Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
Short communication
Bunch stalk feeding of urea in banana
Musa (AAB group) `Nendran'
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien*
College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur 680 656, Kerala, India
Accepted 19 August 1999
Abstract
The in¯uence of urea feeding at the cut bunch stalk end of the rachis of banana was studied in
tissue culture plants of `Nendran' banana having uniform sized bunches. A preliminary study for
standardising the dose of urea showed the superiority of placing 30 g urea on two-week-old
bunches. The main experiment on bunch stalk feeding, also revealed that placing 30 g urea on the
cut stalk end at two weeks or at four weeks after complete emergence of the bunch resulted in
maximum yield and other elite yield attributes. Bunch weight, ®nger weight, length and grade of
`D' ®nger and ®lling index are the yield parameters mostly affected by the bunch stalk feeding.
# 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Banana; Urea placement; Yield and yield attributes; Musa; Urease
1. Introduction
Bunch management in banana is a concept gaining in importance and even
simple techniques of bagging/sleeving/covering (Trupin, 1959; Perumal and
Adam, 1968; Walker, 1975; Istraeli et al., 1980; Daniells et al., 1987, 1992; Johns
and Scott, 1989) and male bud pruning (Simmonds, 1959; Sampaio and Simao,
1970; Walker, 1973; Meyer, 1975; Jaramillo, 1982; Amma et al., 1986; Daniels
et al., 1994; Irizarry and Rivera, 1991; Irizarry and Goenaga, 1995; Galan Sauco
et al., 1996) increase yield, ®nger weight and size of harvested bunches. Most
*
Corresponding author: fax: 91-487370019.
E-mail address: kauhqr@ren.nic.in (S. Kurien).
0304-4238/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 0 4 - 4 2 3 8 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 1 1 0 - 7
206
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
management practices in banana have previously focused on either the soil or the
plant growth parameters and very seldom directly on the bunch.
Only a few reports on bunch stalk feeding of urea in banana are available. Postshooting application of urea in cv. Giant Cavendish bananas, has been reported to
promote the yield (Venkatarayappa et al., 1976). It was inferred that yield
increments were due to more availability of urea in aqueous form at later stages
and for a prolonged period. Similar positive results were later reported by
Buragohain and Shanmugavelu (1986) in banana cv. `Vayal Vazhai'. According
to them, a 23% increase in banana weight was obtained by attaching 10 g urea in
a polythene bag to the cut stalk end immediately below the bunch two days after
the male bud was removed.
Translocation of nutrients in the infructescence of banana cvs. Poovan,
Monthan and Nendran has been reported by various scientists (Buragohain and
Shanmugavelu, 1985; Sobhana and Aravindakshan, 1989). The bene®cial effects
of late application of fertilizer are evident from these experiments.
In the present study, the potential impact of urea placement at the cut stalk end
on yield and yield attributes in banana cv. Nendran, the most important clone of
the state, was investigated. The objective of the study was to standardise the
optimum dose of urea and time of placement so as to get maximum output with
minimum inputs.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experiment 1
Two-week-old, uniform bunches were selected and the rachis cut at a distance
of 15 cm from the last hand adopting the `¯at' cut method and were supplied with
different doses of urea viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 g and
compared with two controls (control and system control). The distance of the cut
from the last hand and the type of cut were pre-standardised from previously
conducted experiments. The ¯at cut was effected by giving a cut perpendicular to
the bunch stalk, and then the cut was wrapped with the de®nite amount of urea in
a polythene sheet and retained in position till harvest. The experiment was laid
out in completely randomised design (CRD) with three replications.
2.2. Experiment 2
Uniform tissue culture plants, planted at the three leaf stage were subjected to a
second selection process for maintaining maximum uniformity in key
morphological and bunch characters. A combination of urea doses (0, 10, 10,
20, 30, 40 and 50 g) and time of male bud pruning (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after
207
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
complete emergence of the bunch, and no pruning (control) formed the 21
treatments. The experiment followed a completely randomised design and was
replicated twice with a single plant receiving one treatment in each replication.
All plants received uniform cultural and management practices as per Kerala
Agricultural University package of practices recommendations (KAU, 1993). The
data on yield and `D' ®nger weight (Gottreich et al., 1964) were obtained by
weighing the bunch and respective ®nger. The `D' ®nger characters were
recorded directly whereas the ®lling index was calculated using the formula:
convex length/weight (Stover and Simmonds, 1987). The data were analysed
using the analysis of variance technique except in yield where analysis of covariance was used with the number of ®ngers being taken as a co-variate, thereby
avoiding any possible error (Panse and Sukhatme, 1978).
