Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 106 A Chronology of Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of thePlains Gulf Middle Missouri of California: VillageRhodophyta, Sites Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta By Craig M. Johnson with contributions by JamesA.N.Ahler, Norris, Luis E.and Aguilar-Rosas, Stanley Herbert Haas, Georges Bonani and Francisco F. Pedroche SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. 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The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu). For fully searchable PDFs of all open access series and publications of the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, visit Open SI at http://opensi.si.edu. smithsonian contributions to botany • numb e r 1 0 6 Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche WASHINGTON, D.C. 2017 ABSTRACT Norris, James N., Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche. Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 106, vi + 125 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix, 2017. — The present treatment constitutes an undated, annotated, systematic review of red, brown, and green benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico, using the currently accepted taxon names, with the date and place of valid publication, type locality, and north to south distribution in the Gulf. The systematic list contains 730 species recognized in the Gulf of California, including 490 species of Rhodophyta, 112 species of Phaeophyceae, and 128 species of Chlorophyta. Among the previously recorded marine algae, 39 species are considered uncertain records or to have uncertain taxonomic status, the selection of a lectotype for Gracilaria hancockii resolves its taxonomic status, 3 combinations are made for recognized varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia, and 15 species are excluded from the Gulf of California marine flora. The geographical distribution range of each species is given from its northernmost to southernmost locales within three regions the Gulf of California: the east coast of the Gulf (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco), the west coast of the Gulf (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur), the islands of the Gulf, including the Islas Grandes (=Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands), and islands of the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco. Remarks, where appropriate, are included on taxonomy, nomenclature, ecology, and/or distribution with the taxon. Cover images (left to right): Hydroclathrus clathratus (Punta La Gringa, Baja California), Asparagopsis taxiformis (Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur); Colpomenia sinuosa (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora), and Spyridia filamentosa? (Laguna Percebú, Baja California). Image credits (left to right): 1, 2, 4 by L. E. Aguilar-Rosas; 3 by J. N. Norris. Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 https://scholarlypress.si.edu Compilation copyright © 2017 Smithsonian Institution The rights to all text and images in this publication, including cover and interior designs, are owned either by the Smithsonian Institution, by contributing authors, or by third parties. Fair use of materials is permitted for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify copyrighted content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Users are responsible for securing permission from a rights holder for any other use. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Norris, James N., author. | Aguilar Rosas, Luis Ernesto, author. | Pedroche, Francisco F., author. | Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, publisher. Title: Conspectus of the benthic marine algae of the Gulf of California : Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta / James N. Norris, Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas, and Francisco F. Pedroche. Other titles: Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 106. 0081-024X Description: Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2017. | Series: Smithsonian contributions to botany, ISSN 0081-024X ; number 106 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017006293 Subjects: LCSH: Marine algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Red algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Brown algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Green algae—Mexico—California, Gulf of. | Benthic plants—Mexico— California, Gulf of. Classification: LCC QK571.9.C35 N65 2017 | DDC 579.8/809722—dc23 | SUDOC SI 1.29:106 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017006293 ISSN: 1938-2812 (online); 0081-024X (print) Publication date (online): 30 November 2017 Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. Contents LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 SYSTEMATIC LIST 9 SYNOPSIS OF RED ALGAL TAXA Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901:46 9 13 SYNOPSIS OF BROWN ALGAL TAXA Stramenopiles D. J. Patterson, 1989:372 Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith, 1996:508 Phaeophyceae Kjellman, 1891:176 62 SYNOPSIS OF GREEN ALGAL TAXA Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914:158 75 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 90 APPENDIX: LOCALITIES CITED IN DISTRIBUTION SECTIONS 91 REFERENCES 97 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 63 63 63 76 117 Figures 1. Gulf of California, Mexico 2. Gulf of California coasts from the mouth of Río Colorado to the southern entrance extending from Cabo San Lucas to Cabo Corrientes 3. Islas Grandes of the central northern Gulf of California 4. East coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado to Cabo Corrientes 5. West coast of Gulf of California: Southward from Río Colorado to Cabo San Lucas 2 3 4 5 6 Conspectus of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Gulf of California: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Chlorophyta James N. Norris,1* Luis E. Aguilar-Rosas,2 and Francisco F. Pedroche 3 INTRODUCTION 1 Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Apartado Postal 453, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. 3 Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, 52005 Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, Mexico. * Correspondence: norrisj@si.edu Received 22 September 2016; accepted 2 November 2016. The Gulf of California (Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortez (Mar de Cortés) or Vermilion Sea (Mar Bermejo), is basically a long, rectangular basin, over 1,050 km in length (between 24°N and 32°N), and ranges 48−241 km (averaging about 175 km) in width. Closed in the north, the Gulf of California extends from the Río Colorado delta southward between the east coast of the Mexican Baja California peninsula (states of Baja California and Baja California Sur) and the west coast of mainland Mexico (states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco) to its southernmost entrance, which runs southeast from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur) to Cabo Corrientes (Jalisco). It has a coastline of about 4,000 km (Figures 1−5). There are over 900 islands (islas), islets (isolets), and rocas throughout the Gulf, including the largest islands in the Gulf, the Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cinura; Midriff Islands). The Gulf of California has wide range of habitats from coastal salt marshes, mangrove lagoons, estuaries, and marine intertidal and shallow subtidal waters to very deep waters over its tropical and subtropical to warm temperate regions (Pedroche et al., 2005, 2008; Norris, 2010, 2014). The Gulf of California has a wide variety of habitats that has yielded a high diversity of benthic macroalgae. Currently 730 species (including 3 subspecies, 30 varieties, and 9 forms) are recognized in the Gulf of California, with the Rhodophyta well represented by 23 orders, 52 families, 155 genera, and 490 species (including 1 subspecies, 21 varieties, and 2 forms); Phaeophyceae represented by 10 orders, 19 families, 37 genera, and 112 species (including 1 subspecies, 2 varieties, and 2 forms); and Chlorophyta represented by 7 orders, 16 families, 30 genera, and 128 species (including 1 subspecies, 10 varieties, and 3 forms). Among those marine algae previously recorded in the Gulf of California, 39 species were found to be uncertain records or of uncertain taxonomic status, and 15 species are excluded from its marine flora. A lectotype is selected for Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, which is treated as a synonym of G. subsecundata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, and new combinations for three varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia are proposed. The general features of the Gulf of California’s marine flora and its history of marine botanical exploration can be found in Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008) and Norris (2010). Oceanographic features of the Gulf of California are given by van Andel and Shor (1964), Álvarez-Borrego (1983, 2002), and Lavín and Marinone (2003), with overviews by Maluf (1983), González-González et al. (1996), Brusca et al. (2005), FIGURE 1. Gulf of California. NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image (México.A200334.2040), taken 30 November 2003 by the Aqua Earth-observing satellite. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response team, NASA/GSFC, Visible Earth, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. FIGURE 2. Gulf of California coasts from the mouth of Río Colorado to the southern entrance from Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur) to Cabo Corrientes (northern Jalisco): east coast (mainland Mexico; green), west coast (Baja California peninsula; brown), and Islas Grandes (yellow). 4 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y FIGURE 3. Islas Grandes (=Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands) of the central northern Gulf of California. Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008), and Norris (2010). Names for Gulf localities referred to in the distribution of the systematic list and shown in the maps (Figures 2–4) are from Lewis and Ebeling (1971) and Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008). Herein the names of authors of the scientific names of the taxa are after Brummitt and Powell (1992). Herbaria with important holdings of Gulf of California marine algae include the following (herbarium abbreviations follow Thiers, 2015; see also Norris, 2014:2): AD State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia AHFH CAS CMMEX CN Herbarium of the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; AHFH algae collection moved to LAM, now UC Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA; now UC Algae Herbarium of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico Herbier, Université de Caen, Laboratoire de Biologie, Caen, France NUMBER 106 • FIGURE 4. East coast of the Gulf of California (west coast of mainland Mexico): extends southward from Río Colorado to Cabo Corrientes, including mainland states (estados) of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and northern Jalisco. 5 6 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y FIGURE 5. West coast of the Gulf of California (east coast of the Baja California peninsula): extends southward from Río Colorado to Cabo San Lucas, including the Baja California peninsula states (estados) of Baja California and Baja California Sur. NUMBER 106 ENCB FBCS LAM LD MEXU MICH MLML PC TCD UC US Alg. Coll. Herbario, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico Herbario Ficológico, Museo de Historía Natural, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico Algal Herbarium of the Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA; now UC Botanical Museum, Lund, Sweden Herbario Nacional de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Marine Algae Collection, Marine Biological Collection (Museum), Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, consortium of California State University System, Moss Landing, California, USA Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Paris, France Herbarium, School of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Herbarium of the University of California, Berkeley, USA Algal Collection of the U.S. National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA The aim of this work is to create an updated, annotated, systematic list with the distribution of the Gulf of California marine macroalgae. The systematic list contains the currently accepted taxon names of red, brown, and green benthic algae, the date and place of valid publication, and type locality. The geographical distribution range of each taxon is given from its northernmost locale to its southernmost locale within three regions of the Gulf of California: the east coast of the Gulf, comprising the states from Sonora to the northern part of Jalisco (Figures 2, 3); the west coast of the Gulf, covering the states of the peninsula of Baja California (Figures 2, 4); and the taxa on the islands of the Gulf, including the Islas Grandes (also called Grandes Islas, Midriff Islands, or Islas de la Cintura; see Lewis and Ebeling, • 7 1971), which contain two of the largest islands of the Gulf (Figures 2, 5). Abbreviations related to the distribution include the following: BC BCS EC GRO IS ISG JAL MICH NAY SIN SON WC Baja California Baja California Sur east coast of the Gulf of California Guerrero islas (islands) of the Gulf of California Islas Grandes (Midriff Islands; Islas de la Cintura) Jalisco Michoacán Nayarit Sinaloa Sonora west coast of the Gulf of California Where appropriate, remarks on taxonomy, nomenclature, biology, ecology, and/or distribution are included with the taxon. Additional references to the Gulf of California taxa, including taxonomic accounts of the species with their basionym and synonyms, type localities, distribution, and published records, can be found in Pedroche et al. (2005, 2008) and Norris (2010, 2014). We hope this conspectus will encourage further taxonomic and phylogenetic research on the biodiversity, morphological and molecular systematics, phylogenetics, and phylogeographic and ecological investigations of the marine algae of this biologically unique region. Many challenging questions on taxonomy problems and molecular systematics and phylogenetic relationships remain to be solved. The Gulf of California taxa presented here all require genetic testing to verify, resolve, or correct their identification, phylogenetic relationships, and taxonomy. Conservation of the diverse ecosystems in the Gulf of California is being provided by several marine biosphere reserves, marine protected areas (for natural resources or flora and fauna), marine sanctuaries, and national marine parks (Cartron et al., 2005; Enriquez-Andrade et al., 2005; Lluch-Cota et al., 2007; Danemann and Ezcurra, 2008; Brusca, 2010; Norris, 2014). The current protected areas of the Gulf of California include 244 islands, islets, and coastal areas indicated on the World Heritage List “Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California” (UNESCO, 2011, 2013, 2016) and “Ficha Técnica para la evaluación de los sitios prioritarios para la conservación de los ambientes costeros y oceánicos de México” (CONABIO et al., n.d.; Sánchez-Ibarra et al., 2013). Systematic List SYNOPSIS OF RED ALGAL TAXA The synoptic list below of Rhodophyta of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, classes, orders, families, and genera of red algae presented in the accounts following this list. RHODOPHYTA RHODOPHYTINA STYLONEMATOPHYCEAE Stylonematales Stylonemataceae Chroodactylon Hansgirg Stylonema Reinsch COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE Erythropeltales Erythrotrichiaceae Erythrocladia Rosenvinge Erythropeltis F. Schmitz Erythrotrichia Areschoug Porphyrostromium Trevisan Sahlingia Kornmann EURHODOPHYTINA BANGIOPHYCEAE Bangiales Bangiaceae Bangia Lyngbye Porphyrales Porphyraceae Pyropia J. Agardh FLORIDEOPHYCEAE HILDENBRANDIOPHYCIDAE Hildenbrandiales Hildenbrandiaceae Hildenbrandia Nardo NEMALIOPHYCIDAE Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae Acrochaetium Nägeli Rhododrewia S. L. Clayden et G. W. Saunders Colaconematales Colaconemataceae Colaconema Batters Nemaliales Galaxauraceae Dichotomaria Lamarck Galaxaura J. V. Lamouroux 10 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Tricleocarpa Huisman et Borowitzka Liagoraceae Dermonema Harvey ex Heydrich Ganonema K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. Wang Helminthora J. Agardh Izziella Doty Liagora J.V. Lamouroux Scinaiaceae Scinaia Bivona-Bernardi Palmariales Rhodophysemataceae Rhodonematella Clayden et G. W. Saunders CORALLINOPHYCIDAE Corallinales Corallinales subord. Corallinineae Corallinaceae Corallinaceae subfam. Corallinoideae Crusticorallina K. R. Hind et P. W. Gabrielson Corallinoideae tribe Corallineae Corallina Linnaeus Corallinoideae tribe Janieae Haliptilon (Decaisne) Lindley Jania J. V. Lamouroux Corallinaceae subfam. Metagoniolithoideae Harveylithon A. Rösler, Perfectti, V. Peña et J. Braga Lithophyllaceae Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae Lithophylloideae tribe Amphiroeae Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux Lithophylloideae tribe Dermatolitheae Titanoderma Nägeli Lithophylloideae tribe Lithophylleae Lithophyllum Philippi Litholepis Foslie Pseudolithophyllum Me. Lemoine Spongitidaceae Spongitidaceae subfam. Hydrolithoideae Hydrolithon (Foslie) Foslie Fosliella M. Howe Pneophyllum Kützing Spongitidaceae subfam. Mastophoroideae Heteroderma Foslie Spongitidaceae subfam. Neogoniolithoideae Neogoniolithon Setchell et L. R. Mason Spongitidaceae subfam. Porolithoideae Porolithon Foslie Spongitis Kützing Corallinales subord. Mesophyllineae Lithothamniaceae Lithothamniaceae subfam. Lithothamnioideae Lithothamnioideae tribe Lithothamnieae Lithothamnion Heydrich Lithothamnioideae tribe Phymatolitheae Phymatolithon Foslie Mesophyllaceae Mesophyllum Me. Lemoine Hapalidiales Hapalidiaceae Hapalidiaceae subfam. Choreonematoideae Choreonematoideae tribe Choreonemateae Choreonema F. Schmitz Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae Melobesioideae tribe Melobesieae Melobesia J. V. Lamouroux AHNFELTIOPHYCIDAE Ahnfeltiales Ahnfeltiaceae Ahnfeltia Fries RHODYMENIOPHYCIDAE Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux Gelidiellaceae Gelidiella J. Feldmann et G. Hamel Pterocladiaceae Pterocladia J. Agardh Pterocladiella Santelices et Hommersand Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Gracilariaceae subfam. Gracilarioideae Gracilarioideae tribe Gracilarieae NUMBER 106 Gracilaria Greville Gracilariopsis E. Y. Dawson Gracilariophila Setchell et H. L. Wilson Pterocladiophilaceae Gelidiocolax N. L. Gardner Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Asparagopsis Montagne Bonnemaisonia C. Agardh Ceramiales Ceramiales subord. Ceramiineae Callithamniaceae Callithamniaceae subfam. Callithamnioideae Callithamnioideae tribe Callithamnieae Aglaothamnion FeldmannMazoyer Callithamnion Lyngbye Callithamniaceae subfam. Crouanioideae Crouanioideae tribe Crouanieae Crouania J. Agardh Crouanophycus Athanasiadis Ceramiaceae Ceramiaceae subfam. Ceramioideae Ceramioideae tribe Antithamnieae Antithamnion Nägeli Ceramioideae tribe Ceramieae Centroceras Kützing Ceramium Roth Corallophila Weber-van Bosse Gayliella T. O. Cho, L. McIvor et S. M. Boo Ceramioideae tribe Delesseriopsieae Balliella Itono et Tak. Tanaka Ceramioideae tribe Dohrnielleae Antithamnionella Lyle Irtugovia Perestenko Ceramioideae tribe Pterothamnieae Pterothamnion Nägeli Ceramiaceae subfam. Spongoclonioideae Spongoclonioideae tribe Spongoclonieae Pleonosporium Nägeli Spyridiaceae Spyridiaceae tribe Spyrideae Spyridia Harvey Ceramiales subord. Spermothamniineae Wrangeliaceae Wrangeliaceae tribe Griffithsieae • 11 Anotrichium Nägeli Griffithsia C. Agardh Wrangeliaceae tribe Lejolisieae Lejolisia Bornet Wrangeliaceae tribe Spermothamnieae Spermothamnion Areschoug Tiffaniella Doty et Meñez Dasyaceae Dasyaceae subfam. Dasyoideae Dasya C. Agardh Dasyaceae subfam. Heterosiphonioideae Heterosiphonia Montagne Delesseriaceae Delesseriaceae subfam. Delesserioideae Delesserioideae tribe Apoglosseae Apoglossum J. Agardh Delesserioideae tribe Caloglosseae Caloglossa (Harvey) G. Martens Taenioma J. Agardh Delesserioideae tribe Grinnellieae Grinnellia Harvey Delesserioideae tribe Hypoglosseae Branchioglossum Kylin Hypoglossum Kützing Delesseriaceae subfam. Nitophylloideae Nitophylloideae tribe Valeriemayaeae Polyneurella E. Y. Dawson Delesseriaceae subfam. Phycodryoideae Phycodryoideae tribe Myriogrammeae Myriogramme Kylin Phycodryoideae tribe Phycodryeae Erythroglossum J. Agardh Phycodrys Kützing Sorella Hollenberg Phycodryoideae tribe Schizoserideae Schizoseris Kylin Sarcomeniaceae Platysiphonia Børgesen Rhodomelaceae Rhodomelaceae tribe Alsidieae Bryothamnion Kützing Digenea C. Agardh Rhodomelaceae tribe Bostrychieae Bostrychia Montagne 12 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Rhodomelaceae tribe Lophothalieae Veleroa E. Y. Dawson Murrayellopsis E. Post Rhodomelaceae tribe Lophosiphonieae Lophosiphonia Falkenberg Rhodomelaceae tribe Streblocladieae Melanothamnus Bornet et Falkenberg Rhodomelaceae tribe Polysiphonieae Polysiphonia Greville Rhodomelaceae tribe Pterosiphonieae Amplisiphonia Hollenberg Pterosiphonia Falkenberg Pterosiphoniella E. Y. Dawson Symphyocladia Falkenberg Tayloriella Kylin Rhodomelaceae tribe Herposiphonieae Herposiphonia Nägeli Rhodomelaceae tribe Chondrieae Acanthophora J. V. Lamouroux Chondria C. Agardh Rhodomelaceae tribe Laurencieae Erythrocystis J. Agardh Laurencia J. V. Lamouroux Osmundea Stackhouse Palisada K. W. Nam Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae Caulacanthus Kützing Cystocloniaceae Hypnea J. V. Lamouroux Dicranemataceae Dicranema Sonder Dumontiaceae Dudresnaya P. Crouan et H. Crouan Gigartinaceae Chondracanthus Kützing Mazzaella G. De Toni Kallymeniaceae Kallymenia J. Agardh Pugetia Kylin Erythrophyllum J. Agardh Phyllophoraceae Ahnfeltiopsis P. C. Silva et DeCew Besa Setchell Gymnogongrus Martius Petroglossum Hollenberg Solieriaceae Solieriaceae tribe Agardhielleae Agardhiella F. Schmitz Solieriaceae tribe Solierieae Sarcodiotheca Kylin Tacanoosca J. N. Norris, P. W. Gabrielson et D. P. Cheney Wurdemannia Harvey Weeksiaceae Weeksia Setchell Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Cruoriella P. Crouan et H. Crouan Metapeyssonnelia Boudouresque, Coppejans et Marcot Peyssonnelia Decaisne Cryptonemiales Halymeniaceae Cryptonemia J. Agardh Grateloupia C. Agardh Halymenia C. Agardh Prionitis J. Agardh Norrissia Balakrishnan Pachymenia J. Agardh Tsengiaceae Tsengia K.-C. Fan et Y.-P. Fan Nemastomatales Nemastomataceae Predaea G. De Toni Schizymeniaceae Platoma Schousboe ex F. Schmitz Schizymenia J. Agardh Haematocelis J. Agardh Plocamiales Plocamiaceae Plocamium J. V. Lamouroux Sebdeniales Sebdeniaceae Sebdenia (J. Agardh) Berthold Rhodymeniales Champiaceae Champia Desvaux Gastroclonium Kützing Faucheaceae Gloiocladia J. Agardh Gloioderma J. Agardh Lomentariaceae Lomentariaceae tribe Ceratodictyeae Ceratodictyon Zanardini NUMBER 106 Lomentariaceae tribe Lomentarieae Fushitsunagia Filloramo et G. W. Saunders Lomentaria Lyngbye Rhodymeniaceae Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin Irvinea Guiry Rhodymenia Greville RHODOPHYTA WETTSTEIN, 1901:46 RHODOPHYTINA H. S. YOON, K. M. MÜLLER, SHEATH, F. OTT ET D. BHATTACHARYA, 2006:490 STYLONEMATOPHYCEAE H. S. YOON, K. M. MÜLLER, SHEATH, F. OTT ET D. BHATTACHARYA, 2006:490 STYLONEMATALES K. M. DREW, 1956:73 STYLONEMATACEAE K. M. DREW, 1956:73 Chroodactylon Hansgirg, 1885:14 Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh) Basson, 1979:67 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Lake Mälaren, bridge near Transberg, Stockholm, Sweden. Stylonema Reinsch, 1875:40 Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. M. Drew, 1956:72 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeastern Italy. Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch, 1875:40 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Robinson, SON. Type Locality. Cres (northern island in Kvarner Gulf), Adriatic Sea, Croatia. COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET HOMMERSAND, 2004:1503 ERYTHROPELTALES GARBARY, G. I. HANSEN ET SCAGEL, 1980:140 Remarks. Athanasiadis (2016a) noted the original spelling, Erythropeltidales, should be corrected to Erythropeltales. • 13 ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE G. M. SMITH, 1933:120, 122 Erythrocladia Rosenvinge, 1909:71 Erythrocladia endophloea M. Howe, 1914:81 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Bahía de Sechura, Departamento de Piura, northeastern Peru. Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge, 1909:72 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía Balandra, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. On Polysiphonia; Møllegrund, off Hirtshals, Skagerrak, northern Denmark. Erythropeltis F. Schmitz, 1896:313 Erythropeltis discigera (Berthold) F. Schmitz, 1896:313 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, SW coast of Italy. Erythrotrichia Areschoug, 1850:435, nom. cons. Erythrotrichia ascendens E. Y. Dawson, 1953:6 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Beach drift, on Galaxaura; about 8.05 km N of Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A southern Gulf endemic, Erythrotrichia ascendens is a little-known species. Although this tropical species was considered a synonym of E. carnea by Garbary et al. (1981), its taxonomic status needs reinvestigation. Erythrotrichia biseriata Tak. Tanaka, 1944:86 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. Type Locality. Hachijō-jima (Hatidyō Island), Izu Islands (Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park), Japan, Philippine Sea. Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh, 1883:15 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Mouth of Loughor River, Glamorganshire (Loughor), Wales, UK. Epitype. Port Eynon, Gower, Wales, UK. Erythrotrichia carnea f. tenuis Tak. Tanaka, 1944:92 Gulf of California Distribution. Cabo Pulmo, BCS. WC: 14 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Syntype Localities. Tanaka (1944) listed 7 locales from 3 countries—Japan: Yonakuni-sima, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands (SW Okinawa Prefecture), Makurazaki, Kyūshū (Kagoshima Prefecture), Takamatu, Shikoku Island (Kagawa Prefecture), Fukue Island, Gotō Islands (Nagasaki Prefecture), and Hinomisaki, Izumo (Shimane Prefecture); Taiwan: Cape Garanbi, Hengchun Peninsula, Pingtung (Píngdōng) County; and Micronesia: Pohnpei (Ponape), Senyavin Islands, Caroline Islands. Erythrotrichia parksii var. minor N. L. Gardner, 1927a:239 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Neah Bay, Makah Reservation, Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington, USA. Erythrotrichia tetraseriata N. L. Gardner, 1927a:240 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. On the seagrass Zostera marina Linnaeus; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Bangia Lyngbye, 1819:18 Bangia enteromorphoides E. Y. Dawson, 1953:13 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Gelidium sclerophyllum; north of El Faro de Olas Atlas, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico. Bangia vermicularis? Harvey, 1858:55 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Calerita to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, ISG. Type Locality. Golden Gate, westernmost entrance to San Francisco Bay (locale probably now below the Golden Gate Bridge either at Fort Point or the San Francisco Presidio), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA. Remarks. Norris (2014) queried identification of Bangia vermicularis? in the Gulf, and it needs to be tested. PORPHYRALES KJELLMAN, 1880:7 Porphyrostromium Trevisan, 1848:100 PORPHYRACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:382 Porphyrostromium boryanum (Montagne) P. C. Silva, in Silva et al., 1996:914 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Fort des Anglais, Algiers, Algeria. Pyropia J. Agardh, 1899:149 Porphyrostromium ciliare (Carmichael ex Harvey) M. J. Wynne, 1986:329 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Appin, Argyll, Scotland, UK. Sahlingia Kornmann, 1989:227 Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann, 1989:227 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. Møllegrund, off Hirtshals, Skagerrak, northern Denmark. EURHODOPHYTINA G. W. SAUNDERS HOMMERSAND, 2004:1503 BANGIACEAE DUBY, 1830:985 Pyropia hollenbergii (E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, L. E. Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland et al., 2011:1143 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Punta Chivato to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Bahía Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf endemic, P. hollenbergii was not recently found in Sonora or Sinaloa but reported on the Gulf coast of Baja California Sur (López-Vivas et al., 2015). The Conchocelisphase, while known in culture studies of P. hollenbergii (LópezVivas et al., 2011), has not yet been found in natural habitats. ET BANGIOPHYCEAE WETTSTEIN, 1901:187 BANGIALES NÄGELI, 1847:136 Remarks. Pyropia and Porphyra C. Agardh (1824) are often treated within the Bangiales and Bangiaceae, however Athanasiadis (2016a) recognized them as members of this order and family. The Conchocelis-phase, known in culture of the Gulf P. hollenbergii (López-Vivas et al., 2011), has not yet been found in nature for any of the reported species of Pyropia in the Gulf of California. Pyropia lanceolata (Setchell et Hus) S. C. Lindstrom, in Sutherland et al., 2011:1144 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Nopoló to Puerto Escondido, BCS. Lectotype Locality. Land’s End, Golden Gate National Recreation Area (westernmost entrance to San Francisco Bay), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, NUMBER 106 USA (Lindstrom and Cole, 1992:435). Note that the lectotype of Krishnamurthy (1972:34) from Carmel Bay, Monterey County, central California, was rejected by Lindstrom and Cole (1992). Pyropia pendula (E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, L. E. Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland et al., 2011:1144 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Calerita to Los Planes, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Carmen, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Pyropia pendula is a Gulf endemic. Pyropia perforata (J. Agardh) S. C. Lindstrom, in Sutherland et al., 2011:1144 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Near the Golden Gate entrance to San Francisco Bay (locale probably now below the Golden Gate Bridge either at Fort Point or the San Francisco Presidio), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA. Pyropia thuretii (Setchell et E. Y. Dawson) J. E. Sutherland, L. E. Aguilar-Rosas et R. Aguilar-Rosas, in Sutherland et al., 2011:1145 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON, to Playa Olas Altas, SIN. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Rocas Consag, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Carmen, and Isla Danzante, BCS. Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. Pyropia sp. GCI of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 3 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Las Galeras to Punta Arenas, BCS. IS: Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Remarks. One of three undecribed species that were considered to be southern Gulf endemics (López-Vivas et al., 2015). Pyropia sp. GCII of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 3 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Las Cruces, BCS. Remarks. This undecribed species was identified as a southern Gulf endemic (López-Vivas et al., 2015). Pyropia sp. GCIII of López-Vivas et al., 2015:tbl. 2, fig. 2 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Patos, ISG; Isla el Choyero, and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Remarks. The third southern Gulf endemic species (López-Vivas et al., 2015), it is also currently undescribed. • 15 FLORIDEOPHYCEAE CRONQUIST, 1960:438 HILDENBRANDIOPHYCIDAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET HOMMERSAND, 2004:1504 HILDENBRANDIALES PUESCHEL ET K. M. COLE, 1982:718 HILDENBRANDIACEAE RABENHORST, 1868:408 Hildenbrandia Nardo, 1834:676 Hildenbrandia dawsonii (Ardré) Hollenberg, 1971:286 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Cabo Corrientes, JAL. Type Locality. Punta Malamarrimo, Bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno, Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Hildenbrandia prototypus Nardo, 1834:676 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Calerita to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Carmen, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Venice, Veneto region, Adriatic Sea, northeast Italy. Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini, 1841:426 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Saltdal, Nordland, Norway. NEMALIOPHYCIDAE T. A. CHRISTENSEN, 1978:66 ACROCHAETIALES FELDMANN, 1953:11 ACROCHAETIACEAE FRITSCH EX W. R. TAYLOR, 1957:209 Acrochaetium Nägeli, in Nägeli and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532 Acrochaetium arcuatum (K. M. Drew) C. K. Tseng, 1945:158 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Moss Beach, San Mateo County, central California, USA. Acrochaetium bornetii Papenfuss, 1945:313 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puertecitos, BC. Type Locality. Belle-Ile-en-Mer, Morbihan, Brittany, northwest France. Acrochaetium crassipes (Børgesen) Børgesen, 1915:20 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Isla Turner and Isla Rasa (with a query), ISG. 16 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. lands, Caribbean Sea. Harbor, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Is- Acrochaetium microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli, in Nägeli and Cramer, 1858:532 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro to Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Torquay, Devon, England, UK (Hamel, 1928; Woelkerling, 1972; Athanasiadis, 1996b). Although Kützing (1849:640) gave type locality as “In sinu neapolitano” (Silva et al., 1996, as Golfo di Napoli, Italy), there are no known type collections from the Bay of Naples (see Hamel, 1928; Guiry and Guiry, 2014). Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli, in Nägeli and Cramer, 1858:532 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. Type Locality. Kvivig (Kvivik), Streymoy Island, Faroe Islands (Faeroe; Foroyar), Faro County, Denmark. Acrochaetium seriaspora (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:43 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum, intertidal rock reef; Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Rhododrewia S. L. Clayden et G. W. Saunders, 2014:229 Rhododrewia porphyrae (K. M. Drew) S. L. Clayden et G. W. Saunders, 2014:230 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Calamajué, BC. Type Locality. Endo-epiphytic on Porphyra perforata (now Pyropia perforata (J. Agardh) S.C. Lindstrom); Land’s End, Golden Gate National Recreational Area (westernmost entrance to San Francisco Bay), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA. Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf as Acrochaetium porphyrae (K. M. Drew) G. M. Smith (1944). COLACONEMATALES J. HARPER ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2002:471 COLACONEMATACEAE J. HARPER ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2002:471 Colaconema Batters, 1896:8 Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga, 1985:317 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. and Irvine, 1977b). Probably north Wales, UK (Dixon Colaconema hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:45 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. On Gelidium, rocky shore; west side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Colaconema pacificum (Kylin) Woelkerling, 1971:47 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Brown Island (ENE of Friday Harbor, San Juan Island), San Juan County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976). Colaconema pectinatum (Kylin) J. T. Harper et G. W. Saunders, 2002:473 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Syntype Localities. Varberg, Hogardsgrund, and Kungsbackafjorden (Kungsbacka Fjord), Halland County, west coast of Sweden. Colaconema punctatum (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:48 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. Type Locality. Southern shore, Bahía Bacochibampo, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Colaconema savianum (Meneghini) R. Nielsen, 1994:715 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. On seagrass, Zostera; Genoa (Genova), Gulf of Genoa, northern end of Ligurian Sea, Province of Genoa, Italy. Colaconema scinaiae (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:48 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Scinaia articulata, dredged to 30–40 m depths; off north end of Santa Barbara Island (33°30′58″N; 119°50′W), Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Colaconema sinicola (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:49 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. NUMBER 106 Colaconema tenuissimum (Collins) Woelkerling, 1971:51 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. San Pedro Harbor entrance, San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Colaconema variabile (K. M. Drew) J. N. Norris, 2014:50 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laminaria andersonii (now L. setchellii P. C. Silva); Cypress Point, Monterey County, central California, USA. NEMALIALES F. SCHMITZ, 1892:17 GALAXAURACEAE P. G. PARKINSON, 1983:606 Dichotomaria Lamarck, 1816:143 Dichotomaria marginata (J. Ellis et Solander) Lamarck, 1816:146 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Punta Cirio, SON. WC: Caleta Santa María to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. “On the shore of one of the Bahama Islands” (Ellis and Solander, 1786:115); lectotype: illustration of Ellis and Solander (1786, pl. 22: fig. 6) selected by Papenfuss et al. (1982). Dichotomaria spathulata (Kjellman) A. Kurihara et Huisman, in Huisman and Kurihara, 2006:21 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Punta Cirio, SON. WC: Loreto to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia. Galaxaura J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185 Galaxaura ramulosa Kjellman, 1900:50 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to “Nuevo Guaymas,” Bahía de San Carlos, SON. Type Locality. [Probably Recifie], state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:263 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía de San Carlos, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Coast of Jamaica, Greater Antilles, Caribbean Sea. Tricleocarpa Huisman et Borowitzka, 1990:164 Tricleocarpa cylindrica (J. Ellis et Solander) Huisman et Borowitzka, 1990:164 • 17 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON; Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS; Isla María Madre, NAY. Type Locality. West Indies (Ellis and Solander, 1786); lectotype: illustration of Ellis and Solander (1786, pl. 22: fig. 4) selected by Papenfuss et al. (1982). Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman et R. A. Townsend, 1993:100 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. WC: El Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “Oceano Americano” (Linnaeus, 1758). Lectotype Locality. Jamaica, Greater Antilles, Caribbean Sea (Huisman and Townsend, 1993). LIAGORACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:321 Dermonema Harvey ex Heydrich, 1894:289 Dermonema pulvinatum (Grunow et Holmes) K.-C. Fan, 1962:336 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Loreto to Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad litora Japoniae” (Holmes, 1896:259). Dermonema virens (J. Agardh) Pedroche et Ávila-Ortiz, 1996:77 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ganonema K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. Wang, 1974:492 Ganonema farinosum (J. V. Lamouroux) K.-C. Fan et Y.-C. Wang, 1974:492 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta San Evaristo to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, BCS. Type Locality. Near Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Helminthora J. Agardh, 1851:415, nom. cons. Helminthora sp. of Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 1992:19 Gulf of California Distribution. Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. EC: 18 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Izziella Doty, 1978:34 Izziella orientalis (J. Agardh) Huisman et Schils, 2002:247 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada Lalo, SON; Playa Guayabitos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Sir Lanka (Ceylon), Indian Ocean. Liagora J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185 Liagora abbottiae E. Y. Dawson, 1953:41 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Punta Santa Rosaliita (“Punta Santa Rosalía” of Dawson, 1953), Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Liagora californica Zeh, 1912:271 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Liagora ceranoides J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:239 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea. Liagora ceranoides f. leprosa (J. Agardh) Yamada, 1938:155 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Veracruz [port city], Veracruz [state], Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Type Locality. tral California, USA. Monterey, Monterey County, cen- Scinaia interrupta (A. P. de Candolle) M. J. Wynne, 1989:131 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pericos, BCS. Type Locality. Rade de Brest, Department of Finistère, Brittany, northwest France. Remarks. Scinaia interrupta, described from Brittany, France, was recently reported in the southern Gulf of California (León-Cisneros et al., 2009), and its crustose-phase was reported from British Columbia (Le Gall and Saunders, 2010). Finding it in the eastern Pacific suggests the eastern Atlantic S. interrupta could be an introduced species or possibly has been overlooked in its natural range. Scinaia johnstoniae Setchell, 1914:97 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Carmen, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Canal de San Lorenzo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Scinaia latifrons M. Howe, 1911:500 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Períco, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, Isla Coronado, Islas de Los Gemelos, and Isla La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San José, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Liagora magniinvolucra E. Y. Dawson, 1953:39 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Cabeza Ballena, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. RHODOPHYSEMATACEAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET J. MCLACHLAN, 1990:20 SCINAIACEAE HUISMAN, J. T. HARPER ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2004:228 Rhodonematella Clayden et G. W. Saunders, 2010:297 Scinaia Bivona-Bernardi, 1822:232 Rhodonematella subimmersa (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Clayden et G. W. Saunders, 2010:297 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Endo-epiphyte on Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) M. Howe; Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Scinaia confusa (Setchell) Huisman, 1985:417 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. EC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. PALMARIALES GUIRY ET D. E. G. IRVINE, IN GUIRY, 1978:138 NUMBER 106 CORALLINOPHYCIDAE L. LE GALL ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2007:1129 CORALLINALES P. C. SILVA ET JOHANSEN, 1986:250 CORALLINALES SUBORD. CORALLININEAE ATHANASIADIS, 2016A:272 CORALLINACEAE J. V. LAMOUROUX, 1812:185 CORALLINACEAE SUBFAM. CORALLINOIDEAE S. F. GRAY, 1821:318 Crusticorallina K. R. Hind et P. W. Gabrielson, in Hind et al., 2016:[6](e-version)/932(print) Remarks. Crusticorallina is the first crustose (nonarticulated) genus recognized to belong in C. subfam. Corallinoideae. Crusticorallina muricata (Foslie) P. W. Gabrielson, Martone, K. R. Hind et C. P. Jensen, in Hind et al., 2016:[8](eversion)/934(print) Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Botany Beach, Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Remarks. A northeast Pacific species, Crusticorallina muricata had been earlier recorded in the southern Gulf of California as Pseudolithophyllum muricatum (Foslie) Steneck et R. T. Paine (1986). Hind et al. (2016) noted specimens previously identified as P. muricatum may be this or possibly another species. It is unlikely that Crusticorallina muricata occurs in the Gulf, and the Gulf “P. muricatum” along with Gulf Lithothamnion lichenare need to be reexamined and molecularly analyzed to resolve their identities (see also Remarks under Lithothamnion lichenare). CORALLINOIDEAE TRIBE CORALLINEAE NACCARI, 1828:105 Corallina Linnaeus, 1758:646, 805 Corallina officinalis var. chilensis (Decaisne in Harvey) Kützing, 1858:32 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON. Type Locality. Valparaiso, Valparaiso Province, central Chile. Corallina pinnatifolia (Manza) E. Y. Dawson, 1953:124 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Calerita, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON. • 19 Type Locality. Rocky reef; Doheny State Beach, Dana Point, Orange County, southern California, USA. Corallina pinnatifolia var. digitata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:125 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Punta Colorado (vic. Guaymas), SON. WC: El Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde to Calerita, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Punta Colorado, vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Corallina polysticha E. Y. Dawson, 1953:131 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Pelícano, Bahía Kino, SON. Type Locality. About 4 km N of South Bluff, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo, 1902b:719 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to Bahía la Ventana, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Bossiella P. C. Silva, 1957:46 Remarks. On the basis of our current understanding of Gulf of California species, it is doubtful that this genus occurs in the Gulf. Uncertain Record: Bossiella californica (Descaine) P. C. Silva, 1957:46 Remarks. Although recorded in the upper Gulf from Puerto Peñasco, SON (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991), and southeastern Gulf from Puerto Viejo, Bahía Mazatlán, SIN (Sánchez-Vargas and Hendrickx, 1987), its presence in the Gulf of California needs to be verified. Excluded Species: Bossiella orbigniana (Descaine) P. C. Silva, 1957:47 Remarks. Riosmena-Rodríguez and Woelkerling (2000) noted that the Gulf of California report of B. orbigniana from La Paz was based on an incorrectly labeled specimen. CORALLINOIDEAE TRIBE JANIEAE H. W. JOHANSEN ET P. C. SILVA, 1978:414 Haliptilon (Decaisne) Lindley, 1846:26 Haliptilon roseum var. verticillatum (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:85 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. 