfister et al. 2008; Ekanayaka et al. 2018).
However, Pezizomycetes are rarely reported from freshwater habitats. Jones et al. (2014a) recorded eight species
from freshwater. Currently, ten species are included in the
Freshwater Ascomycetes Database (http:// fungi. life. illin
ois.edu/). We reviewed the number of freshwater fungi in
this class (Table 8), and there are 13 species from four
families. All known freshwater Pezizomycetes are found
on woody substrates. Within these aquatic species, almost
half of them from Pachyella and Psilopezia. Species of
both genera are usually from wet habitats, however not
all species were found and exclusively described on the
water-soaked wood (Pfister 1972; Pfister 1973a, b). Saccobolus beckii is usually reported on animal dung (Doveri
2014; Melo et al. 2014). One interesting account reports
them from water cooling tower (Udaiyan 1989). In addition, another unknown Peziza species has been reported
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 2 Freshwater Dothideomycetes. a, b Aliquandostipite
khaoyaiensis (MFLU 18-1573), c, d Ascagilis submersa (MFLU
18-1527), c Ascoma on host with associated appendages (arrow),
e, f Caryospora aquatica (MFLU 18-1202), g, h Parabambusicola
aquatica (MFLU 18-1524), i, j Longipedicellata aptrootii (MFLU
18-1000), k, l Caryospora submersa (MFLU 18-1539), m, n Helicotruncatum palmigenum (MFLU 15-2715), o, p Shrungabeeja
aquatica (MFLU 18-0978), q, r Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum
(HKAS 102147), s, t Pseudoxylomyces elegans (MFLU 17-1712).
Scale bar: b, d, f, h, l, r = 20; j, n = 10; p = 30; t = 50
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 3 Freshwater Eurotiomycetes. a–f Pseudobactrodesmium spp. g–h Minimelanolocus sp. i–k Thysanorea thailandensis. l,m Veronaea botryosa. n–p Aculeata aquatica. Scale bar: a–d, g, n = 200 μm, e, f = 20 μm, h, m = 10 μm, i = 100 μm, j, k = 5 μm, o, p = 15 μm
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 Classification of freshwater Eurotiomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
EUROTIOMYCETES
Chaetothyriomycetidae
Chaetothyriales
Cyphellophoraceae
Anthopsis microspora
Cyphellophora oxyspora
Cyphellophora catalaunica
Kumbhamaya jalapriya
Herpotrichiellaceae
Aculeata aquatica
Exophiala cancerae
Exophiala castellani
Exophiala dermatitidis
Scum (stream)
Water (swimming pool)
Sediments (river)
Submerged roots of Hopea ponga (stream)
Japan
Germany
Spain
India
Ando and Tubaki (1985)
Feng et al. (2014)
Crous et al. (2013)
Nair and Bhat (2002)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Water
Drinking water
Groundwater, water (river)
Thailand
Germany
Germany
Poland, Slovenia
Exophiala equina
Exophiala lecanii-corni
Drinking water
Tapwater
Netherlands
Slovenia
Exophiala mesophila
Waterlines, tapwater
USA, Slovenia
Exophiala oligosperma
Tapwater
Slovenia
Exophiala phaeomuriformis
Tapwater
Slovenia
Exophiala pisciphila
Swimming pool
Germany
Exophiala psychrophila
From Atlantic salmon smolt
–
Exophiala salmonis
Alberta, Canada
Exophiala angulospora
Exophiala lacus
Exophiala opportunistica
Exophiala xenobiotica
Cut-throat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), fingerling
lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
Drinking well water
Lake
Drinking water
Tapwater
Dong et al. (2018)
de Hoog et al. (2011)
de Hoog et al. (2011)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016), Pietryczuk
et al. (2018)
Ávila et al. (2005)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Porteous et al. (2003),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
McGinnis and Ajello
(1974)
Pedersen and Langvad
(1989)
Carmichael (1967)
Japan
Netherlands
Germany
Slovenia
Minimelanolocus aquatilis
Minimelanolocus clavatus
Minimelanolocus nujiangensis
Minimelanolocus submersus
Phialophora reptans
Phialophora aurantiaca
Phialophora benthica
Rhinocladiella amoena
Rhinocladiella similis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Drinking water
Water
Sediment (lake)
Submerged decaying twig
Groundwater, tapwater
Brazil
China
China
China
Germany
UK
Canada
Spain
Slovenia
Thysanorea melanica
Thysanorea obscura
Thysanorea papuana
Thysanorea thailandensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
China
Thailand
Thailand
Iwatsu et al. (1991)
de Hoog et al. (2011)
de Hoog et al. (2011)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Fiuza et al. (2017c)
Wan et al. (2021)
Wan et al. 2021)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Feng et al. (2014)
Beyma (1940)
Millar (1990)
Madrid et al. (2016)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Liu et al. (2015b)
Liu et al. (2015b)
Wang et al. (2019)
Dong et al. (2018)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Thysanorea aquatica
Thysanorea asiatica
Thysanorea curvata
Thysanorea nonramosa
Thysanorea uniseptata
Thysanorea yunnanensis
Veronaea aquatica
Veronaea botryosa
Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis
Uncispora sinensis
Uncispora wuzhishanensis
Verrucariales
Adelococcaceae
Sagediopsis lomnitzensis
Verrucariaceae
Agonimia allobata
Agonimia tristicula
Clavascidium lacinulatum
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Thailand
China
China
Thailand
Thailand
China, Thailand
China
Thailand
Dong et al. (2018)
Liu et al. (2015b)
Liu et al. (2015b)
Wang et al. (2019)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Liu et al. (2015b)
Chandrasiri et al. (2021)
Dong et al. (2018)
Submerged decaying leaves (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
China
China
Yang et al. (2011)
Liu et al. (2018b)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Stream
Stream
Stream
Lithuania
UK
UK
Catapyrenium lachneum
Stream
UK
Catapyrenium squamulosum
Catillaria cf. chalybeia
River Watershed
Stream
Canada
Gwynedd
Dermatocarpon arnoldianum
Dermatocarpon intestiniforme
River and stream
Stream
Europe
UK
Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes
Stream
UK
Dermatocarpon luridum
Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum
Stream
Stream
Poland
UK
Dermatocarpon miniatum
Dermatocarpon rivulorum
River
Submerged siliceous rock (stream, river)
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, Italy, UK
Endocarpon adscendens
Stream
UK
Hydropunctaria orae
Stream
–
Hydropunctaria rheitrophila
Stream, submerged carbonic rock (river, stream)
Australia, Italy,
Poland
Hydropunctaria scabra
Muellerella pygmaea
Phaeospora lemaneae
Siliceous rock (stream)
Stream and lake margin
Parasitic on Lemanea sp.
Bulgaria
Europe
UK
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Motiejunaite (2003)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Pentecost (1977)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997), Shivarov et al.
(2018)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Shivarov et al. (2018)
Nascimbene et al.
(2007) Gilbert and
Giavarini (1997),
Shivarov and Lőkös
(2015)
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
Orange (2013), Thüs
et al. (2014)
Nascimbene et al.
(2007), Krzewicka
et al. (2017) Gilbert
and Giavarini (1997),
McCarthy (2002),
Matura and Krzewicka
(2015)
Shivarov et al. (2017)
Orange (2002)
Ingold (1955)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Placopyrenium cinereoatratum
Orange (2009)
Bulgaria, Finland,
Norway, Sweden,
UK
Rock (river)
Finland, Iceland, UK Orange (2009)
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis
(2006)
Twig (waterfall)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
River and Streams
Alpine Australia, Italy, Gilbert and Giavarini
UK
(1997), McCarthy
(2002), Nascimbene
and Nimis (2006),
Hafellner (2010)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
River
Italy, USA
Thomson (1991), Nascimbene and Nimis
(2006)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Lakes and Streams
Europe
Lindsay (1856), Gilbert
and Giavarini (1997),
Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006), Shivarov (2017)
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis
(2006)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Stream
Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997), Nascimbene
and Nimis (2006)
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Splash water zone (creek)
Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Stream
Poland
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Nature reserves
Australia
McCarthy and Kantvilas
(2020)
Limestone (rivulet)
Poland, Romania
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008), Matura et al.
(2017)
Creek and River
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Thüs and Nascimbene
Waterfall, amphibious on limestone, lime-containing Austria, Germany,
Switzerland
(2008)
sandstone, silt-impregnated wood, and on mica
schist
Calcareous rocks
Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Inundated granite boulders
Poland
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Placopyrenium formosum
Polyblastia ardesiaca
Psoroglaena stigonemoides
Sporodictyon cruentum
Staurothele acarosporoides
Staurothele arenaria
Staurothele chlorospora
Staurothele clopimoides
Staurothele fauriei
Staurothele fissa
Staurothele fuscocuprea
Staurothele honghensis
Staurothele kwapiensis
Staurothele muliensis
Staurothele ochroplaca
Staurothele pachystroma
Staurothele paraguayensis
Staurothele sinensis
Staurothele succedens
Staurothele yunnanica
Thelidium aethioboloides
Thelidium aquaticum
Thelidium carbonaceum
Thelidium circumspersellum
Thelidium epomphalum
Thelidium fontigenum
Thelidium klementii
Thelidium lahmianum
Distribution
References
Siliceous rocks (brook, lake, river, stream)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Thelidium methorium
Rocks (brook, creek, river)
Thelidium minutulum
Thelidium nigricans
splash water zone, limestone or
basic siliceous rocks (creeks, rivers)
Siliceous rocks (creek's splash water zone)
Thelidium papulare
Rocks (creek)
Thelidium pertusatii
Rocks (river)
Thelidium pluvium
Sandstone, schist (creek, river)
Thelidium rehmii
Sandstone rocks (creek)
Thelidium rivulicolum
Carbonaceous rock (creek, stream)
Thelidium spadanum
–
Thelidium sublacteum
–
Thelidium submethorium
Rocks (creek, river)
Thelidium suzaeanum
Limestone rock (river)
Thelidium zahlbruckneri
Thelidium zwackhii
Stream
Stream
Verrucaria aethiobola
Stream
Verrucaria alpicola
Verrucaria amnica
Pebble (river)
Mountain stream
Verrucaria aquatilis
Stream, submerged carbonatic and siliceous rock
(stream)
Verrucaria austroalpina
Verrucaria basaltica
Verrucaria calkinsiana
Verrucaria capitulata
Verrucaria cernaensis
Verrucaria consociata
Verrucaria conturmatula
Verrucaria cootapatambensis
Verrucaria craterigera
Verrucaria devensis
Verrucaria dolosa
Submerged rocks (stream)
Streams and lakes
River Watershed
Submerged rocks (stream)
Stream
Stream
Stream and lake margin
Sandstone boulder in snow-melt creek
Friable rocks by stream in a gorge
Stones (river)
Stream
Verrucaria elaeina
Stream
Austria, Czech Repub- Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
lic, Estonia, Italy,
Norway, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland
Austria, Czech
Thüs and Nascimbene
Republic, Germany
(2008)
Switzerland
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Austria, Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Italy
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Austria, Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
France, Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Italy, Germany
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Slovakia
Thüs and Nascimbene
(2008)
Poland
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Italy, Germany,
Thüs and Nascimbene
Poland
(2008), Krzewicka
et al. (2017)
Italy, UK
Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and Nimis
(2006)
Bulgaria
Shivarov et al. (2017)
New Zealand
McCarthy and Johnson
(1997)
Italy, Poland
Nascimbene et al.
(2007), Krzewicka
et al. (2017)
Australia
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Poland
Krzewicka (2012)
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Japan
Harada (2012)
Poland
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
UK
Orange (2015)
Europe
Orange (2002)
Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Japan
Harada (2012)
Germany, UK
Orange (2014)
Poland, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997), Matura and
Krzewicka (2015)
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka
(2015)
13
References
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Verrucaria elaeomelaena
Submerged carbonatic rock (stream)
Italy
Verrucaria funckii
Stream, submerged siliceous rock (stream)
Verrucaria glaucina
Stream
Verrucaria gongshanensis
Non-calcareous rocks in a stream
Verrucaria honghensis
Riverside rocks
Verrucaria humida
Verrucaria hydrela
Verrucaria hydrophila
Verrucaria igii
Verrucaria inconstans
Verrucaria latebrosa
Wet stones in bed of streamlet in Picea abies forest
Inundated and submerged siltstone
Shaded stone by stream in woodland
River
Aquatic limestone
Submerged siliceous rock (stream)
Verrucaria luchunensis
Riverside rocks
Verrucaria maas-geesterani
Verrucaria madida
Verrucaria margacea
Verrucaria morosa
Verrucaria mundula
Verrucaria nodosa
Verrucaria nujiangensis
Lake
Sloping siliceous rocks, shallowly submerged in
stream
Freshwater
River
Aquatic slate
Unshaded rock in stream
Submerged stones in stream
Verrucaria pachyderma
Stream
Verrucaria phaeoderma
Verrucaria placida
Aquatic basalt
Stone in shaded streamlet in woodland
Verrucaria praetermissa
Verrucaria puncticulata
Verrucaria rosula
Verrucaria ruttneri
Verrucaria rhizicola
Freshwater
Inundated and submerged siltstone
Siliceous rocks and stones (reservoir, stream)
River
Bark of roots of Alnus glutinosa irregularly submersed in stream
Stream
Stream
Stream
Non-calcareous rocks submerged in stream
Aquatic dolerite
Aquatic limestone
Rock (gorge)
Nature reserves
Nature reserves
Verrucaria sublobulata
Verrucaria submauroides
Verrucaria submersella
Verrucaria takagoensis
Verrucaria tasmanica
Verrucaria tholocarpa
Verrucaria yoshimurae
Willeya australis
Willeya diffractella
References
Nascimbene et al.
(2007)
Italy, Poland
Nascimbene et al.
(2007), Krzewicka
et al. (2017)
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini
(1997)
China
Harada and Wang
(2008)
China
Harada and Wang
(2008)
Germany
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
UK
Orange (2013)
UK
Orange (2013)
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Australia
McCarthy (1995)
Germany, Italy, Slova- Nascimbene et al.
kia, Switzerland
(2007), Thüs and
Nascimbene (2008)
China
Harada and Wang
(2008)
Switzerland
Servít (1954)
France
Harada and Wang
(2008)
Australian
McCarthy (1995)
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Australia
McCarthy (1995)
UK
Orange (2013)
China
Harada and Wang
(2008)
Australia, Italy,
Nascimbene and Nimis
Europe
(2006), Krzewicka
(2012)
Australia
McCarthy (1995)
Norway, Germany,
Orange (2013)
UK
Australian
McCarthy (1995)
Australia
McCarthy (1995)
France, UK
Orange (2013)
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
France
Lumbsch et al. (2011)
Poland
Poland
Poland
Japan
Australia
Australia
Japan
Vietnam
Vietnam
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Krzewicka et al. (2017)
Harada (2001)
McCarthy (1995)
McCarthy (1995)
Harada (2011)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Willeya fusca
Willeya iwatsukii
Nature reserves
Nature reserves, river
Vietnam
Japan, Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Harada (1992), Gueidan
et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Dominica
Smith (1901)
Spain
Gené et al. (1994)
UK
Italy
Egypt
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Davolos et al. (2012)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Heo et al. (2019)
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Piontelli et al. (2019)
Heo et al. (2019)
Pietryczuk et al. (2018),
Heo et al. (2019)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Heo et al. (2019)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Cannon et al. (1995)
Cannon et al. (1995)
Wanasinghe et al.
(2018)
Wanasinghe et al.
(2018)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Willeya japonica
Nature reserves
Willeya laevigata
Nature reserves
Willeya malayensis
Nature reserves
Willeya microlepis
Nature reserves
Willeya pallidipora
Nature reserves
Willeya protrudens
Nature reserves
Willeya rimosa
Nature reserves
Chaetothyriomycetidae family incertae sedis
Rhynchostomataceae
Rhynchostoma pyriforme
On rotten wood in river
Eurotiomycetidae
Arachnomycetales
Arachnomycetaceae
Arachnomyces pilosus
River sediment
Eurotiales
Aspergillaceae
Aspergillus aculeatus
Freshwater
Aspergillus affinis
Submerged riparian decomposing leaves
Aspergillus candidus
River
Aspergillus clavatus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus israelensis
Aspergillus japonicus
Aspergillus niger
Freshwater
Freshwater
Water (river)
Isolated from evaporation pond
Freshwater
Water (river)
UK
Korea
Poland
Israel
Korea
Korea, Poland
Aspergillus ochraceus
River
Egypt
Aspergillus parasiticus
River
Egypt
Aspergillus parvulus
Aspergillus sydowii
Freshwater
River
UK
Egypt
Aspergillus tamarii
River
Egypt
Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus tubingensis
Aspergillus versicolor
Aspergillus wentii
Monascus pallens
Monascus sanguineus
Penicillium acidum
Lake
Freshwater
Lake
Lake
Sediment
Sediment
Plant debris in pond
India
Korea
India
India
Iraq
Iraq
Korea
Penicillium aquaticum
Plant debris in pond
Korea
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
Freshwater
UK
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Penicillium brasilianum
Penicillium brevicompactum
Penicillium capsulatum
Freshwater
Lake
River
Korea
Turkey
Egypt
Penicillium camemberti
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium citrinum
Lake
Lake
River
India
India
Egypt, UK
Penicillium citreonigrum
River
Egyptian
Penicillium commune
Lake
India, UK
Penicillium corylophilum
Penicillium crustosum
Penicillium dimorphosporum
Penicillium echinulatum
Penicillium echinulonalgiovense
Penicillium expansum
Penicillium funiculosus
Freshwater
Freshwater
Lake
Freshwater
Freshwater
Freshwater
Water (lake, river)
UK
Korea
India
UK
Korea
Korea
India, Poland
Penicillium glabrum
Lake
Turkey, UK
Penicillium globosum
Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium griseoroseum
Penicillium guanacastense
Penicillium hirsutum
Penicillium janczewskii
Penicillium lilacinum
Penicillium miczynskii
Penicillium ochrosalmoneum
Penicillium onobense
Penicillium olivicolor
Penicillium oxalicum
Penicillium pinophilum
Penicillium piscarium
Penicillium piscium
Freshwater
Freshwater
Lake
Stream soil
Freshwater
Freshwater
Lake
Lake
Freshwater
Freshwater
Lake
Freshwater
Freshwater
Freshwater
Internal organs of freshwater Osteichthyes
Korea
UK
Turkey
Korea
UK
UK
India
Turkey
UK
Korea
India
Korea
UK
Korea
–
Penicillium puberulum
Penicillium purpureogenum
Penicillium raistrickii
Penicillium saturniforme
Penicillium scabrosum
Lake
Freshwater
Freshwater
River soil
Stream soil, water
Turkey
UK
UK
Korea
Korea
Penicillium simplicissimum
Penicillium solitum
Penicillium spinulosum
Penicillium variabile
Freshwater
Freshwater
Freshwater
River
UK
UK
UK
Egypt
Heo et al. (2019)
Asan et al. (2003)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Kinsey et al. (1998),
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
Kinsey et al. (1998),
Bandh et al. (2012)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Heo et al. (2019)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Pangging et al. (2021a)
Heo et al. (2019)
Bandh et al. (2012),
Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Kinsey et al. (1998),
Asan et al. (2003)
Pangging et al. (2021a)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Asan et al. (2003)
Mun et al. (2020)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Asan et al. (2003)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Pangging et al. (2021a)
Bandh et al. (2012)
Heo et al. (2019)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Heo et al. (2019)
Reichenbach-Klinke
(1956)
Asan et al. (2003)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Mun et al. (2020)
Mun et al. (2020),
Nguyen et al. (2020b)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Abdel Hameed et al.
(2008)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Penicillium verrucosum
Penicillium waksmanii
Penicillium wandoens
Penicillium yunnanense
Thermoascaceae
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Trichocomaceae
Talaromyces flavus
Lake
Freshwater
Freshwater
Freshwater
Turkey
UK
Korea
Korea
Asan et al. (2003)
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Pangging et al. (2021a)
Freshwater
UK
Kinsey et al. (1998)
Talaromyces gwangjuensis
Talaromyces koreanus
Talaromyces liani
Talaromyces pinophilus
Freshwater (reservoir)
Freshwater (reservoir)
Freshwater
Freshwater
Korea
Korea
Korea
Korea, UK
Talaromyces siamensis
Talaromyces teleomorphus
Talaromyces versatilis
Onygenales
Arthrodermataceae
Arthroderma insingulare
Microsporum gypseum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Trichophyton violaceum
Onygenaceae
Aphanoascus keratinophilus
Chrysosporium fluviale
Chrysosporium minutisporosum
Chrysosporium pseudomerdarium
Chrysosporium sanyaense
Chrysosporium submersum
Chrysosporium undulatum
Mycocaliciomycetidae
Mycocaliciales
Mycocaliciaceae
Chaenothecopsis debilis
Chaenothecopsis haematopus
Freshwater
Freshwater (reservoir)
Freshwater
Korea
Korea
Korea
Pitt (1979), Shearer and
Crane (1986)
Nguyen et al. (2021)
Nguyen et al. (2021)
Pangging et al. (2019)
Kinsey et al. (1998),
Heo et al. (2019)
Lim et al. (2021)
Nguyen et al. (2021)
Heo et al. (2019)
Water (river)
Water (river)
Water
Water (river)
Poland
Poland
Poland
Poland
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Czeczuga (1996)
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Water (river)
Sediment (river)
Sediment (river)
Sediment
Sediment
Sediment (river)
Sediment (river)
Poland
Spain
Spain
Korea
Korea
Spain
Spain
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Vidal et al. (2000)
Vidal et al. (2002)
Goh et al. (2021a)
Goh et al. (2021a)
Vidal et al. (2002)
Vidal et al. (1999)
River watershed
Rainwater from building roofs
Canada
Poland
Chaenothecopsis pusiola
Chaenothecopsis savonica
Phaeocalicium curtisii
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum
Phaeocalicium populneum
Sphinctrina anglica
Stenocybe pullatula
Sclerococcomycetidae
Sclerococcales
Dactylosporaceae
Cylindroconidiis aquaticus
Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum
Pseudobactrodesmium chiangmaiensis
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
River watershed
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Czeczuga and Orłowska
(1997)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Freshwater
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
Thailand
Yu et al. (2018)
Dong et al. (2020a)
Dong et al. (2020a)
13
Submerged decaying leaf litter (swamp), sand (creek) Australia, USA
Fungal Diversity
Table 4 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Pseudobactrodesmium longisporum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia, Thailand
Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideum
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
Brazil, Philippines,
Thailand
Vijaykrishna and Hyde
(2006), Dong et al.
(2020a)
Cai et al. (2003a), Boonmee et al. (2021)
from a water-cooling tower (Eaton and Jones 1971a). Hu
et al. (2012c) proposed a new genus Aquapeziza and placed
in Pezizaceae based on the morphology and phylogeny of
Aquapeziza globispora on submerged wood. The operculate asci, which is main feature of Pezizomycetes, are obvious in all freshwater Pezizomycetes except A. globispora
with no distinct ascus (Hu et al. 2012c). Peziza oliviae is
the latest report associated with freshwater habitat within
Pezizomycetes (Frank 2013).
et al. 2021a). However, there are still taxa of freshwater fungi with no sequence data (Monteiro et al. 2017a,
2017b). The taxonomic placements of many freshwater
Sordariomycetes are currently uncertain and suffers from
lack of living cultures and type sequences. Therefore, to
better understand the phylogeny of freshwater Sordariomycetes in a natural classification system, further investigations are needed. Future studies should put high priority
to obtain living cultures.
Sordariomycetes
Freshwater lichens
The Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly
characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Hyde et al.
2020d). In freshwater habitats, Sordariomycetes is one of the
major and important fungal groups with a vital role in ecosystems. Members of this class are known to produce bioactive compounds (Poch et al. 1992; Jones et al. 2014a). The
latest systematic study of freshwater Sordariomycetes was
carried out by Luo et al. (2019) with taxonomic accounts for
each genus. Furthermore, all taxa recorded from freshwater
habitats are outlined with important ecological (freshwater
distribution) and taxonomic (morphology, holotype, available molecular data) notes of each species (Luo et al. 2019;
Calabon et al. 2020b).
Luo et al. (2019) included six subclasses, 30 orders, 56
families and 160 genera of Sordariomycetes thriving in
freshwater habitats, and representative taxa are illustrated
in Fig. 5. From the review of published works on freshwater Sordariomycetes, a total 823 freshwater species were
reported from freshwater habitats, and distributed in 40
orders, 85 families, and 298 genera (Table 9, Fig. 6). Among
the 40 orders, Chaetosphaeriales has the highest number of
taxa with 149 freshwater species recorded.
The use of DNA sequence data coupled with phylogenetic analyses has significantly improved our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of freshwater
ascomycetes (Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). Most of the new
taxa of freshwater fungi published in the past decade are
supported with molecular data (Pinruan et al. 2010; Liu
and Cai 2013; Su et al. 2016a; Yang et al. 2018d; Calabon
Lichens are one of the most successful lifestyles among
fungi (Honegger 2009). Lichens are recently redefined
as “a self-sustaining ecosystem formed by the interaction
of an exhabitant fungus and an extracellular arrangement
of one or more photosynthetic partners and an indeterminate number of other microscopic organisms” (Hawksworth and Grube 2020). The lichen forming fungi are
mainly terrestrial but can occur also in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats in both freshwater and marine environments (Kulikova et al. 2008). Santesson (1939) and Aptroot and Seaward (2003) stated that freshwater lichens
are amphibious organisms as most of them are submerged
for particular period. The mycobiont is ascomycetes in
most freshwater lichens while the photobiont can be
commonly coccoid green alga or a cyanobacterium (Nash
1996; Honegger 1997; Nascimbene and Nimis 2006).
Verrucariales and Lichinales are frequently recorded
freshwater species from predominantly submerged zone
(Thüs et al. 2014). The species are mostly found in the
surface of water since the photobiont needs direct sunlight (Nash 1996; Honegger 1997). However, their vertical distribution is highly influenced by transparency of
the water as some species found in the deeper lakes and
rivers which has high water clarity (e.g., Hydropunctaria rheithrophila) (Thüs et al. 2014). Species have been
recorded on rocks, pebbles and wood and provide favorable host surface for many lichenicolous fungi (Aptroot
and Thüs 2011; Thüs et al. 2014).
Freshwater lichens have worldwide distribution, but
this group are poorly studied (Motiejunaite 2003; Matura
and Krzewicka 2015). The diversity of freshwater lichens
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 Classification of freshwater Laboulbeniomycetes with information on the type of habitats, hosts, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
ASCOMYCOTA
LABOULBENIOMYCETES
Laboulbeniales
Ceratomycetaceae
Autoicomyces acuminatus
Autoicomyces aquatilis
Autoicomyces bicornis
Autoicomyces chinensis
Autoicomyces contortus
Autoicomyces costaricensis
Autoicomyces crassus
Autoicomyces falcatus
Autoicomyces falcifer
Autoicomyces fragilis
Autoicomyces furcatus
Autoicomyces helocharalis
Autoicomyces humilis
Autoicomyces incurvatus
Autoicomyces latens
Hydrophilidae
Hydrochidae, Dytiscidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
USA
Cuba, Europe, USA
Argentina, South Korea
China
USA
USA
Europe
Brazil, Trinidad, USA
Asia, Europe, Sierra Leone
Italy
Cameroon, USA
Asia, Cameroon
Asia, Italy, USA
Philippines
China, Philippines
Autoicomyces longipes
Autoicomyces marginalis
Autoicomyces marginicola
Autoicomyces minusculus
Autoicomyces occidentalis
Autoicomyces occultatus
Autoicomyces ornithocephalus
Autoicomyces recurvatus
Autoicomyces semiopacus
Autoicomyces siamensis
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Autoicomyces trinitatis
Ceratomyces ansatus
Ceratomyces brasiliensis
Ceratomyces californicus
Ceratomyces camptosporus
Ceratomyces cladophorus
Ceratomyces confusus
Ceratomyces curvatus
Ceratomyces filiformis
Ceratomyces floridanus
Ceratomyces hyalinus
Ceratomyces intermedius
Ceratomyces longicornis
Ceratomyces mexicanus
Ceratomyces mirabilis
Ceratomyces platensis
Ceratomyces procerus
Ceratomyces pyrenaeus
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrochidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
13
Reference
Thaxter (1908)
Majewski (2008)
Lee and Kim (1990)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Tavares (1985)
Tavares (1985)
Santamaria (2003)
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Rossi et al. (2019)
Spegazzini (1915)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Sugiyama and Shazawa
(1977)
Philippines
Thaxter (1931)
Argentina
Tavares (1985)
Asia, Spain
Santamaria (2003)
South and North America
Tavares (1985)
USA
Tavares (1985)
USA
Thaxter (1931)
USA
Thaxter (1908)
USA
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Trinidad
Tavares (1985)
Thailand
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
Trinidad
Thaxter (1931)
South and North America
Weir and Rossi (2001)
Brazil
Thaxter (1908)
USA
Thaxter (1908)
USA
Thaxter (1896)
Ecuador, USA
Bernardi et al. (2014)
USA
Thaxter (1896)
Venezuela
Thaxter (1908)
Central, North, South America
Thaxter (1931)
USA
Thaxter (1908)
China
Shen et al. (2009)
Argentina
Thaxter (1931)
USA
Thaxter (1931)
Mexico
Thaxter (1908)
Central and South America, USA Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Argentina
Thaxter (1931)
Brazil
Thaxter (1908)
Spain
Santamaria (1999)
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
Reference
Ceratomyces rhizophorus
Ceratomyces spiniger
Ceratomyces spiralis
Ceratomyces sternolophi
Ceratomyces ventriosus
Drepanomyces malayanus
Eusynaptomyces africanus
Eusynaptomyces benjaminii
Eusynaptomyces borealis
Eusynaptomyces cornutus
Eusynaptomyces enochri
Eusynaptomyces hydrobii
Helodiomyces elegans
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Dryopidae
Argentina
Costa Rica, Mexico
Spain, Poland
Indonesia
Argentina
Asia
East Africa
Germany, Poland
USA
Spain
Europe
Poland
Algeria, Europe
Phurmomyces obtusus
Plectomyces gracilis
Rhynchophoromyces amphiopsis
Rhynchophoromyces anacaenae
Rhynchophoromyces denticulatus
Rhynchophoromyces elephanthnus
Rhynchophoromyces helophorii
Rhynchophoromyces minor
Rhynchophoromyces rostratus
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Rhynchophoromyces sperchopsis
Rhynchophoromyces unguicola
Synaptomyces argentinus
Thaumasiomyces bipedalis
Thaumasiomyces scabellularius
Thaumasiomyces scaurus
Thripomyces italicus
Thripomyces tessinensis
Laboulbeniaceae
Blasticomyces fastigiatus
Cantharomyces aquaticus
Cantharomyces bruchii
Cantharomyces denigratus
Cantharomyces flagellatus
Cantharomyces italicus
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydraenidae
Hydraenidae
China, Indonesia
Philippines, China
Cameroon
Europe
Asia, Guam
USA
Spain
Argentina, Philippines, USA
Asia, North, Central and South
America, Europe
USA
China, Indonesia
Argentina
Indonesia
Cameroon
Cameroon
Italy, Spain
Poland
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1908)
Majewski (2008)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
(Bameul 1993)
Thaxter (1931)
Majewski (2008)
Thaxter (1931)
Santamaria (2006)
Majewski (2008)
Majewski (2008)
De Kesel and Haelewaters
(2014)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1931)
Rossi et al. (2019)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Santamaria (1999)
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Rossi et al. (2016)
Hydrophilidae
Hydrochidae
Dryopidae
Dryopidae
Dryopidae
Dryopidae
China, Indonesia
USA
Argentina
Europe
Trinidad
Europe
Cantharomyces permasculus
Cantharomyces platensis
Capillistichus tenellus
Chaetarthriomyces coelostomalis
Chaetarthriomyces crassiappendicatus
Chaetarthriomyces flexatus
Chitonomyces aculeifer
Dryopidae
Dryopidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Argentina
Argentina
Spain
Cameroon, China, Malaysia
Europe
Hydrophilidae
Dytiscidae, Haliplidae
Indonesia
Argentina, China, Europe
Chitonomyces acuminatus
Chitonomyces aethiopicus
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Cameroon
Africa
Thaxter (1931)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Santamaria (1993)
Majewski (1994)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1931)
Spegazzini (1917)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
De Kesel and Haelewaters
(2014)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Santamaria (2004)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Haelewaters et al. (2014)
Thaxter (1931)
De Kesel and Haelewaters
(2012)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
Chitonomyces affinis
Chitonomyces africanus
Chitonomyces amoyensis
Chitonomyces appendiculatus
Chitonomyces arcuatus
Chitonomyces argentinensis
Chitonomyces aripensis
Chitonomyces atricornis
Chitonomyces aurantiacus
Chitonomyces auriculatus
Chitonomyces australasiae
Chitonomyces bakeri
Chitonomyces benjaminii
Chitonomyces bicolor
Chitonomyces bidessarius
Chitonomyces bilabiatus
Chitonomyces borealis
Chitonomyces bullardii
Chitonomyces cerviculatus
Chitonomyces chinensis
Chitonomyces conditus
Chitonomyces copelati
Chitonomyces corniculatus
Chitonomyces cornucopioides
Chitonomyces dextricola
Chitonomyces elegans
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Noteridae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Chitonomyces elongatus
Chitonomyces ensifer
Chitonomyces excavatus
Chitonomyces floridanus
Chitonomyces furcatus
Chitonomyces gracilipes
Chitonomyces grenadae
Chitonomyces helicoferus
Chitonomyces hyalinus
Chitonomyces hydrocanthi
Chitonomyces hydropori
Chitonomyces incisus
Chitonomyces indentatus
Chitonomyces inflatus
Chitonomyces intermedius
Chitonomyces interpositus
Chitonomyces introversus
Chitonomyces iriomotensis
Chitonomyces italicus
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Chitonomyces japanensis
Dytiscidae
Goldmann and Weir (2012)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Goldmann and Weir (2012)
Thaxter (1926)
Spegazzini (1917)
Thaxter 1924)
Thaxter (1926)
Rossi and Bergonzo (2008)
Thaxter (1926)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Rossi (1994)
Thaxter (1924)
Majewski (2008)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1924)
Santamaria (2003)
Thaxter (1924)
Rossi and Leonardi (2018)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Sugiyama and Nagasawa
(1986)
Italy, Spain
Santamaria (2003)
Italy, Poland, Spain
Majewski (2008)
China
Shen and Ye (2006)
USA
Thaxter (1924)
China
Shen and Ye (2006)
China
Shen and Ye (2006)
Grenada
Thaxter (1924)
Trinidad
Thaxter (1924)
Central and South America, USA Goldmann and Weir (2012)
Sierra Leone
Rossi (1990)
Europe, Philippines, USA
Majewski (2008)
Fiji
Thaxter (1924)
Philippines, China
Shen and Ye (2006)
Philippines
Thaxter (1926)
Asia
Shen and Ye (2006)
Cameroon
Thaxter (1926)
Grenada, USA
Thaxter (1924)
Asia, Spain
Rossi et al. (2016)
Europe
De Kesel and Haelewaters
(2012)
China, Japan, Thailand
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
13
USA
Cameroon
China
Central and South America, USA
Cameroon
Argentina
Trinidad
Cameroon
Brazil, USA
Cameroon
China, Fiji
Asia, Greece, Spain
Sierra Leone
Grenada, Trinidad
Asia, USA
Cameroon
USA
Spain, USA
Grenada, Trinidad
Asia, Sierra Leone
Cameroon
Cameroon
China
Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon, Indonesia
Reference
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
Reference
Chitonomyces javanicus
Dytiscidae
Asia
Chitonomyces laboulbenioides
Chitonomyces latens
Chitonomyces ligulatus
Chitonomyces longirostratus
Chitonomyces manubriolatus
Haliplidae
Gyrinidae
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
China
Cameroon
China
Trinidad, Japan
Grenada, Thailand, Trinidad
Chitonomyces melanurus
Chitonomyces obtusus
Chitonomyces occultus
Chitonomyces oedipus
Chitonomyces ordinatus
Chitonomyces orectogyri
Chitonomyces orientalis
Chitonomyces paradoxus
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Chitonomyces pilicola
Chitonomyces prolongatus
Chitonomyces psittacopsis
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Chitonomyces pullus
Chitonomyces recurvatus
Chitonomyces reynoldsii
Chitonomyces rhynchostoma
Chitonomyces rugosus
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Africa, Asia, Europe
Cameroon
USA
Grenada, Trinidad
Asia
Africa
China, Japan, South Korea
Asia, Central America, Europe,
Sierra Leone, USA
Cameroon
Brazil, USA
Asia, North and Central America,
Sierra Leone
China
China
Venezuela
Trinidad, USA
Fiji, Thailand
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1924)
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
Try et al. (2017)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1908)
Thaxter (1924)
Try et al. (2017)
Thaxter (1908)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Goldmann and Weir (2012)
Chitonomyces seticola
Chitonomyces sigmoideus
Chitonomyces simplex
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Chitonomyces sinistricola
Chitonomyces spinosus
Chitonomyces striatus
Chitonomyces strictus
Chitonomyces subterminalis
Chitonomyces tarsicola
Chitonomyces thaxteri
Gyrinidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Gyrinidae
Haliplidae
Dytiscidae
Grenada
Cameroon
Brazil, Central America, Sierra
Leone, USA
Cameroon
Asia, Spain
Grenada
China
Cameroon
China
Thailand, Trinidad
Chitonomyces tricornis
Chitonomyces tylopus
Chitonomyces uncinulatus
Chitonomyces venezuelae
Chitonomyces yunnanensis
Chitonomyces zonatus
Coreomyces acuminatus
Coreomyces arcuatus
Coreomyces argentinensis
Coreomyces australis
Coreomyces bicolor
Coreomyces chinensis
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Dytiscidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Cameroon
Spain
Trinidad
Venezuela
China
Asia
Chile
Europe, Jamaica
Argentina
Argentina
Jamaica
China
Thaxter (1926)
Rossi and Bergonzo (2008)
Rossi and Leonardi (2018)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Goldmann and Weir (2012)
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
Thaxter (1924)
Thaxter (1926)
Goldmann et al. (2013)
Thaxter (1926)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1924)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1926)
Sugiyama and Phanichapol
(1984)
Thaxter (1926)
Santamaria (2001)
Thaxter (1924)
Thaxter (1926)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1918)
Majewski (1994)
Spegazzini (1917)
Spegazzini (1917)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
Reference
Coreomyces confusus
Coreomyces corixae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Sundberg et al. (2021)
Sundberg et al. (2021)
Coreomyces curvatus
Coreomyces dextrorsus
Coreomyces elongatus
Coreomyces fastigiatus
Coreomyces javanicus
Coreomyces macropus
Coreomyces micronectae
Coreomyces minor
Coreomyces orientalis
Coreomyces ramosus
Coreomyces recurvatus
Coreomyces sigmoideus
Coreomyces sp.
Coreomyces subdivisus
Coreomyces thaxteri
Hydraeomyces halipli
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Corixidae
Haliplidae
Hydrophilomyces aduncus
Hydrophilomyces arcuatus
Hydrophilomyces atroseptatus
Hydrophilomyces coneglianensis
Hydrophilomyces deflexus
Hydrophilomyces digitatus
Hydrophilomyces gracilis
Hydrophilomyces hamatus
Hydrophilomyces hydraenae
Hydrophilomyces limnebii
Hydrophilomyces lumbricoides
Hydrophilomyces major
Hydrophilomyces pusillus
Hydrophilomyces reflexus
Hydrophilomyces rhynchophorus
Hydrophilomyces rhytidopus
Hydrophilomyces riberae
Laboulbenia afrogyri
Laboulbenia anomala
Laboulbenia aquatica
Laboulbenia bicornis
Laboulbenia birmanica
Laboulbenia borealis
Hydraenidae
Hydraenidae
Hydraenidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydraenidae
Hydraenidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydraenidae
Hydraenidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydraenidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Laboulbenia coarctata
Laboulbenia constricta
Laboulbenia crassipes
Laboulbenia cubensis
Laboulbenia dactylophora
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Sweden, Denmark
Asia, Europe, North and South
America, Sweden, Turkey
China, Italy, Jamaica, USA
Denmark, Sweden
Europe
Chile
Indonesia
Europe, Jamaica, Sweden
Asia
China, Philippines
China, Indonesia
USA
Asia
Jamaica
South Africa
Chile
Ethiopia
Asia, Europe, North and South
America,
Spain
Finland
Poland, Spain
Europe
Spain
Europe
Belgium, Greece, Poland
Europe, Sierra Leone
USA
Europe
Argentina
Argentina
Poland
Argentina, USA
Central and South America, USA
Argentina, Trinidad
Spain
Africa
Africa
Bolivia, Venezuela
Africa, Asia
Myanmar
Asia, North and Central America,
Madagascar
India
Africa
Myanmar
Cuba
Africa
13
Shen and Ye (2006)
Sundberg et al. (2021)
Majewski (1994)
Thaxter (1931)
Lee and Na (2009)
Sundberg et al. (2021)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1931)
Lee et al. (2008)
Thaxter (1931)
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Thaxter (1931)
Thaxter (1931)
Rossi and Christian (2020)
Santamaria (2006)
Huldén (1983)
Santamaria (2003)
Castaldo et al. (2004)
Santamaria et al. (2020)
Santamaria (2003)
Majewski (1994)
Majewski (1994)
Boonmee et al. (2021)
Majewski (1994)
Tavares (1985)
Thaxter (1931)
Majewski (2008)
Thaxter (1908)
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Thaxter (1931)
Santamaria et al. (2020)
Rossi (1986)
Thaxter (1908)
Weir and Rossi (2001)
Balazuc (1982)
Spegazzini (1915)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Thaxter (1908)
Rossi (1986)
Spegazzini (1915)
Thaxter (1908)
Rossi (1986)
Fungal Diversity
Table 5 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate (Family of host-insects)
Distribution
Reference
Laboulbenia denticulata
Laboulbenia desgodii
Laboulbenia dineutis
Laboulbenia drepanalis
Laboulbenia fallax
Laboulbenia fennica
Laboulbenia franciscoloi
Laboulbenia funeralis
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Thaxter (1908)
Rossi (1986)
Balazuc (1982)
Thaxter (1908)
Haelewaters et al. (2017)
Rossi and Christian (2020)
Rossi (1986)
Haelewaters et al. (2017)
Laboulbenia guerinii
Gyrinidae
Laboulbenia gyrinicola
Laboulbenia gyrinidarum
Laboulbenia heterocheila
Laboulbenia leathsi
Laboulbenia leptopus
Laboulbenia oberthuri
Laboulbenia orechtochilii
Laboulbenia orechtochilicola
Laboulbenia pachystoma
Laboulbenia rotundata
Laboulbenia satanas
Laboulbenia songhaiensis
Laboulbenia strangulata
Laboulbenia valida
Limnaiomyces amphiopsis
Limnaiomyces hydrocharis
Limnaiomyces tropisterni
Rickia admirabilis
Rickia coelostomalis
Scepastocarpus peritheciiformis
Zodiomyces modae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Gyrinidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrochidae
Hydrophilidae
Australia
Africa
Asia, Africa, Papua New Guinea
Panama, “Amazon”
Brazil, Panama, Trinidad
Europe
Sierra Leone
North, Central, and South
America
North, Central, and South
America
Algeria, Europe, Morocco
Mexico, North America
“Timor”
Chile
Argentina
Madagascar
Asia
Myanmar
Argentina, Brazil
Indonesia
Philippines
Sierra Leone
Asia
Indonesia
Cameroon
USA
Mexico
Cameroon, Sierra Leone
Indonesia, Japan, China
Spain
Japan
Zodiomyces rhizophorus
Zodiomyces subseriatus
Zodiomyces vermiformis
Zodiomyces vorticellarius
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilidae
Trinidad
Asia, Poland
Ecuador
Africa, Asia, Central and South
America, Europe, USA
Pyxidiophorales
Pyxidiophoraceae
Pyxidiophora spinulorostrata
Submerged decaying Quercus (river)
UK
is influenced by the duration of submergence, dynamics
of stream currents, type and stability of the substrate, light
availability, chemical and physical parameters of the water
(Matura and Krzewicka 2015). The type of substrate, such as
bedrock and size of the rocks, is the most important factor in
determining their distribution. Many aquatic lichens became
endangered or rare in some regions of Europe due to high
Thaxter (1908)
Rossi and Christian (2020)
Thaxter (1908)
Thaxter (1908)
Spegazzini (1917)
Spegazzini (1917)
Thaxter (1896)
Thaxter (1908)
Spegazzini (1915)
Rossi and Bergonzo (2008)
Thaxter (1908)
Balazuc (1973)
Rossi (1986)
Try et al. (2017)
Spegazzini (1915)
Thaxter (1926)
Thaxter (1908)
Thaxter (1908)
Rossi (1982)
Shen and Ye (2006)
Santamaria (2004)
Majewski and Sugiyama
(1989)
Rossi et al. (2016)
Santamaria (2004)
Das et al. (2018)
Goldmann and Weir (2018)
Webster and Hawksworth
(1986)
demands in the water clarity and the sensitivity of lichens
to pollution (Krzewicka et al. 2017). Furthermore, the water
current and scouring effect of sediments drifting over the
thallus can cause physical stress to lichen (Thüs et al. 2015).
The studies on freshwater lichens started during early
lichenological history (Rehman 1879; Boberski 1886;
Olech 1972, 1973; Kulikova et al. 2008; Matura and
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 4 Freshwater Laboulbeniales. a Whirligig beetle (Gyrinus caspius) bearing several thalli of Laboulbenia gyrinicola (arrow). b Laboulbenia gyrinicola. c Ceratomyces cladophorus. d Chitonomyces paradoxus. Scale bars: b–d = 50 µm
Krzewicka 2015; Krzewicka et al. 2017). Studies of freshwater lichens in British Isles has a huge contribution to
the taxonomic knowledge of this group (Gilbert 1996).
Thüs et al. (2014) estimated a total number of freshwater
lichens to be 270 but this is an underestimate, and the
number could be higher (Sonina and Androsova 2021).
The taxonomic studies of freshwater lichens are in the
urgent need of revision due to lack of molecular support
and morphological data (Nascimbene et al. 2007). Most
of the studies on freshwater lichens were solely based
on floristics surveys (Pentecost 1977; Keller and Scheidegger 1994; Gilbert 1996; Gilbert and Giavarini 1997;
Molitor and Diederich 1997). Ecological studies have
been done also in aquatic lichens: effect of substrates in
aquatic lichens (Santesson 1939); influence of mineral
composition of water to the occurrence of freshwater
lichens and their thalli development (Pentecost 1977);
pollution indicator of water level fluctuations, water acidity, water quality (Gilbert and Giavarini 1997; Thüs et al.
2014; Matura et al. 2017). Thüs et al. (2014) revised the
freshwater lichens and lichen-like organisms. The present review provides the updated checklist of lichens and
lichenicolous fungi in freshwater habitats (Table 10).
Lichens and lichenicolous taxa under Arthoniomycetes,
Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes
included in this section are already listed for each taxonomic class above.
13
Ascomycota genera incertae sedis
The list of freshwater fungal taxa in the Ascomycota with
uncertain taxonomic placements are provided in Table 11. A
total of 252 species under 141 genera are recorded.
Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota
When compared to Ascomycota, few Basidiomycota have
been recorded from freshwater habitat. Jones and Choeyklin
(2008) and Jones et al. (2014a, b) listed freshwater Basidiomycota with 29 and 115 species, respectively. Asexual
morphs, with elaborate conidial forms, are mainly reported
and they are taxonomically diverse including both yeasts
and filamentous fungi. A special section on freshwater
yeast discusses both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous
yeasts. Freshwater Basidiomycota have been isolated from
variety of substrates: submerged decaying wood (Bandoni
and Marvanová 1989; Hyde and Goh 1998a; Mongkol et al.
2009; Yamaguchi et al. 2009; Ordynets 2009; Frank et al.
2010; Kohout et al. 2012; Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2013),
leaf litter (Cunningham 1888; Engler et al. 1900; Fragoso
1917; Lavrov 1937; Thirumalachar and Mundkur 1951;
Vánky 1999; Verma and Jha 1999; Pia̧tek et al. 2008; LotzWinter et al. 2011), foam (Marvanová and Stalpers 1987;
Marvanová and Bärlocher 1988, 2000; Kirschner 2004), and
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 Classification of freshwater Leotiomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
Substrate
ASCOMYCOTA
LEOTIOMYCETES
Leotiomycetidae
Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis
Calloriaceae
Cistella graminicola
Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile
Dactylaria africana
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Dactylaria appendiculata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Dactylaria aquatica
Water
Dactylaria aspirensis
Grass
Dactylaria belliana
Submerged leaves
Dactylaria biguttulata
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Dactylaria botulispora
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Dactylaria candidula
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Dactylaria fecundissima
Submerged decaying wood
Dactylaria flammulicornuta
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Dactylaria fusifera
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Dactylaria fusiformis
Submerged decaying balsa wood (river) and leaves
(stream)
Dactylaria hemibeltranioidea
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Dactylaria hoogii
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Distribution
References
Austria
Philippines
Brazil
India
China
Brazil
China
Brazil
Brazil
China
Thailand
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Cazau et al. (1990)
Nair and Bhat (2016)
Wong and Hyde (2001)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Tsui (1999)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil, USA
Shearer and Crane (1971), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
China
Cai et al. (2002b), Luo et al.
(2004)
China
Ho (1998)
China, Philippines Luo et al. (2004)
Poland
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
China
Tsui et al. (2000)
China
Tsui (1999)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Diplonaevia seriata
Mycoarthris corallina
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Grass, submerged bamboo (lake), wood (river)
Rainwater from building roofs
Submerged wood
Submerged wood
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Grass, submerged decaying wood (lake)
Grass, submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Juncus filiformis,
Eriophorum angustifolium
Carex rostrata
Foam (stream), freshwater
Austria
UK, Korea
Rodwayella citrinula
Phragmites australis stems and leaves, wood
UK, Soviet Union
Roseodiscus equisetinus
Stamnaria persoonii
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum fluviatile
Austria
Austria
Dactylaria irregularis
Dactylaria longidentata
Dactylaria lunata
Dactylaria malaysianum
Dactylaria mucronulata
Dactylaria naviculiformis
Dactylaria obscuriseptata
Dactylaria obtriangularia
Dactylaria plovercovensis
Dactylaria saccardoana
Dactylaria splendida
Dactylaria triseptata
Dactylaria uliginicola
Diplonaevia emergens
China
Hungary
China
Brazil
China
Brunei, China
Thailand
Austria
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Luo et al. (2004)
Ho et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2004)
(Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al.
(2007)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Baschien et al. (2013), Lim et al.
(2021)
Dudka (1963), Apinis et al.
(1972b), Taligoola et al. (1972),
Han et al. (2014)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991),
Haelewaters et al. (2018)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Cenangiaceae
Moellerodiscus advenulus
Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
Chalara aotearoae
Chalara siamense
Chalara ungeri
Pezizellaceae
Calycina citrina
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying Picea mariana needles (lake)
USA
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Submerged wood
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Grass
China
Thailand
Tsui (1999)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
China
Wong and Hyde (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
USA
Shearer and Crane (1986), Haelewaters et al. (2018)
Friggens et al. (2017)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Calycina parilis (Chalara state) Submerged decaying wood
Chalara alabamensis
Submerged decaying petioles (stream)
Rutstroemiaceae
Lambertella tubulosa
Submerged decaying twigs of Acer pseudoplatanus,
Fagus sp. (stream, pond), water-filled treeholes
Sclerotiniaceae
Monilia aquatilis
Water
Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis
Aquadiscula appendiculata
Acer rubrum leaves
Coleosperma lacustre
Coronellaria caricinella
Flagellospora curvula
Flagellospora fusarioides
Flagellospora leucorhynchos
Flagellospora minuta
Flagellospora saccata
13
Scotland
Brazil
Hungary, Ireland,
UK
Abdullah and Webster (1980),
Abdullah and Webster (1981),
Gönczöl and Révay (2003), Vu
et al. (2019)
Germany
Petrak (1930)
USA
Shearer and Crane (1985), Shearer
and Crane (1986)
Ingold (1954)
Submerged decaying stalks of Schoenoplectus
UK
lacustris (lake)
Carex nigra,
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Carex echinata
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Austria, Brazil.
Foam (stream, river, rivulet), leaves, submerged
Ingold (1949), Fenton (1950),
wood (Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus Canada, China,
Ranzoni (1953), Nilsson (1958),
France, Ghana,
excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata), subIngold (1958b), Dixon (1959),
India, Iremerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Coffea arabica
Nilsson (1960), Suzuki and
and Hevea brasiliensis (stream, river), water (river, land, Jamaica,
Nimura (1960), Hudson and
Nigeria, Poland,
stream), scum (stream), sediment (dam, stream),
Ingold (1960)ngold (1960,
Spain, South
stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Ingold (1960), Greathead
Africa, Sweden,
(1961), Alasoadura (1968a),
Switzerland,
Iqbal and Webster (1973),
Uganda, UK,
Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and
USA, Venezuela
Kaveriappa (1988), Yu et al.
(1988), Gessner et al. (1993),
Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Chan et al. (2000),
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
Suberkropp (2003), Smits et al.
(2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al.
(2009), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Sudheep and Sridhar
(2012), Menéndez et al. (2012),
Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut
et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Submerged leaf of Crataegus
Austria, UK
Marvanová (2000), Baschien et al.
monogyna, foam (stream)
(2013)
Foam (stream)
Czech Republic
Baschien et al. (2013)
Submerged decaying leaves
Pakistan
Iqbal and Bhatty (1980)
Foam (stream)
Canada, India
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Baschien et al. (2013)
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Flagellospora stricta
Submerged decaying leaves, water from melting ice
(river)
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriphorum vaginatum, Carex rostrata, C. paupercula, C. Nigra, Juncus filiforme
Carex rostrata, C. paupercula
Carex nigra, C. rostrata
Carex rostrata
Poland, Sweden
Austria
Austria
Nilsson (1962a), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1999)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Austria
Austria
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Culture contaminant
Submerged decaying leaves (river), water (stream)
Czech Republic
France, USA
Fontanospora eccentrica
Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves of
Quercus (spring), water (stream)
Canada, Cuba,
Ireland, Japan,
Portugal, USA
Fontanospora fusiramosa
Foam (stream)
Czech Republic
Baschien et al. (2013)
Dyko (1978), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut et al. (2014)
Petersen (1962), Marvanová and
Marvan (1969), Dyko (1978),
Harrington (1997), Gulis and
Suberkropp (2003), Hosoya and
Tanaka (2007), Baschien et al.
(2013), Duarte et al. (2015),
Raposeiro et al. (2018)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Gyoerffyella craginiformis
Liriodendron tulipifera, decaying leaves
Netherland, USA
Gyoerffyella entomobryoides
Gyoerffyella gemellipara
Rosa sp.
Submerged decaying leaves (river), foam (stream,
rivulet)
Netherland
Austria, Czech
Republic
Gyoerffyella myrmecophagiformis
Gyoerffyella rotula
River, foam (stream), melted ice (river)
Austria, Poland
Foam (stream, river, rivulet)
Gyoerffyella speciosa
Foam (stream)
Austria, Czech
Republic,
Ireland, New
Zealand, UK
Canada, Japan
Hysteronaevia advena
Hysteronaevia olivacea
Hysteropezizella diminuens
Hysteropezizella fuscella
Hysteropezizella phragmitina
Helotiales
Discinellaceae
Cladochasiella divergens
Fontanospora alternibrachiata
Gyoerffyella tatrica
Gyoerffyella tricapillata
Lemonniera alabamensis
Petersen (1962), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Marvanová (1975), Voglmayr
(1996), Marvanová (2000),
Baschien et al. (2013)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Marvanová (2000)
Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Cooper (2005), Baschien
et al. (2013)
Miura (1971), Ingold (1974),
Bärlocher (1987)
Foam (tidal ditch)
UK
Marvanová et al. (1967)
Decaying leaf Punus and Rosa sp. in a pond, rainwa- Poland, UK
Ingold (1964), Czeczuga and
ter from building roofs
Orłowska (1997), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones
Brazil, China,
Submerged wood of Betula nigra (stream), sub(1979a), Gessner et al. (1993),
France, India,
merged decaying Alnus glutinosa leaves (stream),
Ho (1998), Menéndez et al.
Portugal, Spain,
decaying submerged leaf litter of Polygonum
(2012), Fiuza and Gusmão
USA
nepalensis and Nerium sp., foam (stream)
(2013a), Sati (2014), Duarte
et al. (2015)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Lemonniera aquatica
Australia, Austria, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Water (pond, river, stream), scum (stream), spring
Ranzoni (1953), Ingold (1960),
Brazil, Canada,
on flower petals of Malus sylvestris, Prunus spp,
Ingold (1967), Crane (1968),
China, Czech
Pyrus communis, foam (stream, rivelet), subDescals et al. (1977), Bärlocher
Republic,
merged wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplata(1987), Czeczuga et al. (1990),
Estonia, France,
nus, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus
Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar
Germany, India,
sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp.), submerged
and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr
Ireland, Japan,
decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula
Norway, Poland, (1996), Harrington (1997),
glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, (stream), foam
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
(lake, spring, stream, river), stemflow and through- Portugal, RomaMarvanová (2000), Baschien
nia, Russia,
fall of tree canopies
et al. (2008), Schoenlein-Crusius
South Africa,
et al. (2009), Sridhar and
Spain, Sweden,
Karamchand (2009), Menéndez
Switzerland,
et al. (2012), Sati (2014), Cornut
UK, Ukraine,
et al. (2014), Duarte et al.
USA
(2015), Raposeiro et al. (2018),
Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Vu et al.
(2019)
Miura (1971, 1972a), Descals
Austria, Canada,
Water (pond, river), foam (stream, river, rivulet),
et al. (1977), Bärlocher (1987),
China, Czech
submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream),
Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr
Republic,
scum (stream)
(1996), Harrington (1997),
France, Ireland,
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Japan, Poland,
Pietryczuk et al. (2018), Baudy
UK, Ukraine
et al. (2019)
Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1963b),
Submerged decaying leaves and twigs of Alnus sp., China, France,
Miura (1967), Crane (1968),
India, Japan,
Salix sp. and Quercus kellogi, submerged decaying
Iqbal (1972a), Iqbal and Webster
Spain, UK,
leaves and twigs of dicots (river, stream), foam
(1973), Dudka (1974), DesUkraine, USA
(stream, spring, river, lake), water (river. stream),
cals et al. (1977), Zhu and Yu
stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
(1992), Campbell et al. (2006),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut
et al. (2014)
Petersen (1963b), Arnold (1967),
Pond, foam (stream), water (stream), throughfall
Austria, Canada,
Arnold (1968), Iqbal (1972a),
China, India,
Dudka (1974), Bärlocher (1987),
Germany,
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Poland, Russia,
Marvanová (2000), Campbell
Ukraine, USA
et al. (2006), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015)
Submerged decaying leaves (river) water (stream),
Brazil, India, USA Ingold (1958a), Descals et al.
foam (river), throughfall of palm species
(1977), Gulis and Suberkropp
(2003), Campbell et al. (2006),
Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a),
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Ingold (1958a), Ingold (1958b),
Australia, AusFoam (pond, stream, river, rivulet), submerged
Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960),
tria, Canada,
leaves (pond, stream, river), leaf baits (stream),
Marvanová and Marvan (1969),
scum (stream), submerged decaying leaves of Salix China, Cuba,
Iqbal and Webster (1973),
Czech Repubspp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, Alnus gluBärlocher (1987), Gessner
lic, France,
tinosa, and Alnus tenuifolia (stream), water (river,
et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
Germany,
stream), submerged decaying woods, stemflow and
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Hungary, India,
throughfall of tree canopies
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Ireland, Japan,
Baschien et al. (2008), Sridhar
Poland, Russia,
and Karamchand (2009), Baudy
Slovakia, South
et al. (2019)
Africa, Spain,
Sweden, UK,
Ukraine, USA
Submerged decaying leaves (river)
China
Yu et al. (2019)
Lemonniera centrosphaera
Lemonniera cornuta
Lemonniera filiformis
Lemonniera pseudofloscula
Lemonniera terrestris
Lemonniera yulongensis
13
Distribution
References
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Margaritispora aquatica
Pond, foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying
leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, A. glutinosa (stream)
Austria, Brazil,
Canada, Korea,
Poland, UK,
USA
Margaritispora monticola
Rainwater in forest, foam (stream), bedrock, decaying angiosperm leaves (brook, stream, river),
submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream),
water (stream)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Baxter (1960), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1999), Marvanová
(2000), Schoenlein-Crusius
et al. (2009), Mun et al. (2016),
Baudy et al. (2019)
Dyko (1978), Almer and Segedin
(1985), Gessner et al. (1993),
Marvanová (2000), Belliveau
and Bärlocher (2005), Duarte
et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014)
Pezoloma rhodocarpum
Tetrachaetum elegans
Plant debris
Water (river, stream), foam (rivulet, river, stream,
spring, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus
glutinosa, A. tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp.,
Betula glandulosa (stream)
Australia, Austria, Canada,
Czech Republic,
France, New
Zealand, Portugal, Slovakia,
UK, USA
Malawi
Fisher and Spooner (1987)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Australia,
Ranzoni (1953), Baxter (1960),
Austria, Brazil,
Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968),
Canada, France,
Germany, India, Iqbal and Webster (1973),
Marvanová and Descals (1985),
Japan, Poland,
Bärlocher (1987), Gessner
Portugal, Spain,
et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
UK, USA
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
Suberkropp (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003),
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Hosoya and Tanaka (2007),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut
et al. (2014), Funck et al. (2015),
Raposeiro et al. (2018), Vu et al.
(2019)
Gelatinodiscaceae
Dimorphospora foliicola
Castanea leaf, stream, submerged decaying leaves
of Alnus glutinosa (stream, river), water-filled
treeholes
France, Germany, Iqbal and Webster (1973), Gessner
et al. (1993), Gönczöl and Révay
Hungary, Japan,
(2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher
Portugal, UK
(2005), Baschien et al. (2013)
Fluminispora ovalis
Helotiaceae
Articulospora atra
Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa
UK
Ingold (1958a)
Picea abies twiglet (stream), foam (river)
Articulospora moniliformis
Submerged Alnus and Salix
Articulospora proliferata
Submerged leaves of Phragmites communis (river)
Czech Republic,
UK
New Zealand,
USA
Poland, Spain
Articulospora tetracladia
Foam, foam/water (stream)
Cudoniella indica
Foam (river)
Canada, Korea,
France, Portugal, USA,
Venezuela
South Africa
Cudoniella clavus
Dimorphospora foliicola
Helicocentralis hyaline
Ash, alder, oak twigs
Water (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (peat swamp)
UK
USA
Thailand
Descals and Webster (1982),
Baschien et al. (2013)
Ranzoni (1953), Petersen (1962),
Almer and Segedin (1985)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Baudy et al. (2019)
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Smits et al. (2007), Mun et al.
(2016), Raposeiro et al. (2018)
Webster et al. (1995), Vu et al.
(2019)
Willoughby and Archer (1973)
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003)
Sri-indrasutdhi et al. (2015)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Helicodendron triglitziense
Submerged leaves of Salix (reservoir), water-filled
treeholes
Helicodendron westerdijkiae
Crocicreas megalosporum
Hymenoscyphus africanus
Hymenoscyphus imberbis
Hymenoscyphus foliicola
Hymenoscyphus malawiensis
Hymenoscyphus paradoxus
Hymenoscyphus phyllophilus
Hymenoscyphus scutula
Germany, Hungary, Ireland,
Netherlands,
USA
Hungary
Austria
UK
Slovakia
UK
Malawi
Switzerland
Soviet Union
USA
Water-filled treeholes
Carex rostrata
Alder twigs
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Acer pseudoplatanus twigs
Plant debris
Willow twigs
Skeletal leaves
Submerged decaying stems of Scirpus atrovirens
(lake)
Beech cupules
UK
Beech and willow leaves (stream, lake), submerged Austria, Brazil,
Canada, France,
wood (Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Tilia
Ireland, India,
cordata, Ulmus sp.) (stream), foam (stream,
Japan, Nigeria,
rivulet, river), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus
Spain, Switzerglutinosa, A. tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp.,
land, UK, USA
Betula glandulosa (stream, river), water (river),
scum (stream)
Linder (1929), van Beverwijk
(1953), Glen-Bott (1955),
Abdullah and Webster (1980),
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Descals et al. (1984)
Marvanová and Descals (1996)
Abdullah et al. (1981)
Fisher and Spooner (1987)
Fisher and Webster (1983)
Dudka (1963)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Hymenoscyphus splendens
Hymenoscyphus tetracladius
Hyaloscyphaceae
Arbusculina fragmentans
Arbusculina irregularis
Brocchiosphaera brocchiata
Brocchiosphaera microspora
Clathrosphaerina zalewskii
Clavidisculum karstenii
Clavidisculum graminicola
Dematioscypha dematiicola
Hyaloscypha albohyalina
13
Abdullah et al. (1981)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953),
Hudson and Ingold (1960),
Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960),
Petersen (1962), Alasoadura
(1968a), Iqbal and Webster
(1973), Abdullah and Webster
(1980), Abdullah et al. (1981),
Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al.
(1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher
(1993), Harrington (1997),
Marvanová (2000), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Fiuza
and Gusmão (2013a)
Marvanová (1988), Czeczuga
et al. (2007), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Roof top rainwater, submerged debris (creek), foam India, Poland,
(Petersen (1963a), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1992), Czeczuga
(stream)
USA
and Orłowska (1997), Czeczuga
and Orłowska (1999)
(Tubaki (1975), Goh and Hyde
Brazil, Brunei,
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat
(1999), Ho et al. (2001), Cai
China, Japan,
swamp), submerged decaying wood (e.g., DipteroMalaysia, Philip- et al. (2003a), Luo et al. (2004),
carpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks)
Pinruan et al. (2007), Chuapines, Thailand
(lake, stream, river, reservoir) and bamboo (river)
seeharonnachai et al. (2013),
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying woods (stream), submerged
Brazil, Thailand
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
On decaying leaves of Betula in water
Netherland
van Beverwijk (1951b), Abdullah
and Webster (1980), Vu et al.
(2019)
Submerged Umbelliferae stem (stream)
UK
Ekanayaka et al. (2019)
Carex rostrata, Equisetum fluviatile
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
swamp)
Twigs, rainwater from building roofs, Decaying
Poland, New
Abdullah and Webster (1983),
wood of Nothofagus fusca (stream, waterfall)
Zealand, UK
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997),
Vu et al. (2019)
Spume (river), flower petal by spring, pond, and
river
Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Hyaloscypha spinulosa
Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus and Betula
(brook, ponds, rainwater-filled bombcrater, treeholes), decaying leaves of Nothofagus
van Beverwijk (1951a, b), Bottomley (1954), Tubaki (1958),
Gamundi et al. (1977), Gönczöl
and Révay (2003)
Hyaloscypha zalewskii
Catkins of Alnus, spine of Castanea sativa (stream),
decaying stems of Endymion non-scriptus (river),
Quercus cupule, Alnus glutinosa strobilus (river),
submerged roots, rainwater from building roofs
Dead twig (stream)
Submerged needles of Pinus halepensis ( river)
River, submerged decaying wood (stream)
Argentina, Hungary, Ireland,
Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK
Ireland, Netherland, Poland,
UK
Japan
Spain
Poland, Thailand
Pseudagaerita foliicola
Pseudaegerita ossiformis
Pseudaegerita viridis
Oak leaf (lake)
Decaying twig of Quercus (river)
River, water-filled treeholes, submerged decaying
wood (stream)
UK
Italy
Brazil, Hungary,
Poland
Pseudaegerita websteri
Submerged decaying wood, decaying leaves of Calo- Brazil, Spain
phyllum brasiliense (stream)
Matsushima (1996)
Abdullah et al. (2005)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Chuaseeharonnachai et al.
(2013), Vu et al. (2019)
Field and Webster (1985)
Abdullah et al. (1997)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Gönczöl and Révay (2003),
Bruzone et al. (2015), Fiuza
et al. (2017b)
Abdullah et al. (2005), Fiuza et al.
(2019)
Pseudaegerita caffra
Pseudaegerita conifera
Pseudaegerita corticalis
Hydrocinaceae
Clathrosporium intricatum
Submerged decaying angiosperm and unidentified
leaves (stream)
Malaysia, Thailand
Clathrosporium retortum
Hydrocina chaetocladia
From leaf litter submerged in fresh water
Submerged alder and oak twigs (stream)
Brazil
UK
Varicosporium aquaticum
Varicosporium delicatum
Water (river)
Rusia
Submerged of rotting leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus, Austria, Canada,
foam (rivulet, river, stream), water (river)
Ireland, Poland,
Portugal
Varicosporium elodeae
Foam (rivulet, stream, spring, river, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa
(stream), submerged decaying leaves of broadleaved trees, shrubs, and angiosperms, stemflow
and throughfall of tree canopies, water-filled
treeholes, water (river, stream)
Varicosporium giganteum
Foam (stream, spring, river, lake), submerged decay- Canada, China,
ing leaves (stream)
Ireland, New
Zealand, Thailand, USA
Austria, Brazil, Canada,
Czech Republic, France,
Hungary, India,
Ireland, Japan,
New Zealand,
Poland, Slovakia, Sweden,
UK, USA
Descals and Webster (1976),
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen
(1987b), Voglmayr (2004),
Chuaseeharonnachai et al.
(2013)
Moro et al. (2015a)
Shearer and Webster (1991),
Webster et al. (1991), Vu et al.
(2019)
Anonymus (1950)
Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr
(1996), Harrington (1997),
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1999),
Duarte et al. (2015), Pietryczuk
et al. (2018)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Fenton (1950), Tubaki (1957),
Nilsson (1958), Willen (1958),
Petersen (1963b), Crane (1968),
Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al.
(1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher
(1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1999), Marvanová
(2000), Gönczöl and Révay
(2003), Baschien et al. (2008),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut
et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018), Vu et al. (2019)
Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987),
Zhu and Yu (1992), Sridhar and
Bärlocher (1993), Harrington
(1997), Sakayaroj et al. (2005),
Campbell et al. (2009)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Varicosporium helicosporum
Varicosporium macrosporum
Foam (river)
Foam (river)
Varicosporium scoparium
Varicosporium tricladiiforme
Foam (river)
Submerged leaves of Salix atrocinerea, foam
(stream)
Foam (stream)
Malaysia
Malaysia, Thailand
Spain
Austria, Spain
Canada, Czech
Republic
Nawawi (1974)
Nawawi (1974), Sakayaroj et al.
(2005)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Roldan et al. (1992), Marvanová
(2000)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001),
Baschien et al. (2013)
Varicosporium trimosum
Lachnaceae
Lachnum calycioides
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Lachnum controversum
Lachnum cf. virgineum
Lachnum imbecille
Eriophorum vaginatum
Juncus filiformis
Stems of Phragmites australis
wood
Eriophorum angustifolium
UK, Germany
USA
Austria
Lachnum nudipes
Stems of Phragmites australis
UK
Shearer (1993a)
Lamore and Goos (1978)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991),
Kosonen et al. (2020)
Taligoola et al. (1972), Cantrell
and Hanlin (1997)
UK, USA
Loramyces macrosporus
Dead stalks of Scirpus, Eleocharis, Equisetum,
Juncus
Internodes of Equisetum fluviatile
Obtectodiscus aquaticus
Carex rostrata
Austria, Switzerland
Submerged leaves
Submerged leaves, wood
UK
UK
Loramycetaceae
Loramyces juncicola
Mitrulaceae
Mitrula alba
Mitrula paludosa
Mollisiaceae
Belonopsis guestphalicum
UK
Mollisia casaresiae
Mollisia cinerea
Submerged decaying Phragmites stem, Schoenoplec- UK
tus lacustris stalks, Typha angustifolia leaf bases
(lake)
Submerged birch dowel
UK
Wood, Typha latifolia
Soviet Union
Mollisia gigantea
Mollisia hydrophila
Picea twigs
Phragmites
Mollisia mediella
Phragmites,
Schoenoplectus lacustris
Mollisia melaleuca
Mollisia pilosa
Wood
Carex, Schoenoplectus lacustris
Mollisia pulla
Submerged decaying Carex, Eleocharis, Juncus,
Phragmites, Phalaris (lake)
13
Finland
Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, UK,
Finland, France,
Germany, Poland,
Scotland, Sweden,
Switzerland
UK, Finland,
France, Germany,
Ireland, Sweden,
Switzerland
Soviet Union
UK, Soviet Union
UK
Ingold (1955), Digby and Goos
(1987), Vu et al. (2019)
Ingold and Chapman (1952),
Baschien et al. (2013)
(Muller et al. (1979), Magnes
and Hafellner (1991), Vu et al.
(2019)
Cannon et al. (1987)
Dennis (1978), Vu et al. (2019)
Ingold (1954)
Webster et al. (1993)
Dudka (1963), Tanney and Seifert
(2020)
Fisher and Webster (1983)
Nannfeldt (1985), Tanney and
Seifert (2020)
Nannfeldt (1985)
Dudka (1963)
Dudka (1963), Dennis (1978), Vu
et al. (2019)
Dennis (1978), Vu et al. (2019)
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Mollisia retincola
Phragmites, Carex,Typha
Nannfeldt (1985)
Mollisia uda
Nimbomollisia eriophori
Wood
Carex rostrata, Eriophorum
vaginatum, Juncus filiformis
Carex rostrata
Carex rostrata
Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha leaf bases
Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus, Phragmites
Schoenoplectus lacustris
Typha
Submerged decaying balsa wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Carex rostrata, Equisetum
fluviatile, Eriophorum
angustifolium, Glyceria fluitans, Juncus filiformis
Carex rostrata
Phragmites stalks
Phragmites, Carex, Typha
UK, Finland,
France, Germany, Ireland,
Sweden,
Switzerland
UK
Austria
Austria
Austria
UK
UK, Scandinavia
Soviet Union
Italy
USA
Brunei, China
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Ingold (1954)
Shearer (1993a)
Dudka (1963)
Nannfeldt (1985)
Shearer et al. (1976)
Ho et al. (2001)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Nimbomollisia melatephroides
Niptera bispora
Niptera guestphalica
Niptera lacustris
Niptera melanophae
Niptera tephromelas
Phialocephala fluminis
Phialocephala xalapensis
Scutomollisia morvernensis
Scutomollisia punctum
Tapesia kneiffii
Trichobelonium kneiffii
Trimmatostroma betulinum
Variocladium giganteum
Variocladium rangiferinum
Ploettnerulaceae
Belonium excelsior
Cadophora novi-eboraci
Collembolispora aristata
Collembolispora barbata
Pyrenopeziza arundinacea
Pyrenopeziza huetteri
Pyrenopeziza perminuta
Volucrispora aurantiaca
Volucrispora graminea
Shearer (1993a)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Austria
UK
Czech Republic,
Finland, France,
Germany,
Ireland, Sweden,
Switzerland, UK
Leaves
China
Submerged decaying leaves of Crataegus monogyna Canada, UK
and Poaceae, foam (stream)
Foam (river)
UK
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Ingold (1954)
Nannfeldt (1985)
Submerged decaying Phragmites
Freshwater
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream)
Phragmites australis leaves
Carex rostrata
Carex rostrata
Foam (rivulet, stream)
Ingold (1954, 1955)
Lim et al. (2021)
Crous et al. (2012)
Marvanová et al. (2003)
Apinis et al. (1972b)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Haskins (1958), Ingold (1959a),
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová
(2000)
Ingold et al. (1968b), Iqbal and
Webster (1973), Bärlocher
(1987), Voglmayr (1996),
Harrington (1997), Marvanová
(2000), Marvanová and
Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009), Baschien
et al. (2013), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015), Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Finland UK
Korea
Czech Republic
Portugal
UK
Austria
Austria
Austria, Canada,
UK
Foam (river, rivulet, stream), water (river), stemflow Austria, Canada,
and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species
India, Ireland,
Poland, Portugal, UK
Au et al. (1992), Vu et al. (2019)
Bärlocher (1987), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Descals and Webster (1982)
Tricladiaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Geniculospora grandis
Czeczuga et al. (1990), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
Marvanová (2000), Marvanová
and Hywel-Jones (2000),
Marvanová et al. (2003), Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Duarte et al. (2012)
Ingold (1943a), Anastasiou
Austria, Brazil,
Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves
(1964), Iqbal and Webster
France, Ireland,
of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (river, stream),
(1973), Czeczuga et al. (1990),
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasil- Portugal, Spain,
Gessner et al. (1993), Harrington
UK, USA
iense (stream)
(1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis
and Suberkropp (2003), Menéndez et al. (2012), Raposeiro et al.
(2018), Fiuza et al. (2019)
Wood
UK
Dennis (1978), Friggens et al.
(2017)
Submerged branch of Quercus, water (stream)
France, Portugal, Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut
UK, USA
et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al.
(2018)
Submerged decaying culm of Saccharum munja
Pakistan
Firdaus-E-Bareen and Braun
(canal)
(2007)
Carex rostrata
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves
Malaysia, ThaiNawawi (1985c), Sakayaroj et al.
(2005), Hosoya et al. (2006)
land
Stream
USA
Baschien et al. (2013)
Austria, Canada, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Pond water, foam (stream, spring, river, lake),
Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953),
Czech Repubsubmerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A.
Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960),
lic, Germany,
tenuifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glanduPetersen (1962), Crane (1968),
Poland, Switlosa (stream), water (river), scum (stream)
Bärlocher (1987), Czeczuga
zerland, UK,
et al. (1990), Czeczuga and
USA, Venezuela
Orłowska (1999), Marvanová
(2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher
(2005), Baschien et al. (2006),
Smits et al. (2007), Baschien
et al. (2008), Duarte et al.
(2015), Pietryczuk et al. (2018),
Baudy et al. (2019)
On submerged decaying leaves of Typha latifolia,
Poland, UK, USA Anastasiou (1964), Ranzoni
(1979), Czeczuga and Orłowska
river, foam and scum
(1999)
Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr
Foam (rivulet, stream)
Austria, Canada,
(1996), Baschien et al. (2013),
Czech Republic,
Duarte et al. (2015)
Portugal
Marvanová and Descals (1987),
Foam (rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves
Austria, Canada,
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
(stream)
Czech Republic,
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová
UK
(2000), Campbell et al. (2009),
Baschien et al. (2013)
Foam (river)
India, Japan,
Nawawi (1974), Sridhar and
Malaysia
Kaveriappa (1992), Hosoya and
Tanaka (2007)
Foam (stream, river), water-filled treeholes
Czech Republic,
Harrington (1997), Gönczöl and
Révay (2003), Baschien et al.
Hungary, Ireland
(2013)
Geniculospora inflata
Graddonia coracina
Mycofalcella calcarata
Mycofalcella iqbalii
Trichopezizella hystricula
Tricladium aciculum
Tricladium alaskense
Tricladium angulatum
Tricladium anomalum
Tricladium attenuatum
Tricladium biappendiculatum
Tricladium brunneum
Tricladium castaneicola
13
Decomposing plant litter, foam (stream), water
(river), submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Distribution
Australia, Austria, Canada,
Poland, Portugal, Spain,
Thailand
References
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Tricladium caudatum
Foam (rivulet, stream)
Austria, Canada,
Czech Republic
Tricladium chaetocladium
Tricladium curvisporum
Tricladium fallax
Tricladium fuscum
Tricladium gracile
Tricladium indicum
Tricladium intermedium
Tricladium kelleri
Tricladium marylandicum
Tricladium minutum
Tricladium obesum
Tricladium patulum
Tricladium procerum
Tricladium robustum
References
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová
(2000), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher
Australia,
Water (stream, river), submerged decaying leaves
(1987), Gessner et al. (1993),
Canada, France,
(e.g., Alnus glutinosa, Alnus sp. (stream, river),
Malaysia, Portu- Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
foam (stream)
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
gal, Spain, USA
Duarte et al. (2012), Menéndez
et al. (2012), Baschien et al.
(2013), Cornut et al. (2014),
Funck et al. (2015), Raposeiro
et al. (2018)
Foam (rivulet, river, stream)
Austria, Brazil,
Descals and Webster (1983),
Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
Ireland, UK
(1997), Marvanová (2000),
Baschien et al. (2013), Fiuza
et al. (2015a)
Foam (river, stream)
Brazil, Czech
Marvanová (1984), Fiuza and
Republic
Gusmão (2013a)
Rotten leaves and foam (stream)
Malaysia
Nawawi (1985c)
Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953),
Pond, submerged decaying leaves, water (river),
Austria, Canada,
Petersen (1962), Crane (1968),
foam (rivulet, stream, spring, river, lake)
Ireland, Poland,
Iqbal and Webster (1973), BärUK, USA
locher (1987), Voglmayr (1996),
Harrington (1997)
Foam, on submerged rotten leaves of Pinus roxChina, India,
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007),
Baschien et al. (2013)
burghii
Malaysia, USA
Petersen (1962), Crane (1968)
On submerged of rotting twigs, submerged decaying USA
angiosperm leaves, foam (river, stream, spring,
lake)
Stream
USA
Baschien et al. (2013)
Foam (pond, lake, stream, spring, river), submerged Poland, USA
Crane (1968), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1999)
decaying angiosperm leaves
Juncus culms, foam (stream)
Canada, UK
Bärlocher (1987), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Foam (stream)
Czech Republic
Marvanová (2004), Baschien et al.
(2013)
Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al.
Foam (rivulet, river, stream), submerged leaf litter of Austria, Canada,
(1993), Voglmayr (1996),
Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Czech Republic,
Harrington (1997), Marvanová
France, Ireland,
(2000), Belliveau and Bärlocher
Poland
(2005), Baschien et al. (2013),
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Submerged dead stem of Juncus, rainwater from
Poland, Slovenia
Marvanová (1988), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997), Baschien et al.
building roofs
(2013)
In mountain stream, on rotten leaf of Fagus sylAustria, Czech
Marvanová (1984), Descals
vatica, foam (stream)
Republic, Spain
(1987), Marvanová (2000)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Tricladium splendens
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Austria, Brazil,
Foam (rivulet, stream, river, spring, lake), subIngold (1949), Ranzoni (1953),
Canada, Czech
merged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa, A. tenBaxter (1960), Petersen
Republic,
uifolia, Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula glandulosa
(1962), Crane (1968), Eaton
France, India,
(stream), foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall
and Jones (1971b), Bärlocher
Ireland, Japan,
of tree canopies, water (stream)
(1987), Gessner et al. (1993),
Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Marvanová (2000),
UK, USA,
Belliveau and Bärlocher (2005),
Venezuela
Baschien et al. (2006), Hosoya
and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al.
(2007), Baschien et al. (2008),
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Baschien et al. (2013), Cornut
et al. (2014), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Foam (stream)
Ireland, Portugal
Baschien et al. (2013)
Twigs, submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocar- Japan, Thailand
Tubaki (1966), Sivichai et al.
pus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test blokcs)
(2002), Johnston et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood of Pinus sylvestris and
UK
Jones and Stewart (1972)
Fagus sylvatica (water-cooling towers)
Tricladium terrestre
Tricladium varicosporioides
Tricladium varium
Vibrisseaceae
Gorgoniceps boltonii
Distribution
Submerged decaying Equisetum fluviatile
Stems (lake)
Alder twigs
Twigs
Eucalyptus logs
Submerged alder, willow and Corylus twigs (stream)
Austria, UK
Vibrissea flavovirens
Scandinavia
Sweden, Norway
Australia
UK, Hungary,
France, Norway,
Sweden
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream, river) UK
Vibrissea guernisacii
Twigs, water (river, lake)
Poland, UK, USA
Vibrissea leptospora
Vibrissea norvegica
Vibrissea sporogyra
Prunus, Rosa, Ribes, Salix
Phragmites australis
Submerged decaying stalks of Equisetum, Carex,
Eleocharis (lake)
Maple, alder, birch
willow, juniper branches
Wood
Sweden, UK,
Norway
UK
Submerged Pinus needles (swamp)
Wood
Eucalyptus logs
Eucalyptus logs
Foam (river, stream), water, submerged decaying
leaves of Platanus occidentalis and Acer saccharinum (river)
Ssubmerged decaying leaves of Pandanus helicopus
Equisetum fluviatile
Submerged roots of Alnus glutinosa
USA
Australia
Australia
Australia
Austria, Spain,
UK, USA
Leucovibrissea obconica
Vibrissea decolorans
Vibrissea dura
Vibrissea filisporia
Vibrissea truncorum
Vibrissea vibrisseoides
Helotiales genera incertae sedis
Aquapoterium pinicola
Chlorovibrissea bicolor
Chlorovibrissea melanochlora
Chlorovibrissea tasmanica
Filosporella annelidica
Filosporella aquatica
Filosporella exilis
Filosporella fistucella
13
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Malaysia
Belarus
UK
References
Ingold (1954), Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Schumacher (1976)
Schumacher (1976)
Beaton and Weste (1976)
Graddon (1965), Schumacher
(1976), Révay and Gönczöl
(1990), Han et al. (2014),
Graddon (1965), Descals and Sutton (1976), Zheng and Zhuang
(2017)
Ingold (1954), Lamore and Goos
(1978), Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Graddon (1965)
Sánchez (1969)
Ingold (1954)
Kjuller (1960), Tanney and Seifert
(2020)
Kjuller (1960), Tanney and Seifert
(2020)
Raja et al. (2008b)
Beaton and Weste (1977)
Beaton and Weste (1976)
Beaton and Weste (1976)
Shearer and Crane (1976),
Marvanová (2000), Baschien
et al. (2013)
Nawawi (1976a)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Filosporella pinguis
Filosporella versimorpha
Tetracladium apiense
Foam (stream)
Submerged roots of Alnus glutinosa
Plant debris (stream), foam (stream)
Tetracladium breve
Tetracladium furcatum
Tetracladium globosum
Tetracladium marchalianum
Tetracladium maxilliforme
Tetracladium nainitalense
Tetracladium palmatum
Tetracladium setigerum
Distribution
References
Canada
UK
South Africa,
Spain
Leaf Frangula cf. alnus, foam (stream), water (river) Austria, Brazil,
Poland, Spain
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c)
Baschien et al. (2013)
Roldán et al. (1989), Baschien
et al. (2013)
Roldán et al. (1989), Marvanová
(2000), Baschien et al. (2013),
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Descals and Webster (1983), Zhu
Leaves, foam (river, stream), water (river, stream)
Austria, China,
and Yu (1992), Marvanová
Poland, Portu(2000), Fiuza and Gusmão
gal, UK
(2013a), Baschien et al. (2013),
Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Freshwater
Korea
Lim et al. (2021)
Austria, Canada, Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Water (pond, river, stream), submerged decaying
Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953),
Cuba, Czech
wood (Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus,
Hudson and Ingold (1960),
RepubCorylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus
Baxter (1960), Ingold (1960),
lic, France,
sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp., submerged
Marvanová and Marvan (1969),
Germany,
decaying leaves of Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula
Iqbal and Webster (1973),
India, Jamaica,
glandulosa, and Alnus tenuifolia, (stream), foam
Bärlocher (1987), Roldán et al.
Nigeria, Poland,
(stream, river, rivulet), sediment (dam, stream)
(1989), Czeczuga et al. (1990),
Portugal, Spain,
Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar
Switzerland,
and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr
UK, USA, Ven(1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska
ezuela
(1999), Marvanová (2000),
Smits et al. (2007), Baschien
et al. (2008), Anderson and
Shearer (2011), Sudheep and
Sridhar (2012), Menéndez et al.
(2012), Cornut et al. (2014),
Raposeiro et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Petersen (1962), Bärlocher (1987),
Austria, Canada,
Water (pond, river), submerged decaying wood
Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr
France, New
(Alnus glutinosa) in stream, foam (stream, rivulet),
(1996), Czeczuga and Orłowska
Zealand,
foam (stream)
(1999), Marvanová (2000),
Poland, USA,
Cooper (2005), Smits et al.
Venezuela
(2007), Pietryczuk et al. (2018),
Baudy et al. (2019)
Root endophyte riparian plants, foam (stream)
Brazil, India
Sati et al. (2009), Fiuza and
Gusmão (2013a)
River spume, foam (stream, rivulets)
Austria, Portugal, Roldán et al. (1989), Voglmayr
Spain
(1996), Marvanová (2000),
Marvanová et al. (2003),
Baschien et al. (2013)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Austria, Canada,
Water (pond, river), foam (stream), submerged
Ingold (1949), Ranzoni (1953),
France, India,
leaves of Salix atrocinerea (river) and Alnus glutiPetersen (1962), Nawawi
Jamaica, Malaynosa leaves (stream), sediment (stream)
(1985b), Bärlocher (1987),
sia, Poland,
Roldán et al. (1989), Gessner
Portugal, Spain,
et al. (1993), Czeczuga and
Switzerland,
Orłowska (1999), Marvanová
Thailand, UK,
(2000), Smits et al. (2007),
USA, Venezuela
Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009),
Sudheep and Sridhar (2012),
Raposeiro et al. (2018), Vu et al.
(2019)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Lauriomycetales
Lauriomycetaceae
Lauriomyces heliocephalus
Lauriomyces pulcher
Lauriomyces sakaeratensis
Leotiales
Leotiales genera incertae sedis
Alatospora acuminata
Alatospora crassipes
Alatospora flagellata
Alatospora pulchella
Rhytismatales
Rhytismataceae
Hypoderma alpinum
Hypohelion scirpinum
Lophodermium licualae
Lophodermium macci
13
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying leaf
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil
Hong Kong
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Ho (1998)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Unpolluted water (stream), foam (stream, river, rivu- Austria, Brazil,
Ingold (1949), Fenton (1950),
Canada, Czech
let), submerged decaying wood and leaves (Alnus
Ranzoni (1953), Tubaki (1957),
Republic,
glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana,
France, Hungary, Umphlett (1957), Nilsson
Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies,
(1958), Ingold (1958b), Nilsson
India, Ireland,
Tilia cordata, Ulmus sp.), submerged leaves (Cof(1960), Hudson and Ingold
fea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis) (stream), water Jamaica, Japan,
(1960), Ingold (1960), GreatNetherlands,
(river), scum (stream), sediment (dam), stemflow
head (1961), Anastasiou (1964),
New Zealand,
and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species,
Iqbal and Webster (1973),
Poland, Portuwater-filled treeholes
Almer and Segedin (1985),
gal, Rhodesia,
Marvanová and Descals (1985),
Uganda, South
Sridhar (1987), Bärlocher
Africa, Spain,
(1987), Gessner et al. (1993),
Sweden, SwitSridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
zerland, UK,
Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga
USA, Venezuela
(1996), Harrington (1997),
Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and
Révay (2003), Belliveau and
Bärlocher (2005), Smits et al.
(2007), Baschien et al. (2008),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Sudheep and Sridhar (2012),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Fiuza
and Gusmão (2013a), Cornut
et al. (2014), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015), Duarte et al. (2015),
Funck et al. (2015), Raposeiro
et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018), Vu et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica in
Czech Republic
Marvanová (1977)
(river)
Marvanová and Descals (1985),
Fagus sylvatica leaf (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), Austria, Canada,
Bärlocher (1987), Gessner
Czech Republic,
submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream),
et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996),
France, Hunwater (river)
Marvanová (2000), Baschien
gary, Poland
et al. (2013), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Marvanová and Descals (1985),
Leaves (stream), foam (stream, rivulet), submerged Australia,
Au et al. (1992), Gessner
Austria, China,
decaying leaves of Alnus (stream), water (stream),
et al. (1993), Voglmayr 1996),
Czech Republic,
stemflow and throughfall
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
France, India,
Suberkropp (2003), Menéndez
Italy, Netheret al. (2012), Baschien et al.
lands, Portugal,
(2013), Ghate and Sridhar
Spain, UK, USA
(2015), Duarte et al. (2015)
Carex nigra
Submerged decaying stalks of Carex nigra
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Water
Austria
UK
Thailand
China
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Ingold (1954)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Song and Wu (2010)
Fungal Diversity
Table 6 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Thelebolales
Thelebolaceae
Geomyces sp.
Water distribution system
Thelebolales genera incertae sedis
Gorgomyces honrubiae
Foam (stream)
Miniancora allisoniensis
Foam (stream)
water (van Uden and Ahearn 1963; Sláviková et al. 1992;
Gadanho et al. 2006; de García et al. 2007; Russo et al. 2008;
Libkind et al. 2009; Branda et al. 2010; Brandão et al. 2011;
Fell et al. 2011; Medeiros et al. 2012). Most of the taxa of
freshwater Basidiomycota in Table 12 were observed from
plant substates. Fungi from foam records 19 species, eight
(Leptosporomyces crucelliger, Taeniospora nasifera, Fibulotaeniella canadensis, Nodulospora inconstans, Helicogloea
angustispora, Anguillomyces acadiensis, A. acadiensis,
Arcispora bisagittaria) of which were reported exclusively
from foam. There are notions on fungi observed from foam
as spores originating from the neighboring terrestrial environment and just trapped in air bubbles, however studies
showed that the vast majority of these spores originated from
aquatic habitats (Nilsson 1964; Ingold 1975). Thus, they are
no different from ascomycetous spores that are also recovered from foam samples. Foam serves as a natural trap for
conidia and gives a fairly accurate indication of the fungal
flora of stream or river. For instance, Nilsson (1964) concluded that the foam and scum samples give us an overview
of the species from the stream system in the sampling area.
In many cases, the host substrate is determined in subsequent
studies, e.g., Mrakia aquatica was initially isolated from
foam samples (Jones and Slooff 1966), but later collected
on Equisetum culms (Webster unpublished).
In this section, we update the list of Jones et al. (2014b)
with a total of 218 species (in 100 genera) (Tables 12 and
13). Eleven classes comprise freshwater Basidiomycota and
distributed in 26 orders and 43 families.
Freshwater yeasts
Few freshwater yeasts are known when compared with
the extensive number of hyphomycetes and ascomycetes
documented in this study. This can be attributed to the
lack of studies undertaken (Fell et al. 2011; Libkind et al.
2014). Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that belong
to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and require different techniques to filamentous fungi for their study. Early
studies in their identification required not only isolation
and morphological observation but also chemical reactions
Distribution
References
Polland
Grabińska-Łoniewska et al. (2007)
Spain
Canada
Baschien et al. (2013)
Baschien et al. (2013)
such as utilization and fermentation of different substrates.
