Punjab University Journal of Zoology
35(2): 195-202 (2020)
https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2020.35.2.195.202
Research Article
An Annotated List of Planthoppers with Alternate Hosts from Kallar
Tract of Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Rizwan1*, Bilal Atta1, Ana Maria Marino de Remes Lenicov2, Roxana Mariani2, Arshed
Makhdoom Sabir1, Muhammad Tahir3, Misbah Rizwan4, Muhammad Sabar1, Ch. Muhammad Rafique1,
Muhammad Afzal5
1
Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Punjab, Pakistan.
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Division Entomologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
3
Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
4
Department of Biology, Government College for Women, Emanabad, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan.
5
Hill Fruit Research Station, Sunny Bank, Murree, Punjab, Pakistan.
2
Article History
Received: March 14, 2020
Revised: July 12, 2020
Accepted: August 17, 2020
Published: September 09, 2020
Authors’ Contributions
MR, BA and AMS conceptualized the study. MR, BA and AMS
surveyed the fields for sample collection. MR, BA, AMS and MS
preserved while AMMRL and
RM identified the planthoppers
speices. MR, BA, MT, MR and
MA wrote the manuscript. AMMRL, RM, MT, MR, MS and
CMR reviewed the manuscript.
The final manuscript was ultimately approved by all authors.
Keywords
Planthoppers, Alternate hosts,
Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae, Delphacidae, New record, Kallar tract
Abstract | Diversity of planthoppers and their host plants were studied in the “Kallar” tract
of the Punjab, Pakistan (an important growing area of the world for producing Basmati rice).
Planthoppers are considered the most important pests of rice. Delphacidae and Cixiidae are
families of planthoppers with the most harmful species. Delphacids are primarily vector of the
viruses, whereas Cixiids are vectors of phytoplasmas, mycoplasmas and prokaryotes-like associated
to the class Mollicutes. Specimens of planthoppers were collected from the rice fields and
surrounding weeds. A list of Fulgoromorpha is provided, with distributional and biological records
as well. Records are extracted primarily from field data and specialized reference sources. Seven
species from two different families of Fulgoromorpha were related to rice ecosystem (Cixiidae,
one species and Delphacidae; six species). Three Delphacid species, whitebacked planthopper
Sogatella furcifera, brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and small brown planthopper (SBPH)
Laodelphax striatellus are well-known vectors of severe rice pathogenic diseases in the Oriental and
Paleartic regions. Laodelphax striatellus was recorded on rice for the first time in Pakistan. Among
alternate hosts, Trifolium alexandrium, Leptochloa chinensis, Helianrhus allus, Medicago polymorpha
and Sorghum bicolor were recorded for L. striatellus, while Leptochloa chinensis, Helianrhus allus,
Medicago polymorpha, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays and Cynodon dactylon were recorded for S. furcifera
for the first time. N. lugens was recorded on weeds Leptochloa chinensis and Medicago polymorpha.
Novelty Statement | Out of seven species of planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén is recorded for the first time in Pakistan, while 30 new host plants are recorded for first time the
world over.
To cite this article: IRizwan, M., Atta, B., Lenicov, A.M.M.R., Mariani, R., Sabir, A.M., Tahir, M., Rizwan, M., Sabar, M., Rafique, C.M. and Afzal, M., 2020. An
annotated list of planthoppers with alternate hosts from Kallar tract of punjab, Pakistan. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 35(2): 195-202. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.
pujz/2020.35.2.195.202
Introduction
F
amily Delphacidae includes the notorious rice
planthoppers i.e., whitebacked planthopper (WBPH)
Correspondence Author: Muhammad Rizwan
muhammad.rizwan@aari.punjab.gov.pk
December 2020 | Volume 35 | Issue 2 | Page 195
Sogatella furcifera Horvath and brown planthopper (BPH)
Nilaparvata lugens Stål. Rice planthoppers are considered
as severe and notorious insect pests of rice crop (Sabir et
al., 2016). These planthoppers have also achieved the status of most destructive pests in rice crop (Akhter et al.,
2017; Sabir et al., 2017a, 2017b, 2019; Rizwan et al., 2019a,
M. Rizwan et al.
2019b; Shah et al., 2019; Atta et al., 2020). Since 2013, rice
crop in Pakistan has been witnessing the regular incidence
of planthoppers (Akhter et al., 2017). Brown planthopper
is a new issue for rice crop in Pakistan.