20 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Jania J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186 Jania adhaerens J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:270 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Yelapa, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. Type Locality. “Mediterranee?” (Lamouroux, 1816:270). Jania capillacea Harvey, 1853:84 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Bufeo, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Partida [sur], BCS. Type Locality. Bahía Honda Key (Bahía Honda State Park), Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. Jania decussato-dichotoma (Yendo) Yendo, 1905:37 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla and Isla Carmen, BCS. Syntype Localities. Three locales in Japan (Yendo, 1902): Misaki, Sagami Bay (Kanagawa Prefecture), and Chiba Prefecture (formerly Boshū Province), both Honshū Island; and Hyūga, Miyazaki Prefecture (formerly Hiuga Province), Kyūshū Island. Jania huertae Chávez-Barrera, 1972:133 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. SE of Isla Pelícano, near Bahía Kino, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Mateo-Cid et al. (2013) noted the type specimen of J. huertae is missing, and locating the type material and new collection of topotype specimens with its characteristics are needed to clarify its taxonomic status. Jania longiarthra E. Y. Dawson, 1953:119 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. IS: Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Jania mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:197 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Ensenada Ampe, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Estero Punta Perla (on Isla Tiburón), ISG. Type Locality. Bahía de Petatlan, vicinity of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. Remarks. Although Silva et al. (1987) and MateoCid et al. (2013) considered J. mexicana to be conspecific with J. pacifica, Norris (2014) kept the two separate, commenting that critical comparisons were needed to test their phylogenetic and taxonomic status. Jania pacifica Areschoug, 1852:556 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Punta Gallito, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Huatulco (Guatulco), 15°78′N, 96°27′W, Oaxaca, Mexico. Remarks. The relationship of Jania pacifica to J. mexicana requires further molecular and morphological study (see also Remarks above under J. mexicana). Jania subpinnata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:115 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh; Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow, 1874:42 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. “In sinu neapolitano et ad oras mexicanas” (Kützing, 1858:41). Lectotype Locality. Golfo di Napoli, Italy (Dawson, 1953). Jania tenella var. zacae E. Y. Dawson, 1953:121 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Cabeza de Mechudo, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Padina; Bahía Piedra de Blanca, Cantón de Nicoya, Provincia Guanacaste, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Jania ungulata f. brevior (Yendo) Yendo, 1905:38 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa El Corral, JAL. Type Locality. Chiba Prefecture (formerly Boshū Province), east coast of Honshū Island, Japan. CORALLINACEAE SUBFAM. METAGONIOLITHOIDEAE H. W. JOHANSEN, 1969:47 Harveylithon A. Rösler, Perfectti, V. Peña et J. Braga, 2016:424 Harveylithon samoënse (Foslie) A. Rösler, Perfectti, V. Peña et J. C. Braga, 2016:425 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Punta Mita to Las Cuevas, NAY. NUMBER 106 Type Locality. Satana, Savai’i Island, Western Samoa. Remarks. Upper Gulf specimens referred to this species (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986, as Lithophyllum samoënse Foslie, 1906; =Hydrolithon samoënse (Foslie) Keats et Y. M. Chamberlain, 1994; Maneveldt et al., 2015) need to be reexamined to verify their identifications. LITHOPHYLLACEAE ATHANASIADIS, 2016A:292 LITHOPHYLLACEAE SUBFAM. LITHOPHYLLOIDEAE SETCHELL, 1943:143 Remarks. Recognition of Corallinaceae subfam. Amphiroideae H. W. Johansen (1969) is problematic (Norris, 2014). Cabioch (1972) and later Athanaisiadis (2016a) considered this subfamily to be Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae and placed Amphiroa in L. tribe Amphiroeae Cabioch. LITHOPHYLLOIDEAE TRIBE AMPHIROEAE CABIOCH, 1972:266 Amphiroa J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185 Amphiroa beauvoisii J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:299 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de la Salina, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa San Antonio, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Colorado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Diego, Punta Prieta, Isla Partida, Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Cerralvo, BCS; Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. “Côtes du Portugal” (Lamouroux, 1816:299). Amphiroa brevianceps E. Y. Dawson, 1953:142 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Rocky shore, E of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. Amphiroa compressa var. tenuis W. R. Taylor, 1945:191 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Amphiroa foliacea J. V. Lamouroux, in Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:628 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Mariana Islands, Micronesia. • 21 Epitype Locality. Sanctuary, Ningaloo Marine Park, NW coast of Western Australia, Australia (Harvey et al., 2013). Amphiroa magdalenensis E. Y. Dawson, 1953:143 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla Tortuga and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Rocky shore; Punta Entrada, Isla Magdalena (W side of Bahía Magdalena), Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Amphiroa mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:189 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca Roja, Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. Bahía Petatlan, Guerrero, Mexico. Amphiroa misakiensis Yendo, 1902a:14 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo) and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Cleofas and Isla Isabel, NAY. Type Locality. Misaki, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island, central Japan. Amphiroa polymorpha Me. Lemoine, 1930:74 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Eureka, BCS. Type Locality. Bahía Correos (Post Office Bay), Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Amphiroa rigida J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:297 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. EC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Islote La Ballena, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Cerralvo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea. Amphiroa taylorii E. Y. Dawson, 1953:138 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks, Bahía Braithwaite, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Amphiroa valonioides Yendo, 1902a:5 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Patos and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Monserrate, Isla San Diego, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Syntype Localities. Two locales in Japan (Yendo, 1920): Miyazaki Prefecture (formerly Hiuga Province; Hyūga), 22 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Kyūshū Island, and Misaki, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island. Amphiroa subcylindrica E. Y. Dawson, 1953:139 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, and Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Monserrate, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Rocky shore; Punta Colorado (near Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Although treated as synonym of A. vanbosseae Me. Lemoine (1930; type locality: Isla Floreana, Galápagos; see Norris, 2014), the two are considered separate until genetic analysis of the types tests their species status. Uncertain Record: Amphiroa curreae Ganesan, 1971:155 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY. Remarks. Reported from Nayarit with a query (Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 1992); its identification has also been questioned by Serviere-Zaragoza et al. (1993). Uncertain Record: Amphiroa franciscana W. R. Taylor, 1945:187 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON. Remarks. Reported in the northern Gulf from Bahía Kino (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its presence in the Gulf needs confirmation. LITHOPHYLLOIDEAE DERMATOLITHEAE CABIOCH, 1972:266 TRIBE Titanoderma Nägeli, in Nägeli and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532 Titanoderma canescens (Foslie) Woelkerling, Y. M. Chamberlain et P. C. Silva, 1985:333 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Colorado (vic. Guaymas), SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla de Venados, SIN. Type Locality. On Padina arborescens; [Manazuru] Marine Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefecture (formerly Sagami Province), Honshū Island, Japan. Titanoderma dispar (Foslie) Woelkerling, Y. M. Chamberlain et P. C. Silva, 1985:333 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. On Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides; Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Titanoderma pustulatum (J. V. Lamouroux) Nägeli, in Nägeli and C. E. Cramer, 1858:532 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON. Type Locality. France. Titanoderma confine (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Price, John et Lawson, 1986:86 Titanoderma pustulatum var. confine (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1991:50 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Presumably near Brest, Finistère, France (Chamberlain, 1991). LITHOPHYLLOIDEAE TRIBE LITHOPHYLLEAE ZANARDINI, 1844:1035 Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837:387 Lithophyllum? brachiatum (Heydrich) Me. Lemoine, 1930:44 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf of California species, Lithophyllum brachiatum was excluded from the genus Lithophyllum by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999). Although its generic placement remains uncertain, Riosmena-Rodríguez and Woelkerling (2000) noted the species belongs in either the Spongitidaceae subfam. Mastophoroideae or Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae. Lithophyllum? californiense Heydrich, 1901:530 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf of California species, Lithophyllum californiense was excluded from the genus Lithophyllum by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999). Although RiosmenaRodríguez and Woelkerling (2000) noted the species to be a member of the Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae, its generic placement is unresolved. Lithophyllum corallinae (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Heydrich, 1897b:47 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Playa La Rumorosa, Bahía de Chamela, JAL. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Banc du Chateau et Baie de la Ninon, Rade de Brest, France (Chamberlain, 1991). Lithophyllum diguetii (Hariot) Heydrich, 1901:532 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. WC: Santa Rosalía to Bahía de NUMBER 106 La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Lithophyllum hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:268 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las Peñas, NAY, to Melaque, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Shallow water; Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Lithophyllum imitans Foslie, 1909:13 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Yelapa, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Patos, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY. Type Locality. Pacific Beach (between La Jolla and Mission Beach), near San Diego, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Lithophyllum lichenare L. R. Mason, 1953:339 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Lower intertidal; Kanaka Bay, southern coast of San Juan Island, San Juan County, Salish Sea, Washington, USA. Remarks. Hind et al. (2016) treated Lithophyllum lichenarei L. R. Mason as conspecific with Crusticorallina muricata (Foslie) P. W. Gabrielson, P. T. Martone, K. R. Hind et C. P. Jensen. Its identification in the southern Gulf needs to be verified. Lithophyllum margaritae (Hariot) Heydrich, 1901:530 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Chivato to Bahía del Rincón, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla Danzante, Isla San José, Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla San Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Subtidal bank; off Isla San Juan Nepomuceno (“Nepomezeino”), about 4 km east from Pichilinque, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. In a reinterpretation of L. margaritae as broadly defined by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (1999), Norris (2014) concluded that among the several taxa considered to be synonyms, there were at least three separate species, that is, L. margaritae, L. diguetii (Hariot) Heydrich, and L. pallescens (Foslie) Foslie. Recently, Hernández-Kantún et al. (2015) found molecular diversity within “L. margaritae sensu Riosmena-Rodríquez et al., 1999” was also very high, with two well-supported clades: “L. margaritae A” that subdivided into five hypothetical species and “L. margaritae B” that subdivided into two hypothetical species. Lithophyllum pallescens (Foslie) Foslie, 1900:20 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SIN. WC: El • 23 Machorro, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Carmen, laguna, Bahía San Gabriel and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Subtidal bank; off west shore of Isla Espíritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Lithophyllum proboscideum (Foslie) Foslie, 1900:18 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged off Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. Lithophyllum sp. 1 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:334 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Requesón, BCS. Lithophyllum sp. 2 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:334 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Litholepis Foslie, 1905:5 Litholepis sonorensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:275 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Calerita, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 12–25 m depths; Canal de San Lorenzo (off southern end of Isla Espíritu Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A little-known southern Gulf species, Litholepis sonorensis was recently reported growing on Lithophyllum sp. from Calerita (Mendoza-González et al., 2015). Pseudolithophyllum Me. Lemoine, 1913:45 Uncertain Record: Pseudolithophyllum neofarlowii (Setchell et L. R. Mason) W. H. Adey, 1970:13 Remarks. Although reported from San Felipe to Punta Palmilla (Norris, 2014), its presence in the Gulf of California is doubtful. SPONGITIDACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:XXIII, 382, 385 SPONGITIDACEAE SUBFAM. HYDROLITHOIDEAE A. KATO ET M. BABA, IN KATO ET AL., 2011:669 Hydrolithon (Foslie) Foslie, 1909:55 Hydrolithon chamaedoris (Foslie et M. Howe) M. J. Wynne, 2005:12, 81 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 24 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. Exuma Chain, Bahamas. On Chamaedoris; Cave Cays, Hydrolithon farinosum (J. V. Lamouroux) D. Penrose et Y. M. Chamberlain, 1993:295 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla María Cleofas, NAY. Type Locality. Mediterranean. Hydrolithon reinboldii (Weber-van Bosse et Foslie) Foslie, 1909:55 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Gallo and Isla Gallina (off W coast of Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Muaras Reef (Karana Muaras), atoll off coast of East Kalimantan (east Borneo), Indonesia. Fosliella M. Howe, 1920:587 Fosliella? paschalis (Me. Lemoine) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:176 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Hanga Piko, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province Isla de Pascua, Chile. Remarks. The generic placement of F.? paschalis need reinvestigation. Pneophyllum Kützing, 1843:385 Pneophyllum confervicola (Kützing) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1983:385 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On Conferva vasta (now Chaetomorpha aerea); Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea), northeast Italy. Pneophyllum conicum (E. Y. Dawson) Keats, Y. M. Chamberlain et Baba, 1997:264 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Calerita to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal reef; Binners Cove, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Pneophyllum fragile Kützing, 1843:385 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. On Sphaerococcus coronopifolius; unknown locale in Mediterranean Sea (Chamberlain, 1983); Mediterranean Sea (Silva et al., 1996). Pneophyllum nicholsii (Setchell et L. R. Mason) P. C. Silva et P. W. Gabrielson, in Gabrielson et al., 2004:94 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. On Dictyota binghamiae; La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. SPONGITIDACEAE SUBFAM. MASTOPHOROIDEAE SETCHELL, 1943:134 Heteroderma Foslie, 1909:56 Heteroderma corallinicola E. Y. Dawson, 1944:273 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Cabo Arco, SON. Type Locality. On Corallina; cove north of Cabo Arco, vicinity of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Heteroderma gibbsii (Setchell et Foslie) Foslie, 1909:56 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de los Ángeles, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San José and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Two island locales, both east of Bahía de La Paz (Foslie, 1909): epiphytic on Sargassum at Isla San José (25°00′N; 110°38′W) and on Isla Espíritu Santo (24°30′N; 110°22′W), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Heteroderma subtilissimum (Foslie) Foslie, 1909:56 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On Corallina pilifera J. V. Lamouroux; reef off Atjatuning, west coast of New Guinea. SPONGITIDACEAE SUBFAM. NEOGONIOLITHOIDEAE A. KATO ET M. BABA, IN KATO ET AL., 2011:669 Neogoniolithon Setchell et L. R. Mason, 1943a:92 Neogoniolithon setchellii (Foslie) W. H. Adey, 1970:9 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Las Tarabillas to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Uppermost intertidal; White Point, White Point Park, San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. NUMBER 106 Neogoniolithon trichotomum (Heydrich) Setchell et L. R. Mason, 1943a:92 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla Colorado, BC; Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla Partida, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Heydrich, 1901). SPONGITIDACEAE SUBFAM. POROLITHOIDEAE A. KATO M. BABA, IN KATO ET AL., 2011:669 ET Remarks. Although the subfamily Porolithoideae is generally recognized (e.g., Maneveldt and Keats, 2014; Guiry and Guiry, 2016), it has recently been treated as a synonym of C. subfam. Metagoniolithoideae by Rösler et al. (2016). Porolithon Foslie, 1909:57 Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie, 1909:57 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía del Rincón, BCS. Type Locality. Tami Island, northwest side of Gulf of Huon, Solomon Sea, Papua New Guinea. Remarks. Porolithon onkodes is one of the most widely distributed and ecologically important species of crustose coralline algae. Although found in many areas of the subtropica– tropical Indo-Pacific, South Pacific, eastern and western Pacific, and eastern and western Atlantic (e.g., Maneveldt and Keats, 2014), current records suggest it is probably not widespread in the Gulf of California. Porolithon sonorense E. Y. Dawson, 1944:273 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Partida [sur], BCS. Type Locality. Rocky shore; on west side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Spongitis Kützing, 1841:30 Spongitis decipiens (Foslie) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1993:113 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. On small stone; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. • 25 Remarks. Most Gulf of California specimens referred to “S. decipens” need to reexamined (Norris, 2014). Chamberlain (1993) found some of Dawson’s (1960b) specimens were “S. yendoi.” Fragoso and Rodríguez (2002) later noted some of the Dawson specimens they studied were a Hydrolithon, and none belonged in the genus Spongitis. Spongitis yendoi (Foslie) Y. M. Chamberlain, 1993:102 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Puerto San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. Shimoda, Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. Remarks. See also Remarks above under Spongitis decipiens. Uncertain Record: Spongitis fruticulous Kützing, 1841:30 Remarks. Southern Gulf specimens cited by Dawson (1960b, as Lithothamnion fruticulosum) from Punta Los Frailes and Isla Carmen were later identified by Johansen (1976) as Lithothamnion crassiusculum (Foslie) L. R. Mason (now Mesophyllum crassiusculum (Foslie) Lebednik, in Athanasiadis et al., 2004). The presence of Spongitis fruticulous in the Gulf needs to be verified. CORALLINALES SUBORD. MESOPHYLLINEAE ATHANASIADIS, 2016A:213 LITHOTHAMNIACEAE H. J. HAAS, 1887 [1886]:213 LITHOTHAMNIACEAE SUBFAM. LITHOTHAMNIOIDEAE FOSLIE, 1908:19 LITHOTHAMNIOIDEAE TRIBE LITHOTHAMNIEAE FOSLIE, 1903:25 Lithothamnion Heydrich, 1897a:412, nom. cons. Lithothamnion australe Foslie, in Weber-van Bosse and Foslie, 1904:24 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SIN. WC: Bahía Coyote to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. “Gulf of California” (Weber-van Bosse and Foslie, 1904:24); “in the vicinity of La Paz, Baja California, probably on sublittoral banks” (Dawson, 1960b:11), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Lithothamnion australe f. tualensis Foslie, 1904:24 Gulf of California Distribution. María Magdalena, NAY. IS: Isla 26 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. Tual (Kota Tual; Siboga Expedition station no. 258), Kai Kecil (Little Kai Island; Nuhu Roa), Kai Islands (Kei Islands; Nuhu Evav), SE part of Maluku Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Lithothamnion microsporum (Foslie) Foslie, 1929:51 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC. Type Locality. On pebbles and sandstone; Pacific Beach (between La Jolla and Mission Beach), San Diego County, southern California, USA. Lithothamnion muelleri Lenormand ex Rosanoff, in Rosanoff, 1866:101 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabo Los Machos to Calerita, BCS. IS: El Pardito-La Lobera, Isla San José, BCS. Type Locality. Western Port Bay, Victoria, Australia. Remarks. Identification of “Lithothamnion muelleri” in the Gulf needs to be verified (Norris, 2014). In their analysis Hernández-Kantún et al. (2015: fig. 14) found southern Gulf of California “L. muelleri” grouped weakly with another Lithothamnion from Fiji. Lithothamnion phymatodeum Foslie, 1902:3 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY. Type Locality. “On rocks, upper sublittotal zone” (Woelkerling et al., 2005:470); Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Johansen, 1976). Lithothamnion sp. 1 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San Esteban, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Lithothamnion sp. 2 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Lithothamnion sp. 3 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Requesón, BCS. MESOPHYLLACEAE ATHANASIDAS, 2016A:251 Mesophyllum Me. Lemoine, 1928:251 Mesophyllum crassiusculum (Foslie) Lebednik, in Athanasiadis et al., 2004:152 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. White Point Beach (below Whites Point), White Point−Royal Palms County Park, San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Mesophyllum engelhartii (Foslie) W. H. Adey, 1970:23 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Perico and La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Cape Jaffa, on SE coast of South Australia, Australia. Remarks. Southern Gulf specimens identified as Mesophyllum engelhartii and another species, M. erubescens (Foslie) Me. Lemoine (1928) from Tenerife (Canary Islands), were paraphyletic, grouping with lineages of Lithothamnion and Synarthrophyton R. A. Townsend (1979) without generic limits (Hernández-Kantún et al., 2015: table 1, figs. 1–3, 17, 19). Athanasiadis (2017), studying Lithothamnion engelhartii Foslie (1900a), found two taxa among the type specimens, selected a lectotype, clarified its description, and noted that its morphological characters excluded it from Lithothamnion or Mesophyllum and also that it was affliated with Leptophytum or may possibly belong to Synarthrophyton. The generic status of the lectotype of L. engelhartii remains uncertain and in need of further investigation. Although identification of Gulf “M. engelhartii” remains unresolved, the Canary Islands Mesophyllum erubescens was included in a new genus as Melyvonnea erubescens (Foslie) Athanasiadis et D. L. Ballantine (2014). HAPALIDIALES W. E. NELSON, J. E. SUTHERLAND, T. J. FARR ET H. S. YOON, IN NELSON ET AL., 2015:464 HAPALIDIACEAE J. E. GRAY, 1865:22 Lithothamnion sp. 5 of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:335 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San Esteban, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. HAPALIDIACEAE SUBFAM. CHOREONEMATOIDEAE WOELKERLING, 1987:125 LITHOTHAMNIOIDEAE TRIBE PHYMATOLITHEAE ADEY ET JOHANSEN, 1972:160 CHOREONEMATOIDEAE TRIBE CHOREONEMATEAE FOSLIE EX SVEDELIUS, 1911:266 Phymatolithon Foslie, 1898:4, nom. cons. Choreonema F. Schmitz, 1889:455 Phymatolithon sp. of Hernández-Kantún et al., 2014:336 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) F. Schmitz, 1889:455 Gulf of California Distribution. Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. WC: NUMBER 106 Type Locality. “On Corallina; Atlantic France” (Dawson, 1960b:30). Lectotype Locality. Endo-epiphytic on Haliptilon squamatum (Linnaeus) H. W. Johansen, L. M. Irvine et A. M. Webster; Pointe de Querqueville, WNW of Cherbourg, Normandy, France (Woelkerling, 1987; Chamberlain and Irvine, 1994). HAPALIDIACEAE SUBFAM. MELOBESIOIDEAE BIZZOZERO, 1885:109 MELOBESIOIDEAE TRIBE MELOBESIEAE ARESCHOUG, 1852:506 Melobesia J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186 Melobesia accola (Foslie) Me. Lemoine, 1924:289 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Barra de Navidad, JAL. Type Locality. Hao (Haorangi), coral atoll in central part of Tuamotu Archipelago (Tuamotus), east of Tahiti, French Polynesia, South Pacific. Remarks. A poorly known species (Dawson, 1960b, as Litholepis accola), Melobesia accola has not been recently collected in the Gulf. More collections are needed to study and confirm its identification in the Gulf of California. AHNFELTIACEAE C. A. MAGGS ET • 27 PUESCHEL, 1989:348 Ahnfeltia Fries, 1836:309, nom. cons. Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries, 1836:310 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Colorado, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: El Requesón to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San José, BCS. Type Locality. “Habitat in littoribus marinis” (Hudson, 1762:470); dwells on marine shores, England, UK (Guiry and Guiry, 2014). Ahnfeltia svensonii W. R. Taylor, 1945:238 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto to Roca Roja, Bahía Kino, SON; Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Loreto to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Black Beach, Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. RHODYMENIOPHYCIDAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET HOMMERSAND, 2004:1504 GELIDIALES KYLIN, 1923:132 GELIDIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:XXIV, 390, 405 Melobesia marginata Setchell et Foslie, in Foslie, 1902:10 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. On Laurencia; Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, northern California, USA. Melobesia mediocris (Foslie) Setchell et L. R. Mason, 1943b:95 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Type Locality. On Phyllospadix; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, northern California, USA. Melobesia membranacea (Esper) J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. On red algae; west [Atlantic] coast of France. Melobesia polystromatica E. Y. Dawson, 1960b:8 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY, to Barra de Navidad, JAL. Type Locality. On Sargassum liebmannii; Bahía Tenacatita, southern Jalisco, Mexico. AHNFELTIOPHYCIDAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET HOMMERSAND, 2004:1504 AHNFELTIALES C. A. MAGGS ET PUESCHEL, 1989:349 Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:128, nom. cons. Gelidium coronadense E. Y. Dawson, 1953:67 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto, BCS. Type Locality. On mid intertidal rocks; east side of Isla Norte, Islas Los Coronados, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon, 1828:362 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: Campo Hawaii to Playa El Coloradito, BC. Lectotype Locality. Ilfracombe, Devonshire, England, UK (Dixon and Irvine, 1977a). Gelidium decompositum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:743 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Calamajué to Bahía San Francisquito, BC; Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo) and Isla Rasa, ISG. Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gelidium johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:742 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to 28 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, Isla La Ventana, Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla San Marcos, Isla Carmen, and Caleta Partida (between Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo), BCS. Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Gelidium coulteri Harvey, 1853:117 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON. Remarks. Reported from the upper Gulf by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986), its presence in the northern Gulf needs to be verified. GELIDIELLACEAE K.-C. FAN, 1961:317 Gelidium mcnabbianum (E. Y. Dawson) Santelices, 1998:245 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano to Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Bahía Golfito, southwest of Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas Province, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Gelidium microdentatum E. Y. Dawson, 1960a:36 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: San Blas to Manzanillas, NAY. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. “Intertidal rocks across the river from the village” (Dawson, 1960a:37); San Blas, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gelidium microphysa Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:151 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur (South Bay), Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis, 1863:139 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Sidmouth, Devon, England, UK (Dixon and Irvine, 1977a). Gelidium refugiense (E. Y. Dawson) Santelices, 2007:298 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía San Carlos, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. In beach drift; on north shore of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Gelidium sclerophyllum W. R. Taylor, 1945:156 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. Dredged 5.4 m depth; near northeast side of Ensenada de San Francisco, Provincia de Esmeraldas, northern Ecuador. Gelidiella J. Feldmann et G. Hamel, 1934:529 Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann et G. Hamel, 1934:533 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad Mochhae littoral” (Forsskål, 1775:190); Al Mukha, Yemen, Red Sea. Gelidiella hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:261 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Sayulita, NAY. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Calerita, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. On mid intertidal rocks; rocky point, about 4.8 km north of Bahía Kino, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. PTEROCLADIACEAE FELICINI ET PERRONE, IN PERRONE ET AL., 2006:31 Pterocladia J. Agardh, 1852a:485 Pterocladia sonorensis (E. Y. Dawson) J. S. Stewart et J. N. Norris, in Norris and Stewart, 2014:316 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Puerto San Carlos, SON. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; near Puerto San Carlos on west side of Ensenada de San Francisco (northeast of Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Pterocladiella Santelices et Hommersand, 1997:117 Pterocladiella caloglossoides (M. Howe) Santelices, 1998:244 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: San Felipe to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. Type Locality. Isla de San Lorenzo, off the port of Callao (west of Lima), Peru. Pterocladiella capillacea (S. G. Gmelin) Santelices et Hommersand, 1997:118 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Muertos, NAY. WC: Puerto NUMBER 106 Calamajué, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea. Pterocladiella luxurians (F. S. Collins) G. H. Boo et K. A. Miller, in Boo et al., 2016:5 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson to Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Pacific Beach, San Diego County, southern California, USA (Gelidium crinale f. luxurians F. S. Collins, in Collins et al., 1903: P.B.-A. exsiccate no. 1138). Remarks. Although previously treated as synonym of Pterocladia media (e.g., Stewart, 1974; Norris and Stewart, 2014), Boo et al. (2016) provided molecular evidence Gelidium crinale f. luxurians was a distinct species belonging in Pterocladiella, as P. luxurians. Pterocladiella media (E. Y. Dawson) G. H. Boo et K. A. Miller, in Boo et al., 2016:5 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Rocky beach just north of Windand-Sea (“Windansea” surfing beach), La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Remarks. Recently, molecular analysis of type specimens by Boo et al. (2016) supported placement of Pterocladia media E. Y. Dawson (1958) in the genus Pterocladiella. GRACILARIALES FREDERICQ ET HOMMERSAND, 1989:225 GRACILARIACEAE NÄGELI, 1847:240, 254 GRACILARIACEAE SUBFAM. GRACILARIOIDEAE STIZENBERGER, 1860:41 GRACILARIOIDEAE TRIBE GRACILARIEAE WILLKOMM, 1854:147 • 29 Gracilaria crispata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:753 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. Type Locality. Rancho Eureka (near Punta Soledad), Bahía de Las Palmas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria cunninghamii Farlow ex J. Agardh, 1901:93 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC. Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, southern California, USA. Gracilaria marcialana E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:15 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Machorro, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Roca San Marcial, BCS; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 16–30 m depths; reef, vicinity of Roca San Marcial, about 2.0 km north-northeast of Punta San Marcial, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria pachydermatica Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:753 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria ascidiicola E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:203 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Escondido to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. Type Locality. Growing in an ascidian (tunicate), on mud bottom; innermost lagoon, Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria pacifica I. A. Abbott, 1985:116 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Rasa, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Intertidal (0.0 foot tide level); midway to southwest end of Stillwater Cove, Pebble Beach, Monterey County, central California, USA. Gracilaria cerrosiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:232 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur, Isla Cedros (Isla Cerros), Baja California, Mexico. Gracilaria papenfussii I. A. Abbott, 1983:562 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía Rincón, BCS. Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Gracilaria Greville, 1830:iiv, 121, nom. cons. 30 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Gracilaria parvispora I. A. Abbott, 1985:119 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San Juan de la Costa (Bahía de La Paz) to Playa La Concha (vicinity of La Paz), BCS. IS: Isla Huitussi, Bahía Navachiste, SIN. Type Locality. Kāne ̔ohe (Kaneohe) Bay, island of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands), Hawaii, USA. Remarks. Gracilaria parvispora is morphologically similar to another invasive species G. verimicularophyla. A nonnative species in the Gulf, it has recently been identified in the southern Gulf primarily on the basis of genetic analyses (GarcíaRodríguez et al., 2013). that species to be a synonym of G. subsecundata (see Remarks below under Gracilaria hancockii). Gracilaria pinnata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:751 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria turgida E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:14 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Laguna Santa María y Laguna La Reforma, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Mudflat; upper Newport Harbor, Newport–Balboa, Orange County, southern California, USA. Gracilaria ramisecunda E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:17 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal; Cabeza Ballena, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria veleroae E .Y. Dawson, 1944:297 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY. Type Locality. Dredged 4–30 m depths; off the southern shore of Isla Tiburón (near Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria rubrimembra E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:32 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Type Locality. South side of Ensenada de San Francisco (near Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria spinigera E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:24 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Tortuga, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Upper sublittoral rocks; Ensenada de San Francisco (vicinity of Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilaria subsecundata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:755 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro to Guaymas, SON, to Laguna Ceuta, SIN. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Herein the selection of a lectotype specimen of another species, G. hancockii E. Y. Dawson, recognizes Gracilaria tepocensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:211 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL.WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 21.6 m depth; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Invasive species: Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, 1967:101 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Colorado, SON; Bahía de Navachiste to Teacapán, SIN. Type Locality. Gomejima, Akkeshi-ko Lagoon (shallow estuary connected to shore of Akkeshi Bay), Kushiro Province (now Kushiro Subprefecture), Hokkaidō Island, Japan. Remarks. Apparently introduced and sometimes commercially harvested in the Gulf, it is a highly invasive species (Norris, 2014). Its spread and ecological effect on the native Gulf marine flora need to be studied. It has been reported on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in the estero at Punta Banda (L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). Morphologically similar to G. parvispora, the two in the Gulf may be confused and sometimes could be misidentified [see also: Remarks under G. parvispora]. Gracilaria vivesii M. Howe, 1911:503 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Lobos to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. NUMBER 106 Remarks. textorii. See also comments below under Gracilaria Uncertain Record: Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) Hariot, 1891:223 Remarks. The presence of the Japanese G. textorii in the northern Gulf of California seems unlikely and requires further study (Norris and Gurgel, 2014). Most specimens of Gulf “G. textorii sensu Dawson (1961a)” were referred to G. vivesii, and those of Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González (1992) from Nayarit may also belong to G. vivesii. Resolved Status: Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:297 Type Locality. Dredged 4−32 m depths; off southern shore of Isla Tiburón near Isla Turner, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. The taxonomic status of Gracilaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson (1944) has been uncertain (Norris and Gurgel, 2014). Dawson (1949a) treated the taxon as a “nomen confusum” on the basis of his reexamination of the type collection of G. hancockii (AHFH-38), in which he found a mix of specimens of different species—that is, tetrasporophytes that were either a species of Gracilaria or a Gracilariopsis, a cystocarpic species of Agardhiella, or a sterile specimen he referred to Gracilaria subsecundata. We chose the specimen on the herbarium type sheet (EYD-149; AHFH-38, now UC) identified by Dawson (1949a:39) to be G. subsecundata Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a) as the lectotype of G. hancockii E. Y. Dawson (1944:297). The two are conspecific, with G. subsecundata Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a:755) being the older valid name. Excluded Species: Gracilaria verrucosa sensu Dawson, 1961b:214 Remarks. Gulf of California specimens previously identified as “Gracilaria verrucosa” are excluded from the Gulf marine flora (non G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss, 1950, nom. rej., which is now Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmelin) Steentoft, L. M. Irvine et Farnham, 1995). Gulf of California specimens previously identified as “Gracilaria verrucosa” need to be reexamined and compared to the narrow, cylindrical species of Gracilariaceae reported in the Gulf (Norris and Gurgel, 2014)—that is, Gracilaria (G. pacifica, G. papenfussii, and G. vermiculophylla) and Gracilariopsis (G. andersonii, G. animasensis, G. longissima, G. megaspora, and G. rhodotricha)—to determine their identifications. • 31 Gracilariopsis animasensis Gurgel et J. N. Norris, in Norris and Gurgel, 2014:398 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Angel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. In fine-sediment sand, intertidal to 1.0 m depths; shallow channel near entrance to mangrove estero inside of Bahía de Las Ánimas (28°48′28″N, 113°21′39″W), Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gracilariopsis longissima (S. G. Gmelin) Steentoft, L. M. Irvine et Farnham, 1995:117 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Navachiste, SIN. Syntype Localities. “Ad littoral Belgii nonnunquam proiicitur, Dellenius haber, aquae ductum sequi, et lapillis adnasci ad canals et introitus maris pone Sheernefs” (Gmelin, 1768:134); littoral, Belgium and Sheerness [probably mouth of River Thames]. Neotype Locality. Sheerness, Kent, England, UK (Steentoft et al., 1995). Gracilariopsis megaspora E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:45 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía San Carlos, SON. Type Locality. Lagoon, Bahía San Carlos, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Gracilariopsis rhodotricha E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:47 Remarks. A southern Gulf specimen from Bahía de San Lucas, BCS, was tentatively referred to G. rhodotricha (Norris, 1985; Norris and Gurgel, 2014); more collections are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf. Gracilariophila Setchell et H. L. Wilson, in Wilson, 1910:81 Gracilariophila gardneri Setchell, 1923:393 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. Type Locality. On Gracilaria cunninghamii; Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. PTEROCLADIOPHILACEAE K.