ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE 279 THE WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF THE EURO-ASIAN SPECIES OF PARAVESPULA (HYM., VESPINAE) BY MICHAEL E. ARCHER Paravespula Bliithgen, 1938 consists of two groups of species treated either as the subgenera Paravespula s.str. and Rugovespula Archer, 1982 (Archer, 1989) or as vulgaris and koreensis species groups (Carpenter, 1987). Carpenter (1987) also treated Paravespula as a junior subjective synonym of Vespula Thomson, 1869. In this paper the genus Paravespula and the subgeneric names will be used. The east Asian species of Paravespula were reviewed by Yamane et al. (1980) and those of Rugovespula by Archer (1982). The north American. species ofParavespula were reviewed by Jacobson et al. (1978) andAkre et al. (1981) Keys to the world species of Paravespula were given by Archer (1989). Archer (1989) considered two species of Rugovespula and eight species of Paravespula s.str. Yamane & Tano (1985) raised P. orbata arisana (Sonan, 1929) to species rank based on four structural characters of the genitalia of one male. Three of these characters relating to the dorsal terminal process, aedeagal shaft and shaft of the sagitta hardly seem convincing. In addition, a worker from Hainan Island, China, is similar to V. orbata arisana. Thus, until further comparisons are made between P. orbata orbata (du Buysson, 1902) and P. orbata arisana I will maintain the two subspecies of P. orbata. Eck (1994) described a new species, P. inexpectata from Mexico, separating it from P. vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) by its more melanic coloration and the presence of black hairs on the gaster. I have seen two workers from Mexico which appear to be melanistic P. maculifrons (du Buysson, 1905), and one specimen has some long black hairs on the first gastral tergum. These melanistic workers could be regarded as intermediate in colour between P. maculifrons and P. inexpectata so that P. inexpectata may be an extreme melanistic form of P. maculifrons. The male of P. maculifrons has a distinctive morphological character on the seventh gastral tergum (Archer, 1989). The male of P. inexpectata is not known, but when found the tergal character could decide whether or not P. inexpectata is P. macul£frons. Two species of Rugovespula (P. koreensis (Radoszkowski, 1887) and P. orbata) and five species of Paravespula s.str. (P. flavipes (Smith, 1870), P. germanica (Fabricius, 1793), P. shidai Ishikawa, Yamane & Wagner, 1980, P. structor (Smith, 1870) and P. vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758» are found in Euro-Asia. P. germanica has also been found in north Africa and introduced into many parts of the world (Edwards, 1976; Spradbery & Maywald, 1992). P. vulgaris has also been found in north America (Akre et al., 1981) and introduced into other parts of the world (Spradbery & Maywald, 1992). 30th November, 1998 Vo!. 134 (1998) --- 280 ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE The world distributions of the Euro-Asian species of Paravespula are as follows. p. orbata (fig. 1) - Northern India (Uttar Pradesh, Assam, northern West Bengal), Nepal, Burma (Tenasserim), China (Hainan Island), Taiwan. P. koreensis (fig. 1) - Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Kray, Primor'ye Kray), Korea, China (Heilongjiang, Beijing region, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Hunan, Fujian, Yunnan), northern Laos, India (Meghalaya). P. jlavipes (fig. 2) - Kashmir, India (Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur), Nepal, Burma, China (Heilongjiang, Beijing region, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Taiwan, Korea, Russia (Arnur Oblast, Primor'ye Kray), Japan (Kyushu, Skikoku, Honshu, Hokkaido, Arnani Islands). _ P. germanica (fig. 3) - Europe to about 65'N and extending across Asia to about 54'N on Sakhalin Island. Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, southern Norway, southern Sweden, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Spain, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Tajikistan, Russia (St Petersburg region, Moscow region, Ural Mountains, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Island), Turkey, Syria, Israel, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Mongolia, Korea, China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Beijing region, Hebei, Gansu, Xinjiang), Madeira & Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, introduced into New Zealand, Tasmania, southern Australia, Ascension Island, South Africa, Chile, Argentina, U.S.A. - western (California), north-western (Washington State, Idaho, Oregon), central and northern states), Canada (British Columbia, Saskatchewan). P. shidai (fig. 4) - China (Heilongjiang), Russia (Arnur Oblast, Primor'ye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast (Kuril Islands», Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, Hokkaido). P. structor (fig. 4) - Kashmir, northern India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam), Nepal, Burma, China (Sichuan, Xizang [Tibet]). P. vulgaris (fig. 5) - Europe to about 70' north and extending across Asia to about 54' north in Sakhalin Island. Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, BeJarus, Moldova, Georgia, Kazakstan; Russia (Murmansk Oblast, Arkhangel'sk Oblast, Karelia, St Petersburg region, Ural Mountains, Krasnoyarsk Kray, Irkutsk Oblast, Chita Oblast, Arnur Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast (including the Kuril Islands), Turkey, Iran, Kashmir, Mongolia, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), China (Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan), Canada (north to about 69° north in Yukon Territory across to about 64° north in Newfoundland), U.S.A. (south-eastern Alaska, extending from the Canadian border to central California, to southern Arizona and New Mexico and from the Great Lakes across to about 37" north on the eastern seaboard with an inland extension to northern Georgia). Also introduced into New Zealand, south-eastern Australia and Hawaii. DISCUSSION Of the seven Euro-Asian species of Paravespula, three species (P. orbata, P. shidai & P. structor) have a restricted Asian distribution, two species (P. koreensis & P. jlavipes) a more widespread Asian distribution, and two species (P. germanica & P. vulgaris) are widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia and have been introduced into many other parts of the world. Of the restricted species, P. shidai occurs in parts of eastern Asia and P. structor in parts of southern Asia. P. orbata has its main distribution in northern India and Nepal with three isolated populations in Burma 281 ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE x c. e. xx'X. X Fig. 1 - The world distribution of Paravespula orbata (x) and P. koreensis (41). jJ .. • • " e Ｍ＼ｹｾ lIP· I) e tI 0 & • "Cl" fI c ｾｐ & () ｾ＼｜ｽ jJ<u'i3 0'lJ "Fig. 2. - ｾ The world distribution of Paravespula jiavipes. ｾｾ 282 ENTOMOLOGISTS MONTHLY MAGAZINE Fig. 3 - The Old World distribution of Paravespula germanica. • ｾｸ x Fig. 4. - The world distribution of Paravespula structor (x) and P. shidai (e). 283 ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE Fig. 5. - The Old World distribution of Paravespula vulgaris. (Tenasserim), China (Hainan Island) and Taiwan. The taxonomic relationships of these three isolated populations with the main population needs further investigation. The two more widespread Asian species both occur in eastern Asia. In Europe, P. germanica is distributed from about 65°N to about 30 N reaching north Mrica. In comparison, P.vulgaris extends further north to about 70 N but does not extend so far south, reaching about 35°N and is not fOlind in north Mrica. In Asia the northern boundary of the two species is supported by few records but both extend to about 54°N. As in Europe the southern boundary of P. germanica is about 30 N and P. vulgaris about 35°N although isolated records of P. vulgaris are known from 30 N and 25°N. More records of P. germanica and P. vulgaris are needed from central and eastern Asia to determine their boundaries more precisely. P. germanica does not extend east as far as Japan although P. vulgaris is found in Japan. Three Paravespula species are only found in hilly or mountainous country: P. orbata occurring from 700 m to 3000 m, P. koreensis from 300 m to 2300 m and P. structor from 900 m to 3700 m. The other Paravespula are found in the lowlands besides the hills and mountains with P. shidai extending to 1000 m, P. vulgaris to 3000 m and P. flavipes and P. germanica l03500 m. 0 0 0 0 REFERENCES Akre, R.D., Green, A., MacDonald, J.F., Landolt, P.J. & Davis, H.G., 1981, The yellowjackets of America north of Meli<ico, V.S.D.A., Agric. Handb. No 552: 1-102. Archer, M.E., 1982, A revision of the subgenus Rugovespula novo of the