All the rice planthoppers are not serious pests of this
economic crop throughout the world neither each rice
cultivating area is species richer. Previously Pentastiridius
sp., Metadelphax propinqua Fieber, S. furcifera, Sogatella
vibix, Sogatella kolophoni, Nilaparvata lugens and Tagosodes
pusanus were reported on rice crop in Pakistan (Qadri
and Mirza, 1960; Dlabola, 1971; Mahar et al., 1978;
Yang, 1989; Akhter et al., 2017). However, besides the
economic threat, diversity and relevancy of Delphacids to
alternate hosts have not been studied in Pakistan.
Various phytophagous pests limited to infest and
survive on a single plant species (known as monophagous
pests) (Cates, 1980), whereas other pests have a broader
choice of host plants (known as polyphagous pests) which
includes cultivated plants as well as species which are
not under the considerartion of agricultural production
(Rivnay, 1962). It is essential to find out the importance and
range of alternate host plants to manage the population of
polyphagous pests on main agricultural crops (Tabashnik
et al., 1991). For example, alternate host plants may support
pest reservoirs during seasonal unavailability of main host
plants which become a source for pests to migrate back
to the main economic plants (Clementine et al., 2005).
Meanwhile, alternative host plants also play a vital part
to harbor the population of natural enemies (Saeed et al.,
2015). Therefore, the main factors that affect the losses
caused by insect pests to the main crops includes the
availability, density and category of alternate host plants
(Pan et al., 2015) and the occurrence of natural enemies
(Saeed et al., 2015).
Identification of planthoppers
The collected samples were examined by the wellknown Delphacid taxonomists. Standard taxonomic
techniques were used to examine the male genitalia under
the microscope (de Remes Lenicov and Virla, 1993) for
Planthoppers’ identification associated with each alternate
host.
Identification of alternate hosts
Host plants were identified with the available botanical
literature, while unidentified host plants were brought to
the botanist and weed experts for their identification. Only
those plant species were considered as alternate host plants
on which planthoppers population were found from more
than five different localities.
Results and Discussion
Cixiidae
Pentastiridius sp.
Distribution: Widespread, except for Neotropical
and Australian biogeographic realm (relatively rare in
Nearctic) (Bourgoin, 2016).
Host plant: Most species are associated with Poaceae
and Cyperaceae; two of them, P. apicalis (Uhler) and P.
leporinus L. are registered on rice.
Host plant records from Pakistan: Cynodon dactylon
L. (Poaceae), Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Fabaceae).
Economic importance: P. apicalis is recognized to
occur on rice but maybe a vector of Strawberry Marginal
Chlorosis (SMC) (Aoki et al., 2011). P. leporinus is known
for their ability to transmit phloem-restricted prokaryotes
(Bressan et al., 2011).
Material studied: 6 ♂♂ (Figure 1).
The purposes of the present studies were to explore
the species of planthoppers and their alternate hosts in the
Kallar tract of the Punjab, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods
Collection of planthoppers
A net sweeping (net size: 30cm in diameter, 80cm
in depth) was carried throughout the year in 2018 from
different plant species to search out the different alternate
host plants of planthoppers. Planthoppers collected
from each alternate host were brought to the laboratory
and were separated based on morphological appearances
under a stereoscope (Cole-Parmer 625 East Bunker Court
Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA). The separated samples
were preserved in plastic vials (5g capacity) containing
absolute alcohol with the proper labeling encompassing
the collection place, alternate hosts, date of collection, and
collector’s name.
December 2020 | Volume 35 | Issue 2 | Page 196
Figure 1: Pentastiridius sp. habitus, dorsal view
(originals).
Newly Recorded Alternate Hosts from Kallar Tract of Punjab
Delphacidae
Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber)
Distribution: Pantropical. Worldwide widespread
is found on every continent except Antarctica (Fennah,
1965).
showed higher density in areas with a prevalence of Oryza
sativa L. and Medicago polymorpha L.*. It is also captured
on Cynodon dactylon L.*, Helianthus allus L.*, Leptochloa
chinensis L.*, Sorghum bicolor L.* and Zea mays L.