-C. FAN ET PAPENFUSS, 1959:38 Gracilariopsis E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:40 Gelidiocolax N. L. Gardner, 1927b:340 Gracilariopsis andersonii (Grunow) E. Y. Dawson, 1949a:43 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Guaymas, SON; Bahía Topolobampo, SIN (with query). WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz; BCS. Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, central California, USA. Gelidiocolax microsphaericus N. L. Gardner, 1927b:341 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. On Gelidium pulchrum; ~3.2 km south of Balboa Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. 32 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y BONNEMAISONIALES FELDMANN ET FELDMANN-MAZOYER, 1943:163 BONNEMAISONIACEAE F. SCHMITZ, 1892:20 Asparagopsis Montagne, 1841:xv Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan, 1845:45 (gametophytes); and Falkenbergia-phase (sporophyte) Gulf of California Distribution. Asparagopsis taxiformis (gametophytes)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Rocas Consag, SON; Isla Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía, Roca Blanca, and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Diego, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Falkenbergia-phase (sporophyte)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Remarks. Both gametophytes and presumed sporophytes in the life history of Asparagopsis taxiformis have been collected in the Gulf of California. However, the two phases are not always found at the same time or at the same locales. Bonnemaisonia C. Agardh, 1822:196 Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot, 1891:223 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Calamajué to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, southeast Honshū Island, Japan. Remarks. Only the gametophytes of Bonnemaisonia hamifera are known in the Gulf of California. The presumed sporophyte, Trailliella-phase, has not yet been collected in the Gulf. CERAMIALES NÄGELI, 1847:196, 253 CERAMIALES SUBORD. CERAMIINEAE ATHANASIADIAS, 2016B:764 CALLITHAMNIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:370 CALLITHAMNIACEAE SUBFAM. CALLITHAMNIOIDEAE DE TONI, 1903:1252 CALLITHAMNIOIDEAE TRIBE CALLITHAMNIEAE J. AGARDH, 1851:4 Aglaothamnion Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1940:451 Aglaothamnion endovagum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) I. A. Abbott, 1972:262 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco to Bahía Catalina, SON. IS: Isla San Esteban and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Endo-epiphytic in fronds of Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Callithamnion Lyngbye, 1819:xxxi, 123 Callithamnion bisporum var. australe E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:26 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Puerto Escondido, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 6–9 m depths; outer bay, Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Callithamnion catalinense E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:28 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 15–30 m depths; on Farnsworth Bank, sea mount off west side of Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Callithamnion compactum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:29 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. Intertidal, on Prionitis delicatula; Bahía Asunción, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Remarks. Dawson (1962a) noted the vicinity of Guaymas specimen was sterile and may possibly be referable to this species. Its presence in the Gulf needs verification. Callithamnion marshallense E. Y. Dawson, 1957:117 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. At 1.6–3.0 m depths, lagoon; south end of Parry Island, Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok), Republic of the Marshall Islands. Callithamnion paschale Børgesen, 1924a:294 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson, Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, and Isla Partida, ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Hanga Piko, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province Isla de Pascua (Valparaiso Region), Chile. Callithamnion ramosissimum N. L. Gardner, 1927c:404 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Hypnea; La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. NUMBER 106 Callithamnion rupicola C. L. Anderson, 1894:360 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; Monterey Bay, Monterey County, central California, USA. CALLITHAMNIACEAE SUBFAM. CROUANIOIDEAE DE TONI, 1903:1252 CROUANIOIDEAE TRIBE CROUANIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:484, 497 • 33 Antithamnion defectum Kylin, 1925:46 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Three locales were given by Kylin (1925): Friday Harbor (San Juan Island), Canoe Island, and Peavine Pass (channel between Orcas Island and Blakely Island), all San Juan County, Washington, USA. Lectotype Localities. Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA (Smith, 1944); and, Canoe Island (off SE of Shaw Island and NW end of Lopez Island), San Juan County, Washington, USA (Lindstrom and Gabrielson, 1989; Athanasiadis, 1996a). Crouania J. Agardh, 1842:83 Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1842:83 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Punta Robinson, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. “Atlantic Ocean” (Agardh, 1824). Lectotype Locality. Brittany, northwest France (Dixon, 1962). Crouanophycus Athanasiadis, 1998:517 Crouanophycus mcnabbii (E. Y. Dawson) Athanasiadis, 1998:517 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Caleta Santa María to Roca El Solitario, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; Roca El Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Antithamnion hubbsii E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:17 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On Codium, dredged 70 m depth; Melpomene Cove, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Remarks. Antithamnion hubbsii E. Y. Dawson was treated as a “provisional synonym” of A. nipponicum Yamada et Inagaki (1935) by Cho et al. (2005:333). Further genetic analyses of type material of A. hubbsii are needed to verify its taxonomic status and the identify of Gulf of California specimens of “A. hubbsii.” Antithamnion kylinii N. L. Gardner, 1927c:411 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Canal de Infiernillo, SON. Type Locality. On “log floats”; Victoria Harbor, Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. CERAMIACEAE DUMORTIER, 1822:71, 100 CERAMIACEAE SUBFAM. CERAMIOIDEAE S. F. GRAY, 1821:317 CERAMIOIDEAE TRIBE ANTITHAMNIEAE HOMMERSAND, 1963:330 Uncertain Record: Antithamnion plumulum (Ellis et Solander) Thuret ex Le Jolis, 1863:112 Remarks. Athanasiadis (1996a) noted the Isla Guadalupe specimen referred to “A. plumulum var. plumulum” by Dawson (1962a) was probably a species of Pterothamnion. The southern Gulf record of “Antithamnion plumulum” from Isla Santa Cruz, BCS (Dawson, 1966b), should also be reinvestigated. Antithamnion Nägeli, 1847:202 Antithamnion antillanum Børgesen, 1917:226 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Charlotte Amalie Harbor, near Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Antithamnion decipiens (J. Agardh) Athanasiadis, 1996a:151 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. WC: Caleta Santa María to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, SE France, western Mediterranean Sea. CERAMIOIDEAE TRIBE CERAMIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:501 Centroceras Kützing, 1842:731 Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne, 1846:140 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Partida, Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Isabel and Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Callao (seaport W of Lima), Provincia Constitucional, central Peru. 34 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Remarks. “Centroceras clavulatum” is now recognized to be a complex that includes several distinct species (Won et al., 2009; Schneider et al., 2015); thus, Gulf of California specimens referred to “C. clavulatum” should be reexamined to verify their identification. Centroceras gasparrinii (Meneghini) Kützing, 1849:689 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Nueva Guaymas, SON. WC: El Tecolote to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Palermo, NW coast of island of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea, southern Italy. Ceramium Roth, 1797:146, nom. cons. to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla de La Piedra, SIN Type Locality. Floating among other algae; Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium clarionense Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:130 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. On Codium; Isla Clarión, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Remarks. Northern Gulf specimens identified as “C. clarionense” (US Alg. Coll.) were found to be C. aduncum (Bucher and Norris, 2014a). Other southern Gulf specimens identified as “C. clarionense” following Dawson (1962a) should also be reexamined to verify their identification. Ceramium aduncum Y. Nakamura, 1950:158 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos, ISG; Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Gôza, southeastern Shima Peninsula, Mie Prefecture (formerly Shima Province), Honshū Island, Japan. Ceramium codicola J. Agardh, 1894:23 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to San José del Cabo, BCS. Type Locality. On Codium; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, northern California, USA. Ceramium affine var. affine Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:172 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium simulans; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Ceramium codii (H. Richards) Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1938:324 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Bermuda. Remarks. Although Geneviève Feldmann-Mazoyer (Dorr and Nicolson, 2009) has sometimes published and is listed in the references as “G. Mazoyer,” her citation as the author of algal names is “Feldmann-Mazoyer” (see Brummitt and Powell, 1992). Ceramium affine var. peninsularis E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:132 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Los Frailes to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 4–6 m depths; Isla Concha, Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon), El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Pacific coast of northwestern Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ceramium comptum Børgesen, 1924b:28 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Colorado, SON. Type Locality. Beata Island, Dominican Republic, Hispanola Island, Caribbean Sea. Remarks. Ceramium comptum was recorded in the northern Gulf by Serviere-Zaragoza et al. (2012). Ceramium camouii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:319 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla Turner (off southeast end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium caudatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:776 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Puertecitos, BC, Ceramium equisetoides E. Y. Dawson, 1944:320 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de La Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Upper intertidal, on rock-shingle beach; Puerto San Carlos, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium giacconei Cormaci et G. Furnari, 1991:45 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Perico, BCS. Type Locality. Lachea Island, archipelago of Cyclops, Gulf of Aci Trezza, Province of Catania, Sicily, Italy. NUMBER 106 Ceramium hamatispinum E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:122 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: inner lagoon, Bahía San Carlos, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Type Locality. Intertidal; Miramar, south of San Blas, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium horridulum P. C. Silva, 1972:204 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Puerto Viejo, Bahía Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de los Ángeles, BC, to San Juan de la Costa, BCS. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Puerto Ballandra, Isla Carmen, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium howellii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:88 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta La Gringa, BC. IS: Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; SE side of Isla Fernandina (Narborough Island), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Ceramium interruptum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:775 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Eureka, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium mazatlanense E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:130 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium; small reef, about 3.22 km N of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium monacanthum J. Agardh, 1894:29 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad oras Tamaniae” (Agardh, 1894); George Town [on east bank of mouth of Tamar River], NE Tasmania (Womersley, 1978). Ceramium obesum E. Y. Dawson, 1950a:119 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal rocky shore; Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium pacificum (Collins) Kylin, 1925:61 Gulf of California Distribution. Bahía de La Paz, BCS. EC: • 35 Lectotype Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944). Remarks. Some Gulf of California specimens referred to “C. pacificum” were later found to be C. horridulum (Bucher and Norris, 2014a). Other Gulf records referred to “C. pacificum” should also be reexamined to verify its presence in the Gulf. Ceramium paniculatum Okamura, 1896:36 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On Corallina; “Kamahara, Iwaki Province [now Fukushima Prefecture]” (Dawson, 1962a:62), northeast coast of Honshū Island, Japan. Ceramium periconicum T. O. Cho et Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2008:307 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Perico to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Depth of 2–3 m; Punta Perico (north of Bahía de los Muertos), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium personatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:171 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Type Locality. Epiphyte; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Ceramium procumbens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:772 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía San Carlos, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh; Isla Partida [sur] (off north end of Isla Espíritu Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium serpens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:775 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium sinicola Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:773 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Gaviota, BCS. 36 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. Bahía de Todos Santos, Ensenada, Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Remarks. The original species name “sinicola” was chosen by Setchell and Gardner (1924a) on the mistaken assumption that “Ensenada Bay” was in the Gulf of California (Dawson, 1962a). Ensenada Bay is not in the Gulf, but on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California. Ceramium sinicola var. johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1944:316 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on other algae; Isla San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Ceramium vagans P. C. Silva, in Silva et al., 1987:56 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Within tufts of Ectocarpus breviarticulatus (now Asteronema breviarticulatum), near the margin of seaward reef opposite the Enewetak Marine Biology Laboratory, Parry Island, Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll, Ralik Archipelago, northwestern Republic of the Marshall Islands. Ceramium zacae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:89 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium fragile; Bahía Tortuga, on southeast side of Bahía San Bartolomé, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Corallophila Weber-van Bosse, 1923:339 Corallophila bella (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. E. Norris, 1993:395 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gayliella T. O. Cho, L. McIvor et S. M. Boo, in Cho et al., 2008:723 Gayliella fimbriata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo, in Cho et al., 2008:723 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San José, Isla Monserrate, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Floating; Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gayliella species A of Bucher and Norris, 2014a:196 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Remarks. Specimens identified “Ceramium gracillimum var. byssoideum” by Dawson (1962a; non C. gracillimum var. byssoideum (Harvey) Feldmann-Mazoyer, 1938) were found to be the same species of Gayliella species A (Bucher and Norris, 2014a) and may be an undescribed species. Gayliella recticortica (E. Y. Dawson) T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo, in Cho et al., 2008:736 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Bacochibampo, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Balandra to Punta Perico, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Coeloseira pacifica (now Gastroclonium pacificum); Bahía Bacochibampo (west of Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo, in Cho et al., 2008:727 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. Cabeza Ballena, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. CERAMIOIDEAE TRIBE DELESSERIOPSIEAE ITONO ET TAK. TANAKA, 1973:251 Balliella Itono et Tak. Tanaka, 1973:249 Balliella pseudocorticata (E. Y. Dawson) D. N. Young, 1981:94 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 7.3–18.3 m depths; Canal de San Lorenzo (channel between south end of Isla Espíritu Santo and coastal peninsula from Punta Coyote to Punta San Lorenzo), near the entrance to Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. CERAMIOIDEAE TRIBE DOHRNIELLEAE FELDMANN-MAZOYER, 1940:241 Antithamnionella Lyle, 1922:347 Antithamnionella breviramosa (E. Y. Dawson) E. M. Wollaston, in Womersley and Bailey, 1970:322 NUMBER 106 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla Cholla and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Drift, epiphytic on Sargassum palmeri Grunow; Pebbly Beach, SE of Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Antithamnionella cf. spirographidis (Schiffner) E. M. Wollaston, 1968:345 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Canal de Infiernillo, SON. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. Type Locality. Sacchetta, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea, Italy. Antithamnionella sublittoralis (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Athanasiadis, 1996a:119 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Los Frailes to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic, dredged at 37 m depth; San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Irtugovia Perestenko, 1996:204 Remarks. Placement of the genus Irtugovia in tribe Dohrnielleae is tentative and requires further study. Irtugovia pacifica (Harvey) Perestenko, 1996:142 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca to Guaymas, SON. Syntype Localities. Two locales were given by Harvey (1862): Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, Washington, USA, and Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. Lectotype Locality. Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, San Juan County, Salish Sea, Washington, USA (Lindstrom and Gabrielson, 1989). Remarks. Dawson (1962a, as Antithamnion pacificum; =Antithamnionella pacifica (Harvey) Wollaston) noted his earlier collections (Dawson, 1944) were missing. Unless the misplaced Gulf specimens can be found, new collections of I. pacifica are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. CERAMIOIDEAE TRIBE PTEROTHAMNIEAE ATHANASIADIS, 1996A:44 Pterothamnion Nägeli, in Nägeli et Cramer, 1855:66 Pterothamnion orbignianum (Montagne) Nägeli, 1862:376 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Province of Callao, Peru. • 37 [Puerto] Callao, Constitutional Pterothamnion pectinatum (Kylin) Athanasiadis et Kraft, 1994:130 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca Blanco, and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. Type Locality. On piles at docks; Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA. Pterothamnion plumula (J. Ellis) Nägeli in Nägeli et Cramer, 1855:66 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Santa Cruz, BCS. Type Locality. No locale was given by Ellis (1768, as Conferva plumula); Brighton [east Sussex], England, UK (Dawson, 1962a); probably Sussex, England, UK (Maggs and Hommersand, 1993). Pterothamnion tepocense (E. Y. Dawson) Athanasiadis et Kraft, 1994:130 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON. Type Locality. Dredged 22 m depth on sandy bottom with abundant worm tubes; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. CERAMIACEAE SUBFAM. SPONGOCLONIOIDEAE DE TONI, 1903:1252 SPONGOCLONIOIDEAE TRIBE SPONGOCLONIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:484, 491 Pleonosporium Nägeli, 1862:326, 339, nom. cons. Pleonosporium globuliferum Levring, 1941:647 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Arena to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. “Ausserhalb Sanchez, Masafuera [Island]” (Levring, 1960:604, 647); Quebrada Sánchez, Isla Alejandro Selkirk (Isla Más Afuera), Islas Juan Fernández, Valparaíso Region, Chile. Pleonosporium mexicanum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:41 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Santa Cruz, BCS. Type Locality. Lowermost intertidal on small reef (3 km north of Belmar Hotel); Playa de Olas Atlas, vicinity of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, Mexico. 38 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Pleonosporium rhizoideum E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:42 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. Type Locality. Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Pacific Mexico. Pleonosporium squarrulosum (Harvey) I. A. Abbott, 1972:262 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “Golden Gate, California” (Harvey, 1853:233) [entrance to San Francisco Bay; probably at westernmost entrance Land’s End or either Fort Point or below the Presidio, in the vicinity of the Golden Gate Bridge]; “San Francisco” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:618), San Francisco County, northern California, USA. Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1892:37 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Chacala to Lo de Marcos, NAY. IS: Isla Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. SPYRIDIACEAE J. AGARDH, 1851:VII, 337 SPYRIDIACEAE TRIBE SPYRIDEAE F. SCHMITZ ET P. HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:484, 499 Spyridia Harvey, 1833:259, 336 Spyridia cf. filamentosa [non S. filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey, 1833:337] Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San José, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey: Vienna? (Maggs and Hommersand, 1993); Adriatic Sea (Silva et al., 1996). Remarks. Apparently introduced into the upper Gulf in the 1970s (Norris, 2014), Gulf specimens tentatively referred to as “S. cf. filamentosa” need comparisons to see if they can be identified with one of the lineages of Zuccarello et al. (2002, 2004) or of Conklin and Sherwood (2012) or if they are one or more different species or possibly a new species. Anotrichium Nägeli, 1862:397 Anotrichium anthericephalum (E. Y. Dawson) Baldock, 1976:560 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. Type Locality. Intertidal, north side of reef; on southwest tip of Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Anotrichium furcellatum (J. Agardh) Baldock, 1976:560 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Gorda to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Near Amalfi, Sorrentine Peninsula, province of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. Anotrichium multiramosum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Baldock, 1976:560 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 36.6 m depth; San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Anotrichium secundum (Harvey ex J. Agardh) G. Furnari, in Cormaci et al., 1994:635 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, I. San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad oras Capenses” (Agardh, 1851:85); Muizenberg, False Bay, Cape Province, South Africa (Silva et al., 1996). Griffithsia C. Agardh, 1817:xxviii, nom. cons. Griffithsia pacifica Kylin, 1925:58 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: San Felipe to Santa Teresa, BC. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged; off Turn Island, east of Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA. WRANGELIACEAE CERAMIALES SUBORD. SPERMOTHAMNIINEAE FARLOW, 1881:107, 118 LEJOLISIEAE FELDMANN-MAZOYER, 1940:240, 371 TRIBE Lejolisia Bornet, 1859:91 WRANGELIACEAE J. AGARDH, 1851:X, 701 WRANGELIACEAE TRIBE GRIFFITHSIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:483, 487 Lejolisia colombiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:265 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabo Pulmo to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. NUMBER 106 Type Locality. Isla Gorgona (Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona), off the Pacific coast of Departamento de Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Lejolisia hoshawii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:64 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto, BCS. Type Locality. On Sargassum in drift; Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. WRANGELIACEAE TRIBE SPERMOTHAMNIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897B:483, 485 Spermothamnion Areschoug, 1847:334 Spermothamnion sp. of Ortega et al., 1987:[90] Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Remarks. Specimen of “Spermothamnion sp.” from Ortega et al. (1987:[90], table 3) needs reexamination to determine its identification; it may be a species of Spermothamnion or possibly of Tiffaniella. Tiffaniella Doty et Meñez, 1960:135 Tiffaniella phycophila (W. R. Taylor) E. M. Gordon, 1972:125 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Black Beach, Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Tiffaniella saccorhiza (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Doty et Meñez, 1960:138 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. On Codium sp.; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Tiffaniella snyderae (Farlow) I. A. Abbott, 1971:352 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos, ISG. Syntype Localities. Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, and San Diego, California (Farlow, 1899). Lectotype Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, northern California, USA (Smith, 1944). DASYACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:413 DASYACEAE SUBFAM. DASYOIDEAE DE TONI, 1903:776 Dasya C. Agardh, 1824:xxxiv, 211, nom. cons. Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana (Farlow) J. N. Norris et Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 2014a:204 • 39 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Punta La Gringa, BC, to Caleta Santa María, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Canal de Infiernillo, SON; Isla Carmen and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Syntype Localities. Isla Wolf (Isla Wainman; Wenman Island) and Punta Tortuga, Isla Isabela (Albemarle Island), both Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana var. nudicaulis (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 2014a:206 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. “Taken by shrimp trawler from the south arm” of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963b:407). Dasya sinicola var. sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:32 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Partida, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Monserrate, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Dasya sinicola var. abyssicola (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:410 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 41 m depth; Northwest Anchorage, San Clemente Island, Los Angeles County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Dasya sinicola var. californica (N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:409 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Dasya spinigera E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:410 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged on sand bottom, 20 m depth, Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. 40 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y DASYACEAE SUBFAM. HETEROSIPHONIOIDEAE H.-G. CHOI, KRAFT, I. K. LEE ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2002:564 Heterosiphonia Montagne, 1842c:4 Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa (Børgesen) M. J. Wynne, 1985b:87 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Punta Arena to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Caleta Partida, in channel (canal) between S end of Isla Partida and NW end of Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Caribbean Sea. Heterosiphonia erecta N. L. Gardner, 1927d:99 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Epiphytic on the seagrass Phyllospadix; La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. DELESSERIACEAE BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1828:181 Caloglossa leprieurii? (Montagne) G. Martens, 1869:234 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Type Locality. Sinnamary, northwest of Cayenne, Préfecture de la Région Guyane, French Guiana. Remarks. The identification of northern Gulf specimens with the western Atlantic C. leprieurii was queried by Norris and Krayesky (2014). Taenioma J. Agardh, 1863:1256 Taenioma perpusillum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1863:1257 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzága, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. San Agustín, “presumably along coast of Oaxaca in Isthmus of Tehuantepec region” (Dawson, 1962a:83), Oaxaca, Mexico. DELESSERIOIDEAE TRIBE GRINNELLIEAE M. J. WYNNE, 2011:409 Grinnellia Harvey, 1853:91 DELESSERIACEAE SUBFAM. DELESSERIOIDEAE STIZENBERGER, 1860:40 DELESSERIOIDEAE TRIBE APOGLOSSEAE S.-M. LIN, FREDERICQ ET HOMMERSAND, 2012:379 Apoglossum J. Agardh, 1898:190 Apoglossum gregarium (E. Y. Dawson) M. J. Wynne, 1985a:169 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Patos and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Las Ánimas (Isla San Lorenzo del Norte), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. DELESSERIOIDEAE TRIBE CALOGLOSSEAE M. J. WYNNE, 2001:411 Caloglossa (Harvey) G. Martens, 1869:234, 237 Caloglossa apomeiotica J. A. West et Zuccarello, in West et al., 1994:383 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Teacapán, SIN, to San Blas, NAY. WC: Bahía Balandra, Estero Zacatecas, and Ensenada de La Paz, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On prop roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle; Puerto San Carlos, within Bahía Magdalena, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Grinnellia lanceolata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:322 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Gorda, BCS. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 34–50 m depths; off Punta Gorda, NE end of Bahía San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. DELESSERIOIDEAE TRIBE HYPOGLOSSEAE M. J. WYNNE, 2001:408 Branchioglossum Kylin, 1924:8 Branchioglossum bipinnatifidum (Montagne) M. J. Wynne, 1983:442 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Valparaíso, Valparaíso Province, central Chile. Branchioglossum undulatum E. Y. Dawson, 1949b:17 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta Cirio, SON. IS: Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. On a floating Macrocystis holdfast; San Miguel Passage, off northwest end of Santa Rosa NUMBER 106 Island, Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Hypoglossum Kützing, 1843:444 Hypoglossum attenuatum N. L. Gardner, 1927d:104 var. attenuatum Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzága, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Rocas Consag and Isla La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum; Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Hypoglossum attenuatum var. abyssicolum (W. R. Taylor) E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:77 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Piaxtla, SIN, to Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel and Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Dredged 56 m depth; off Bahía Correo Postal (Post Office Bay), Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. DELESSERIACEAE SUBFAM. NITOPHYLLOIDEAE STIZENBERGER, 1860:40 NITOPHYLLOIDEAE TRIBE VALERIEMAYAEAE M. J. WYNNE ET A. J. K. MILLAR, IN WYNNE, 2001:414 • 41 DELESSERIACEAE SUBFAM. PHYCODRYOIDEAE S.-M. LIN, FREDERICQ ET HOMMERSAND, 2001:896 PHYCODRYOIDEAE TRIBE MYRIOGRAMMEAE HOMMERSAND ET FREDERICQ, 1997A:119 Myriogramme Kylin, 1924:55 Myriogramme auricularis E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:66 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Rasa and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. Type Locality. Isla San Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo del Sur), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Myriogramme caespitosa E. Y. Dawson, 1949b:19 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. Type Locality. On floating holdfast of Macrocystis; San Miguel Passage, off Santa Rosa Island, Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Myriogramme divaricata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:323 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Roca Consag, Isla Coronado, and Isla la Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. PHYCODRYOIDEAE TRIBE PHYCODRYEAE M. J. WYNNE, 2001:413 Polyneurella E. Y. Dawson, 1944:322 Erythroglossum J. Agardh, 1898:176 Polyneurella hancockii var. hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:323 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla San Lorenzo, and Canal de Infiernillo (midway in channel between east coast of Isla Tiburón and Campo Víboras on Sonora coast), ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Erythroglossum californicum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1898:176 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, southern California, USA. Polyneurella hancockii var. rhizoidea E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:86 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged ~36.6 m depth; Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Phycodrys Kützing, 1843:444 Phycodrys amplissima E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:91 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Depth of 10–36 m; off Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 42 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Phycodrys lucasana E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:88 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 36 m depth; Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Type Locality. West Beach, Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. RHODOMELACEAE ARESCHOUG, 1847:260 RHODOMELACEAE Phycodrys simplex E. Y. Dawson, 1962a:90 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Canal Mejía (between Isla Mejía and Isla División) and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Sorella Hollenberg, 1943:577 Sorella delicatula (N. L. Gardner) Hollenberg, 1943:577 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Coronado and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Cast ashore; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. TRIBE ALSIDIEAE ARDISSONE, 1883:352 Bryothamnion Kützing, 1843:433 Remarks. Bryothamnion has been treated as member of this tribe or as being of uncertain tribe classification. Its placement into a tribe needs further elucidation. Bryothamnion pacificum W. R. Taylor, 1945:296 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Dredged 5.5–9.0 m depth; near Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Mexico. Digenea C. Agardh, 1822:388 Sorella pinnata Hollenberg, 1943:578 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Rocas Consag and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh, 1822:389 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Aguja, Bahía Concepción to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla Monserrate, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeast Italy. PHYCODRYOIDEAE TRIBE SCHIZOSERIDEAE HOMMERSAND ET FREDERICQ, 1997B:488 RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE BOSTRYCHIEAE FALKENBERG, 1901:504, 732, 747 Schizoseris Kylin, 1924:67 Bostrychia Montagne, 1842a:39 Schizoseris pygmaea E. Y. Dawson, 1950c:157 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson, Bahía de la Choya, to Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Patos and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla Cholla, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh, 1863:862 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Miramar, NAY, to Barra de Navidad, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Syntype Localities. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles], and French Guiana (Silva et al., 1996); Venezuela, St. Lucia, and French Guiana (Womersley, 2003). Lectotype Locality. Cumaná, mouth of Rio Manzanares, Sucre State, Venezuela (Womersley, 2003). SARCOMENIACEAE WOMERSLEY, 2003:148 Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne, 1842b:661 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Río Mayo on N side of Yavaros (22 km SE of Municipio de Huatabampo), SON; Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Probably an estuary of the Cayenne River; near Cayenne, French Guiana. Platysiphonia Børgesen, 1931:28 Platysiphonia decumbens M. J. Wynne, 1969:190 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. NUMBER 106 • RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE LOPHOTHALIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET FALKENBERG, 1897:421, 427, 445 RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE STREBLOCLADIEAE DÍAZ-TAPIA ET MAGGS, IN DÍAZ-TAPIA ET AL., 2017A:141 Veleroa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:335 Melanothamnus Bornet et Falkenberg, in Falkenberg, 1901:684, 688 Veleroa subulata E. Y. Dawson, 1944:335 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC; Punta Los Frailes to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Epizoic on a small hydroid, dredged 22 m depth; Bahía Tepoca, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Murrayellopsis E. Post, 1962:[3] Remarks. The taxonomic status of the genus Murrayellopsis is problematic. Stewart (1989, 1991) considered it cogeneric with Veleroa, whereas others continued to recognize the two as distinct genera (e.g., Millar, 2000). Its taxonomic status and relationship to Veleroa requires further investigation. Murrayellopsis dawsonii E. Post, 1962: [3] Type Locality. Among turf algae in garibaldi fish (Hypsypops rubicundus) nests, 6–12 m depths; New Hope Rock, off Point Loma, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Remarks. Murrayellopsis dawsonii has been reported by Hernández-Herrera et al. (2005) on intertidal rocky platforms of La Mora and El Tamarindo, vicinity of Bahía Tenacatita, southern Jalisco. Gulf of California specimens referred to Murrayellopsis and Veleroa need further study to verify their identities and their relationship. RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE LOPHOSIPHONIEAE KYLIN EX ATHANASIADIS, 2016B:1238 ≡Lophosiphonia gruppe Kylin, 1956:498, 538, 586, 591 Lophosiphonia Falkenberg, in Schmitz et Falkenberg, 1897:459 Lophosiphonia? mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:333 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Estanque (Pond Island), off southeastern end of Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Norris (2014) tentatively transferred this species to Neosiphonia as N. mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) Norris. Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017) indicated in their study of the type of Lophosiphonia mexicana that it was probably not a member of the Polysiphonieae. They also proposed leaving the species in Lophosiphonia until further studies can clarify its generic placement. 43 Remarks. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis and morphological features, Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017) treated the genus Neosiphonia M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee (1999) as a synonym of Melanothamnus Bornet et Falkenberg. Melanothamnus bajacali (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6 Neosiphonia bajacali (Hollenberg) Mamoozadeh et Freshwater, 2011:274 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Type Locality. Outer reef tide pools; south tip of Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Melanothamnus cheloniae (Hollenberg et J. N. Norris) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6 Neosiphonia cheloniae (Hollenberg et J. N. Norris) J. N. Norris, 2014:263 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Canal de Infiernillo (between coast of Sonora and E coast of Isla Tiburón), SON. Type Locality. Epizoic on a black sea turtle, Chelonia mydas agassizii; in Canal de Infiernillo (between Campo Víboras and Campo Oona on Sonora coast and opposite east coast of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Melanothamnus concinnus (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6 Neosiphonia concinna (Hollenberg) J. N. Norris, 2014:270 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Puerto Calamajué, BC, to Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Islas de los Gemelos, BC; Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. Type Locality. Epiphytic on other algae; near Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University California, San Diego), La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Melanothamnus eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:6 Neosiphonia eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) S.-D. Xiang, 2004:94. Neosiphonia eastwoodiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:264, nom. inval. 44 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía Chacala, NAY. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Cholla, Bahía Salinas and Puerto Ballandra, Isla Carmen, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; South Anchorage, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Melanothamnus johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) DíazTapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:8 Neosiphonia johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:271 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta Prieta, Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Punta la Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On Gracilaria sp.; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Melanothamus masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:10 Neosiphonia masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:267 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Epiphytic on the seagrass Zostera; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Melanothamnus savatieri (Hariot) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:10 Neosiphonia savatieri (Hariot) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 1999:279 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Nueva Guaymas, Bahía San Carlos, SON. WC: Puertecitos to Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: Rocas Consag and Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Epiphytic on larger algae; Yokosuka, on Tokyo Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. Melanothamnus simplex (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:9 Neosiphonia simplex (Hollenberg) Y.-P. Lee, 2008:316 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Estanque, Isla Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla San Ildefonso and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN. Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. Remarks. McIvor et al. (2001) found that “Neosiphonia simplex” in San Diego, California, had been incorrectly identified and was actually an introduced species, N. harveyi (J. W. Bailey) M.