3. Results
3.1. Experiment 1
The data presented in Table 1 show a signi®cant in¯uence of all doses of urea
except 70 g and of pruning on bunch weight. But among the treatments, a
Table 1
Effect of doses of urea on yield and yield attributes in banana cv. `Nendran' (®gures in parenthesis
denote the number of ®ngers taken as a co-variate in ANCOVA)
Doses of
urea (g)
Bunch weight
(kg)
`D' finger
weight (g)
Length
(cm)
Girth
(cm)
Filling
index
Control (no urea
no pruning)
Control (pruning)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
F test
SEm (21 df)
4.24d (35.0)
121.67b
19.33c
11.83c
6.34b
5.72abc (35.7)
6.52ab (33.0)
5.92abc (33.3)
7.02*ab (36.0)
6.67*ab (35.3)
6.36ab (36.0)
6.01abc (34.7)
4.78cd (30.0)
5.78abc (35.7)
5.54bc (32.0)
5.89abc (35.7)
166.67a
166.67a
161.67a
186.67*a
175.00a
175.00
165.00a
168.35a
163.33a
161.67a
165.00a
22.83ab
23.67*ab
22.67ab
23.67ab
23.67*ab
23.33ab
23.00ab
24.50*a
23.00ab
21.67b
23.00ab
13.00ab
13.50ab
13.20ab
14.00*a
13.17ab
13.33ab
13.13ab
13.17ab
12.83b
13.17ab
13.00ab
7.29ab
7.05ab
7.12ab
7.83a
7.42ab
7.49ab
7.17ab
6.87ab
7.10ab
7.18ab
7.18ab
*
Signi®cant
P 0.05.
**
**
0.4281
**
10.23
**
0.67
**
0.30
**
208
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
maximum bunch weight of 7.05 kg was recorded by placing 30 g of urea on
the cut stalk end. The next heaviest yield was from the 40 g urea treatment
followed by 10 and 60 g which were on a par. However, higher doses, i.e. > 50 g
were not acceptable due to premature ripening and rotting of the last hand
on the plant itself. The lowest bunch weight of 4.24 kg was recorded on the
control.
There were also signi®cant differences regarding ®nger weight and size in
favour of the treatments with urea. Maximum ®nger weight (186.79 g) was
observed in the 30 g urea placement treatment which differed signi®cantly from
all other treatments and the control which in turn also differed signi®cantly from
all treatments (121.67 g). Treatments above 50 g showed premature ripening and
blackening of the terminal ®ngers and hand which were more proximal to the
treatment.
70 g urea placement followed by 10 and 40 g urea treatments recorded the
maximum ®nger length. They were on a par with all other treatments except one
(90 g urea) and the control, which had the lowest lengths of 21.67 and 19.33 cm,
respectively.
The greatest girth (14 cm) was recorded in the 30 g urea placement treatment
but most other treatments were not signi®cantly different from one another. The
®lling index showed non-signi®cant differences between treatment means,
eventhough, in comparison with the control (6.41) the 30 g urea placement
treatment showed higher values of the ®lling index (7.83).
3.2. Experiment 2
A perusal of the data presented in Tables 2 and 3 reveals statistically signi®cant
differences in bunch weight between the treatment means. The treatment
combinations of pruning two weeks after emergence with 30 g urea placement
followed by pruning 4 weeks after emergence and 30 g urea placement gave the
best results. In general, the superiority of applying 30 g urea was very evident
(Fig. 1).
Finger weight, length and grade were much in¯uenced by urea feeding, though
not signi®cantly. Fingers of 240 g weight in comparison with control (165 g) were
yielded by pruning 2 weeks after emergence and 30 g urea. The longest fruits
(24 cm) were obtained in combinations of 2 weeks 10 g urea, 2 weeks 40 g
urea and 3 weeks 30 g urea placements and the control measured only
20.03 cm. Most of the treatments produced a better grade than the control. In this
respect, the best grade came from combinations of pruning after 4 weeks 30 g
and pruning 2 weeks after 30 g urea placements which recorded 14.48 and
14.06 cm, respectively.