genus Vespula, Kontyu, 50: 261-269; 1989, A Key to the World Species of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera). Pt. 284 ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE 1. Keys, Checklist and Distribution. Pt. 2. Figures, Res. Monogr. Coli. Ripon & York St John, No 2: 1-41;·1-34. Carpenter, J.M., 1987, Phylogenetic relationships'and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Syst. Ent., 12: 413-431. Eck, R., 1994, Eine neue Art der Vespula vulgaris-Gruppe aus Mexiko (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierlav. Dresden, 56: 125-128. Edwards, R., 1976, The world distribution pattern of the German Wasp, Paravespu/a germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Ent. germ., 3: 269-271. Jacobson, RS., Matthews, R W. & MacDonaId, J., 1978, A systematic study of the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellowjacket species in Eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 71: 299-312. Spradbery, J.P. & Maywald, G.F., 1992, The distribution of the European or German Wasp, Vespula germanica (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in Australia: Past, Present and Future, Aust. J. Zoo!., 40:.495-510. Yamane, Sk. & Tano, T., 1985, Supplement to the Vespula Fauna of Taiwan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), Kontyfi, 53: 420-425. Yamane, Sk., Wagner, R.E. & Yamane, So., 1980, A tentative revision of the subgenus Paravespula of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Insecta matsum., 19: 1-46. The University College of Ripon & York St John, Lord Mayors Walk, York, Y03 7EX. April 29th, 1996 Anomoia purmunda (Harris) (Dipt., Tephritidae) swarming in a freshly painted Irish shed. - There are few published Irish records of Anomoia purmunda (Harris). On 6.vi.l972, the species was collected (d') in Belfast, Co. Antrim and on 20.viii.1978 swept at Loughlinstown Common, Co. Dublin (Chandler & Speight, 1983, Bull. lr. biogeog. Soc. 6: 2-17). In the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, there are only two specimens viz. Tritonville Road, Dublin City (01833), 18.vi.l988, J.M.C. Hohites and Castleknock, Co. Dublin (00837), ll.ix.1996, J,P.O'c. Both individuals were taken inside houses while walking on windows. . Because of its apparent rarity, the authors were surprised to note large numbers of A. purmunda both on and in a wooden shed in the garden of the Castleknock house mentioned above. The shed was erected on the morning of the 20.viii.1997. During the afternoon, the outside was painted with wood preservative and the inside with white emulsion. Since the weather was dry and warm, the preservative and paint dried rapidly. About 1800 hours, eight adults of A. purmunda were noticed opening and closing their wings while walking about oil the outside of the shed. Another two were inside, behaving in a similar manner. The species was identified using White (1988, Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 10(5a): 1-134). On subsequent days, the number of flies dancing on the inside and outside walls of the shed increased until 26.vii.1997 when the maximum density was reached. On that day, 33 were on the outside walls with 134 inside (mainly on the ceiling). Occasional fights took place between neighbouring adults. All the examined specimens were males. Afterwards, the numbers gradually declined and by 1.ix.1997, ·only one remained (inside). The following day, it was gone and no further specimens were observed. It is interesting to note that after the first day, the number of flies inside were always greater than that outside. A. purmunda attacks the fruits of Crataegus and sometimes other Rosaceae, and Berberis (White, op. cit.). All these plants are grown in the CastIeknock garden and undoubtedly provided the larval food source for the specimens on the shed. Strangely, no adults of A. purmunda were seen swarming in any other part of the garden. Adults of A. purmunda have previously been recorded in numbers on freshly painted surfaces (Smith, 1984, Entomologists man. Mag., 120: 195; Laurence, 1990, Antenna, 14(4): 175-7) and on the flowers of certain plants (Smith, 1992, Entomologists mono Mag., 128: 74). Voucher specimens have been deposited in the National Museum of Ireland. The authors are grateful to J.M.C. Holmes for the Dublin City record. - J.P. O'CONNOR & M.A. O'CONNOR, clo National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland: November 20th, 1997.