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, Guiry et G. W. Saunders, in Choi et al. (2001), which is now Melanothamnus harveyi (Bailey) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017). Gulf of California specimens identified as “N. simplex” should be reexamined and morphologically and molecularly compared to type locality M. simplex and M. harveyi to determine if one or both are in the Gulf (Norris, 2014). Melanothamnus sphaerocarpus (Børgesen) Díaz-Tapia et Maggs, in Díaz-Tapia et al., 2017:9 Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Børgesen) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 1999:280 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, NAY, to Careyes, JAL. Type Locality. Magens Bay (Store Nordsidebugt), St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE POLYSIPHONIEAE ARDISSONE, 1883:357 Polysiphonia Greville, 1823: pl. 90 Polysiphonia beaudettei Hollenberg, 1961:348 Neosiphonia beaudettei (Hollenberg) M.-S. Kim et I. A. Abbott, 2006:33 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On sand bottom, 4–6 m depth; Isla Ixtapa (Isla Grande), northwest of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. Remarks. Described from Pacific Mexico it has been recorded in the Gulf of California as N. beaudettei. Díaz-Tapia et al. (2017) recommend referral of the species to P. beaudettei until its phylogenetic affinities and generic assignment can be elucidated. Polysiphonia bifurcata Hollenberg, in Taylor, 1945:301 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 92 m depth off sandy bottom; Bahía Gardner, Isla Española, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Polysiphonia confusa Hollenberg, 1961:350 Neosiphonia confusa (Hollenberg) J. N. Norris, 2014:271 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. Type Locality. Mid-intertidal rocks; Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. NUMBER 106 Polysiphonia decussata Hollenberg, 1942:780 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On intertidal boulders; near mouth of Topanga Canyon (northwest of Santa Monica and east of Malibu), Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenberg, 1942:783 Neosiphonia flaccidissima (Hollenberg) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee, 1999:279 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON; Playa Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Santa Rosalía to Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On a coralline alga; rocky point, Laguna Beach, Orange County, California, USA. Remarks. Although treated as conspecific with Neosiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) M.-S. Kim et I. K. Lee by Mamoozadeh and Freshwater (2012) and Nam and Kang (2012), the phylogenetic relationship of the eastern Pacific P. flaccidissima and the European P. sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh (1863) needs further study. Polysiphonia hendryi N. L. Gardner, 1927d:101 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Santo Domingo (about 30°40′N), Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Polysiphonia hollenbergii J. N. Norris, 2014:275 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Isla la Ventana, Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Polysiphonia homoia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:162 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium; Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Polysiphonia nathanielii Hollenberg, 1958:63 Type Locality. On rocks, low tide level; 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA (Hollenberg, 1958:63; see also Hollenberg, 1944:479, as Polysiphonia dictyurus; non P. dictyurus J. Agardh, 1847). Remarks. Polysiphonia nathanielii is reported from Tenacatita (Sentíes, 1995), which is about 128 km (80 miles) south of Cabo Corrientes, the southeastern entrance to the Gulf of California. It is listed here to call attention to its possible presence in the Gulf. • 45 Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenberg, 1942:777 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Chueca to Estero Santa Rosa, SON; Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Estero Zacatecas (Ensenada de La Paz) to Bahía de La Paz and Cabo Pulmo to Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, central California, USA. Polysiphonia pacifica var. delicatula Hollenberg, 1942:778 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, BCS. Type Locality. Low-tide level on wharf pilings; Monterey Municipal Wharf, Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. Polysiphonia pacifica var. gracilis Hollenberg, 1942:778 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged; Orcas Island, San Juan Islands, San Juan County, northwest Washington, USA. Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne, 1842:254 Neosiphonia paniculata (Montagne) J. N. Norris, 2014:273 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Guaymas, SON. WC: San Felipe, BC. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Canal de Infiernillo (between Campo Víboras and Campo Oona on Sonora coast and E coast of Isla Tiburón) and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal, on Ulva nematoidea; Peru. Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum (J. Agardh) Hollenberg, 1968:81 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. EC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Isla Turner, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. “Ad littus americae tropicae” (Agardh, 1863:941); “probably on the central coast of [Pacific] México” (Dawson, 1944:333). Polysiphonia sonorensis Hollenberg, 1942:779 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Empalme to Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. Afloat along southeastern shore of bay; Bahía Empalme, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Polysiphonia sp. of Hollenberg and Norris, 1977:16 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. Remarks. The characteristics of Polysiphonia sp. (see: Norris, 2014:275−276) suggest it may be a new species and probably belongs in another genus, possibly Melanothamnus. 46 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne, 1840:199 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Cayenne, Arrondissement of Cayenne, French Guiana (Guyane). Uncertain Record: Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey, 1855a:540 Remarks. Recorded in the southern Gulf from Mazatlán with a taxonomic query (Mendoza-González et al., 1994), its taxonomic identification should be reinvestigated. RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE PTEROSIPHONIEAE FALKENBERG, 1901:261, 723, 752 Amplisiphonia Hollenberg, 1939:380 Remarks. Amplisiphonia had been placed in the “Placophora Group” sensu Kylin (1956:497, 528) (e.g., Womersley, 2003; Norris, 2014), but the genus was recently supported as a member of tribe Pterosiphonieae (Savoie and Saunders, 2016). Amplisiphonia? pacifica Hollenberg, 1939:382 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Calamajué, BC. Type Locality. On lower intertidal rocky shore; Corona Del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. Remarks. The generic placement of the Gulf specimens has been queried by Norris (2014, as Amplisiphonia? pacifica). Pterosiphonia Falkenberg, in F. Schmitz and Falkenberg, 1897:443 Pterosiphonia californica Kylin, 1941:39 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Pterosiphoniella E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:422 Pterosiphoniella williamsii E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:423 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. On fine sand and rock bottom, dredged 6 m depth; Isla Concha, Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon), El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Callao (city), Bahía Callao, Provincia Callao, Peru. Remarks. Previously reported in the Gulf of California as Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg (1901), the species was recently shown to belong in the genus Symphyocladia (Savoie and Saunders, 2016). Tayloriella Kylin, 1938:18 Tayloriella dictyurus (J. Agardh) Kylin, 1956:505 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Segundo Cerro Prieto (N of Kino Nuevo), Bahía Kino, SON; Lo de Marcos y Playa San Francisco, NAY. WC: La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “Pochetti” (Agardh, 1847:16); “presumably in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca” (Dawson, 1963b:417); probably near Pochutla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to T. dictyurus need to be genetically compared to the Pacific Mexico type with the South Africa generitype, Tayloriella tenebrosa (Harvey) Kylin (see Savoie and Saunders, 2016). RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE HERPOSIPHONIEAE F. SCHMITZ ET FALKENBERG, 1897:421, 428, 457 Herposiphonia Nägeli, 1846:238 Herposiphonia hollenbergii E. Y. Dawson, 1963b:430 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. “Surf-dashed” granite headland; Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. Herposiphonia littoralis Hollenberg, 1970:69 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON; Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Puerto Escondido to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. Symphyocladia Falkenberg, in Schmitz and Falkenberg, 1897:443 Herposiphonia plumula (J. Agardh) Hollenberg, 1970:68 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Carmen and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, southern California, USA. Symphyocladia dendroidea (Montagne) Savoie et G. W. Saunders, 2016:929 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Guaymas, SON. WC: San José del Cabo, Herposiphonia plumula var. parva (Hollenberg) Hollenberg, 1970:69 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. NUMBER 106 Type Locality. Lady’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Herposiphonia spinosa E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:34 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Partida [sur] (off N end of Isla Espíritu Santo), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Herposiphonia verticillata (Harvey) Kylin, 1925:74 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. “California” (Harvey, 1833:165); “either San Francisco or Monterey” (Dawson, 1963b:437); “probably Monterey” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:720), Monterey County, central California, USA. RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE CHONDRIEAE J. AGARDH, 1841:20 Acanthophora J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:132 Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen, 1910:201 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa El Caimancito, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Remarks. Native to the Caribbean Sea, Acanthophora spicifera is a highly invasive species. First recorded in the Pacific from Hawaii (Russell, 1992), more recently, A. spicifera has been recognized in the southern Gulf on Sargassum in Bahía de La Paz (Ávila et al., 2012). Méndez-Trejo et al. (2014) studied the effects of A. spicifera on the epibiotia of the southern Gulf. Its potential spread elsewhere in the Gulf should be monitored. Chondria C. Agardh, 1817: xviii, 443 Chondria acrorhizophora Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:766 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. Type Locality. Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Chondria arcuata Hollenberg, 1945:447 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Yelapa, JAL. Type Locality. In algal turf, on low intertidal rocks; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. • 47 Chondria decipiens Kylin, 1941:41 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. On low intertidal rocks; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. Remarks. A California species, specimens of C. decipiens from the southernmost end of the Gulf should be reexamined to verify their identification. Chondria repens Børgesen, 1924a:299 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Province Isla de Pascua (Valparaiso Region), Chile. Chondria species A of Bucher and Norris, 2014a:242 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito to Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía Coyote to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Patos and Isla Tiburón, ISG. Remarks. Morphologically, Chondria species A is in general agreement with the Gulf of California specimens identified as “Chondria dasyphylla” following Dawson (1963b), but it appears closer to C. pacifica Setchell et N. L. Gardner (Bucher and Norris, 2014a) or may possibly be a new taxon. RHODOMELACEAE TRIBE LAURENCIEAE F. SCHMITZ, 1889:447 Erythrocystis J. Agardh, 1876:638 Erythrocystis saccata (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva, 1952:308 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Palmilla to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. “Hab. ad oras Californiae” (Agardh, 1849:89); “probably in vicinity of Monterey” (Smith, 1944:380; Dawson, 1963b:441), Monterey County, central California, USA. Laurencia J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:130 Laurencia aguilar-rosasorum J. N. Norris, 2014:250 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. On intertidal platform; Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia decidua E. Y. Dawson, 1954a:8 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal rocks; Isla San Benedicto, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. 48 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Laurencia fenicalii J. N. Norris, 2014:252 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía San Carlos, SON. Type Locality. On intertidal platform; Cumpleaños Tide Pool, Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:328 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Low intertidal rocks; Bahía Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia iriei J. N. Norris et Fenical, in Norris, 2014:253 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal; attached to sides of Cumpleaños Tide Pool, Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:764 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Marcos, Isla Carmen, Isla San Diego, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Isla San Marcos (southeast of Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia lajolla E. Y. Dawson, 1958:77 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON; Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Bargo, BCS. Type Locality. Among coralline algal turf; reef flat below north end of Neptune Place, Wind-and-Sea Beach (“Windansea” surfing beach), La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Laurencia masonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1930:155 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore, epiphytic on Sargassum palmeri; South Anchorage, Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. Remarks. Known in the southern Gulf only from the report of Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-González (1985), the finding of additional specimens will be helpful to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. Laurencia richardsii E. Y. Dawson, 1954a:7 Gulf of California Distribution. Mazatlán, SIN. EC: Type Locality. Intertidal rocks exposed to heavy surf; NE side of Isla San Benedicto, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Laurencia subcorymbosa E. Y. Dawson, 1963a:467 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Punta Palmilla, BCS. Type Locality. Beach drift, epiphytic on Sargassum; 5 km north of Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Laurencia voragina W. R. Taylor, 1945:290 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Forming turfs, low intertidal exposed to severe surf; Morros del Potosí (White Friars Islands or White Friars Rocks), 15 km east of Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing, 1849:855 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste (in northern Adriatic Sea, near border with Slovenia), northeastern Italy. Remarks. Mateo-Cid et al. (2006, as L. glandulifera) recorded “Chondrophycus glandulifera” in the upper Gulf. There has been much confusion and misapplication of the species name and its generic placement. Although Yamada (1931), Saito (1985), and Cecere et al. (1996) recognized L. glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing and L. paniculata Kützing (1849) as distinct taxa, others considered the two conspecific (e.g., Silva et al., 1996; Abbott, 1999; Lipkin and Silva, 2002; Lobban and Tsuda, 2003; Norris, 2014). Recently, Furnari et al. (2016) provided support that L. glandulifera and L. paniculata were taxonomically different taxa. Gulf specimens need critical studies to determine their generic placement and species identification (Norris, 2014). Excluded Species: Laurencia pacifica Kylin, 1941:42 Remarks. Northern Gulf of California specimens identified as “L. pacifica” (Dawson, 1963b) were shown to be three new species, each distinct from the northeastern Pacific L. pacifica Kylin (Fenical and Norris, 1975; Norris, 2014), and it was excluded from the Gulf of California marine flora (Norris, 2014). Osmundea Stackhouse, 1809:56, 79 Osmundea blinksii (Hollenberg et I. A. Abbott) K. W. Nam, in Nam et al., 1994:393 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. Type Locality. Exposed rocky shores; just south of Malpaso Creek, Monterey County, central California, USA. NUMBER 106 Osmundea estebaniana (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:257 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS; IS: Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. On rocks; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. • 49 Type Locality. Rade de Sainte-Croix (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), Islas Canarias, Spain. Remarks. An Atlantic species, Palisada perforata has been reported in the southern Gulf (Cruz-Ayala et al., 2001). More collections will be helpful to verify its identification in the Gulf of California. GIGARTINALES F. SCHMITZ, 1892:18 CAULACANTHACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:389 Osmundea sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) K. W. Nam, in Nam et al., 1994:393 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Marcos, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Sargassum; Eureka (23°36′N, 109°36′W), vicinity of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Palisada K. W. Nam, 2007:53 Palisada paniculata (Kützing) J. N. Norris, 2014:259 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Verde, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. Syntype Localities. In Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas (Kützing, 1849). Lectotype Locality. “Mari mediterraneo” (Kützing, 1865:22). Palisada pedrochei J. N. Norris, 2014:261 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN; Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On tidal platform; Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Norris (2014) recognized the southern Gulf Laurencia papillosa var. pacifica Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a) to belong in the genus Palisada. Since there is no priority outside of rank (International Code of Nomenclature . . . [ICN], McNeill et al., 2012), he described it as a new species, Palisada pedrochei, to avoid confusion in using the name “pacifica,” an epithet already used not only for the variety, L. papillosa var. pacifica, but also in a different species, L. pacifica Kylin (1941). Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) K. W. Nam, 2007:54 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Caulacanthus Kützing, 1843:395 Caulacanthus okamurae Yamada, 1933:278 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Punta San Pedro, SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Syntype Localities. “Hokkaidô to Formosa” (Yamada, 1933:278); although not specifically designated by Yamada (1933), type locality is probably Hokkaidô Island, Hokkaidô Prefecture, Japan. Remarks. Recorded in Pacific Mexico and the Gulf of California, it is considered to be an introduced species (L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014, as C. ustulatus). Although genetically separable, the morphological distinction between the western Pacific C. okamurae and the European C. ustulatus, remains problematic (see Norris, 2014). Gulf of California specimens referred to C. okamurae, as well as those of Pacific Mexico, need further comparisons with type materials to verify their identification. CYSTOCLONIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:390, 404 Hypnea J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:131 Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh, 1852a:451 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Norte and Punta Derecha, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: San Jorge, SON; Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Warm Atlantic from Brazil, West Indies, and Mexico and Indian Ocean from Mauritius (Agardh, 1852a). Lectotype Locality. Near Bahia (city; now Salvador), Bahia (state), northeastern Brazil (Haroun and Prud’homme van Reine, 1993; Yamagishi and Masuda, 1997:140). Hypnea johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:758 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, BCS. 50 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla Ángel de la Guarda (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a); Isla Estanque (Pond Island), off southeastern end of Isla Ángel de la Guarda (Dawson, 1961a), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Hypnea nidulans Setchell, 1924:161 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Catalina (near Guaymas), SON. WC: Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Forming dense clumps among staghorn corals (Acropora pharaonis); Aua Reef, Tutuila Island, Samoan Islands, American Samoa. Remarks. Although considered conspecific with H. pannosa by Dawson (1961a), Geraldino et al. (2010) showed type locality H. nidulans Setchell and H. pannosa J. Agardh were distinct species. Later Norris (2014) treated Gulf “H. nidulans” sensu Dawson (1944; non H. nidulans Setchell, 1924) as H. pannosa. Reexamination of Gulf records and genetic studies of new specimens are required to confirm the presence of H. nidulans in the Gulf. Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh, 1847:14 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla San Diego, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de Venados, SIN; Isla Isabel, Isla Larga, and Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Hypnea spicifera (Suhr) Harvey, in J. Agardh, 1847:14 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. Type Locality. “Algoa-Bai” (Suhr, 1834:731); Algoa Bay, Cape Province, South Africa. Remarks. Specimens were referred to the South African Hypnea spicifera by Dawson (1961a) with a taxonomic query. Additional collections are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1847:23 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: El Machorro, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. “Indiae occidentalis” (Agardh, 1822:323); collected in coral, West Indies, Caribbean Sea (Dawson, 1961a). Lectotype. Dansk “Vestindien” [Danish West Indies; now U.S. Virgin Islands] (Haroun and Prud’homme van Reine, 1993:122). El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Canal de Infiernillo (channel between Isla Tiburón and Campo Víboras on Sonora coast), ISG; Isla San Diego, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Red Sea. Hypnea variabilis Okamura, 1909:21 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Remarks. A Japanese species, it has been reported from the Pacific coast of Baja California (Dawson, 1961a). There is also one record of Hypnea variabilis in the southern Gulf of California (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991). Additional collections are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. Hypnea volubilis Searles, in Schneider and Searles, 1976:53 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. At 23–24 m depths; offshore reef, North Carolina, USA. DICRANEMATACEAE KYLIN, 1932:65 Dicranema Sonder, 1845:56 Dicranema rosaliae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:745 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Santa Rosalía to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. The generic placement of the Gulf endemic Dicranema rosaliae is uncertain and requires further morphological and genetic analyses to resolve its status (Norris, 2014). DUMONTIACEAE BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1828:197 Dudresnaya P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1835:98, nom. cons. Dudresnaya colombiana W. R. Taylor, 1945:162 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal; Isla Gorgona (Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona), off the Pacific coast of Departamento de Valle del Cauca, Colombia. GIGARTINACEAE BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1828:149 Chondracanthus Kützing, 1843:399 Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne, 1841:161 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Tecapán, SIN. WC: Playa Chondracanthus acicularis? (Roth) Fredericq, in Hommersand et al., 1993:117 NUMBER 106 • 51 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Puerto Lobos, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla La Ventana, BC. Syntype Localities. “In variis submarinis corporibus” (Wulfen, 1803:63). Lectotype Locality. Adriatic Sea (Dixon and Irvine, 1977b:237). Remarks. Northern Gulf of California specimens were tentatively referred to C. acicularis by Norris and Fredericq (2014a). Hughey and Hommersand (2008) noted that their Gulf G. acicularis differed molecularly from the Atlantic C. acicularis and suggested that herbarium specimens of Gulf C. acicularis sensu Dawson (1961a) may possibly be ecological forms of C. squarrulosus. It is also possible it may be another species. El Coloradito, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Balboa, upper Newport Bay, Orange County, southern California, USA. Chondracanthus chamissoi (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1843:399 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Chile. Uncertain Record: Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Harvey) Guiry, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115 Remarks. Recorded in the northern Gulf from Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON, with a taxonomic query by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986); its presence in the upper Gulf of California is doubtful. Chondracanthus exasperatus (Harvey et Bailey) Hughey, in Hughey et al., 1996:23 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Opposite Fort Nisqually (near DuPont, Pierce County), Puget Sound, Washington, USA (Hughey and Hommersand, 2008). Chondracanthus intermedius (Suringar) Hommersand, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Algodones, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Sea of Japan (East Sea), on west coast of Japan. Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Hughey, P. C. Silva et Hommersand, 2001:1105 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: El Machorro, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Coronado, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Coronado (Isla Smith), northeast of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf endemic (Norris, 2014), it was apparently accidentially introduced with Gulf of California clams transported into Bahía San Quintin, Pacific coast of Baja California (L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). Chondracanthus tepidus (Hollenberg) Guiry, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Playa Chondracanthus zertuchei J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in Norris and Fredericq, 2014a:333 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla Las Ánimas, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Chondracanthus harveyanus (Kützing) Guiry, in Hommersand et al., 1993:115 Remarks. A temperate species known in northern Pacific Baja California (Dawson, 1961a; Hughey and Hommersand, 2008), there is only one record for the Gulf of California from Cabo Corrientes, JAL (Huerta-Múzquiz, 1978, as Gigartina harveyana). Additional collections are needed to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. Mazzaella G. De Toni, 1936:[4] Mazzaella diffusa (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in Norris and Fredericq, 2014a:335 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Intertidal rocky shore; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Mazzaella digitata (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in Norris and Fredericq, 2014a:336 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Partida and Isla Rasa, ISG. Type Locality. On rocky shore in lower intertidal; Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Mazzaella hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) Fredericq, in Hommersand et al., 1993:110 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Patos and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. On rocks, low intertidal; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 52 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Uncertain Record: Mazzaella affinis (Harvey) Fredericq, in Hommersand et al., 1993:110 Remarks. Recorded in the northern Gulf from Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON, by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986), more collections are needed to verify its presence. Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 19–30 m depth; off Isla San Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo Sur), Islas San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Mazzaella leptorhynchos Leister, in Hommersand et al., 1993:110 Remarks. Recorded from Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON, with uncertainty as to its identification (MendozaGonzález and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its occurrence in the Gulf of California is doubtful. Erythrophyllum J. Agardh, 1872:10 KALLYMENIACEAE KYLIN, 1928:56 Kallymenia J. Agardh, 1842:98 Kallymenia baldwinii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:62 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Islas Santa Inés, BCS. Type Locality. On subtidal rocks, from trawl at about 20 m depth; off Islas Santa Inés (Islas Santa Inez), about 6.4 km southeast of Punta Chivato (Bahía Concepción), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Kallymenia bleckii E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:59 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta El Púlpito, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. Subtidal, 15 m depth; Punta El Púlpito, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Erythrophyllum oblongifructum (Setchell) Saunders, in Saunders et al., 2017:92 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. Cast ashore, on stipes of kelp; Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf of California as Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa (Setchell) G. I. Hansen (1997). Saunders et al. (2017) provided phylogenetic evidence that K. oblongifructa belongs in the genus Erythrophyllum and relegated the Crossocarpaceae Perestenko (1975, 1977) to synonymy with Kallymeniaceae. Its presence in the Gulf needs to be reexamined. Excluded Species: Callophyllis violacea J. Agardh, 1885:34 Remarks. Its report from Bahía Bacochibampo (Norris, 1973) was based on an incorrectly labeled locality of the specimen (Norris, 2014). Although also reported from Guaymas (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), its presence in the northern Gulf is doubtful. PHYLLOPHORACEAE WILLKOMM, 1854:148 Kallymenia norrisii Hollenberg et I. A. Abbott, 1965:1183 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San José and Isla Santo Espíritu, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged on shale, 5−10 fathoms (9.1−18.3 m) deep; south end of Monterey Bay, off Monterey [city], Monterey County, central California, USA. Kallymenia pertusa Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:746 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta La Gringa, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Canal de Ballenas (between W coast of Isla Ángel de la Guarda and E coast of Baja California), Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla San José, BCS. Type Locality. Isla San Pedro Mártir (about 35 km south of Punto de Monumento on southern end of Isla Tiburón), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Pugetia Kylin, 1925:30 Pugetia mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:62 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta La Gringa to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Ahnfeltiopsis P. C. Silva et DeCew, 1992:576 Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva et DeCew, 1992:577 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Playitas, JAL. Type Locality. San Agustín (St. Augustín), Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Remarks. Gametangial and tetrasporic phases were described from Bahía de Banderas in the vicinity of southeastern entrance to the Gulf (León-Álvarez et al., 1997). Ahnfeltiopsis hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Fredericq, in Norris and Fredericq, 2014b:347 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Lobos, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Santa Rosalía, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz and Isla Ardilla, SON; Isla Patos and Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. “Point approximately 3 miles [~4.8 km] north of Kino” (Dawson, 1944:300); probably in the vicinity of Kino Nuevo (north of Kino Viejo), Bahía Kino, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. NUMBER 106 Ahnfeltiopsis serenei (E. Y. Dawson) Masuda, 1993:3 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/ JAL. WC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. On “roches noires” (rhyolite rock); north end of Con Se Tre Island (Île de Tre), off Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Province, south central Vietnam. Besa Setchell, 1912:237 Besa divaricata (Holmes) M. S. Calderon et S. M. Boo, in Calderon et al., 2016:3(e-version)/433(print) Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Lobos, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Shimoda, southern Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. Remarks. Besa divaricata has been reported in the northern Gulf as Ahnfeltiopsis divaricata (Holmes) Masuda (1993). Besa leptophylla (J. Agardh) M. S. Calderon et K. A. Miller, in Calderon et al., 2016:3(e-version)/433(print) Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Chueca to Segundo Cerro Prieto, SON; Punta de Mita, NAY, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL. IS: Isla Pelícano and Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON. Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, central California, USA. Remarks. Besa leptophylla was recorded in the northern Gulf as Ahnfeltiopsis leptophylla (J. Agardh) P. C. Silva et DeCew (1992). Gulf of California specimens need critical study to confirm its identification in the Gulf. • 53 Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gymnogongrus martinensis Setchell et Gardner, 1937:78 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Isla San Martín, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Gymnogongrus tenuis J. Agardh, 1849:88 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lo de Marco and Playa San Francisco, NAY. Type Locality. “Hab. ad insulae lndiae occidentalis” (Agardh, 1849:88); West Indies, Caribbean Sea. Remarks. A Caribbean species (Wynne, 2011), Gymnogongrus tenuis has also been reported in the southern Gulf from Nayarit (Mateo-Cid and Mendoza-González, 1992). Petroglossum Hollenberg, 1943:571 Petroglossum parvum Hollenberg, 1945:450 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. Type Locality. Intertidal; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. SOLIERIACEAE J. AGARDH, 1876:502 SOLIERIACEAE AGARDHIELLEAE P. W. GABRIELSON HOMMERSAND, 1982:57 TRIBE ET Gymnogongrus Martius, 1833:27 Gymnogongrus? carnosus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:745 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Isla San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Gymnogongrus guadalupensis E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:249 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Outer reef and pools; southernmost tip of Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Agardhiella F. Schmitz, in Schmitz et Hauptleisch, 1896:371 Agardhiella mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:288 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Canal Mejía (channel off Isla Mejía) and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 4 m depth; south shore of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. SOLIERIACEAE TRIBE SOLIERIEAE J. AGARDH, 1852B:721 Sarcodiotheca Kylin, 1932:15 Gymnogongrus johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:294 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Lo de Marcos, NAY. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Sarcodiotheca dichotoma (M. Howe) E. Y. Dawson, 1944:290 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Bahía de 54 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla Carmen, and Canal de San Lorenzo, off Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Vicinity of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Sarcodiotheca furcata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Kylin, 1932:16 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada Grande, Bahía San Pedro (between Bahía San Carlos and Tastiota), SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. West coast of Whidbey (Whidby) Island, Island County, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (Montagne) P. W. Gabrielson, 1982:93 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía La Choya (?) to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to San Jose del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla La Ventana, BC; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Paita (seaport on south side of Bahía de Paita), Paita Province, northwestern Peru. Sarcodiotheca linearis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:80 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Gorda to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón (?), ISG. Type Locality. Bahía de San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Wurdemannia Harvey, 1853:245 Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) J. Feldmann et G. Hamel, 1934:544 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía San Carlos, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. Vicinity of Montpellier, Hérault Department, France, Mediterranean Sea. WEEKSIACEAE I. A. ABBOTT, 1968:181 Weeksia Setchell, 1901:128 Weeksia coccinea (Harvey) S. C. Lindstrom, 1986:531 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. EC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. WC: Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Griffin Bay (south of Friday Harbor), San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA. Weeksia templetonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:76 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Canal de San Lorenzo, off Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 38 m depth; off Isla Cedros, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. ET Sarcodiotheca taylorii E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:227 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, off Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Tacanoosca J. N. Norris, P. W. Gabrielson et D. P. Cheney, in Norris, 2014:360 Tacanoosca uncinata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, P. W. Gabrielson et D. P. Cheney, in Norris, 2014:361 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, Isla Las Ánimas, Isla San Lorenzo, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, and Isla de Los Gemelos. Type Locality. On rocks; Isla Las Ánimas (Isla San Lorenzo Norte), Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. PEYSSONNELIALES KRAYESKY, FREDERICQ J. N. NORRIS, IN KRAYESKY ET AL., 2009:384 PEYSSONNELIACEAE DENIZOT, 1968:86, 308 Cruoriella P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1859:289 Cruoriella fissurata E. Y. Dawson, 1953:109 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Aguja to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Lorenzo, ISG. Type Locality. On intertidal rocks; Cabeza Ballena, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Cruoriella mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) Denizot, 1968:149 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de Loreto, BCS. Type Locality. On mollusk shells, dredged 13–15 m depths; Isla Coronado Sur (South Island; 32°24.5′N, 117°13.8′W), Islas Los Coronados, off Pacific coast of northern Baja California, Mexico. NUMBER 106 Metapeyssonnelia Boudouresque, Coppejans et Marcot, 1976:288 Metapeyssonnelia mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) D. L. Ballantine et H. Ruíz, 2011:50 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Manzanillas, NAY. Type Locality. On granite outcrop; southeast side of Bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Metapeyssonnelia sp. A of Krayesky and Norris, 2014:370 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Peyssonnelia Decaisne, 1841:168 Peyssonnelia conchicola Piccone et Grunow, in Piccone, 1884b:317 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Massawa, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Red Sea. Peyssonnelia dubyi P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1844:368 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, SON, to Miramar, NAY. IS: Isla Isabel, NAY. Type Locality. Brest, Finistère Département, Brittany, northwest France. Peyssonnelia hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) Denizot, 1968:135, 310 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. South shore, Isla Benito del Este (East Island or East Benito), Islas San Benito (~25 km west of Isla Cedros), off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Peyssonnelia japonica (Segawa) Yoneshigue, 1984:134 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación to Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. Crusts on gastropod mollusk shell, Omphalius rusticus (=Tegula rustica); Sirahama, Miyake-jima, Izu Islands (Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park), Japan, Philippine Sea. Peyssonnelia mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1953:106 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Manzanillas, NAY. IS: Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. Type Locality. Granite rock outcrop; southeast side of Bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Peyssonnelia orientalis (Weber-van Bosse) Cormaci et G. Furnari, 1987:757 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, Isla Pelícano, • 55 and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Cholla, Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, and Bahía San Gabriel and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Syntype Localities. “None specifically designated, seventeen Dutch East Indian localities [were] indicated from intertidal to 120 m depth” (Dawson, 1953:104); “Philippine Islands and various locales in Indonesia, including Semau and Solor” (Silva et al., 1996:213). Peyssonnelia pacifica Kylin, 1925:25 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. Type Locality. On shell of limpet, Patella (mollusk); south of False Bay, southwest coast of San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA. Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Agardh, 1851:502 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Norte and Punta Derecha, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Ionian Islands (seven principal islands and numerous smaller islands), Ionian Sea, six off west coast and one off the southern tip of Greece. Peyssonnelia squamaria (S. G. Gmelin) Decaisne ex J. Agardh, 1842:93 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Ildefonso and Islas Santa Inés (Islas Santa Inez), BCS. Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea. CRYPTONEMIALES F. SCHMITZ, 1892:21 HALYMENIACEAE BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1828:158 Cryptonemia J. Agardh, 1842:100 Cryptonemia angustata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:261 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Dredged 30 m depth; Bahía Santa María, west coast of Isla Magdalena (outside of Bahía Magdalena), Pacific Coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Cryptonemia borealis Kylin, 1925:19 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Colorado, SON. Syntype Localities. Two locales (Kylin, 1925): Canoe Island and Peavine Pass (channel between Orcas Island and Blakely Island), Washington. 56 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Lectotype Locality. Canoe Island (off SE of Shaw Island and NW end of Lopez Island), San Juan County, Washington, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976). Remarks. Gabrielson et al. (2004) noted difficulty in separating NE Pacific Cryptonemia borealis, C. angustata, and C. obovata. Should molecular systematic studies reveal them to be a single species, the oldest validly published name is C. obovata. Northern Gulf specimens referred to Cryptonemia borealis (Serviere-Zaragoza et al., 2012) should be compared to the type as well as northern Gulf specimens of C. obovata. Cryptonemia decolorata W. R. Taylor, 1945:202 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Dredged on coralline algal bottom 22 m depth; AHF sta. 970 (106°21′10″W, 21°25′40″N), off Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Cryptonemia guaymasensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:263 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. At 4–6 m depths on muddy bottom; outer harbor, Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Cryptonemia obovata J. Agardh, 1876:681 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Canal de Infiernillo (channel between E coast of Isla Tiburón and El Desemboque de los Seris), SON. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. San Francisco Bay entrance (probably the westernmost entrance at Land’s End or Fort Point or below the Presidio, in vicinity of Golden Gate Bridge), San Francisco, San Francisco County, northern California, USA. Cryptonemia opuntioides E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:59 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla Salsipuedes, ISG. Type Locality. At 12–18 m depths; Isla Salsipuedes, Islas de San Lorenzo, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Cryptonemia veleroae (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:262 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. WC: Rocas Consag, BC. Type Locality. On broken shell and mud at 12–20 m depths; outside Guaymas Harbor entrance, Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Grateloupia C. Agardh, 1822:221, nom. cons. Grateloupia catenata Yendo, 1920:9 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to San Blas, NAY. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Syntype Localities. Six locales in Japan (Yendo, 1920): five on Honshū Island—Tsugaru, [Cape] Tappi-zaki, Shimofuro, and Ajigasawa (all four Aomori Prefecture) and Fukuyama (Hiroshima Prefecture)—and one on Hokkaidō Island, Hakodate (Hokkaidō Prefecture). Lectotype Locality. Ajigasawa, Aomori Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan (Wang et al., 2000). Grateloupia dactylifera E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:257 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Ensenada de San Francisco (vicinity of Puerto San Carlos), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Grateloupia filicina (Lamouroux) C. Agardh, 1822:223 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Trieste, Gulf of Trieste, northeast Italy (De Clerck et al., 2005:392). Remarks. Most Gulf of California of “Grateloupia filicina,” including G. filicina var. lomentaria (Dawson, 1954b), were referred to G. catenata (Norris, 2014). Other Gulf records need to be reexamined to verify their identification. Grateloupia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:280 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Estanque and Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. “Rocky headland about 3 miles [~4.8 km] north of Kino [Bahía Kino (town)]” (Dawson, 1944:280), Bahía Kino (bay), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Grateloupia howei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:782 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Robinson, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Roca El Solitario, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Grateloupia prolongata J. Agardh, 1847:10 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Lobos, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Angel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla San Esteban, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Francisco, BCS. Type Locality. “Pochetti” (Agardh, 1847:10); “Guatulco (Mexico)” (Kützing, 1849:730), probably Huatulco, Oaxaca; “probably on the coast of Oaxaca” (Dawson, 1954b); “Pochutla,” Oaxaca, Mexico (De Clerck et al., NUMBER 106 • 57 2005:392; Pochutla District is in the east of the Costa Region, Oaxaca). Type Locality. California, Mexico. Grateloupia versicolor (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1851:181 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Arenosa, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON; Isla Turner and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. “St. Augustín in littore Mexicano Oceani Pacifici, Liebman” (Agardh, 1851); San Agustín, Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Halymenia bifida E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:269 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Punta Los Frailes to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Rock and sand bottom, 8–15 m depths; Bahía Los Frailes adjoining Punta Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Grateloupia violacea (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:200 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles to Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG. Type Locality. On upper sublittoral rocks; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Grateloupia abreviata Kylin, 1941:10 Remarks. Reported from Isla Pelícano in the upper Gulf by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986) with a query. Grateloupia abreviata was described from La Jolla, southern California, and is generally accepted as a synonym of G. doryphora (Montagne) M. Howe (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976); its presence in the Gulf of California needs to be verified. Uncertain Record: Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) M. Howe, 1914:169 Remarks. A common species on the Pacific coast of Baja California. The Gulf record from Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1992), needs to be verified. Grateloupia doryphora as identified in the NE Pacific appears to be confused with the Japanese G. turuturu Yamada (1941). In the Atlantic off the U.S. coast “G. doryphora” was found to be G. turuturu by Gavio and Fredericq (2002), who also noted that distribution of G. doryphora was probably restricted to waters off of Chile and Peru. On the Pacific coast of northern Baja California G. turuturu has been reported as an introduced species (Miller et al., 2011; L. Aguilar-Rosas, et al. 2014). Halymenia C. Agardh, 1817:xix, nom. cons. Halymenia actinophysa M. Howe, 1911:509 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Peñasco, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla La Ventana and Isla de Los Gemelos, BC; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, Isla San José, and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of Halymenia californica G. M. Smith et Hollenberg, 1943:216 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Partida [sur], BCS. Type Locality. Moss Beach, San Mateo County, central California, USA. Halymenia megaspora E. Y. Dawson, 1954b:272 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Rock-sand bottom, 8–15 m depths; south side of Punta Los Frailes, Bahía Los Frailes, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Halymenia refugiensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:278 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 22–44 m depths; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Dawson (1954b) and Abbott (1967) considered H. refugiensis conspecific with H. actinophysa. Apparently resurrecting the species but without comment, Littler and Littler (2010) reported it in Pacific Panama. Thus far, the northern Gulf H. refugiensis is known only from the type specimen, and its taxonomic status should be further investigated and molecularly tested (Norris, 2014). Excluded Species: Halymenia gardneri (Kylin) P. G. Parkinson, 1980:12 Remarks. Mistakenly recorded in the northern Gulf of California from Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, by Pacheco-Ruíz et al. (2008). Prionitis J. Agardh, 1851:185, nom. cons. Prionitis abbreviata Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:785 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía Topolobampo, SIN. WC: Campo Hawaii, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla Alcatráz, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la 58 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla Cholla, Isla Carmen, and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On rocks; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Prionitis abbreviata var. guaymasensis (E. Y. Dawson) E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:25 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. On rocks intertidal tide pools; Punta San Pedro (about 41 km north of Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Prionitis acroidalea (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:424 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatraz, SON; Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. On rock, upper sublittoral; Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Prionitis cornea (Okamura) E. Y. Dawson, 1958:71 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Mulegé, BCS. Type Locality. Kazusa, Bōsō Peninusula, Chiba Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. Type Locality. Uncertain. Note that Gabrielson (2008:96) gave two possible locales: Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, or Monterey, California, USA. Remarks. Gabrielson (2008) stated Prionitis sternbergii was a temperate species distributed from British Columbia to northern Pacific coast of Baja California and noted it was not possible that P. sternbergii could have been collected at these previously cited locales: “in mari Australi” (Agardh, 1822; see also Silva, 1996); Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (Kylin, 1941); and Punta St. Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico (Dawson, 1954b). Gulf specimens referred to this species need to be reexamined to verify their identification. Uncertain Record: Prionitis australis (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1851:188 Remarks. Reported from Segundo Cerro Prieta, Bahía Kino, in the upper Gulf (Mendoza-González and MateoCid, 1986), it has not been recently collected, and their specimen should be reexamined to verify its identity. Norrissia Balakrishnan, 1980:284 Uncertain Record: Norrissia setchellii (Kylin) Balakrishnan, 1980:284 Remarks. Norrissia setchellii was reported from Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, by Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid (1986, as “Grateloupia setchellii”). Until upper Gulf specimens can be reexamined, the presence of Norrissia Balakrishnan remains unconfirmed. Pachymenia J. Agardh, 1876:145 Prionitis delicatula (W. R. Taylor) E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:424 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. Type Locality. On rocks; Bahía Sur (“South Bay”), Isla Cedros (“Isla Cerros”), off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Remarks. Dawson’s (1966a) upper Gulf specimens of Prionitis delicatula were noted to differ from those of Pacific Baja California (Norris, 2014:426). More Gulf specimens are needed to be confirm its identification. Prionitis mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:283 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: San José del Cabo to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Middle littoral on rocky reef; San José del Cabo, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Prionitis sternbergii (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, 1851:190 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Marcos, BCS. Uncertain Record: Pachymenia saxicola W. R. Taylor, 1945:207 Remarks. In recording “Pachymenia saxicola” from Punta de Mita, Nayarit, Mateo-Cid and MendozaGonzález (1992) queried its identification. Further studies and more collections are need to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. TSENGIACEAE G. W. SAUNDERS ET KRAFT, 2002:1259 Tsengia K.-C. Fan et Y.-P. Fan, 1962:191 Tsengia abbottiana (J. N. Norris et Bucher) J. N. Norris et Bucher, in Bucher and Norris, 2014b:426 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Canal Mejía, channel off Isla Mejía, ISG. Type Locality. On rock at 23 m depth; in narrow, deep channel off SE side of Isla Mejía (29°33′07″N, 113°35′19″W) on the NW side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. NUMBER 106 NEMASTOMATALES KYLIN, 1925:39 NEMASTOMATACEAE F. SCHMITZ, 1892:22 Predaea G. De Toni, 1936:[5] Predaea japonica T. Yoshida, 1980:69 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Calamajué, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Estanque, ISG; Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Type Locality. Mitsuse, near Cape Nomo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyūshū Island, Japan. Predaea masonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) G. De Toni, 1936:[5] Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen and Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On a crustose coralline; dredged, off Isla Claríon, Islas Revillagigedo, west of Colima, Mexico. SCHIZYMENIACEAE MASUDA ET GUIRY, 1995:66 • 59 the basis of culture studies of Ardré (1977) that showed the generitype H. rubens J. Agardh to be the sporophyte phase of Schizymenia dubyi (Chauvin ex Duby) J. Agardh. Haematocelis zonalis E. Y. Dawson et Neushul, 1966:176 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. Type Locality. On living mollusk shell, 28–30 m depth; Anacapa Island, Ventura County, California Channel Islands (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary), southern California, USA. Remarks. Culture and genetic studies are needed to determine if tetrasporophytic specimens of Gulf H. zonalis are involved in the life history of Gulf Schizymenia, if they could possibly be a different species, or if they are the tetrasporophyte/ Haematocelis-phase of another genus. PLOCAMIALES G. W. SAUNDERS ET KRAFT, 1994:1260 PLOCAMIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:442, 449, NOM. CONS. Plocamium J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:137, nom. cons. Platoma Schousboe ex F. Schmitz, 1894:627 Platoma? fanii E. Y. Dawson, 1961a:197 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. The type of Platoma fanii needs to be molecularly tested to verify its generic placement (Bucher and Norris, 2014c). Schizymenia J. Agardh, 1851:158 Schizymenia pacifica (Kylin) Kylin, 1932:10 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Willard to Bahía de Las Ánimas, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG. Syntype Localities. Five locales listed by Kylin (1925:21, as Turnerella pacifica): two on San Juan Island—on pilings of Friday Harbor’s docks, Friday Harbor, and south of False Bay—and three on other islands, Brown Island, Turn Island (Turn Rock), and Canoe Island. Lectotype Locality. Friday Harbor, Washington (Smith, 1944); San Juan Island (Dawson, 1961a); on intertidal rocks, near pilings of Friday Harbor dock, Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, San Juan Islands, San Juan County, Washington, USA. Haematocelis J. Agardh, 1851:492 Remarks. The genus Haematocelis has been treated as a synonym of Schizymenia (e.g., Guiry and Guiry, 2015) on Plocamium katinae J. N. Norris, 2014:437 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Mid intertidal; Cumpleaños Tide Pool (on tidal platform), Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Plocamium violaceum Farlow, 1877:240 Remarks. Specimens from Puerto Peñasco, SON, referred to “P. violaceum” (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986) are probably not this species and should be reexamined. Excluded Species: Plocamium pacificum Kylin, 1925:42 Remarks. Only the Gulf of California specimens referred to Plocamium pacificum, P. coccineum, and P. coccineum var. pacificum sensu Dawson (1961a, 1966a; US Alg. Coll.) were identified to be P. katinae (Norris, 2014). The presence of P. pacificum in the upper Gulf remains doubtful. SEBDENIALES WITHALL ET G. W. SAUNDERS, 2007:388 SEBDENIACEAE KYLIN, 1932:12 Sebdenia (J. Agardh) Berthold, 1882:530 Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) P. G. Parkinson, 1980:12 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Caleta Santa María, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, Isla La Ventana, and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía, Puerto 60 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Guadeloupe, French West Indies, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea. RHODYMENIALES NÄGELI, 1847:226, 239, 254 CHAMPIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:438 Champia Desvaux, 1809:245 Champia caespitosa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:311 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. on articulated corallines, midintertidal rocky shore; Isla Estanque (Pond Island; off SE end of Isla Ángel de la Guarda), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Champia disticha E. Y. Dawson, 1944:310 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia, mid intertidal; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Champia cf. parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey, 1853:76 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno and Isla Monserrate, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad Gades” (Agardh, 1824:207); Cádiz, Iberian Peninsula, southwestern Spain. Remarks. Widely reported in subtropical to tropical seas, its presence in the Gulf of California needs verification. Type Locality. Cobble shore; south side of Bahía Bacochibampo, near Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gastroclonium parvum (Hollenberg) C. F. Chang et B.-M. Xia, 1978:209 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Roca Rojo, Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC. Type Locality. On large intertidal rock; Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. FAUCHEACEAE I. M. STRACHAN, G. W. SAUNDERS KRAFT, IN SAUNDERS ET AL., 1999:36 ET Gloiocladia J. Agardh, 1842:87 Gloiocladia hoshawii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:450 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. Subtidal, ~15 m depth; Isla San Pedro Nolasco (“Seal Island”), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Gloiocladia mollis (M. Howe) J. N. Norris, 2014:450 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. “Apparently dredged”; vicinity of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963a:441). Gloiocladia sefferi (M. Howe) J. N. Norris, 2014:450 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Loreto to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Lorenzo, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. “Apparently dredged”; vicinity of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1963a:441). Gloioderma J. Agardh, 1851:243 Gastroclonium Kützing, 1843:441, nom. cons. Gastroclonium compressum (Hollenberg) C. F. Chang et B.-M. Xia, 1978:209, 213 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. On intertidal rock; ~0.8 km east of Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. Gastroclonium pacificum (E. Y. Dawson) C. F. Chang et B.-M. Xia, 1978:209 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Punta Los Frailes (?), BCS. IS: Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Gloioderma conjuncta (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:26 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Ensenada Bacochibampo, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. Floating and entangled with other algae; Isla San Esteban, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Although some have treated it as Gloiocladia conjunctata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. E. Norris (1991), Rodríguez-Prieto et al. (2007) and Dalen and Saunders (2007) concluded that the genus Gloioderma should be reinstated (see also Norris, 2014:452). NUMBER 106 LOMENTARIACEAE J. AGARDH, 1876:606, 630 LOMENTARIACEAE TRIBE CERATODICTYEAE F. SCHMITZ ET HAUPTFLEISCH, 1897A:384, 388 Ceratodictyon Zanardini, 1878:36 Ceratodictyon tenue (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2014:455 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada San Francisco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Santa Rosalía to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, Isla San Francisco, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico (Dawson, 1953). Ceratodictyon variabile (Greville ex J. Agardh) R. E. Norris, 1987:243 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, BCS. Type Locality. Chennai (formerly Madras), Tamil Nadu, Bay of Bengal, southeastern India. LOMENTARIACEAE TRIBE LOMENTARIEAE ENDLICHER, 1843:42 Fushitsunagia Filloramo et G. W. Saunders, 2016:348 Fushitsunagia catenata (Harvey) Filloramo et G. W. Saunders, 2016:348 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Cabo Arco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Marcos, BCS. Type Locality. Shimoda (near southern end of Izu Peninsula), Shizuoka Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan (Harvey, 1860; Dawson, 1959b). Remarks. Previously reported in the Gulf of California as Lomentaria catenata Harvey (1857), Filloramo and Saunders (2016:344, fig. 1) found the western Pacific L. catenata to be allied with species of Ceratodictyon and described it as a new genus Fushitsunagia. Lomentaria Lyngbye, 1819:101 Lomentaria? hakodatensis Yendo, 1920:6 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad, SON, to Miramar, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción • 61 to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Seven locales (Yendo, 1920:6): “Hakodate, Otaru, insulam Rishiri, prov. Hidaka, prov. Inaba, prov. Bōshū, [and] prov. Owari.” Lectotype Locality. Hakodate, Hokkaidō Prefecture (Oshima Subprefecture), Hokkaidō Island, Japan (Lee, 1978). Remarks. Filloramo and Saunders (2016: fig. 1) found the western Pacific Lomentaria hakodatensis did not group with the Lomentaria lineage that included the generitype but resolved to be a sister to Binghamiopsis I. K. Lee, J. A. West et Hommersand (1988) and noted its generic placement could not be determined at that time. RHODYMENIACEAE HARVEY, 1846:VIII Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin, 1931:17 Botryocladia datilensis (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2014:462 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla La Ventana, BC. Type Locality. On lower intertidal rocks; Isla Turner (El Dátil), off southeast end of Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Botryocladia guaymasensis E. Y. Dawson, 1963a:451 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. Type Locality. Beach drift; Bahía San Francisco, within eastern shore of Bahía San Carlos (~11 km northwest of Guaymas), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Botryocladia uvarioides E. Y. Dawson, 1944:306 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Coronado and Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Dredged 40 m depth; off San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Botryocladia pseudodichotoma (Farlow) Kylin, 1931:18 Remarks. Recorded from estero Punta Perla, Isla Tiburón (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986), the species needs to be reexamined to verify its presence in the Gulf. Excluded Species: Botryocladia pyriformis (Børgesen) Kylin, 1931:18 Remarks. Recorded from Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda (Norris, 1973), when reexamined, the specimens were found to be B. uvarioides (Norris, 2014:463). 62 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Irvinea Guiry, in Saunders et al., 1999:36 Irvinea hancockii (E. Y. Dawson) R. Wilkes, L. McIvor et Guiry, 2006:488 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Perico, Bahía Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Isla Estanque, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 20–40 m depths; Bahía Agua Verde, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Rhodymenia huertae J. N. Norris, 2014:469 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 10.9–20.1 m depths; Isla Mejía (off northwest side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Rhodymenia Greville, 1830:xlviii, 84, nom. cons. SYNOPSIS OF BROWN ALGAL TAXA Rhodymenia arborescens E. Y. Dawson, 1941:149 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Isabel, NAY. Type Locality. Cast ashore on a barnacle; Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. Remarks. The southern Gulf record originally reported as “Rhodymenia lobata” (Dawson, 1944) was later reidentified to be R. arborescens (Dawson, 1963a). Rhodymenia californica Kylin, 1931:21 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Arena to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena (identification queried by Dawson, 1963a), NAY. Type Locality. Near “Biological Station” (Kylin, 1931:31); low intertidal, Mussel Point (Cabrillo Point), Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944). Rhodymenia dawsonii W. R. Taylor, 1945:251 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco and Isla Cholla, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged; off Punta Hughes, about 5.6 km southeast of Cabo San Lázaro, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Rhodymenia divaricata E. Y. Dawson, 1941:141 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Desemboque de los Seris to Bahía Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía Coyote to Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Dredged 3.7–5.5 m depths on mud bottom; Bahía Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Rhodymenia hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1941:146 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Hermosa, Puerto Peñasco, to El Desemboque de los Seris, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Dredged on shell bottom, 42 m depth on shell bottom; west side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de The synoptic list below of Phaeophyceae of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, classes, orders, families, and genera of brown algae presented in the accounts following this list. STRAMENOPILES OCHROPHYTA PHAEOPHYCEAE ISHIGEOPHYCIDAE Ishigeales Ishigeaceae Ishige Yendo DICTYOTOPHYCIDAE Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyotaceae tribe Dictyoteae Canistrocarpus De Paula et De Clerck Dictyota J. V. Lamouroux Rugulopteryx De Clerck et Coppejans Dictyopteris J. V. Lamouroux Lobophora J. Agardh Padina Adanson Spatoglossum Kützing Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria Lyngbye Lithodermataceae Pseudolithoderma Svedelius FUCOPHYCIDAE Desmarestiales Desmarestiaceae Desmarestia J. V. Lamouroux Ectocarpales Acinetosporaceae Feldmannia Hamel Hincksia J. E. Gray Pylaiellaceae Pylaiella Bory de Saint-Vincent NUMBER 106 Chordariaceae Compsonema Kuckuck Haplogloia Levring Hecatonema Sauvageau Myriactula Kuntze Nemacystus Derbès et Solier Streblonema Derbès et Solier Leathesiaceae Leathesia S. F. Gray Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus Lyngbye Chnoosporaceae Chnoospora J. Agardh Scytosiphonaceae Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbès et Solier Hapterophycus Setchell et N. L. Gardner Hydroclathrus Bory de SaintVincent Rosenvingea Børgesen Petalonia Derbès et Solier Stragularia Strömfelt Ralfsiales Hapalospongiaceae Hapalospongidion De A. Saunders Neoralfsiaceae Neoralfsia P.-E. Lim et H. Kawai Ralfsiaceae Endoplura Hollenberg Ralfsia Berkeley Scytothamnales Asteronemataceae Asteronema Delépine et Asensi Sporochnales Sporochnaceae Sporochnus C. Agardh Tilopteridales Cutleriaceae Cutleria Greville Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum C. Agardh EXCLUDED PHAEOPHYCEAE (Laminariales) • 63 the phylum; however, both have been noted to be invalid (Guiry and Guiry, 2017). Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith (in Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 1996; Cavalier-Smith, 1998) is used herein. PHAEOPHYCEAE KJELLMAN, 1891:196 ISHIGEOPHYCIDAE SILBERFELD, F. ROUSSEAU ET REVIERS, 2014:124, 140 ISHIGEALES G. Y. CHO ET S. M. BOO, IN G. Y. CHO ET AL., 2004:934 ISHIGEACEAE OKAMURA, IN SEGAWA, 1935:65 Ishige Yendo, 1907:154 Ishige sinicola (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Chihara, 1969:3 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Sistema Lagunar Navachiste–San Ignacio, Macapule, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Partida, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. On rocks; Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. DICTYOTOPHYCIDAE SILBERFELD, F. ROUSSEAU ET REVIERS, 2014:125, 140 DICTYOTALES BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1828:142 DICTYOTACEAE J. V. LAMOUROUX DUMORTIER, 1822:72, 101 EX DICTYOTACEAE TRIBE DICTYOTEAE GREVILLE, 1833:252, 275 Remarks. Although the infrafamilial tribes Dictyoteae and Zonarieae O. C. Schmidt (1938) were divided on morphological characters, phylogenetic analyses did not support their separation, and Bittner et al. (2008) concluded they should be merged (see also Silberfeld et al. (2014). Canistrocarpus De Paula et De Clerck, in De Clerck et al., 2006:1285 STRAMENOPILES D. J. PATTERSON, 1989:372 OCHROPHYTA CAVALIER-SMITH, IN CAVALIER-SMITH AND CHAO, 1996:508 Remarks. Heterokontophyta Hoek (1978) and Heterokontophyta Moestrup (1992) are also used as the name for Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing) De Paula et De Clerck, in De Clerck et al., 2006:1285 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Key West, Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. 64 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Dictyota J. V. Lamouroux, 1809a:38, nom. cons. Type Locality. ern California, USA. La Jolla, San Diego County, south- Dictyota bartayresiana J. V. Lamouroux, 1809a:43 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla San José, BCS. Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles]. Dictyota pinnata (E. Y. Dawson) Hörnig, Schnetter et Prud’homme van Reine, 1993:170 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Miramar, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Dictyota concrescens W. R. Taylor, 1945:89 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to El Colorado, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Punta Hughes (vicinity of Bahía Magdalena), about 5.6 km southeast of Cabo San Lázaro, Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Dictyota stolonifera E. Y. Dawson, 1962b:392 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: San José del Cabo to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Intertidal; volcanic reef, Masachapa, Managua (department), Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Dictyota coriacea (Holmes) Hwang, H.-S. Kim et W. J. Lee, 2004:189 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Neighborhood of Tokio [Tokyo]” (Holmes, 1896:149); Enoura, Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island, Japan. Dictyota crenulata J. Agardh, 1847:7 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Los Pocitos (vic. La Concha), SW Bahía Concepción, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “St. Augustin, Stilla Oceanen” (Agardh, 1847:7); San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico. Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C. Agardh) Greville, 1830:58 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Diego, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia region, Cádiz Province, southwestern Spain. Dictyota flabellata (Collins) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:12 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Guaymas, SON. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Dictyota vivesii M. Howe, 1911:497 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía San Francisco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Uncertain Record: Dictyota binghamiae J. Agardh, 1894:72 Remarks. Described from southern California (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976, as Pachydictyon binghamiae (J. Agardh) E. Y. Dawson), it was recorded in the southern Gulf from Cabo San Lucas (Martínez-Lozano et al., 1991). More collections are necessary to verify its presence in the Gulf of California. Uncertain Record: Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, 1809a:42 Remarks. Gulf specimens referred to as “Dictyota dichotoma” need to be reinvestigated (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010). Dictyota dichotoma sensu stricto is probably restricted to the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (De Clerck, 2003). Norris (2010) referred some Gulf specimens previously identified as “D. dichotoma” to D. vivesii. Uncertain Record: Dictyota volubilis Kützing, 1849:445 Remarks. “Dictyota volubilis” as identified in the Gulf also needs to be reinvestigated (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010). De Clerck (2003) considered D. volubilis to be conspecific with D. dichotoma. Rugulopteryx De Clerck et Coppejans, in De Clerck et al., 2006:1286 Rugulopteryx okamurae (E. Y. Dawson) I.-K. Hwang, W. J. Lee et H.-S. Kim, in Hwang et al., 2009:5 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Cabeza Ballena to Bahía de San Lucas, BCS. NUMBER 106 Type Locality. Enoshima [island], Kanagawa Prefecture, offshore in Sagami Bay, Honshū Island, Japan. Dictyopteris J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332 Dictyopteris delicatula J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles]. Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) Børgesen, 1924a:265 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Cholla, BCS. Type Locality. Chuuk (Turk) Islands, part of the Caroline Islands group, Federated States of Micronesia. Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, 1896:251 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Peñasco to Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Conchas and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla Partida, and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshū Island, central Japan. Uncertain Record: Dictyopteris johnstonei N. L. Gardner, 1940:270 Remarks. Dictyopteris johnstonei has been recorded as “possibly into the Gulf of California” (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976:212). Its taxonomic status is problematic, and the southern California D. johnstonei (type locality: Santa Cruz Island, California Channel Islands [Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary]) needs to be reinvestigated (Silva, 1957). Until the phylogenetic relationships of Gulf specimens referable to “D. johnstonei” are comparatively tested with type specimens of D. johnstonei, Japanese D. undulata Holmes, and California D. zonarioides Farlow, its taxonomic status and presence in the Gulf remain uncertain (Norris, 2014). Lobophora J. Agardh, 1894:21 Lobophora variegata? (J. V. Lamouroux) Womersley ex E. C. Oliveira, 1977:217 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Francisco, BCS. Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles]. • 65 Remarks. Recent molecular systematic studies of specimens assumed to be a broadly defined “Lobophora variegata” (Sun et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2014, 2016; Schultz et al., 2015) have revealed numerous new species that were previously misidentified or unrecognized. The species L. variegata is likely restricted to the Caribbean Sea (Schultz et al., 2015; Vieira et al., 2016). Vieira et al. (2016, 2017) estimated there are more than 100 species of Lobophora, of which only 21−30 species are currently recognized. The Gulf of California specimens referred to “L. variegata” should be critically studied and molecularly compared to determine their correct identity and if there is possibly more than one species in the Gulf. Padina Adanson, 1763:13, 586, nom. cons. Padina arborescens Holmes, 1896:251 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Huerfanito to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Santa Rosalía, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Type Locality. Enoshima [island], Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture, offshore in Sagami Bay, Honshū Island, Japan. Remarks. Molecular data of Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016:679) indicated their Gulf specimens were probably this species. Padina caulescens Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:99 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa La Concha, Ensenada de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías, Nayarit, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Padina caulescens has been treated as a synonym of P. durvillei by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009). Padina concrescens Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:102 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Golfo de Santa Clara, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de los Muertos to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Anchorage, Black Beach, Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Remarks. Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) noted that P. concrescens may possibly be a procumbent growth form of P. durvillei, but type material of the Galápagos P. concrescens must be analyzed to resolve their relationship and taxonomic status. Padina crispata Thivy, in Taylor, 1945:100 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Estero Tastiota, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrat and Isla Partida, BCS; Isla María Madre, NAY. Type Locality. Gulfo Dulce, Puntarenas Province, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. 66 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Remarks. Although Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009) treated Padina crispata as a synonym of P. mexicana, molecular analysis by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) supported it being a distinct species from P. mexicana. Padina durvillei Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827a:591 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, Isla Alcatráz, and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, Isla Turner, Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Isla San Esteban, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla Danzante, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla de Venados and Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Larga, Isla María Madre, and Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827a). Remarks. Dawson et al. (1964:22) suspected the type locality of P. durvillei was incorrect, noting “from the present known distribution of the species it is questionable whether the alga was taken from such cool southern waters.” However, Concepción, Chile, is generally accepted as the type locality (Ramírez and Santelices, 1991; Guiry and Guiry, 2014). Padina glabra Gaillard, 1966:226 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Punta de Fann, Dakar, Senegal. Remarks. Molecular analyses by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016:679) indicated their Gulf specimen was possibly this species. Padina mexicana E. Y. Dawson, 1944:231 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Diego, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Reef; Isla Turner, off southeast end of Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Padina mexicana var. erecta Ávila-Ortiz, 2003:70 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Puerto Vicente Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico. Remarks. Separated primarily by their different thallus habits; that is, P. mexicana var. erecta has an erect habit versus a procumbent habit of P. mexicana var. mexicana. It was treated as a synonym of P. mexicana by Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009). Subsequently, Díaz-Martínez et al. (2016) found no genetic differences between the two varieties and recognized them as morphological varieties. Padina ramonribae Ávila-Ortiz, Pedroche et Díaz-Martínez, in Díaz-Martínez et al., 2016:667 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Los Tornados, BCS. Type Locality. Cayaquitos, Guerrero, Mexico. Remarks. Described from Guerrero, tropical Pacific Mexico, Padina ramonribae has also been reported in the southern Gulf from Los Tornados (Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche, 2005; Pedroche et al., 2008). Uncertain Record: Padina sanctae-crucis Børgesen, 1914:45 Remarks. Further investigation of southern Gulf specimens referred to P. sanctae-crucis from Bahía del Rincón is required to verify their identification (Pedroche et al., 2008). Excluded Species: Padina tetrastromatica Hauck, 1887:43 Remarks. Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche (1999), Pedroche et al. (2008), and Norris (2010) concluded Pacific Mexico specimens of “Padina tetrastromatica” were misidentified and were actually P. crispata (see also Remarks above under P. crispata). Excluded Species: Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder, 1871:47 Remarks. Ávila-Ortiz and Pedroche (2005) found that tropical Pacific Mexico specimens identified as “Padina gymnospora” were either P. crispata or P. mexicana and noted P. gymnospora should be applied only to material from the Atlantic. Riosmena-Rodríguez et al. (2009) also concluded Gulf of California records of “P. gymnospora” and “P. vickersiae” (note P. vickersiae Hoyt in Howe, 1920, is a synonym of P. gymnospora; see Allender and Kraft, 1983) were misidentified and referred them to P. mexicana. Spatoglossum Kützing, 1843:339 Spatoglossum howellii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1937:74 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Spatoglossum lanceolatum E. Y. Dawson, 1954c:328 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. Type Locality. In beach drift; north shore of Ensenada de San Francisco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1859:21 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. Brazil. NUMBER 106 Remarks. The species concept of Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing (1859:21) is based on a specimen (Liebmann; Herb. Sonder) that was illustrated from Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico (Kützing, 1859: table 51, fig. 1). That specimen was not from the type locality in Brazil. Gulf of California S. schroederi needs to be compared with the type materials of Zonaria schroederi C. Agardh (1823) from Brazil to verify its identification in the Gulf of California. Spatoglossum subflabellatum E. Y. Dawson, 1954c:326 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. Type Locality. Dredged 11–18 m depths; near Punta de Las Cuevitas, Ensenada de San Francisco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. SPHACELARIALES MIGULA, 1908:173, 237 • 67 Type Locality. On Hormophysa cuneiformis (J. F. Gmelin) P. C. Silva; Nuweiba, Sinai, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. Sphacelaria sp. of Rocha-Ramírez and Siqueiros-Beltrones, 1991 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Balandra, BCS. Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini, 1840:[2] Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. On submerged rocks; La Spezia, Gulf of Spezia, Ligurian Sea, northern Italy. LITHODERMATACEAE HAUCK, 1883:188, 318 Pseudolithoderma Svedelius, in Kjellman and Svedelius, 1910:175 SPHACELARIACEAE DECAISNE, 1842A:329, 341 Sphacelaria Lyngbye, in Hornemann, 1818:8, pl. MDC Sphacelaria brevicornis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:725 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. On Sargassum polyacanthum f. americanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a; now S. sinicola Setchell et N. L. Gardner); La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Sphacelaria californica (Sauvageau) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1925:395 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. Type Locality. San Diego, San Diego County, southern California, USA (Setchell and Gardner, 1925). Sphacelaria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:225 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Balandra to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. On mid-intertidal rocks; San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing, 1843:292 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San Francisco and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Pseudolithoderma nigrum Hollenberg, 1969:297 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Muertos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. FUCOPHYCIDAE CAVALIER-SMITH, 1986:341 DESMARESTIALES SETCHELL ET N. L. GARDNER, 1925:554 DESMARESTIACEAE (THURET) KJELLMAN, 1880:10 Desmarestia J. V. Lamouroux, 1813:43 Desmarestia filamentosa E. Y. Dawson, 1944:236 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Roca Blanca, and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 27.4 m (15 fathoms) depth; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Desmarestia munda subsp. mexicana (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris, 2010:146 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Estanque, ISG. Type Locality. Dredged 27.4 m (15 fathoms) depth; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. 68 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y ECTOCARPALES SETCHELL ET N. L. GARDNER, 1922C:403 ACINETOSPORACEAE HAMEL, 1931:8 Pylaiella sp. A of Norris, 2010:187 Gulf of California Distribution. Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Feldmannia Hamel, 1939:xli CHORDARIACEAE GREVILLE, 1830:44 Feldmannia indica (Sonder) Womersley et A. Bailey, 1970:288 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Pulo Kambing, Bima Bay, Sumbawa (Bima Island), Indonesia. Compsonema Kuckuck, 1899:58 Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) Hamel, 1939:xvii Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Canal de Infiernillo, SON. Type Locality. On Laurencia obtusa; Adriatic Sea. Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S. Kim, 2010:51 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Playa Santa Teresa to Puertecitos, BC; Bahía Concepción to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Diego, BCS. Type Locality. Nantucket, Nantucket County, Massachusetts, USA. Remarks. Previously, Feldmannia mitchelliae has been reported as Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P. C. Silva (in Silva et al., 1987) in the Gulf of California (Pedroche et al., 2008). EC: Compsonema immixtum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:724 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Partida [norte], ISG. Type Locality. On Colpomenia sinuosa f. deformans—now C. phaeodactyla (M. J. Wynne et J. N. Norris); Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Compsonema intricatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922a:354 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. Type Locality. On Fucus gardneri; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, central California, USA. Compsonema serpens Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922a:363 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Playa El Coloradito to Puertecitos, BC. Type Locality. Carmel Bay, Monterey County, central California, USA. Hincksia J. E. Gray, 1865:12 Haplogloia Levring, 1939:48 Hincksia bryantii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2010:169 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Codium brandegeei; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring, 1939:50 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, California, USA. Hecatonema Sauvageau, 1898:248 Hincksia granulosa (J. E. Smith) P. C. Silva, in Silva et al., 1987:130 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Pelícano and Isla Alcatráz, SON. Syntype Localities. Brighton (Brighthelmston) [East Sussex] and Shoreham [West Sussex], England, UK (Silva et al., 1996). Remarks. Womersley (1987) noted the type was from England, but it has not been located (Clayton, 1974; see Guiry and Guiry, 2015). Hecatonema streblonematoides (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Loiseaux, 1970:253 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Segundo Cerro Prieto, Bahía Kino, SON; Playa de Guayabitos and Las Peñas, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. On Nereocystis luetkeana (K. Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht; Tomales Bay, Marin County, northern California, USA. PYLAIELLACEAE P. M. PEDERSEN, 1984:50 Myriactula Kuntze, 1898:74, 415 Pylaiella Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823:393 Myriactula johnstonii (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Feldmann, 1945:223 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Marcos, BCS. Remarks. More recently Pylaiella has been treated as a member of the Acinetosporaceae (see Silberfeld et al., 2014). NUMBER 106 Type Locality. On Sargassum insulare Setchell et N. L. Gardner (now S. lapazeanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner); Isla San Marcos, northern Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Myriactula marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Feldmann, 1945:223 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. On Sargassum horridum Setchell et N. L. Gardner; La Paz, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Nemacystus Derbès et Solier, 1850:269 Nemacystus brandegeei (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Kylin, 1940:49 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Bahía Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Streblonema Derbès et Solier, 1851:100 Streblonema transfixum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922b:391 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. On Desmarestia herbacea (Turner) J. V. Lamouroux; San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Streblonema sp. A of Norris, 2010:180 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. Remarks. Record is from the finding of filaments of Streblonema sp. on intertidal Cutleria hancockii in the upper Gulf (La Claire and West, 1977). LEATHESIACEAE FARLOW, 1881:16, 79 Leathesia S. F. Gray, 1821:279, 301 Remarks. Leathesia has also been treated as a member of the Chordariaceae (see Peters and Ramírez, 2001; Silberfeld et al., 2014). Leathesia nana Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:3 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC. Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. ECTOCARPACEAE C. AGARDH, 1828:9 Ectocarpus Lyngbye, 1819:130 Ectocarpus acutus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:404 • 69 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Carmel, Monterey County, central California, USA. Ectocarpus chantransioides Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:406 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Ectocarpus commensalis Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:407 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Carelleros (Careyeros), NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Larga, NAY. Lectotype Locality. On Codium setchellii N. L. Gardner; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, central California, USA. Ectocarpus corticulatus De A. Saunders, 1898:152 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. Ectocarpus gonodioides Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:721 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Bahía Agua Verde to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. On Codium cuneatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner (now C. simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner); Isla Coronado (Isla Smith), north of Bahía de Los Ángeles, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ectocarpus hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:222 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Faro de San Felipe, BC. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Reef; Isla Turner (off southeast end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Ectocarpus parvus (De A. Saunders) Hollenberg, 1971:283 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Playa Norte and Punta Derecha, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Pelícano, SON. Type Locality. On “sand-colored rocks;” San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Ectocarpus rallsiae Vickers, 1905:59 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de los Muertos to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Barbados, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea. 70 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Remarks. Ectocarpus rallsiae was recorded in the southern Gulf of California by Mateo-Cid et al. (2000, as Hincksia rallsiae (Vickers) P. C. Silva). Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye, 1819:131 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON; Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Playa Santa Teresa to Puertecitos, BC. Syntype Localities. Cromer, Norfolk [county], and Hastings, East Sussex [county], England, UK. Remarks. Phylogenetic analyses by Montecinos et al. (2017) of specimens identified as E. siliculosus revealed at least 15 cryptic species within the “E. siliculosi-group.” Four of these, including E. siliculosus, were found in the North and South Pacific. They noted it was impossible in the field to distinguish between species of this E. siliculosi-group. Molecular analyses of Gulf of California specimens will help elucidate their identifications. Ectocarpus simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1922c:412 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. Cypress Point, Monterey County, central California, USA. Ectocarpus sonorensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:221 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. On rocks in tidal stream; 3 km east of Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. CHNOOSPORACEAE SETCHELL ET N. L. GARDNER, 1925:400, 552 Remarks. This family has also been treated as being synonymous with the Scytosiphonaceae (e.g., Silberfeld et al., 2014). Chnoospora J. Agardh, 1847:7 Chnoospora implexa J. Agardh, 1848:172 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Santa Rosalía to Punta San Evaristo, BCS. IS: Isla Mejía and Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Cholla and Isla San Francisco, BCS. Type Locality. Near El-Tor, Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Chnoospora minima (K. Hering) Papenfuss, 1956:69 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Carelleros (Careyeros), NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Port Natal, Durban, South Africa. Remarks. Some Gulf of California records of C. minima may be C. pacifica; they need to be critically compared with Fucus minimus K. Hering (1841), the type of South African C. minima. Chnoospora pacifica J. Agardh, 1847:7 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía San Pedro, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico. SCYTOSIPHONACEAE FARLOW, 1881:15, 62 Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbès et Solier, 1851:95 Colpomenia durvillei (Bory de Saint-Vincent) M. E. Ramírez, in Ramírez and Rojas, 1991:17 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: “Las Cuevas, SON” (Lee et al., 2012:371, table 1). Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile. Remarks. Specimens from “Las Cuevas, Sonora” (probably Punta Las Cuevas, SON; note there is also a Las Cuevas near Sayulita, NAY) were found to be genetically identical to the Chilean C. durvillei (Lee et al., 2012:371, fig. 2). The South American C. durvillei may be a species recently introduced to the northern Gulf or it possibly has been overlooked. Similar in appearance to some C. phaeodactyla, the phylogenetic relationship of these two needs further elucidation (see also Remarks under C. phaeodactyla). Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau, 1927:321 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Tarabillas to Punta León, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Lectotype Locality. Brittany, northwest France. Colpomenia phaeodactyla M. J. Wynne et J. N. Norris, 1976:5 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, to Bahía Kino, SON. WC: El Huerfanito to Bahía San Francisco, BC. IS: Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Turner, and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. On tidal platform; Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Specimens resembling C. phaeodactyla from “Las Cuervas” were genetically identified as C. durvillei by Lee et al. (2012). The two are distinct morphologically (Wynne and Norris, 1976; Norris, 2010; Lee et al., 2012), with both now recognized in the northern Gulf of California. The type of upper Gulf C. phaeodactyla should be molecularly analyzed to further elucidate its relationship to Chilean type of C. durvillei (note that if the locale is Punta Las Cuevas, Sonora, it is about 444 km south of Puerto Peñasco, type locality of C. phaeodactyla; see also Remarks under Colpomenia durvillei). Colpomenia ramosa W. R. Taylor, 1945:84 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía San Luis NUMBER 106 Gonzaga to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC; Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Bahía Sur, Isla Cedros, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier, 1851:95 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Puerto San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Mejía, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Near Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia region, southwestern Spain. Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:726 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. Type Locality. “Floating in large billowy masses out in the bay” (I. M. Johnson, in Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:726); Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima was described by Setchell and Gardner (1924a) as large, thin fronds that were very similar to C. sinuosa f. expansa De A. Saunders (1898). Although it was later considered a form of C. tuberculata by Dawson (1944, as C. sinuosa f. tuberculata), its taxonomic status needs to be reinvestigated. Colpomenia sp. A of Norris, 2010:193 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Puerto Calamajué to Punta La Gringa, BC; Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla La Ventana, BC; Isla San Esteban, ISG; Bahía Salinas, Isla Carmen, BCS. Remarks. Colpomenia sp. A is morphologically the same as “C. sinuosa? open-expanded sheet form” of Wynne and Norris (1976:5) and “C. sinuosa f. expansa” of Pedroche et al. (2008). The minute, spine-like projections of Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima are lacking on the expanded sheet-like Colpomenia sp. A (Wynne and Norris, 1976; Norris, 2010; see also Remarks under Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima). Colpomenia tuberculata De A. Saunders, 1898:164 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: El Machorro, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz, SON; Isla San Luis Gonzaga and Islas de Los Gemelos, BC; Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Turner, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida [sur], BCS. Type Locality. Near San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. • 71 Hapterophycus Setchell et N. L. Gardner, in Setchell, 1912:233 Remarks. Kogame (1996) considered the genus synonymous with Scytosiphon (see also Silberfeld et al., 2014). Although Hollenberg (1941) concluded Hapterophycus was close to Ralfsiaceae, others treat the genus as belonging in the Scytosiphonaceae. Phylogenetic analyses will help resolve familial placement of the genus (Norris, 2014). Hapterophycus? anastomosans E. Y. Dawson, 1966b:56 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Lorenzo and Isla Rasa, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Rasa, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. The taxonomic placement of this endemic species was queried by Norris (2014). Molecular phylogenetic analyses will help resolve its generic and familial placement. Hydroclathrus Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1825:419 Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe, 1920:590 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Punta Perla, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla San José, Isla San Francisco, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Three locales for the basionym, Encoelium clathratum C. Agardh (1823): Belle-Île, Brittany, France; Rauki, Waigeo Island, Moluccas, Indonesia; and Shark Bay, Western Australia. Lectotype Locality. Belle-Île, Brittany, France (Howe, 1920; Womersley, 1987); however, this locale may be incorrect since the mollusk shells found associated with the lectotype collection are not known from this locality (Hamel, 1937; Silva et al., 1996). Rosenvingea Børgesen, 1914:22 Rosenvingea antillarum (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) M. J. Wynne, 1997:334 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON. Type Locality. Le Moule, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Rosenvingea floridana (W. R. Taylor) W. R. Taylor, 1955:72 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Punta Gorda, SON. WC: Punta La Gringa, Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, and Estanque (?), ISG. Type Locality. East Cay, Dry Tortugas (Dry Tortugas National Park), Florida Keys, Monroe County, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA. 72 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Rosenvingea intricata (J. Agardh) Børgesen, 1914:26 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON. WC: Punta Bufeo to Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Veracruz [city], Veracruz [state], Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Type Locality. Point Aulon (Lover’s Point), Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. Lectotype and epitype were selected by León-Alvarez et al. (2017: 4, 5, fig. 2). NEORALFSIACEAE P.-E. LIM ET H. KAWAI, IN LIM ET AL., 2007:464 Petalonia Derbès et Solier, 1850:266 Remarks. The recorded presence of the two species of Petalonia below in the Gulf of California requires further investigation (see also Remarks under Stragularia clavata). Uncertain Record: Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agardh) Vinogradova, 1973:31 Gulf of California Distribution. Cabo Tepoca, SON. EC: Uncertain Record: Petalonia fascia (O. F. Müller) Kuntze, 1898:419 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad, SON; Mazatlán, SIN. Neoralfsia P.-E. Lim et H. Kawai, in Lim et al., 2007:464 Neoralfsia hancockii León-Álvarez et Núñez-Reséndiz, in LeónÁlvarez et al., 2014a:145 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Southern end of San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Previous Gulf of California records of Neoralfsia hancockii were referred to as “morph A” sensu LeónÁlvarez and González-González (1995), “Ralfsia expansa” (León-Álvarez and González-González, 2003), and “Ralfsia hancockii” (León-Álvarez and Norris, 2010). Stragularia Strömfelt, 1886:49 RALFSIACEAE FARLOW, 1881:17, 86 Remarks. The generic status of species of Stragularia requires further investigation. Culture studies on some encrusting species of Stragularia, Ralfsia, or “Ralfsia-like” found them to be a phase in heteromorphic life history of an erect blade-like thallus such as those of Petalonia (e.g., Wynne, 1969, 1972; Nakamura and Tatewaki, 1975; Fletcher, 1978). Many are probably life history phases of members of the Scytosiphoniaceae (Guiry and Guiry, 2016). Stragularia clavata (Harvey) Hamel, 1939:70 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las Cuevas, NAY. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Remarks. A prostrate species recorded in the southeastern Gulf of California (León-Alvarez and GonzálezGonzález, 1993). Culture and genetic studies will elucidate what genus/species is part of the life history of the Gulf taxon. RALFSIALES NAKAMURA EX P.-E. LIM ET H. KAWAI, IN LIM ET AL., 2007:464 HAPALOSPONGIACEAE REYES-GÓMEZ ET LEÓN-ÁLVAREZ, IN LEÓN-ÁLVAREZ ET AL., 2017:13 Hapalospongidion De A. Saunders, 1899:7 Hapalospongidion gelatinosum De A. Saunders, 1899:37 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Cabo Corrientes to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Santa Rosalía, BC; Cabo Pulmo and Punta Frailes to Cabeza de Ballena, BCS. Endoplura Hollenberg, 1969:298 Endoplura aurea Hollenberg, 1969:300 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: La Paz to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. Type Locality. Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. Ralfsia Berkeley, in Smith and Sowerby, 1843:pl. 2866+[2]pp. Ralfsia confusa Hollenberg, 1969:291 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto San Carlos, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Corona del Mar, Orange County, southern California, USA. Ralfsia fungiformis (Gunnerus) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:11 Gulf of California Distribution. Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. Type Locality. Iceland. EC: Ralfsia hesperia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:2 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Cerritos, Punta Chile, and Cerro El Crestón (Isla El Crestón), SIN. IS: Isla Los Lobos, SIN. NUMBER 106 Type Locality. central California, USA. Carmel Bay, Monterey County, Ralfsia integra Hollenberg, 1969:295–296 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Manzanillas, NAY. Type Locality. Laguna Beach, Orange County, southern California, USA. Ralfsia pacifica Hollenberg, in Smith, 1944:95 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Pelícano, Puerta Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Turner and Isla San Esteban, ISG. Syntype Localities. Three locales given by Hollenberg (in Smith, 1944:96): “along the shore near: Bird Rock [largest of Seal Rocks], Pebble Beach, and north end of Carmel Beach,” all Monterey County, central California, USA. Remarks. The publication of R. pacifica Hollenberg (in Smith, 1944:95) supercedes the publication of Hollenberg (1969), which included another choice for its type and type locality. Therefore a lectotype specimen in agreement with the original protologue of Hollenberg (in Smith, 1944:95–96) needs to be chosen from the listed syntype localities of Hollenberg’s Monterey Peninsula collections of that time. Ralfsia-like crust 1 of Dawson, 1966a:9, as “Ralfsia spp.” Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. Ralfsia-like crust 2 of Dawson, 1966a:9, as “Ralfsia spp.” Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. Uncertain Record: Ralfsia californica Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924b:2 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto San Carlos, SON. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Remarks. The nonfertile northern Gulf (Dawson, 1944) and the Jalisco specimens (Taylor, 1945) referred to “R. californica” need reinvestigation (Pedroche et al., 2008; LeónÁlvarez and Norris, 2010). SCYTOTHAMNALES A. F. PETERS ET M. N. CLAYTON, 1988:111 ASTERONEMATACEAE SILBERFELD, RACAULT, R. L. FLETCHER, F. ROUSSEAU ET B. DE REVIERS, IN SILBERFELD ET AL., 2011:375 Asteronema Delépine et Asensi, 1975:296 Asteronema breviarticulatum (J. Agardh) Ouriques et Bouzon, 2000:271 • 73 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico. Remarks. It has also been reported outside the entrance to the Gulf to the south from Playa Mezcales, Jalisco (Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1992). SPOROCHNALES SAUVAGEAU, 1926:364 SPOROCHNACEAE GREVILLE, 1830:36 Sporochnus C. Agardh, 1817:xii Sporochnus anomalus (Pallas) M. J. Wynne, 2003:78 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Not given by Pallas (1766, as Fucus anomalus); Mediterranean (Gmelin, 1768). Sporochnus neushulii J. N. Norris, 2010:153 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Roca Blanca and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. At 20−30 m depths; off west side of Roca Blanca, Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. TILOPTERIADALES BESSEY, 1907:290 Remarks. Cuteriales Oltmann (1922) is also used for this order, but see comments of Silberfeld et al. (2014) and Guiry and Guiry (2014–2017). CUTLERIACEAE GRIFFITH ET HENFREY, 1856:179 Remarks. Although usually cited as Cutleriaceae Hauck (1883), Griffith and Henfrey (1856) is an older publication of the family name. Cutleria Greville, 1830:xliv, 59 Cutleria hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:226 (gametophytes) and Aglaozonia-phase of C. hancockii (sporophyte) Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Playa El Coloradito, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Estanque, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Cutleria hancockii (gametophyte): low intertidal on rocky reef; Isla Turner (off SE end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico; [and] Aglaozonia-phase (sporophyte): low intertidal on rock-shingle beach; SW shore of Isla Tiburón (opposite Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas Grandes, Gulf of California, Mexico. 74 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y FUCALES BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, 1827B:62 SARGASSACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:349, 359 Sargassum C. Agardh, 1820:1 Sargassum acinacifolium Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:732 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Cast ashore; “Guaymas (?)” (locality questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:732), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Sargassum brandegeei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:736 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Norse, Puerto Peñasco, to Guaymas, SON. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON. Type Locality. Cast ashore; “Guaymas (?)” (locality questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:736), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Sargassum brandegeei was treated as a synonym of S. herporhizum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014). Sargassum herporhizum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:739 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Punta Las Cuevitas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG. Type Locality. Isla San Jorge (“Georges Island,” Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:739), about 40 km southeast of Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Sargassum horridum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:734 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Cholla, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014) considered the Gulf endemic species, S. camouii E. Y. Dawson (1944; S. sinicola subsp. camouii (E. Y. Dawson) J. N. Norris et Yensen, in Norris, 2010), to be a synonym of S. horridum and selected S. horridum as the type for S. sect. Horridum Andrade-Sorcia et S.-M. Boo. Sargassum howelli Setchell, 1937:132 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Rincón de Guayabitos, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Clarión, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Sargassum johnstonii Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:737 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Playa Santa Teresa to San José, BC; Bahía Agua Verde to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla Alcatráz, SON. Type Locality. Isla San Jorge (“Georges Island,” Setchell and Gardner, 1924a), about 40 km southeast of Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Sargassum johnstonii, the type of S. sect. Johnstonii E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010), was treated by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014) as a synonym of S. sect. Lapazeanum E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010). Sargassum johnstonii f. gracile Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:738 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Dawson (1944) noted that S. johnstonii f. gracile and S. johnstonii f. laxius were possibly only variants of a single polymorphic S. johnstonii (Pedroche et al., 2008). AndradeSorcia et al. (2014) commented specimens of S. johnstonii f. gracile either lacked mature reproductive structures or were incomplete and could not be separated from S. johnstonii f. johnstonii. Sargassum lapazeanum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:734 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Mejía and Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Partida (Isla Cordonazo), ISG; Isla Coronado and Isla la Ventana, BC; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Marcos, Isla San José, Isla Danzante, Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Sargassum macdougalii E. Y. Dawson (1944), a previously recognized Gulf endemic species, was treated as a synonym of S. lapazeanum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014). Sargassum liebmannii J. Agardh, 1847:8 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Bahía de San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico. Sargassum pacificum Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828:123 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Syntype Localities. Three locales: Chile; Port Praslin, New Ireland [Latanga Island, Papua New Guinea]; and Tahiti (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828). NUMBER 106 Lectotype Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile (Howe, 1914). Sargassum pacificum var. megaphyllum W. R. Taylor, 1945:122 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Shore drift; Punta Albemarle, Isla Isabela, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Sargassum palmeri Grunow, 1915:338 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Guadalupe, off Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Sargassum sinicola Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:736 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Sistema Lagunar Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón, SIN. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Estanque, Isla Patos, Isla Turner, and Isla San Pedro Mártir, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Carmen, Isla Danzante, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Cast ashore; Eureka, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Sargassum sinicola, the type of S. sect. Sinicola E. Y. Dawson ex J. N. Norris (in Norris, 2010), was later treated by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014:216, table 6) as a member of another section, S. sect. Sargassum. Sargassum sonorense E. Y. Dawson, 1960a:36 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. On shore; southern end of Isla Tiburón (opposite Isla Turner), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Although it was originally described as Sargassum asymmetricum E. Y. Dawson (1944), a homonym of S. asymmetricum Yamada (1942), Dawson (1960a) gave it a replacement name. Sargassum sonorense was treated as a synonym of S. lapazeanum by Andrade-Sorcia et al. (2014). Sargassum ulixei Andrade-Sorcia et S.-M. Boo, in AndradeSorcia et al., 2014:212 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Bahía Kino, SON. Type Locality. On subtidal rocks; Playa Las Conchas, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Invasive Species: Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, 1955:306 Remarks. Since its introduction in the 1950s to the northeastern Pacific, the Japanese S. muticum has been found from Alaska to Baja California. It has continued to spread • 75 southward along the Pacific Mexico coasts of Baja California to Baja California Sur (R. Aguilar-Rosas and Machado-Galindo, 1990; Pedroche at al., 2008; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). The distribution of this highly invasive species should be monitored; if its expansion continues southward, it could potentially invade the Gulf of California (Riosmena-Rodríguez et al., 1992; Norris, 2010). Uncertain Record: Sargassum agardhianum Farlow ex J. Agardh, 1889:93 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON; Puerto Vallarta, JAL. EC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Remarks. Described from San Diego, California, Sargassum agardhianum is known on the Pacific coast from southern California to central Baja California (Dawson et al., 1960; Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976; Pacheco-Ruíz, 1982; R. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 1990). The reported presence of this species in the Gulf of California needs to be verified. EXCLUDED PHAEOPHYCEAE (LAMINARIALES) Excluded Species: Egregia laevigata Setchell, 1896:44 Remarks. Dawson (1949b) noted that his earlier report of E. laevigata in the Gulf of California (Dawson, 1946) was erroneous (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010). Excluded Species: Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh, 1820:47 Remarks. Since the early report of M. pyrifera, apparently adrift, in the Gulf (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a; Dawson, 1944), there has been no further mention of it in published accounts, nor has it been collected by others in the Gulf (Pedroche et al., 2008; Norris, 2010). SYNOPSIS OF GREEN ALGAL TAXA The synoptic list below of Chlorophyta of the Gulf of California is of the phylum, classes, orders, families, and genera of green algae presented in the accounts following this list. CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTINA ULVOPHYCEAE Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Blidingia Kylin Stromatella Kornmann et Sahling Phaeophilaceae Phaeophila Hauck Ulvaceae Ulva Linnaeus Ulva sect. Ulva 76 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Ulva sect. Enteromorpha (Link in Nees) Endlicher Ulvellaceae Entocladia Reinke Epicladia Reinke Ulvella P. Crouan et H. Crouan CLADOPHOROPHYCEAE Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha Kützing Cladophora Kützing Rhizoclonium Kützing Willeella Børgesen Siphonocladales Boodleaceae Boodlea (Dickie) G. Murray et De Toni Cladophoropsis Børgesen Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray Struvea Sonder Siphonocladaceae Dictyosphaeria Decaisne ex Endlicher Ernodesmis Børgesen Valoniaceae Valonia C. Agardh Valoniopsis Børgesen BRYOPSIDOPHYCEAE Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis J. V. Lamouroux Derbesiaceae Derbesia Solier Halicystis-phase Codiaceae Codium Stackhouse Geppella Børgesen Caulerpaceae Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux Halimedaceae Halimeda J. V. Lamouroux Udoteaceae Chlorodesmis Harvey et Bailey DASYCLADOPHYCEAE Dasycladales Dasycladaceae Batophora J. Agardh Neomeris J. V. Lamouroux Polyphysaceae Acetabularia J. V. Lamouroux Parvocaulis S. Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello CHLOROPHYTA PASCHER, 1914:158 CHLOROPHYTINA CAVALIER-SMITH, 1998:450 ULVOPHYCEAE MATTOX ET K. D. STEWART, 1984:41, 66, NOM. INVALID. ULVALES BLACKMAN ET TANSLEY, 1902:136 KORNMANNIACEAE L. GOLDEN ET K. COLE, 1986:272 Blidingia Kylin, 1947:181 Blidingia marginata (J. Agardh) P. J. L. Dangeard ex Bliding, 1963:32 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “Ad Nizzam” (Agardh, 1842:146); Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin, 1947:181 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Helgoland (Heligoland), small archipelago in North Sea, Germany. Stromatella Kornmann et Sahling, 1985:223 Stromatella monostromatica (P. J. L. Dangeard) Kornmann et Sahling, 1985:223 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Coronado and Isla la Ventana, BC. Type Locality. Collioure, Pyrénées-Orientales, southern France. PHAEOPHILACEAE CHAPPELL, O’KELLY, L. W. WILLCOX ET G. L. FLOYD, 1990:516 Remarks. The Phaeophilaceae, originally described within Phaeophilales Chappell, O’Kelly, L. W. Willcox et G. L. Floyd (1990), is now generally placed in the Ulvales (e.g., Brodie et al., 2007). Phaeophila Hauck, 1876:56 Phaeophila dendroides (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) Batters, 1902:13 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Brest, Finistère, France. ULVACEAE J. V. LAMOUROUX EX DUMORTIER, 1822:71 Ulva Linnaeus, 1753:1163, nom. cons. Remarks. O’Kelly et al. (2010) suggested that species of Ulva in tropical and subtropical regions are largely unique NUMBER 106 to those areas, and the use of names based on types from temperate and boreal European and North American is probably misapplied (Guiry and Guiry, 2014). Ulva sect. Ulva Ulva californica Wille, in Collins et al., 1899: P.B.-A. Exsiccate no. 611 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC. Type Locality. La Jolla, San Diego County, southern California, USA. Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated that Norris (2010) cited U. taeniata as a synonym of U. californica. Only “U. taeniata sensu Dawson, 1945b:59” was cited (Norris, 2010:34; i.e., only specimens of Dawson, 1945, were referred to U. californica; and U. taeniata (Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920, was not treated as being conspecific). Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920:25 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Estero del Urías, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. Ulva fasciata Delile, 1813:297 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa El Sábalo, SIN, to Cabo Corrientes, JAL. Type Locality. Alexandria, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Remarks. Ulva fasciata has been identified in the southern Gulf and on the Pacific coast of Baja California (R. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2005; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). A potential invasive, its distribution in the Gulf should be monitored. O’Kelly et al. (2010) treated U. fasciata as a synonym of U. lactuca, and Pacific Mexico and Gulf of California materials need to be comparatively studied with type and type locality specimens to verify their identity. Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, 1753:1163 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Bufeo, BC, to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. “In Oceano” [Atlantic Ocean] (Linnaeus, 1753:1163). Lectotype Locality. West coast of Sweden (Papenfuss, 1960; Womersley, 1984). Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to “U. lactuca” need to be investigated to clarify their relationship to type material of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus. • 77 Ulva lobata (Kützing) Harvey, 1855b:265 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Chile. Ulva nematoidea Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828:190 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Chueca, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Province Concepción, Chile. Remarks. Wynne (2002) placed U. fasciata f. costata M. Howe (1914; =U. costata (M. Howe) Hollenberg, 1971, nom. illeg.) in synonymy with Ulva nematoidea. Ulva rigida C. Agardh, 1823:410 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía San Felipe to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge, SON; Isla Patos and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Madre, NAY. Type Locality. Cádiz, Bahía de Cádiz, Andalusia region, Cádiz Province, southwestern Spain. Ulva taeniata (Setchell) Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920:286 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: El Malecón to Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Monterey, Monterey County, central California, USA. Remarks. Although this species is sometimes treated as being conspecific with U. nematoidea (e.g., Norris, 2010), it is probable they are distinct, and studies are needed to see if one or both may be present in the Gulf. Although U. dactylifera Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1920) was listed as the currently accepted name (Guiry and Guiry, 2015), Haden and Waaland (2004) had previously placed it in synonymy with U. taeniata. Invasive Species: Ulva pertusa Kjellman, 1897:4 Syntype Localities. Three locales in Japan, “Hakodate, Yenoshima et Yokohama, Japoniae” (Kjellman, 1897:4): (1) Hakodate, Hōkkaido Island; (2) Enoshima Island (Yenoshima), offshore in Sagami Bay; and (3) Yokohama, Tokyo Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, both Honshū Island. Remarks. A western Pacific species, Ulva pertusa is also recorded in the eastern Pacific from northern Baja California (R. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2008; L. Aguilar-Rosas et al., 2014). It is invasive, and should it spread into the Gulf of California, it could become a problem (Norris, 2010). Kraft et al. (2010) reinstated the South Australian U. australis Areschoug (1854) and found it was related to California material referred to “U. pertusa.” Couceiro et al. (2011) concluded the Iberian Peninsula 78 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y “U. pertusa” was also related to those from California and likely conspecific with U. australis. The relationship of Baja California “U. pertusa” to Japanese U. pertusa and South Australian U. australis needs to be elucidated. Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Duino, near Trieste, Adriatic Sea, Italy. Ulva sect. Enteromorpha (Link in Nees) Endlicher, 1843:19 Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) M. J. Wynne, 2005:107 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agua Brava, NAY. Type Locality. Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, UK (Berger et al., 2003). Syntype Localities. Bangor, Wales, and Brighton, England, UK (O’Kelly et al., 2010). Remarks. Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (=Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) Bliding, 1963) was reported in the southern Gulf from Nayarit as Ulva paradoxa C. Agardh (1817). Ulva acanthophora (Kützing) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P. C. Silva, Stanhope et Waaland, 2003:288 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Estanque, ISG; Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Bay of Islands, northeast coast of North Island, New Zealand. Remarks. Gulf of California specimens referred to Ulva acanthophora need to be genetically compared to New Zealand type locality material. Mora-Valdés and RiosmenaRodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated Norris (2010) treated Enteromorpha ramulosa as a synonym of U. acanthophora. Only “E. ramulosa sensu Adams, 1994” and not E. ramulosa (J. E. Smith) Carmichael in W. J. Hooker (1833) was listed by (Norris, 2010:41). (The latter had been noted to be conspecific with U. clathrata; Norris, 2010:43.) Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh, 1811:23 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Laguna de Agua Brava, NAY. EC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla La Partida, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN. Type Locality. Fehmarn, SW Baltic Sea (Roth, 1806; type missing [Hayden et al., 2003:288, table 4]). Neotype Locality. Landskoma, Baltic Oresund (neotype, an illustration of Bliding [1963: fig. 69a,b] was selected by Blomster et al., 1999; Hayden et al., 2003). Remarks. Brodie et al. (2007) noted reports of the European U. clathrata from the Pacific Ocean require reassessment. Gulf of California and European type materials should be molecularly compared to resolve their relationships and the identity of Gulf specimens. Ulva compressa Linnaeus, 1753:1163 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras del Burro, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía San Francisco, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla La Partida, BCS. Type Locality. “Habitat in Europae mari & tectis maritimis” (Linnaeus, 1753:1163; probably Bognor, West Sussex, England, UK [Hayden et al., 2003:289]). Ulva flexuosa Wulfen, 1803:1 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus, 1753:1163 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. “Woolwich, London, England?” (Hayden et al., 2003:289); “in Mari omni” (South and Skelton, 2003). Lectotype Locality. ‘‘In ditches near Woolwich,’’ River Thames, London; locale, lectotype specimen, and illustration of Dillenius (1742: pl. 9, fig. 7, as “Tremella marina tubulosa, intestinorum figura . . .”) were selected by Blomster et al. (1998:332, fig. 49). Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated Pedroche et al. (2005:26) treated U. intestinalis as a synonym of U. flexuosa Wulfen (1803); they cited only the subspecific taxon “E. [Enteromorpha] intestinalis var. tubulosa Kützing, 1845,” and not the species, U. intestinalis Linnaeus (1753). Also, one forma listed in the Gulf by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016), E. intestinalis f. maxima J. Agardh (1883), is a taxonomic synonym of U. intestinalis. Enteromorpha marchantiae Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a; type locality: La Paz, Baja California Sur) was treated as a synonym of U. intestinalis by Dawson (1944, as E. intestinalis), Pedroche et al. (2005), and Norris (2010). However, some recognize E. marchantiae as a distinct species (e.g., Guiry and Guiry, 2015; Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2016). Its generic placement, taxonomic status, and relationship to U. intestinalis need to be tested. Ulva linza Linnaeus, 1753:1163 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Las Piedras del Burro to Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “In Oceano” (Linnaeus, 1753: 1163). NUMBER 106 Lectotype Locality. UK (Hayden et al., 2003:289). Sheerness, Kent, England, Ulva radiata (J. Agardh) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P. C. Silva, Stanhope et Waaland, 2003:290 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to NAY. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Arctic Norway (Hayden et al. 2003:290, table 4). Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated U. prolifera was listed as a synonym of U. radiata by Norris (2010). Only “E. [Enteromorpha] prolifera sensu Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1920, 1924, . . .” was cited, and it was noted not to be Ulva prolifera O. F. Müller (1778; Norris, 2010:48–49). Uncertain Status and Record: Enteromorpha? intestinalis var. clavata (J. Agardh) Scagel, 1966:50 Remarks. Listed in the Gulf of California as “E. intestinalis f. clavata” (Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2016), its correct name is E. intestinalis var. clavata (J. Agardh) Scagel (Guiry and Guiry, 2015). Pedroche et al. (2005) noted that some have cited names of forms to “U. intestinalis” (e.g., Dawson, 1946, 1961c), but Setchell and Gardner (1920, as U. intestinalis) did not refer the La Paz specimen to a form. If Enteromorpha intestinalis var. clavata is recognized, the taxon probably belongs in Ulva, and its generic status is queried until molecular analysis of type materials is performed to verify its taxonomic placement. Excluded Species: Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata (Ahlner) M. J. Wynne, 2014, in Cormaci et al., 2014:393 Remarks. Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata was recorded in the Gulf by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016, as “E. [Enteromorpha] intestinalis f. cylindracea”), but with no specific Gulf locales. Both E. intestinalis f. cylindracea J. Agardh (1883) and U. intestinalis var. cylindracea (J. Agardh) M. J. Wynne (2005) are nom. illeg. (see Cormaci et al., 2014). Pedroche et al. (2005) earlier noted “U. intestinalis f. cylindracea” was misinterpreted by Dawson (1946) and is not in Gulf flora. • 79 Entocladia sp. A of Norris, 2010:23 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: west island (isla oeste), Islas de Los Gemelos, BC. Remarks. An endophyte, found in shallow subtidal Cladophora in the northern Gulf (Norris, 2010). Epicladia Reinke, 1889:31 Epicladia condensata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2010:25 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Libertad, SON. WC: Bahía San Francisquito, BC. IS: Isla San Esteban, ISG. Type Locality. In utricles of Codium; Bahía San Francisquito, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Epicladia mexicana (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) J. N. Norris, 2010:26 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Endophytic in cell walls of Chaetomorpha; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ulvella P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1859:288 Ulvella lens P. Crouan et H. Crouan, 1859:288 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Rade de Brest, Finistère, Atlantic coast of France. Ulvella marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) R. Nielsen, O’Kelly et Wysor, in Nielsen et al., 2013:51 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Coronado, BC. Type Locality. Epiphytic on Laurencia; La Paz, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf of California endemic originally described as Pringsheimia marchantiae Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a), Ulvella marchantiae has also been reported in the Gulf as Entocladia marchantiae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Cribb (1995; Norris, 2010). ULVELLACEAE SCHMIDLE, 1899:57 Entocladia Reinke, 1879:476 Entocladia polysiphoniae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:718 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Desemboque de los Seris to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. In cell wall of Polysiphonia marchantiae (now Melanothamus johnstonii); Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico. Ulvella setchellii Dangeard, 1931: 317 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON; Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. IS: Bahía de Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Syntype Localities. Three locales given by Dangeard (1931): on Polysiphonia, Roscoff, Finistère, France; on Phyllophora, Croisic, Loire Inférieure, France; and on Laurencia, Pacific Grove, California. Lectotype Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA (Nielsen et al., 2013:52, selected lectotype illustration and an epitype). 