The development of molecular techniques has revolutionized their study and enabled their higher order classification
(Kurtzman and Robnett 1998) with extensive revisions of the
classification of Basidiomycota yeasts by Liu et al. (2015c,
d) and Wang et al. (2015a, b, c). Kurtzman and Fell (2006)
estimated there were circa 1500 yeast species but the figure
is nearer to 2000 to 2200.
Freshwater yeasts have been recovered from a variety of
environments: drinking water (Yamaguchi et al. 2007), surface
water (Biedunkiewicz and Baranowska 2011), bottled and tap
water (Yamaguchi et al. 2007), wastewater and polluted rivers
(Spencer et al. 1970; Woollett and Hedrick 1970; Pires et al.
2017; Assress et al. 2019), rivers (van Uden and Ahearn 1963;
Sláviková and Vadkertiová 1997a, b), trapped in foam (Jones
and Slooff 1966), freshwater estuaries (Fell et al. 2011; Libkind et al. 2017), glacial melt water (Libkind et al. 2003, 2009,
2014), fish ponds (Sláviková and Vadkertiová 1995a), artificial
lakes (Sláviková et al. 1992) and lakes (Kwasniewska 1988;
Brandão et al. 2010, 2011, 2017; Biedunkiewicz et al. 2013).
Yeasts have also been isolated from freshwater plants (Mrakia aquatica from Equisetum culms, Vishniacozyma victoriae
from submerged roots), while a wide range of taxa occur in
the water tanks of bromeliads: Bromelia karatas, Encholirium
sp., Paepalanthus bromelioides and Vriesea minarum (Morais
et al. 2020). Others occur on the surfaces of surface and mouth
cavity of two Chelonian (turtles) species, Podocnemis expansa
and P. unifilis (Morais et al. 2010).
Yeast distribution in lakes has yielded a wide range of
taxa (Biedunkiewicz et al. 2013) as well as those found in the
freshwater zone of the Everglades (Fell et al. 2011). Many of
these studies yielded novel species: Candida aquatica (current name = Mrakia aquatica), Cryptococcus agrionensis,
Sporobolomyces patagonicus, Rhodotorula himalayensis
(= Phenoliferia himalayensis) and Rhodotorula meli (= Sakaguchia meli). With recent revisions of the basidiomycetous
yeasts, many of the early names are now obsolete and, in this
paper, we refer to the currently accepted names.
Many taxa listed in Table 13 were only isolated once
in the various studies, for example, the 317 isolates made
by Medeiros et al. (2012) from lakes and rivers in Brazil,
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 7 Classification of freshwater Orbiliomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
ASCOMYCOTA
ORBILIOMYCETES
Orbiliales
Orbiliaceae
Arthrobotrys dactyloides
Arthrobotrys oligosporus
Hyalorbilia oviparasitica
Dactylella microaquatica
Dactylella submersa
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged twig
Water (river), submerged decaying
leaves (stream), decaying Licuala
longicalycata (peat swamp)
Foam (stream)
Brazil
Brazil, Poland, Thailand
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Czeczuga et al. (1990), Barbosa et al.
(2013b) Pinruan et al. (2014)
Submerged decaying of unidentified leaves and Shiia sieboldii,
submerged decaying wood (river),
water (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of
Quercus, foam (stream), stemflow
and throughfall of palm species
Submerged leaf
Rainwater from Quercus myrsinaefolia leaves
Dicranidion gracile
Stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies
Helicoon myosuroides
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Helicoon pluriseptatum
Rainwater from building roofs,
leaves in water, submerged decaying Quercus leaves (lake)
Monacrosporium tentaculatum Foam (stream, river), submerged
leaves
Dactylella yunnanensis
Dicranidion fissile
Orbilia luteorubella
Orbilia ellipsospora
Orbiliella armeniaca
Trinacrium incurvum
Trinacrium indicum
Trinacrium robustum
Trinacrium subtile
Vermispora cauveriana
13
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying twigs and
leaves (stream), Calophyllum
brasiliense
Twigs
Foam (river), stemflow and throughfall of palm species
Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica (stream)
Stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies and palm species
Rainwater from building roofs,
leaves in water, stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies and
palm species
Foam (stream), submerged decaying
leaves of Ficus religiosa (river)
India
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
Cuba, Japan, Philippines, USA
Petersen (1962), Marvanová and
Marvan (1969), Cai et al. (2003a),
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003) (Ranzoni (1979), Cai et al. (2003a)
Cuba, India, Ireland, Poland, UK Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1944),
Marvanová and Marvan (1969),
Czeczuga (1996), Rajashekhar
and Kaveriappa (2003), Ghate and
Sridhar (2015)
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Japan
Ando and Tubaki (1984a)
India
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019), Fiuza et al.
(2017b)
van Beverwijk (1954), Abdullah and
Webster (1980), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997)
Anastasiou (1964), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al.
(2005)
Lamore and Goos (1978)
Barbosa et al. (2013b) Fiuza et al.
(2019)
Ireland, Netherlands, Poland
India, Thailand, USA
USA
Brazil
USA
Brazil, India
India
India
India, Netherlands, Poland
India
Shearer and Von Bodman (1983)
Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Ghate
and Sridhar (2015)
Soosamma et al. (2001)
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003),
Rajashekhar et al. (1991)
Fungal Diversity
Table 8 Classification of freshwater Pezizomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
PEZIZOMYCETES
Pezizales
Ascobolaceae
Saccobolus beckii
Thecotheus rivicola
Pezizaceae
Adelphella babingtonii
Aquapeziza globispora
Pachyella adnata
Pachyella clypeata
Pachyella punctispora
Pachyella violaceonigra
Peziza oliviae
Peziza sp.
Pyronemataceae
Miladina lecithina
Scutellinia scutellata
Rhizinaceae
Psilopezia deligata
Psilopezia nummularia
Substrate
Distribution
References
Pine bark
Twigs and wood of Prunus
India
Czech Republic, USA
Udaiyan (1989)
Pfister (1973a)
Twigs
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
France, Hungary, UK, USA
China
USA, Japan
USA, Japan
USA
Ukraine
USA
UK
Ingold (1954), Pfister (1973b), Pfister et al. (2008)
Hu et al. (2012c)
Pfister (1973b)
Pfister (1973b)
Pfister (1973b)
Dudka (1963)
Frank (2013)
Eaton and Jones (1971a)
Wood, foam (stream)
Austria, UK, USA
Wood
Ukraine
Pfister and Korf (1974), Descals and Webster
(1978), Marvanová (2000)
Dudka (1963)
Poplar log or unidentified wood
Wood
USA, Argentina
USA
Pfister (1973a)
Pfister (1973a)
yielded 21 genera and 48 species but few were isolated from
each of the 18 sites. The most numerous genera are Candida (31 species) and Rhodotorula (9 species), and with
fewer species Papiliotrema (6) and Naganishia (5). Common species included Cryptococcus luteolous (= Hannaella
luteola) and Rhodotorula glutinis in the dry season, while
Aureobasidium pullulans was common in the rainy season.
Brandão et al. (2011) noted that Candia krusei (= Teunomyces kruisii), and C. guilliermondii (= Meyerozyma guilliermondii) were the most common in three freshwater lakes
in Brazil. These are faecal coliforms, probably present in
the water samples as the result of contamination by warmblooded animals (Brandão et al. 2010). Other taxa occurred
only once and can be regarded as rare.
While most are regular taxa in freshwater environments:
Mrakia aquatica, M. frigida, Kluyveromyces aestuarii, others have been described also from mangrove habitats (Kwoniella mangrovensis) (Statzell-Tallman et al. 2008), or from
glacial melt water, e.g. Cryptococcus agrionensis (= Goffeauzyma agrionensis), Cystofilobasidium lacus-mascardii,
and Sakaguchia meli (de García et al. 2007; Libkind et al.
2014). Yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei (= Teunomyces kruisii), Candida guilliermondii (= Meyerozyma guilliermondii), Candida glabrata
and Candida tropicalis, are opportunistic pathogens often
associated with human activity. Fell et al. (2011) however,
did not encounter serious human pathogens (such as in water
Candida tropicalis) in samples from the freshwater zone of
the Everglades.
A number of factors determine the occurrence of yeasts
in freshwater habitats: temperature, exposure/tolerance to
UV light, and nutrient availability. Libkind et al. (2006) concluded that in Patagonian freshwater yeasts, there had an
apparent relationship between the ability to produce PPCs
(photoprotective compounds), their tolerance to UV radiation (UVR) exposure and their success in colonizing habitats highly exposed to UVR. Brandão et al. (2011) opined
those yeasts isolated from an oligotrophic lake in Patagonia
(Argentina) are metabolically active and could contribute to
organic matter recycling even under these harsh conditions.
Some 325 yeasts (162 Basidiomycota, 163 Ascomycota)
species are listed in Table 13, but this figure is undoubtedly
an underestimate. These yeast taxa are not recorded in the
previous taxonomic groups above and we separately listed
in this section.
Ingoldian fungi
Ingoldian fungi, also known as “aquatic (Ingoldian) hyphomycetes”, were named after Prof. Cecil Terence Ingold
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 5 Freshwater Sordariomycetes. a, b Sporidesmium sp. c,
d Aquapteridospora sp. e, f Canalisporium sp. g–i Cordana sp. j–l
Sporidesmium sp. m, n Sprochisma sp. o, p Phaeoisaria sp. q, r Distoseptispora sp. s, t Xylaria sp. u, v Ceratosphaeria sp. w–y Peroneu-
13
typa sp. z, a1 Cosmospora aquatica. Scale bars: s, w, z = 300 μm, a,
c, e, g, j, k, m, o, q = 100 μm, r = 40 μm, f, l, v = 20 μm, b, d, h, i, n,
p, t, x, y, a1 = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 Classification of freshwater Sordariomycetes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
ASCOMYCOTA
SORDARIOMYCETES
Diaporthomycetidae
Annulatascales
Annulatascaceae
Annulatascus apiculatus
Annulatascus aquaticus
Annulatascus chiangmaiensis
Annulatascus fusiformis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Annulatascus hongkongensis
Annulatascus joannae
Annulatascus lacteus
Annulatascus liputii
Annulatascus menglensis
Annulatascus nakhonensis
Annulatascus palmietensis
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Brazil
China
Thailand
Australia,
China, Philippines
China
China
China
Philippines
China
Thailand
Brunei, South
Africa
Annulatascus saprophyticus
Annulatascus songkhlaensis
Annulatascus thailandensis
Annulatascus tropicalis
Annulatascus velatisporus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river, waterfall) and
bamboo (river), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Annulusmagnus triseptatus
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Aqualignicola hyalina
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Aqualignicola vaginata
Ascitendus aquaticus
Ascitendus austriacus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Ayria appendiculata
Ayria nubispora
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream)
Cataractispora appendiculata
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
References
Barbosa et al. (2008)
Ho et al. (1999c)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Hyde and Wong (2000), Cai
et al. (2006), Vijaykrishna
et al. (2006)
Ho et al. (1999b)
Tsui et al. (2002)
Tsui et al. (2002)
Cai et al. (2002a)
Hu et al. (2012a)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Hyde et al. (1998a), Fryar et al.
(2004), Hyde and Sarma
(2006)
Thailand
Luo et al. (2015)
Thailand
Dong et al. (2021a)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2020d)
China
Tsui et al. (2002)
Hyde (1992c), Hyde et al.
Australia,
(1998a), Wong et al. (1999b),
Brazil, BruHo et al. (2001), Cai et al.
nei, China,
(2003a), Tsui et al. (2003c),
Philippines,
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Hyde
India, Japan,
(2007) Pinruan et al. (2007),
Malaysia,
Hu et al. (2010b), Sudheep
South
and Sridhar (2011), Barbosa
Africa,
et al. (2013a), Dayarathne
Thailand
et al. (2016)
Australia, Bru- Wong et al. (1999b), Ho et al.
(2001), Campbell and Shearer
nei, Canada,
(2004)
China,
Malaysia,
USA, Venezuela
China, India
Ranghoo et al. (2001), Sudheep
and Sridhar (2011)
China
Hu et al. (2012a)
Australia
Hyde et al. (2018)
Réblová and Winkac (2001),
Australia,
Campbell and Shearer (2004)
Canada,
USA, Venezuela
USA
Raja et al. (2009b)
Costa Rica,
Raja et al. (2009a)
USA
Hyde et al. (1999b)
Australia,
Brunei,
Seychelles
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Cataractispora aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Hyde et al. (1999b, Kurniawati
et al. (2010)
Cataractispora bipolaris
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Australia,
Brunei,
Malaysia,
Seychelles
Australia,
Brunei,
Malaysia,
USA
China
Australia,
China,
Malaysia,
Mauritius
Peru
Egypt
Thailand
Brazil, Costa
Rica, Peru,
USA
Australia,
France,
Thailand,
USA
Thailand
Cataractispora receptaculorum Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (reservoir)
Cataractispora viscosa
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Hyde (1992c), Ho et al. (2001),
Raja et al. (2009b)
Ho et al. (2004)
Hyde et al. (1999b, Ho et al.
(2001)
Chaetorostrum quincemilense
Fusoidigranularius nilensis
Longivarius aquatorbae
Longicollum biappendiculatum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (Phragmites australis) (river)
Submerged decaying wood (Erythrophleum teysmannii)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submersisphaeria aquatica
Submerged decaying wood, submerged decaying Licuala
longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submersisphaeria palmae
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta petiole and rachis,
Nenga pumila rachis, Licuala longecalycata trunk and
petiole, (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Costa Rica
China
Barbosa et al. (2013a)
Ranghoo et al. (2000)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Thailand
Thailand
Dong et al. (2021a)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China
Yang et al. (2015)
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Vertexicola ascoliberata
Vertexicola caudata
Aquapteridosporaceae
Aquapteridospora aquatica
Aquapteridospora bambusinum
Aquapteridospora lignicola
Aquapteridospora fusiformis
Atractosporales
Atractosporaceae
Atractospora aquatica
Atractospora decumbens
Atractospora ellipsoidea
Zelski et al. (2011b)
Abdel-Wahab et al. (2011)
Boonyuen et al. (2012)
Zelski et al. (2011a)
Hyde (1996), Campbell et al.
(2003b), Pinruan et al. (2007),
Fournier et al. 2016)
Pinnoi et al. (2004, 2006)
Atractospora reticulata
Atractospora thailandensis
Atractospora verruculosa
Rubellisphaeria abscondita
Jobellisiales
Jobellisiaceae
Jobellisia guangdongensis
Submerged decaying Sambucus nigra wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
China
Luo et al. (2019)
France
Réblová et al. (2016a)
Brunei,
Ho et al. (1999d), Fryar et al.
(2004), Campbell and Shearer
China, USA
(2004), Dong et al. (2021a)
France
Réblová et al. (2016a)
Thailand
Zhang et al. (2017a)
France
Réblová et al. (2016a)
France
Réblová et al. (2016a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Jobellisia luteola
Jobellisia viridifusca
Barbatosphaeriales
Barbatosphaeriaceae
Barbatosphaeria lignicola
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
USA
China
Liu et al. (2012), Chethana et al.
(2021)
Raja et al. (2009b)
Ranghoo et al. (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks, unidentified wood
(stream), submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and
Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Brazil, Perú,
Thailand
Cancellidium atrobrunneum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Cancellidium cinereum
Cancellidium griseonigrum
Cancellidium thailandense
Obliquiminima hyalina
Ceratolentales
Bullimycetaceae
Bullimyces aurisporus
Bullimyces communis
Bullimyces costaricensis
Conlariales
Conlariaceae
Conlarium aquaticum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Sivichai et al. (2002), Pinnoi
et al. (2006), Pinruan et al.
(2007), Chuaseeharonnachai
et al. (2013), Barbosa et al.
(2013b), Zelski et al. (2014)
Dong et al. (2021a), Hyde et al.
(2021)
Hyde et al. (2021)
Hyde et al. (2021)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reserve, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Ferrer et al. (2012)
Ferrer et al. (2012)
Ferrer et al. (2012)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Conlarium dupliciascosporum
Conlarium subglobosum
Riomyces rotundus
Diaporthales
Diaporthaceae
Diaporthe aquatica
Diaporthe beckhausii
Diaporthe longicolla
Gnomoniaceae
Ambarignomonia petiolorum
Gnomonia papuana
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China, Thailand
China
Thailand
Costa Rica
Zhang et al. (2017a), Dong
et al. (2021a)
Liu et al. (2012)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Ferrer et al. (2012)
Submerged decaying wood (ditch)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Freshwater
China
China
Korea
Hu et al. (2012b)
Ho et al. (2001)
Nam et al. (2020)
Submerged partially decomposed Acer rubrum leaves (lake)
Submerged leaves
USA
Papua New
Guinea
Malaysia
Brunei
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Sivanesan and Shaw (1977)
Ho et al. (2001)
Ho et al. (2001)
UK
Eaton and Jones (1971a, b)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2004a, 2007)
Thailand
China
China
China
Thailand
China
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Su et al. (2016a)
Luo et al. (2018b)
Li et al. (2021c)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Su et al. (2016a)
Yang et al. (2018d), Luo et al.
(2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Cancellidiales
Cancellidiaceae
Cancellidium applanatum
Gnomoniella microspora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Gnomoniella rubicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Sydowiellaceae
Sillia ferruginea
Submerged decaying wood
Diaporthales genera incertae sedis
Phruensis brunneispora
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Distoseptisporales
Distoseptisporaceae
Distoseptispora appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora cangshanensis Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora euseptata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Distoseptispora fasciculata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora fluminicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora guttulata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distoseptispora lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Thailand
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Distoseptispora martinii
Distoseptispora multiseptata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brazil
Thailand
Distoseptispora neorostrata
Distoseptispora obclavata
Distoseptispora obpyriformis
Distoseptispora phangngaensis
Distoseptispora rayongensis
Distoseptispora rostrata
Distoseptispora saprophytica
Distoseptispora songkhlaensis
Distoseptispora submersa
Distoseptispora suoluoensis
Distoseptispora tectonae
Distoseptispora yunnanensis
Magnaporthales
Ceratosphaeriaceae
Ceratosphaeria aquatica
Ceratosphaeria lampadophora
Ceratosphaeria phialidica
Ceratosphaeria pusilla
Ceratosphaeria lignicola
Magnaporthaceae
Aquafiliformis lignicola
Buergenerula biseptata
Clasterosporium flexum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
China
Thailand
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Hyde et al. (2016b), Luo et al.
(2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2018b)
Yang et al. (2018d)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Thailand
China
Thailand
Thailand
China
China
Thailand
China
Hyde et al. (2020d)
Luo et al. (2018b)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2018b)
Yang et al. (2018d)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Li et al. (2021c)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling tower)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Australia
USA
USA
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Jones (1972), Hyde et al. (1997)
Shearer (1989a)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Carex rostrata
Foam (stream), submerged decaying Thuja plicata foliage
(pond)
Carex rostrata
China
Austria
Japan, UK
Luo et al. (2019)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Abdullah (1980), Hosoya and
Tanaka (2007)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged Typha sp. (lake)
China
Hu et al. (2012b)
Canada,
Shearer et al. (1999), Luo et al.
China, USA
(2004)
China, Egypt, Shearer et al. (1999), Tsui et al.
(2001d, 2003c), Luo et al.
Japan,
(2004), Hyde (2007) Raja
Malaysia,
et al. (2009b), Kurniawati
Panama,
et al. (2010), Abdel-Aziz
Thailand,
(2016b), Chethana et al.
USA
(2021)
Australia, Bru- Conway and Barr (1977), Hyde
(1992b), Hyde and Goh
nei, China,
(1998c), Sivichai et al. (2002),
Japan,
Cai et al. (2003a), Tsui et al.
Malaysia,
(2003c), Luo et al. (2004)
Philippines,
Seychelles,
Thailand,
USA
USA
Shearer et al. (1999)
China
Tsui et al. (2001g), Cai et al.
(2006)
China
Tsui et al. (2001h)
UK
Iqbal (1972b)
Gaeumannomyces graminis
Ophioceraceae
Ophioceras aquaticum
Ophioceras arcuatisporum
Ophioceras commune
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream, river, waterfall)
Ophioceras dolichostomum
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, river)
Ophioceras fusiforme
Ophioceras guttulatum
Submerged decorticated woody debris (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Ophioceras hongkongense
Ophioceras leptosporum
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged plant stalks
13
Australia
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Ophioceras submersum
Ophioceras tenuisporum
Ophioceras venezuelense
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Submerged decaying twig (creek)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Panama
Brazil, Venezuela
Luo et al. (2019)
Shearer et al. (1999)
Shearer et al. (1999)
Pseudohalonectriaceae
Pseudohalonectria adversaria
Submerged decaying wood (swamp, stream)
China, Malay- Shearer (1989b), Shearer
(1989a), Hyde et al. (1998a),
sia, South
Hyde and Goh (1999a), Ho
Africa, UK
et al. (2001), Luo et al. (2004)
USA
Shearer (1989a)
China
Cai et al. (2002b)
China, Japan, Minoura and Muroi (1978),
Shearer (1989b), Shearer
Thailand,
(1989a), Cai et al. (2002b),
USA
Tsui et al. (2003c), Luo et al.
(2004), Kurniawati et al.
(2010)
Panama, Phil- Shearer (1989a), Cai et al.
ippines
(2003a)
China, Chile, Shearer (1989a), Fallah and
Shearer (2001), Cai et al.
USA
(2002b)
Pseudohalonectria falcata
Pseudohalonectria fuxianii
Pseudohalonectria lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood and Acer saccharinum twig
(creek, lake, stream, waterfall)
Pseudohalonectria longirostrum
Pseudohalonectria lutea
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Pyriculariaceae
Neocordana musae
Pyricularia fusispora
Pyricularia rabaulensis
Myrmecridiales
Myrmecridiaceae
Myrmecridium aquaticum
Myrmecridium fluviae
Myrmecridium montsegurinum
Myrmecridium schulzeri
Ophiostomatales
Ophiostomataceae
Subbaromyces aquaticus
Parasympodiellales
Parasympodiellaceae
Parasympodiella laxa
Phomatosporales
Phomatosporaceae
Phomatospora aquatica
Phomatospora berkeleyi
Submerged decaying Quercus wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Brazil
Brazil
Ho et al. (2001)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Freshwater
Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica,
Hedera helix and Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Water (stream), submerged decaying wood
China
Korea
France
Luo et al. (2019)
Tibpromma et al. (2017)
Réblová et al. (2016a)
China, South
Korea
Nguyen et al. (2018), Wijayawardene et al. (2021)
Submerged decaying wood
India
Chary and Ramarao (1974)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia,
Japan
Australia,
China,
Philippines,
Thailand,
USA
Norway
France, Spain
Minoura and Muroi (1978),
Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006)
Fallah and Shearer (2001),
Vijaykrishna and Hyde (2006)
USA
Fallah and Shearer (1998)
Submerged decaying wood (Typha latifolia, Carex comosa,
Scirpus brevicaudatus), wood (lake, river, stream), decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus
excelsior)
Phomatospora muskellungensis Submerged decaying wood and stem of Typha latifolia
(lake)
Phomatospora helvetica
Phomatospora luteotingens
Nordén et al. (2015)
Fournier and Lechat (2010)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Phomatospora striatigera
Phomatospora triseptata
Rhamphoriales
Rhamphoriaceae
Rhamphoria pyriformis
Rhodoveronaea aquatica
Sporidesmiales
Sporidesmiaceae
Sporidesmium altum
Sporidesmium appendiculatum
Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum
Sporidesmium aturbinatum
Sporidesmium brachypus
Sporidesmium cangshanense
Sporidesmium chiangmaiense
Sporidesmium dulongense
Sporidesmium ensiforme
Sporidesmium fluminicola
Sporidesmium gyrinomorphum
Sporidesmium lageniforme
Sporidesmium lignicola
Sporidesmium macrurum
Sporidesmium olivaceoconidium
Sporidesmium nujiangense
Sporidesmium paludosum
Submerged Carex gracili
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
Australia
USA
Scheuer (1988)
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
China
Ho et al. (2001)
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Thailand
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Foam (tarn)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
China
China
Thailand
China
UK
China
Thailand
Bao et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Hyde et al. (2020d)
Descals and Webster (1982)
Su et al. (2016a)
Yang et al. (2018d)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
China
Brunei
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Ho et al. (2001)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake) and bamboo (river)
China
China, Philippines
Brazil
Thailand
China
Thailand
Sporidesmium ponapense
Sporidesmium pyriformatum
Sporidesmium submersum
Sporidesmium thailandense
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Sporidesmium tropicale
Foam (river), submerged decaying wood (stream)
Tirisporellales
Tirisporellaceae
Thailandiomyces bisetulosus
Tirisporella beccariana
Togniniales
Togniniaceae
Erostella minutissima
Phaeoacremonium aquaticum
Phaeoacremonium ovale
Phaeoacremonium thailandense
Trichosphaeriales
Trichosphaeriaceae
13
Bao et al. (2021a)
Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al.
(2004)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Su et al. (2016a)
Zhang et al. (2017a, b), Yang
et al. (2018d)
Brazil, China, Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Barbosa
et al. (2013b), Yang et al.
Thailand
(2018d), Bao et al. (2021a)
Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata
(peat swamp)
Foam (stream)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2008, 2014)
Malaysia
Jones et al. (1996)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
China
China
Thailand
Ho et al. (2001)
Hu et al. (2012b)
Huang et al. (2018b)
Calabon et al. (2021a)
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Brachysporium obovatum
Brachysporium nigrum
Koorchaloma bambusae
Unisetosphaeria penguinoides
Xenospadicoidales
Xenospadicoidaceae
Neospadicoides aquatica
Neospadicoides lignicola
Neospadicoides thailandica
Neospadicoides yunnanensis
Spadicoides americana
Spadicoides atra
Spadicoides bambusicola
Spadicoides cordanoides
Spadicoides hodgkissii
Spadicoides klotzschii
Spadicoides minuta
Spadicoides obovata
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
USA
USA
Thailand
Thailand
Raja et al. (2009b)
Lamore and Goos (1978)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinnoi et al. (2003a, 2006)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Phyllostachys bambusoides (stream)
Submerged decaying wood, decaying Licuala longicalycata
(peat swamp)
Decaying Nenga pumila (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
China
China
Thailand
China
China
China
China
Australia
China
Thailand
China
China, Thailand
Thailand
Brazil
China
Australia,
China, Costa
Rica, Seychelles
Czech Republic, France
Brazil, Brunei,
Costa Rica
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Wongsawas et al. (2008)
Zhang et al. (2017a)
Cai et al. (2006)
Goh and Hyde (1996b)
Ho et al. (2002)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Cai et al. (2004a)
Zhuang et al. (2001), Pinruan
et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Fiuza et al. (2017b)
Vijaykrishna et al. (2005)
Hyde (1995d), Hyde and Goh
(1998c), Tsui et al. (2002),
Barbosa et al. (2013a)
Spadicoides stoveri
Spadicoides subsphaerica
Torrentispora aquatica
Torrentispora biatriispora
Torrentispora crassiparietis
Submerged decaying wood of Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus
excelsior (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Torrentispora fibrosa
Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir, stream)
Torrentispora calembola
Torrentispora fusiformis
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Torrentispora pilosa
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Diaporthomycetidae family incertae sedis
Acrodictyaceae
Acrodictys aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China, New
Zealand
Brunei
Costa Rica
Réblová et al. (2018)
Fryar et al. (2004), Fryar and
Hyde (2004), Barbosa et al.
(2013a)
Hyde et al. (2000), Réblová
et al. (2018)
Fryar and Hyde (2004)
Barbosa et al. (2013a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Rainwater from building roofs
China
Philippines,
Thailand
Thailand
Philippines
Poland
Hyde et al. (2018), Luo et al.
(2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Cai et al. (2002c, 2003a), Bao
et al. (2021a)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Submerged decayed stem of Phragmites australis (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Egypt
Thailand
China
China
China
Thailand
Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Yuan et al. (2020)
Song et al. (2018a)
Zhang et al. (2017a)
Acrodictys fluminicola
Acrodictys liputii
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river)
Acrodictys porosiseptata
Acrodictys sacchari
Acrodictys similis
Junewangiaceae
Dictyosporella aquatica
Dictyosporella chiangmaiensis
Dictyosporella ellipsoidea
Dictyosporella guizhouensis
Dictyosporella hydei
Dictyosporella thailandensis
Thailand
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Jennwenomyces navicularis
Junewangia aquatica
Junewangia thailandica
Sporidesmiella aquatica
Sporidesmiella aspera
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying angiosperm twigs (stream)
Sporidesmiella ciliaspora
Sporidesmiella claviformis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Sporidesmiella cornuta
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Sporidesmiella incrassata
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Sporidesmiella hyalosperma
Sporidesmiella novae-zelandiae
Sporidesmiella obovoidia
Sporidesmiella oraniopsidis
Sporidesmiella parvissima
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Sporidesmiella vignalensis
Papulosaceae
Brunneosporella aquatica
Fluminicola aquatica
Fluminicola bipolaris
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Goh and Kuo (2020)
Song et al. (2018b)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1993a)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1993a)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1993a)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1993a)
China, USA
Crane (1972), Luo et al. (2019)
China, Thai- Sivichai et al. (2002), Luo et al.
(2019)
land
Thailand
Dong et al. (2021a)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
sia
(1993a), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Fluminicola saprophytica
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Thailand
China,
Philippines,
Thailand
Thailand
Fluminicola striata
Wongia aquatica
Wongia fusiformis
Pseudoproboscisporaceae
Diluviicola capensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Thailand
China
Thailand
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brunei, Thailand
Thailand
Australia,
Philippines,
Japan
UK, USA
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Neodiluviicola aquatica
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Pseudoproboscispora aquatica Submerged decaying wood
References
China
China
Thailand
China
Malaysia
Ranghoo et al. (2001)
Zhang et al. (2017a, b)
Wong et al. (1999a), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004),
Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Zhang et al. (2017a, b), Luo
et al. (2019)
Dong et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Hyde et al. (1998b), Dong et al.
(2021a)
Zhang et al. (2017a)
Wong and Hyde (1999), Tsui
et al. (2003c)
Pseudoproboscispora caudaesuis
Submerged decaying wood (Acer ruburm, Fraxinus excelsior) (lake)
Pseudoproboscispora thailandensis
Pseudostanjehughesiaceae
Pseudostanjehughesia aquitropica
Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola
Woswasiaceae
Cyanoannulus petersenii
Submerged decaying bamboo (river)
Thailand
Ingold (1951), Fallah and
Shearer (2001), Campbell
et al. (2003b)
Zhang et al. (2017a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Yang et al. (2018d)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
USA
Raja et al. (2003)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
China
Australia,
Brunei
China
China
Thailand
Ho et al. (1999d)
Tsui et al. (2003b), Fryar et al.
(2004)
Tsui et al. (2003b)
Tsui et al. (2003b)
Dong et al. (2021a)
China
Australia,
Japan
China
China
USA
Inderbitzin (2000)
Hyde (1995d), Tsui et al.
(2003c)
Cai and Hyde (2007c)
Tsui et al. (1998a)
Raja et al. (2010a)
Australia
Hyde (1995e)
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
USA
Hafellner (2014)
UK, Netherlands
China
van Beverwijk (1954)
Brazil
Brazil, China
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Korea
Goh et al. (2020)
Water (pond, stream)
Freshwater
Korea
Korea
Nguyen et al. (2019a)
Lim et al. (2021)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
China, France
Cylindrotrichum gorii
Submerged decaying wood (Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus sp.,
Platanus sp.) (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Cylindrotrichum helisciforme
Foam (stream)
Hyde et al. (2016b), Luo et al.
(2019)
Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2018)
Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2018)
Marvanová (1979), Bärlocher
(1987)
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2018)
Maharachchikumbura et al.
(2018)
Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Aquaticola hyalomura
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Aquaticola longicolla
Submerged decaying wood (creek, river)
Aquaticola minutiguttulata
Aquaticola triseptata
Aquidictyomyces appendiculatus
Ceratostomella hyalocoronata
Clohiesia corticola
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Clohiesia curvispora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Clohiesia lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Hyalorostratum brunneispoSubmerged decaying wood (stream)
rum
Hypocreomycetidae
Coronophorales
Bertiaceae
Bertia convolutispora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Chaetosphaerellaceae
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma Submerged bark
Nitschkiaceae
Rhagadostoma lichenicola
Lake
Coronophorales genera incertae sedis
Papulaspora pulmonaria
Submerged decaying leaves
Papulaspora sepedonioides
Submerged bamboo culms (stream)
Glomerellales
Australiascaceae
Dischloridium gloeosporioides Submerged leaves
Dischloridium inaequiseptatum Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Glomerellaceae
Colletotrichum godetiae
Plectosphaerellaceae
Acrostalagmus luteoalbus
Lectera nordwiniana
Reticulascaceae
Cylindrotrichum aquaticum
Cylindrotrichum clavatum
Cylindrotrichum oligospermum Submerged decaying wood (river)
Cylindrotrichum submersum Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Kylindria aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Kylindria chinensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Canada, Slovakia
UK
China
China
China
Cai et al. (2006)
Hypocreales
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Bionectriaceae
Acremonium guillematii
Bionectria byssicola
Freshwater
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Lim et al. (2021)
Ho et al. (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
River watershed
Korea
Brunei, China,
Malaysia
Australia
China
Canada
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Brunei, China
China
Thailand
China
Ho et al. (2001)
Ho et al. (2001)
Au et al. (1992)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Ho et al. (2001)
Submerged organic debris and freshwater muds of Lake
Sengari
Ireland,
Japan
Park (1972), Tubaki (1973)
Didymostilbe australiensis
Fusariella sarniensis
Ovicuculispora parmeliae
Hypocreaceae
Gliocladium cylindrosporum
Sibirina orthospora
Trichoderma glaucum
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma polysporum
Myrotheciomycetaceae
Emericellopsis terricola
Nectriaceae
Aquanectria devians
Aquanectria jacinthicolor
Aquanectria penicillioides
Aquanectria submersa
Aquanectria tenuispora
Bacillispora inflata
Baipadisphaeria spathulospora
Bisifusarium dimerum
Calonectria candelabrum
Chaetopsina aquatica
Chaetopsina beijingensis
Chaetopsina fulva
Submerged decaying leaf (reservoir)
Singapore
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Submerged decaying wood and leaves of broad-leaved trees, Australia,
China,
shrubs and angiosperm, foam (lake, spring, stream, river),
Cuba,
sediment (dam), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
India, Italy,
and palm species
Ireland,
Jamaica,
Korea, New
Zealand,
Portugal,
South
Africa,
Spain, UK,
USA
Submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream),
Jamaica,
foam (stream)
Portugal,
Venezuela
Submerged decaying leaf (reservoir)
Singapore
Water (river)
Poland
Submerged trunk of Licuala longicalycata (peat bog)
Thailand
Groundwater
Submerged leaf
Submerged decaying stem of Phragmites australis (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream), submerged decaying test blocks (Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis)
Chaetopsina hongkongensis
Submerged decaying wood
Chaetopsina illini
Submerged decayed wood of Taxodium distichum (swamp)
Chaetopsina penicillata
Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream)
Chaetopsina polyblastia
Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream)
Chaetopsina splendida
Submerged decaying petioles (stream)
Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream)
Cosmospora aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Cosmosporella olivacea
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
13
Hyde and Goh (1997)
Chen et al. (2011)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Gordillo and Decock (2019)
Huang et al. (2018a)
Ingold (1943a), Ranzoni (1953,
1956), Hudson and Ingold
(1960), Greathead (1961),
Crane (1968), Yu et al.
(1988), Au et al. (1992), Harrington (1997), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009), Duarte
et al. (2012), Sudheep and
Sridhar (2012), Ghate and
Sridhar (2015), Lombard et al.
(2015), Mun et al. (2016), Luo
et al. (2019)
Hudson (1961), Marvanova
et al. (2003), Smits et al.
(2007)
Gordillo and Decock (2019)
Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Pinruan et al. (2010)
Slovenia
Brazil
Egypt
China
Brazil, Thailand
Novak Babič et al. (2016)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Bakhit and Abdel-Aziz (2021)
Luo et al. (2019)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
China
USA
Thailand
Thailand
Brazil
Thailand
China
China
Ho et al. (2002)
Crane (1971)
Sivichai et al. (2002)
Sivichai et al. (2002)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Sivichai et al. (2002)
Luo et al. (2019)
Huang et al. (2018a)
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Cylindrocarpon aquaticum
Water (river), foam (stream), submerged decaying plant
materials (stream)
India, Poland,
USA
Cylindrocarpon destructans
var. destructans
Cylindrocladiella infestans
Submerged leaves (river)
UK
Ranzoni (1979), Czeczuga
et al. (1990), Rajashekhar and
Kaveriappa (2003)
Iqbal and Webster (1973)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged leaves
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Cylindrocladiella parva
Fusarium solani
Fusicolla aquaeductuum
Submerged decaying wood (lake), water (river), submerged
decaying leaves of angiosperm, foam (river, lake, spring,
stream)
Gliocladiopsis aquaticus
Gliocladiopsis guangdongensis
Gliocladiopsis singaporiensis
Gliocladiopsis tenuis
Heliscus tentaculus
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Philippines,
Shearer and Von Bodman
USA
(1983), Cai et al. (2003a)
Brazil, China, Crane (1968), Czeczuga et al.
Poland, USA (1990), Schoenlein-Crusius
et al. (2009), Huang et al.
(2018a)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2018)
China
Liu and Cai (2013)
Singapore
India
Jamaica, USA
Ilyonectria destructans
Submerged decaying leaf (stream)
Submerged petioles
Submerged decaying leaves of Platanus occidentalis, unidentified leaves (stream)
Foam (stream)
Mariannaea aquaticola
Mariannaea catenulata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Mariannaea chlamydospora
Mariannaea cinerea
Mariannaea elegans
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream)
Thailand
China, Thailand
China
China
Brazil
Mariannaea fusiformis
Mariannaea lignicola
Mariannaea samuelsii
Mariannaea submersa
Mariannaea superimposita
Nectria curta
Nectriella lacustris
Nectria lugdunensis
Nectria submersa
Neocosmospora haematococca
Neonectria coccinea
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged wood of Fraxinus excelsior
Carex rostrata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Water
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged beech (stream)
India
Gordillo and Decock (2019)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Umphlett (1957), Hudson and
Ingold (1960)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003)
Cai et al. (2010)
Hao et al. (2021)
Hu et al. (2017)
Hu et al. (2017)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
China, Korea Hu et al. (2017), Pangging et al.
(2021b)
China
Hu et al. (2017)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
China
Hao et al. (2021)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
UK
Webster (1993)
Austria
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
UK
Shearer and Webster (1991)
Japan
Kobayasi and Ookubo (1952)
China
Tsui et al. (2001d), Tsui and
Hyde (2004)
Hungary
Révay and Gönczöl (1990)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Neonectria lugdunensis
Submerged decaying wood (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus
excelsior), rainwater from building roofs, water (river,
stream), foam (stream, rivulet, spring, river, lake), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water
(stream)
Ophionectria trichospora
Paracremonium binnewijzendii
Payosphaeria minuta
Thelonectria discophora
Thelonectria lucida
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Austria, Can- Ingold (1942), Fenton (1950),
Ranzoni (1953), Tubaki
ada, Czech
(1957), Ingold (1958b), NilsRepublic,
son (1960), Baxter (1960),
France, GerCrane (1968), Iqbal and
many, IreWebster (1973), Bärlocher
land, Japan,
(1987), Gessner et al. (1993),
Poland,
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
Portugal,
Czeczuga and Orłowska
Rhodesia,
(1997), Harrington (1997),
Slovakia,
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and
Spain, SweSuberkropp (2003), Baschien
den, UK,
et al. (2006, 2008), Cornut
USA
et al. (2014), Raposeiro et al.
(2018), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Mexico
Castañeda-Ruíz et al. (2007)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged oak twigs (river)
Submerged twigs (stream)
China
UK
USA
Thelonectria discophora
Varicosporella aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood wood (Populus sp. Buxus sempervirens, Salix sp., Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus sp.)
Freshwater
UK
France
Cai et al. (2006)
Shearer and Webster (1991)
Shearer and Von Bodman
(1983)
Shearer and Webster (1991)
Lechat and Fournier (2015)
Korea
Pangging et al. (2021b)
China
China
Cai and Hyde (2007c)
Tsui et al. (2001f)
Egypt
China
China
Brazil
South Korea
Brazil
Brazil
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Lee et al. (2019)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Poland
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Korea
Canada
Canada
Goh et al. (2020)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2003b, 2006)
China, Thailand
Hsieh et al. (1995), Hyde et al.
(1999a), Luo et al. (2004),
Kurniawati et al. (2010)
Li et al. (2016)
Volutella citrinella
Niessliaceae
Paraniesslia aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Paraniesslia tuberculata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Stachybotryaceae
Koorchalomella salmonispora Submerged decayed stem of Phragmites australis
Stachybotrys chartarum
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream)
Stachybotrys chlorohalonatus Submerged decaying wood (river)
Stachybotrys nephrosporus
Submerged leaf
Stachybotrys sansevieriae
Water (river)
Stachybotrys sphaerosporus
Submerged decaying petioles (stream)
Virgatospora echinofibrosa
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Sarocladiaceae
Sarocladium implicatum
Water (river)
Hypocreales genera incertae sedis
Idriella lunata
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Illosporiopsis christiansenii
River watershed
Illosporium carneum
River watershed
Microascales
Gondwanamycetaceae
Knoxdaviesia undulatistipes
Submerged decaying petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Halosphaeriaceae
Aniptodera aquadulcis
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus
and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, stream, river,
waterfall)
Aniptodera aquibella
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
13
Thailand
References
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Aniptodera chesapeakensis
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream, reservoir)
Aniptodera fusiformis
Submerged decaying cottonwood twigs (Populus deltoides)
Aniptodera inflatiascigera
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Aniptodera lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream) and bamboo
(river)
Aniptodera limnetica
Aniptodera margarition
Aniptodera mauritaniensis
Submerged decaying wood (creek)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river, lake)
Aniptodera megaloascocarpa
Aniptodera megalospora
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Aniptodera palmicola
Submerged decaying wood (lake), submerged Raphia australia rachis
Aniptosporopsis lignatilis
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
Australia, Bra- Shearer and Miller (1977),
Minoura and Muroi (1978),
zil, Brunei,
Shearer and Crane (1986),
China, India,
Shearer (1989b), Hyde
Iraq, Japan,
et al. (1998a), Goh and
Mauritius,
Hyde (1999), Hyde et al.
South
(1999a), Fryar et al. (2004),
Africa, USA
Luo et al. (2004), Patil and
Borse (2012b), Barbosa et al.
(2013a), Al-Saadoon and AlDossary (2014)
Iraq, USA
Shearer (1989b), Al-Saadoon
and Al-Dossary (2014)
Brunei, China, Tsui et al. (1997), Hyde et al.
(1999a), Ho et al. (2001)
Philippines
Hyde et al. (1999a), Cai et al.
Australia,
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004),
Brunei,
Patil and Borse (2012b)
China, India,
Malaysia,
Philippines
USA
Shearer (1989b)
UK, USA
Shearer (1989b)
China, Iraq,
Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al.
(2004), Al-Saadoon and AlMauritius
Dossary (2014)
USA
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Brunei, China, Hyde et al. (1999a)
Malaysia
China, Iraq,
Hyde et al. (1999a), Luo et al.
South Africa
(2004), Al-Saadoon and AlDossary (2014)
Hyde (1992a), Hyde et al.
Australia,
(1999a), Ho et al. (2001)
China,
Mauritius
Philippines,
Seychelles,
South Africa
Australia
Hyde et al. (1999a)
Australia, Bru- Hyde et al. (1999a)
nei, China,
Mauritius,
Philippines,
South Africa
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
China
Ho et al. (2001)
China
Liu et al. (2020a)
Spain
Hernández-Restrepo et al.
(2017)
Brunei, India, Nawawi (1973a), Marvanová
(1980), Nawawi (1985b),
Malaysia,
Sridhar and Kaveriappa
Thailand
(1992), Kuthubutheen et al.
(1992), Sivichai et al. (2002),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Hosoya et al. (2006),
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Kurniawati et al. (2010), Yang et al.
(2018c), Hosoya et al. (2019)
Ascosacculus aquaticus
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Ascosacculus heteroguttulatus Submerged decaying wood (creek, river, stream)
Ascosacculus fusiformis
Cirrenalia macrocephala
Cucurbitinus constrictus
Cucurbitinus ibericus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged wood
Clavatospora filiformis
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (stream), foam (stream),
submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata
Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp)
References
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Clavatospora longibrachiata
Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves of Alnus
glutinosa (stream), water (river, stream), scum (stream)
Clavatospora tentacula
Submerged leaves (Coffea arabica, Hevea brasiliensis,
unidentified) (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies, foam (stream)
Fluviatispora reticulata
Submerged Livistona sp. and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Fluviatispora tunicata
Submerged Livistona sp. (river)
Haligena elaterophora
Halosphaeria viscosa
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera
Luttrellia estuarina
Submerged decaying balsa wood (river)
Austria, Can- Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Willen (1958), Ingold (1960),
ada, France,
Greathead (1961), Iqbal and
Ireland,
Poland, Por- Webster (1973), Bärlocher
(1987), Gessner et al. (1993),
tugal, South
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
Africa, SweVoglmayr (1996), Harrington
den, Spain,
(1997), Marvanová (2000),
UK, USA
Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Menéndez et al. (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Raposeiro
et al. (2018), Pietryczuk et al.
(2018)
Marvanová and Marvan (1969),
Cuba, India,
Ranzoni (1979), Sridhar
Malaysia,
(1987), Sridhar and KaveThailand,
riappa (1988), Sridhar and
USA, VenKaveriappa (1992), Sivichai
ezuela
and Boonyene (2004), Hosoya
et al. (2006), Smits et al.
(2007)
Hyde (1994a), Pinnoi et al.
Papua New
(2006)
Guinea,
Thailand
Papua New
Hyde (1994a)
Guinea
UK
Eaton and Jones (1971b)
Philippines,
Hyde et al. (1999a)
South Africa
USA
Shearer and Crane (1971)
Submerged decorticated wood (river, stream)
Canada, USA
Luttrellia guttulata
Submerged decorticated wood (stream)
Luttrellia halonata
Luttrellia parvulospora
Submerged decorticated wood (river)
Submerged decorticated wood (river)
Magnisphaera stevemossago
Nais aquatica
Submerged decorticated wood (creek, pond, river)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfalls)
Nais inornata
Submerged decaying wood of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus
sylvatica (water-cooling towers), wood (lake)
Costa Rica,
Panama
Ecuador
USA, French
Guiana
USA
Australia,
China, South
Africa
China, Japan,
USA, UK
Natantispora lotica
Submerged decaying wood
Natantispora retorquens
Submerged decaying wood (river, reservoir, stream) and
wood (river), submerged rachis of Raphia australia
13
References
Shearer (1978), Ferrer and
Shearer (2007)
Ferrer and Shearer (2007)
Ferrer and Shearer (2007)
Ferrer and Shearer (2007)
Campbell et al. (2003a)
Hyde et al. (1999a)
Jones and Stewart (1972),
Minoura and Muroi (1978),
Luo et al. (2004), Raja et al.
(2009b)
Hyde et al. (1999a), Campbell
Australia,
et al. (2003a)
China, Mauritius, Philippines, South
Africa,
USA
Goh and Hyde (1999), Hyde
Australia,
et al. (1999a), Cai et al.