Host plants: This species mostly feeds on a great
number of species of cultivated and wild Poaceae, including
barley, maize, oat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane (de Remes
Lenicov and Tesón, 1978; Wilson and O’Brien, 1987; de
Remes Lenicov and Rioja, 2007; de Remes Lenicov et al.,
2006, 2014; Bourgoin, 2016).
Host plant records from Pakistan: This species
showed higher density in areas with a prevalence of
Leptochloa chinensis L.*. It is also captured on Cynodon
dactylon L., Helianthus allus L.*, Medicago polymorpha L.*,
Trifolium alexandrinum L.*, Sorghum bicolor L.* and Zea
mays L.
Economic importance: It is a known vector of
Cynodon Chlorotic Streak Nucleorhabdovirus (CCSV),
Barley Yellow Striate Mosaic Cytorhabdovirus (BYSMV)
and Maize Rough Dwarf Virus (MRDV) (Harpaz, 1972;
Wilson, 2005; Bartlett, 2013). In Argentina, it is a vector
of Mal de Rio Cuarto Virus (MRCV) which affect wheat
and maize (Velázquez et al., 2017).
Material examined: 91 ♂♂ and 43 ♀♀.
Diagnostic features: Small-sized: 2.5-3.7mm.
General body color yellowish. Carinae of head and frons
considerably paler than the body, intercardinal regions
of head narrowly to broadly infuscate; area posterior to
M-shaped carina slightly paler to slightly darker than the
body. Short vertex, rounded toward frons. Wings glassy
in appearance to weakly sombre in color; veins darker
in apical 1/3 of the forewing. Short-winged forms are
also common. Male: pygofer medium to dark brown, the
expanded posterior portion in caudal view with apices
inflected; genital diaphragm elongate, apically bilobed or
trilobed; parameres apically truncate (Figure 2).
Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)
Distribution: Wide-ranging and common in the Old
World tropics and contiguous temperate zones. Eastern
Palaearctic and Oriental regions, Western Pacific and
Australia. Reports from New World, Europe and parts
of Africa were based on misidentifications (Asche and
Wilson, 1990; Bellis et al., 2014).
Host plant: Oryza sativa L., Paspalum sp., Zea mays
L. (Bartlett, 2013), Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Sabir et al.,
2017c).
Host plant records from Pakistan: This species
December 2020 | Volume 35 | Issue 2 | Page 197
Figure 2: Metadelphax propinqua (Fieber), (A) habitus
dorsal view; (B) head (originals); (C, D) genital segments
(Bartlett, 2020).
Economic importance: It is a serious rice pest,
vector of the Southern Rice Black Streak Dwarf Virus
(SRBSDV) and Pangola Stunt Virus (PSV) (Harpaz,
1972; Xu et al., 2014).
Material examined: 22 ♂♂ and 42 ♀♀; 1♂ and 1♀
parasitoidized by Strepsiptera, Elenchidae.
Diagnostic features: Small and slender: 2.5-3.3mm.
General body color castaneus with a whitish vertical
stripe at the vertex and middle portion of the pro- and
mesonotum; gena, clypeus and frons black excluding
whitish carina in clypeus and frons; pterostigma distinct;
apicobasal half of forewing and apex of clavus with a dark
brown band. Male: parameres powerfully expanded at
base, apex comparatively small equally bifurcate; aedeagus
compacted and twisted narrowing to the apex (Figure 3).
M. Rizwan et al.
Figure 3: Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), (A) habitus
dorsal view (originals); (B) genital segments (Bartlett,
2020); (C) aedeagus (Asche and Wilson, 1990).
Figure 4: Sogatella vibix (Haupt), (A) habitus dorsal view
(originals); (B) genital segments; (C) aedeagus (Asche
and Wilson, 1990).
Sogatella vibix (Haupt)
Distribution: Palearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental
regions; Australia and the Western Pacific (Asche and
Wilson, 1990).
Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
Distribution: Southeast Asia, parts of the Pacific and
Australia (Wilson and Claridge 1991).
Host plant: Echinochloa crus-galli L., Digitaria sp.,
Leersia sp., Oryza sativa L., Phalacris sp., Setaria sp.,
Triticum sp., Zea mays L. (Bartlett, 2013).