Filling index, a character which represents the grade of ®ngers, was improved
by the urea treatments. Treatment combinations of pruning after 4 weeks 30 g,
209
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
Table 2
In¯uence of bunch stalk feeding of urea on yield and yield attributes in banana cv. `Nendran'
(®gures in parenthesis denote the number of ®ngers taken as a co-variate in ANCOVA)
Time of male bud
pruning Doses of urea
Bunch
weight (kg)
`D' finger
weight (g)
Length
(cm)
Girth
(cm)
Filling index
(ANOVA)
1
1
1
1
1
week
week
week
week
week
10 g
20 g
30 g
40 g
50 g
8.13
8.78
10.79
7.97
8.85
(47)
(50)
(48.5)
(45.5)
(40)
169.03
176.06
235.60
174.94
224.95
21.47
21.69
23.35
21.83
22.51
12.99
13.03
13.72
12.87
13.72
7.90
8.41
10.20
7.95
9.42
2
2
2
2
2
week
week
week
week
week
10 g
20 g
30 g
40 g
50 g
10.97
10.04
12.49
11.01
7.23
(45)
(52)
(43)
(46.5)
(49.5)
212.44
182.85
248.13
225.16
145.84
24.08
22.08
22.78
24.01
22.27
13.02
13.15
14.06
13.10
12.45
8.77
8.60
10.55
9.38
6.78
3
3
3
3
3
week
week
week
week
week
10 g
20 g
30 g
40 g
50 g
8.39
9.47
10.01
9.44
10.92
(52.0)
(45.5)
(49)
(43.5)
(48.0)
172.65
207.44
204.48
201.99
216.75
21.08
22.83
24.06
21.24
23.14
12.50
13.12
13.06
12.80
13.23
8.59
9.01
8.69
9.30
9.45
4 week
10 g
10.26 (42.5)
4 week
20 g
8.07 (45.5)
4 week
30 g
11.02 (48.0)
4 week
40 g
9.47 (46.0)
4 week
50 g
9.33 (47.0)
Control (no pruning no urea) 8.04 (43.0)
SEm (18 df)
0.8648
184.26
174.94
236.75
206.30
181.53
173.13
24.298
22.57
21.58
22.39
22.04
21.22
20.03
1.4374
12.57
12.87
14.48
13.51
12.99
12.06
0.4686
7.89
8.02
10.70
9.34
8.59
8.34
0.6625
(SEm 35 df)
Table 3
Summary of ANCOVA
Source
Replication
Weeks after emergence of bunch
Doses
Weeks Doses
Covariate (finger no.)
Error
a
b
NS ± non-signi®cant.
P 0.05.
df
1
3
4
12
1
18
Significance
Bunch weight
`D' finger
Length
Girth
NSa
NSa
NSa
NSa
NSa
NSa
b
b
b
b
a
NS
NSa
NSa
NSa
NSa
NSa
210
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
Fig. 1. Effect of bunch stalk feeding of urea on bunch weight in banana cv. `Nendran'.
pruning after 2 weeks with 30 g and pruning after the 1st week 30 g urea
placements recorded ®lling indices of 10.7, 10.55 and 10.2, respectively.
4. Discussion
Experiment 1 revealed that male bud pruning and urea placement with an
optimum dose of 30 g enhanced the yield signi®cantly while in the main
experiment (Experiment 2) treatments involving placement of 30 g of urea and
pruning 2 weeks after emergence, 4 weeks and 1 week after emergence were
generally superior.
The urea feeding which in turn in¯uenced the ®nal yield, can be explained in
view of certain statements. Calvin et al. (1952) reported that in plants allantoin
and allantoic acid seem to be more immediately concerned with the synthesis and
use of nitrogen they contain, and these compounds may be derived from glyoxylic
acid, with urea as a possible donor.
Urea levels of > 50 g should lead to the fast absorption of a large quantity of
nutrients (in the form of NH3) by the last hand but the concentration of the
nutrients may have exceeded certain critical limits which caused the blackening
and rotting and ®nally yield reduction that was observed.
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
211
A higher ®lling index due to better nutrient allocation, clearly explains the
reasons for an increase in ®nger weight. It can be inferred that the nutrients were
utilised more for cell elongation of the fruit rather than cell multiplication and the
cell enlargement resulted in more length than girth. The urease activity also
coincided with lengthening of the fruit (Ancy et al., 1998).
Higher levels of urea supplied at later stages, as well as smaller quantities
supplied immediately after bunch opening led to inferior ®nger size. In a study on
the morpho-physiological aspects of ®nger development it was observed that in
the ®nal stage of development, cell enlargement took place thus reducing the
available air space followed by starch ®lling in the cells (Kurien et al., 1999). It
could be inferred that when urea was applied early starch ®lling took place in the
cells which were under developed. The late application of urea, coinciding with
or after the stages of cell division, when the early nitrogen pool becomes
exhausted, may be involved in fruit development as a nitrogen source.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the help of Director of Research and Associate Dean,
Kerala Agricultural University for the funds and facilities for conducting the
experiments.
References
Amma, S.P., Babylatha, A.K., Pushkaran, K., Kurian, T.M., 1986. Studies on the effect of removing
terminal hands and male bud on the yield and fruit size of banana Musa (AAB group)
Palayankodan. S. Indian Hort. 34(4), 204±209.
Ancy, T.K., Kurien, S., Augustin, A., Balachandran, P.V., 1998. Urease activity in banana fruits cv.
`Nendran'. J. Plt. Nut. 21(10), 2127±2140.