China, Mauritius, Philip- (2002b), Cai et al. (2003a),
Campbell et al. (2003a)
pines, South
Africa,
USA
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Okeanomyces cucullatus
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Phaeonectriella appendiculata Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distribution
References
Luo et al. (2004)
Hyde et al. (1999a)
Phaeonectriella lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, watercooling towers)
China
Australia,
Philippines
China, Mauritius, UK
Sigmoidea aurantiaca
Foam (rivulet), submerged decaying wood (river)
Austria, UK
Sigmoidea contorta
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Thailand
Sigmoidea praelonga
Sigmoidea prolifera
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream), foam (lake,
stream, river, spring)
Austria
USA
Eaton and Jones (1970), Hyde
et al. (1999a), Luo et al.
(2004)
Descals and Webster (1982),
Voglmayr (1996)
Marvanová and Hywel-Jones
(2000)
Marvanová (1986)
Petersen (1963b), Crane (1968)
Fluid (wastewater treatment plant)
Sediment (river)
France
Spain
Crous et al. (2016a)
Gilgado et al. (2005)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Thailand
USA
Thailand
Lu et al. (2018b)
Shearer and Crane (1971)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al.
(2020)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Révay (1992)
Microascaceae
Scedosporium cereisporum
Scedosporium minutisporum
Triadelphiaceae
Triadelphia fusiformis
Triadelphia heterospora
Triadelphia hexaformispora
Triadelphia hungarica
Water-filled treeholes
Triadelphia morgoensis
Submerged decaying wood
Microascales genera incertae sedis
Sporendocladia bactrospora
Submerged decaying wood (stream), Submerged decaying
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Torpedosporales
Juncigenaceae
Juncigena fruticosae
Submerged decayed stems of Suaeda fruticosa (lake)
Vermiculariopsiellales
Vermiculariopsiellaceae
Vermiculariopsiella cornuta
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Vermiculariopsiella cubensis
Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream)
Vermiculariopsiella falcata
Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream)
Vermiculariopsiella immersa
Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream), Submerged
decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Hungary
Hungary
Vermiculariopsiella parvula
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Campylospora brasiliensis
Submerged decaying leaves (stream, river, waterfall)
Campylospora chaetocladia
Submerged decaying leaves of Acer sp., Coffea arabica,
Hevea brasiliensis (stream, river), decaying unidentified
leaves (spring), foam, scum (lake, spring, stream, river),
stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Malaysia
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza
et al. (2018)
Egypt
Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010)
Brazil
Brazil
Malaysia
Brazil, Malaysia
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Nawawi et al. (1990)
Nawawi et al. (1990), Barbosa
et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al.
(2018)
Nawawi et al. (1990)
Brazil
Brazil, Cuba,
Ghana,
India,
Jamaica,
Malaysia,
Nigeria,
Portugal,
Thailand,
USA, Venezuela
Moro et al. (2015b)
Ranzoni (1953), Dixon (1959),
Hudson and Ingold (1960),
Crane (1968), Alasoadura
(1968a), Nawawi (1985b),
Sridhar and Kaveriappa
(1988), Rajashekhar and
Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj
et al. (2005), Hosoya et al.
(2006), Smits et al. (2007),
Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Fiuza and Gusmão
(2013b), Raposeiro et al.
(2018)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Campylospora filicladia
Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica, and Hevea
brasiliensis (stream), foam (river, stream)
Brazil, India,
Venezuela
Campylospora parvula
Foam (water, river, rivulet. stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Austria, Brazil, Canada,
India, Ireland, Japan,
Venezuela
Porosphaerellopsis bipolaris
Lulworthiomycetidae
Pisorisporiales
Pisorisporiaceae
Achroceratosphaeria potamia
Pisorisporium cymbiforme
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1988),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Smits et al. (2007),
Fiuza and Gusmão (2013b)
Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr
(1996), Harrington (1997),
Hosoya and Tanaka (2007),
Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar
and Karamchand (2009),
Fiuza and Gusmão (2013b)
Ranghoo et al. (2001)
Submerged wood of Platanus species (stream)
France
Submerged decorticated wood of Alnus glutinosa and Fraxi- France
nus excelsior (brook)
Réblová et al. (2010)
Réblová et al. (2015)
Savoryellomycetidae
Conioscyphales
Conioscyphaceae
Conioscypha aquatica
Conioscypha gracilis
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Japan, Peru
Conioscypha lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Conioscypha nakagirii
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia,
China
Thailand
Conioscypha peruviana
Conioscypha submersa
Conioscypha tenebrosa
Conioscypha verrucosa
Vanakripa ellipsoidea
Vanakripa fasciata
Vanakripa gigaspora
Vanakripa menglensis
Vanakripa minutiellipsoidea
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged dead petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp), submerged decaying wood
Peru
China
China
China
China
Cuba
Philippines
China
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Minoura and Muroi (1978),
Zelski et al. (2015)
Höhnel (1904), Mongkol et al.
(2009)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al.
(2017)
Zelski et al. (2015)
Luo et al. (2019)
Yang et al. (2020)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Tsui et al. (2003a)
Castañeda et al. (2005)
Cai et al. (2003a)
Hu et al. (2010a)
Pinnoi et al. (2003b), Pinnoi
et al. (2006), Yang et al.
(2020)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Spain
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Calduch et al. (2002)
Yang et al. (2017)
Yang et al. (2016b)
Hyde et al. (2020d)
Yang et al. (2016b)
Yang et al. (2017)
Yang et al. (2020)
Boonyuen et al. (2021)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Thailand
Boonyuen et al. (2016)
Yang et al. (2016b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Yang et al. (2016b)
Fuscosporellales
Fuscosporellaceae
Bactrodesmiastrum obovatum
Fuscosporella aquatica
Fuscosporella pyriformis
Mucispora infundibulata
Mucispora obscuriseptata
Mucispora phangngaensis
Parafuscosporella aquatica
Parafuscosporella ellipsoconidiogena
Parafuscosporella garethii
Parafuscosporella moniliformis
Parafuscosporella mucosa
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Parafuscosporella obovata
Parafuscosporella pyriformis
Plagiascoma frondosum
Pseudoascotaiwania persoonii
Pleurotheciales
Pleurotheciaceae
Coleodictyospora muriformis
Neomonodictys muriformis
Phaeoisaria aguilerae
Phaeoisaria annesophieae
Phaeoisaria aquatica
Phaeoisaria clematidis
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decorticated wood of Fraxinus excelsior (brook)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Thailand
Thailand
France
Canada
Boonyuen et al. (2021)
Yang et al. (2020)
Réblová et al. (2016b)
Fallah et al. (1999a)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (lake, reservoir, river,
stream), bamboo (river), submerged decaying Licuala
longicalycata and Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Thailand
Cuba
Thailand
China
Brazil, China,
Philippines,
Thailand
Phaeoisaria guttulata
Phaeoisaria filiformis
Phaeoisaria sparsa
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Pleurotheciella aquatica
Pleurotheciella centenaria
Pleurotheciella fusiformis
Pleurotheciella guttulata
Pleurotheciella krabiensis
Pleurotheciella lunata
Pleurotheciella nilotica
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Pleurotheciella rivularia
Pleurotheciella saprophytica
Pleurotheciella submersa
Pleurotheciella sympodia
Pleurotheciella tropica
Pleurotheciella uniseptata
Submerged decaying wood of Hedera helix (rivulets)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Thailand
Brunei,
Malaysia
China
Canada
China
China
Thailand
China
China, Egypt,
Thailand
France
China
China
Thailand
Thailand
China
Dong et al. (2021b)
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Castaneda Ruiz et al. (2002)
Shi et al. (2021)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004),
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan
et al. (2007), Barbosa et al.
(2013b), Luo et al. (2018a),
Chethana et al. (2021)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Luo et al. (2019)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007)
Pleurothecium aquaticum
Pleurothecium floriforme
Pleurothecium guttulatum
Pleurothecium pulneyense
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
China
Thailand
China
China, India
Pleurothecium recurvatum
Pleurothecium semifecundum
Saprodesmium dematiosporum
Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpus
Sterigmatobotrys rudis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Sambucus nigra (brook)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
France
China
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Canada, UK
Submerged decaying wood (water-cooling towers, lake)
China, UK
Sterigmatobotrys uniseptatus
Pseudodactylariales
Pseudodactylariaceae
Pseudodactylaria aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Hyde and Goh (1999a), Réblová
and Seifert (2011)
Jones et al. (2002), Luo et al.
(2004)
Chang (1991), Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Bao et al. (2021a)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Réblová et al. (2012)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Abdel-Aziz et al. (2020), Shi
et al. (2021)
Réblová et al. (2012)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Shi et al. (2021)
Hyde et al. (2018)
Cai et al. (2002b); Luo et al.
(2018a)
Luo et al. (2018a)
Hyde et al. (2017b)
Shi et al. (2021)
Sridhar and Sudheep (2011),
Luo et al. (2018a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Réblová et al. (2012)
Dong et al. (2021b)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Pseudodactylaria camporesiana
Pseudodactylaria fusiformis
Pseudodactylaria hyalotunicata
Savoryellales
Savoryellaceae
Ascotaiwania fusiformis
Ascotaiwania hsilio
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
China
Brazil, China
Lu et al. (2020)
Tsui et al. (2000)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
China, USA
Yang et al. (2016b)
Chang et al. (1998), Fallah et al.
(1999a), Raja et al. (2009b)
Ascotaiwania limnetica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China, France, Chang et al. (1998), Van
Vooren (2010), Patil and
India
Borse (2012a), Réblová et al.
(2016b)
Ascotaiwania mitriformis
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
China
Ranghoo and Hyde (1998)
Ascotaiwania pallida
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Australia,
Hyde and Goh (1999a), Fryar
et al. (2004), Vijaykrishna and
Brunei, UK
Hyde (2006)
Ascotaiwania palmicola
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream)
Australia,
Hyde and Goh (1997), Luo
et al. (2004)
China
Ascotaiwania sawadae
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China, Thai- Chang et al. (1998), Sivichai
land
(1998)
Ascotaiwania wulai
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Chang et al. (1998)
Canalisporium aquaticium
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Hyde et al. (2020b)
Brazil, Brunei, Goh et al. (1998a), Ho et al.
Canalisporium caribense
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall), rain(2001), Raja et al. (2009b),
China,
water from building roofs, decaying Licuala longicalycata
Sridhar et al. (2012), Pinruan
India, North
(peat swamp)
Maharashtra, et al. (2014), Zhang et al.
(2014b), Patil et al. (2014)
Malaysia,
Panama,
Poland,
Thailand,
USA
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen
Canalisporium elegans
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Brunei,
(1989a), Goh et al. (1998a),
China,
Ferrer and Shearer (2005),
Malaysia,
Zhang et al. (2014b), Goh and
Panama,
Kuo (2021)
Thailand
Canalisporium exiguum
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia,
Goh et al. (1998a), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
Brazil
Canalisporium grenadoideum Submerged wood of Wrightia tomentosa (stream), unidenti- Egypt, ThaiSri-indrasutdhi et al. (2010),
fied wood (river)
land
Bakhit (2021)
Canalisporium jinghongense
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream, waterfall)
China, Egypt, Cai et al. (2003c), Zhang et al.
(2014b)
Thailand
Canalisporium kenyense
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Panama, USA Ferrer and Shearer (2005), Raja
et al. (2009b)
Canalisporium macrosporum Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
Canalisporium nanhuaense
Submerged decaying wood
China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
Canalisporium pallidum
Submerged decaying wood
China
Goh et al. (1998a)
Canalisporium panamense
Submerged decaying wood
Panama
Ferrer and Shearer (2005)
Canalisporium parvum
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
Canalisporium paulopallidum Submerged decaying wood
China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen
Australia,
(1989a), Goh et al. (1998a),
Brunei, China,
Goh and Hyde (1999), Ferrer
Malaysia,
and Shearer (2005), Zhang
Panama,
et al. (2014b), Chethana et al.
Thailand
(2021)
Canalisporium taiwanense
Submerged decaying wood
China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
Goh and Hyde (2000b), Luo
Canalisporium variabile
Submerged decaying wood (lake), submerged decaying
Australia,
et al. (2004), Pinruan et al.
Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
China, Thai(2007)
land
Canalisporium waffleum
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China
Goh and Kuo (2021)
Dematiosporium aquaticum
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Helicoascotaiwania hughesii Submerged decaying wood (lake)
USA
Fallah et al. (1999a)
Australia, Bru- (Hyde (1993b), Ho et al.
Savoryella aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
(1997), Goh and Hyde (1999),
nei, China,
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks) (creek, lake, river, stream)
Cai et al. (2003a), Luo et al.
Malaysia,
and bamboo (river)
(2004)
Philippines, South
Africa,
Thailand
Ho et al. (1997), Luo et al.
Savoryella curvispora
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream)
China,
(2004), Hyde (2007)
Malaysia,
Mauritius,
Philippines,
South Africa
Savoryella fusiformis
Submerged decaying wood
Brunei
Ho et al. (1997)
Savoryella grandispora
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Australia,
Hyde (1994a), Ho et al. (1997)
Malaysia
Savoryella lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall),
Australia, Bru- Jones and Eaton (1969), Hyde
(1993b), Hyde and Goh
submerged pine test blocks (water-cooling towers)
nei, China,
(1997), Ho et al. (1997),
Japan,
Tsui et al. (2003c), Luo et al.
Malaysia,
(2004), Kurniawati et al.
South
Africa, Thai- (2010)
land, UK
Savoryella verrucosa
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus and
Australia, Bru- Ho et al. (1997), Sivichai et al.
(2002)
Xylia dolabriformis test blocks)
nei, Japan,
Malaysia,
Thailand
Rhexoacrodictys erecta
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river, stream, waterfall)
Brazil, China, Luo et al. (2004), Kurniawati
and leaves (stream)
Thailand
et al. (2010), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Savoryellomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Obliquifusoideum guttulatum Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Dong et al. (2021b)
Sordariomycetidae
Chaetosphaeriales
Chaetosphaeriaceae
Anacraspedodidymum subSubmerged decaying dicotyledonous leaves (stream)
China
Zheng et al. (2021)
mersum
Arcuatospora novae-zelandiae Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Bahusutrabeeja dwaya
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
China, Malay- Tsui et al. (2001b)
sia
Brunneodinemasporium
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Lu et al. (2016)
jonesii
Catenularia angulospora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brunei, China Ho et al. (2001)
Catenularia catenulata
Submerged decaying wood
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Canalisporium pulchrum
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Chaetosphaeria anglica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Chaetosphaeria aquatica
Chaetosphaeria cubensis
Chaetosphaeria guttulata
Chaetosphaeria hiugensis
Chaetosphaeria innumera
Chaetosphaeria lentomita
Chaetosphaeria lignomollis
Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa
Chaetosphaeria pulchriseta
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Decaying Nenga pumila (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood and twig (stream)
Brunei, Sudan,
UK
China
China
China
Thailand
China
China
Brazil
China
Brazil, Malaysia
Chaetosphaeria rivularis
Submerged wood of Fagus sylvatica associated with Minuti- France
sphaera japonica (brook)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Stemflow and throughfall of palm species
India
Fisher and Petrini (1983), Ho
et al. (2001)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Ho et al. (2001)
Barbosa et al. (2013a)
Luo et al. (2019)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991a), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
Chaetosphaeria submersa
Chaetosphaeria vermicularioides
Chloridium aquaticum
Chloridium aseptatum
Chloridium chloroconium
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Chloridium cylindrosporum
Chloridium gonytrichii
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Chloridium lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Chloridium matsushimae
Chloridium obclaviforme
Chloridium pachytrachelum
Chloridium submersum
Chloridium transvaalense
Chloridium virescens
Codinaea aquatica
Codinaea lunulospora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged leaf
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Codinaea yunnanensis
Craspedodidymum cubense
Cryptophiale cucullata
Cryptophiale kakombensis
Cryptophiale manifesta
Cryptophiale multiseptata
Cryptophiale udagawae
Cryptophialoidea fasciculata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerge decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g. Dipterocarpus alatus test
block) and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying twigs and petioles (stream)
Cryptophialoidea secunda
Cryptophialoidea uncispora
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves
Dictyochaeta aciculata
Dictyochaeta aquatica
Submerged petiole
Submerged decaying wood
13
Luo et al. (2019)
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Wei et al. (2018)
Wei et al. (2018)
Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Philippines
Cai et al. (2003a)
China, Thai- Luo et al. (2019), Bao et al.
(2021a)
land
Brunei, China, Ho et al. (2001, 2002), Hyde
Malaysia
2007)
China
Tsui et al. (2000)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
China
Ho et al. (2002)
China
Hyde et al. (2020d)
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Brazil
Oliveira et al. (2015c)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991a)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Brazil
Kuthubutheen (1987b)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Australia
Goh and Hyde (1996d)
Brazil, ThaiSivichai et al. (2002), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
land
Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
sia
(1994a), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1987b)
Brazil
Silva and Gusmão (2013)
Thailand
Wei et al. (2018)
Thailand
Thailand
Brazil, China
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
China, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
sia, UK
(1991a), Goh and Hyde
(1999), Hyde and Goh
(1999a)
Dictyochaeta britannica
Submerged decaying petiole (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Dictyochaeta cangshanensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Dictyochaeta coffeae
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Tsui et al. (2001d)
Dictyochaeta curvispora
Submerged bamboo (river)
Philippines
Cai et al. (2003a), Cai et al.
(2004b)
Dictyochaeta daphnioides
Submerged decaying angiospermous petioles
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991b)
Dictyochaeta ellipsoidea
Submerged decaying wood
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Dictyochaeta fertilis
Submerged decaying leaves of unidentified dicotyledon plant Brazil, China, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
Malaysia
(1991a), Barbosa et al.
(stream), wood (stream, reservoir), Submerged decaying
(2013b), Fiuza et al. (2019)
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Dictyochaeta gamundiae
Decaying bark (river)
Argentina
Arambarri et al. (1987)
Dictyochaeta guadalcanalensis Submerged decaying twig of unidentified angiosperm
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991a)
Dictyochaeta gyrosetula
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Xylia dolabriformis test
Malaysia,
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
block) (stream)
Thailand
(1991c), Sivichai et al. (2002)
Dictyochaeta heteroderae
Submerged decaying wood (stream), and leaves of Calophyl- Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza
lum brasiliense (stream)
et al. (2019)
Dictyochaeta lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Dictyochaeta longispora
Submerged decaying leaves of unidentified dicotyledon
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
plant (stream)
(1991a)
Dictyochaeta lunulospora
Submerged decaying twig of unidentified dicotyledon plant Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991a)
Dictyochaeta malaysiana
Submerged decaying leaves
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen (1987c)
Dictyochaeta microcylindros- Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
pora
Dictyochaeta plovercovensis
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (lake, reservoir)
China, Philip- Goh and Hyde (1999) Cai et al.
pines
(2003c), Luo et al. (2004)
Dictyochaeta pluriguttulata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
sia
(1991c), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Dictyochaeta subfuscospora
Submerged decaying wood
Australia,
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
Malaysia
(1991c), Hyde and Goh
(1997)
Dictyochaeta ramulosetula
Submerged decaying leaves, decaying Metroxylon sagu (peat Malaysia,
Kuthubutheen (1987c), Pinruan
swamp)
Thailand
et al. (2014)
Dictyochaeta sampahia
Submerged decaying leaves
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991c)
Brazil, Malay- Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
Dictyochaeta simplex
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream) and leaves
sia
(1991a), Barbosa et al.
(stream), Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum
(2013b), Fiuza et al. (2019)
brasiliense (stream)
Dictyochaeta subfuscospora
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia,
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
Malaysia
(1991c), Hyde and Goh
(1997)
Dictyochaeta siamensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Liu et al. (2016)
Dictyochaeta submersa
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Dictyochaeta tumidoseta
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream) China
Kuo and Goh (2019)
Dictyochaeta vittata
Submerged decaying wood
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1991c)
Dictyochaetopsis hamata
Submerged decaying leaves
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1990)
Dictyochaeta assamica
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river, stream)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Dictyochaetopsis gonytrichodes
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and leaves
(stream)
Dictyochaetopsis pahangensis
Submerged decaying leaves
Dictyochaetopsis polysetosa
Dinemasporium lanatum
Submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream), decaying
Metroxylon sagu (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream), submerged
decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream)
Brazil, Malay- Shearer and Crane (1971),
sia, USA
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1990), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1990)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Brazil, ThaiBarbosa et al. (2013b), Pinruan
et al. (2014)
land
Brazil
do Carmo et al. (2020)
China
Tsui et al. (2001a)
Brazil, China, Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1994b), Hyde and Goh
Malaysia,
(1998c), Tsui et al. (2001a),
Seychelles
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Kuo
and Goh (2019)
China, Malay- Schoknecht and Crane (1983),
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
sia, USA
(1994b), Tsui et al. (2001a)
China
Cai and Hyde (2007a), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
China, ThaiGoh and Hyde (1999), Pinnoi
land
et al. (2006), Kurniawati et al.
(2010)
Australia
Goh and Hyde (1997a)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1988a)
Malaysia
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1988a)
Thailand
Nuankaew et al. (2021)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Exserticlava aquatica
Exserticlava globosa
Exserticlava triseptata
Exserticlava vasiformis
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Exserticlava yunnanensis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Gonytrichum macrocladum
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, stream, waterfall),
submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Kionochaeta australiensis
Kionochaeta pughii
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves
Kionochaeta ramifera
Submerged decaying leaves
Kionochaeta setosimplicia
Kionochaeta spissa
Submerged decaying wood (rivulet)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir, stream) and
bamboo (river)
Miyoshiella triseptata
Menisporopsis multisetulata
Menisporopsis pirozynskii
Menisporopsis theobromae
Nawawia oviformis
Nawawia quadrisetulata
Paliphora multiseptata
Paliphora porosa
Phaeonawawia diplocladielloidea
Phialogeniculata africana
Phialosporostilbe dendroidea
Rattania aquatica
Sporoschisma australiense
Sporoschisma chiangraiense
13
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged leaves of an unidentified dicotyledonous plant
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged leaf
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged pieces of stems of Phragmites, submerged
decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Brazil, China,
Philippines
References
China
Brazil
Thailand
China
Goh and Hyde (1999) Cai et al.
(2003a), Luo et al. (2004),
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Tsui et al. (1999a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Liu et al. (2016)
Peng et al. (2016)
Malaysia
Brazil
Brazil
Goh et al. (2014)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Malaysia
Goh et al. (2021b)
South Africa
China, South
Africa
Thailand
Australia
Thailand
Hyde et al. (1998a)
Hyde et al. (1996a), Kuo and
Goh (2019)
Calabon et al. (2021a)
Goh et al. (1997b)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Sporoschisma hemipsilum
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test
block) and herbaceous debris (lake, stream)
Goh et al. (1997b), Sivichai
et al. (2000a, 2002), Luo
et al. (2004), Barbosa et al.
(2013b), Zelski et al. (2014),
Yang et al. (2016a), Luo et al.
(2016b)
Sporoschisma juvenile
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river) and bamboo
(river)
Australia,
Brazil, Brunei, China,
Malaysia,
Perú, South
Africa,
Thailand
Brazil, China,
Perú,
Philippines,
Seychelles
Thailand
China
China, India
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2018)
Brazil
Brazil
Monteiro et al. (2016a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza
et al. (2018)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Sivichai et al. (2002), Pinruan
et al. (2014)
Sporoschisma longicatenatum Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Sporoschisma mirabile
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Sporoschisma nigroseptatum
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Sporoschisma palauense
Sporoschisma parcicuneatum
Sporoschisma phaeocentron
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Sporoschisma taitense
Sporoschisma uniseptatum
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus test
block) (stream, reservoir)
Tainosphaeria aquatica
Tainosphaeria jonesii
Tainosphaeria siamensis
Tainosphaeria lunata
Tainosphaeria obclavata
Tainosphaeria thailandensis
Thozetella acerosa
Thozetella submersa
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream), submerged
decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Dipterocarpus alatus
and Xylia dolabriformis test blocks), decaying Eleiodoxa
conferta, Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged decaying
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp),
submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thozetella ypsiloidea
Zanclospora novae-zelandiae
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thozetella canadensis
Thozetella coronata
Thozetella cristata
Thozetella cubensis
Thozetella gigantea
Thozetella nivea
Thozetella pinicola
Thozetella queenslandica
Thozetella radicata
Goh et al. (1997b), Cai et al.
(2003a) Barbosa et al.
(2013b), Zelski et al. (2014),
Luo et al. (2016b)
Yang et al. (2016a)
Luo et al. (2016b)
Sudheep and Sridhar (2011),
Luo et al. (2016b)
Thailand
Yang et al. (2016a)
Philippines
Goh et al. (1997b)
China, Malay- Goh et al. (1997b), Ho et al.
(2001), Luo et al. (2016b)
sia
China
Luo et al. (2016b)
Brunei, China, Goh and Hyde (1999), Ho et al.
(2001), Sivichai et al. (2002),
India,
Sudheep and Sridhar (2011),
MalayZelski et al. (2014)
sia, Perú,
Seychelles,
Thailand
Thailand
Li et al. (2021a)
China
Lu et al. (2016)
Thailand
Liu et al. (2016)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Thailand
Li et al. (2021a)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2018)
Brazil
Brazil
Thailand
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza
et al. (2018)
Fiuza et al. (2018)
Brazil, Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2007), Fiuza
et al. (2018)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2011), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
Monteiro et al. (2016a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying decaying leaves of Bucida palustris
(pool)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, stream)
Australia
Thailand
Brazil
China
China
Cuba
Goh et al. (1998d)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Ho et al. (2002)
Ho et al. (2002)
Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2010)
China
Brazil
China
Brunei, China
Ho et al. (2002)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Tsui et al. (2001c)
Ho et al. (2001), Luo et al.
(2004)
Submerged decaying palm petiole (swamp)
Submerged decaying Pandanus leaves (swamp)
Submerged bamboo (river)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Pandanus leaves
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Indonesia
Indonesia
Philippines
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Indonesia
China
Hyde (1997)
Hyde (1997)
Cai et al. (2004b)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Hyde (1997)
Ho et al. (2001)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Polluted water
Submerged decaying wood (river)
France
UK
USA
Coniochaeta leucoplaca
Coniochaeta ligniaria
Coniochaeta mutabilis
Coniochaeta renispora
Coniochaeta velutina
Cordanales
Cordanaceae
Cordana abramovii
Submerged decaying wood (pond)
Submerged decaying wood (cooling tower)
Water (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood
USA
UK
Germany
USA
USA
Raja et al. (2012a)
Weber et al. (2002)
Shearer (1972), Shearer and
Crane (1986)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Eaton (1972)
Perdomo et al. (2011)
Crane and Shearer (1995)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Submerged decaying wood and herbaceous debris, bamboo
(river)
Cordana aquatica
Cordana lignicola
Cordana terrestris
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood and bamboo (river, stream)
Brunei, Perú,
Philippines
Thailand
China
China
Brazil, China
Helminthosphaeriaceae
Diplococcium aquaticum
Diplococcium asperum
Endophragmiella boothii
Endophragmiella mexicana
Endophragmiella occidentalis
Endophragmiella profusa
Endophragmiella ramificata
Endophragmiella rostrata
Endophragmiella triseptata
Hilberina breviseta
Linocarpaceae
Linocarpon apiculatum
Linocarpon appendisporum
Linocarpon bambusicola
Linocarpon elaeidis
Linocarpon livistonae
Linocarpon pandani
Linocarpon pandanicola
Neolinocarpon inconspicuum
Coniochaetales
Coniochaetaceae
Coniochaeta gigantospora
Coniochaeta hoffmannii
Coniochaeta kellermanii
Cordana uniseptata
Submerged decaying Phyllostachys bambusoides (stream)
Phyllachorales
Phyllachoraceae
Ascovaginospora stellipala
Submerged dead stems and leaves of Carex limosa
Phyllachora therophila
Juncus filiformis
Tamsiniella labiosa
Submerged decaying wood
Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis
Neoxylomyces multiseptatus
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Sordariales
13
China
Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al.
(2003a), Zelski et al. (2014),
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Cai and Hyde (2007a), Luo
et al. (2019)
Cai et al. (2004a)
USA
Austria
Australia
Fallah et al. (1997)
Magnes and Hafellner (1991)
Wong et al. (1998b)
Thailand
Calabon et al. (2021a)
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying wood
Phragmites australis, balsa wood
Beech wood
Submerged decaying balsa wood, submerged dead stems of
Carex oligosperma (bog, lake)
USA
UK, USA
UK
China, USA,
UK
Chaetomium trilaterale
Corynascella inquinata
Collariella carteri
Dichotomopilus funicola
Collariella carteri
Dichotomopilus funicola
Humicola asteroidea
Humicola homopilata
Humicola seminuda
Staphylotrichum longicolle
Trichocladium englandense
Trichocladium lignicola
Balsa wood
sewage sludge
Water (pond, stream)
Wood
Water (pond, stream)
Wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged leaf litter
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river)
USA
Japan
Korea
USA
Korea
USA
USA
Brazil
USA
Brazil
UK
China, China
Trichocladium linderi
Trichocladium lobatum
Trichocladium moenitum
Lasiosphaeriaceae
Apiosordaria hamata
Arnium apiculatum
Bombardia arachnoidea
Cercophora appalachianensis
Cercophora aquatica
Cercophora caudata
Cercophora costaricensis
Cercophora squamulosa
Cercophora sulphurella
Cercophora vinosa
Cladorrhinum australe
Cladorrhinum foecundissimum
Cladorrhinum samala
Echria gigantospora
Immersiella immersa
Zopfiella cephalothecoidea
Zopfiella latipes
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, swamp)
USA
USA
USA
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Apinis et al. (1972b)
Eaton (1972)
Eaton (1972), Fallah and
Shearer (2001), Luo et al.
(2019)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Udagawa and Ueda (1979)
Nguyen et al. (2019a)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Nguyen et al. (2019a)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Raja et al. (2009b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Shearer and Crane (1986)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Cai et al. (2002b), Kane et al.
(2002)
Crane and Shearer (1978)
Crane and Shearer (1978)
Crane and Shearer (1978)
Sediment (lake)
Equisetum fluviatile
Balsa wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Quercus (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (brook, stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying stem
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged dead twig
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
China
USA
USA
China
France
China
China
France
USA
France
Korea
UK
Brunei
USA
China
Iraq
China, Egypt
Chaetomiaceae
Arcopilus aureus
Chaetomium cochliodes
Chaetomium elatum
Chaetomium globosum
Zopfiella leucotricha
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Zopfiella lundqvistii
Submerged decaying wood (Ochroma pyramidale) (swamp)
Zopfiella submersa
Submerged dead culms of Phragmites sp. (river)
Podosporaceae
Triangularia setosa
Submerged beech wood
Sordariaceae
Neurospora retispora
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Sordariales genera incertae sedis
Ascolacicola aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Egypt
USA
Iraq
Wu et al. (2016)
Shearer et al. (1980)
Shearer (1972)
Ho et al. (2001)
Chaudhary et al. (2007)
Luo et al. (2019)
Tsui et al. (2000)
Crous et al. (2016a)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Crous et al. (2016b)
Nam et al. (2020)
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Ho et al. (2001)
Kruys et al. (2015)
Tsui et al. (2000)
Guarro et al. (1996)
Cai et al. (2002b), Luo et al.
(2004), Abdel-Aziz (2016b)
Abdel-Aziz (2016b)
Shearer and Crane (1978)
Guarro et al. (1997)
UK
Eaton and Jones (1971b)
China
Luo et al. (2004)
China
Ranghoo and Hyde (1998)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, river)
USA
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Ingold (1942), Ingold (1943a),
Australia,
Foam (lake, spring, river, stream), submerged decaying
Ranzoni (1953), Hudson
Austria,
leaves of Alnus glutinosa and Salix, submerged leaves of
Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis (river, stream), rain- Brazil, Cuba, and Ingold (1960), Crane
(1968), Alasoadura (1968a),
France,
water from building roofs, water (river, stream), sediment
Marvanová and Marvan
India,
(dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
(1969), Ingold and Webster
Jamaica,
(1973), Iqbal and Webster
Malaysia,
(1973), Sridhar and KaveriNigeria,
appa (1988), Czeczuga and
Poland,
Orłowska (1997), Marvanová
Portugal,
(2000), Gulis and Suberkropp
Spain, UK,
(2003), Rajashekhar and
USA, VenKaveriappa (2003), Hosoya
ezuela
et al. (2006), Smits et al.
(2007), Schoenlein-Crusius
et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Duarte et al.
(2012), Sudheep and Sridhar
(2012), Menéndez et al.
(2012), Cornut et al. (2014),
Raposeiro et al. (2018),
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Miura (1972b), Sridhar and
Australia,
Lunulospora cymbiformis
Submerged decaying leaves of dicotyledon (river), subKaveriappa (1988), Sridhar
Brazil,
merged leaves of Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis
and Kaveriappa (1992), SakaIndia, Japan,
(stream), sediment (dam, stream), foam (stream, river)
yaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya
Malaysia,
et al. (2006), Hosoya and
Thailand
Tanaka (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sudheep
and Sridhar (2012), Duarte
et al. (2015)
Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Hanliniomyces hyaloapicalis
Submerged decaying wood
USA
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Hydromelitis pulchella
Submerged decaying wood
Costa Rica
Ferrer et al. (2012)
Rhexodenticula aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Dong et al. (2021c)
Xylariomycetidae
Amphisphaeriales
Amphisphaeriaceae
Amphisphaeria uniseptata
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Tsui et al. (2001f)
Capsulospora frondicola
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta and Metroxylon
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan
et al. (2014)
sagu (peat swamp)
Lepteutypa aquatica
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Thailand
Luo et al. (2019)
Pestalosphaeria austroameri- Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
cana
Apiosporaceae
Arthrinium aquaticum
Submerged decaying wood (river)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Arthrinium arundinis
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Arthrinium sinense
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
China
Luo et al. (2004)
Beltraniaceae
Beltrania africana
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
(stream)
Cuspidatispora xiphiago
Lockerbia striata
Lunulospora curvula
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Beltrania rhombica
Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying leaves and petioles (stream)
Brazil, India,
Thailand,
Venezuela
Beltraniella botryospora
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam/water (stream)
Brazil
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Sakayaroj et al.
(2005), Smits et al. (2007),
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil, Venezuela
Cuba
Brazil
Smits et al. (2007), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2006)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Thailand
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Thailand
China, Philippines, South
Africa,
Thailand
UK
USA
USA
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Seifert et al. (1995), Ho et al.
(2001), Sivichai et al. (2002)
Ingold (1955)
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Submerged twig
Submerged decaying wood
Africa
China
Fisher and Petrini (1983)
Chen et al. (2011)
Water (pond, stream)
Submerged plant litter
Scots pine wood
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Korea
Korea
UK
China
Nguyen et al. (2019a)
Goh et al. (2020)
Eaton and Jones (1971a)
Jeewon et al. (2003)
Submerged decaying rotten needles of Pinus roxburghii
Submerged plant litter
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
India
Korea
China
Sati and Tiwari (1993)
Goh et al. (2020)
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil, Mexico Barbosa et al. (2013b),
Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2005)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat awamp)
Scots pine wood
Thailand
UK
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Eaton and Jones (1971b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
China
Luo et al. (2019)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Brunei
China
Ho et al. (2001)
Luo et al. (2019)
Beltraniella fertilis
Beltraniella portoricensis
Beltraniopsis aquatica
Hemibeltrania decorosa
Hyponectriaceae
Arecomyces bruneiensis
Arecomyces epigenus
Arecomyces frondicola
Atractium holubovae
Physalospora aquatica
Physalospora limnetica
Physalospora vaccinii
Pseudomassariaceae
Leiosphaerella leonensis
Pseudomassaria sepincoliformis
Sporocadaceae
Bartalinia robillardoides
Discosia rubi
Discostroma corticola
Hymenopleella lakefuxianensis
Pestalotiopsis submersa
Robillarda sessilis
Seiridium aquaticum
Xylariales
Castanediellaceae
Castanediella cagnizarii
Castanediella ramosa
Clypeosphaeriaceae
Apioclypea apiosporioides
Clypeosphaeria mamillana
Diatrypaceae
Peroneutypa lignicola
Hypoxylaceae
Daldinia kretzschmarioides
Hypoxylon lignicola
Microdochiaceae
Submerged decaying leaves (stream_
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and Nenga
pumila (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (e.g., Xylia dolabriformis test
block) (river, stream)
Submerged Eleocharis palustris (lake)
Submerged herbaceous debris (pond)
Submerged partially decomposed leaves of Vaccinium
oxycoccus (lake)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Selenodriella fertilis
Oxydothidaceae
Oxydothis angustispora
Oxydothis atypica
Oxydothis frondicola
Oxydothis grisea
Oxydothis hoehnelii
Oxydothis licualae
Oxydothis livistonae
Oxydothis livistonica
Oxydothis oraniopsidis
Oxydothis rattanicola
Zygosporiaceae
Vesiculozygosporium echinosporum
Zygosporium masonii
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Pinruan et al. (2007)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Submerged decaying leaves and petiole (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (stream), submerged decaying
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza
et al. (2018)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus, Xylia
dolabriformis and unidentified wood (reservoir, stream)
Hyde and Goh (1998b), Goh
Australia,
and Hyde (1999), Sivichai
China, Thaiet al. (2002)
land
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2010), Pinruan
et al. (2014)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Zygosporium minus
Xylariaceae
Anthostomella aquatica
Anthostomella palmaria
Astrocystis eleiodoxae
Astrocystis rachidis
Rosellinia corticium
Vamsapriyaceae
Vamsapriya aquatica
Vamsapriya indica
Xylariales genera incertae sedis
Circinotrichum papakurae
Gyrothrix circinata
Gyrothrix magica
Gyrothrix microsperma
Gyrothrix podosperma
Gyrothrix verticiclada
Lanceispora amphibia
Melanographium citri
Melanographium palmicola
Polyancora globosa
Roselymyces brasiliensis
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying petiole of Eleiodoxa conferta and
Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata and Metroxylon sagu (peat
swamp)
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying bamboo culms
Submerged decaying bamboo culms (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying leaves (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Stilbohypoxylon elaeidicola
Decaying Eleiodoxa conferta, Licuala longicalycata (peat
swamp)
Stilbohypoxylon moelleri
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Xylariomycetidae family incertae sedis
Cainiaceae
Endocalyx melanoxanthus
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Myelospermataceae
13
Brazil
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2007)
China
China
Bao et al. (2021a)
Bao et al. (2021a)
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Thailand
Thailand
Thailand
Malaysia
Brazil
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Voglmayr and Yule (2006)
Fiuza et al. (2018)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Thailand
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 9 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Myelosperma tumidum
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis
Aquadulciospora rhomboidia
Submerged decomposed stems of Scirpus validus (lake)
Aquasphaeria dimorphospora Submerged decaying wood
Ascoyunnania aquatica
Submerged bamboo (stream)
Ellisembia acicularia
Submerged decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus
(stream)
Ellisembia bambusicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Distribution
References
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
USA
Australia
China
China
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Hyde (1995d)
Cai et al. (2005)
Kuo and Goh (2019)
Brazil, China
Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Sivichai et al. (2002)
Submerged decaying Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test block
Submerged leaves
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (lake, reservoir)
Thailand
Brazil
Thailand
Pleurophragmium malaysianum
Potamomyces armatisporus
Submerged twig
Submerged dead leaves of Licuala longicalycata (peat
swamp)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged plant litter (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir, river) and bamboo
(river)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Hyde (1995d), Hyde (2007)
Paoayensis lignicola
Plagiosphaera nilotica
Rivulicola aquatica
Rivulicola cygnea
Rivulicola incrustata
Saccardoella allequashensis
Saccardoella horizontalis
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged twig
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Saccardoella lacustris
Saccardoella minuta
Stanjehughesia clavata
Stanjehughesia curviapicis
Submerged decaying wood (lake)
Submerged bamboo and wood (river)
Submerged decaying bark
Submerged decaying wood (stream, river)
Stanjehughesia kaohsiungensis
Selenosporella aristata
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Australia,
Malaysia
Philippines
Sudan
China
USA
Australia
USA
Philippines,
USA
USA
Philippines
Brazil
Australia,
China
China
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Malaysia
Selenosporella curvispora
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliens
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Brazil
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi
(1988b)
Fiuza et al. (2018)
Brazil
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2015c)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Ellisembia brachypus
Ellisembia flagelliformis
Ellisembia opaca
Ellisembia plovercovensis
Ellisembia repentioriunda
Ellisembia vaginata
Flammispora bioteca
Flammispora pulchra
Phialemoniopsis endophytica
Pleurophragmium bitunicatum
Selenosporella minima
Selenosporella perramosa
Brazil
China
China
China
USA
Korea
China, Philippines
Brazil
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Ho et al. (2001)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Luo
et al. (2004)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Pinruan et al. (2004b), Pinruan
et al. (2007)
Raja and Shearer (2008)
Goh et al. (2020)
Goh and Hyde (1999), Cai et al.
(2003a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Cabanela et al. (2007)
Monod and Fisher (1983)
Ranghoo et al. (2000)
Raja et al. (2009a)
Hyde et al. (1997)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Fallah and Shearer (2001), Cai
et al. (2003c)
Fallah and Shearer (2001)
Cai et al. (2002a, 2003b)
de Almeida et al. (2014)
Ho et al. (2001), Goh and Hyde
(2018)
Hsieh et al. (2021b)
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 6 Major families among different orders of Sordariomycetes taxa from freshwater
(1905–2010) who was the first pioneer of this fungal group
and for his recognition as one of the most British distinguished mycologists of the twentieth century (Money 2010).
Ingoldian fungi are an ecologically heterogeneous group of
freshwater asexual morphs of Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Uniquely, they produce relatively modified conidia
(i.e., hyaline, filiform, tetraradiate, multiradiate, scolecoid,
sigmoid or branched as shown in Fig. 7) for decomposition
on submerged plants and for their reproduction in aquatic
ecosystems (Ingold 1975; Descals 2005; Shearer et al. 2007;
Seifert et al. 2011). Ingoldian fungi are often found in fastflowing water, well-aerated forest streams and humid environments with ubiquitous distribution, but mostly in temperate zones of the earth (Bärlocher 1992; Jones and Pang 2012;
Duarte et al. 2016). Currently, there are over 95 genera with
approximately 330 species discovered, and ca 28 genera are
monotypic (Descals 2005; Baschien et al. 2006; Shearer
et al. 2007; Campbell et al. 2009; Fiuza et al. 2017a; Tarda
et al. 2019). In Table 14, most of which are in Ascomycota
i.e., Helotiales and Leotiales (Leotiomycetes), some of them
are phylogenetically related to Jahnulales and Pleosporales
(Dothideomycetes), Orbiliales (Orbiliomycetes), Hypocreales, Sordariales and Microascales (Sordariomycetes), while
rarely few taxa are Basidiomycota i.e., Cantharellales and
Atheliales (Shearer et al. 2007).
13
Classification of freshwater fungal basal
clades
Early diverging lineages of the fungal tree of life consist
of zoosporic and zygomycetous (zygosporic) fungi (James
et al. 2006; Voigt et al. 2021). They comprise saprobic and
parasitic fungi isolated from various niches, such as soil
and freshwater habitats (Ishida et al. 2015). Among basal
fungi, the most common in freshwater habitats are the zoosporic ones, such as Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota,
Monoblepharomycota, Rozellomycota and Aphelidiomycota
(Calabon et al. 2020b; Voigt et al. 2021). Zoosporic fungal
parasites control the numbers of numerous phytoplankton
species such as diatoms, green algae, cyanobacteria and
dinoflagellates (Kagami et al. 2007, 2014; Ishida et al. 2015).
Estimation of fungal numbers has always been a debated
research topic. Recent estimates of fungal species range
from 2.2 to 3.8 million, of which only 100,000 to 143,273
have been described (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017; Hyde
et al. 2020c). Most of the described fungal species are from
terrestrial habitats, while the discovery and description of
aquatic fungi are significantly lower, and even smaller for
basal fungi. The diversity and abundance of basal fungi in
aquatic niches have recently started to gain the spotlight in
mycological research. For instance, studies have shown that
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 Classification of freshwater lichens from different fungal classes with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical
distribution of fungal taxa
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
ASCOMYCOTA
ARTHONIOMYCETES
Arthoniales
Arthoniaceae
Arthonia caudata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Arthonia helvola*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Arthonia radiata *
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chrysothrix caesia*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chrysothrix granulosa*
River
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Enterographa osagensis#
Creek
Central North America
Morse (2013)
Enterographa zonata*
Waterfall
Canada
Halda (2011)
North America
Earland-Bennett and Seaward (1974)
Chrysotrichaceae
Lecanographaceae
Alyxoria varia*
Opegraphaceae
Cresponea chloroconia*
Roccellaceae
Gyrographa gyrocarpa*
Pseudoschismatomma rufescens*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Schismatomma cretaceum*
Nature reserve
Ukraine
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
CANDELARIOMYCETES
Candelariales
Candelariaceae
Candelaria concolor*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Candelariella aurella*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Candelariella efflorescens*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Candelariella vitellina*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenotheca balsamconensis*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenotheca ferruginea*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenotheca furfuracea*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenotheca xyloxena*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River
Bulgaria
Shivarov et al. (2018)
CONIOCYBOMYCETES
Coniocybales
Coniocybaceae
DOTHIDEOMYCETES
Capnodiales
Stigmidium rivulorum#
Collemopsidiales
Xanthopyreniaceae
Collemopsidium japonicum*
Nature reserves
Japan
Harada (1999)
Collemopsidium monense*
Stream
Europe
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Zwackhiomyces lacustris#
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Endococcus rugulosus#
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Endococcus verrucisporus#
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lichenotheliales
Lichenotheliaceae
Monoblastiales
Monoblastiaceae
Acrocordia cavata*
Pleosporales
Mycoporaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Mycoporum antecellens*
Twig (waterfall)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Nature reserve
Ukraine, UK
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Chaenothecopsis debilis*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenothecopsis pusiola*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Chaenothecopsis savonica*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeocalicium curtisii*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeocalicium polyporaeum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeocalicium populneum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Sphinctrina anglica#
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stenocybe pullatula*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Agonimia allobata*
Stream
Lithuania
Motiejunaite (2003)
Agonimia tristicula*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Catapyrenium lachneum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Catapyrenium squamulosum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Catillaria cf. chalybeia*
Stream
Gwynedd
Pentecost (1977)
Dermatocarpon arnoldianum*
River and stream
Europe
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov et al. (2018)
Phaeosphaeriaceae
Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae#
Trypetheliales
Polycoccaceae
Polycoccum sp.#
Trypetheliaceae
Arthopyrenia fallaciosa*
EUROTIOMYCETES
Collemopsidiales
Xanthopyreniaceae
Sagediopsis lomnitzensis#
Mycocaliciales
Mycocaliciaceae
Verrucariales
Adelococcaceae
Sagediopsis lomnitzensis#
Verrucariaceae
Dermatocarpon intestiniforme*
Stream
UK
Orange (1998)
Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Dermatocarpon luridum*
Stream
UK
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Dermatocarpon miniatum*
River
Bulgaria
Shivarov et al. (2018)
Dermatocarpon rivulorum*
Stream and river
Bulgaria, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Shivarov and Lőkös (2015)
Endocarpon adscendens*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Endocarpon globosum*
Stream
China
Harada and Wang (1996)
Hydropunctaria orae*
Stream
Hydropunctaria rheitrophila*
River and stream
Poland, alpine Australia
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
McCarthy (2002), Matura and
Krzewicka (2015)
Hydropunctaria scabra*
Siliceous rock (stream)
Bulgaria
Shivarov et al. (2017)
Muellerella pygmaea#
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Placopyrenium cinereoatratum#
Siliceous rocks (brook, lake, river, stream)
Bulgaria, Finland, Norway,
Sweden, UK
Orange (2009)
Placopyrenium formosum#
Rock (river)
Finland, Iceland, UK
Orange (2009)
Polyblastia ardesiaca*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
13
Orange (2013), Thüs et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Psoroglaena stigonemoides*
Twig (waterfall)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Sporodictyon cruentum*
River and stream
Alpine Australia, Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006), Hafellner (2010)
Staurothele acarosporoides*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele arenaria*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele chlorospora*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele clopimoides*
River
Italy, USA
Thomson (1991), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006)
Staurothele fauriei*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele fissa*
Lakes and stream
Europe
Lindsay (1856), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006), Shivarov (2017)
Staurothele fuscocuprea*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Staurothele honghensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele kwapiensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele muliensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele ochroplaca*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele pachystroma*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele paraguayensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele sinensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Staurothele succedens*
Stream
Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Staurothele yunnanica*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Thelidium aquaticum*
Stream
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Thelidium carbonaceum*
Nature reserves
Australia
McCarthy and Kantvilas (2020)
Thelidium circumspersellum*
Stream
Poland
Matura et al. (2017)
Thelidium epomphalum*
Creek and river
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium fontigenum*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium klementii*
Stream
Poland
Matura et al. (2017)
Thelidium lahmianum*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium methorium*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium minutulum*
Stream
Poland, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Thelidium nigricans*
Siliceous rocks (creek's splash water zone) Switzerland
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium papulare*
Stream
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
UK
Thelidium pertusatii*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Thelidium pluvium*
Stream
Poland, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
Matura et al. (2017)
Thelidium rehmii*
Stream
Poland
Matura et al. (2017)
Thelidium rivulicola*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium spadanum*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium sublacteum*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium submethorium*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium suzaeanum*
–
Europe
Thüs and Nascimbene (2008)
Thelidium zwackhii*
Stream
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Verrucaria aethiobola*
Stream
Italy, UK
Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006)
Verrucaria alpicola*
Pebble (river)
Bulgaria
Shivarov et al. (2017)
Verrucaria amnica*
Mountain stream
New Zealand
McCarthy and Johnson (1997)
Verrucaria aquatilis*
Nature reserve, river, stream
Australia, Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
McCarthy (2002), Nascimbene
et al. (2009)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
McCarthy (1995)
Verrucaria austroalpina*
Creeks and rivers
Australia
Verrucaria basaltica*
Streams and lakes
Poland
Krzewicka (2012)
Verrucaria calkinsiana*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Verrucaria consociata*
Stream
UK
Orange (2015)
Verrucaria conturmatula#
Stream and lake margin
Europe
Orange (2002)
Verrucaria cootapatambensis*
River
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Verrucaria devensis*
Stream
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka (2015),
Matura et al. (2017)
Verrucaria dolosa*
Stream
Poland, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
Matura and Krzewicka 2015)
Verrucaria elaeina*
Stream
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Verrucaria elaeomelaena*
Nature reserve, stream
Italy, Poland, UK
Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006), Nascimbene et al.