Host plant records from Pakistan: Oryza sativa L.,
Medicago polymorpha L.*, Trifolium alexandrinum L.*
Economic importance: Currently, it is not considered
an important rice pest (Wilson and Claridge, 1991). It is
a vector of Maize Rough Dwarf Virus (MRDV), Maize
Sterile Stunt Virus (MSSV), and Finger Millet Mosaic
Virus (FMMV) (Harpaz, 1972; Greber, 1982).
Material examined: 24 ♂♂ and 17 ♀♀.
Diagnostic features: Small and slender: 2.5-3.3mm.
General body color stramineous or pale yellow, with a
whitish vertical stripe at the vertex and middle portion
of the pro- and mesonotum. Face whitish with dark
brown genae. Forewings transparent, unmarked. Male:
parameres with thin and petiolated base, apex powerfully
bifurcate, outer process expanding from the base to
middle then narrowing to the apex that is obliquely
truncate (Figure 4).
December 2020 | Volume 35 | Issue 2 | Page 198
Host plant: Leersia hexandra Sw., Oryza sativa L.,
Saccharum officinarum L., Zizania sp. (Hasegawa, 1955;
Sigsgaard, 2007), Trifolium alexandrinum L.* (Sabir et al.,
2017c).
Host plant records from Pakistan: This species
showed higher density in Oryza sativa L. crops associated
with Leptochloa chinensis L.* and Medicago polymorpha L.*.
Economic importance: It is a vector of Rice Ragged
Stunt Virus (RRSV) and Rice Grassy Stunt Virus (RGSV)
(Cabauatan et al., 2009).
Material examined: 35 ♂♂ and 32 ♀♀.
Diagnostic features: Medium-sized: 3.7-5mm.
General body yellowish-brown to dark brown; pronotum,
vertex, mesonotum and tip of scutellum, uniformly brown.
Basal part of tarsi III with one or more spines horizontally.
Forewings glassy in appearance, with the apex of claval
part black. Vertex quadrate. Short-winged forms are
also common. Male: pygofer without processes from
ventral margin; aedeagus slender and upturned parameres
relatively long, prominently concave at the mid-inner
margin with converging apices, subapically moderately
swollen (Figure 5).
Newly Recorded Alternate Hosts from Kallar Tract of Punjab
pronotum white with parts behind eyes black, mesonotum
shiny black in males, forewings hyaline, yellowish-brown,
with notorious dark brown pterostigma. Vertex is as long
submedially as wide at the base, obtusely curved close to
frons, as wide at the apex as at base, lateral carinae straight,
submedian carinae not amalgamation at the apex of vertex,
basal section wider at the base than maximum length
around 1.4:1. Male: pygofer oblongata and apparently
bilobed; parameres widely deviating from the base; short
anal spines (Figure 6).
Figure 5: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), (A) habitus dorsal
view (originals); (B, C) genital segments (Bartlett, 2020).
Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)
Distribution: Widespread in Palaearctic and Oriental
regions and Oceania (Bellis et al., 2014). The new record
from Pakistan.
Host plant: It is polyphagous on many different
species of Poaceae (grasses), with economically important
host plants including Oryza sativa L., Andropogon sp.,
Hordeum vulgare L., Arrhenatherum elatius L., Saccharum
officinarum L., Zea mays L., Avena sativa L. and Triticum
sp. (Bartlett, 2013).
Host plant records from Pakistan: It was more
frequently captured on Leptochloa chinensis L.*, Medicago
polymorpha L.* and Oryza sativa L.. It is also collected on
Cynodon dactylon L.*, Helianthus allus L.*, Sorghum bicolor
L.*, Trifolium alexandrinum L.* and Zea mays L.
Economic importance: It is one of the most
destructive Delphacid pests. It is a vector of Maize Rough
Dwarf Virus (MRDC), Barley Yellow Striate Mosaic Virus
(BYSMV) (Harpaz, 1972), Rice Stripe Tenuivirus (RSV),
Northern Cereal Mosaic Virus (NCMV), Wheat
Rosette Stunt Virus (WRSV), Rice Black-Streaked
Dwarf Virus (RBSDV) and Wheat Chlorotic Streak
Virus (WCSV) (Bartlett, 2013).