Buragohain, R., Shanmugavelu, K.G., 1985. A study on the translocation of plant nutrients from the
sink towards the source in certain banana cutlivars using 32 P. Banana Newslett. 8, 31±33.
Buragohain, R., Shanmugavelu, K.G., 1986. Studies on the effect of post-shooting application of
urea on `Vayal Vazhai' banana (ABB). Banana Newslett. 9, 16±18.
Calvin, M., Bassham, J.A., Benson, A.A., Lynch, V.W., Quellet, C., Schou, B.L., Stepka, W.,
Tolbert, N.E., 1952. Nitrogen metabolism in plants. Symposia Exptl. Biol. 5, 284±305.
Daniells, J.W., O'Farell, P.J., Mulder, J.C., Campbell, S.J., 1987. Effect of bunch covering and
bunch trimming on bananas in North Queensland. Qd. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 44(2), 101±105.
Daniells, J.W., Lisle, A.T., O'Farell, P.J., 1992. Effect of bunch covering methods on maturity, bronzing,
yield and fruit quality of bananas in North Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 32(1), 121±125.
Daniels, J.W., Lisle, A.T., Bryde, N.J., 1994. Effect of bunch trimming and leaf removal at
¯owering and maturity, bronzing, yield and other aspects of fruit quality of bananas in North
Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 34(2), 259±265.
Galan Sauco, V., Cabrera, J.C., Gomez Leal, P.M., 1996. The evaluation of different bunch covers
for bananas (Musa accuminata) in the Canary Islands. Fruits 15, 13±24.
212
T.K. Ancy, S. Kurien / Scientia Horticulturae 84 (2000) 205±212
Gottreich, M., Bradu, D., Haleway, Y., 1964. A simple method for determining average banana fruit
weights. Ktavim 14, 161±162.
Irizarry, W., Rivera, E., 1991. Proper bunch management of the French-type super plantain (Musa
accuminata M. bulbisiana AAB) in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 75(2), 163±171.
Irizarry, H., Goenaga, R., 1995. Yield and quality of `Super Platano' (Musa, AAB) grown with drip
irrigation in the semi-arid region of Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 79(1/2), 1±11.
Istraeli, T., Gazit, S., Blumen®eld, A., 1980. In¯uence of relative humidity on the type of ¯ower in
the Cavendish banana. Fruits 35(5), 275±279.
Jaramillo, C.R., 1982. Las principales characteristicas morphologicas der fruto de banana variedad
Cavendish gigantia (Musa AAA) in Costa Rica, Panama.
Johns, G.G., Scott, K.J., 1989. Delayed harvesting of bananas with sealed covers on bunches. 2.
Effect on fruit yield and quality. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29(5), 727±733.
KAU, 1993. Package of Practices Recommendations, `Crops' 1993, Kerala Agricultural University,
Vellanikkara, Thrissur.
Kurien, S., Sobhana, A., Pushpalatha, P.B., 1999. Morphophysiological stages during various stages
of ®nger development of banana cv. Nendran. Infomusa, INIBAP, France, in press.
Meyer, J.P., 1975. In¯uence de l ablation de mains surlerendement en poides des regimes de
bananas par categores, etc. conditionnement aux antilles. Fruits 30, 663±668.
Panse, V.G., Sukhatme, P.V., 1978. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi,
pp. 154±168.
Perumal, A., Adam, A.V., 1968. Bagging of Giant Cavendish banana stems in Honduras. 1. Effect
on number of days from ¯ower emergence to fruit harvest. Trop. Agric. 45, 101±102.
Sampaio, V.R., Simao, S., 1970. Removal of male ¯owers from new Banana in¯orescences. Rev.
Agric. Picicaba. 45, 93±95.
Simmonds, N.W., 1959. Bananas. Longman, New York, pp. 188±189.
Sobhana, A., Aravindakshan, M., 1989. Translocation of phosphorus in banana after shooting.
J. Nuclear Agric. Biol. 18(4), 243±245.
Stover, R.H., Simmonds, N.W., 1987. Bananas. Longman, New York. p. 468.
Trupin, F., 1959. Coupe du bourgeon male sur l' in¯orescence due bananaier Gros Michel. Fruits
14, 389±390.
Venkatarayappa, T., Narasham, B., Venkatesan, C., 1976. Effect of post-shooting application of urea
on development and composition of banana fruit. S. Indian Hort. 19, 109±117.
Walker, L., 1973. Debudding trials Ð Annual report 1969±1972. Jamaica Banana Board, Research
and Development Department, pp. 31±33.
Walker, L., 1975. The effect of debudding and pre-harvest dehanding on bunch weight and fruit
quality. Annual Report 1974. Jamaica Banana Board, Research and Development Department,
pp. 31±33.