(2009), Matura and Krzewicka
(2015)
Verrucaria funckii*
Stream
France, Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Coste
et al. (2016)
Verrucaria glaucina*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Verrucaria hydrela*
Stream
UK
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Verrucaria hydrophila*
Stream
Poland, Europe
Orange (2013), Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Verrucaria igii*
River
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Verrucaria inconstans*
Creeks and rivers
Eastern Australia
McCarthy (1995)
Verrucaria latebrosa*
Stream
Italy, Poland, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006),
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Verrucaria maas-geesterani*
Lake
Switzerland
Servít (1954)
Verrucaria margacea*
Creeks, rivers, stream
Eastern Australia, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2003)
Verrucaria morosa*
River
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Verrucaria mundula*
Creeks, rivers, stream
Eastern Australia
Valcárcel et al. (2010)
Verrucaria nodosa*
Stream
Europe
Orange (2013)
Verrucaria pachyderma*
Stream
Australia, Italy, Europe
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006),
Krzewicka (2012)
Verrucaria phaeoderma*
Creeks, rivers, and stream
Eastern Australia, France, UK
McCarthy (1999, 2004)
Pentecost (1977), Coste et al. (2016)
Verrucaria placida*
Stream
Europe
Orange (2013)
Verrucaria praetermissa*
River and stream
Italy, Europe
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997),
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006),
Orange (2014)
Verrucaria puncticulata*
Creeks and rivers
Eastern Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Verrucaria rosula*
Stream
UK, Europe
Orange (2013), Orange (2015)
Verrucaria ruttneri*
River
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Verrucaria submersella*
Stream
Poland
Matura and Krzewicka (2015)
Verrucaria sublobulata*
Stream
UK
Orange (2015)
Verrucaria tasmanica*
River, creeks, and rivers
Alpine Australia, Eastern Australia McCarthy (1995, 2002)
Verrucaria tholocarpa*
Creeks and rivers
Eastern Australia
McCarthy (1995)
Willeya australis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya diffractella*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya fusca*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya iwatsukii*
Nature reserves, river
Japan, Vietnam
Harada (1992), Gueidan et al.
(2014)
Willeya japonica*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya laevigata*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya malayensis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Willeya microlepis*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya pallidipora*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya protrudens*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
Willeya rimosa*
Nature reserves
Vietnam
Gueidan et al. (2014)
LECANOROMYCETES
Acarosporales
Acarosporaceae
Acarospora fuscata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Acarospora schleicheri*
Waterfall
Canada
Hawksworth (2000), Björk et al.
(2009)
Acarospora smaragdula*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Sarcogyne regularis*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Twig (lake)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Arctomiales
Arctomiaceae
Arctomia delicatula*
Baeomycetales
Baeomycetaceae
Baeomyces rufus*
Caliciales
Caliciaceae
Amandinea punctata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Buellia aethale*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Cyphelium tigillare*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Diplotomma venustum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physciaceae
Heterodermia albicans*
Stream
USA
Mason (1984)
Hyperphyscia adglutinata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeophyscia adiastola*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeophyscia orbicularis*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeophyscia pusilloides*
River watershed
Canada
Phaeophyscia rubropulchra*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Phaeophyscia sciastra*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Physcia caesia*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Physcia dubia*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physcia millegrana*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physcia stellaris*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physciella chloantha*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physconia detersa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physconia enteroxantha*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Physconia perisidiosa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Rinodina fimbriata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rinodina freyi*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Rinodina teichophila*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rinodina rivularis*
River
China
Harada and Wang (2004)
Hymenelia cyanocarpa*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Ionaspis lacustris*
Stream and river
Alpine Australia, France, UK
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), McCarthy (2002),
Coste et al. (2016)
Ionaspis odora*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Ionaspis sp.*
River
Alpine Australia
McCarthy (2002)
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Hymeneliaceae
Protothelenellaceae
Thrombium thelostomum*
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Trapeliaceae
Placopsis gelida*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Sarea resinae*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Trapelia coarctata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Trapelia involuta*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Trapelia obtegens*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Trapelia placodioides*
Stream, river watershed
Canada, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Maloles et al. (2018)
Nature reserve
Ukraine
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Xylographaceae
Xylographa vitiligo*
Lecanorales
Pilocarpaceae
Micarea peliocarpa*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Micarea prasina*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Micarea viridiatra*
Nature reserve
Ukraine
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Micarea viridileprosa*
Nature reserve
Ukraine
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Catillariaceae
Catillaria chalybeia*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Catillaria nigroclavata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia cervicornis*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia chlorophaea*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia fimbriata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia furcata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia macilenta*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia ochrochlora*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia pocillum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia pyxidata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia rangiferina*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Cladonia rei*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lepraria lobificans*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stereocaulon saxatile*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Waterfall
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Claurouxia chalybeioide*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecanora campestris*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecanora epanora*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecanora gangaleoides*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecanora hybocarpa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lecanora pulicaris*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lecanora soralifera*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Cladoniaceae
Haematommataceae
Haematomma ochroleucum*
Lecanoraceae
Lecanora symmicta*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lecidella carpathica*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecidella scabra*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecidella stigmatea*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lepra amara*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Myriolecis hagenii*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Polyozosia dispersa*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Polyozosia sambuci*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Polyozosia semipallida*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Protoparmeliopsis muralis*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Verseghya thysanophora*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Evernia mesomorpha*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Flavoparmelia caperata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Flavopunctelia flaventior*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Flavopunctelia soredica*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Hypogymnia oceanica*
Lake, river, waterfall
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Hypogymnia physodes*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Melanelixia subaurifera*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Parmelia sulcata*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Protoparmelia hypotremella*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Punctelia rudecta*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Usnea hirta*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Parmeliaceae
Xanthoparmelia conspersa*
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia*
River watershed
Italy
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Psoraceae
Protoblastenia rupestris*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Ramalinaceae
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Bacidia arnoldiana*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Bacidia fuscoviridis*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Bacidia inundata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Bacidina delicata*
Stream
UK
Motiejunaite (2003)
Bacidina inundata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Bilimbia sabuletorum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lecania croatica*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Lecania erysibe*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lecania hutchinsiae*
Stream
Lithuania
Motiejunaite (2003)
Ramalina intermedia*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Scoliciosporaceae
Scoliciosporum chlorococcum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Scoliciosporum umbrinum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Stream
UK
Řídká et al. (2013)
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulon pileatum*
Lecideales
Lecideaceae
Bryobilimbia ahlesii*
Stream
Poland
Matura et al. (2017)
Koerberiella wimmeriana*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Porpidia crustulata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porpidia hydrophila*
stream
France, Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006), Coste
et al. (2016)
Porpidia macrocarpa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Porpidia platycarpoides*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porpidia soredizodes*
Stream
Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Porpidia tuberculosa*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Ostropales
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogonium pineti*
Graphidaceae
Graphis scripta*
Gyalectaceae
Gyalecta jenensis*
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Gyalidea roseola*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porina ahlesiana*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porina lectissima*
Stream
Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Porinaceae
Porina otagensis*
Semi-aquatic
New Zealand
McCarthy (1999)
Pseudosagedia chlorotica*
Stream
Lithuania, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Motiejunaite (2003)
Pseudosagedia guentheri*
Nature reserve
Ukraine, UK
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016), Thüs
et al. (2014)
Pseudosagedia interjungens*
Stream
Ukraine
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porina grandis*
-
-
Thüs et al. (2014)
Porina rivalis*
Stream, river
UK
Orange (2015)
Pertusariales
Megasporaceae
Aspicilia aquatica*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Aspicilia caesiocinerea*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Aspicilia inornata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Aspicilia laevata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Aspicilia laevatoides*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lobothallia melanaspis*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Microcaliciaceae
Microcalicium ahlneri*
Ochrolechiaceae
Ochrolechia arborea*
Pertusariaceae
Loxosporopsis corallifera*
River
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Pertusaria macounii*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Collema elenkii*
–
–
Thüs et al. (2014)
Collema flaccidum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Collema ramenskii*
–
Russia
Kulikova et al. (2008)
Peltigerales
Collemataceae
Enchylium bachmanianum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Enchylium tenax*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Lathagrium dichotomum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Leptogium cyanescens*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Leptogium teretiusculum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Scytinium gelatinosum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Scytinium lichenoides*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Scytinium massiliense*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Scytinium plicatile*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Scytinium rivale*
River
USA
Glavich and Geiser (2007)
Lobariaceae
Pseudocyphellaria crocata*
Twig (waterfall)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Pseudocyphellaria mallota*
Twig (river)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Massalongiaceae
Massalongia carnosa*
Peltigeraceae
Nephroma occultum*
Bark (lake, river)
Canada
Björk et al. (2009)
Peltigera canina*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Peltigera elisabethae*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Peltigera evansiana *
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Peltigera horizontalis*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Peltigera hydrothyria*
River
USA
Glavich and Geiser (2007), Thüs
et al. (2014)
Peltigera praetextata*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Peltigera rufescens*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stream
Italy, UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Placynthiaceae
Placynthium flabellosum*
Placynthium nigrum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Placynthium rosulans*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Placynthium tantaleum*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rhizocarpon amphibium*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rhizocarpon lavatum*
Stream
UK
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rhizocarpon sublavatum*
Stream
Poland
Matura et al. (2017)
Athallia holocarpa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Athallia pyracea*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Blastenia ferruginea*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Caloplaca borreri*
Nature reserve
Ukraine
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Caloplaca flavovirescens*
River
Brazil
Thüs et al. (2014)
Caloplaca obscurella*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Flavoplaca oasis*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Rhizocarpales
Rhizocarpaceae
Teloschistales
Teloschistaceae
Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Dictyocatenulata alba*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Gyalolechia flavovirescens*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Polycauliona polycarpa*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Rufoplaca arenaria*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Xanthomendoza fallax*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Xanthoria elegans*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Xanthoria parietina*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Ephebe brasiliensis*
Submerged rocks (river, stream)
Brazil, Uruguay
Thüs et al. (2014), Gumboski et al.
(2019)
Ephebe lanata*
Submerged rocks (river, stream)
UK
Pentecost (1977), Gilbert and Giavarini (1997), Hawksworth (2000)
Ephebe ocellata*
Semi-inundated rocks
Australia, South America
Kantvilas (2018), Gumboski et al.
(2019)
Ephebe perspinulosa*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Jenmania goebelii*
Submerged rocks (river, stream)
Central & South America,
Venezuela
Thüs et al. (2014)
Jenmania osorioi*
Submerged rocks (river, stream)
Uruguay
Thüs et al. (2014)
Lempholemma botryosum*
Damp limestone, seepage tracks
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Lempholemma cladodes*
Block bellow limestone (waterfalls)
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Lempholemma polyanthes*
Damp limestone, seepage tracks
UK
Gilbert (1996), Reeb et al. (2004)
Umbilicariales
Ophioparmaceae
Hypocenomyce scalaris*
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicaria deusta*
LICHINOMYCETES
Lichinomycetidae
Lichinales
Lichinaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 10 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Porocyphus coccodes*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Porocyphus kenmorensis*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Psorotichia schaereri*
Submerged rocks (limestone river)
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Pterygiopsis australiensis*
Submerged stone (river)
Australia
Thüs et al. (2014)
Pterygiopsis coracodiza*
Submerged rocks (limestone river)
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Pterygiopsis lacustris*
Submerged rocks (limestone river)
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Pterygiopsis sp.
Stream
UK
Schultaz and Büdel (2002)
Henssen et al. (1985)
Pterygiopsis submersa*
Granite covered by running water (stream)
South Africa
Pyrenocarpon cf. flotowianum*
Submerged rocks (limestone river)
UK
Gilbert (1996)
Pyrenopsis furfurea*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Pyrenopsis subareolata*
Stream
Italy, UK
Pentecost (1977), Nascimbene and
Nimis (2006)
Thelignya lignyota*
Moist rocks (lakes, river)
USA
McCune (2016)
Zahlbrucknerella calcarea*
–
Italy
Nascimbene and Nimis (2006)
Peltula euploca*
Drainage surface with periodical rain
Morocco, South Africa
Egea and Rowe (1988), Thüs et al.
(2014)
Peltula obscurans*
Drainage surface with periodical rain
Morocco
Egea and Rowe (1988)
Peltula omphaliza*
Drainage surface with periodical rain
Morocco
Egea and Rowe (1988)
Lake
USA
Hafellner (2014)
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Illosporiopsis christiansenii#
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Illosporium carneum*
River watershed
Canada
Maloles et al. (2018)
Peltulaceae
SORDARIOMYCETES
Hypocreomycetidae
Coronophorales
Nitschkiaceae
Rhagadostoma lichenicola#
Hypocreales
Bionectriaceae
Ovicuculispora parmeliae*
Hypocreales genera incertae sedis
Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis
Psammina stipitata#
Nature reserve
Western Ukraine, UK
Khodosovtsev et al. (2016)
Pyrenocollema strontianense*
Stream
UK
Gilbert and Giavarini (1997)
Number sign symbol (#) indicate Lichenicolous taxa while asterisk sign (*) are lichens and lichens-like
13
Taxon
ASCOMYCOTA
Ascomycota genera incertae sedis
Actinocladium rhodosporum
Actinocladium verruculosum
Alatosessilispora bibrachiata
Angulospora aquatica
Anisospadicoides macroobovata
Anungitopsis speciosa
Anungitopsis triseptata
Arachnophora combuensis
Arachnophora longa
Arborispora dolichovirga
Arborispora palma
Arborispora paupera
Ardhachandra aequilatera
Arthrotaeniolella aquatica
Ascomauritiana lignicola
Biflagellospora gracilis
Biflagellospora japonica
Biflagellospora papillata
Biflagellospora siamensis
Blastoheterospora catenata
Blodgettia indica
13
Brachydesmiella anthostomelloidea
Substrate
Distribution
References
Submerged decaying twig (stream), water-filled
treeholes
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Rainwater from leaves of Quercus mongolica var.
grosseserrata
Submerged decaying leaves, rainwater from building roofs, foam (stream)
Submerged bark
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Foam (stream)stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies
Rainwater: building roofs, draining from leaves of
Quercus, sediment (dam)
Spume (river), submerged decaying leaves (stream),
stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves and twigs (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis test block (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis
test block (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis
test block (stream)
Submerged decaying wood of Xylia dolabriformis
test block (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves, foam (stream)
Brazil, Hungary
Barbosa et al. (2013b) Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Brazil
Japan
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Ando and Tubaki (1984b)
India, Poland, Venezuela
Brazil
Brazil
Nilsson (1962b), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil
Australia
Canada, India
Brazil
Monteiro et al. (2014b)
Fryar and Hyde (2018)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009)
Ando and Kawamoto (1986), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1989), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Fiuza et al. (2017b), Fiuza et al. (2019)
Brazil
Mauritius
Thailand
Monteiro et al. (2017a)
Ranghoo and Hyde (1999)
Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999)
Thailand
Thailand
Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999), Sivichai et al.
(2002)
Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999)
Thailand
Sivichai and Hywel-Jones (1999)
Brazil
Brazil, India
Monteiro et al. (2017b)
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Moreira and
Schoenlein-Crusius (2012)
Sivichai et al. (1998)
Submerged decaying wood (stream) and petiole
(stream)
India, Japan, Poland
Canada, India
Australia, Brazil
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 Classification of freshwater Ascomycota incertae sedis with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa
13
Table 11 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Brachydesmiella biseptata
Brachydesmiella caudata
Submerged test block (Anisoptera oblonga)
Submerged decaying wood (Machilus velutina)
and petiole (stream)
Submerged test block (Anisoptera oblonga), submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged wood
Submerged decaying leaves of Andira inermis
(stream)
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying twig and bark (stream)
Thailand
Brazil, China, India, Thailand
Sivichai et al. (1998)
Sivichai et al. (1998), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
China, Thailand
Sivichai et al. (1998), Mongkol et al. (2009)
Malaysia, Thailand
Cuba
Sivichai et al. (1998), Hyde (2007)
Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2006)
Hungary
Brazil
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves of
Fagus sylvatica
Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves
(stream)
Submerged decaying bark (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream), submerged
decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica (peat hole)
Submerged decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica
(peat hole)
Submerged decaying leaves of broad-leaved tree
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood (waterfall)
Foam (lake, spring, stream, river), submerged
decaying leaves of Quercus and angiosperm
(lake), water (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam (stream)
China
Brazil
China
Czechoslovakia, France
Cuba
Austria, Thailand
Tsui et al. (2001b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Wongsawas et al. (2009a)
Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová and Bärlocher
(2001)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988c), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Castaneda Ruiz and Guarro (1998)
Voglmayr (1998), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Austria
Voglmayr (1998)
Japan
Matsushima (1996)
Australia
Canada, France, Ireland, USA
Hyde and Seifert (1992)
Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968), Abdullah and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut et al. (2014)
Ho et al. (2001)
Nawawi (1985b), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003)
Goh and Hyde (1999)
Ho et al. (2000)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001)
Descals et al. (1976), Czeczuga and Orłowska
(1997), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012)
Gönczöl and Révay (1996), Gönczöl and Révay
(2003)
Brachydesmiella orientalis
Brachydesmiella verrucosa
Brevicatenospora enteroproliferata
Cacumisporium capitulatum
Cacumisporium pleuroconidiophorum
Cacumisporium rugosum
Cacumisporium sigmoideum
Cacumisporium uniseptatum
Calcarispora hiemalis
Camposporidium cristatum
Camposporidium hughesii
Candelabrum clathrosphaeroides
Candelabrum desmidiaceum
Candelabrum macrosporum
Candelosynnema ranunculosporum
Casaresia sphagnorum
Ceuthospora gaeumannii
Chaetendophragmia triangularis
Chaetopsis probosciophora
Cheiromyces lignicola
Cladoconidium articulatum
Clavariana aquatica
Colispora cavincola
Submerged decaying wood (reservoir)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream), rainwater from building roofs.
Sediment (stream)
Submerged leaves, twigs, and cupules of Fagus
sylvatica in wet tree hollow
Brazil, Malaysia
Brunei
India, Malaysia
China
China
Canada
Malaysia, India, Poland
Hungary
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Colispora elongata
Rainwater from building roofs, water (stream),
foam (rivulet)
Submerged decaying angiospermic petioles
(stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream), foam (stream)
Austria, Poland, Slovakia
Marvanová (1988), Voglmayr (1996), Czeczuga and
Orłowska (1997)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989b)
Colispora curvata
Condylospora flexuosa
Malaysia
Brazil, Malaysia, Venezuela
Condylospora gigantea
Submerged decaying twig and leaves of Calophyl- Brazil, Malaysia
lum brasiliense (stream), foam (stream),
Condylospora spumigena
Foam (stream, river), submerged decaying twigs,
throughfall of palm species
Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand
Conioscyphopsis australiensis
Corynesporella superioramifera
Corynesporopsis antillana
Submerged decaying of angiospermous wood
Rainwater from building roofs
Submerged twig, submerged decaying leaves of
Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Foam (lake, spring, stream, rivulet, river), submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged leaf
litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream), scum (stream),
water (stream)
Foam (river, stream, rivulet), submerged decaying
leaves (river, stream), submerged leaf litter of
Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Australia
Poland
Brazil
Culicidospora aquatica
Culicidospora gravida
Curucispora ombrogena
Curucispora ponapensis
Delortia palmicola
Dendrospora erecta
13
Dendrospora fastuosa
Dendrospora fusca
Rainwater from leaves of Phyllostachys bambusoides
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Submerged decaying Licuala longicalycata and
Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Foam (lake, stream, spring, rivulet, river),
submerged decaying leaves of Alnus glutinosa
(stream), scum (stream), water (stream)
Foam (river)
Foam (river), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Austria, Canada, France, Malaysia, USA
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988d), Smits et al.
(2007), Fiuza et al. (2015a)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988c), Hosoya et al.
(2006), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Fiuza et al.
(2017a)
Nawawi (1976c), Nawawi and Kuthubutheen
(1988c), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007),
Fiuza et al. (2015a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Goh and Hyde (1998)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
da Silva and Gusmão (2015), Fiuza et al. (2019)
Japan
Ingold (1960), Petersen (1963a), Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al. (1993), Sridhar and
Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová
(2000), Hosoya et al. (2006), Cornut et al. (2014)
Petersen (1963a), Bärlocher (1987), Gessner et al.
(1993), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr
(1996), Marvanová (2000), Hosoya and Tanaka
(2007), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and Gusmão
(2013a)
Ando and Tubaki (1984b)
India
Thailand
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007)
Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, USA,
Venezuela
Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1960), Petersen (1962),
UK, USA
Crane (1968), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1992), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová
(2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Cornut et al. (2014)
Canada, UK
Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987)
France, Ireland, UK
Descals and Webster (1980), Gessner et al. (1993),
Harrington (1997)
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 (continued)
13
Table 11 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Dendrospora juncicola
Submerged decaying culms of Juncus effusus
India, UK
(river), foam (stream), stemflow
Submerged decaying wood (Fagus sylvatica, Picea Austria, Canada, UK
abies), foam (stream, rivulet), water (stream)
Spume (river), foam (river), submerged decaying
Canada, India, UK
leaves (stream), stemflow
Dendrospora moniliformis
Dendrospora nana
Distribution
References
Iqbal (1972a), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Descals and Webster (1983), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000)
Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987),
Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015)
Roldán et al. (1987), Marvanová (2000)
Descals and Webster (1980), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Duarte et al.
(2015)
Descals and Webster (1980), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015)
Sreekala and Bhatt (2002)
Sivichai et al. (2002), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a), Fiuza et al.
(2019)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988e)
Ho et al. (2001)
Monteiro et al. (2016b)
Fiuza et al. (2017c)
Foam (river, stream)
Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying twigs
(river)
Austria, Spain
Austria, Canada, Portugal, UK
Dendrospora torulosa
Submerged rotting cupules of Castanea (river),
stemflow
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying Xylia dolabriformis test
block, foam (river, stream), submerged decaying
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum Brasiliense (river)
Foam (river), submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood
Foam (stream, river, rivulet), water-filled treeholes
India, UK
Diplocladiella tricladioides
Drepanospora viridis
Dwayaangam colodena
Dwayaangam cornuta
Submerged decaying wood
Stemflow and throughfall of palm species
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream, rivulet), stemflow and throughfall
of tree canopies and palm species, water-filled
treeholes
Malaysia
India
Canada
Austria, Brazil, Canada, Hungary, India, UK
Dwayaangam dichotoma
Spume (river), stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies
Submerged decaying wood
India, Malaysia
Nawawi (1987b), Sakayaroj et al. (2005)
Lee et al. (1998)
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl
and Révay (2003), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Hosoya et al.
(2006), Smits et al. (2007)
Nawawi (1985d)
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Sokolski et al. (2006)
Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Marvanová (2000), Gönczöl and
Révay (2003), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009),
Fiuza et al. (2015a), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Nawawi (1985d), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
China
Goh et al. (1998e)
Dendrospora yessemreddyi
Dendrosporium lobatum
Dendryphiosphaera parvula
Denticularia limoniformis
Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata
Dictyotrichocladium aquaticum
Diplocladiella appendiculata
Diplocladiella aquatica
Diplocladiella scalaroides
Elegantimyces sporidesmiopsis
India
Brazil, India, Thailand
Malaysia
Brunei
Brazil
Brazil
Malaysia, Thailand
Brunei
Austria, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Thailand,
Venezuela
Fungal Diversity
Dendrospora polymorpha
Dendrospora tenella
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Enantioptera bialata
Enantioptera tetra-alata
Endophragmia boewei
Everhartia aquatica
Everhartia tumidiapicis
Flabellocladia gigantea
Flabellospora acuminata
Foam (stream)
Foam (river, stream)
Submerged decaying plant material (swamp)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam (stream)
Foam (river), submerged leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream)
Dead insects (pond), foam (stream), submerged
decaying wood
Submerged decaying leaves of Phoenix dactylifera, Coffea arabica and Hevea brasiliensis,
stemflow and throughfall, foam (stream, river)
Czech Republic
Ireland, UK
USA
Australia
Australia
Malaysia
France, UK, Venezuela
Flabellospora multiradiata
Foam (river, stream), stemflow and throughfall of
tree canopies
India, Malaysia, Thailand
Flabellospora tetracladia
Foam (stream)
Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia, Venezuela
Flabellospora verticillata
Submerged decaying leaves of Coffea arabica and
Phoenix dactylifera, stemflow and throughfall
of tree canopies and palm species, foam (river,
stream)
Brazil, India, Nigeria, Thailand, Venezuela
Frigidispora colnensis
Fusticeps laevisporus
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous twig, decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat swamp)
Submerged decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
UK
Brazil
Marvanová (2004)
Descals and Webster (1983), Harrington (1997)
Crane (1972)
Goh and Hyde (1997b)
Goh and Hyde (1997b)
Nawawi (1985e)
Descals and Webster (1982), Gessner et al. (1993),
Smits et al. (2007)
Descals and Webster (1982), Sagdullaeva et al.
(1989), Marvanová et al. (2003)
Alasoadura (1968b), Ranzoni (1979), Sridhar
and Kaveriappa (1988), Sridhar and Kaveriappa
(1992), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), SchoenleinCrusius et al. (2009), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Nawawi (1976b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009)
Nawawi (1985e), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Smits et al. (2007),
Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a)
Alasoadura (1968b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa
(1988), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj
et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013a),
Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Flabellospora amphibia
Flabellospora crassa
Gemmulina botryosa
Helicoubisia coronata
Goidanichiella fusiformis
Portugal, Uzbekistan, UK
Brazil, India, Nigeria, Thailand, USA, Venezuela
UK
Malaysia, Thailand
Thailand
Descals and Webster (1982)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b), Pinnoi et al.
(2006)
Pinnoi et al. (2006)
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 (continued)
13
13
Table 11 (continued)
Substrate
Distribution
References
Heliscella stellata
Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying
leaves of Alnus glutinosa (stream), stemflow
and throughfall of tree canopies and pal species,
water (stream)
Austria, France, India, Ireland, Malaysia,
Spain, Sweden, UK, USA
Heliscella stellatacula
Heliscina antennata
Foam (rivulet)
Decaying leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa (stream),
foam, (stream), spring, water (stream)
Austria, Malaysia
Austria, Czech Republic, France, Spain, USA
Heliscina campanulata
Foam (river, stream), submerged leaf litter of
Alnus glutinosa (stream), water (stream)
Austria, Canada, France, India, Ireland, USA
Henicospora amazonensis
Henicospora coronata
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying litter of Saraca thaipingensis
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Brazil
Brazil
Ingold and Cox (1957), Willen (1958), Descals and
Webster (1982), Nawawi (1985b), Gessner et al.
(1993), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997),
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Menéndez et al.
(2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Ghate and Sridhar
(2015)
Nawawi (1985b), Voglmayr (1996)
Marvanová (1980), Gessner et al. (1993), Descals
(1997), Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp
(2003)
Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987),
Gessner et al. (1993), Harrington (1997),
Marvanová (2000), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Cornut et al.
(2014)
Monteiro et al. (2014a)
Fiuza et al. (2019)
Malaysia
Hungary
Hungary
China, Hungary
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Révay and Gönczöl (2007)
Révay and Gönczöl (2007), Hu et al. (2013b)
Foam/water (stream), stemflow
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying bamboo (stream, river,
swamp)
Decaying leaves (river)
Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves
Water
Foam (river), water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying leaves
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs
(stream)
Foam (stream, river rivulet)
India, Venezuela
Brazil
Brazil, Philippines, USA
Smits et al. (2007), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Barbosa et al. (2013b), Fiuza et al. (2017b)
Crane (1972), Cai et al. (2003a) Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Arambarri et al. (1987)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988a)
Hoog and Hennebert (1983)
Harrington (1997) Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Matsushima (1987)
Monteiro et al. (2014a)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992)
Henicospora longissima
Hormiactis ontariensis
Hyalocamposporium acutum
Hyalocamposporium longiflagellatum
Hydrometrospora symmetrica
Inesiosporium longispirale
Ityorhoptrum verruculosum
Isthmolongispora asymmetrica
Isthmolongispora geniculata
Isthmolongispora lanceata
Isthmolongispora minima
Isthmolongispora rotundata
Isthmophragmospora laevispora
Isthmophragmospora verruculosa
Isthmotricladia britannica
Argentina
Malaysia
Netherlands
Hungary, Ireland
China
Brazil
Malaysia
Austria, Canada, Ireland, UK
Descals and Webster (1982), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Harrington (1997), Marvanová
(2000)
Fungal Diversity
Taxon
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Isthmotricladia gombakiensis
Foam (stream, river), stemflow and throughfall
India, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela
Isthmotricladia laeensis
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and
palm species, foam (stream, river)
India, Malaysia, Thailand
Iyengarina asymmetrica
Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs
(stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves
Submerged decaying leaves
Submerged leaves of Populus euphratica (stream)
Submerged decaying culm of Miscanthus floridulus (stream)
Decaying bark (river)
Spume (river)
Foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree
canopies
Foam (stream, river, rivulet), sediment (dam,
river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies,
water (stream)
Malaysia
Nawawi (1975), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al. (2007), Ghate
and Sridhar (2015)
Nawawi (1985b), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992),
Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Sridhar and Karamchand
(2009)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992)
Malaysia
Malaysia
China
Malaysia
Malaysia
Spain
China
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1992)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1992)
Ho et al. (2001)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993b)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1993b)
Roldán et al. (1990)
Kuo and Goh (2019)
Argentina
Malaysia
Canada, India
China
Brazil
Arambarri et al. (1987)
Nawawi (1985d)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009)
Bärlocher (1987), Voglmayr (1996), Harrington
(1997), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003), Hosoya
et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007), Sridhar
and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar
(2012), Cornut et al. (2014)
Conceição et al. (2016)
Ho et al. (2001)
Bärlocher (1987)
Ho et al. (2001)
Shearer and Crane (1971), Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa
et al. (2013b)
Shearer et al. (1976)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Gönczöl and Révay
(2003), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Matsushima (1987)
Fiuza et al. (2016)
Brunei, Philippines
Ho et al. (2001), Cai et al. (2003a)
Iyengarina furcata
Jerainum triquetrum
Kameshwaromyces globosus
Kiliophora fusispora
Kiliophora ubiensis
Kontospora halophila
Kostermansinda magna
Kostermansinda minima
Lambdasporium viridense
Lateriramulosa quadriradiata
Lateriramulosa uniinflata
Austria, Canada, France, India, Ireland, Japan,
Malaysia, USA
Linkosia aquatica
Listeromyces insignis
Magdalaenaea monogramma
Megaloseptoria mirabilis
Melanocephala australiensis
Submerged decaying twig (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decayingwood (river, stream)
Brazil
China
Canada
Brunei
Brazil. China, USA
Melanocephala triseptata
Mirandina corticola
Submerged decaying wood
Rainwater from building roofs, submerged decaying woods (river), water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum
brasiliense
Submerged decaying wood (river, stream)
USA
Brazil, Hungary, Poland
Mirandina taiwanensis
Mirandina uncinata
13
Neopodoconis ampullacea
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 (continued)
13
Table 11 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Neta angliae
Neta lignicola
Neta mexicana
Neta patuxentica
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged balsa wood (river), rainwater from
building roofs
Submerged decaying balsa wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
UK
USA
Mexico
Poland, USA
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Shearer (1974)
Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2005)
Shearer and Crane (1971), Czeczuga and Orłowska
(1997)
Shearer (1974)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990b), Hyde (2007),
Fiuza et al. (2017b)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990c)
Cantillo-Pérez et al. (2018)
Kuthubutheen et al. (1992), Cantillo-Pérez et al.
(2018)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b)
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979b)
Neta salmonicolor
Nidulispora quadrifida
Obeliospora basispira
Obeliospora microappendiculata
Obeliospora nitida
Obeliospora triappendiculata
Obstipispora chewaclensis
Ordus tribrachiatus
Pachycladina hispanica
Pachycladina mutabilis
Pachycladina parva
Paraceratocladium malaysianum
Paracryptophiale kamaruddinii
Paraulocladium fabisporum
Phaeomonilia aquatica
Phaeomonilia pleiomorpha
Phaeotrichoconis aquatica
Phaeotrichoconis minigelatinosa
Pleuropedium macrum
Pleuropedium multiseptatum
Pleuropedium tricladioides
Polycladium equiseti
Pseudoanguillospora prolifera
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying palm petioles (stream)
Decaying branch (river)
Decaying branch (river)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying Juncus effusus (stream)
Submerged rotten culms of Juncus effusus, foam
(stream, rivulet), water (stream)
Submerged dead inter-nodes of Equisetum fluviatile
Foam (river)
Submerged decaying leaves of Platanus occidentalis (stream), foam (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Poaceae and culms
of Juncus effusus
Malaysia
Brazil
Malaysia
Brazil, Malaysia
USA
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Canada
Malaysia
UK
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Roldán et al. (1990)
Marvanová (1986)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c)
Goh and Hyde (2000a)
Hyde (2007)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994c)
Kuthubutheen and Nawawi (1994b)
Huang et al. (2017)
Castañeda-Ruíz et al. (2007)
Arambarri et al. (1987)
Arambarri et al. (1987)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998c)
Marvanová and Descals (1996)
Marvanová and Iqbal (1973), Bärlocher (1987),
Voglmayr (1996), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003)
Ingold (1959b)
UK
USA
Descals et al. (1976)
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a)
USA
Iqbal (1974)
Malaysia
Malaysia
China
Mexico
Argentina
Argentina
Canada
UK
Austria, Canada, UK, USA
Fungal Diversity
Porocladium aquaticum
Pseudoanguillospora gracilis
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Submerged decaying twigs (river, stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous twigs
(stream)
Submerged decaying wood, foam (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Populus deltoides
(stream)
Rainwater from building roofs
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
USA
Brazil, Malaysia
Taxon
Substrate
Submerged decaying leaves of Poaceae and culms
of Juncus effusus
Pseudoclathrosphaerina evamariae Submerged decaying wood (stream) and leaves
(creek, water-filled channel, lake)
Pseudoclathrosphaerina spiralis
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Pseudofuscophialis lignicola
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Pseudotracylla dentata
Submerged decaying wood and leaves (stream)
Pyramidospora casuarinae
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum
brasiliense and branches of Casuarina, foam
(stream),
Pyramidospora constricta
Submerged decaying leaves of Dicotyledonae
(stream), foam (stream)
Pyramidospora densa
Submerged decaying leaves (stream) and wood
(river)
Pyramidospora fluminea
Submerged decaying leaves (stream) and wood
(river)
Pyramidospora herculiformis
Submerged decaying leaves
Pyramidospora quadricellularis
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Pyramidospora ramificata
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Pyramidospora robusta
Submerged decaying leaves of Caesalpinia echinata and Campomanesia phaea (lake)
Pyramidospora stellata
Submerged decaying leaves of Acer saccharinum,
Quercus alba, and Salix sp.
Quadracaea stauroconidia
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Quadricladium aquaticum
Submerged deciduous bark (stream)
Ramicephala sphaerospora
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Satchmopsis brasiliensis
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Scutisporus brunneus
Foam (river, stream), submerged decaying petioles
(stream), submerged decaying wood (e.g.,
Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis
test blocks), submerged leaves of Calophyllum
brasiliense (stream)
Septotrullula bacilligera
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Sirothecium triseriale
Submerged decaying bamboo culms
Solheimia costispora
Decaying Licuala longicalycata (peat swamp)
Sphaerulomyces coralloides
Parasitic on conidia of Anguillospora crassa from
foam (brook)
Spiropes caaguazuensis
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Pseudoanguillospora stricta
13
Distribution
References
USA
Iqbal (1974)
Thailand, USA
India, Sierra Leone
Voglmayr and Krisai-Greilhuber (1997a), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Cai and Hyde (2007a)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Marvanová and Marvan (1969), Ranzoni (1979),
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992), Schoenlein-Crusius et al. (2009), Fiuza et al. (2017a)
Singh (1972), Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1992)
Nigeria
Alasoadura (1968a)
Japan, Malaysia
Sierra Leona
Brazil
Japan
Brazil
Hyde (2007)
Miura and Kudo (1971)
Singh (1976)
Oliveira et al. (2015a)
Miura and Kudo (1971)
Moreira and Schoenlein-Crusius (2012)
USA
Sinclair and Morgan-Jones (1979a)
Brazil
Malaysia
Cuba
Brazil
Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1989c)
Voglmayr and Delgado-Rodríguez (2003)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Sivichai et al. (2002), Smits et al. (2007), Fiuza and
Gusmão (2013a), Barbosa et al.( 2013b), Fiuza
et al. (2017a), Hosoya et al. (2019)
UK
China
Thailand
Slovakia
Hyde and Goh (1999a)
Hu et al. (2007)
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Marvanová (1977a)
Philippines
Cai et al. (2003a)
Thailand
China
Brazil
Brazil, Cuba, India, USA, Venezuela
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 (continued)
13
Table 11 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Spirosphaera beverwijkiana
Submerged decaying leaves of Quercus pedunculata, Quercus sp., Q. coccinea, Fagus sylvatica,
Betula verrucosa, Populus tremula (lake, stagnant water)
Submerged decaying leaves and culms of Calamagrostis epigejos, Juncus effusus and Carex
brizides (puddle)s, Submerged decaying leaves
of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying Betula leaves, submerged
decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying twigs (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves of Betula alba, B.
verrucosa, Fagus sylvatica, Populus termula,
and Corylus avellana, Quercus pedunculata,
Quercus sp.
Submerged decaying leaves (pond)
Water-filled treeholes
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermous leaves and
petiole (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream), foam
(stream)
Submerged decaying petioles, foam (stream),
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum
brasiliense (stream)
Foam (stream, rivulet), submerged decaying leaves
of Alnus glutinosa, Alnus sp. (stream), water
(stream)
Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands
Hennebert (1968), Abdullah and Webster (1980)
Austria, Brazil
Voglmayr (1997), Fiuza et al. (2018)
Canada
Netherlands, Malaysia
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1998b)
van Beverwijk (1953), Ho et al. (2001)
Italy
Belgium, Netherlands
Abdullah et al. (1998)
Hennebert (1968)
Japan
Hungary
Malaysia
Brazil, Malaysia
Abdullah et al. (1986)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Marvanová and Laichmanová (2007)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987c), Barbosa et al.
(2013b)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1990a), Hosoya et al.
(2019)
Barbosa et al. (2013b) Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa
(2003), Fiuza et al. (2018)
Spirosphaera carici-graminis
Spirosphaera dimorpha
Spirosphaera floriformis
Spirosphaera lignicola
Spirosphaera minuta
Spirosphaera verruculosa
Spondylocladiopsis cupulicola
Subulispora biappendiculata
Subulispora longirostrata
Subulispora malaysiana
Subulispora procurvata
Stenocladiella neglecta
Malaysia
Brazil, India
Austria, France, Slovakia, Spain
Water-filled treeholes
Foam (stream)
Hungary
Canada, UK
Synnematophora constricta
Sediment (stream), submerged decaying leaves of
Mangifera indica (river), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream), submerged
decaying angiosperm submerged (stream)
India
Synchaetomella aquatica
Tetrabrachium elegans
Brazil
Fiuza et al. (2015b)
Canada, Malaysia
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987a), Sridhar and
Bärlocher (1993)
Fungal Diversity
Sympodiella goidanichii
Sympodiocladium frondosum
Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová and
Descals (1985), Gessner et al. (1993), Voglmayr
(1996), Marvanová (2000), Menéndez et al.
(2012), Cornut et al. (2014)
Gönczöl and Révay (2003)
Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001)
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (2002), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and Sridhar (2012)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Tetranacrium gramineum
Tetrabrunneospora ellisii
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Foam (stream), submerged decaying Betula leaves
(brook)
Foam (stream)
Rainwater from building roofs, stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies
Foam (rivulet)
Foam (rivulet)
Foam (stream), submerged decaying angiospermic
leaves (stream)
Submerged leaves of Alnus glutinosa, Castanea
sativa, Hedera helix (river), foam (stream),
rainwater from building roofs
Rainwater from building roofs
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream), submerged decaying leaves of
Quercus (river)
Foam (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying angiospermic leaves (stream)
Foam (stream), stemflow and throughfall
USA
Canada, USA
Shearer and Crane (1971)
Dyko (1978), Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001)
Malaysia
India, Poland
Nawawi (1985b)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Voglmayr (1996)
Voglmayr (1996)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1987d), Hosoya et al.
(2019)
Marvanová (2000)
Webster (1959), Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Titaea callispora
Titaea clarkeae
Triramulispora gracilis
Triramulispora obclavata
Triscelosporium verrucosum
Tricellula aquatica
Tricellula inaequalis
Tricellula ornata
Tricladiopsis flagelliformis
Tricladiopsis foliosa
Tricladiospora longissima
Tricladiospora stricta
Trifurcospora irregularis
Austria
Austria
Malaysia
Austria, Poland, UK
Poland
Czech Republic
Portugal, UK
UK
Malaysia
Malaysia
Canada, India
13
Triglyphium alabamense
Triscelophorus acuminatus
Foam (stream)
Foam (stream, river), submerged leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Coffea arabica, and
Hevea brasiliensis, unindentified leaves (stream,
lake), sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies and palm species.
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum
brasiliense (stream)
Canada
Austria, Brazil, Canada, India, Ireland, Italy,
Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, Thailand, Venezuela
Triscelophorus curviramifer
Triscelophorus konajensis
Foam/water (stream)
Submerged rotten leaves of Ficus benghalensis,
sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies and palm species, foam
(stream), water (stream)
Brazil, Venezuela
India, USA
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Marvanová (2004)
Descals and Webster (1982), Marvanová et al.
(2003)
Descals and Webster (1982)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988f)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988e)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2001)
Descals and Webster (1982), Nawawi (1985b),
Sridhar (1987), Sridhar and Bärlocher (1993),
Harrington (1997), Marvanová (2000), Rajashekhar and Kaveriappa (2003), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004), Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Smits et al.
(2007), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Moreira
and Schoenlein-Crusius (2012), Sudheep and
Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015), Duarte
et al. (2015), Fiuza et al. (2018), Raposeiro et al.
(2018), Hosoya et al. (2019)
Fiuza et al. (2015a) Smits et al. (2007)
Sridhar and Kaveriappa (1987), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1992), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep and
Sridhar (2012), Ghate and Sridhar (2015)
Fungal Diversity
Table 11 (continued)
13
Table 11 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Triscelophorus magnificus
Triscelophorus monosporus
Submerged leaves (stream), foam (stream)
Submerged decaying leaves (river), submerged
leaves of Coffea arabica, and Hevea, water
(river), foam, scum (stream, spring, river, lake),
sediment (dam, stream), stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, submerged leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream), water (stream)
Canada, USA
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, France,
Ghana, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Malaysia,
Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, UK, USA, Venezuela
Triscelophorus ponapensis
Triscelophorus septatus
Trisulcosporium acerinum
Submerged decaying leaves of Pandanus
Submerged decaying leaves
Stemflow and throughfall of tree canopies, foam
(river, stream)
Micronesia, Thailand
USA
Brazil, India, Japan, Malaysia
Uberispora heteroseptata
Umbellidion radulans
Vanbeverwijkia spirospora
Veramyces manuensis
Verticicladus subiculifer
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying leaves (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Rainwater from building roofs
Submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Submerged decaying wood (river)
Malaysia
Brazil
USA
Poland
Brazil
Petersen (1962), Bärlocher (1987)
Ingold (1943a), Ingold (1943b), Ranzoni (1953),
Dixon (1959), Hudson and Ingold (1960)ngold
(1960, Petersen (1962), Petersen (1963b), Crane
(1968), Alasoadura (1968a), Marvanová and
Marvan (1969), Ingold and Webster (1973),
Nawawi (1985b), Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1988), Czeczuga et al. (1990), Harrington (1997), Gulis and Suberkropp (2003),
Smits et al. (2007), Schoenlein-Crusius et al.
(2009), Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Sudheep
and Sridhar (2012), Cornut et al. (2014), Duarte
et al. (2015), Fiuza et al. (2017a), Raposeiro et al.