Material examined: 42 ♂♂ and 15 ♀♀.
Diagnostic features: Medium-sized: 3.33-4mm.
General body blackish; carinae of frons, vertex, the tip
of mesoscutellum, antennae and legs, yellowish-white;
December 2020 | Volume 35 | Issue 2 | Page 199
Figure 6: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), (A) habitus,
dorsal view; (B) head (Bartlett, 2020 and updates); (C,
D, E) genital segments (originals).
Tagosodes pusanus (Distant)
Distribution: South of the Oriental region and
Australia (Bellis et al., 2014).
Host plant: Oryza sativa L. (Wilson and Claridge,
1991).
Host plant records from Pakistan: One female was
found from a sample on rice associated to Cynodon dactylon
L.*, Helianthus allus L.*, Leptochloa chinensis L.*, Sorghum
bicolor L.*, Trifolium alexandrinum L.* and Zea mays L.*.
Economic importance: Not considered to be a pest.
Vector: Unknown.
Material examined: 1 ♀.
Diagnostic features: Medium to large-sized: 7mm.
Resembles to S. furcifera but it is distinguished by the
patterns of the dark markings of the forewings. Pterostigma
distinct; forewings blatantly banded laterally apicobasal
half and claval suture stretched to pterostigma, bands form
four apparent spots among veins on the apical margins.
Male: parameres nearly equally broad, widely concave apex
slightly thinner than subbase, outer tip higher than inner
spine; aedeagus not twisted (Figure 7).
M. Rizwan et al.
Table 1: List of examined planthoppers collected from different hosts from the “Kallar” tract of the Punjab, Pakistan.
Sam- Hosts
ple #
Species and abundance
1.
Leptochloa chinensis L.
Metadelphax propinqua [21♀♀]
2.
Oryza sativa L.; Medicago polymorpha L.
Sogatella furcifera [21♂, 18♀♀, 1♂ and 1♀ with Strepsiptera]
3.
Medicago polymorpha L.
Sogatella vibix [14♂♂]; Laodelphax striatellus [1♂]
4.
Medicago polymorpha L.
Laodelphax striatellus [28♂♂]
5.
Leptochloa chinensis L.
Metadelphax propinqua [87♂♂]
6.
Leptochloa chinensis L.
Metadelphax propinqua [1♂, 19♀♀]
7.
Oryza sativa L.; Medicago polymorpha L.; Trifolium alexandrinum L.; Zea mays L.; Sorghum bicolor L.; Helianthus allus;
Cynodon dactylon L.
Sogatella furcifera [1♂, 24♀♀]; Metadelphax propinqua
[1♂, 1♀]
8.
Cynodon dactylon L.; Trifolium alexandrinum L.
Pentastiridius sp. [6♂♂]
9.
Oryza sativa L.; Medicago polymorpha L.; Trifolium alexandrinum L.
Sogatella vibix [10♂♂, 17♀♀]
10.
Medicago polymorpha L.; Oryza sativa L.; Trifolium alexandrinum L.
Nilaparvata lugens [25♀♀]
11.
Leptochloa chinensis L.; Oryza sativa L.; Trifolium alexandrinum Laodelphax striatellus [13♀♀]; Tagosodes pusanus [1♀];
L.; Zea mays L.; Sorghum bicolor L.; Helianthus allus L.; Cynodon Sogatella furcifera [14♀♀]
dactylon L.
12.
Leptochloa chinensis L.; Oryza sativa L.
13.
Leptochloa chinensis L.; Oryza sativa L.; Medicago polymorpha L. Laodelphax striatellus [13♂♂, 2♀♀, with fungal infection]
14.
Leptochloa chinensis L.; Oryza sativa L.
Metadelphax propinqua [2♂♂, 2♀♀]
Nilaparvata lugens [35♂♂, 7♀♀]
brown planthopper is being reported for the first time
from Pakistan. Some new hosts were also listed along with
already identified hosts of each planthopper (Table 1).
Acknowledgements
The authors are greatly thankful to Mr. Muhammad
Anwar (Laboratory Assistant, Rice Research Institute,
Kala Shah Kaku, Punjab, Pakistan) for helping in collection
of planthoppers specimens used in this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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