(2018)
Matsushima (1981), Sivichai and Boonyene (2004)
Parker and Roane (1976)
Hosoya et al. (2006), Hosoya and Tanaka (2007),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009), Fiuza and
Gusmão (2013a)
Ho et al. (2001), Hyde (2007)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Shearer and Crane (1971)
Czeczuga and Orłowska (1997)
Fiuza et al. (2015b), Fiuza et al. (2017b)
Brazil, Brunei
Brazil
Thailand
China
China
Brazil
Ho et al. (2001), Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Barbosa et al. (2013b)
Sivichai and Boonyene (2004)
Huang et al. (2016)
Goh et al. (1998f)
Monteiro et al. (2017b)
Virgariella atra
Virgariella globigera
Xiuguozhangia appendiculata
Xylohyphopsis aquatica
Yinmingella mitriformis
Zelotetraploa aquatica
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity
Table 12 Classification of freshwater Basidiomycota with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal
taxa
Taxon
Substrate
AGARICOMYCOTINA
AGARICOMYCETES
Agaricales
Agaricales genera incertae sedis
Mycocalia denudata
Decaying Eleiodoxa conferta (peat
swamp)
Mycocalia reticulata
Submerged wood
Limnoperdaceae
Limnoperdon incarnatum
Soaked hardwood twigs, marsh water
Limnoperdon sp.
Submerged wood and date palm
rachis (river)
Niaceae
Flagelloscypha sp.
Submerged decaying wood (stream)
Peyronelina glomerulata
Submerged decaying Cyperus sp.
culm, unidentified pod, twig,
litter (pond, stream, waterfall)
submerged pinnules of Pteridium
aquilinum
Physalacriaceae
Gloiocephala aquatica
Decaying culms of Scirpus californicus (lakes, eutrophic ponds)
Psathyrella aquatica
Submerged wood or sediment
Atheliales
Atheliaceae
Leptosporomyces crucelliger Foam (stream)
Leptosporomyces galzinii
Foam, submerged decaying Acer
leaves (stream), water
Taeniospora gracilis
Foam (river, rivulet, stream), submerged decaying leaves (stream),
water (stream)
Distribution
References
Thailand
Pinruan et al. (2014)
Australia
Hyde and Goh (1998a)
USA
Egypt
Escobar et al. (1976)
Abdel-Aziz (2016b)
Japan
China, Japan, Thailand, UK
Yamaguchi et al. (2009)
Fisher et al. (1976), Mongkol et al.
(2009), Yamaguchi et al. (2009),
Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013)
Argentina
Desjardin et al. (1995)
USA
Frank et al. (2010)
UK
UK
Marvanová and Stalpers (1987)
Nawawi et al. (1977a)
Austria, Canada, France, UK, USA
Taeniospora gracilis var.
gracilis
Foam (stream), submerged leaf litter
of Alnus glutinosa (stream), water
Austria, France, UK
Taeniospora nasifera
Cantharellales
Ceratobasidiaceae
Ceratobasidium sp.
Ceratorhiza sp.
Foam (river)
Canada
Marvanová and Stalpers (1987),
Bärlocher (1987), Sridhar and
Bärlocher (1993), Voglmayr
(1996), Marvanová (2000), Gulis
and Suberkropp (2003), Cornut
et al. (2014)
Marvanová and Stalpers (1987),
Gessner et al. (1993), Marvanová
(2000)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1988)
Submerged plant root (lake)
Submerged wood and date palm
rachis
Norway
Egypt
Kohout et al. (2012)
Abdel-Aziz (2016b)
Hydnaceae
Ingoldiella fibulata
Ingoldiella nutans
Rogersiomyces okefenokeensis
Foam (stream), submerged decaying India, Malaysia
leaves, throughfall of palm species
Mixed litter of Pinus contorta and
Canada
Sphagnum (peat bog)
Submerged decaying leaves of angio- USA
sperms and Taxodium ascendens
(swamp)
Nawawi (1973b, 1985b), Ghate and
Sridhar (2015)
Bandoni and Marvanová (1989)
Crane and Schoknecht (1978)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 12 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Sistotrema hamatum
Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia,
Submerged decaying petioles of
Thailand
Hevea brasiliensis, submerged unidentified leaves (river), submerged
leaves (Calophyllum brasiliense,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum and
Hevea brasiliensis) (stream), sediment (stream), foam (river, stream)
Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis
Akenomyces costatus
Roots of rotting Triticum, submerged France, UK
leaves of Cladium muhscus
Rotting wood
Foam (river), submerged decaying
leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense
(stream)
Dendrosporomyces splendens Submerged water leaves (river)
Fibulotaeniella canadensis
Foam (river)
Titaeella capnophila
Rainwater on needles of Pinus densiflora, foam (stream), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies
Tricladiomyces geniculatus
Immersed rotten angiospermic leaves
(stream)
Tricladiomyces malaysianus Foam and scum (river), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies
BARTHELETIOMYCETES
Polyporales
Polyporales genera incertae sedis
Bulbillomyces farinosus
Decaying bark of the fallen branch of
Alnus glutinosa
Sebacinales
Sebacinaceae
Chaetospermum camelliae
Submerged decaying Licuala
longicalycata (peat swamp), foam
(river)
Chaetospermum chaetoFoam and scum (stream), submerged
sporum
decaying leaves
Chaetospermum indicum
Scum (river), submerged stems
of Fimbristylis quinquangularis
(river)
Trechisporales
Cruciger lignatilis
Dendrosporomyces prolifer
Germany
Brazil, Malaysia
Malaysia
Canada
India, Japan, Portugal, Spain
Malaysia
Shaw (1972), Ingold and Webster
(1973), Nawawi and Webster
(1982b), Sridhar (1987), Sridhar
and Kaveriappa (1992), Sakayaroj
et al. (2005), Sudheep and Sridhar
(2012), Barbosa et al. (2013b),
Fiuza et al. (2019), Hosoya et al.
(2019)
Arnaud (1954), Hornby (1984),
Voglmayr and Krisai-Greilhuber
(1997b)
Kirschner and Oberwinkler (1999)
Nawawi et al. (1977b), Fiuza et al.
(2019)
Nawawi (1973c)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (1988)
Ando and Tubaki (1985), Descals
(1997), Marvanová et al. (2003),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Nawawi and Kuthubutheen (1988g)
India, Malaysia
Nawawi (1974), Nawawi (1985a),
Sridhar and Karamchand (2009)
Ukraine
Ordynets (2009)
Thailand
Sakayaroj et al. (2005), Pinruan
et al. (2007)
India, USA
Anastasiou (1964), Rajashekhar and
Kaveriappa (2003)
Talde (1981)
India
Hydnodontaceae
Subulicystidium longispoWood (channel)
UK
rum
TREMELLOMYCETES
Tremellales
Tremellales genera incertae sedis
Xenolachne flagellifera
Hymenium of Hyaloscypha atomaria USA
growing on the lower side of damp
logs (Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus
Strobus, Pseudotsuga taxifolia)
Agaricomycotina incertae sedis
Nodulospora inconstans
Foam (river)
Canada
13
References
Abdullah and Fisher (1984), Hyde
and Goh (1999a)
Rogers (1947)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000)
Fungal Diversity
Table 12 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
PUCCINIOMYCOTINA
ATRACTIELLOMYCETES
Atractiellales
Phleogenaceae
Helicogloea angustispora
Foam
CLASSICULOMYCETES
Classiculales
Classiculaceae
Classicula fluitans
Scirpus microcarpus leaf litter (bank
of roadside drainage channel),
foam (stream)
Jaculispora submersa
Submerged rotten leaves (stream)
MICROBOTRYOMYCETES
Kriegeriales
Camptobasidiaceae
Camptobasidium hydrophi- Submerged decaying leaves (stream),
lum (Crucella subtilis)
water (stream)
Microbotryales
Microbotryales incertae sedis
Reniforma strues
Biological film (waste-water treatment plant)
USTILAGINOMYCOTINA
EXOBASIDIOMYCETES
Doassansiales
Doassansiaceae
Burrillia narasimhanii
Leaves of Caldesia reniformis (pond)
Pseudodermatosorus
Leaves of Caldesia oligococca
alismatis-oligococci
Rhamphosporaceae
Rhamphospora nymphaeae Leaves of Nymphaea nouchali, N.
lotus, N. rubra, Caldesia reniformis, (pond)
USTILAGINOMYCETES
Urocystidales
Doassansiopsidaceae
Doassansiopsis caldesiae
Leaves of Caldesia reniformis in a
marsh close to
lakeshore
Doassansiopsis deformans
Leaves, petioles, peduncles, pedicels
and ovaries of Sagittaria variabilis
Doassansiopsis euryales
Leaves, petioles and ovaries of
Euryale ferox
Doassansiopsis furva
Leaves of Sagittaria rigida
Doassansiopsis hydrophila
Leaves of Potamogeton spp.
Doassansiopsis nymphaeae
Doassansiopsis nymphoides
Doassansiopsis occulta
Doassansiopsis ticonis
Petioles of Nymphaea stellata
Leaves of Nymphoides rautaneni
(lake)
Ovaries of Potamogeton natans
Leaves of Nymphaea blanda
Distribution
References
–
Kirschner (2004)
Canada, Germany
Marvanová and Bandoni (1987),
Bauer et al. (2003)
Jamaica
Hudson and Ingold (1960)
France USA
Marvanová and Suberkropp (1990),
Cornut et al. (2014)
USA
Pore and Sorenson (1990)
India
Sri Lanka
Thirumalachar and Mundkur (1951)
Vánky (1999)
India
Cunningham (1888), Lotz-Winter
et al. (2011)
Cameroon
Pia̧tek et al. (2008)
USA
Engler et al. (1900)
India
Verma and Jha (1999)
USA
Spain, USA, UK
India
Zambia
Davis (1919), Vánky (1981)
Regents of the University of the
State of New York (1884),
Fragoso (1917), Lavrov (1937)
Sydow and Sydow (1912)
Vánky (2002)
Germany
Costa Rica
Engler et al. (1900)
Piepenbring (1995)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 12 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Leaves of submerged Nymphaea
nouchali var. caerulea in lake
margins
Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis
Anguillomyces acadiensis
Foam (river)
Anguillomyces acadiensis
Foam (river)
Arcispora bisagittaria
Foam (stream)
Microstella pluvioriens
Rainwater from leaves of Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Stauriella aquatica
Submerged test blocks of Dipterocarpus alatus (stream)
Doassansiopsis tomasii
the abundance of Chytridiomycota and Rozellomycota is
higher than that of Dikarya in some aquatic habitats (RojasJimenez et al. 2017). The results are mostly derived from
next generation sequencing, but the isolation and proper
description of these fungi remains to be done. Some of the
basal lineages, such as Chytridiomycota have mostly been
isolated from freshwater habitats, such as ponds and lakes
(Blaalid and Khomich 2021). The ecological roles of some
of these fungi have been studied but for many, their roles are
still unclear (Shearer et al. 2007; Rojas-Jimenez et al. 2017).
Hence, comprehensive studies keeping track the number of
taxa isolated from various niches are important to understand their biology and ecology.
Through the years, ecological research on zoosporic
fungi has been conducted mostly in moist and cool freshwater ecosystems such as Douglas Lake in the USA, and
Lake Windemere in the English Lake District. Other hotspots include countries such South Americas, Australia,
Central Europe, and Japan (Gleason et al. 2010; Blaalid and
Khomich 2021). These fungi are thought to be ubiquitous
in ecosystems which are rich in organic matter but have also
been periodically found in extreme conditions (Gleason
et al. 2010). Hence, it is important to know the ecological
factors that affect the distribution and abundance of these
fungi. Waterborne oxygen content, one the abiotic factors
that influence the distribution and development of zoosporic
fungi, regulates the abundance of these taxa in varying water
depths. Temperature also influences the amount of dissolved
oxygen in water, hence, affecting the growth, reproduction,
and distribution of aquatic fungi (Voronin 2008).
The morphological description of basal fungi has been
well documented, but many taxa lack molecular data, which
limits knowledge of their evolutionary relationship. Many
previously described species either do not have a valid type
specimen or the specimen is unusable. It is also difficult to
know the exact number of species with the ranks currently
13
Distribution
References
Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda
Pia̧tek et al. (2008)
Canada
Canada
Canada
Japan
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000)
Marvanová and Bärlocher (2000)
(Marvanová and Bärlocher 1998a)
Ando and Tubaki (1984b)
Thailand
Sivichai and Jones (2004)
circumscribed. These problems can be seen in genera such as
Rhizophydium and Synchytrium wherein the number of species present within that genera has been specified in some
studies but acquiring additional information on these taxa is
difficult (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). This section provides a
resource of information of freshwater basal fungi, their substrate, country of isolation and status on DNA-based sequence
data. The list, though not exhaustive, provides an idea on the
number of basal fungi isolated from freshwater habitats.
In this paper, we list 684 species of basal fungi under 11
phyla, 29 orders, 85 families, and 243 genera (Table 15).
Chytridiomycota has the largest number with 333 species
(in 97 genera), followed by Rozellomycota (221 species,
105 genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera),
Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota
(19 species, 10 genera), and Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3
genera). Other phyla have fewer than 10 species and include
Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota (5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1
genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota (2 species, 2 genera).
Microsporidia
The number microsporidia from all environments ranges
from 118 genera (Sprague et al. 1992), 144 in Sprague and
Becnel (1999) to 200 listed in Becnel et al. (2014), and 217
in Wijayawardene et al. (2020). Species numbers may exceed
1,500 and this may be a conservative estimate. The website
www.marinefungi.org lists 62 genera with 138 species of
marine microsporidia (Jones et al. 2019). Data on freshwater microsporidia is spread widely in the literature with no
definitive list of actual species and their hosts. Table 16 lists
105 genera of freshwater microsporidia with 221 species in 4
orders and 24 families, but this undoubtedly is an underestimate as new taxa are continuously being introduced.
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 Classification of freshwater yeasts with information on the type of habitats, substrates, and geographical distribution of fungal taxa
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
ASCOMYCOTA
DOTHIDEOMYCETES
Dothideomycetidae
Dothideomycetes incertae sedis
Endosporiaceae
Endosporium aviarium
EUROTIOMYCETES
Chaetothyriomycetidae
Chaetothyriales
Herpotrichiellaceae
Exophiala alcalophila
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank, tap water
Brazil
Exophiala placitae
Nadsoniella nigra
LEOTIOMYCETES
Leotiomycetidae
Helotiales
Sclerotiniaceae
Monilia zeylanica
SACCHAROMYCETES
Saccharomycetidae
Saccharomycetales
Debaryomycetaceae
Babjeviella inositovora
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Brazil
Novak Babič et al.
(2016), Morais et al.
(2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Freshwater everglades
USA
Fell et al. (2011)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis
Brazil
Debaryomyces delbrueckii
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (pond)
Brazil, Slovakia
Debaryomyces hansenii
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, water (lake, pond), tapwater, glacial meltwater (river)
Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Poland,
Slovakia
Debaryomyces maramus
Water (lake)
Poland
Debaryomyces nepalensis
Freshwater mud
Egypt
Debaryomyces occidentalis var.
occidentalis
Lodderomyces elongisporus
Surfaces of freshwater turtles, P. unifilis
Brazil
Morais et al. (2010,
2020)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Morais
et al. (2020)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b),
Khan et al. (2002), de
García et al. (2007),
Morais et al. (2010),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
Morais et al. (2010)
Water (lake)
Poland
Meyerozyma caribbica
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, tapwater, mud (river,
canal), water (lake)
Brazil, Slovenia,
Egypt
Meyerozyma carpophila
Freshwater Everglades
USA
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Brandão et al. (2010),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016), Moubasher
et al. (2018), Morais
et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Meyerozyma guilliermondii
Water (lake, pond, rivers), phytotelmata of bromeliad
tanks, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis
expansa, P. unifilis, tapwater, mud (river, canal)
Brazil, Egypt, Poland,
Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, USA
Millerozyma farinosa
Water (lake)
Poland
Priceomyces carsonii
Water (lake)
Poland
Scheffersomyces coipomensis
Scheffersomyces segobiensis
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Argentina
Poland
Schwanniomyces occidentalis
Water (lake)
Poland
Schwanniomyces polymorphus
Water (lake)
Poland
Schwanniomyces pseudopolymorphus
Schwanniomyces vanrijiae
Water (lake)
Poland
Freshwater Everglades, surfaces of freshwater turtles
Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Brazil, USA
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis
Brazil
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová
(1993), Brandão et al.
(2010), Medeiros
et al. (2012), Van
Wyk et al. (2012),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Brilhante
et al. (2016), Novak
Babič et al. (2016),
Moubasher et al.
(2018), Morais et al.
(2020)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Libkind et al. (2009)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Morais et al. (2010)
Dipodascaceae
Dipodascus armillariae
Water (lake)
Poland
Dipodascus fermentans
Polluted water (river)
USA
Dipodascus geotrichum
River water, freshwater mud (river, canal), water (lake,
pond), tapwater
Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA
Geotrichum europaeum
Mud (river, canal)
Egypt
Magnusiomyces capitatus
Water (lake)
Poland
Saprochaete capitata
Polluted water (river)
USA
Saprochaete sericea
Polluted water (river)
USA
Suhomyces xylopsoci
Yamadazyma akitaensis
Yamadazyma tenuis
13
Brazil
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Lamore and Goos
(1978), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová
(1995b), Medeiros
et al. (2012), Novak
Babič et al. (2016),
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Lipomycetaceae
Lipomyces lipofer
Water (lake)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Metschnikowiaceae
Clavispora lusitaniae
Water (lake, river), tapwater
Kodamaea ohmeri
Metschnikowia pulcherrima
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Metschnikowia reukaufii
Water (lake, river)
South Africa, Slovenia Van Wyk et al. (2012),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Brazil
Brilhante et al. (2016)
Poland, Slovakia, USA van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland, Brazil
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Phaffomycetaceae
Barnettozyma wickerhamii
Cyberlindnera fabianii
Cyberlindnera jadinii
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa
Water (lake)
Water (lake), freshwater mud, polluted water (lake)
Brazil
Brazil
Egypt, Poland, USA
Cyberlindnera japonica
Cyberlindnera rhodanensis
Cyberlindnera saturnus
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Polluted water (river), water, sediment (lake)
Brazil
Brazil
Colombia, USA
Starmera stellimalicola
Pichiaceae
Brettanomyces nanus
Water (lake)
Brazil
Water (lake)
Poland
Dekkera bruxellensis
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
Brazil, Poland, USA
Komagataella pastoris
Kregervanrija fluxuum
Ogataea polymorpha
Surfaces of freshwater turtles
Freshwater Everglades
Polluted water (river)
Brazil
USA
USA
Pichia fermentans
Water (lake, pond), tapwater
Brazil, Slovakia,
Slovenia
Pichia galeiformis
Pichia kluyveri
Pichia mandshurica
Pichia membranifaciens
Water (lake)
Freshwater Everglades
Water (lake)
Water (lake), Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis
unifilis
Brazil
USA
Brazil
Brazil, Poland
Saturnispora diversa
Water, sediment (lake)
Colombia
Morais et al. (2010)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Silva-Bedoya
et al. (2014)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Brandão et al.
(2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013)
Morais et al. (2010)
Fell et al. (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Brandão et al. (2010),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Fell et al. (2011)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Morais et al. (2010),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Saturnispora silvae
Water (lake, wetland)
Poland, USA
Fell et al. (2011),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Saccharomycetaceae
Citeromyces matritensis
Water (lake, river)
South Africa, Poland
Cyniclomyces guttulatus
Water (lake)
Grigorovia transvaalensis
Water (lake)
Hagleromyces aurorensis
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank
Issatchenkia orientalis
Tropical freshwater, water (lake, pond), mud (river
canal), wetland
Issatchenkia scutulata
Kazachstania africana
Water (river)
Water (lake)
Kazachstania exigua
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
Kazachstania lodderae
Water (lake)
Kluyveromyces aestuarii
Water (lake, wetland)
Kluyveromyces lactis
Water (lake)
Kluyveromyces marxianus
Kluyveromyces wickerhamii
Water (lake, river)
Water (lake), surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis
unifilis
Lachancea cidri
Water (lake)
Lachancea kluyveri
Lachancea meyersii
Lachancea thermotolerans
Water (lake)
Water (wetland)
Water (lake)
Lachancea waltii
Water (lake)
Nakaseomyces bacillisporus
Water (lake)
Naumovozyma castellii
Water (lake)
13
Van Wyk et al. (2012),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Brazil
Sousa et al. (2014),
Morais et al. (2020)
Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al. (1992),
Sláviková and
Slovakia, USA
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Brandão et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011),
Medeiros et al.
(2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
Brazil
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland, USA
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland, USA
Fell et al. (2011),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland, Slovakia
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Brazil, Poland,
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Brazil, Poland
Morais et al. (2010),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Slovakia
Sláviková et al. (1992)
USA
Fell et al. (2011)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Bangladesh, Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Water (lake), polluted water (river), mud (river, canal),
sediment (lake)
Colombia, Egypt,
Poland, USA
Tetrapisispora phaffii
Water (lake)
Poland
Torulaspora delbrueckii
Water, sediment (lake)
Colombia, Poland
Torulaspora globosa
Water (pond)
Slovakia
Torulaspora pretoriensis
Freshwater muds, water, sediment (lake)
Colombia, Egypt
Vanderwaltozyma polyspora
Water (lake)
Poland
Vanderwaltozyma yarrowii
Water (lake)
Poland
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Water (lake)
Poland
Zygosaccharomyces mellis
Water (lake)
Poland
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Water (lake)
Poland
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Khan et al.
(2002), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Moubasher
et al. (2018)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Silva-Bedoya
et al. (2014)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b)
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Moubasher
et al. (2018)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Saccharomycodaceae
Hanseniaspora guilliermondii
Water (lake, river)
Brazil, Slovakia
Hanseniaspora opuntiae
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tank, water (lake)
Argentina, Brazil
Hanseniaspora osmophila
Water (lake)
Poland
Hanseniaspora uvarum
Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (river), water
(lake, pond), sediment (lake)
Colombia, Poland,
Slovakia, USA
Hanseniaspora vineae
Water (lake)
Poland
Saccharomycodes ludwigii
Water (lake)
Poland
Saccharomycopsidaceae
Saccharomycopsis capsularis
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Poland
Saccharomycopsis crataegensis
Saccharomycopsis fermentans
Water (river)
Water (lake)
Brazil
Poland
Saccharomycopsis fibuligera
Water (lake)
Slovakia
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Medeiros et al.
(2012)
Libkind et al. (2009),
Morais et al. (2020)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová
(1993), Fell et al.
(2011), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Sláviková et al. (1992)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Saccharomycopsis javanensis
Water (lake)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Trichomonascaceae
Sugiyamaella smithiae
Water (lake)
Poland
Trichomonascus ciferrii
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
Brazil, Poland, USA,
Slovakia
Trichomonascus farinosus
Water (lake)
Poland
Wickerhamiella pararugosa
Water (river), tapwater
Brazil, Slovenia
Zygoascus tannicola
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis
Brazil
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Brilhante et al. (2016)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Morais et al. (2010)
Tropical freshwater, surfaces of freshwater turtles,
water (lake, pond), mud (river, canal)
Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al. (1992),
Slovakia
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Morais et al. (2010),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Moubasher
et al. (2018)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
USA
Fell et al. (2011)
Brazil
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Argentina
de García et al. (2012)
Wickerhamomycetaceae
Wickerhamomyces anomalus
Wickerhamomyces bisporus
Water (lake)
Wickerhamomyces bovis
Water (lake)
Wickerhamomyces canadensis
Polluted water (river)
Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis
Wickerhamomyces pijperi
Wickerhamomyces patagonicus
Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis
Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus
Freshwater everglades
Water (river)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (lake)
Polluted water (lake, river)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, water (wetland)
Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis
Candida albicans
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (lake,
river), sediment (lake)
Wickerhamomyces sydowiorum
USA
Brazil, USA
Brazil, Colombia,
Egypt, Poland, USA
Candida amphicis
Candida asiatica
Candida atlantica
Candida atmosphaerica
Freshwater Everglades
Freshwater Everglades
Water (lake)
Polluted water (river)
USA
USA
Brazil
USA
Candida blankii
Candida boidinii
Water (river)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, water (pond)
Brazil
Brazil, Slovakia
13
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Brandão et al.
(2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Moubasher
et al. (2018), Morais
et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Brandão et al. (2010)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b), Morais
et al. (2010)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Candida buenavistaensis
Candida dendronema
Candida diffluens
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes
Freshwater Everglades
Polluted water (river)
Brazil
USA
USA
Candida duobushaemulonis
Candida ethanolica
Candida fluviatilis
Candida glabrata
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes
Water (lake, river)
Aquatic system, glacial water
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, polluted
water (lake, river), sediment (lake)
Brazil
Brazil
Argentina
Brazil, Colombia,
Poland, USA
Candida heveicola
Candida inconspicua
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Water (lake, pond), polluted water (river)
Brazil
Brazil, Slovakia, USA
Candida intermedia
Water (lake, pond), Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks,
rock holes, polluted water (river)
Brazil, Poland, Slovakia, USA
Candida leandrae
Candida maris
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, wetland
Glacial meltwater (river)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, water (lake, river, wetland)
Brazil
Brazil, USA
Candida mesenterica
Polluted water (river), Glacial meltwater (river)
USA, Argentina
Candida nivariensis
Candida oregonensis
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Polluted water (river)
Brazil
USA
Candida orthopsilosis
Candida palmioleophila
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, tapwater
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis, water (river)
Brazil, Slovenia
Brazil
Candida parapsilosis
Tropical freshwater, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks,
rock holes, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water (lake, river),
groundwater, tapwater
Brazil, Slovenia, USA
Candida pseudointermedia
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, tapwater
Brazil, Slovenia
Candida pseudolambica
Aquatic system, glacial melt water, mud (river, canal),
water (lake, wetland), sediment (lake)
Argentina, Colombia,
Egypt, USA
Morais et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Morais et al. (2020)
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Libkind et al. (2014)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Brandão et al.
(2010), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Morais et al.
(2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b),
Brandão et al. (2010)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sláviková
and Vadkertiová
(1993), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011)
de García et al. (2012)
Fell et al. (2011),
Medeiros et al.
(2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970) de García
et al. (2012)
Morais et al. (2020)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Morais et al. (2020)
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016), Morais et al.
(2020)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Brandão et al.
(2010), Morais et al.
(2010), Medeiros
et al. (2012), Morais
et al. (2020)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016), Morais et al.
(2020)
Fell et al. (2011),
Libkind et al. (2014),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Moubasher
et al. (2018)
Candida maritima
Candida melibiosica
Argentina
Brazil, Poland, USA
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Candida pinus
Polluted water (lake, river)
USA
Candida saitoana
Water (lake), tapwater
Poland, Slovenia
Candida sake
Acidic water (river)ater (lake), glacial melt water,
surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa,
P. unifilis
Argentina, Brazil
Candida santamariae
Candida sharkensis
Candida silvanorum
Candida silvicultrix
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (wetland)
Water (wetland)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
unifilis
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
Italy
USA
USA
Brazil
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Novak Babič
et al. (2016)
Russo et al. (2008),
Morais et al. (2010),
Van Wyk et al.
(2012), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013),
Libkind et al. (2014)
Branda et al. (2010)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Morais et al. (2010)
Candida solani
Candida sonorensis
Candida suecica
Candida tropicalis
Candida ubatubensis
Candida zeylanoides
Diutina catenulata
Diutina rugosa
Hyphopichia burtonii
Middelhovenomyces tepae
Nakazawaea holstii
Nakazawaea ernobii
Yarrowia galli
Yarrowia lipolytica
13
Poland, USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013)
Water (lake)
Brazil
Brandão et al. (2010)
Polluted water (river)
Bangladesh, USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Khan et al.
(2002)
Tropical freshwater, water (lake, pond), mud (river
Brazil, Egypt, Poland, Sláviková et al.
(1992), Sláviková
canal)
Slovakia, South
and Vadkertiová
Africa
(1995b), Brandão
et al. (2010), Van
Wyk et al. (2012),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Moubasher
et al. (2018)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Water (lake)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Water (lake. river), polluted water (river)
South Africa, Poland,
Woollett and Hedrick
USA
(1970), Biedunkiewicz et al. (2013)
Tropical freshwater, water (river), polluted water (river) Brazil, South Africa,
Woollett and Hedrick
USA
(1970), Medeiros
et al. (2012), Van
Wyk et al. (2012)
Water (lake, pond)
Brazil, Slovakia
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1993),
Brandão et al. (2010)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
Brazil
Morais et al. (2010)
unifilis
Polluted water (river)
USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Polluted water (river)
USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, P.
Brazil
Morais et al. (2010)
unifilis
Water (lake), tapwater
Colombia, Poland,
Biedunkiewicz et al.
Slovenia
(2013), Silva-Bedoya
et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
BASIDIOMYCOTA
AGARICOSTILBOMYCETES
Agaricostilbomycetes incertae sedis
Agaricostilbales
Agaricostilbaceae
Sterigmatomyces elviae
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa
MONILIELLOMYCETES
Moniliellomycetes incertae sedis
Moniliellales
Moniliellaceae
Moniliella spathulata
Water (lake)
Brazil
Morais et al. (2010)
Poland
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
CYSTOBASIDIOMYCETES
Cystobasidiomycetes incertae sedis
Cystobasidiales
Cystobasidiaceae
Cystobasidium calyptogenae
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Cystobasidium minutum
Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (lake, river),
water (lake, pond)
Brazil
Argentina, Slovakia,
USA
Morais et al. (2020)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová
(1995b), Libkind
et al. (2009), Fell
et al. (2011)
de García et al. (2007),
Libkind et al. (2009)
Libkind et al. (2003),
Brandão et al. (2011)
Libkind et al. (2003),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Fell et al. (2011),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Cystobasidium laryngis
Glacial melt water (river), water (lake)
Argentina
Cystobasidium pinicola
Water (lake)
Argentina, Brazil
Cystobasidium slooffiae
Tapwater, water (lake, wetland)
Argentina, Brazil,
Slovenia, USA
Occultifur brasiliensis
Occultifur externus
Erythrobasidiales
Erythrobasidiaceae
Erythrobasidium elongatum
Erythrobasidium hasegawae
Cyrenella elegans
Hasegawazyma lactosa
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Brazil
Phytotelmata of bromeliad
Phytotelmata of bromeliad
Sand near lake
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (river)
Brazil
Brazil
USA
Brazil, USA
Symmetrospora marina
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland)
Brazil, USA
Sakaguchia cladiensis
Sakaguchia meli
EXOBASIDIOMYCETES
Exobasidiomycetidae
Exobasidiales
Brachybasidiaceae
Meira geulakonigae
Georgefischeriales
Water (wetland)
Glacial melt water
USA
Argentina
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Sampaio (2010)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Morais et al.
(2020)
Fell et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Libkind et al. (2014)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Gjaerumiaceae
Gjaerumia minor
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Tilletiariaceae
Phragmotaenium oryzicola
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Microstromatales
Microstromatales genera incertae sedis
Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili
Water (river)
MICROBOTRYOMYCETES
Kriegeriales
Kriegeriaceae
Phenoliferia himalayensis
Water (lake)
Leucosporidiales
Leucosporidiaceae
Leucosporidium creatinivorum
Glacial melt water (river), water (lake)
Leucosporidium fragarium
Leucosporidium golubevii
Leucosporidium intermedium
Leucosporidium muscorum
Glacial melt water (river)
Water (river)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
Leucosporidium scottii
River water, polluted water (lake, river), water (lake,
pond)
Microbotryales
Ustilentylomataceae
Microbotryozyma collariae
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Microbotryomycetes families incertae sedis
Chrysozymaceae
Bensingtonia yamatoana
Glacial meltwater (river)
Colacogloeaceae
Colacogloea foliorum
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, polluted water (lake,
river)
Microbotryomycetes genera incertae sedis
Reniforma strues
Wastewater
Distribution
References
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Brazil
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Himalayas
Shivaji et al. (2008)
Argentina
de García et al. (2007),
Libkind et al. (2009)
de García et al. (2007)
Sampaio et al. (2003)
de García et al. (2012)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Libkind et al.
(2009)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Summerbell
(1983), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993)
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina, USA
Slovakia, USA
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Argentina
de García et al. (2012)
Brazil, USA
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Morais et al.
(2020)
Poland
Pore and Sorenson
(1990)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sampaio
(2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Sampaio and Van
Uden (1991), Kurtzman and Fell (1998),
Libkind et al. (2003),
Fell et al. (2011)
Sampaiozyma ingeniosa
Water (lake), polluted water (river)
USA
Sampaiozyma vanillica
Slooffia cresolica
Udeniozyma ferulica
Freshwater Everglades
Freshwater Everglades
Water, glacial lakes and rivers, water (wetland)
USA
USA
Argentina, USA
Sporidiobolales
Sporidiobolaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Rhodosporidiobolus colostri
Glacial meltwater (lakes, river), acidic water (river)
Argentina
Rhodosporidiobolus lusitaniae
Water (lake)
Poland
Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae
Brazil, USA
Rhodotorula alborubescens
Freshwater Everglades, phytotelmata of bromeliad
tanks
Water (pond)
Rhodotorula babjevae
Water (lake), acidic water (river)
Argentina
Rhodotorula diobovata
Freshwater Everglades, water (lake)
Argentina, USA
Rhodotorula evergladensis
Rhodotorula glutinis
Water (wetland)
Water (lake), polluted water (lake, river)
USA
Bangladesh, South
Africa, Slovakia,
USA
Rhodotorula graminis
Polluted water (lake, river)
USA
Rhodotorula kratochvilovae
Glacial melt water (river)
Argentina
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Glacial meltwater (lake, river), tropical freshwaters,
phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes, surfaces
of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa, groundwater, mud (river, canal), water (lake, wetland, river),
acidic water (lake, river), sediment (lake)
Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Poland,
Slovakia, Slovenia,
USA,
Rhodotorula paludigena
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland)
Brazil, USA
Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa
Rhodotorula taiwanensis
Rhodotorula toruloides
Water
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Water (lake), acidic water (river), phytotelmata of
bromeliad tanks
Portugal
Brazil
Argentina, Brazil,
Poland
Sporobolomyces beijingensis
Sporobolomyces blumeae
Sporobolomyces carnicolor
Sporobolomyces japonicus
Sporobolomyces longiusculus
Freshwater Everglades, Water (lake)
Water (wetland)
Water (wetland)
Water (wetland)
Water (lake)
USA
USA
USA
USA
Argentina
de García et al. (2007),
Russo et al. (2008)
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013)
Fell et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993)
Libkind et al. (2003),
Russo et al. (2008)
Libkind et al. (2009),
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Woollett
and Hedrick (1970),
Sláviková et al.
(1992), Khan et al.
(2002), Van Wyk
et al. (2012)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970)
Libkind et al. (2003),
de García et al.
(2007)
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Khan
et al. (2002), de
García et al. (2007),
Libkind et al. (2009),
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011),
Sampaio (2011), Van
Wyk et al. (2012),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Brilhante
et al. (2016), Novak
Babič et al. (2016),
Moubasher et al.
(2018), Pietryczuk
et al. (2018), Morais
et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
Sampaio (2011)
Morais et al. (2020)
Russo et al. (2008),
Biedunkiewicz et al.
(2013), Morais et al.
(2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Libkind et al. (2005,
2009)
Slovakia
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Sporobolomyces marcillae
Sporobolomyces patagonicus
Sporobolomyces roseus
Water (lake)
Water (lake)
Freshwater Everglades, glacial waters and rivers, water
(pond)
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina, USA,
Slovakia
Sporobolomyces ruberrimus
Freshwater Everglades, Glacial meltwater (river)
USA, Argentina
Sporobolomyces salmonicolor
Water (lake)
Argentina, Slovakia
Sporobolomyces shibatanus
Sporidiobolus salmonicolor
Water (wetland)
Groundwater
USA
Slovenia
Libkind et al. (2009)
Libkind et al. (2005)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1995b),
Libkind et al. (2005),
Fell et al. (2011)
Libkind et al. (2009),
Fell et al. (2011), de
García et al. (2012)
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Libkind et al. (2005)
Fell et al. (2011)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Freshwater Everglades, Surfaces of freshwater turtles
Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis
USA, Brazil
TREMELLOMYCETES
Tremellomycetes incertae sedis
Filobasidiales
Filobasidiaceae
Filobasidium floriforme
Filobasidium magnum
Filobasidium oeirens
Filobasidium stepposum
Filobasidium wieringae
Goffeauzyma agrionensis
Goffeauzyma gastrica
Goffeauzyma gilvescens
Naganishia adeliensis
Naganishia albida
Naganishia albidosimilis
Naganishia antarctica
Naganishia bhutanensis
13
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
Water (lake, river, wetland)
Brazil, Slovakia, USA Sláviková et al. (1992),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Fell et al. (2011),
Medeiros et al.
(2012)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Italy
Branda et al. (2010)
Water (lake), Glacial meltwater (river)
Brazil, Italy
Branda et al. (2010),
Brandão et al. (2011)
Water (lake), Glacial meltwater (river)
Argentina, Brazil,
Branda et al. (2010),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Italy
de García et al.
(2012)
Glacial lakes and rivers
Argentina
de García et al. (2007)
Glacial meltwater (river), water (lake)
Argentina, Italy, USA, van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Libkind et al.
(2009), Branda et al.
(2010)
Glacial melt water
Argentina
Turchetti et al. (2008)
Glacial melt water (river)
Argentina, Italy
de García et al. (2007),
Branda et al. (2010)
Argentina, Brazil,
van Uden and Ahearn
Water (lake, pond), rock pools, surfaces of freshwater
Slovakia, USA
(1963), Woollett
turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water
and Hedrick (1970),
(river)
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Libkind et al. (2009),
Morais et al. (2010)
Water (pond), glacial meltwater (river), acidic water
Argentina, Italy,
Gadanho et al. (2006),
Russo et al. (2008),
(river)
Portugal
Branda et al. (2010)
Water (lake), acidic water (lake)
Argentina
Russo et al. (2008),
Libkind et al. (2009)
Acidic water (lake)
Argentina
Russo et al. (2008)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Naganishia diffluens
Freshwater Everglades, polluted water (lake, river),
water (lake)
USA
Naganishia liquefaciens
Piskurozymaceae
Piskurozyma cylindrica
Solicoccozyma aeria
Water (wetland)
USA
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Woollett and
Hedrick (1970), Fell
et al. (2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Glacial melt water (river)
Polluted water (river), water (lake), glacial meltwater
(river)
Argentina
Italy, Slovakia, USA
Solicoccozyma terrea
Solicoccozyma terricola
Freshwater Everglades
Polluted water (river), glacial meltwater (river)
USA
Argentina, USA
Holtermanniales
Holtermanniaceae
Holtermanniella festucosa
Glacial meltwater (river)
Argentina
de García et al. (2007),
Wuczkowski et al.
(2011), Libkind et al.
(2014)
Tremellales
Bulleraceae
Bullera alba
Rock holes, water (lake, pond)
Brazil, Slovakia
Sláviková et al. (1992),
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Medeiros et al.
(2012)
Bulleribasidiaceae
Dioszegia butyracea
Dioszegia crocea
Dioszegia fristingensis
Glacial meltwater (river)
Glacial melt water (river)
Glacial melt water (river), water (lake)
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
Dioszegia hungarica
Glacial melt water (river), water (lake)
Argentina
Dioszegia zsoltii
Hannaella luteola
Freshwater Everglades
River water, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock
pools, polluted water (lake)
USA
Brazil, USA
Hannaella pagnoccae
Hannaella sinensis
Hannaella zeae
Vishniacozyma carnescens
Vishniacozyma dimennae
Vishniacozyma victoriae
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools
Freshwater Everglades
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Water (lake)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (lake), submerged roots, tapwater, glacial meltwater (river), acidic water (lake, river)
Brazil
USA
Brazil
Brazil
Italy
Argentina, Brazil,
Norway, Slovenia
de García et al. (2012)
de García et al. (2007)
de García et al.
(2007),Libkind et al.
(2009)
de García et al. (2007),
Libkind et al. (2009)
Fell et al. (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Medeiros
et al. (2012), Morais
et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Morais et al. (2020)
Brandão et al. (2011)
Branda et al. (2010)
Russo et al. (2008),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Vaz et al. (2011),
Kohout et al. (2012),
de García et al.
(2012)
de García et al. (2007)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Sláviková
et al. (1992), Branda
et al. (2010)
Fell et al. (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), de García
et al. (2012)
Cryptococcaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
Cryptococcus festucosus
Glacial meltwater (river), acidic water (river)
Argentina, Italy
Cryptococcus heveanensis
Cryptococcus hungaricus
Cryptococcus macerans
Water (lake)
Water (river)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Cryptococcus saitoi
Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river)
Cryptococcus tephrensis
Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river)
Cryptococcus watticus
Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae
Kwoniella dendrophila
Glacial meltwater (river)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (lake), phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Kwoniella heveanensis
Kwoniella mangrovensis
Naemateliaceae
Dimennazyma cisti-albidi
Rhynchogastremaceae
Papiliotrema flavescens
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock pools
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water (wetland)
Brazil, USA
Papiliotrema laurentii
Tropical freshwaters, phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks,
rock holes, surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis
expansa, P. unifilis, polluted water (lake, river), water
(lake, pond, river, wetland), acidic water (lake), sediment (lake)
Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, South
Africa, Slovakia,
USA,
Papiliotrema nemorosa
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks (Very common species Brazil
on this subsrate)
Water (wetland)
USA
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, water, sediment (lake) Brazil, Colombia
Papiliotrema pseudoalba
Papiliotrema rajasthanensis
Papiliotrema taeanensis
Papiliotrema terrestris
Rhynchogastrema complexa
Tremellaceae
Tremella globispora
Trimorphomycetaceae
Saitozyma flava
Saitozyma podzolica
Trichosporonales
13
References
de García et al. (2007),
Russo et al. (2008),
Branda et al. (2010)
Brazil
Brandão et al. (2011)
Brazil
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Argentina, Italy
de García et al. (2007),
Branda et al. (2010)
Argentina Brazil, Italy Libkind et al. (2009),
Branda et al. (2010),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Libkind et al. (2014)
Brazil, Italy
Branda et al. (2010,
2011)
Italy
Branda et al. (2010)
Argentina
de García et al. (2010)
Brazil
Brandão et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Stagnant water
Inácio et al. (2005)
Fell et al. (2011),
Morais et al. (2020)
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Woollett and
Hedrick (1970), Sláviková et al. (1992),
Sláviková and
Vadkertiová (1995b),
Russo et al. (2008),
Morais et al. (2010),
Fell et al. (2011), Van
Wyk et al. (2012),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Brilhante
et al. (2016), Morais
et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Freshwater Everglades
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock hole
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
USA
Brazil
Brazil
Fell et al. (2011)
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014), Morais et al.
(2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, rock holes
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, surfaces of freshwater Brazil, Colombia
turtles Podocnemis expansa, P. unifilis, water, sediment (lake)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2010,
2020), Silva-Bedoya
et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Trichosporonaceae
Apiotrichum laibachii
Water (lake, river), sediment (lake)
Brazil, Colombia
Apiotrichum montevideense
Water (river), tapwater
Brazil, Slovenia
Apiotrichum scarabaeorum
Water (river), mud (river, canal)
Brazil, Egypt
Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum
Water (lake, pond, river)
Poland, Slovakia, USA
Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii
Water, sediment (lake)
Colombia
Cutaneotrichosporon moniliiforme
Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides
Trichosporon aculeatum
Trichosporon asahii
Water (lake)
Water (river)
Freshwater
Mud (river, canal), surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis unifilis, polluted water (river)
Antarctica
Poland
Japan
Brazil, USA, Egypt
Trichosporon coremiiforme
Water (lake), groundwater
Brazil, Slovenia
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014)
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Medeiros et al. (2012),
Moubasher et al.
(2018)
van Uden and Ahearn
(1963), Czeczuga
et al. 1990, Sláviková
and Vadkertiová
(1995b)
Silva-Bedoya et al.
(2014)
Guého et al. (1992)
Pietryczuk et al. (2018)
Sugita (2011)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Morais et al.
(2010, 2020), Moubasher et al. (2018)
Brandão et al. (2011),
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Water (wetland)
Water (lake), glacial meltwater (river), acidic water
(river)
USA
Argentina Brazil,
Slovenia
Cystofilobasidium infirmominiaWater (lake)
tum
Cystofilobasidium lacus-mascardii Water (lake)
Cystofilobasidium macerans
Glacial melt water (river), water (lake), acidic water
(lake, river)
Argentina, Brazil
Tremellomycetidae
Cystofilobasidiales
Cystofilobasidiaceae
Cystofilobasidium bisporidii
Cystofilobasidium capitatum
Mrakiaceae
Itersonilia pannonica
Krasilnikovozyma huempii
Mrakia aquatica
Mrakia cryoconiti
Argentina
Argentina
Glacial melt water (river)
Water (river)
Water (lake), Equisetum culms, foam (river, rivulet),
submerged decaying leaves (stream), stemflow and
throughfall of tree canopies, glacial meltwater (river)
Argentina
Brazil
Argentina, Austria,
Canada, India, Ireland, Poland, UK
Alpine glacier cryoconite
Austria
Fell et al. (2011)
Russo et al. (2008),
Branda et al. (2010),
Brandão et al. (2011),
Libkind et al. (2014)
Libkind et al. (2003),
Brandão et al. (2011)
Libkind et al. (2009)
de García et al. (2007),
Russo et al. (2008),
Libkind et al. (2009,
2014)
de García et al. (2007)
Medeiros et al. (2012)
Jones and Slooff
(1966), Bärlocher
(1987), Voglmayr
(1996), Harrington
(1997), Sridhar and
Karamchand (2009),
de García et al.
(2012)
Margesin and Fell
(2008)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 13 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate
Distribution
References
Mrakia frigida
Mrakia robertii
Tausonia pullulans
Glacial meltwater (river)
Glacial meltwater (river)
Water (lake), polluted water (river), glacial meltwater
(river)
Argentina
Argentina
Argentina¸ USA
Udeniomyces megalosporus
Udeniomyces pyricola
Glacial meltwater (river)
Freshwater Everglades, glacial meltwater (river), water
(pond)
Argentina
Argentina, Slovakia,
USA
de García et al. (2007)
de García et al. (2012)
Woollett and Hedrick
(1970), Brandão et al.
(2011), de García
et al. (2012)
de García et al. (2012)
Sláviková and Vadkertiová (1993), Fell
et al. (2011), de
García et al. (2012)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks, surfaces of freshwater
turtles Podocnemis expansa, water (wetland)
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil, USA
Moesziomyces parantarcticus
Pseudozyma crassa
Freshwater Everglades
Tapwater
USA
Slovenia
Moesziomyces rugulosus
Pseudozyma flocculosa
Pseudozyma hubeiensis
Pseudozyma prolifica
Sporisorium andropogonis
Sporisorium graminicola
Sporisorium trachypogonisplumosi
Ustilago sparsa
Ustilaginales genera incertae sedis
Anomalomyces panici
Anomalomyces yakirrae
Kalmanozyma brasiliensis
Kalmanozyma vetiveriae
Langdonia jejuensis
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Freshwater Everglades
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Surfaces of freshwater turtles Podocnemis expansa
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
USA
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2010,
2020), Fell et al.
(2011)
Fell et al. (2011)
Novak Babič et al.
(2016)
Morais et al. (2020)
Fell et al. (2011)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2010)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Phytotelmata of bromeliad tanks
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
Morais et al. (2020)
USTILAGINOMYCETES
Ustilaginomycetidae
Ustilaginales
Anthracoideaceae
Gymnocintractia samanensis
Ustilaginaceae
Anthracocystis elionuri
Anthracocystis everhartii
Macalpinomyces spermophorus
Moesziomyces aphidis
13
Fungal Diversity
Fig. 7 Conidia of some Ingoldian species collected from freshwater habitats in Thailand. A Flabellospora multiradiata. B Dendrosporium lobatum. C Campylospora chaetocladia. D Anguillospora longissima. E Lemonniera sp. F Brachiosphaera tropicalis. G
Tetracladium setigerum, H Sigmoidea sp. I Triscelophorus acuminatus. J Mycocentrospora sp. Scale bars: A, B, E, F = 10 μm, C,
I = 20 μm, D = 30 μm G = 25 μm, H = 50 μm, J = 30 μm
Microsporidia, now classified as fungi, are obligate,
intracellular, spore-forming parasites of a variety of hosts,
including insects, birds, fish, mollusks, platyhelminths,
while 17 species are known to infect human (Feng and Li
2019). Microsporidia are rarely lethal, generally causing
chronic debilitating diseases, resulting in reduced longevity, fertility, weight and general vigour of their hosts. Microsporidians may also be hyperparasites of other microsporidia
(Haine et al. 2004). Microsporidia evolutionary have lost
many of their mitochondrial and Golgi genes, with reduced
ribosomal RNAs size and genomes 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size,
encoding 1,848 to 3,266 protein (Corradi and Selman
2013). Microsporidial classification remains embryonic
but currently determined by sequence data (Vossbrinck and
Debrunner-Vossbrinck 2005; Alimov 2007; Tedersoo et al.
2018; Turland et al. 2018). Species identification is based
on spore morphology, their ultrastructure (especially their
unique resistant spore) and sequence data. The life cycle
commences with a polar filament injecting its spore contents into a host cell (Cali et al. 2017). Fish microsporidia
can be broadly classified into two groups: those associated with xenoma (cyst-like) formation (e.g., Glugea) and
those associated with non‐xenoma forming microsporidia
(e.g., Nucleospora) (Shaw and Kent 1999; Kent et al.
2014). Microsporidia are transmitted both horizontally and
vertically.
The life cycle of a microsporidian is initiated by a spore
which on detecting a host cell swell resulting in the breakdown of the sporoplasmic membrane and the rupture of the
anchoring disk followed by the release of the polar tube and
the transfer of the sporoplasm into the host cell. Inside the
host cell more spores are produced and released into the
environment.
Hosts for freshwater microsporidia include bryozoans,
arthropods and fish, with nine genera and approximately
50 species described from copepods (Sprague and Vavra
1977; Bronnvall and Larsson 2001; Vávra et al. 2005). The
small planktonic crustacean Daphnia is the host of some 17
microsporidia (Table 16). Unusual hosts for microsporidia
includes Alloglugea bufonis on metamorphosing tadpoles
of the toad Bufo marinus and Amblyospora camposi on
Culex renatoi, a bromeliad-inhabiting mosquito (Paperna
and Lainson 1995; Micieli et al. 2000). Hosts may harbour
more than one microsporidians e.g., the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeseli was infected by three species (Haine
et al. 2004). Fish are common hosts for microsporidians,
especially those reared under high stocking densities with
many recorded from salmon species.
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 Taxonomic outline of Ingoldian fungi recorded from freshwater habitats
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Capnodiales
Neodevriesiaceae
Tripospermum
T. myrti
Jahnulales
Aliquandostipitaceae
Brachiosphaera
B. jamaicensis
B. tropicalis
Pleosporales
Amniculicolaceae
Anguillospora
A. crassa
A. filiformis
A. furtiva
A. gigantea
A. mediocris
A. pseudolongissima
A. pulchella
A. rosea
A. rubescens
A. virginiana
Amniculicola
A. aquatica
A. guttulata
A. immersa
A. lignicola
A. longissima
A. parva
Dothidotthiaceae
Mycocentrospora
M. acerina
M. angulata
M. aquatica
M. clavata
M. varians
Melanommataceae
Tumularia
T. aquatica
T. tuberculata
Tetraplosphaeriaceae
Tetraploa
T. abortiva
T. aquatica
T. aristata
T. ellisii
T. puzheheiensis
T. scheueri
T. thailandica
T. yunnanensis
Tubeufiaceae
Helicomyces
H. ambiguus
H. bellus
H. chiayiensis
H. colligatus
H. geniculatus
H. hyalosporus
H. macrofilamentosus
H. roseus
H. scandens
H. torquatus
Helicosporium
H. aquaticum
H. flavidum
H. flavisporum
H. flavum
H. gracile
H. lumbricopsis
H. murinum
H. panachaeum
H. setiferum
H. thailandense
H. vesicarium
Speiropsis
S. hyalospora
S. pedatospora
S. scopiformis
Wiesneriomyces
W. conjunctosporus
W. laurinus
ASCOMYCOTA
Dothideomycetes
Tubeufiales
Wiesneriomycetaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 (continued)
Order
Family
Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
Genus
Species
Clavariopsis
C. aquatica
C. azlanii
C. brachycladia
C. bulbosa
Leotimycetes
Helotiales
Discinellaceae
Cladochasiella
C. divergens
Fontanospora
F. alternibrachiata
F. eccentrica
F. fusiramosa
Gyoerffyella
G. craginiformis
G. entomobryoides
G. gemellipara
G. rotula
G. speciosa
G. tatrica
G. tricapillata
G. myrmecophagiformis
Lemonniera
L. alabamensis
L. aquatica
L. centrosphaera
L. cornuta
L. filiformis
L. pseudofloscula
L. terrestris
L. yulongensis
Margaritispora
M. aquatica
M. monticola
Tetrachaetum
T. elegans
Varicosporium
V. aquaticum
V. delicatum
V. elodeae
V. giganteum
V. helicosporum
V. macrosporum
V. scoparium
V. tricladiiforme
V. trimosum
Articulospora
A. atra
A. moniliformis
A. proliferata
A. tetracladia
Dimorphospora
D. foliicola
Geniculospora
G. grandis
G. inflata
Hyaloscyphaceae
Arbusculina
A. fragmentans
A. irregularis
Ploettnerulaceae
Volucrispora
V. aurantiaca
V. graminea
Tricladiaceae
Mycofalcella
M. calcarata
M. iqbalii
Helotiaceae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 (continued)
Order
Leotiales
Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis
Orbiliomycetes
13
Family
Genus
Species
Tricladium
T. aciculum
T. alaskense
T. angulatum
T. anomalum
T. attenuatum
T. biappendiculatum
T. brunneum
T. castaneicola
T. caudatum
T. chaetocladium
T. curvisporum
T. fallax
T. fuscum
T. gracile
T. indicum
T. intermedium
T. kelleri
T. marylandicum
T. minutum
T. obesum
T. patulum
T. procerum
T. robustum
T. splendens
T. terrestre
T. varicosporioides
T. varium
Vibrisseaceae
Vibrissea
V. decolorans
V. dura
V. filisporia
V. flavovirens
V. guernisacii
V. leptospora
V. norvegica
V. sporogyra
V. truncorum
V. vibrisseoides
Helotiales genera incertae sedis
Filosporella
F. annelidica
F. aquatica
F. exilis
F. fistucella
F. pinquis
F. versimorpha
Tetracladium
T. apiense
T. breve
T. furcatum
T. globosum
T. maxilliforme
T. nainitalense
T. palmatum
T. setigerum
T. marchalianum
Alatospora
A. acuminata
A. constricta
A. crassipes
A. flagellata
A. pulchella
Flagellospora
F. curvula
F. fusarioides
F. leucorhynchos
F. minuta
F. saccata
F. stricta
Gorgomyces
G. honrubiae
Leotiales genera incertae sedis
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 (continued)
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Orbiliales
Orbiliaceae
Dactylella
T. microaquatica
T. submersa
T. yunnanensis
Dicranidion
D. fragile
D. gracile
Trinacrium
T. incurvum
T. indicum
T. robustum
T. subtile
Sordariomycetes
Chaetosphaeriales
Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis
Nawawia
N. filiformis
N. oviformis
N. quadrisetulata
Glomerellales
Reticulascaceae
Cylindrotrichum
C. aquaticum
C. clavatum
C. gorii
C. helisciforme
C. oligospermum
C. submersum
C. zignoellae
Hypocreales
Nectriaceae
Aquanectria
A. devians
A. jacinthicolor
A. penicillioides
A. submersa
A. tenuispora
Microascales
Sordariales
Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis
Ascomycota incertae sedis
Halosphaeriaceae
Sordariales genera incertae sedis
Heliscus
H. tentaculus
Neonectria
N. coccinea
N. lugdunensis
Clavatospora
C. filiformis
C. longibrachiata
C. tentacula
Sigmoidea
S. aurantiaca
S. contorta
S. praelonga
S. prolifera
Lunulospora
L. curvula
L. cymbiformis
Campylospora
C. brasiliensis
C. chaetocladia
C. filicladia
C. parvula
Alatosessilispora
A. bibrachiata
Arborispora
A. dolichovirga
A. palma
A. paupera
Blodgettia
B. indica
Calcarispora
C. hiemalis
Casaresia
C. sphagnorum
Cladoconidium
C. articulatum
Clavariana
C. aquatica
Condylospora
C. flexuosa
C. gigantea
C. spumigena
Culicidospora
C. aquatica
C. gravida
Curucispora
C. ombrogena
C. ponapensis
Colispora
C. cavincola
C. curvata
C. elongata
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 (continued)
Order
13
Family
Genus
Species
Dendrospora
D. erecta
D. fastuosa
D. fusca
D. juncicola
D. moniliformis
D. nana
D. polymorpha
D. tenella
D. torulosa
D. yessemreddyi
Dendrosporium
D. lobatum
Diplocladiella
D. appendiculata
D. aquatica
D. scalaroides
D. tricladioides
Dwayaangam
D. colodena
D. cornuta
D. dichotoma
Flabellocladia
F. gigantea
Flabellospora
F. acuminata
F. amphibia
F. crassa
F. multiradiata
F. tetracladia
F. verticillata
Gemmulina
G. botryosa
Heliscella
H. stellata
H. stellatacula
Isthmolongispora
I. asymmetrica
I. geniculata
I. lanceata
I. minima
I. rotundata
Isthmotricladia
I. britannica
I. gombakiensis
I. laeensis
Lateriramulosa
L. quadriradiata
L. uniinflata
Mirandina
M. corticola
M. taiwanensis
M. uncinata
Polycladium
P. equiseti
Pseudoanguillospora
P. gracilis
P. prolifera
P. stricta
Pyramidospora
P. casuarinae
P. constricta
P. densa
P. fluminea
P. herculiformis
P. quadricellularis
P. ramificata
P. robusta
P. stellata
Scutisporus
S. brunneus
Subulispora
S. biappendiculata
S. longirostrata
S. malaysiana
S. procurvata
Sympodiocladium
S. frondosum
Tetrabrachium
T. elegans
Tetrabrunneospora
T. ellisii
Fungal Diversity
Table 14 (continued)
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Titaea
T. callispora
T. clarkeae
Tricladiopsis
T. flagelliformis
T. foliosa
Tricellula
T. aquatica
T. inaequalis
T. ornata
Trifurcospora
T. irregularis
Triglyphium
T. alabamense
Triramulispora
T. gracilis
T. obclavata
Triscelophorus
T. acuminatus
T. curviramifer
T. konajensis
T. magnificus
T. monosporus
T. ponapensis
T. septatus
Trisulcosporium
T. acerinum
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Agaricomycetes
Atheliales
Atheliaceae
Taeniospora
T. gracilis
T. gracilis var. gracilis
T. nasifera
Cantharellales
Hydnaceae
Ingoldiella
I. fibulata
I. nutans
Dendrosporomyces
D. prolifer
D. splendens
Agaricomycetes genera incertae sedis
Fibulotaeniella
F. canadensis
Titaeella
T. capnophila
Tricladiomyces
T. geniculatus
T. malaysianus
Classiculomycetes
Classiculales
Classiculaceae
Classicula
C. fluitans
Jaculispora
J. submersa
Camptobasidiaceae
Crucella
C. subtilis
Ustilaginaceae
Pseudozyma
P. crassa
P. flocculosa
P. hubeiensis
Arcispora
A. bisagittaria
Microbotryomycetes
Kriegeriales
Ustilaginomycetes
Ustilaginales
Basidiomycota genera incertae sedis
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 Classification of fungal basal clades recorded from freshwater environment including information on habitats, substrates/hosts, and
geographical distribution
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Parasitoid of Achnanthes lanceolata
Parasitoid of Chlorella
Scenedesmus dimorphus (pond)
Ponds
Parasitoid of Kirchniriella and Ankistrodesmus
Roadside ditch
Parasitoid of Chaetophora elegans
Parasite of representatives of various genera of chlorococcus algae
Parasite of representatives of various genera of chlorococcus algae
Hungary
Russia
USA
USA
Russia
Belgium
Hungary
–
Japan
USA
Germany
Hungary
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Letcher et al. (2015b)
Letcher et al. (2013)
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Tcvetkova et al. (2019)
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Gromov and Mamkaeva
(1975)
Schnepf et al. (1971),
Letcher and Powell
(2019)
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Seto et al. (2020a)
Letcher et al. (2017)
Zopf (1885)
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Hungary
Russia
Russia
Letcher and Powell (2019)
Karpov et al. (2017b)
Karpov et al. (2017c)
Rozella allomycis isolated from roadside ditch
Water on dead Diptera
Tropical fish aquarium
Water, mud from lake
Hattiesburg
India
USA
Indonesia, Egypt
Allomyces neomoniliformis
Allomyces macrogynus
Lake
Mud
India
Egypt
Allomyces moniliformis
Mud
Egypt
Blastocladia arborata
India, Egypt
Blastocladia angusta
Blastocladia aspergilloides
Styles of submerged flowers of Caryopteris and myrtaceous fruit
Weeping white birch twigs, rose hips, lake
Lake
Denmark, Egypt
Australia
Blastocladia bonaerensis
Eutrophic water litter
Argentina
Blastocladia caduca
Blastocladia coronata
Blastocladia didyma
Blastocladia elegans
Stamens of submerged flowers of Crateva religiosa
Submerged fruit of Eugenia jambolana
Submerged fruit of Physalis peruviana
Submerged fruit of Mangifera indica
India
India
India
India
Powell et al. (2017)
Butler (1911)
Sparrow (1964)
Ji and Dayal (1971), Ali
and Abdel-Raheem
(2003)
Dubey et al. (2016)
Ali and Abdel-Raheem
(2003)
Ali and Abdel-Raheem
(2003)
Dasgupta and John (1988),
El-Hissy et al. (1996)
El-Hissy et al. (1996)
Nagai and Kobayashi
(1995)
Steciow and Marano
(2006)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
APHELIDIOMYCOTA
APHELIDIOMYCETES
Aphelidiales
Aphelidiaceae
Amoeboaphelidium achnanthis
Amoeboaphelidium chlorellavorum
Amoeboaphelidium occidentale
Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum
Amoeboaphelidium radiatum
Aphelidium arduennense
Aphelidium chaetophorae
Aphelidium chlorococcorum
Aphelidium chlorococcorum f. chlorococcorum
Aphelidium chlorococcorum f. majus
Aphelidium collabens
Aphelidium desmodesmi
Aphelidium deformans
Aphelidium melosirae
Aphelidium tribonematis
Paraphelidium tribonemae
Paraphelidium letcheri
BLASTOCLADIOMYCOTA
BLASTOCLADIOMYCETES
Blastocladiales
Blastocladiaceae
Allomyces anomalus
Allomyces arbusculus
Allomyces catenoides
Allomyces javanicus
13
Parasitoid of Kirchneriella obesa
Parasitoid of Coccomyxa sp. (pond)
Parasitoid of green alga Desmodesmus armatus
Parasitoid of Coleochaeta
Parasitoid of Melosira varians: diatom alga Melosira
varians
Parasitoid of Tribonema
Roadside ditches
Dried stream
–
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Blastocladia excelsa
Blastocladia filamentosa
Blastocladia fruticosa
Blastocladia fusiformis
India
India
India
India
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Blastocladia globosa
Ripe guava fruit bait, tanks
Eugenia jambolana fruit
Submerged fruits of Eugenia jambolana
Submerged stamens and pistils of flower of Crateva
religiosa
Pond water
India
Blastocladia glomerata
Blastocladia gracilis
Blastocladia heterosporangia
Blastocladia incrassata
Blastocladia mammillata
Blastocladia pileota
Blastocladia pringsheimii
Sunken twigs of Aesculus
River, lake, pond, pool
Submerged fruit on Vitis vinifera
Water
Submerged fruit of Pyrus
Submerged fruit of Pyrus
Water on rotten fruits of Malus, tomato skin (river)
UK
Denmark, UK
India
Japan, USA
India
India
Germany, USA,
UK
Blastocladia pusilla
Blastocladia ramosa
Submerged fruit of Mangifera indica
Submerged twigs, water (river)
India
Poland, USA, UK
Blastocladia rostrata
Blastocladia sessilis
Blastocladia sparrowii
Blastocladia spiciformis
Blastocladia strangulata
Blastocladia truncata
Lake
Various submerged fruits
–
Psidium
Aphidoidea
Submerged fruit of Malus, submerged plant (river)
Blastocladiopsis parva
Water reservoir, lake, water (stream)
USA
India
USA
India
USA
North America,
UK
Poland, USA
Manoharachary et al.
(1983)
Khulbe (2001)
Waterhouse (1942)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Hsiao (1969)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Waterhouse 1942, Hsiao
(1969), Rooney and
McKnight (1972)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Waterhouse (1942),
Rooney and McKnight
(1972), Czeczuga et al.
(1990)
Hsiao (1969)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Hsiao (1969)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Barrett (1912)
Sparrow (1932), Waterhouse (1942)
Hsiao (1969), Czeczuga
et al. (1990), Kiziewicz
and Kurzątkowska
(2004)
Catenariaceae
Catenophlyctis peltata
Catenophlyctis variabilis
Snake skin in water
Water and sediment (reservoir), lake
Nematoceromyces ramosus
Paraphysodermataceae
Paraphysoderma sedebokerense
Catenomycetales
Catenomycetaceae
Catenomyces persicinus
Coelomomycetaceae
Coelomomyces quadrangulatus
Coelomomyces punctatus
Coelomomyces lativittatus
Coelomycidium ephemerae
Coelomycidium simulii
Blastocladiomycetes genus incertae
sedis
Karling (1968a)
Godlewska et al. (2009)
Parasitic in eggs of Dicrotendipes modestus (stream)
Cuba
Brazil, Egypt,
Poland, UK
USA
Haematococcus pluvialis
Israel
James et al. (2012)
Grasses in water samples
USA
Hanson (1944b)
Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae, lake
Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae, lake
Anopheles spp. larvae, pond
Cloeon rufulum larvae
USA
USA
USA
Former Czechoslovakia
France
Porter et al. (2011)
Porter et al. (2011)
Porter et al. (2011)
Weiser (1984)
Simulium larvae, stream
Martin (1978)
Debaisieux (1919)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Microallomyces dendroideus
Pond sediment
Costa Rica
Emerson and Robertson
(1974)
Lake
Pond
Aquatic sample
Pond
USA
USA
USA
USA
Letcher et al. (2018)
Letcher et al. (2018)
Letcher et al. (2018)
Letcher et al. (2018)
Lake (on cellophane, baby hairs, pine pollen, Ulothrix
sp) Oogonia of Oedogonium rothii, possibly also on
O. echinospermum, zygospores of Mougeotia sp.
Ditch
Saprophytic on Spirogyra crassa, Oedogonium sp., and
Cladophora sp.
Ditch
Hydrodictyon
Water
Living cells of Cocconeis pediculus, epiphytic on
Cladophora (lake)
Parasitic on oogonia of Coleochaete pulvinata (tarn)
USA, Germany,
Russia
India
USA
Cornu (1872), Sorokin
(1883), Rooney and
McKnight (1972)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Karling (1938)
India
UK
India
UK
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Playfair (1917)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Canter (1947a)
Germany, UK
Nowakowski (1876),
Canter (1960a)
Playfair (1917)
Canter (1963a)
Dasgupta (1982)
Masters (1971a)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
CHYTRIDIOMYCETES
Chytridiales
Asterophlyctaceae
Asterophlyctis michiganensis
Asterophlyctis sarcoptoides
Wheelerophlyctis interior
Wheelerophlyctis interiexterior
Chytridiaceae
Chytridium acuminatum
Chytridium adpressum
Chytridium aggregatum
Chytridium apophysatum
Chytridium amphoroideum
Chytridium closterii
Chytridium cocconeidis
Chytridium coleochaetes
Chytridium isthmiophilum
Chytridium lagenula
Chytridium lecythi
Chytridium marylandicum
Chytridium neopapillatum
Chytridium oedogonii
Pine pollen, freshwater sand
Heterocysts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (pond)
Ditch
Parasitic, Oocystis spp., phytoplankton, lake
Parasitic, sporangium of Rhizophlyctis rosea, soil in
water
Parasitic on Staurodesmus curoatus (lake)
Parasitic on Tribonema sp. (pool)
Parasitic on rhizopod Lecythium Byalinum (stream)
Saprobic, matrix of Botryococcus, Blue Pond
Saprobic, pine pollen, sand in water
Oedogonium (lake)
Chytridium olla
Chytridium oocystidis
Chytridium ottariense
Chytridium rhizophydii
Chytridium reniforme
Chytridium schenkii
Chytridium sparrowii
Chytridium telmatoskenae
Chytridium versatile
Chytridium xylophilum
Dendrochytridium crassum
Dinochytrium kinnereticum
Oedogonium
Oocystis lacustris
Saprobic, Volvox, chitin, snake skin, impoundment
Chitin and pollen baits (pond)
Water, Spirogyra, ditch
Water
Water
Parasitic, Telmatoskene mucosa, pond, Volary, central
Nitzschia sigmoidea (lake)
Water (river)
Tree-canopy detritus flooded with water
Lake, freshwater springs, standing water pools
Bohemia
UK
Poland
Australia
Israel, Oman
Irineochytrium annulatum
Polyphlyctis willoughbyi
Water (lake)
Permanently submerged river mud
USA
Australia
Chytridium corniculatum
Chytridium cornutum
Chytridium cresentum
Chytridium deltanum
Chytridium hyperparasiticum
13
Greenland
Czechoslovakia
India
Canada
Greenland
UK
UK
UK
USA
Greenland, USA
UK, USA
Germany
Switzerland
USA
USA
India
Canter (1960b)
Sparrow (1957)
Ingold (1941)
Masters (1971b)
Masters (1971b)
Couch (1938) Canter
(1950)
Powell and Letcher (2014)
Huber-Pestalozzi (1944)
Roane (1973)
Davis et al. (2018)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Dasgupta (1982)
Dasgupta and John (1988)
Fott (1957)
Canter (1947a)
Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Letcher et al. (2014)
Leshem et al. (2016), Hassett et al. (2020)
Dogma (1969a)
Letcher et al. (2018)
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Polyphlyctis unispina
Zopfochytrium polystomum
Chytriomycetaceae
Avachytrium platense
Chytriomyces appendiculatus
Lake, bog
Submerged shoreline vegetation, mud, and water, Lake
USA
USA
Letcher et al. (2018)
Powell et al. (2018)
Lake
Saprophytic on chitinous substrata in freshwater and
muck soil, water column and sediment (reservoir),
mud (lake)
Argentina
Brazil, UK, USA
Chytriomyces aureus
Unidentified insects in fresh water, mud (lake)
Brazil, UK, USA
Chytriomyces closterii
Chytriomyces confervae
Weakly parasitic on Closterium rostratum, ditch
Parasitic on Tribonema
Chytriomyces cosmaridis
Chytriomyces fructicosus
Water
Saprophytic in cellulosic substrata in soil and water
USA
Sweden, Hungary,
USA, Germany,
UK, Canada,
Poland
Poland
USA
Vélez et al. (2013)
Willoughby (1961),
Letcher and Powell
(2002), Davis et al.
(2019), Jerônimo and
Pires-Zottarelli (2020)
Karling (1945a), Willoughby (1961)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Chytriomyces heliozoicola
Lake plankton, parasitic on helizoan Raphidiocystis
lemani, Esthwaite Water and windermere
Water, saprobes on chitin, pollen
Chytriomyces hyalinus
Chytriomyces laevis
Chytriomyces lucidus
Chytriomyces nagatoroensis
Chytriomyces rotoruaensis
Chytriomyces stellatus
Chytriomyces tabellariae
Entophlyctis apiculata
Entophlyctis aurea
Entophlyctis bulbigera
Entophlyctis caudiformis
Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae
Entophlyctis crenata
Entophlyctis lobata
Entophlyctis luteolus
Entophlyctis mammilliformis
Entophlyctis molesta
Entophlyctis reticulospora
Entophlyctis sphaerioides
Soil–water culture, parasitic on Pythium sp, growing on
snake skin
Saprophytic in cellulosic substrata in soil and water
Weakly parasitic on Spirogyra sp.
In watered mud samples, saprophytic on chitin
Saprophytic on chitinous substrata in freshwater and
muck soil
Water and mud, parasitic on Tabellaria species
Agricultural pond, parasitized cells of
Chlamydomonas sp.
Saprobic on various Poaceae, Triticum aestivum, Avena
sativa, and Zea mays leaves, regenerated cellulose
film, filter paper, and lens paper submerged in water
Ditch, cells of Spirogyra filaments (pool)
UK
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Brazil, China, UK, Letcher and Powell
USA
(2002), Davis et al.
(2019)
Panama
Letcher and Powell (2002)
USA
Japan
New Zealand
USA, Brazil
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Switzerland, UK
Korea
Letcher and Powell (2002)
Shin et al. (2001)
Canada, UK
Haskins (1946)
India, UK
Closterium, tank
Aquatic, cells of filaments of Oedogonium and Spirogyra (pond)
On Vallisneria: North freshwater
Shrimp chitin bait, littoral of Derwentwater
India
Germany, UK
Onion skin and Utricularia, bogs and acid lake, mud
pond
Oospores of Spirogyra, pond
Stylosphaeridium stipitatum, phytoplankton, English
lakes
Closterium moniliferum, swampy area
Reproductive body of Spirogyra, ditch
USA
Richards (1956), Dasgupta
and John (1990)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Sparrow (1943), Richards
(1956)
Karling (1968b)
Willoughby and Townley
(1961)
Longcore (1995)
India
UK
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Barr (1971)
USA
India
Cook (1966)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
New Zealand
UK
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Entophlyctis texana
Fayochytriomyces spinosus
Moribund cells of the aquatic plant Eriocaulon
Onion skin placed in a muck sample taken from a
temporary pond
Chironomidae larvae, pond
From submerged mud: river
On the empty skin of a mosquito larva, pond, strips of
purified shrimp chitin (water on outdoor tub)
Pollen and chitin baits (pond), bog
USA
USA
Karling (1941)
Davis et al. (2015)
USA
UK, USA
USA, New Zealand
Argentina, USA
Japan
USA
Podochytrium chitinophilum
Aulacoseira granulata, lake
Growing on onion skin bait placed in water from Bryant’s Bog
From submerged mud, wastewater
Blackwell et al. (2012)
Blackwell et al. (2012)
Karling (1967), Blackwell
et al. (2012)
Vélez et al. (2013), Davis
et al. (2019)
Seto and Degawa (2018)
Davis et al. (2019)
Podochytrium clavatum
Podochytrium cornutum
Parasitic on diatoms
Planktonic diatom Stephanadiscus niagarae, lake
Poland
USA
Podochytrium dentatum
Podochytrium ellerbeckense
Podochytrium emmanuelense
Podochytrium lanceolatum
Rhizidium brasiliense
Rhizidium elongatum
Saprobic on chitin, lake, pond
Water lily leaf stalks, garden pond
Melosira varians and on Nitzschia
Melosira varians
Insect remnants and exuviae in water (stream)
Pond water, chitinous substrata (river)
USA
UK
UK
UK
Brazil
India, USA
Rhizidium variabile
Rhizidium varians
Spirogyra (pond)
Pond water, chitinous material in water (river)
UK
India, USA
Rhizidium verrucosum
Bits of insects and exuviae, pieces of onion skin and
grass leaves in a water sample
Saprotrophic in water on insect exuviae, chitin, cellulose, and pollen
Saprotrophic on insect exuviae, chitin, cellulose, pollen, keratin, and depleted filaments of Aphanomyces,
purified shrimp chitin from a rainwater culture in an
outdoor tub with Nitella
Saprotrophic on insect exuviae and chitin, water in
outdoor tub with Elodea
Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, spring water, river
Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, water edge
Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, dam spillway, lake
Saprotrophic on chitin and pollen, edge of lake, pond
Saprophytic inside the exuviae of mayflies and other
insects, lake, Salmon Pond
Mud (pond), purified shrimp chitin in water (lake)
Brazil
Obelidium hamatum
Obelidium megarhizum
Obelidium mucronatum
Odontochytrium milleri
Pendulichytrium sphaericum
Physocladia obscura
Rhizoclosmatium aurantiacum
Rhizoclosmatium globosum
Rhizoclosmatium hyalinum
Rhizoclosmatium sparsum
Rhizoclosmatium umbonatum
Rhizoclosmatium persicum
Rhizoclosmatium pessaminum
Siphonaria petersenii
UK
Denmark, USA
Denmark, New
Zealand, USA
New Zealand
USA
USA
USA
USA, Brazil
Siphonaria variabilis
Phlyctochytriaceae
Phlyctochytrium aequale
Phlyctochytrium aureliae
Purified shrimp chitin in water (lake)
USA, New Zealand
New Zealand
Melosira sp. from a roadside pool
Bog
Iceland
USA
Phlyctochytrium apophysatum
Phlyctochytrium bullatum
Phlyctochytrium dissolutum, Closterium, tank, garden
Pond, on Cladophora
India
USA, Iceland
Siphonaria sparrowii
13
Willoughby and Townley
(1961)
Kadłubowska (2014)
Sparrow (1951), Canter
(1969)
Longcore (1992)
Longcore (1992)
Paterson (1958a)
Canter (1953)
Karling (1944b)
Karling (1949b), Dayal
and Kiran (1980)
Canter (1947a)
Karling (1949b), Dayal
and Kiran (1980)
Karling (1944b)
Paterson (1967), Powell
et al. (2019)
Karling (1967), Davis
et al. (2019), Powell
et al. 2019)
Karling (1967), Powell
et al. (2019)
Powell et al. (2019)
Powell et al. (2019)
Powell et al. (2019)
Powell et al. (2019)
Karling (1945b), Simmons
et al. (2020)
Karling (1967), Simmons
et al. (2020)
Karling (1967)
Johnson (1968)
Ajello (1945), Davis et al.
(2019)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Johnson (1968)
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Phlyctochytrium circulidentatum
Saprobic on pollen and moribund Closterium, bottom
debris, lake
Dead Cladophora, lake
Closterium, tank, garden
Test of a testate amoeba in water collected from Bryant’s Bog
Bog
Mud (lake)
Parasites of Ascobolus, Ascophanus, Lasiobolus and
Sordaria, reservoir
Parasites of Euglena spp., bog
Lake
Saprobic on pollen, water
Parasitic on Closterium pritchardianum, bog, pollen
bait (pond)
Parasites of eggs of Achlya flagellata, damp soil
Germany
Umphlett and Koch (1969)
USA
India
USA
Sparrow (1937a)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Sparrow (1966), Davis
et al. (2019)
Sparrow and Lange (1977)
Willoughby (1961)
Lohman (1942)
Phlyctochytrium dentiferum
Phlyctochytrium dissolutum
Phlyctochytrium furcatum
Phlyctochytrium incrustans
Phlyctochytrium irregulare
Phlyctochytrium lippsii
Phlyctochytrium longicollum
Phlyctochytrium macrosporum
Phlyctochytrium multidentatum
Phlyctochytrium mucronatum
Phlyctochytrium parasitans
USA
UK
USA
USA
USA
USA
UK, USA
Hispaniola
(Republic of
Haiti and the
Dominican
Republic)
UK, USA
Sparrow (1952)
Sparrow (1978)
Umphlett and Koch (1969)
Canter (1949a), Davis
et al. (2018)
Sparrow and Dogma
(1973)
Phlyctochytrium planicorne
Growing on a filamentous conjugating green alga, bog,
pond, mud (lake)
Phlyctochytrium powhatanense
Phlyctochytrium proliferum
Phlyctochytrium urceolare
Phlyctorhizaceae
Phlyctorhiza endogena
Impoundment
Parasitic on Chlamydomonas (pond)
Dead Cladophora, lake
USA
UK
Remains of mosquitoes, mayflies, dragonflies and gnats
found on streams, Peep Pond
USA
Hanson (1946)
Pine pollen in water (bog)
USA
Davis et al. (2019)
Freshwater
UK
Sparrow (1936)
Marsh in semipermanent stream
Argentina
Vélez et al. (2013)
Dinobryon divergens and Uroglena americana cysts
(lake)
Parasitic on Elakatothrix gelatinosa and Ankistrodesmus
sp. (lake)
Asterionella formosa and Synedra ascus var. angustissima
Cylindrocystis brebissoni, surface of a moist rock, lake
UK
Canter (1963b)
UK
Canter (1954), Canter and
Lund (1968)
Canter and Lund (1953),
Paterson 1958b)
Seto et al. (2020b)
Pseudorhizidiaceae
Pseudorhizidium endosporangiatum
Scherffeliomycetaceae
Scherffeliomyces parasitans
Chytridiales genus incertae sedis
Delfinachytrium mesopotamicum
Zygorhizidiales
Zygorhizidiaceae
Zygorhizidium cystogenum
Zygorhizidium parallelosede
Zygorhizidium planktonicum
Zygorhizidium willei
Zygophlyctidales
Zygophlyctidaceae
Zygophlyctis asterionellae
Zygophlyctis melosirae
Zygophlyctis planktonica
Polyphagales
Polyphagaceae
Asterionella formosa, lake
Aulacoseira subarctica, lake, parasitic on Melosira
italica subsp. subarctica
Ulnaria sp, lake
UK
Japan
Japan
UK
Germany
Willoughby (1961),
Letcher and Powell
(2005a)
Johnson (1969)
Ingold (1941)
Sparrow (1938)
Seto et al. (2020b)
Paterson (1958b), Seto
et al. (2020b)
Seto et al. (2020b)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Polyphagus arnaudovii
Polyphagus asymmetricus
Polyphagus elegans
Polyphagus euglenae
Polyphagus laevis
Hyponeustonic
Hyponeustonic, on Botrydiopsis
Parasitizing Ulothrix mucosum
Ponds
Cysts of Euglena viridis and of Chlamydomonas
Doweld (2014)
Doweld (2014)
Canter (1963b)
Johns (1964)
Bartsch (1945)
Polyphagus ramosus
Polyphagus serpentinus
Polyphagus starrii
Polyphagus sinicus
Chytridiomycetes family incertae
sedis
Sparrowiaceae
Sparrowia subcruciformis
Sphaerocystis schroeteri
Lakes: parasitizing Spondylosium planum
Parasitic, Eudorina, Pandorina, pond
Draparnaldia
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
UK
Germany
Northern hemisphere
Switzerland
United Kingdom
USA
China
Sporangia of Rhizophydium coronum, Chytriomyces
poculatus, Chytriomyces annularus and Rhizophlyctis
rosea, lake
Chytridiomycetes genera incertae sedis
Bertramia marionensis
Parasite of Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae, lake
USA
Papa and Cruz-Papa
(2020)
Canada
Weiser and McCauley
(1974)
Johnson (1977)
Sparrow and Barr (1955),
Davis et al. (2019)
Sparrow (1952)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Blackwell et al. (2011)
Blyttiomyces conicus
Blyttiomyces helicus
Stream
Lake, bog
Norway
USA
Blyttiomyces laevis
Blyttiomyces lenis
Blyttiomyces spinosus
Blyttiomyces spinulosus
Parasitic on filaments of Zygnema sp., bog
Parasitic on zygospore of Spirogyra, ditch
Spirogyra, aquatic habitat
Zygospores of Sirogonium, ditch
Canteria apophysata
Dangeardia echinulata
Dangeardia laevis
Dangeardia mamillata
Clay pond, on Mougeotia
Vitreochlamys aulata, pool
Parasitic in Gloeodinium sp.
Parasite on Pandorina morum, small pond, on Yamagishiella unicocca, oligo-mesotrophic lake
Parasitic in Sphaerocystis schroeteri, lake
Chlamydomonas, lake
Parasitic on oospores of Eudorina elegans, water
Zygnema, swampy pool
Parasitic of oomycetes, lake
Parasitic on Pythium aphanidermatum, pond
Parasite of freshwater fishes Cyprinus
River
Debris and skeletonized leaves found in a stream
Bog, swampy ground
Pond
Cyprinus: freshwater fish
Parasitic on Closterium lunula, C. costatum, C. dianeae
Parasitizing cysts of Mallomonas, Lake
Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia
Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia
Parasitic on Anabaena affinis var. intermedia
USA
India
India
China, Japan,
Philippines,
Cuba,
USA,
Argentina
UK
Poland
USA
Poland, Germany,
UK
USA
Austria
Bulgaria
USA
USA
India
Germany
USA
USA
France
Poland
Germany
UK
UK
UK
UK
Sweden
Dangeardia ovata
Dangeardia sporapiculata
Dangeardiana eudorinae
Dangeardiana leptorrhiza
Dictyomorpha dioica
Dictyomorpha pythiensis
Ichthyochytrium vulgare
Loborhiza metzneri
Macrochytrium botrydioides
Mitochytridium ramosum
Mitochytridium regale
Mucophilus cyprini
Perolpidium utriculiforme
Pseudopileum unum
Rhizosiphon akinetovorax
Rhizosiphon akinetum
Rhizosiphon anabaenae
13
Johns (1964)
Canter (1963b)
Johns (1964)
Doweld (2014)
Karling (1971)
Batko (1970)
Sparrow and Barr (1955)
Canter (1946), Van den
Wyngaert et al. (2018)
Paterson (1958a)
Geitler (1963)
Valkanov (1964)
Johns (1956)
Mullins (1961)
Sarkar and Dayal (1988)
Korting (1983)
Hanson (1944a)
Crasemann (1954)
Dangeard (1911)
Hassan (1982)
Červinka et al. (1974)
Canter (1949b)
Canter (1963b)
Gleason et al. (2014)
Gleason et al. (2014)
Gleason et al. (2014)
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Rhizosiphon crassum
Parasitic on Cyanophyceae, parasitic on Anabaena
solitaria (tarn)
Insect skeletons from freshwater
Hungary, UK
Canter and Lund (1968),
Gleason et al. (2014)
Karling (1945a), Davis
et al. (2019)
Demchenko (2019)
Canter and Lund (1953),
Seymour (1971)
Seymour (1971)
Rhopalophlyctis sarcoptoides
Saccomyces dangeardii
Septosperma anomalum
Septosperma rhizophidii
Small water bodies
Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils, parasitic
on Asterionella (tarn)
Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils
Brazil, USA
Ukraine
USA, UK, Hungary
USA, UK, New
Zealand
New Zealand
USA, UK, New
Zealand
Sporophlyctidium neustonicum
Sporophlyctis chinensis
Sporophlyctis rostrata
Truittella setifera
Volvorax ingoldii
Water
Parasites of freshwater chytrids, swamp soils, quiescent
cells and immature cysts of Amphichrysis compressa
(pool), immature cysts of Mallomonas sp. (lake)
Submerged decaying wood
Parasitic on Protoderma sp, from water cultures of
vegetable matter
Lake water
Draparnaldia
Draparnaldia and Chaetophora
Soil and water cultures
Coenobium of Eudorina, reservoir
Zygochytrium aurantiacum
Dead insect, water bodies
Poland
Mud (lake)
Moribund desmid
UK
West Virginia
Willoughby (1961)
Barr et al. (1987)
Spring
Pond
Pond, fragments of leaves, stems and roots of Avena and
Triticum (canal)
Submerged plants
Decaying vegetation, lake
Decaying vegetation
Dead grass, stream
Submerged plants
Parasitic on leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata (bog, ditch)
Spring
Pond, lake, spring, water column and sediment (reservoir), mud (lake), plant debris (lake)
Poland
Poland
Poland, UK
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
France
USA
Brazil
USA
France
USA, UK
Poland
Brazil, Egypt, UK,
USA
Cladochytrium salsuginosum
Cladochytrium setigerum
Blackish water
Sediment (reservoir)
Poland
Brazil
Cladochytrium tenue
Acorus calamus and Iris pseudacorus, water
Brazil, Poland
de Wildeman (1896)
Hillegas (1941)
Karling (1944a)
Berdan (1941)
de Wildeman (1895)
Sparrow (1952, 1957)
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
Karling (1931), Richards
(1956), Willoughby
(1961), Jerônimo and
Pires-Zottarelli (2020)
Batko and Hassan (1986)
Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020)
Nowakowski (1877), Jesus
et al. (2021)
Endochytriaceae
Diplophlyctis amazonensis
Submerged decaying plant debris, mud (lake)
Brazil, UK
Septosperma irregulare
Septosperma multiforme
Sorokinocystis mirabilis
Sporophlyctidium africanum
CLADOCHYTRIOMYCETES
Cladochytriales
Catenochytridiaceae
Catenochytridium carolinianum
Catenochytridium hemicysti
Cladochytriaceae
Cladochytrium aneurae
Cladochytrium aureum
Cladochytrium aurantiacum
Cladochytrium cornutum
Cladochytrium crassum
Cladochytrium granulatum
Cladochytrium hyalinum
Cladochytrium irregulare
Cladochytrium menyanthis
Cladochytrium taianum
Cladochytrium replicatum
Dogma (1974)
Canter (1963b), Seymour
(1971)
Italy
Morocco
Saccardo (1888)
Sparrow (1933b)
USA
China
Russia
USA
Germany, UK
Sparrow (1978)
Sparrow (1960)
Serbinow (1900)
Karling (1949a)
Doweld (2013), Van den
Wyngaert et al. (2018)
Czeczuga and Godlewska
(2014)
Karling (1944c), Willoughby (1961)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Diplophlyctis asteroidea
Diplophlyctis buttermerensis
Diplophlyctis chitinophila
Diplophlyctis complicata
Mud-acid bogs
Submerged mud, ditch
Submerged mud
Submerged mud lakes
USA
UK, USA
UK
-
Diplophlyctis intestina
Fresh-blackish water Characea, cortical cells of Chara
sp. (lake), sediment (reservoir), moribund and dead
internodal cells of Nitella sp. (bog)
Brazil, Germany,
India, USA
Diplophlyctis laevis
Cladophora from Crooked Lake, dead internodal cells
of Nitella (bog)
Saprophytic or weakly parasitic in moribund internodes
of
Nitella sp, lake
Insects’ substrate in aquatic, Nitella and Chara (lake)
water (bog), pond, water column and sediment (reservoir)
USA
Dogma (1976)
Dogma (1969b)
Willoughby (1962)
Papa and Cruz-Papa
(2020)
Engler et al. (1887), Sparrow (1952), Jerônimo
and Pires-Zottarelli
(2020)
Sparrow (1937b, 1952)
New Zealand
Karling (1968b)
Diplophlyctis nephrochytrioides
Diplophlyctis sexualis
Diplophlyctis verrucosa
Diplophlyctis versiformis
Submerged decaying plant debris
Chara fragilis cells, moor and ponds
Bog water
Endochytrium digitatum
Saprophytic in internodes of Chara coronata, Nitella
flexilis, and other algae, mud (lake)
Bogs
Parasite in Stigeoclonium tenue, lake
Parasitic on rotifers eggs
Cladophora sp.
Sparrow (1957), Karling
(1967), Letcher et al.
(2018), Papa and CruzPapa (2020)
UK, Canada, USA Haskins (1950)
Japan
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
USA
Papa and Cruz-Papa
(2020)
UK, USA
Karling (1938), Willoughby (1961)
USA
Dogma (1969b)
USA
Karling (1941)
USA
Sparrow (1933a)
USA
Sparrow (1933a)
Sediment surface
Mud (lake)
Grass leaf blade and mud (lake)
Brazil
UK
UK, USA
Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora
Sediment surface, water (reservoir), mud (lake)
Brazil, UK, USA
Nowakowskiella macrospora
Nowakowskiella multispora
Nowakowskiella ramosa
Nowakowskiella crassa
Nowakowskiella methistemichroma
Nowakowskiella moubasherana
Septochytriaceae
Septochytrium macrosporum
Septochytrium plurilobulum
Cladochytriales genera incertae
sedis
Nephrochytrium appendiculatum
Nephrochytrium aurantium
Water (river)
Water (stream)
Water column (reservoir)
Debris in water
Onion-skin bait from stagnant water
Sphagnum bog water
Poland
Brazil
Brazil
USA
Poland
Poland
Jerônimo et al. (2019)
Willoughby (1961)
Willoughby (1961), Paterson (1967)
Shanor (1942), Willoughby (1961),
Jerônimo et al. (2019)
Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Jerônimo et al. (2019)
Jerônimo et al. (2019)
Karling (1949c)
Batko and Hassan (1982)
Hassan (2014)
Water
Water in decaying leaves of Acer pensylvanicum
USA
USA
Karling (1942a)
Johanson (1943)
Pond
Mud (lake)
Poland
UK, USA
Nephrochytrium bipes
Nephrochytrium stellatum
LOBULOMYCETES
Pond
Pond
Poland
Poland
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
Whiffen (1941), Willoughby (1961)
Hassan (1983)
Czeczuga et al. (2005)
Diplophlyctis sarcoptoides
Endochytrium multiguttulatum
Endochytrium pseudodistomum
Endochytrium oophilum
Endochytrium ramosum
Nowakowskiellaceae
Nowakowskiella crenulata
Nowakowskiella delica
Nowakowskiella elegans
13
Brazil, New Zealand, UK, USA
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Lobulomycetales
Alogomycetaceae
Algomyces stechlinensis
Eudorina elegans (lake)
Germany
Van den Wyngaert et al.
(2018)
Creek bank mud
Sphagnum from acidic lake, mud pond, pollen bait
(pond)
USA
USA
Simmons et al. (2009)
Simmons et al. (2009),
Davis et al. (2018)
Parasite of Tribonema gayanum, ditch
Russia
Karpov et al. (2014)
Lake, pond
Russia
Gromov et al. (2000), Karpov et al. (2010)
POLYCHYTRIOMYCETES
Polychytriales
Arkayaceae
Arkaya lepida
River
USA
Longcore and Simmons
(2012)
Polychytriaceae
Karlingiomyces asterocystis
Karlingiomyces curvispinosus
Karlingiomyces dubius
Karlingiomyces marylandicus
Shrimp exoskeleton: water and soil
River
River
Water (ditch), mud (lake)
USA
USA
USA
UK, USA
Lacustromyces hiemalis
Neokarlingia chitinophila
Lake and pond
Chitinous substrata, water and soil
USA
USA
Polychytrium aggregatum
RHIZOPHYDIOMYCETES
Rhizophydiales
Alphamycetaceae
Alphamyces chaetifer
Decaying plant material in bog:
USA
Blackwell et al. (2004)
Blackwell et al. (2004)
Blackwell et al. (2004)
Willoughby (1961),
Blackwell et al. (2004)
Longcore (1993)
Longcore and Simmons
(2012)
Ajello (1945)
Lobulomycetaceae
Clydaea vesicula
Lobulomyces angularis
MESOCHYTRIOMYCETES
Gromochytriales
Gromochytriaceae
Gromochytrium mamkaevae
Mesochytriales
Mesochytriaceae
Mesochytrium penetrans
Betamyces americae-meridionalis
Angulomycetaceae
Angulomyces argentinensis
Aquamycetaceae
Aquamyces chlorogonii
Collimycetaceae
Collimyces mutans
Coralloidiomycetaceae
Coralloidiomyces digitatus
Globomycetaceae
Globomyces pollinis-pini
Urceomyces sphaerocarpum
Stream, pollen bait (pond), Cosmarium contractum var. Argentina, USA,
UK
ellipsoideum, Staurastrum cingulum, S. planktonicum,
S. lunatum, S. anatinum, S. pseudopelagicum, Xanthidium subhastiferum, Asterococcus sp., Spirogyra,
Spondylosium planum
Roadside pond onto pollen
Argentina
Canter (1961), Letcher
et al. (2008b), Davis
et al. (2018)
Isolated on pollen from stream
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008b)
Semi-permanent roadside pond
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008b)
Microglena coccifera, pond
Japan
Seto and Degawa (2018)
Submersed mud in lake: Chubut
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008a)
Lake, pine pollen (bog)
Argentina, USA
Lake
Argentina
Sparrow (1952), Letcher
et al. (2008b)
Letcher et al. (2008b)
Letcher et al. (2012)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Gorgonomycetaceae
Gorgonomyces haynaldii
Halomycetaceae
Halomyces littoreus
Paranamyces uniporus
Ulkenomyces aestuarii
Kappamycetaceae
Kappamyces laurelensis
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Stream
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008b)
River
Pond
River, submersed estuary mud
USA
USA
Germany
Letcher et al. (2015a)
Letcher et al. (2015a)
Letcher et al. (2015a)
Water cultures of moss-covered soil from along a stream USA
Letcher and Powell
(2005b)
Small lake
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008b)
Small lake
Argentina
Letcher et al. (2008b)
Russia
Scotland
India
India
India
Gromov et al. (1999)
Canter (1971)
Dayal and Kiran (1980)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
India
UK
India
UK
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Canter (1947b)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Richards (1956)
Rhizophydium contractophilum
Rhizophydium coronum
Parasitic, Chlorococum minutum, pond
Parasitic on Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Loch Leven
Pond water
Parasitic on Blastocladia on apple, tank sediment
Parasitic on Blyttiomyces spinosus and zygospore of
Spirogyra, ditch
Parasitic on Closterium, tank
Parasitic on Spirotaenia condensata (pond)
Ditch
Dead cells of Oedogonium sp., and Cosmarium sp
(pool)
Parasitic on Eudorina elegans and Eudorina sp, lake
Organic debris in water (bog), cellulose bait (pond)
UK
USA
Rhizophydium difficile
Rhizophydium dubium
Rhizophydium echinocystoides
Rhizophydium elyense
Parasitic on Staurastrum jaculiferum (lake)
Saprobic on decaying leaves of Eichornia, pond
Saprobic on pine pollen, bog
Sediment (reservoir), mud (lake)
UK
India
USA
Brazil, UK
Rhizophydium fugax
Rhizophydium fusus
Rhizophydium gibbosum
Parasitic on Cryptomonas sp., plankton of lakes
Parasitic on Melosira granulata
Staurastrum anatinum, S. pseudopelagicum, Staurodesmus curvatus, Staurodesmus sp.
Parasitic on sporangium of Gonapodya polymorpha,
tank sediment
Parasitic on Tribonema sp. (ditch)
Benthic detritus
Human hair bait, algae debris (bog)
Pond
Parasitic on sporangium of Blastocladia on fruit bait,
tank sediment
Saprobic on pine pollen bait, riverbank soil
Weak parasite or saprophyte on cells of Cladophora
(ditch)
Parasitic on diatom (Cocconeis), stream
Parasitic on Mougeotia gracillima, Lake
UK
UK
UK
Canter (1959)
Davis et al. (2019) Davis
et al. (2018)
Canter (1954)
de Wildeman (1895)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
Willoughby (1961),
Jerônimo and PiresZottarelli (2020)
Canter and Lund (1968)
Canter and Lund (1953)
Canter (1961)
India
Dasgupta and John (1990)
UK
Oman
USA
South Korea
India
Sparrow (1957)
Hassett et al. (2020)
Sparrow (1952)
Hyde et al. (2019)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Guatemala
UK
Sparrow and Lange (1977)
Richards (1956)
USA
Switzerland
Sparrow (1965a)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
Pateramycetaceae
Pateramyces corrientinensis
Protrudomycetaceae
Protrudomyces laterale
Rhizophydiaceae
Rhizophydium algavorum
Rhizophydium androdioctes
Rhizophydium apiculatum
Rhizophydium blastocladianum
Rhizophydium blyttiomycerum
Rhizophydium clavatum
Rhizophydium columnare
Rhizophydium conchiforme
Rhizophydium constantineanui
Rhizophydium gonapodyanum
Rhizophydium granulosporum
Rhizophydium jobii
Rhizophydium keratinophilum
Rhizophydium koreanum
Rhizophydium lagenaria
Rhizophydium lenelangeae
Rhizophydium mammillatum
Rhizophydium manoense
Rhizophydium mougeotiae
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Rhizophydium nobile
Parasitic on the resting spores of Ceratium hirundinella,
lakes
Parasitic on Dinobryon spp. (Lake)
Parasitic on chytrids (pond)
Parasitic on Asterionella formosa, lakes
Parasitic on Closterium, tank
Bog
Lake
Parasitic on the sporangium of Blastocladia on Pyrus
fruit, tank sediment
Parasitic on the sporangium of Blastocladia on Pyrus
fruit, tank sediment
Parasitic on Closterium, Oedogonium, and Zygnema,
tank
Pool and bog
“Saproparasitic” on Ulothrix sp., ditch
Parasitic on Blastocladia on fruit bait, tank sediment
Lake
Parasitic on the sporangium of Gonapodya polymorpha,
tank sediment
Sediment (reservoir)
UK
Canter (1968)
UK
USA
UK
India
USA
Russia
India
Canter (1954)
Davis et al. (2018)
Canter and Lund (1948)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Sparrow and Lange (1977)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
India
Dasgupta and John (1990)
India
Dasgupta and John (1990)
UK
India
India
Russia
India
Sparrow (1957)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Brazil
Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020)
Letcher and Powell (2012)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Canter (1961)
Rhizophydium oblongum
Rhizophydium obpyriformis
Rhizophydium planktonicum
Rhizophydium poculiforme
Rhizophydium porosum
Rhizophydium punctatum
Rhizophydium reflexum
Rhizophydium rhizinum
Rhizophydium rotundum
Rhizophydium sphaerotheca
Rhizophydium sparrowii
Rhizophydium spinosum
Rhizophydium squamosum
Rhizophydium stellatum
Rhizophydium stipitatum
Parasitic on Asterionella formosa, Lake
Parasitic on Closterium
Saprobic on Cosmarium and other desmids, plankton
of lakes
Parasitic on Gemellicystis neglecta (lake)
Bog, lake
Switzerland
India
UK
Rhizophydium urceolatum
Rhizophydium venustum
Staurastromycetaceae
Staurastromyces oculus
Parasitic on Blastocladia on fruit bait, tank sediment
Parasitic on Uroglena americana, lakes
India
UK
Lake
Germany
Homolaphlyctis polyrhiza
Terramycetaceae
Boothiomyces angulosus
Acidic oligotrophic lake
USA
Sediment (reservoir)
Brazil
Boothiomyces macroporosus
RHIZOPHLYCTIDOMYCETES
Rhizophlyctidales
Borealophlyctidaceae
Borealophlyctis nickersoniae
Rhizophlyctidaceae
Karlingia polonica
Pollen bait (pond)
USA
Jerônimo and Pires-Zottarelli (2020)
Davis et al. (2016)
Pond
USA
Davis et al. (2016)
Water (pond, river)
Poland
Rhizophlyctis columellae
Zygospore of Spirogyra
India
Rhizophlyctis petersenii
Rhizophlyctis rosea
SPIZELLOMYCETES
Cellophane "bait," in water culture with soil
Mud (lake)
USA
UK
Hassan (1983), Czeczuga
et al. (1990)
Das-Gupta and John
(1990)
Sparrow (1952)
Willoughby (1961)
Rhizophydium tetragenum
Rhizophydium tubulatum
Rhizophydium ubiquetum
Rhizophydium uniguttulum
Rhizophydium undatum
UK
Russia, USA
Canter (1954)
Sparrow and Lange
(1977), Letcher and
Powell (2012)
Dasgupta and John (1990)
Canter (1963b)
Van den Wyngaert et al.
(2017)
Longcore et al. (2012)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Spizellomycetales
Spizellomycetaceae
Spizellomyces palustris
SYNCHYTRIOMYCETES
Synchytriales
Synchytriaceae
Endodesmidium formosum
Synchytrium laeve
Synchytrium microbalum
Synchytrium petersenii
Synchytriales genus incertae sedis
Micromyces intermedius
Micromyces mirabilis
Micromyces oedogonii
Micromyces zygogonii
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Peat bog ditch
Germany
Wakefield et al. (2010)
Bog, Parasitic in Netrium oblongum, Cylindrocystis
crassa and Cylindrocystis brebissonii
Mougeotia sp. (pond)
Mud Pond, acidic lake
Mougeotia sp. (bog)
UK
Canter (1949c)
UK
USA
UK
Canter (1949c)
Longcore et al. (2016)
Canter (1949c)
UK
USA
UK
UK, USA
Canter (1949c)
Davis et al. (2019)
Roberts (1953)
Canter (1949c), Sparrow (1952), Davis et al.
(2019)
Poland
Czeczuga and Muszynska
(2001)
Czeczuga and Muszyńska
(1993)
Sorokine (1896)
Zygnema (bog)
Growing in Closterium cells, Bog
Oedogonium (lake)
Growing in Mougeotia filaments (pond), pasitic in
vegetative filaments of Mougeotia genuflexa (bog),
Spirogyra (pond)
Chytridiomycota genera incertae sedis
Achlyella flahaultii
River
Achlyogeton entophytum
River
Poland
Achlyogeton rostratus
ENTOMOPHTHOROMYCOTA
Entomophthoromycetes
Entomophthorales
Ancylistaceae
Ancylistes closterii
Conidiobolus villosus
Water
France
Closterium sp. (bog)
USA
Saprophytic on cast skin of snake used as "bait" in water USA
culture of soil and rotten wood (bog)
Davis et al. (2019)
Sparrow (1952)
Entomophthoraceae
Erynia aquatica
Aedes pupal cadaver (woodland pool)
USA
Erynia rhizospora
Foam (stream, rivulet, water)
Austria, India,
Poland
Erynia conica
Foam (stream, rivulet), Simulium verecundum complex
(lake)
Austria, Canada,
India
Molloy and Wraight
(1982), Sridhar and
Kaveriappa (1992),
Voglmayr (1996)
Sridhar and Kaveriappa
(1992), Voglmayr
(1996), Nadeau et al.
(1996), Davis et al.
(2019)
Czeczuga (1996)
MONOBLEPHAROMYCOTA
HYALORAPHIDIOMYCETES
Hyaloraphidiales
Hyaloraphidiaceae
Hyaloraphidium curvatum
Freshwater
MONOBLEPHARIDOMYCETES
Monoblepharidales
Gonapodyaceae
Gonapodya bohemica
Forest pools
13
South Africa
Ustinova et al. (2000)
Czech Republic
Cejp (1947)
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Gonapodya polymorpha
Gonapodya prolifera
Submerged twigs
Decaying apples in water, tomato bait (river)
USA
USA, UK
Gonapodya siliquiformis
Harpochytriaceae
Harpochytrium adpressum
Decaying apples in water
USA
Thaxter (1895b)
Thaxter (1895b), Waterhouse (1942)
Thaxter (1895b)
Parasitic on freshwater algae
Hungary
Harpochytrium apiculatum
Freshwater algae
USA
Harpochytrium botryococci
Harpochytrium hedenii
Freshwater
Freshwater algae
Harpochytrium hyalothecae
Freshwater
UK
USA, France,
Germany, Russia, UK
USA, Germany,
UK
Harpochytrium intermedium
Harpochytrium monae
Harpochytrium natrophilum
Harpochytrium ornithocephalum
Harpochytrium tenuissimum
Harpochytrium vermiforme
Harpochytrium viride
Monoblepharidaceae
Monoblepharis bullata
Freshwater
Zygogonium ericetorum in a temporary pool
Trisetum cernuum, freshwater
Freshwater
Tubs in the ground, freshwater
In cells of freshwater algae
Parasitic on freshwater algae
Schumacher and Whitford
(1961)
Schumacher and Whitford
(1961)
Jane (1946)
Jane (1946)
Jane (1946)
UK
USA
Switzerland
UK
Germany
Hungary
Jane (1946)
Jane (1946)
Jane (1946)
Jane (1946)
Jane (1942)
Jane (1946)
Scherffel (1926)
UK
Perrott (1955)
Monoblepharis fasciculata
Monoblepharis hypogyna
Submerged twigs of Quercus robur and of Fraxinus
excelsior
Submerged sticks
Submerged twigs of Quercus robur, water (river)
USA
Poland, UK
Monoblepharis insignis
Monoblepharis laevis
Monoblepharis macrandra
Submerged sticks, pool and ditch
Fruit of Rosa, immersed in water
Submerged plants (ponds, stream)
USA
USA
Sweden, USA
Monoblepharis polymorpha
Monoblepharis macrandra
Monoblepharis ovigera
Monoblepharis sphaerica
Monoblepharis regignens
Oedogoniomycetaceae
Oedogoniomyces lymnaeae
Saprobic on Quercus robur L. and Fraxinus excelsior L
Submerged twigs, swamps
Submerged fallen branches of Abies picea
Submerged twigs of Quercus robur
Submerged fallen branches of Pinus sylvestris
France?
USA
Sweden
France
Sweden
Thaxter (1895a)
Perrott (1955), Czeczuga
et al. (1990)
Thaxter (1895a)
Sparrow (1960)
Lagerheim (1900), Sparrow (1952)
Perrott (1957)
Sparrow (1965b)
Lagerheim (1900)
Cornu (1872)
Lagerheim (1900)
shells of living Limnaea ollula and Linaea reticulata
Japan
Kobayasi and Ôkubo
(1954)
Lake water, associated with Chara
USA
Karpov et al. (2017a)
Parasitic on Tribonema gayanum, Tribonema vulgare
and Ulothrix tenerrima, water of a sand-pit
Pond
Russia
Karpov et al. (2018)
Russia
Karpov et al. (2017a)
Telasphaerulaceae
Telasphaerula gracilis
SANCHYTRIOMYCOTA
SANCHYTRIOMYCETES
Sanchytriales
Sanchytriaceae
Amoeboradix gromovi
Sanchytrium tribonematis
MORTIERELLOMYCOTA
MORTIERELLOMYCETES
Mortierellales
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Mortierellaceae
Aquamortierella elegans
Midge larvae in a freshwater stream
Vandepol et al. (2020)
Moss cushion in a very wet bog
Water (river)
Water (river)
Water (river)
New Zealand,
Japan
Argentina
South Korea
South Korea
South Korea
Sphagnum (bog)
USA
Sparrow (1952)
Water (river)
South Korea
Lee et al. (2018)
Mud (river canal)
Water (river)
Freshwater
Egypt
South Korea
South Korea
Moubasher et al. (2018)
Nguyen et al. (2017a)
Crous et al. (2020)
Water (tank)
USA
Schell et al. (2011)
Water (river)
Water (stream)
Water (stream)
Pathogenic to Ornithorhynchus anatinus (creek, river)
Freshwater
Freshwater, sediment
Pathogens of Cyprinis carpio communis and Oncorhynchus mykiss (cultured farm)
Water, Sediment (stream)
Freshwater
Polluted water (canal)
South Korea
South Korea
South Korea
Australia
South Korea
South Korea
India
Nguyen et al. (2017b)
Nguyen et al. (2020a)
Nguyen et al. (2020a)
Connolly et al. (1998)
Wanasinghe et al. (2018)
Nguyen et al. (2020a)
Magray et al. (2020)
South Korea
South Korea
Egypt
Nguyen et al. (2020a)
Nguyen and Lee (2018)
El-Morsy et al. (2013)
Polluted water (canal)
Tap water
Egypt
Portugal
El-Morsy et al. (2013)
Gonçalves et al. (2006)
Polluted water (canal)
Egypt
El-Morsy et al. (2013)
Freshwater (river), rotifer eggs (pools)
Poland, UK
Water
Pine pollen (lake)
Freshwater (river)
UK
USA
Poland
Sparrow (1957), Czeczuga
et al. (1990)
Canter (1949b)
Sparrow (1952)
Czeczuga et al. (1990)
Gryganskiella fimbricystis
Mortierella elongata
Mortierella fluviae
Mortierella minutissima
MUCOROMYCOTA
ENDOGONOMYCETES
Endogonales
Endogonaceae
Endogone pisiformis
MUCOROMYCETES
Mucorales
Choanephoraceae
Gilbertella persicaria
Cunninghamellaceae
Absidia glauca
Cunninghamella bertholletiae
Gongronella namwonensis
Lichtheimiaceae
Rhizomucor pusillus
Mucoraceae
Actinomucor elegans
Mucor abundans
Mucor aligarensis
Mucor amphibiorum
Mucor fluvius
Mucor heterogamus
Mucor hiemalis
Mucor moelleri
Mucor ramosissimus
Mucor racemosus
Rhizopodaceae
Rhizopus oryzae
Rhizopus stolonifer
Syncephalastraceae
Syncephalastrum racemosum
OLPIDIOMYCOTA
OLPIDIOMYCETES
Olpidiales
Olpidiaceae
Olpidium gregarium
Olpidium hyalothecae
Olpidium pendulum
Olpidium rotiferum
ZOOPAGOMYCOTA
ZOOPAGOMYCETES
13
Vandepol et al. (2020)
Nguyen et al. (2019b)
Hyde et al. (2016b)
Nguyen and Lee (2016)
Fungal Diversity
Table 15 (continued)
Taxon
Substrate/Host
Country
References
Zoopagales
Zoopagaceae
Acaulopage dichotoma
Zoophagus cornus
Foam (stream)
Parasitic on rotifers (lake), mud (paddy field)
Austria
India, Japan
Cadophora (freshwater), rotifers in water (fen, bog,
ditch)
Austria, UK, USA
Voglmayr (1996)
Karling (1966), Glockling
(1997)
Sommerstorff (1911),
Sparrow (1957), Davis
et al. (2019)
Zoophagus insidians
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 Classification of Microsporidia and Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis recorded from freshwater environment including information
on habitats, substrates/hosts, and geographical distribution
Taxon
ROZELLOMYCOTA
Microsporidea
Amblyosporida
Amblyosporidae
Amblyospora bakcharia
Amblyospora baritia
Amblyospora bogashova
Amblyospora bracteata
Amblyospora burlaki
Amblyospora camposi
Amblyospora canadensis
Amblyospora caspius
Amblyospora chulymia
Amblyospora dyxenoides
Amblyospora flavescens
Amblyospora hristinia
Amblyospora jurginia
Amblyospora kazankia
Amblyospora khaliulini
Amblyospora kolarovi
Amblyospora mavlukevia
Amblyospora mocrushinia
Amblyospora modestium
Amblyospora orbiculata
Amblyospora rugosa
Amblyospora salairia
Amblyospora severinia
Amblyospora shegaria
Amblyospora timirasia
Amblyospora undata
Amblyospora urski
Amblyospora weiseri
13
Host
Distribution
References
Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary
vernal pool)
Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary
vernal pool)
Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary
vernal pool)
Simulium damnosum larva (river), S. venustum,
S. verecundum, and S. vittatum (pond, river)
Culex pipiens larva (floodplain water body)
Culex renatoi, a bromeliad-inhabiting mosquito
Aedes canadensis, A. cinereus larva (bog
swamp)
Aedes caspius, A. communis larva (reservoir
from melted snow)
Ochlerotatus caspius larva (temporary vernal
pool)
Culex annulirostris adult and larvae and Mesocyclops albicans
Ochlerotatus dianaetus, Aedes flavescens larva
(sphagnum bog)
Ochlerotatus communis larva (temporary vernal
pool)
Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary
vernal pool)
Ochlerotatus dianaetus larva (temporary vernal
pool)
Aedes communis and Acanthocyclops vernalis
(vernal pool)
Ochlerotatus punctor, Aedes communis (sphagnum bog)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Canada, Nigeria
Russia
Argentina
USA
Vávra and Undeen (1981), Weiser and
Prasertphon (1982)
Pankova et al. (2000)
Micieli et al. (2000)
Andreadis (1993)
Russia
Pankova et al. (2000)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Australia
Sweeney et al. (1988)
Russia
Russia
Simakova and Pankova (2005),
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
USA
Vossbrinck et al. (2004), Andreadis et al.
(2018)
Simakova and Pankova (2005),
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Aedes cinereus larva (riverside pond)
Ochlerotatus punctor larva (temporary vernal
pool)
Aedes cinereus larva (pond)
Aedes diantaeus larva (sphagnum bog)
Ochlerotatus cataphylla, O. cantans, Aedes
euedes (temporary reservoirs after snow
melting)
Culex modestus larva (temporary vernal pool)
Ochlerotatus excrucians larva (temporary
vernal pool)
Aedes cinereus larva (temporary vernal pool)
Aedes cinereus larva (temporary vernal pool)
Culex pipiens larva (continental reservoir)
Aedes communis larva (temporary reservoirs
after snow melting)
Aedes cantans larvae (pool)
Russia (microsporidium), USA
(host)
Russia
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Russia
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Simakova and Pankova (2005)
Simakova and Pankova (2005), Simakova
et al. (2011), Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Simakova and Pankova (2005)
Simakova and Pankova (2005)
Bohemia
Lukeš and Vávra (1990)
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Ochlerotatus caspius instar (temporary vernal
pool)
Becnelia sigarae
Testes of the water boatmen, Sigara lateralis
Crepidulospora beklemishevi Anopheles beklemishevi larva (water body river
floodplain)
Culicospora damnosi
Simulium damnosum larva (river)
Culicospora magna
Culex restuans larvae (river)
Culicosporella lunata
Culex pilosus larvae (ditch)
Dimeiospora palustris
Aedes punctor larvae (sphagnum swamp)
Hyalinocysta chapmani
Culiseta melanura larva, Orthocyclops modestus (sphagnum bog)
Hyalinocysta expilatoria
Bogfly Odagmia ornata larva (stream)
Intrapredatorus barri
mosquito Culex fuscanus larva (artificial tank)
Intrapredatorus trinus
Culex halifaxi larvae(stream)
Novothelohania ovalae
Ochlerotatus caspius larva (temporary vernal
pool)
Parathelohania anopheles
Anopheles quadrimaculatus larva, Microcyclops varicans (wading pool)
Parathelohania divulgata
Anopheles messeae, A. beklemishevi larva
(reservoir of river floodplain)
Parathelohania formosa
Anopheles messeae larva (reservoir of river
floodplain)
Parathelohania iranica
Anopheles superpictus larva (leakage pool)
Parathelohania sibirika
Anopheles messeae larva (reservoir of river
floodplain)
Parathelohania teguldeti
Anopheles beklemishevi larva (water body of
river floodplain)
Parathelohania tomski
Anopheles messeae (reservoir of river floodplain)
Trichoctosporea pygopellita Acanthocyclops reductus, Ochlerotatus cyprius,
C. excrucians
Tricornia muhezae
Mosquito Mansonia africana larva (pond)
Caudosporidae
Binucleospora elongata
Ostracod Candona (temporary water bodies on
a meadow_
Caudospora simulii
Blackfly Prosimulium mixtum larva (stream)
Flabelliforma ostracodae
Ostracods (Candona sp.), collected on flooded
meadows
Neoflabelliforma aurantiae Sludge work Tubifex tubifex (pond)
Scipionospora tetraspora
Midge (Tanytarsus, Endochironomus) larva
(pond, river)
Gurleyidae
Agglomerata cladocera
Daphnia magna (lake)
Agglomerata daphniae
Daphnia magna
Agglomerata volgensae
Daphnia magna (pond)
Binucleata daphniae
Daphnia magna (pond)
Conglomerata obtusa
Daphnia species
Andreanna caspii
Episeptum anaboliae
Episeptum circumscriptum
Episeptum invadens
Anabolia furcate larva (pond)
caddisfly Hydropsyche siltalai, H. incognita
(river)
Limnephilus fuscicornis larva (small river)
Distribution
References
Russia
Simakova et al. (2008)
Czech Republic
Russia
Tonka and Weiser (2000)
Simakova et al. (2003, 2004)
Nigeria
USA
USA
Russia
USA
Weiser and Prasertphon (1982)
Becnel et al. (1987)
Hazard et al. (1984)
Simakova et al. (2003)
Andreadis and Vossbrinck (2002)
Sweden
China
Australia
Russia
Larsson (1983)
Chen et al. (1998)
Becnel andSweeney (1990)
Andreadis et al. (2012)
USA
Avery and Undeen (1990)
Kazakhstan, Russia Simakova and Pankova (2004),
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Russia
Simakova and Pankova (2004)
Iran
Russia
Omrani et al. (2017)
Simakova and Pankova (2004)
Russia
Simakova and Pankova (2004)
Russia
Tanzania
Simakova and Pankova (2004),
Andreadis et al. (2012)
Simakova et al. (2011), Andreadis et al.
(2012)
Pell and Canning (1992)
Sweden
Bronnvall and Larsson (1995)
Canada
Sweden
Vávra and Undeen (1981)
Bronnvall and Larsson (2001)
UK
France, Sweden
Morris and Freeman (2010)
Bylén and Larsson (1996)
Russia
China
Russia
Belgium
Czech Republic,
Poland
Czech Republic
Czech Republic,
Sweden
Sweden
Sokolova et al. (2016)
Weng et al. (2020)
Larsson and Voronin (2000)
Refardt et al. (2008)
Vávra et al. (2018)
Russia
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Larsson (1996), Hyliš et al. (2007)
Larsson (1996)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Distribution
References
Episeptum inversum
Caddis fly Holocentropus picicornis larvae
(pond)
Sericostoma personatum larva (stream)
Potamophylax cingulatus larva (stream)
Daphnia pulex in ponds
Daphnia pulex and D. longispina (sewage
lagoon)
Copepod Megacyclops viridis (woodland pool)
Copepod Macrocyclops albidus (lake)
Daphnia pulex in pond
Copepod Cyclops vicinus
Daphnia longispina in carp pond
Sweden
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Austria
UK
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Friedrich et al. (1996)
Green (1974)
Czech Republic
Russia
Lithuania
Czech Republic
China, Czechoslovakia
UK
Vávra et al. (2016b)
Voronin (1989)
Vidtmann (1993)
Vávra et al. (2005)
Vávra (1984)
Czech Republic
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Czech Republic
Hyliš et al. (2007)
Central Europe
Vávra et al. (2019)
Russia
Bulgaria
Simakova et al. (2005)
Hyliš et al. (2013)
Russia
Japan
Sokolova et al. (2016)
Andreadis et al. (2013)
Czech Republic
Vávra et al. (1997)
Brazil
Paperna and Lainson (1995)
Brazil
USA
Belgium, France,
Germany, Russia,
UK
Canada
Azevedo and Matos (2003)
Bojko et al. (2020b)
Ward et al. (2005a), Minter (2019)
USA
Sokolova and Overstreet (2018)
Episeptum pseudoinversum
Episeptum trichoinvadens
Gurleya daphniae
Gurleya vavrai
Lanatospora costata
Lanatospora macrocyclopis
Larssonia obtusa
Marssoniella elegans
Norlevinea daphniae
Paraepiseptum hydropsycheae
Paraepiseptum plectrocnemiae
Paraepiseptum polycentropi
Hydropsyche siltalai larva (river)
Caddis flies Plectrocnemia conspersa larva
(stream)
Caddis flies Polycentropus flavomaculatus,
Hydropsyche fulvipes (stream)
Pseudoberwaldia daphniae Daphnia longispina complex (drinking water
reservoir)
Senoma globulifera
Mosquito Anopheles messeae (floodplain pond)
Zelenkaia trichopterae
Halesus digitatus (stream) and Micropterna
sequax (pond), aquatic caddis flies
Amblyosporida genera incertae sedis
Alfvenia sibirica
Cyclopid Cyclops sp. (lake)
Takaokaspora nipponicus
Mosqution Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus,
O. hatorii (riverside rock pools)
Trichotuzetia guttata
Cyclops vicinus (pond)
GLUGEIDA
Glugeidae
Alloglugea bufonis
Bufo marinus tadpoles and metamorphosing
toads (lake)
Amazonspora hassar
Teleost fish Hassar orestis
Cambaraspora floridanus
Floridian crayfish, Procambarus paeninsulanus
Glugea anomala
Fish Gasterosteus aculeatus, G. pungitius and
Gobius minutus (ditches, stream)
Glugea hertwigi
Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax (lake)
Glugea mesocotti
Glugea plecoglossi
Glugea stephani
Fish Mesocottus haitej (river)
Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis
Fish
Loma myrophi
Loma psittaca
Loma salmonae
Pseudoloma neurophilia
Fish Myrophis platyrhynchus (river)
Fish Colomesus psittacus (river)
Fish Oncorhynchus sp. (rearing tanks)
Zebrafish Danio rerio (laboratroy colony)
Spragueidae
Apotaspora heleios
13
Grass shrimp Palaemonetes paludosus (wetland)
Xie and Canning (1986)
Fantham et al. (1941), Dechtiar (1965),
Putz et al. (1965), Dechtiar (1972),
Nepszy et al. (1978)
Russia
Voronin and Iukhimenko (2010)
China
Zhou et al. (2018)
France, Russia, UK, Bychowskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962)
USA
Brazil
Azevedo and Matos (2002)
Brazil
Casal et al. (2009)
Canada
Becker and Speare (2007)
USA
Matthews et al. (2001), Ramsay et al.
(2010)
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Distribution
References
Microgemma hepaticus
Potaspora aequidens
Potaspora macrobrachium
Potaspora morhaphis
Grey mullet, Chelon labrosus
Fish Aequidens plagiozonatus (river)
Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (pond)
Teleostean fish, Potamorhaphis guianensis
(river)
Topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) (lake)
–
Brazil
China
Brazil
Ralphs and Matthews (1986)
Videira et al. (2015)
Ding et al. (2016)
Casal et al. (2008)
China
Liu et al. (2019)
Amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (reservoir,
river)
Amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes
(river)
Amphipod Gammarus roeseli (stream)
Aquatic mite Limnochares aquatica
Midge Endochironomus sp. larva (pond)
Dragonfly Coenagrion hastulaturn (bog)
Crayfish Paranephrops planifrons, whiteclawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes
Simulium damnosum larva (river), Simulium
venustum/verecundum complex larva (cove)
Crayfish, Cherax destructor
France, Poland,
Ukraine
UK
Ovcharenko et al. (2010)
Blackfly Simulium tuberosum (pond) and S.
venustum (river) larva
Canada
Bojko et al. (2017)
Larsson (1990b)
Bylén and Larsson (1994)
Larsson (1990a)
Henneguy and Thélohan (1892), Pretto
et al. (2018)
Vávra and Undeen (1981), Weiser and
Prasertphon (1982)
Jones and Lawrence (2001), Moodie
et al. (2003a)
Vávra and Undeen (1981)
Amphipod Diporeia sp. (lake)
Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus, G.
roeseli (lake)
Eucyclops macrurus (lake)
Trematode larvae from aquatic snails
Acanthocyclops viridis (lake)
Macrocyclops distinctus (lake)
USA
Ireland
Winters and Faisal (2014)
Terry et al. (2004)
Russia
Malaysia
Russia
Russia
Voronin (1991, 1999)
Canning et al. (1974)
Voronin (1977, 1999)
Voronin (1977, 1999)
Shrimp, Caridina formosae
China
Wang et al. (2013)
Daphnia sp., drinking water
Daphnia magna (inland pool)
Daphnia pulex (pool)
Amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis (pond)
Czech Republic
Siberia
Sweden
UK
Vávra and Larsson (1994)
Simakova et al. (2018)
Larsson (1981)
Slothouber Galbreath et al. (2004)
Oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (stream)
Oligochaete Nais simplex (aquarium)
Plumatella nitens, freshwater bryozoan
Plumatella sp., freshwater bryozoans (lake)
Chironomus plumosus (lake)
Chironomus plumosus (lake)
Cristatella mucedo, a freshwater bryozoan
(lake)
Bryozoan Plumatella sp.
Bryozoan Plumatella fungosa
Bryozoan Pectinatella magnific (lake)
Sweden
Scotland
USA
UK
Russia
Russia
UK
Larsson (1992b)
Morris et al. (2005b)
Canning et al. (2002)
Canning et al. (2002)
Issi et al. (2012)
Issi (1986), Issi et al. (2012)
Canning et al. (2002)
UK
Scotland
Canada
Morris et al. (2005a)
Morris and Adams (2002)
Desser et al. (2004)
Pseudokabatana alburnus
Thelohaniidae
Cucumispora dikerogammari
Cucumispora ornata
Cucumispora roeselii
Napamichum aequifilum
Napamichum cellatum
Nudispora biformis
Thelohania contejeani
Thelohania fibrata
Thelohania montirivulorum
Thelohania varians
Unikaryonidae
Dictyocoela diporeiae
Dictyocoela muelleri
Unikaryon moniezi
Unikaryon piriformis
Unikaryon pfeifferi
Unikaryon vrevi
Glugeida genus incertae sedis
Triwangia caridinae
NEOPEREZIIDA
Berwaldiidae
Berwaldia schaefernai
Berwaldia daphniae
Berwaldia singularis
Fibrillanosema crangonycis
Neopereziidae
Bacillidium strictum
Bacillidium vesiculoformis
Bryonosema plumatellae
Bryonosema tuftyi
Neoperezia chironomi
Neoperezia semenovaiae
Pseudonosema cristatellae
Schroedera airthreyi
Schroedera plumatellae
Trichonosema algonquinensis
Poland
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
New Zealand, Italy
Canada, Nigeria
Australia
Bojko et al. (2015)
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Freshwater bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica
(lake)
Neopereziida genera incertae sedis
Janacekia tainanus
Kiefferulus tainanus
Neopereziida genera incertae sedis
Janacekia adipophila
Midge Ptychoptera paludosa (river)
Janacekia tainanus
Midge Kiefferulus tainanus (pond)
Systenostrema alba
Dragonfly Aeshna grandis larva (pond), A.
viridis (reservoir)
Systenostrema candida
Dragonfly Libellula quadrimaculata larva
(pond)
NOSEMATIDA
Enterocytozoonidae
Paranucleospora theridion
Salmon Louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) (farm)
Mrazekiidae
Helmichia aggregata
Midge Endochironomus sp. larva (lake)
Helmichia anomala
Midge larva Microtendipes pedellus (polluted
pond)
Helmichia glandulicola
Midge Chironomus anthracinus larva (lake)
Helmichia lacustris
Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake)
Jirovecia sinensis
Oligochaete, Branchiura sowerbyi
Mrazekia cyclopis
Copepod Acantho cyclop s americanus (pond)
Nosematidae
Nosema eurytremae
Echinoparyphium dunni, Echinostoma hystricosum and Echinostoma malayanum, trematode
larvae of ‐water snails,
Nosema granulosis
Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus, G.
roeseli (lake)
Nosema pimephales
Fish Pimephales promelas (lake)
Nosema vasicola
Echinoparyphium dunni and Echinostoma
audyi, trematode larvae snails
Vairimorpha austropotaAustropotamobius pallipes complex, subspecies
mobii
Austropotamobius italicus carsicus (stream)
Vairimorpha cheracis
Freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor
Vairimorpha austropotaWhite-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius
mobii
pallipes
Ordosporidae
Ordospora colligata
Daphnia magna (pond)
Nosematida genera incertae sedis
Anisofilariata chironomid
Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake)
Crispospora chironomid
Midge Chironomus plumosus larva (lake)
Enterocytospora artemiae
Shrimp Palaemonetes sinensis (paddy field)
Glugoides intestinalis
Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex
Trichonosema pectinatellae
MICROSPORIDEA families incertae sedis
Cougourdellidae
Cougourdella coryniformis
Copepod Macrocyclops albidus (lake)
Cougourdella polycentropi
Hydropsyche saxonica larva (stream)
Duboscqiidae
Duboscqia sidae
Holopedium gibberum (lake)
13
Distribution
References
USA
Canning et al. (2002)
China
Weng et al. (2021)
Sweden
China
Russia, Sweden
Larsson (1992a)
Weng et al. (2021)
Larsson (1988), Sokolova et al. (2006)
Sweden
Larsson (1988)
Norway
Nylund et al. (2010)
Russia
Poland
Voronin (1998)
Ovcharenko and Wita (2001)
Norway
Russia
China
Czechoslovakia
Wülker and Weiser (1991)
Voronin (1998), Tokarev et al. (2012)
Liu et al. (2020b)
Vávra (1962), Larsson et al. (1993)
Malaysia
Canning (1972)
Ireland
Terry et al. (2004)
Canada
Malaysia
Fantham et al. (1941)
Canning et al. (1974)
Italy
Pretto et al. (2018)
Australia
Italy
Moodie et al. (2003b)
Pretto et al. (2018)
Germany, UK
Larsson et al. (1997)
Russia
Russia
China
Czech Republic,
UK
Tokarev et al. (2010b)
Tokarev et al. (2010a)
Jiang et al. (2020)
Larsson et al. (1996)
Russia
Sweden
Voronin (1986, 1993a)
Larsson (1989)
Ontario, Canada
Larsson and Yan (1988)
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Distribution
References
Tardivesicula duplicata
Caddis fly Limnephilus centralis (temporary
pool)
Rhithrogena iridina nymph (stream bed)
Sweden
Larsson and Bylén (1992)
Germany
Batson (1982)
Daphnia magna (inland pool)
Russia
Simakova et al. (2018)
Mosquito Culex pipiens pipiens, Cx. pipiens
form molestus, Cx. theileri larva (artificial
container with heavily polluted water)
Ukraine
Kilochitskii (1997)
Teleostean fish Brachyhypopomus brevirostris
Golden African snapper Lutjanus fulgens
(river)
Brazil
Senegal
Matos and Azevedo (2004)
Faye et al. (1991)
Cichlid fish Sarotherodon melanotheron, Tilapia guineensis and T. zillii
Benin, Senegal
Sakiti and Bouix (1987), Faye et al.
(1991)
Fish Perca flavescens, Sander vitreus) (lake)
USA
Fish and trematodes, crayfish Procambarus bivittatus, sunfish Lepomis macrochirus (lake)
Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, Ruffe
Gymnocephalus cernuus (lake)
Fish Brachyhypopomus beebei (river)
Fish Crenilabrus melops
Neon tetra disease of aquarium fishes (Characidae, Cyprinidae, Cyprinodontidae, Poecilidae, Cichlidae), including Danio rerio and D.
nigrofasciatus
Cyprinid fish (river)
Amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus
USA
Brazil
–
Cosmopolitan
Phelps et al. (2015), Tomamichel et al.
(2018)
Lovy and Friend (2017), Bojko et al.
(2020a)
Pekkarinen et al. (2002), Phelps and
Goodwin (2008)
Casal et al. (2016)
Sprague and Vernick (1968)
Shaw and Kent (1999)
France
Ireland
Maurand et al. (1988)
Leger and Hesse (1917), Terry et al.
(2004), Ironside et al. (2008)
Simulium damnosum larva (river)
Nigeria
Weiser and Prasertphon (1982)
Midge Corynoneura (reservoir)
Russia
Voronin (1993b)
Russia
Simakova et al. (2009a)
Armenia
Poddubnaya et al. (2006)
Australia
Russia
Russia
Russia
Milner and Mayer (1982)
Voronin (1986)
Voronin (1986)
Simakova et al. (2009b)
Russia
Voronin (1986)
France
Switzerland
Russia
Czech Republic
Russia
Loubes and Akbarieh (1978)
Wolinska et al. (2004)
Issi (1986)
Vávra et al. (2016a)
Voronin (1986)
Trichoduboscqia epeori
Fibrillasporidae
Fibrillaspora daphniae
Golbergiidae
Krishtalia pipiens
Microfilidae
Microfilum brevirostris
Microfilum lutjani
Neonosemoidiidae
Neonosemoides tilapie
Pleistophoridae
Heterosporis sutherlandae
Ovipleistophora diplostomuri
Ovipleistophora ovariae
Pleistophora beebei
Pleistophora gigantea
Pleistophora hyphessobryconis
Pleistophora mirandellae
Pleistophora muelleri
Pleistophora multispora
Vavraia multispora
Toxoglugeidae
Toxospora volgae
Tuzetiidae
Pankovaia semitubulata
Mayfly Cloeon dipterum nymph (floodplain
pond)
Paratuzetia kupermani
Procercoid of Khawia armeniaca found in oligochaetes Potamothrix hammonensis (lake)
Tuzetia boeckella
Copepod Boeckella triarticulata (artificial lake)
Tuzetia ceriodaphniae
Ceriodaphnia affinis, C. reticulata (lake)
Tuzetia diaphanosomae
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (lake)
Tuzetia dualis
Mayfly Cloeon dipterum nymph (floodplain
pond)
Tuzetia tschernischovae
Daphnia cucullata larva (lake)
MICROSPORIDEA genera incertae sedis
Baculea daphniae
Daphnia pulex
Caullerya mesnili
Daphnia galeata × hyalina
Evlachovaia chironomi
Midge Chironomus plumosus larvae (lake)
Globulispora mitoportans
Daphnia spp.
Gurleyides biformis
Ceriodaphnia reticulata, C. affinis (lake)
Finland
13
Fungal Diversity
Table 16 (continued)
Taxon
Host
Hamiltosporidium magnivora Daphnia spp. (ponds)
Distribution
Belgium, Russia,
UK
Hamiltosporidium tvaermin- Parasite of Daphnia magna (pools)
Finland, Sweden,
nensis
Skerry Islands of
the Baltic Sea
Holobispora thermocyclopis Thermocyclops oithonoides, T. leuckarti (lake) Russia
Kabataia rondoni
Teleost Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni,
Brazil
Kabatana takedai
Freshwater fish, Pangasius sutchi
Asia
Microsporidium brevirostris Teleostean Brachyhypopomus brevirostris
Amazon, Brazil
Microsporidium chironomid Midge Chironomus dorsalis larva (water basin) Russia
Microsporidium epithelialis Tubificid worms Tubifex sp. (commercial
Germany
aquarium)
Microsporidium fluviatilis
Copepod Eucyclops serrulatus (river)
Russia
Microsporidium jiroveci
Cyclops vicinus (lake)
Russia
Myosporidium ladogensis
Burbot Lota lota from Lake Haukivesi
Finland
Microsporidium lamprogle- Freshwater copepod Lamproglena pulchella
Europe
nae
and cyprinid fish, Leuciscus leuciscus
Microsporidium luciopercae Freshwater pike-perch Sander lucioperca
Finland
Microsporidium spraguei
Freshwater pike-perch Sander lucioperca
Finland
Stempellia diaptomi
Copepod Diaptomus gracilis (lake)
Russia
Rozellomycota genera incertae sedis
Mitosporidium daphniae
Parasite of the water flea Daphnia magna
UK
Paramicrosporidium sacParasite of Saccamoeba sp, freshwater pond
Germany
camoebae
Rozella achlyae
Achlya flagellata
USA
Rozella allomycetis
Allomyces arbusculus
Germany, USA
Rozella apodyae
Apodachlya brachynema
France
Rozella blastocladiae
Blastocladia pringsheimii, and B. gracilis
USA, Denmark,
Germany
Rozella canterae
Chytridium oedognii
UK
Rozella chytriomycetis
Chytriomyces
UK
USA
Rozella cladochytrii
Nowakowskiella profusum, N. elegans, N.
ramosum, Cladochytrium replicatum, C. crassum, and C. hyalinum
Rozella coleochaetes
Parasitic on Coleochaete sp., bog
Rozella diplophlyctidis
Diplophlyctis intestina
Rozella endochytrii
Sporangia of Endochytrium operculatum,
Brazil, USA
swamp
Rozella monoblepharidis
Monoblepharis polymorpha, and M. macrandra Germany, France
Rozella multimorpha
Parasitic on Pythium sp., pond
USA
Rozella parva
Parasitic on Zygorhizidium affluens, lakes
UK
Rozella polyphagi
Polyphagus laevis
UK
Rozella rhipidii
Araiospora
France
Rozella rhizoclosmatii
Parasitic on Rhizoclosmatium, pond
USA
Rozella rhizophydii
Rhizophydium globosum
Brazil
Rozella septigena
Achyla, Saprolegnia
France
13
References
Haag et al. (2011)
Haag et al. (2011)
Voronin (1986)
Casal et al. (2010)
Lom et al. (2001)
Matos and Azevedo (2004)
Voronin (1975, 1999)
Oumouna et al. (2000)
Voronin (1994)
(Voronin 1977, 1986)
Jones et al. (2020)
Jones et al. (2020)
Jones et al. (2017)
Jones et al. (2017)
Voronin (1996)
Haag et al. (2014)
Corsaro et al. (2014)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1946)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1941, 1944d)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Canter (1969)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1942b)
Karling (1944c)
Karling (1942b)
Fungal Diversity
Acknowledgements Kevin D. Hyde acknowledges Thailand Research
Fund “The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline
data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species” (DBG6080013) and “Impact
of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater
Mekong Sub-region” (RDG6130001). Kevin D. Hyde thanks Chiang
Mai University for the Award of Visiting Professor. Mark S. Calabon
is grateful to Mushroom Research Foundation, Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute (Philippines), and
Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant “Macrofungi
diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas” (Grant No. DBG6280009). E. B. Gareth Jones acknowledges
the award of a Distinguished Scientist Fellowship (DSFP), King Saud
University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nattawut Boonyuen thanks BIOTEC and the Integrated Technology Platform, NSTDA-Thailand (Grant
Number P1952580) for partial support in this work.
Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conlict of
interest.
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Authors and Affiliations
Mark S. Calabon1,2 · Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3,4 · E. B. Gareth Jones5 · Zong‑Long Luo6 · Wei Dong4 ·
Vedprakash G. Hurdeal1,2 · Eleni Gentekaki1,2 · Walter Rossi7 · Marco Leonardi7 ·
Vinodhini Thiyagaraja1,3,8,9,10 · Anis S. Lestari1,2,11 · Hong‑Wei Shen1,2,6 · Dan‑Feng Bao1,6,10 ·
Nattawut Boonyuen12 · Ming Zeng1,2,13
1
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang
University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
9
CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry
(ICRAF), Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University,
Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
10
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty
of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
11
Research Center for Biomaterials, Research Organization
for Life Sciences Center, National Research and Innovation
Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
12
Plant-Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT),
Integrative Crop Biotechnology and Management Research
Group (ACBG), National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120,
Thailand
13
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography
of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
4
Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University
of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
5
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science,
King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451,
Saudi Arabia
6
College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali
University, Dali 671003, China
7
Department MeSVA, Section Environmental Sciences,
University of L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
8
Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), CAS Key
Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography
of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany,
Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan,
People’s Republic of China
13