80 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Ulvella viridis (Reinke) R. Nielsen, O’Kelly et Wysor, in Nielsen et al., 2013:53 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Estero de Bacorehuis, Laguna de Agiabampo, SON; Playa Los Cerritos, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía Balandra, BCS. Type Locality. Napoli (Naples), Golfo di Napoli, Campania, Mar Tirreno, Italy. Remarks. Ulvella viridis was previously reported in the Gulf of California as Entocladia viridis Reinke (1879; Norris, 2010). CLADOPHOROPHYCEAE C. HOEK, D. G. MANN ET JAHNS, 1995:408, NOM. INVALID. CLADOPHORALES HAECKEL, 1894:302 Remarks. Some phycologists place the Cladophorales within the class Ulvophyceae Mattox et Stewart (1984), but future studies are needed to resolve the class placement of the order (Rindi and Verbruggen, 2016). CLADOPHORACEAE W. WILLE, IN WARMING, 1884:30 Chaetomorpha Kützing, 1845:203 Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1849:379 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Tepoca, SON, to Bahía Chacala, NAY. WC: Puertecitos to Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Cromer, Norfolk, England, UK. Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing, 1847:166 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Turner, ISG; Isla San Ildefonso, BCS; Isla María Magdalena and Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Réunion (Bourbon Island), Mascarene Islands (Mascarenhas Archipelago), Indian Ocean. Chaetomorpha bangioides E. Y. Dawson, 1950b:149 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido, BCS. IS: Isla Patos, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Patos (off N end of Isla Tiburón), Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Chaetomorpha clavata Kützing, 1847:166 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Punta de Mita, NAY. Type Locality. West Indies (Silva et al., 1996). Chaetomorpha javanica Kützing, 1849:773 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Java (Jawa), Greater Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing, 1849:376 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Gulfo di Genova, northernmost Mar Ligure, Italy. Remarks. Previously recorded in the Gulf of California as Lola lubrica (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) A. Hamel et G. Hamel (1929), which is now considered a synonym of C. ligustica (Kützing) Kützing (e.g., Brodie et al., 2007). Chaetomorpha linoides Kützing, 1847:167 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Cumaná, state of Sucre, Venezuela. Chaetomorpha linum (O. F. Müller) Kützing, 1845:204 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, BCS. Syntype Localities. Nakskov Fjord and Rødby Fjord [both on island of Lolland], Denmark. Lectotype Locality. Nakskov Fjord, Lolland [municipality], Region Sjælland, island of Lolland, south Denmark (Lipkin and Silva, 2002). Chaetomorpha minima Collins et Hervey, 1917:41 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: San Juan de la Costa, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “On fronds of Codium, Cladophora etc.; Bermuda” (Collins and Hervey, 1917:41). Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kützing, 1847:166 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Palmilla, BCS. Type Locality. “In littore; Islas Canarias” (Montagne, 1841:184); Canary Islands, Spain. Cladophora Kützing, 1843:262 Cladophora albida (Nees) Kützing, 1843:267 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. Type Locality. Isle of Selsey, southwestern England, UK. NUMBER 106 Cladophora coelothrix Kützing, 1843:272 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa La Rumorosa, JAL. Type Locality. “Golf von Genua” (Kützing, 1843:272); Livorno, Province of Livorno, Ligurian Sea, west coast of Italy (Womersley, 1984). Cladophora columbiana Collins, in Setchell and Gardner, 1903:226 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino to Guaymas, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía del Rincón, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) incorrectly stated that Norris (2010) had listed C. columbiana as a synonym of C. trichotoma, but actually Norris (2010:56) cited only “C. trichotoma sensu Collins 1909” and not C. trichotoma (C. Agardh) Kützing (1849; now Acrocladus pellucidus (Hudson) Boedeker, in Boedeker et al., 2016). Cladophora flexuosa (O. F. Müller) Kützing, 1843:270 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Denmark. Remarks. Some consider Cladophora flexuosa and C. sericea (Hudson) Kützing to be synonyms (Hoek, 1963; John et al., 2004). Herein we follow others in maintaining them as separate species (Pedroche et al., 2005; Guiry and Guiry, 2014) until studies can resolve their relationship and the identity of Gulf specimens can be verified. Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843:266 Gulf of California Distribution. Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Europe. WC: Cladophora glomerata var. crassior (C. Agardh) van den Hoek, 1963:163 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Ensenada Ampe, BCS. Type Locality. Sussex, England, UK. Remarks. Reported in the southern Gulf as Cladophora crispata (Roth) Kützing, which is now a synonym of C. glomerata var. crassior. Cladophora graminea Collins, 1909:19 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Punta Bufeo, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG. Type Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA. • 81 Cladophora hesperia Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:713 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Piedras de La Salina, SON, to Mazatlán, SIN. WC: Faro de San Felipe, BC, to Cabo San Lucas, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. “Muddy habitat, at the southern extremity of Lower California” (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:714); “Distrito de Cabo San Lucas” (Pedroche et al., 2005:44), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1843:267 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Type Locality. Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales, UK. Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing, 1843:268 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Francisco, BCS. Type Locality. Helgoland (Heligoland), small archipelago in the North Sea, Germany. Cladophora liebetruthii Grunow, in Piccone, 1884a:53 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lo de Marcos and Playa San Francisco, NAY. Type Locality. Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias (Canary Islands), Spain. Cladophora macdougalii M. Howe, 1911:491 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Machorro, SON. EC: San Felipe to Puertecitos, BC. Type Locality. Bahía San Felipe, Baja California, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. An endemic species, apparently restricted in distribution to the Upper Gulf of California. Cladophora microcladioides Collins, 1909:17 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Playa Santa Teresa, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. San Pedro, Los Angeles County, southern California, USA. Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing, 1843:271 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: El Tornillal, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Campo Hawaii (N of San Felipe), BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Type Locality. “In mare Corsicam” (Roth, 1797:183). Type from Mediterranean lost. Neotype Locality. Miramare, near Trieste, Adriatic Sea, Italy (Hoek, 1963:208). Cladophora rivularis (Linnaeus) van den Hoek, 1963:113 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. 82 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Type Locality. Europe. Remarks. Reported in the southern Gulf as “Cladophora insignis” (Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-González, 1985). Although C. rivularis has been reported in brackish water (Kamenarska et al., 2004), it is generally considered to be a freshwater species (Hoek and Chihara, 2000; Boedeker et al., 2016). Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kützing, 1843:264 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Empalme, Guaymas, SON; Mazatlán, SIN, to Playa de Guayabitos, NAY. EC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Syntype Localities. “Coast near Sheerness, and ‘Rivus Novus,’ near London, are both mentioned by Dillenius (1741: 31)” (Hoek, 1963:77). Lectotype Locality. Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England, UK. Cladophora stimpsonii Harvey, 1860:334 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Hakodate Bay, Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido [island], Japan. Cladophora tiburonensis E. Y. Dawson, 1944:211 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN. IS: Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Isla Turner, off southeast end of Isla Tiburón, Sonora, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) van den Hoek, 1963:144 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda to Puerto Peñasco, SON; Playa Guayabitos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Lectotype Locality. Salt marsh; on island of Selsey, Sussex, England, UK. Rhizoclonium Kützing, 1843:261 Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (C. Agardh) Kützing, 1845:206 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. “Carlsbad in udis speluncis rupium” (Agardh, 1827:636), Czech Republic. Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) questioned its record in the southern Gulf, and its presence needs to be verified. Rhizoclonium lubricum Setchell et Gardner in Gardner, 1919:492 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Isla Partida and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Three localities given by Gardner (1919): Roche Harbor, NW San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, USA; and Berkeley and Alameda (both Alameda County), California, USA. Lectotype Locality. Oakland, Alameda County, northern California, USA (Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976). Remarks. Reported in the Gulf as Lola lubrica (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) A. Hamel et Hamel (1929; Dawson, 1944). Pedroche et al. (2005) have questioned its generic placement. Norris (2010) later referred some Gulf Rhizoclonium lubricum to R. tortuosum. However, the latter two are considered to be distinct taxa (Guiry and Guiry, 2014; Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez, 2016). The taxonomic status of R. lubricum (Silva, 1979) and its identification in the Gulf are in need of clarification (Norris, 2010). Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey, 1849:238 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Punta de Mita, NAY. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Norderney Island, East Frisian Islands, Wadden Sea, Germany. Remarks. Rhizoclonium riparium has been recognized to be a “species-complex” that contains several cryptic, misidentified, or unrecognized species (Brodie et al., 2007). Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge, 1894:915 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. EC: Puerto Escondido to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Bantry, County Cork, Ireland. Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) and Norris (2010:66) recognized the variety, R. riparium var. implexum, and did not treat it as a synonym of R. implexum as incorrectly stated by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016). Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) Kützing, 1845:205 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. Not designated and apparently lost (Chapman, 1939). Lectotype Locality. Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales, UK (Chapman, 1939; Blair, 1983). Remarks. Rhizoclonium tortuosum is tentatively recognized in the Gulf until its relationship with type locality material can be elucidated (Norris, 2010). Silva et al. (1996) and Pedroche et al. (2005) have discussed its complex nomenclature and taxonomy. Willeella Børgesen, 1930:155 Willeella brachyclados (Montagne) M. J. Wynne, 2016:1 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Río Mayo, SON. Type Locality. Havana, Cuba. Remarks. Cladophora montagneana Kützing (1849) was recently shown to belong in Willeella by Boedeker et al. NUMBER 106 (2016, as W. montagneana (Kützing) Boedeker); a taxon found nom. illeg. and subsequently treated as W. brachyclados (Montagne) M. J. Wynne (2016). SIPHONOCLADALES (BLACKMAN ET TANSLEY) OLTMANNS, 1904:134, SENSU STRICTO BOODLEACEAE BØRGESEN, 1925:19 Boodlea (Dickie) G. Murray et De Toni, in Murray, 1889:245 Boodlea composita (Harvey) F. Brand, 1904:187 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. IS: Isla María Magdalena, NAY. Type Locality. Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean. Cladophoropsis Børgesen, 1905:288 Cladophoropsis gracillima E. Y. Dawson, 1950b:149 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Calerita to Punta Palmilla, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Punta Palmilla, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Cladophoropsis macromeres W. R. Taylor, 1928:64 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON. Type Locality. Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry Tortugas (Dry Tortugas National Park), Monroe County, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, USA. Remarks. The northern Gulf record of MendozaGonzález and Mateo-Cid (1986) is the only known report of C. macromeres outside of the western Atlantic (Pedroche et al., 2005). Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Børgesen, 1905:289 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Ensenada Ampe, BCS. Type Locality. Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum J. E. Gray, 1866:70 Gulf of California Distribution. Punta Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Gulf of Mexico. • 83 WC: Phyllodictyon robustum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Leliaert et Wysor, in Leliaert et al., 2008:230 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Gorda, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: El Machorro, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Alcatráz and Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. On upper intertidal rocks; Isla Tortuga (off Puerto Santa Rosalía), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Struvea Sonder, 1845:49 Struvea sp. of Huerta-Múzquiz and Mendoza-Gonzalez, 1985 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. SIPHONOCLADACEAE F. SCHMITZ, 1879:20 Dictyosphaeria Decaisne ex Endlicher, 1843:18 Dictyosphaeria australis Setchell, 1926:79 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Punta Palmilla to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. Type Locality. Arue Reef, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932:2 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Two locales: Gomfodae (AlQunfudhah), Saudi Arabia, and Mokha, Yemen. Lectotype Locality. Mokha, Yemen (Leliaert and Coppejans, 2004). Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber-van Bosse, 1905:144 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Calerita, Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla Partida, BCS. Syntype Localities. “Plusieurs récifs dans l’Archipel Malaisien” (Weber-van Bosse, 1905:144) [many reefs in the Malay Archipelago]. Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray, 1866:70 Ernodesmis Børgesen, 1912:259 Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft et M. J. Wynne, 1996:139 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Playa de Guayabitos to Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Punta Arena, BCS. Type Locality. Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia. Ernodesmis verticillata (Kützing) Børgesen, 1912:259 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Cholla, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. 84 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y VALONIACEAE KÜTZING, 1849:507 Valonia C. Agardh, 1823:428 San Felipe, BC, to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla de la Piedra, SIN; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. “Cerca Cette” (Lamouroux, 1809b:333) [Sète, Hérault], Mediterranean coast of France. Valonia macrophysa Kützing, 1843:307 GULF OF CALIFORNIA DISTRIBUTION. Calerita, BCS. TYPE LOCALITY. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Leesina [Hvar Island], Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Bryopsis muscosa J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Puerto Escondido to El Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla Tortuga, Isla Cholla, and Isla San Ildefonso, BCS. Type Locality. Mediterranean coast of France. Valoniopsis Børgesen, 1934:10 Valoniopsis hancockii E. Y. Dawson, 1944:207 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. Rocky shore, in low intertidal; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Bryopsis pennata J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de los Ángeles, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Tiburón and Isla Turner, ISG. Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles]. Valoniopsis pachynema (G. Martens) Børgesen, 1934:10 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco to Guaymas, SON. WC: Puertecitos, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Isabel, NAY. Syntype Localities. Benkulen (Bengkulu) and Pulau Tikus (near Bengkulu), Sumatra, Indonesia. Bryopsis pennata var. minor J. Agardh, 1887:23 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Chueca, SON, to Puerto Vallarta, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo and Isla Partida, BCS. Type Locality. San Agustín, Oaxaca, Mexico. BRYOPSIDOPHYCEAE BESSEY, 1907:287 BRYOPSIDALES J. H. SCHAFFNER, 1922:133 BRYOPSIDACEAE BORY DE Bryopsis salvadoreana E. Y. Dawson, 1961b:405 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Rasa, ISG. Type Locality. Arrecife de Sacate, off Punta Chiriquín, Golfo de Fonseca, El Salvador. SAINT-VINCENT, 1829:203 DERBESIACEAE HAUCK, 1884:421 Bryopsis J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333 Derbesia Solier, 1846:452 Bryopsis corticulans Setchell, in Collins, Holden and Setchell, 1899: P.B.-A. Exsiccate no. 626 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Kino, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Syntype Localities. Carmel Bay and Pacific Grove, California. Lectotype Locality. Pacific Grove, Monterey County, central California, USA (Smith, 1944). Bryopsis galapagensis W. R. Taylor, 1945:60 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. In intertidal pools; Wolf Island (Wenman Island), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Bryopsis hypnoides J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:333 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Derbesia hollenbergii W. R. Taylor, 1945:75 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: El Solitario, Bahía Agua Verde, BCS. IS: Isla San Pedro Nolasco (?), SON; Isla Cholla and Isla Carmen, BCS. Type Locality. Isla Floreana (Charles Island; Isla Santa María), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier, 1846:453 Gulf of California Distribution. Derbesia marina (sporophyte)—EC: Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC; Isla Larga, NAY. Halicystis-phase (gametophyte of Derbesia)—EC: Bahía Concepción, BCS. Type Locality. Derbesia marina: Kvívík (Kvivig), [Strømø], Streymoy [island], Faroe (Faeroe) Islands, Denmark. NUMBER 106 Remarks. Record of Halicystis-phase in the southern Gulf is presumed to be a vesicular gametangium of Derbesia marina (Mateo-Cid et al., 1993); its life history should be investigated. Derbesia sp. A of Norris, 2010:840 Gulf of California Distribution. Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON. • 85 (misidentifications), and Norris (2010:87) cited only “C. decorticatum sensu Howe, 1911, C. dichotomum sensu Taylor, 1945, and C. fernandezianum sensu Taylor, 1945,” noting that the species C. decoticatum (Woodward) M. Howe (1911), C. dichotomum (Hudson) S. F. Gray (1821), and C. fernandezianum Setchell (1937) were distinct taxa. EC: Derbesia sp. of Rocha-Ramírez and Siqueiros-Beltrones, 1991:18 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía Balandra, BCS. Derbesia turbinata M. Howe et Hoyt, 1916:106 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla Las Ánimas, ISG. Type Locality. Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina, USA. Remarks. A western Atlantic species, it presence in the northern Gulf needs to be verified (Pedroche et al., 2005). Halicystis-phase Halicystis ovalis of Norris and Bucher, 1976:3 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Luis Gonzaga, BC. Remarks. Gulf of California specimens are epiphytic on Amphiroa; it is uncertain if these vesicles are gametophytes or sporophytes (Norris, 2010). Life history studies and molecular analyses of the Isla San Luis Gonzaga Halicystis will help clarify its taxonomic identity and whether it is distinct or perhaps a life history phase of Derbesia or of another genus. CODIACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:302, 308 Codium Stackhouse, 1797:xvi, xxiv Codium amplivesiculatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:709 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta Chueca, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC, to Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Estanque, Isla Rasa, and Isla San Esteban, ISG; Isla Monserrate, Isla Carmen, Isla Santa Catalina, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Floating; “near south end of [Isla] Ángel de la Guarda, Gulf of California” (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:710); probably near Isla Estanque, Baja California, Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura), Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly state C. decorticatum, C. dichotomum, and C. fernandezianum were listed as synonyms of C. amplivesiculatum by Pedroche et al. (2005) and Norris (2010). Pedroche et al. (2002, 2005) did note that these were misapplied names Codium brandegeei Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:712 Gulf of California Distribution. Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: San Felipe, BC, to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla San Jorge and Isla Alcatráz, SON; Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Tiburón, and Isla Turner, ISG; Isla Carmen, Isla San Diego, Isla San José, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Habitat unknown, probably at La Paz (?)” (locale questioned by Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:712), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated that Codium tomentosum was treated as a synonym of C. brandgeei by Norris (2010). Only “C. tomentosum sensu Mendoza-González and Mateo-Cid, 1986” was referred to C. brandegeei and not the species C. tomentosum Stackhouse, 1797 (Norris, 2010:90). Pedroche et al. (2005:71) earlier noted “C. tomentosum” was a misapplied name (misidentified) in the Gulf of California and Pacific Mexico. Codium giraffa P. C. Silva, 1979:264 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Papanoa, Guerrero, Mexico. Codium isabelae W. R. Taylor, 1945:70 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. IS: Isla de Venados, SIN; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. On intertidal rock; near entrance toTagus Cove, Isla Isabela (Isla Albemarle), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005:74) did not list C. isthomocladum as a synonym of C. isabelae as stated by Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016:216) but noted C. isthomocladum was one of several misapplied names and was not the species C. isthomocladum Vickers, 1905 (see Pedroche et al., 2002). Codium picturatum Pedroche et P. C. Silva, 1996:2 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Chamela, JAL. WC: Puerto Escondido to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Carmen, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Playa La Audiencia (near Manzanillo), Colima, Mexico. Codium simulans Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:706 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, 86 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y JAL. WC: Punta San Felipe, BC, to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Isla Patos, Isla Estanque, Isla San Esteban, and Isla Rasa, ISG; Isla Coronado, BC; Isla San Pedro Nolasco, SON; Isla Tortuga, Isla Monserrate, Isla San Marcos, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Danzante, Isla Santa Catalina, Isla San José, Isla Carmen, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Isla San Marcos, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Codium sp. A Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Remarks. Norris (2010:92, fig. 44) observed that the exceptionally large Codium sp. A, with broad flattened axes, was somewhat similar to the “C. cuneatum-form” of C. simulans. Its taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship to other species of Codium require further study. Uncertain Record: Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889:32 Remarks. Pedroche et al. (2005) noted Gulf records of Martínez-Lozano et al. (1991) and Casas-Valdéz et al. (1997) were not representative of C. fragile (now C. fragile subsp. californicum Maggs et J. Kelly, in Brodie et al., 2007), and its presence in the Gulf of California needs to be verified. Uncertain Record: Codium setchellii N. L. Gardner, 1919:489 Remarks. Southern Gulf records of “C. setchellii” are probably not this species, and most are referable to C. picturatum (Pedroche et al., 2005; Norris, 2010). Excluded Species: Codium elongatum (Turner) C. Agardh, 1823:454 Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) noted C. elongatum was considered conspecific with C. decorticatum (Woodward) M. Howe (1911) by Silva et al. (1996). Pedroche et al. (2005:72) stated most of Gulf specimens of “C. decorticatum” were misidentified and probably were C. giraffa or C. amplivesiculatum. Excluded Species: Codium fernandezianum Setchell, 1937:592 Remarks. Although noting that C. fernandezianum was not recorded in the Gulf, Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated it was treated as a synonym of C. amplivesiculatum by Norris (2010). However, only some specimens identified as “C. fernandezianum sensu Taylor, 1945” were referred to C. amplivesiculatum by Pedroche et al. (2002) and Norris (2010), and C. fernandezianum Setchell (1937) was not treated as being conspecific with C. amplivesiculatum Setchell et N. L. Gardner. Codium fernandezianum Setchell (1937) is a distinct species. Geppella Børgesen, 1940:55 Remarks. The generitype, Geppella mortensenii Børgesen (1940), was transferred to Rhipiliopsis by Farghaly and Denizot (1979, as R. mortensenii Farghaly et Denizot), thus leaving the generic placement of the remaining species, including the southern Gulf G. decussata, uncertain. Geppella? decussata E. Y. Dawson, 1959a:14 Gulf of California Distribution. IS: Isla San Francisco, BCS. Type Locality. Off southeast Isla San Francisco (off southern end of Isla San José), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. A Gulf of California endemic that is known only from the type, the generic placement of G.? decussata is in need of elucidation (e.g., Norris, 2010; see also Remarks above under Geppella). CAULERPACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:302, 307 Caulerpa J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332 Caulerpa antoensis Yamada, 1940:100 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to estero Balandra, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Ant Atoll, off west coast of Pohnpei (Ponape), Senyavin Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, central Pacific Ocean. Remarks. Originally reported in the southern Gulf as C. arenicola W. R. Taylor (1950), a species that is now considered conspecific with C. antoensis (Abbott and Huisman, 2004). Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) J. V. Lamouroux, 1809b:332 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. “Aus den Malabarische Küsten” (Esper, 1800:167); Malabar Coast, Arabian Sea, southwest coast of India, northern Indian Ocean (Belton et al., 2014). Remarks. Three taxa reported in the Gulf were found to be conspecific with C. chemnitzia by FernándezGarcía et al. (2016): C. peltata J. V. Lamouroux (1809b; =C. racemosa var. peltata (J. V. Lamouroux) Eubank in T. A. Stephenson, 1944), C. racemosa var. turbinata (J. Agardh) Eubank (1946; Belton et al., 2014), and C. vanbosseae Setchell et N. L. Gardner (1924a). Fernández-García et al. (2016) also proposed use of the term “ecad” to recognize different morphologies within C. chemnitzia: “C. chemnitzia ecad laetevirens” with clavate fronds, “C. chemnitzia ecad peltata” with peltate or disklike fronds, and “C. chemnitzia ecad intermedia,” a transitional form between “ecad peltata” and “ecad laetevirens.” Ecad is not a valid taxon name (ICN, McNeill et al., 2012). However, the taxon variety (varietas) has been employed in botany in several senses; for example, a variety is morphologically distinct and may be geographical, ecological, cytological, NUMBER 106 or combinations of these (e.g., Davis and Heywood, 1963; ICN, McNeill et al., 2012). There are four varieties of Caulerpa chemnitzia now recorded in the Gulf of California, including three herein with proposed new combinations in acknowledgment of the studies of Dra. Cindy Fernández-García (Universidad de Costa Rica) and the late Dr. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez (Univeridad Autónoma de Baja California Sur), and their colleagues. Caulerpa chemnitzia var. laetevirens (Montagne) FernándezGarcía et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov. Basionym. Caulerpa laetevirens Montagne, 1842a:13. Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Toud Island (Warrior Inlet), Torres Strait, between Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Caulerpa chemnitzia var. peltata (J. V. Lamouroux) Zanardini, 1858:287 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Antilles, West Indies [archipelago in Caribbean Sea composed of the islands of the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles]. Caulerpa chemnitzia var. turbinata (J. Agardh) FernándezGarcía et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov. Basionym. Caulerpa clavifera var. turbinata J. Agardh, 1837:173. Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Mazatlán, SIN, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía Agua Verde to Cabeza Ballena, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. Near Tor, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Caulerpa chemnitzia var. vanbosseae (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) Fernández-García et Riosmena-Rodríguez, comb. nov. Basionym. Caulerpa vanbosseae Setchell et N. L. Gardner, 1924a:704. Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Tucson, Puerto Peñasco, to Ensenada de San Francisco, SON. WC: Bahía Concepción to Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla Tortuga, Isla San Ildefonso, Isla Cholla, Isla San José, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Habitat unknown; vicinity of La Paz” (Setchell and Gardner, 1924a), Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico. Remarks. Originally described from the southern Gulf, Caulerpa vanbosseae was treated as synonym of C. chemnitzia by Fernández-García et al. (2016). Caulerpa chemnitzia var. vanbosseae has also been reported along Pacific coast of Baja • 87 California Sur (Pedroche et al., 2005; Norris, 2010, as C. vanbosseae). In the upper Gulf, its intertidal habitat in Puerto Peñasco is ecologically different from the tropical habitat of La Paz (type locality) in the southern Gulf. Molecular comparisons of type locality C. vanbosseae to those of the upper Gulf would test their phylogenetic relationship (see also Remarks under C. chemnitzia). Caulerpa cupressoides (H. West ex Vahl) C. Agardh, 1817:xxiii Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Cerritos, SIN, to Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. Type Locality. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. Remarks. “Caulerpa mexicana” as cited by Pedroche et al. (2005:64) on the basis of records from Mazatlán (Carballo et al., 2002) and tropical Pacific Mexico (GonzálezGonzález, 1993) were both found to be C. cupressoides (non C. mexicana Sonder ex Kützing, 1849) by Fernández-García et al. (2016). Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium Weber-van Bosse, 1898:335, 336 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Sayulita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Type Locality. Guadeloupe (Weber-van Bosse, 1898), Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea. Remarks. Silva et al. (1996) noted the intended basionym, C. lycopodium J. Agardh (1847), as a later homonym of C. lycopodium C. Agardh (1817) is a nom. illeg. and treated C. cupressoides var. lycopodium Weber-van Bosse (1898) as a nom. nov. (see also Pedroche et al., 2005). Caulerpa mexicana f. pectinata (Kützing) W. R. Taylor, 1960:141 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya to Playa Estación, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de Los Ángeles, BC. IS: Canal Mejía (channel between Isla Mejía and Isla División), NW side of Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG. Type Locality. La Guaira, Vargas State, Venezuela. Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, 1873:35 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Bahía San Gabriel, Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Remarks. Belton et al. (2014) found at least 11 distinct species were in the C. racemosa-peltata complex. Since none of their specimens from its type locality matched the type of C. racemosa, Belton et al. (2014) suggested that until topotype specimens can be located to resolve its taxonomic status, C. racemosa should be recognized on the basis of specimens closely resembling the type specimen from other locales. They also noted 88 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Papenfuss and Egerod (1957) were likely correct in considering C. racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh (1873) as a synonymy of C. racemosa; it has been treated as such in the Gulf of California (Pedroche et al., 2005). mexicana.” Gulf of California specimens identified as “C. mexicana” need to be reexamined to determine their identifications (see also Remarks under C. cupressoides). HALIMEDACEAE LINK, 1832:115 Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kützing) W. R. Taylor, 1928:101 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. Type Locality. Central America, Eastern Pacific (Verlaque et al., 2003). Remarks. Fernández-García et al. (2016) treated C. racemosa var. macrophysa as a synonym of C. racemosa, noting its distribution is apparently restricted to the southern region of the eastern tropical Pacific. Although Belton et al. (2014) found no differences between specimens they identified as C. racemosa var. macrophysa and C. racemosa var. racemosa, they noted comparative testing of type locality Chauvinia macrophysa Sonder ex Kützing (1857) was necessary before the synonymy could be accepted. Caulerpa sertularioides (S. G. Gmelin) M. Howe, 1905:576 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía San Carlos, SON, to Playa de Guayabitos and Playa Las Peñas, NAY. WC: Bahía Concepción to Punta Los Frailes, BCS. IS: Isla Monserrate, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “In coralliis americanis” (Gmelin, 1768); possibly “tropical Atlantic America” (Hodgson et al., 2004). Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes (J. Agardh) Svedelius, 1906:114 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Syntype Localities. West Indies [Caribbean Sea], Pacific Ocean, Sri Lanka [Indian Ocean], and Red Sea. Remarks. Fernández-García et al. (2012, 2016) suggested two tropical eastern Pacific taxa, C. sertularioides f. brevipes and C. sertularioides f. longiseta, were possibly morphological adaptations to variable substrata and/or depths. Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Svedelius, 1906:114 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Not specified (Silva et al., 1996). Remarks. See Remarks above under C. sertularioides f. brevipes. Uncertain Record: Caulerpa fastigiata Montagne, 1837:353 Remarks. Recorded in the southern Gulf from Bahía Concepción (Riosmena-Rodríguez et al., 1998), its presence in the Gulf needs to be verified. Uncertain Record: Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing, 1849:496 Remarks. Belton et al. (2014) discovered several distinct genetic species that have been misidentified as “C. Halimeda J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:186 Halimeda cuneata Hering, in Krauss, 1846:214 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Chacala, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. Type Locality. Natal Bay, South Africa (Silva et al., 1996). Halimeda discoidea Decaisne, 1842a:102 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Guaymas, SON, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Santa Rosalía to San José del Cabo, BCS. IS: Puerto Refugio, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, ISG; Isla San Francisco, Isla Monserrate, Isla Cholla, Isla Partida, Isla Espíritu Santo, and Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS; Isla María Magdalena and Isla Larga, NAY. Type Locality. “Not certain” (Silva et al., 1996). Herbarium label (PC) indicates “Kamtschatka” (Russia), collected during the voyage of the ship Venus (Decaisne, 1842b). Hillis (1959; Hillis-Colinvaux, 1980) noted “at least the locality [is] incorrect,” as waters of the Kamchatka Peninsula are far too cold for this tropical to subtropical species. Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:308 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía Balandra, BCS. Type Locality. Jamaica (Hillis, 1959). Remarks. Mora-Valdés and Riosmena-Rodríguez (2016) mistakenly stated Pedroche et al. (2005) listed “H. opuntia” as a synonym of H. hederacea. Only two subspecific taxa, H. opuntia f. hederacea Barton (1901) and H. opuntia var. hederacea (Barton) Hillis-Colinvaux (Hillis, 1959), were listed as synonyms of H. hederacea (Barton) Hillis-Colinvaux (1968) by Pedroche et al. (2005:80) and not the species H. opuntia (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux (1816). Halimeda tuna (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:309 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Type Locality. Mediterranean Sea. UDOTEACEAE J. AGARDH, 1887:12 Chlorodesmis Harvey et Bailey, 1851:373 Chlorodesmis caespitosa J. Agardh, 1887:49 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY. Type Locality. Colombo, Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean. NUMBER 106 • 89 Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii A. Gepp et E. S. Gepp, 1911:16 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Playa Los Muertos, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena, BCS. IS: Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, and Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS; Isla Larga, NAY. Syntype Localities. Localities listed by Gepp and Gepp (1911:16): “Comoros Islands, Johanna, Pomona, [and] Selayer [sic] Island”; Selayar Island, Selayar Islands, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Lectotype Locality. “Johanna, Pomona” (Gepp and Gepp, 1911:16); Domoni, Anjouan Island (Johanna; Ndzouani; Ndzuwani), Comoros Islands, Indian Ocean (Ducker, 1967). Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Bahía la Choya, Puerto Peñasco, SON. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. “Baie des Chiens-Marins” (Lamouroux in Quoy and Gaimard, 1824:261); Shark Bay, Gascoyne region, Western Australia, Australia. Chlorodesmis mexicana W. R. Taylor, 1945:64 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de Banderas, NAY/JAL. Lectotype Locality. In tide pools; Bahía Braithwaite, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Colima, Mexico. Remarks. Although listed as a synonym of C. caespitosa by Pedroche et al. (2005), others recognize it as a distinct taxon (e.g., Guiry and Guiry, 2014; Mora-Valdés and RiosmenaRodríguez, 2016). Acetabularia farlowii Solms-Laubach, 1895:27 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON, to Laguna Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón, SIN. Type Locality. Key West, Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. DASYCLADOPHYCEAE C. HOEK, D. G. MANN ET JAHNS, 1995:436, NOM. INVALID. Remarks. The class name is not validly published (see McNeill et al., 2012: Art. 44), and some include members of the class in the Ulvophyceae (see Guiry and Guiry, 2016). DASYCLADALES BESSEY, 1907:287 DASYCLADACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:302, 312 Batophora J. Agardh, 1854:107 Batophora oerstedii J. Agardh, 1854:108 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. Type Locality. Among the red mangroves, Rhizophora mangle; Krause lagoon, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea. Neomeris J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:241 Neomeris annulata Dickie, 1874:198 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Ensenada de Muertos to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Canal de San Lorenzo, Isla Espíritu Santo, Isla Partida, and Isla Cerralvo, BCS. Type Locality. Mauritania, on Atlantic coast of western North Africa. POLYPHYSACEAE KÜTZING, 1843:302, 311 Acetabularia J. V. Lamouroux, 1812:185 Acetabularia caliculus J. V. Lamouroux, in Quoy et Gaimard, 1824:621 Acetabularia crenulata J. V. Lamouroux, 1816:249 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Laguna de Agiabampo, SON/SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Bahía Balandra, BCS. Type Locality. Caribbean Sea. Acetabularia schenckii K. Möbius, 1889:318 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Lagunas Santa María-Topolobampo-Ohuira to Laguna AltataEnsenada del Pabellón, SIN. WC: Bahía de La Paz, BCS. IS: Isla Espíritu Santo, BCS. Type Locality. Rio de Janeiro, [state of] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Oliveira Filho, 1977). Parvocaulis S. Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello, 2003:559 Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S. Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello, 2003:559 Gulf of California Distribution. EC: Punta de Mita, NAY, to Bahía de Banderas, JAL. WC: Punta Arena to Cabo Pulmo, BCS. Syntype Localities. Two locales were given for Acetabularia parvula by Solms-Laubach (1895:29): tropical India and Celebes, Indonesia. Lectotype Locality. Makasar, Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia (Lipkin and Silva, 2002). Parvocaulis pusillus (M. Howe) S. Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U. Richter, Sawitzky et Zuccarello, 2003:560 Gulf of California Distribution. WC: Bahía de La Paz to Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, BCS. IS: Isla San Juan Nepomuceno, BCS. Type Locality. Montego Bay, Jamaica, Greater Antilles, Caribbean Sea. 90 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Katina E. Bucher and David L. Ballantine (National Museum of Natural History [NMNH] Department of Botany), Michael S. Foster (Moss Landing Marine Laboratories [MLML]), and Abel Sentíes Garanados (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana [UAM] Iztapalapa) for comments on the manuscript; Laurence J. Dorr and Robert J. Soreng (NMNH Dept. of Botany) for helpful nomenclature discussions; Alice R. Tangerini (NMNH Botany illustrator) for creating the Gulf of California maps and cover images; Daniel G. Cole (GIS coordinator and chief cartographer, NMNH IT Office) for helping place the cited Gulf of California locales on the maps and cover images; Paul Peterson (NMNH Dept. of Botany and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany editorial board chair) for help and encouragement throughout the review process; and along with the reviewers, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, particularly publications specialist Meredith McQuoid-Greason and freelance technical copyeditor Tshawna Byerly, for the editorial comments and queries that have led to the improvement of this work. Author J.N.N. acknowledges partial support from NSFPEET grant DEB-0328491, NSF-BS&I grant 0742437, and NSF Bioinventory grants SI-DSCG-542079 and SI-DSGC-642079. Author F.F.P. acknowledges support from Proyecto Diversidad de Macroalgas Marinas Mexicanas: Filogenia y Biogeografía (UAM-Lerma). Appendix: Localities Cited in Distribution Sections TABLE A1. Localities cited in Gulf of California Distribution sections, including state (estado) and geographic coordinates for each. Abbreviations: BC = Baja California; BCS = Baja California Sur; GUER = Guerrero; IS = Islas; ISG = Islas Grandes (Islas de la Cintura; Midriff Islands); JAL = Jalisco; MICH = Michoacán; NAY = Nayarit; SIN = Sinaloa; SON = Sonora; vic. = in the vicinity of. Locality Arrecife de Cabo Pulmo Bahía Agua Verde Bahía Bacochibampo (Bocochibampo) Bahía Balandra Bahía Catalina (inlet, Canal de Guaymas, vic. Punta Narizón) Bahía Chacala Bahía Concepción Bahía Coyote (Bahía El Coyote; inside Bahía Concepción) Bahía de Agua Dulce (Bahía Tecomate), Isla Tiburón Bahía de Banderas Bahía de La Paz Bahía de Las Ánimas Bahía de Loreto Bahía de Los Ángeles Bahía de los Muertos (Bahía de los Suenos) Bahía del Rincón Bahía de Navachiste Bahía de San Lucas Bahía Empalme Bahía Kino Bahía la Choya (Bahía Cholla) Bahía La Ventana (SE of La Paz) Bahía Salinas (Isla Carmen) Bahía San Carlos Bahía San Felipe Bahía San Francisco Bahía San Francisquito Bahía San Gabriel (Isla Espíritu Santo) Bahía San José del Cabo Bahía San Luis Gonzaga Bahía San Pedro Bahía Tenacatita Bahía Tepoca State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) BCS BCS SON BCS SON NAY BCS BCS SON/ISG (IS) JAL BCS BC BCS BC BCS BCS SIN BCS SON SON SON BCS BCS SON BC SON BC BCS (IS) BCS BC SON JAL SON 23°26′ 25°31′ 27°55′ 24°19′ 27°52′ 21°10′ 26°39′ 24°41′ 29°00′ 20°40′ 24°20′ 28°48′ 26°01′ 28°55′ 23°59′ 23°30′ 25°27′ 22°53′ 27°55′ 28°46′ 31°20′ 24°03′ 26°01′ 27°56′ 31°00′ 27°57′ 28°26′ 24°25′ 23°02′ 29°48′ 28°03′ 19°17′ 29°22′ 109°25′ 110°56′ 110°58′ 110°18′ 110°52′ 105°14′ 111°48′ 110°43′ 112°23′ 105°25′ 110°25′ 113°21′ 111°21′ 113°32′ 109°49′ 109°30′ 108°50′ 109°52′ 110°48′ 111°53′ 113°37′ 109°59′ 111°07′ 111°03′ 114°51′ 111°00′ 112°53′ 110°20′ 109°40′ 114°22′ 111°14′ 104°48′ 112°53′ 92 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y TABLE A1. (Continued) Locality Bahía Topolobampo Bahía Willard Barra de Navidad Boca del Río Mayo Cabeza Ballena (E of Cabo San Lucas) Cabo Arco (N of Guaymas) Cabo Corrientes Cabo Los Machos (Bahía Concepción) Cabo Pulmo Cabo San Lucas Cabo Tepoca (reef of Punta Tepoca) Calerita (vic. La Paz) Caleta Partida (between Isla Partida and Isla Espíritu Santo) Caleta Santa María (N of Santa Rosalía) Caleta Santa María (NE of Cabo San Lucas) Campo Hawaii (Playa Hawaii) Campo Oona (S of Campo Víboras) Campo Víboras (“Quipcō Coospoj” in Seri language; N of Punta Chueca) Canal de Ballenas (between W coast of Isla Ángel de la Guarda and E coast of Baja California) Canal de Infiernillo (“Xepe Coosot” in Seri language; between Isla Tiburón and Sonora coast) Canal de San Lorenzo (off S end of Isla Espíritu Santo) Canal Mejía (between Isla Mejía and Isla División) Cerro El Crestón (W of Bahía de Mazatlán) El Colorado El Desemboque (Desemboque; El Desemboque Asunción) El Desemboque de los Seris (“Haxöl Iihom” in Seri language; El Desemboque de San Ignacio) El Faro El Huerfanito El Machorro El Malecón (La Paz) El Pardito-El Lobera (Isla San José) El Requesón (Bahía Concepción) El Tecolote El Tornillal (Golfo de Santa Clara) Ensenada Ampe Ensenada Bacochibampo Ensenada de La Paz Ensenada de San Francisco (NE of Guaymas) Ensenada Lalo (vic. Bahía San Carlos) Estero Balandra Estero de Bacorehuis (SE Lagnua de Agiabampo) Estero del Urías Estero Santa Rosa Estero Zacatecas (Bahía de La Paz) Eureka (Rancho Eureka; near La Paz) State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) SIN BC JAL SON BCS SON JAL BCS BCS BCS SON BCS BCS (IS) BCS BCS BC SON SON BC 25°33′ 29°49′ 19º 12′ 27°01′ 22°54′ 27°52′ 20°24′ 26°52′ 23°26′ 22°52′ 30°16′ 24°21′ 24°31′ 27°25′ 23°05′ 31°03′ 28°58′ 28°57′ 29°34′ to 28°23′ 109°05′ 114°23′ 104º 41′ 109°59′ 109°51′ 110°57′ 105°41′ 111°54′ 109°25′ 109°53′ 112°50′ 110°16′ 110°23′ 112°19′ 109°37′ 114°49′ 112°09′ 112°09′ SON/ISG (IS) 29°01′ 112°10′ BCS BC/ISG (IS) SIN SON SON SON 24°24′ 29°32′ 23°10′ 28°17′ 30°34′ 29°30′ 110°16′ 113°33′ 106°25′ 111°25′ 113°00′ 112°23′ MICH BC BC BCS BCS (IS) BCS BCS SON BCS SON BCS SON SON BCS SIN SIN SON BCS BCS 18°19′ 30°07′ 31°11′ 24º10′ 24º51′ 26°38′ 24°21′ 31°34′ 24°20′ 27°55′ 24°08′ 27°56′ 27°56′ 24°19′ 26°17′ 23°11′ 28°58′ 24°10′ 23°36′ 103°29′ 114°38′ 114°53′ 110º18′ 110º35′ 111°50′ 110°19′ 114°18′ 110°25′ 110°58′ 110°23’ 111°04′ 111°05′ 110°20′ 109°08′ 106°26′ 112°09′ 110°26′ 109°36′ NUMBER 106 • 93 TABLE A1. (Continued) Locality Faro de San Felipe Guaymas Golfo de Santa Clara Isla Ardilla (vic. Guaymas) Isla Alcatráz Isla Ángel de la Guarda Isla Bargo (Bahía Concepción) Isla Carmen Isla Cerralvo Isla Cholla (vic. Isla Carmen) Isla Coronado (Isla Smith) Isla Danzante Isla de la Piedra (vic. Mazatlán) Isla de Venados (Isla Vernados) Isla El Choyero Isla Espíritu Santo Isla Estanque (Isla Pond, Isla la Bibera) Isla Gallina (La Gallina) Isla Gallo (El Gallo; “Gallo-Gallina”) Isla Gaviota (Bahía de La Paz) Isla Isabel Isla Ixtapa (Isla Grande) Isla [Islote] La Ballena Isla Larga Isla Las Ánimas (Isla San Lorenzo del Norte), Islas San Lorenzo Isla La Ventana Isla Los Lobos Isla María Cleofas, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) Isla María Madre, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) Isla María Magdalena, Islas Marías (Islas Tres Marías) Isla Mejía (NW of Puerto Refugio, I. Ángel de la Guarda) Isla Monserrate Isla Partida [norte] (Isla Cordonazo; NW of Isla Rasa) Isla Partida [sur] (N of Isla Espíritu Santo) Isla Patos (off N end of Isla Tiburón) Isla Pelícano (WNW of Isla Alcatráz) Isla Rasa (Isla Raza) Isla Salsipuedes (Islas de San Lorenzo) Isla San Diego Isla San Esteban Isla San Francisco (off S end of Isla San José) Isla San Ildefonso (E of Bahía de San Nicolas) Isla San Jorge (SE of Puerto Peñasco) Isla San José Isla San Juan Nepomuceno Isla San Lorenzo (Isla San Lorenzo del Sur), Islas San Lorenzo Isla San Luis Gonzaga (Isla Willard) Isla San Marcos State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) BC SON SON SON SON (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BCS BCS (IS) BCS BCS (IS) BC (IS) BCS (IS) SIN (IS) SIN SON (IS) BCS (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) BCS (IS) BCS NAY (IS) GUER BCS NAY (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BC (IS) SIN NAY (IS) NAY IS) NAY (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) SON/ISG (IS) SON (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) SON/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) BCS (IS) SON (IS) BCS (IS) BCS (IS) BC/ISG (IS) BC (IS) BCS (IS) 31°03′ 27°55′ 31°30–34′ 27°55′ 28°48′ 29°15′ 26°43′ 25°57′ 24°14′ 26°03′ 29°04′ 25°47′ 23°11′ 23°14′ 28°44′ 24°30′ 29°03′ 24°27′ 24°27′ 24°17′ 21°51′ 17°41′ 24°29′ 20°42′ 28°41′ 29°00′ 23°13′ 21°18′ 21°35′ 21°27′ 29°33′ 25°41′ 28°53′ 24°32′ 29°16′ 28°48′ 28°48′ 28°43′ 25°11′ 28°42′ 24°45′ 26°37′ 31°00′ 25°00′ 24°16′ 28°34′ 29°58′ 27°13′ 114°51′ 110°55′ 114°09–18′ 110°54′ 111°58′ 113°22′ 111°53′ 111°12′ 109°53′ 111°13′ 113°32′ 111°15′ 106°25′ 106°29′ 112°18′ 110°22′ 113°06′ 110°23′ 110°23′ 110°20′ 105°54′ 101°39′ 110°24′ 105°35′ 112°55′ 114°31′ 106°27′ 106°15′ 106°36′ 106°28′ 113°34′ 111°03′ 113°04′ 110°21′ 112°27′ 111°58′ 112°56′ 112°57′ 110°42′ 112°36′ 110°34′ 111°26′ 113°15′ 110°36′ 110°20′ 112°49′ 114°24′ 112°06′ 94 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y TABLE A1. (Continued) Locality Isla San Pedro Mártir Isla San Pedro Nolasco Isla Santa Catalina Isla Santa Cruz Islas de Los Gemelos (isla oeste and isla este) Islas Santa Inés (Islas Santa Inez) Isla Tiburón Isla Tortuga Isla Turner (Isla Turners; El Dátil; Isla Dátil) La Concha Beach (vic. La Paz) La Cruz de Huanacaxtle (NW Bahía de Banderas) Laguna Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón Laguna, Bahía San Gabriel (Isla Espíritu Santo) Laguna de Agiabampo (estero de Agiabampo) Laguna de Agua Brava Laguna Santa María y Laguna La Reforma Lagunas Santa María-Topolobampo-Ohuira La Paz Las Cruces Las Cuevas Las Peñas Las Piedras del Burro La Ventana Lo de Marcos (“Los de Marco”) Los Planes Los Pocitos (SW Bahía Concepción) Los Tornados Mazatlán Miramar Mulegé Nopoló Nueva Guaymas (Bahía San Carlos) Pichilinque Piedras de La Salina (Golfo de Santa Clara) Piedras del Burro (Golfo de Santa Clara) Playa Arenosa (vic. Puerto Peñasco) Playa Carelleros (Careyeros) Playa de Guayabitos (Rincón de Guayabitos) Playa El Caimancito Playa El Coloradito Playa El Sábalo (Punta Sábalo) Playa Estación and Cumpleaños Tide Pool (Puerto Peñasco) Playa Hermosa (vic. Puerto Peñasco) Playa Las Conchas (vic. Puerto Peñasco) Playa Las Peñas (vic. Playa de Guayabitos) Playa Los Algodones (NW of San Carlos) Playa Los Cerritos (vic. Mazatlán) Playa Los Muertos State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) SON/ISG (IS) SON (IS) BCS (IS) BCS BC (IS) BCS SON/ISG (IS) BCS (IS) SON/ISG (IS) BCS NAY SIN BCS (IS) SON/SIN NAY SIN SIN BCS BCS NAY NAY SON BCS NAY BCS BCS BCS SIN NAY BCS BCS SON BCS SON SON SON NAY NAY BCS BC SIN SON SON SON NAY SON SIN NAY 28°23′ 27°58′ 25°40′ 25°17′ 28°57′ 27°02′ 29°00′ 27°26′ 28°43′ 24°10′ 20°45′ 24°24′ 24°25′ 26°21′ 22°09′ 25°02′ 25°33′ 24°10′ 24°17′ 21°09′ 21°01′ 31°37′ 24°02′ 20°57′ 24°01′ 26°40′ 24°15′ 23°13′ 21°26′ 26°53′ 25°56′ 27°56′ 24°16′ 31°30′ 31°33′ 31°19′ 20°47′ 21°03′ 24°20′ 30°34′ 23°15′ 29°59′ 31°19′ 31°17′ 21°03′ 27°57′ 23°19′ 20°51′ 112°19′ 111°23′ 110°47′ 110°43′ 113°29′ 111°54′ 112°22′ 111°52′ 112°19′ 110°19′ 105°23′ 107°31′ 110°20′ 109°12′ 105°30′ 108°03′ 109°05′ 110°18′ 110°12′ 105°14′ 105°16′ 114°23′ 110°01′ 105°20′ 109°48′ 111°48′ 110°10′ 106°25′ 105°11′ 111°56′ 111°22′ 111°03′ 110°19′ 114°09′ 114°17′ 113°35′ 105°31′ 105°17′ 110°30′ 114°40′ 106°27′ 111°11′ 113°33′ 113°29′ 105°17′ 111°06′ 106°29′ 105°28′ NUMBER 106 • 95 TABLE A1. (Continued) Locality Playa Mezcales Playa Norte (vic. Mazatlán) Playa Olas Altas (vic. Mazatlán) Playa San Francisco Playa Santa Teresa Playa Tucson (vic. Puerto Peñasco) Puertecitos Puerto Ballandra (I. Carmen) Puerto Calamajué Puerto Escondido Puerto Libertad Puerto Lobos Puerto Peñasco Puerto Refugio (Isla Ángel de la Guarda) Puerto San Carlos Puerto Vallarta Puerto Viejo (vic. Mazatlán) Punta Aguja Punta Arena (Punta Arenas; N of Cabo Pulmo) Punta Bufeo Punta Cabeza de Mechudo (Bahía de La Paz) Punta Chile Punta Chivato (Punta Santa Inés[z]) Punta Chueca (“Socaaix” in Seri language) Punta Cirio Punta Colorado (near Candeleros, vic. Guaymas) Punta Coyote (E of La Paz) Punta Concepción Punta Derecha Punta El Púlpito (Púlpito, vic. Loreto) Punta Gallito Punta Gorda (NE end of Bahía San José del Cabo) Punta Gorda (Golfo de Santa Clara) Punta La Gringa (vic. Bahía de Los Ángeles) Punta Las Cuevas Punta Las Cuevitas Punta Los Frailes Punta Palmilla (vic. San José del Cabo) Punta Pelícano (vic. Puerto Peñasco) Punta Perico (ESE of Bahía Salinas, I. Carmen) Punta Perico[s] (N end of Bahía de los Muertos) Punta Piaxtla Punta Prieta (in Bahía Topolobampo) Punta Robinson (between Punta Tepoca & Punta Cirio) Punta San Evaristo Punta San Felipe Punta San Marcial Punta San Pedro (N of entrance to Bahía San Pedro) State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) JAL SIN SIN NAY BC SON BC BCS (IS) BC BCS SON SON SON BC/ISG (IS) SON JAL SIN BCS BCS BC BCS SIN BCS SON SON SON BCS BCS SIN BCS BCS BCS SON BC SON SON BCS BCS SON BCS (IS) BCS SIN SIN SON BC BC BCS SON 19°36′ 23°13′ 23°11′ 20°54′ 30°20′ 31°19′ 30°21′ 26°01′ 29°40′ 25°48′ 29°55′ 30°16′ 31°20′ 29°32′ 27°56′ 20°37′ 23°12′ 26°53′ 23°03′ 29°55′ 24°48′ 23°12′ 27°04′ 29°01′ 29°50′ 28°46′ 24°20′ 23°34′ 23°12′ 26°31′ 26°52′ 23°05′ 31°30′ 29°03′ 27°56′ 29°16′ 23°23′ 23°00′ 31°20′ 25°58′ 24°10′ 23°39′ 25°33′ 29°54′ 24°55′ 31°03′ 25°31′ 28°03′ 105°08′ 106°25′ 106°25′ 105°24′ 114°38′ 113°33′ 114°37′ 110°10′ 114°10′ 111°19′ 112°41′ 112°51′ 113°40′ 113°33′ 111°01′ 105°14′ 106°25′ 111°49′ 109°48′ 114°26′ 110°39′ 106°25′ 111°56′ 112°10′ 112°39′ 112°22′ 110°13′ 111°49′ 106°26′ 111°26′ 111°56′ 109°35′ 114°12′ 113°32′ 112°03′ 112°30′ 109°25′ 109°43′ 113°38′ 111°05′ 109°80′ 106°48′ 109°05′ 112°43′ 110°42′ 114°51′ 111°01′ 111°14′ 96 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y TABLE A1. (Continued) Locality State Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Río Mayo (near mouth of river) Roca El Solitario (northern Bahía Agua Verde) Roca Roja (Bahía Kino) Roca San Marcial San Blas San Felipe San José del Cabo San Juan de la Costa (Bahía de La Paz) Santa Rosalía Sayulita Segundo Cerro Prieto (vic. Kino Nuevo, Bahía Kino) Tarabillas Teacapán Topolobampo Yelapa SON BCS SON BCS NAY BC BCS BCS BCS NAY SON BCS SIN SIN JAL 26°42′ 25°32′ 28°50′ 25°32′ 21°31′ 31°01′ 23°02′ 24°20′ 27°20′ 20°52′ 28°53′ 24°27′ 22°32′ 25°36′ 20°16′ 109°31′ 110°56′ 111°59′ 111°00′ 105°17′ 114°52′ 109°40′ 110°39′ 112°17′ 105°28′ 112°02′ 110°41′ 105°45′ 109°03′ 105°26′ References Abbott, I. A. 1967. Studies in Some Foliose Red Algae of the Pacific Coast, I: Cryptonemiaceae. Journal of Phycology 3: 139–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1967.tb04648.x. Abbott, I. A. 1968. Studies in Some Foliose Red Algae of the Pacific Coast, III: Dumontiaceae, Weeksiaceae, Kallymeniaceae. Journal of Phycology 4: 180–198. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1968.tb04714.x. Abbott, I. A. 1971. On Some Ceramiaceae (Rhodophyta) from California. Pacific Science 25: 349–356. Abbott, I. A. 1972. Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Notes on North Pacific Algae. Phycologia 11: 259–265. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-11-3-259.1. Abbott, I. A. 1983. Some Species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) from California. Taxon 32: 561–564. doi: 10.2307/1221725. Abbott, I. A. 1985. New Species of Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from California and Hawaii. In Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds, with Reference to Some Pacific and Caribbean Species, Volume 1, I. A. Abbott and J. N. Norris, eds., pp. 115–121. La Jolla: California Sea Grant College Program, University of California, San Diego. Abbott, I. A. 1999. Marine Red Algae of the Hawaiian Islands. xv+477 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. Abbott, I. A., and G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. 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Zuccarello, G. C., W. F. Prud’homme van Reine, and H. Stegenga. 2004. Recognition of Spyridia griffithsiana comb. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta): A Taxon Previously Misidentified as Spyridia filamentosa from Europe. Botanica Marina 47: 481–489. doi: 10.1515/BOT.2004.064. Zuccarello, G. C., B. Sandercock, and J. A. West. 2002. Diversity within Red Algal Species: Variation in World-Wide Samples of Spyridia filamentosa (Ceramiaceae) and Murrayella periclados (Rhodomelaceae) Using DNA Markers and Breeding Studies. European Journal of Phycology 37: 403–417. doi: 10.1017/S0967026202003827. Index of Scientific Names All taxa recognized in the Gulf of California are shown in bold type. Names of all genera and species, subpsecies, varietas, and forma of the benthic marine red, brown, and green algae are shown in bold italics, and higher taxa (phyla, classes, subclasses, orders, families, and subfamilies) are in bold Small capital letters. Names of genera and species that are uncertain records, excluded species, or synonyms; have uncertain taxonomic status; have a distribution outside of the Gulf; or are referred to in Remarks are in nonbold italics, and higher taxa are in nonbold Small capital letters. Page numbers in bold type refer to the start of the taxonomic accounts for currently accepted names of the Gulf taxa. Page numbers in nonbold type refer to taxa mentioned in the synopses lists, Remarks of other accounts, or elsewhere in the text (excluding tables of contents and references). Acanthophora, 12, 47 Acanthophora spicifera, 47 Acetabularia, 76, 89 Acetabularia caliculus, 89 Acetabularia crenulata, 89 Acetabularia farlowii, 89 Acetabularia parvula, 89 Acetabularia schenckii, 89 Acinetosporaceae, 62, 68, 68 Acrochaetiaceae, 9, 15 Acrochaetiales, 9, 15 Acrochaetium, 9, 15 Acrochaetium arcuatum, 15 Acrochaetium bornetii, 15 Acrochaetium crassipes, 15 Acrochaetium microscopicum, 16 Acrochaetium porphyrae, 16 Acrochaetium secundatum, 16 Acrochaetium seriaspora, 16 Acrocladus Acrocladus pellucidus, 81 Agardhiella, 12, 31, 53 Agardhiella mexicana, 53 Aglaothamnion, 11, 32 Aglaothamnion endovagum, 32 Aglaozonia-phase of Cutleria, 73 Ahnfeltia, 10, 27 Ahnfeltia plicata, 27 Ahnfeltia svensonii, 27 Ahnfeltiaceae, 10, 27 Ahnfeltiales, 10, 27 Ahnfeltiophycidae, 10, 27 Ahnfeltiopsis, 12, 52 Ahnfeltiopsis divaricata, 53 Ahnfeltiopsis gigartinoides, 22, 52 Ahnfeltiopsis hancockii, 52 Ahnfeltiopsis leptophylla, 53 Ahnfeltiopsis serenei, 53 Amphiroa, 10, 21, 85 Amphiroa beauvoisii, 21 Amphiroa brevianceps, 21 Amphiroa compressa var. tenuis, 21 Amphiroa curreae, 22 Amphiroa foliacea, 21 Amphiroa franciscana, 22 Amphiroa magdalenensis, 21 Amphiroa mexicana, 21 Amphiroa misakiensis, 21 Amphiroa polymorpha, 21 Amphiroa rigida, 21 Amphiroa subcylindrica, 22 Amphiroa taylorii, 21 118 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Amphiroa (continued) Amphiroa valonioides, 21 Amphiroa vanbosseae, 22 Amplisiphonia, 12, 46 Amplisiphonia? paciica, 46 Anotrichium, 11, 38 Anotrichium anthericephalum, 38 Anotrichium furcellatum, 38 Anotrichium multiramosum, 38 Anotrichium secundum, 38 Antithamnion, 11, 33 Antithamnion antillanum, 33 Antithamnion decipiens, 33 Antithamnion defectum, 33 Antithamnion hubbsii, 33 Antithamnion kylinii, 33 Antithamnion nipponicum, 33 Antithamnion paciicum, 37 Antithamnion plumulum, 33 Antithamnion plumulum var. plumulum, 33 Antithamnionella, 11, 36 Antithamnionella breviramosa, 36 Antithamnionella paciica, 37 Antithamnionella cf. spirographidis, 37 Antithamnionella sublittoralis, 37 Apoglossum, 11, 40 Apoglossum gregarium, 40 Asparagopsis, 11, 32 Asparagopsis taxiformis, ii, 32 Asteronema, 63, 73 Asteronema breviarticulatum, 36, 73 Asteronemataceae, 63, 73 Balliella, 11, 36 Balliella pseudocorticata, 36 Bangia, 9, 14 Bangia enteromorphoides, 14 Bangia vermicularis?, 14 Bangiaceae, 9, 14, 14 Bangiales, 9, 14, 14 Bangiophyceae, 9, 14 Batophora, 76, 89 Batophora oerstedii, 89 Besa, 12, 53 Besa divaricata, 53 Besa leptophylla, 53 Blidingia, 75, 76 Blidingia marginata, 76 Blidingia minima, 76 Bonnemaisonia, 11, 32 Bonnemaisonia hamifera, 32 Bonnemaisoniaceae, 11, 32 Bonnemaisoniales, 11, 32 Boodlea, 76, 83 Boodlea composita, 83 Boodleaceae, 76, 83 Bossiella, 19 Bossiella californica, 19 Bossiella orbigniana, 19 Bostrychia, 11, 42 Bostrychia moritziana, 42 Bostrychia radicans, 42 Botryocladia, 13, 61 Botryocladia datilensis, 61 Botryocladia guaymasensis, 61 Botryocladia pseudodichotoma, 61 Botryocladia pyriformis, 61 Botryocladia uvarioides, 61 Branchioglossum, 11, 40 Branchioglossum bipinnatiidum, 40 Branchioglossum undulatum, 40 Bryopsidaceae, 76, 84 Bryopsidales, 76, 84 Bryopsidophyceae, 76, 84 Bryopsis, 76, 84 Bryopsis corticulans, 84 Bryopsis galapagensis, 84 Bryopsis hypnoides, 84 Bryopsis muscosa, 84 Bryopsis pennata var. minor, 84 Bryopsis pennata, 84 Bryopsis salvadoreana, 84 Bryothamnion, 11, 42 Bryothamnion paciicum, 42 Callithamniaceae, 11, 32 Callithamniaceae subfam. Callithamnioideae, 11, 32 Callithamniaceae subfam. Crouanioideae, 11, 33 Callithamnioideae tribe Callithamnieae, 11, 32 Callithamnion, 11, 32 Callithamnion bisporum var. australe, 32 Callithamnion catalinense, 32 Callithamnion compactum, 32 Callithamnion marshallense, 32 Callithamnion paschale, 32 Callithamnion ramosissimum, 32 Callithamnion rupicola, 33 Callophyllis Callophyllis violacea, 52 Caloglossa, 11, 40 Caloglossa apomeiotica, 40 Caloglossa leprieurii?, 40 Canistrocarpus, 62, 63 Canistrocarpus cervicornis, 63 Caulacanthaceae, 12, 49 Caulacanthus, 12, 49 Caulacanthus okamurae, 49 Caulacanthus ustulatus, 49 Caulerpa, 76, 86 Caulerpa antoensis, 86 Caulerpa arenicola, 86 Caulerpa chemnitzia, ii, 1, 86, 87 Caulerpa chemnitzia var. laetevirens, 87 Caulerpa chemnitzia var. peltata, 87 Caulerpa chemnitzia var. turbinata, 87 Caulerpa chemnitzia var. vanbosseae, 87 Caulerpa clavifera var. turbinata, 87 Caulerpa cupressoides, 87, 88 Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium, 87 Caulerpa fastigiata, 88 Caulerpa laetevirens, 87 Caulerpa lycopodium, 87 Caulerpa mexicana, 87, 88 Caulerpa mexicana f. pectinata, 87 Caulerpa peltata, 86 Caulerpa racemosa, 87, 88 Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, 88 Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata, 86 Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata, 86 Caulerpa racemosa var. uvifera, 88 Caulerpa sertularioides, 88 Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes, 88, 88 Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta, 88, 88 Caulerpa vanbosseae, 86, 87 Caulerpaceae, 76, 86 Centroceras, 11, 33 Centroceras clavulatum, 33, 34 Centroceras gasparrinii, 34 Ceramiaceae, 11, 33 Ceramiaceae subfam. Ceramioideae, 11, 33 Ceramiaceae subfam. Spongoclonioideae, 11, 37 Ceramiales, 11, 32 Ceramiales subord. Ceramiineae, 11, 32 Ceramiales subord. Spermothamniineae, 11, 38 Ceramioideae tribe Antithamnieae, 11, 33 Ceramioideae tribe Ceramieae, 11, 33 Ceramioideae tribe Delesseriopsieae, 11, 36 Ceramioideae tribe Dohrnielleae, 11, 36 Ceramioideae tribe Pterothamnieae, 11, 37 Ceramium, 11, 34 Ceramium aduncum, 34, 34 Ceramium aine var. aine, 34 Ceramium aine var. peninsularis, 34 Ceramium camouii, 34 Ceramium caudatum, 34 Ceramium clarionense, 34 Ceramium codicola, 34 Ceramium codii, 34 Ceramium comptum, 34 Ceramium equisetoides, 34 Ceramium giacconei, 34 Ceramium gracillimum var. byssoideum, 36 Ceramium hamatispinum, 35 Ceramium horridulum, 35, 35 Ceramium howellii, 35 Ceramium interruptum, 35 Ceramium mazatlanense, 35 Ceramium monacanthum, 35 Ceramium obesum, 35 Ceramium paciicum, 35 Ceramium paniculatum, 35 Ceramium periconicum, 35 Ceramium personatum, 35 Ceramium procumbens, 35 Ceramium serpens, 35 Ceramium sinicola, 35, 36 Ceramium sinicola var. johnstonii, 36 Ceramium vagans, 36 Ceramium zacae, 36 Ceratodictyon, 12, 61, 61 Ceratodictyon tenue, 61 Ceratodictyon variabile, 61 Chaetomorpha, 76, 79, 80 Chaetomorpha aerea, 24, 80 Chaetomorpha antennina, 80 NUMBER 106 Chaetomorpha bangioides, 80 Chaetomorpha clavata, 80 Chaetomorpha javanica, 80 Chaetomorpha ligustica, 80 Chaetomorpha linoides, 80 Chaetomorpha linum, 80 Chaetomorpha minima, 80 Chaetomorpha pachynema, 80 Chamaedoris, 24 Champia, 12, 60 Champia caespitosa, 60 Champia cf. parvula, 60 Champia disticha, 60 Champiaceae, 12, 60 Chauvinia, Chauvinia macrophysa, 88 Chelonia, Chelonia mydas agassizii (black sea turtle), 43 Chlorodesmis, 76, 88 Chlorodesmis caespitosa, 88, 89 Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii, 89 Chlorodesmis mexicana, 89 Chlorophyta, ii, 1, 75, 76 Chlorophytina, 75, 76 Chnoospora, 63, 70 Chnoospora implexa, 70 Chnoospora minima, 70 Chnoospora paciica, 70 Chnoosporaceae, 63, 70 Chondracanthus, 12, 50 Chondracanthus acicularis?, 50 Chondracanthus canaliculatus, 51 Chondracanthus chamissoi, 51 Chondracanthus exasperatus, 51 Chondracanthus intermedius, 51 Chondracanthus harveyanus, 51 Chondracanthus squarrulosus, 51, 51 Chondracanthus tepidus, 51 Chondracanthus zertuchei, 51 Chondria, 12, 47 Chondria acrorhizophora, 47 Chondria arcuata, 47 Chondria dasyphylla, 47 Chondria decipiens, 47 Chondria paciica, 47 Chondria repens, 47 Chondria species A, 47 Chondrophycus, Chondrophycus glandulifera, 48 Chordariaceae, 63, 68, 69 Choreonematoideae tribe Choreonemateae, 10, 26 Choreonema, 10, 26 Choreonema thuretii, 26 Chroodactylon, 9, 13 Chroodactylon ornatum, 13 Cladophora, 76, 79, 80, 80 Cladophora albida, 80 Cladophora coelothrix, 81 Cladophora columbiana, 81 Cladophora crispata, 81 Cladophora lexuosa, 81 Cladophora glomerata, 81 Cladophora glomerata var. crassior, 81 Cladophora graminea, 81 Cladophora hesperia, 81 Cladophora insignis, 82 Cladophora laetevirens, 81 Cladophora lehmanniana, 81 Cladophora liebetruthii, 81 Cladophora macdougalii, 81 Cladophora microcladioides, 81 Cladophora montagneana, 82 Cladophora prolifera, 81 Cladophora rivularis, 81, 82 Cladophora sericea, 81, 82 Cladophora stimpsonii, 82 Cladophora tiburonensis, 82 Cladophora trichotoma, 81 Cladophora vagabunda, 82 Cladophoraceae, 76, 80 Cladophorales, 76, 80 Cladophorophyceae, 76, 80 Cladophoropsis, 76, 83 Cladophoropsis gracillima, 83 Cladophoropsis macromeres, 83 Cladophoropsis membranacea, 83 Codiaceae, 76, 85 Codium, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 76, 79, 80, 85, 86 Codium amplivesiculatum, 85, 86 Codium brandegeei, 68, 85 Codium cuneatum, 69, 86 Codium decorticatum, 85, 86 Codium dichotomum, 85 Codium elongatum, 86 Codium fernandezianum, 85, 86 Codium fragile, 36, 86 Codium fragile subsp. californicum, 86 Codium girafa, 85, 86 Codium isabelae, 85 Codium isthomocladum, 85 Codium picturatum, 85, 86 Codium setchellii, 69, 86 Codium simulans, 34, 69, 85, 86 Codium sp. A, 86 Codium sp., 39 Codium tomentosum, 85 Coeloseira, Coeloseira paciica, 36 Colaconema, 9, 16 Colaconema daviesii, 16 Colaconema hancockii, 16 Colaconema paciicum, 16 Colaconema pectinatum, 16 Colaconema punctatum, 16 Colaconema savianum, 16 Colaconema scinaiae, 16 Colaconema sinicola, 16 Colaconema tenuissimum, 17 Colaconema variabile, 17 Colaconemataceae, 9, 16 Colaconematales, 9, 16 Colpomenia, 63, 70 Colpomenia durvillei, 70, 70 Colpomenia peregrina, 70 Colpomenia phaeodactyla, 68, 70, 70 Colpomenia ramosa, 70 Colpomenia sinuosa, ii, 71 • 119 Colpomenia sinuosa?, 71 Colpomenia sinuosa f. deformans, 68 Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansissima, 71, 71 Colpomenia sinuosa f. expansa, 71 Colpomenia sinuosa f. tuberculata, 71 Colpomenia sp. A, 71 Colpomenia tuberculata, 71, 71 Compsonema, 63, 68 Compsonema immixtum, 68 Compsonema intricatum, 68 Compsonema serpens, 68 Compsopogonophyceae, 9, 13 Conchocelis, Conchocelis-phase, 14 Conchocelis-phase of Pyropia hollenbergii, 14 Conferva, Conferva plumula, 37 Conferva vasta, 24 Corallina, 10, 19, 24, 27, 35 Corallina oicinalis var. chilensis, 19 Corallina pilifera, 24 Corallina pinnatifolia var. digitata, 19 Corallina pinnatifolia, 19 Corallina polysticha, 19 Corallina vancouveriensis, 19 Corallinaceae, 10, 19 Corallinaceae subfam. Amphiroideae, 21 Corallinaceae subfam. Corallinoideae, 10, 19 Corallinaceae subfam. Metagoniolithoideae, 10, 20 Corallinales, 10, 19 Corallinales subord. Corallinineae, 10, 19 Corallinales subord. Mesophyllineae, 10, 25 Corallinoideae tribe Corallineae, 10, 19 Corallinoideae tribe Janieae, 10, 19 Corallinophycidae, 10, 19 Corallophila, 11, 36 Corallophila bella, 36 Crossocarpaceae, 52 Crouania, 11, 33 Crouania attenuata, 33 Crouanioideae tribe Crouanieae, 11, 33 Crouanophycus, 11, 33 Crouanophycus mcnabbii, 33 Cruoriella, 12, 54 Cruoriella issurata, 54 Cruoriella mexicana, 54 Crusticorallina, 10, 19 Crusticorallina muricata, 19, 23 Cryptonemia, 12, 55 Cryptonemia angustata, 55, 56 Cryptonemia borealis, 55, 56 Cryptonemia decolorata, 56 Cryptonemia guaymasensis, 56 Cryptonemia obovata, 56, 56 Cryptonemia opuntioides, 56 Cryptonemia veleroae, 56 Cryptonemiales, 12, 55 Cutleria, 63, 73 Cutleria hancockii, 69, 73 Cutleriaceae, 63, 73 120 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Cutleriales, 73 Cystocloniaceae, 12, 49 Dasya, 11, 39 Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana, 39 Dasya pedicellata subsp. stanfordiana var. nudicaulis, 39 Dasya sinicola var. abyssicola, 39 Dasya sinicola var. californica, 39 Dasya sinicola var. sinicola, 39 Dasya spinigera, 39 Dasyaceae, 11, 39 Dasyaceae subfam. Dasyoideae, 11, 39 Dasyaceae subfam. Heterosiphonioideae, 11, 40 Dasycladaceae, 76, 89 Dasycladales, 76, 89 Dasycladophyceae, 76, 89 Delesseriaceae, 11, 40 Delesseriaceae subfam. Delesserioideae, 11, 40 Delesseriaceae subfam. Nitophylloideae, 11, 41 Delesseriaceae subfam. Phycodryoideae, 11, 41 Delesserioideae tribe Apoglosseae, 11, 40 Delesserioideae tribe Caloglosseae, 11, 40 Delesserioideae tribe Grinnellieae, 11, 40 Delesserioideae tribe Hypoglosseae, 11, 40 Derbesia, 76, 84, 85 Derbesia hollenbergii, 84 Derbesia marina, 84 Derbesia sp., 85 Derbesia sp. A, 85 Derbesia turbinata, 85 Derbesiaceae, 76, 84 Dermonema, 10, 17 Dermonema pulvinatum, 17 Dermonema virens, 17 Desmarestia, 62, 67 Desmarestia ilamentosa, 67 Desmarestia herbacea, 69 Desmarestia munda subsp. mexicana, 67 Desmarestiaceae, 62, 67 Desmarestiales, 62, 67 Dichotomaria, 9, 17 Dichotomaria marginata, 17 Dichotomaria spathulata, 17 Dicranema, 12, 50 Dicranema rosaliae, 50 Dicranemataceae, 12, 50 Dictyopteris, 62, 65 Dictyopteris delicatula, 65 Dictyopteris johnstonei, 65 Dictyopteris repens, 65 Dictyopteris undulata, 65, 65 Dictyopteris zonarioides, 65 Dictyosphaeria, 76, 83 Dictyosphaeria australis, 83 Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, 83 Dictyosphaeria versluysii, 83 Dictyota, 62, 64 Dictyota bartayresiana, 64 Dictyota binghamiae, 24, 64 Dictyota concrescens, 64 Dictyota coriacea, 64 Dictyota crenulata, 64 Dictyota dichotoma, 64 Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata, 64 Dictyota labellata, 64 Dictyota pinnata, 64 Dictyota stolonifera, 64 Dictyota vivesii, 64 Dictyota volubilis, 64 Dictyotaceae, 62, 63 Dictyotaceae tribe Dictyoteae, 62, 63 Dictyotaceae tribe Zonarieae, 63 Dictyotales, 62, 63 Dictyotophycidae, 62, 63 Digenea, 11, 42 Digenea simplex, 20, 42 Dudresnaya, 12, 50 Dudresnaya colombiana, 50 Dumontiaceae, 12, 50 Ectocarpaceae, 63, 69 Ectocarpales, 62, 68 Ectocarpus, 63, 69 Ectocarpus acutus, 69 Ectocarpus breviarticulatus, 36 Ectocarpus chantransioides, 69 Ectocarpus commensalis, 69 Ectocarpus corticulatus, 69 Ectocarpus gonodioides, 69 Ectocarpus hancockii, 69 Ectocarpus parvus, 69 Ectocarpus rallsiae, 69, 70 Ectocarpus siliculosi-group, 70 Ectocarpus siliculosus, 70 Ectocarpus simulans, 70 Ectocarpus sonorensis, 70 Egregia, Egregia laevigata, 75 Encoelium, Encoelium clathratum, 71 Endoplura, 63, 72 Endoplura aurea, 72 Enteromorpha, Enteromorpha lexuosa subsp. paradoxa, 78 Enteromorpha intestinalis, 78 Enteromorpha intestinalis f. clavata, 79 Enteromorpha intestinalis f. cylindracea, 79 Enteromorpha intestinalis f. maxima, 78 Enteromorpha? intestinalis var. clavata, 79 Enteromorpha intestinalis var. tubulosa, 78 Enteromorpha marchantiae, 78 Enteromorpha prolifera, 79 Enteromorpha ramulosa, 78 [section of Ulva], 76, 78 Entocladia, 76, 79 Entocladia marchantiae, 79 Entocladia polysiphoniae, 79 Entocladia sp. A, 79 Entocladia viridis, 80 Epicladia, 76, 79 Epicladia condensata, 79 Epicladia mexicana, 79 Ernodesmis, 76, 83 Ernodesmis verticillata, 83 Erythrocladia, 9, 13 Erythrocladia endophloea, 13 Erythrocladia irregularis, 13 Erythrocystis, 12, 47 Erythrocystis saccata, 47 Erythroglossum, 11, 41 Erythroglossum californicum, 41 Erythropeltales, 9, 13 Erythropeltidales, 13 Erythropeltis, 9, 13 Erythropeltis discigera, 13 Erythrophyllum, 12, 52 Erythrophyllum oblongifructum, 52 Erythrotrichia, 9, 13 Erythrotrichia ascendens, 13 Erythrotrichia biseriata, 13 Erythrotrichia carnea, 13 Erythrotrichia carnea f. tenuis, 13 Erythrotrichia parksii var. minor, 14 Erythrotrichia tetraseriata, 14 Erythrotrichiaceae, 9, 13 Eurhodophytina, 9, 14 Falkenbergia, Falkenbergia-phase [of Asparagopsis], 32 Faucheaceae, 12, 60 Feldmannia, 62, 68 Feldmannia indica, 68 Feldmannia irregularis, 68 Feldmannia mitchelliae, 68 Florideophyceae, 9, 15 Fosliella, 10, 24 Fosliella? paschalis, 24 Fucales, 63, 74 Fucophycidae, 62, 67 Fucus, Fucus anomalus, 73 Fucus gardneri, 68 Fucus minimus, 70 Fushitsunagia, 13, 61 Fushitsunagia catenata, 61 Galaxaura, 9, 13, 17 Galaxaura ramulosa, 17 Galaxaura rugosa, 17 Galaxauraceae, 9, 17 Ganonema, 10, 17 Ganonema farinosum, 17 Gastroclonium, 12, 60 Gastroclonium compressum, 60 Gastroclonium paciicum, 36, 60 Gastroclonium parvum, 60 Gayliella, 11, 36 Gayliella imbriata, 36 Gayliella recticortica, 36 Gayliella species A, 36 Gayliella taylorii, 36 Gelidiaceae, 10, 27 Gelidiales, 10, 27 Gelidiella, 10, 28 Gelidiella acerosa, 28 Gelidiella hancockii, 28 Gelidiellaceae, 10, 28 NUMBER 106 Gelidiocolax, 11, 31 Gelidiocolax microsphaericus, 11, 31 Gelidium, 10, 16, 27 Gelidium coronadense, 27 Gelidium coulteri, 28 Gelidium crinale, 27 Gelidium crinale f. luxurians, 29 Gelidium decompositum, 27 Gelidium johnstonii, 27 Gelidium mcnabbianum, 28 Gelidium microdentatum, 28 Gelidium microphysa, 28 Gelidium pulchrum, 31 Gelidium pusillum, 28 Gelidium refugiense, 28 Gelidium sclerophyllum, 14, 28 Geppella, 76, 86 Geppella? decussata, 86 Geppella mortensenii, 86 Gigartina, Gigartina harveyana, 51 Gigartinaceae, 12, 50 Gigartinales, 12, 49 Gloiocladia, 12, 60 Gloiocladia conjunctata, 60 Gloiocladia hoshawii, 60 Gloiocladia mollis, 60 Gloiocladia seferi, 60 Gloioderma, 12, 60 Gloioderma conjuncta, 60 Gracilaria, 29, 31 Gracilaria ascidiicola, 29 Gracilaria cerrosiana, 29 Gracilaria crispata, 29 Gracilaria cunninghamii, 29, 31 Gracilaria hancockii, ii, 1, 30, 31 Gracilaria marcialana, 29 Gracilaria pachydermatica, 29 Gracilaria paciica, 29, 31 Gracilaria papenfussii, 29, 31 Gracilaria parvispora, 30 Gracilaria pinnata, 30 Gracilaria ramisecunda, 30 Gracilaria rubrimembra, 30 Gracilaria sp., 41 Gracilaria spinigera, 30 Gracilaria subsecundata, 1, 30, 31 Gracilaria tepocensis, 30 Gracilaria textorii, 31 Gracilaria turgida, 30 Gracilaria veleroae, 30 Gracilaria vermiculophylla, 30, 31 Gracilaria verrucosa, 31 Gracilaria vivesii, 30, 31 Gracilariaceae, 29, 31 Gracilariaceae subfam. Gracilarioideae, 10, 29 Gracilariales, 29 Gracilarioideae tribe Gracilarieae, 10, 29 Gracilariophila, 11, 31 Gracilariophila gardneri, 31 Gracilariopsis, 11, 31, 31 Gracilariopsis andersonii, 31, 31 Gracilariopsis animasensis, 31, 31 Gracilariopsis longissima, 31, 31 Gracilariopsis megaspora, 31, 31 Gracilariopsis rhodotricha, 31 Grateloupia, 12, 56 Grateloupia abreviata, 57 Grateloupia catenata, 56 Grateloupia dactylifera, 56 Grateloupia doryphora, 18, 57 Grateloupia ilicina, 56 Grateloupia ilicina var. lomentaria, 56 Grateloupia hancockii, 56 Grateloupia howei, 56 Grateloupia prolongata, 32, 35, 56 Grateloupia setchellii, 58 Grateloupia turuturu, 57 Grateloupia versicolor, 57 Grateloupia violacea, 57 Griithsia, 11, 38 Griithsia paciica, 38 Grinnellia, 11, 40 Grinnellia lanceolata, 40 Gymnogongrus, 12, 53 Gymnogongrus? carnosus, 53 Gymnogongrus guadalupensis, 53 Gymnogongrus johnstonii, 53 Gymnogongrus martinensis, 53 Gymnogongrus tenuis, 53 Haematocelis, 12, 59 Haematocelis-phase, 59 Haematocelis zonalis, 59 Halicystis, 85 Halicystis ovalis, 85 Halicystis-phase, 76, 85 Halicystis-phase [of Derbesia marina], 84, 85 Halimeda, 76, 88 Halimeda cuneata, 88 Halimeda discoidea, 88 Halimeda hederacea, 88 Halimeda opuntia, 88 Halimeda opuntia f. hederacea, 88 Halimeda opuntia var. hederacea, 88 Halimeda tuna, 88 Halimedaceae, 76, 88 Haliptilon, 10, 19 Haliptilon roseum var. verticillatum, 19 Haliptilon squamatum, 27 Halymenia, 12, 57 Halymenia actinophysa, 57, 57 Halymenia biida, 57 Halymenia californica, 57 Halymenia gardneri, 57 Halymenia megaspora, 57 Halymenia refugiensis, 57 Halymeniaceae, 12, 55 Hapalidiaceae, 10, 26 Hapalidiaceae subfam. Choreonematoideae, 10, 26 Hapalidiaceae subfam. Melobesioideae, 10, 22, 27 Hapalidiales, 10, 26 Hapalospongiaceae, 63, 72 Hapalospongidion, 63, 72 Hapalospongidion gelatinosum, 72 Haplogloia, 63, 68 • 121 Haplogloia andersonii, 68 Hapterophycus, 63, 71 Hapterophycus anastomosans, 71 Harveylithon, 10, 20 Harveylithon samoënse, 20 Hecatonema, 63, 68 Hecatonema streblonematoides, 68 Helminthora, 10, 17 Helminthora sp., 17 Herposiphonia, 12, 46 Herposiphonia hollenbergii, 46 Herposiphonia littoralis, 46 Herposiphonia plumula, 46 Herposiphonia plumula var. parva, 46 Herposiphonia spinosa, 47 Herposiphonia verticillata, 47 Heteroderma, 10, 24 Heteroderma corallinicola, 24 Heteroderma gibbsii, 24 Heteroderma subtilissimum, 24 Heterokontophyta, 63 Heterosiphonia, 11, 40 Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa, 40 Heterosiphonia erecta, 40 Hildenbrandia, 9, 15 Hildenbrandia dawsonii, 15 Hildenbrandia prototypus, 15 Hildenbrandia rubra, 15 Hildenbrandiaceae, 9, 15 Hildenbrandiales, 9, 15 Hildenbrandiophycidae, 9, 15 Hincksia, 62, 68 Hincksia bryantii, 68 Hincksia granulosa, 68 Hincksia mitchelliae, 68 Hincksia rallsiae, 70 Hormophysa, Hormophysa cuneiformis, 67 Hydroclathrus, 63, 71 Hydroclathrus clathratus, ii, 71 Hydrolithon, 10, 23, 25 Hydrolithon chamaedoris, 23 Hydrolithon farinosum, 24 Hydrolithon reinboldii, 24 Hydrolithon samoënse, 21 Hypnea, 12, 23, 49 Hypnea cervicornis, 49 Hypnea johnstonii, 49 Hypnea nidulans, 50 Hypnea pannosa, 50 Hypnea spicifera, 50 Hypnea spinella, 50 Hypnea valentiae, 50 Hypnea variabilis, 50 Hypnea volubilis, 50 Hypoglossum, 11, 41 Hypoglossum attenuatum var. abyssicolum, 41 Hypoglossum attenuatum var. attenuatum, 41 Hypsypops, Hypsypops rubicundus (garibaldi ish), 43 Irtugovia, 11, 37 Irtugovia paciica, 37 122 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Irvinea, 13, 62 Irvinea hancockii, 62 Ishige, 62, 63 Ishige sinicola, 63 Ishigeaceae, 62, 63 Ishigeales, 62, 63 Ishigeophycidae, 62, 63 Izziella, 10, 18 Izziella orientalis, 18 Jania, 10, 20 Jania adhaerens, 20 Jania capillacea, 20 Jania decussato-dichotoma, 20 Jania huertae, 20 Jania longiarthra, 20 Jania mexicana, 20 Jania paciica, 20 Jania subpinnata, 20 Jania tenella, 20 Jania tenella var. zacae, 20 Jania ungulata f. brevior, 20 Kallymenia, 12, 52 Kallymenia baldwinii, 52 Kallymenia bleckii, 52 Kallymenia norrisii, 52 Kallymenia pertusa, 52 Kallymeniaceae, 12, 52 Kallymeniopsis, Kallymeniopsis oblongifructa, 52 Kornmanniaceae, 75, 76 Laminaria, Laminaria andersonii, 17 Laminaria setchellii, 17 Laurencia, 12, 27, 35, 47, 60 79 Laurencia aguilar-rosasorum, 47 Laurencia decidua, 47 Laurencia fenicalii, 48 Laurencia glandulifera, 48 Laurencia hancockii, 48 Laurencia iriei, 48 Laurencia johnstonii, 48 Laurencia lajolla, 48 Laurencia masonii, 48 Laurencia obtusa, 68 Laurencia paciica, 48, 49 Laurencia paniculata, 48 Laurencia papillosa var. paciica, 49 Laurencia richardsii, 48 Laurencia subcorymbosa, 48 Laurencia voragina, 48 Leathesia, 63, 69 Leathesia nana, 69 Leathesiaceae, 63, 69 Lejolisia, 11, 38 Lejolisia colombiana, 38 Lejolisia hoshawii, 39 Liagora, 10, 18 Liagora abbottiae, 18 Liagora californica, 18 Liagora ceranoides, 18 Liagora ceranoides f. leprosa, 18 Liagora magniinvolucra, 18 Liagoraceae, 10, 17 Litholepis, 10, 23 Litholepis accola, 27 Litholepis sonorensis, 23 Lithophyllaceae, 10, 21 Lithophyllaceae subfam. Lithophylloideae, 10, 21 Lithophylloideae tribe Amphiroeae, 10, 21 Lithophylloideae tribe Dermatolitheae, 10, 21 Lithophylloideae tribe Lithophylleae, 10, 21 Lithophyllum, 10, 22 Lithophyllum? brachiatum, 22 Lithophyllum? californiense, 22 Lithophyllum corallinae, 22 Lithophyllum diguetii, 22 Lithophyllum hancockii, 23 Lithophyllum imitans, 23 Lithophyllum lichenare, 23 Lithophyllum margaritae, 23 Lithophyllum pallescens, 23 Lithophyllum proboscideum, 23 Lithophyllum samoënse, 21 Lithophyllum sp. 1, 23 Lithophyllum sp. 2, 23 Lithophyllum sp., 23 Lithothamniaceae, 10, 25 Lithothamniaceae subfam. Lithothamnioideae, 10, 25 Lithothamnioideae tribe Lithothamnieae, 10, 25 Lithothamnioideae tribe Phymatolitheae, 10, 26 Lithothamnion, 10, 25, 26 Lithothamnion australe, 25 Lithothamnion australe f. tualensis, 25 Lithothamnion crassiusculum, 25 Lithothamnion engelharatii, 26 Lithothamnion fruticulosum, 25 Lithothamnion lichenare, 19 Lithothamnion microsporum, 26 Lithothamnion muelleri, 26 Lithothamnion phymatodeum, 26 Lithothamnion sp. 1, 26 Lithothamnion sp. 2, 26 Lithothamnion sp. 3, 26 Lithothamnion sp. 5, 26 Lobophora, 62, 65 Lobophora variegata?, 65 Lola, Lola lubrica, 80, 82 Lomentaria, 13, 61 Lomentaria catenata, 61 Lomentaria? hakodatensis, 61 Lomentariaceae, 12, 61 Lomentariaceae tribe Ceratodictyeae, 12, 61 Lomentariaceae tribe Lomentarieae, 13, 61 Lophosiphonia, 12, 43 Lophosiphonia gruppe, 43 Lophosiphonia? mexicana, 43 Macrocystis, 40, 41 Macrocystis pyrifera, 75 Mazzaella, 12, 51 Mazzaella ainis, 52 Mazzaella difusa, 51 Mazzaella digitata, 51 Mazzaella hancockii, 51 Mazzaella leptorhynchos, 52 Melanothamnus, 12, 43 Melanothamnus bajacali, 43 Melanothamnus cheloniae, 43 Melanothamnus concinnus, 43 Melanothamnus eastwoodiae, 43 Melanothamnus harveyi, 44 Melanothamnus johnstonii, 44 Melanothamnus masonii, 44 Melanothamnus savatieri, 44 Melanothamnus simplex, 44 Melanothamnus sphaerocarpus, 44 Melobesia, 10, 27 Melobesia accola, 27 Melobesia marginata, 27 Melobesia mediocris, 27 Melobesia membranacea, 27 Melobesia polystromatica, 27 Melobesioideae tribe Melobesieae, 10, 27 Melyvonnea, Melyvonnea erubescens, 26 Mesophyllaceae, 10, 26 Mesophyllum, 10, 26 Mesophyllum crassiusculum, 25, 26 Mesophyllum engelhartii, 26 Mesophyllum erubescens, 26 Metapeyssonnelia, 12, 55 Metapeyssonnelia mexicana, 55 Metapeyssonnelia sp. A, 55 Murrayellopsis, 12, 43 Murrayellopsis dawsonii, 43 Myriactula, 63, 68 Myriactula johnstonii, 68 Myriactula marchantiae, 69 Myriogramme, 11, 41 Myriogramme auricularis, 41 Myriogramme caespitosa, 41 Myriogramme divaricata, 41 Nemacystus, 63, 69 Nemacystus brandegeei, 69 Nemaliales, 9, 17 Nemaliophycidae, 9, 15 Nemastomataceae, 12, 59 Nemastomatales, 12, 59 Neogoniolithon, 10, 24 Neogoniolithon setchellii, 24 Neogoniolithon trichotomum, 25 Neomeris, 76, 89 Neomeris annulata, 89 Neoralfsia, 63, 72 Neoralfsia hancockii, 72 Neoralfsiaceae, 63, 72 Neosiphonia, 43 Neosiphonia bajacali, 43 Neosiphonia beaudettei, 44 Neosiphonia cheloniae, 43 Neosiphonia concinna, 43 Neosiphonia confusa, 44 Neosiphonia eastwoodiae, 43 NUMBER 106 Neosiphonia laccidissima, 45 Neosiphonia harveyi, 44 Neosiphonia johnstonii, 44 Neosiphonia masonii, 44 Neosiphonia? mexicana, 43 Neosiphonia paniculata, 45 Neosiphonia savatieri, 44 Neosiphonia sertularioides, 45 Neosiphonia simplex, 44 Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa, 44 Nereocystis, Nereocystis luetkeana, 68 Nitophylloideae tribe Valeriemayaeae, 11, 41 Norrissia, 12, 58 Norrissia setchellii, 58 Ochrophyta, 62, 63 Omphalius, Omphalius rusticus (gastropod), 55 Osmundea, 12, 48 Osmundea blinksii, 48 Osmundea estebaniana, 49 Osmundea sinicola, 49 Pachydictyon, Pachydictyon binghamiae, 64 Pachymenia, 12, 58 Pachymenia saxicola, 58 Padina, 20, 62, 65 Padina arborescens, 22, 65 Padina caulescens, 65 Padina concrescens, 65 Padina crispata, 65, 66 Padina durvillei, 65, 66 Padina gymnospora, 66 Padina mexicana, 66, 66 Padina mexicana var. erecta, 66 Padina mexicana var. mexicana, 66 Padina ramonribae, 66 Padina sanctae-crucis, 66 Padina tetrastromatica, 66 Padina vickersiae, 66 Palisada, 12, 49 Palisada paniculata, 49 Palisada pedrochei, 49 Palisada perforata, 49 Palmariales, 10, 18 Parvocaulis, 76, 89 Parvocaulis parvulus, 89 Parvocaulis pusillus, 89 Patella (mollusk; limpet), 55 Petalonia, 63, 72 Petalonia binghamiae, 72 Petalonia fascia, 72 Petroglossum, 12, 53 Petroglossum parvum, 53 Peyssonnelia, 12, 55 Peyssonnelia conchicola, 55 Peyssonnelia dubyi, 55 Peyssonnelia hancockii, 55 Peyssonnelia japonica, 55 Peyssonnelia mexicana, 55 Peyssonnelia orientalis, 55 Peyssonnelia paciica, 55 Peyssonnelia rubra, 55 Peyssonnelia squamaria, 55 Peyssonneliaceae, 12, 54 Peyssonneliales, 12, 54 Phaeophila, 75, 76 Phaeophila dendroides, 76 Phaeophilaceae, 75, 76 Phaeophilales, 76 Phaeophyceae, ii, 1, 62, 63, 75 Phycodryoideae tribe Myriogrammeae, 11, 41 Phycodryoideae tribe Phycodryeae, 11, 41 Phycodryoideae tribe Schizoserideae, 11, 42 Phycodrys, 11, 41 Phycodrys amplissima, 41 Phycodrys lucasana, 42 Phycodrys simplex, 42 Phyllodictyon, 76, 83 Phyllodictyon anastomosans, 83 Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum, 83 Phyllodictyon robustum, 83 Phyllophoraceae, 12, 52 Phyllospadix, 27, 40 Phymatolithon, 10, 26 Phymatolithon sp., 26 Placophora Group, 46 Platoma, 12, 59 Platoma? fanii, 59 Platysiphonia, 11, 42 Platysiphonia decumbens, 42 Pleonosporium, 11, 37 Pleonosporium globuliferum, 37 Pleonosporium mexicanum, 37 Pleonosporium rhizoideum, 38 Pleonosporium squarrulosum, 38 Pleonosporium vancouverianum, 38 Plocamiaceae, 12, 59 Plocamiales, 12, 59 Plocamium, 12, 59 Plocamium coccineum, 59 Plocamium coccineum var. paciicum, 59 Plocamium katinae, 59 Plocamium paciicum, 59 Plocamium violaceum, 59 Pneophyllum, 10, 24 Pneophyllum confervicola, 24 Pneophyllum conicum, 24 Pneophyllum fragile, 24 Pneophyllum nicholsii, 24 Polyneurella, 11, 41 Polyneurella hancockii var. hancockii, 41 Polyneurella hancockii var. rhizoidea, 41 Polyphysaceae, 76, 89 Polysiphonia, 12, 13, 44, 79 Polysiphonia beaudettei, 44 Polysiphonia bifurcata, 44 Polysiphonia confusa, 44 Polysiphonia decussata, 45 Polysiphonia dictyurus, 45 Polysiphonia laccidissima, 45 Polysiphonia hendryi, 45 Polysiphonia hollenbergii, 45 Polysiphonia homoia, 45 Polysiphonia marchantiae, 79 • 123 Polysiphonia nathanielii, 45 Polysiphonia paciica, 45 Polysiphonia paciica var. delicatula, 45 Polysiphonia paciica var. gracilis, 45 Polysiphonia paniculata, 45 Polysiphonia scopulorum, 46 Polysiphonia scopulorum var. villum, 45 Polysiphonia sertularioides, 45 Polysiphonia sonorensis, 45 Polysiphonia sp., 45 Polysiphonia subtilissima, 46 Porolithon, 10, 25 Porolithon onkodes, 25 Porolithon sonorense, 25 Porphyra, 14 Porphyra perforata, 16 Porphyraceae, 9, 14 Porphyrales, 9, 14 Porphyrostromium, 9, 14 Porphyrostromium boryanum, 14 Porphyrostromium ciliare, 14 Predaea, 12, 59 Predaea japonica, 59 Predaea masonii, 59 Pringsheimia, Pringsheimia marchantiae, 79 Prionitis, 12, 57 Prionitis abbreviata, 57 Prionitis abbreviata var. guaymasensis, 58 Prionitis acroidalea, 58 Prionitis australis, 58 Prionitis cornea, 58 Prionitis delicatula, 32, 58 Prionitis mexicana, 58 Prionitis sternbergii, 58 Pseudolithoderma, 62, 67 Pseudolithoderma nigrum, 67 Pseudolithophyllum, 10, 23 Pseudolithophyllum muricatum, 19 Pseudolithophyllum neofarlowii, 23 Pterocladia, 10, 28 Pterocladia media, 29 Pterocladia sonorensis, 28 Pterocladiaceae, 10, 28 Pterocladiella, 10, 28, 29 Pterocladiella caloglossoides, 28 Pterocladiella capillacea, 28 Pterocladiella luxurians, 29 Pterocladiella media, 29 Pterocladiophilaceae, 11, 31 Pterosiphonia, 12, 46 Pterosiphonia californica, 46 Pterosiphonia dendroidea, 46 Pterosiphoniella, 12, 46 Pterosiphoniella williamsii, 46 Pterothamnion, 11, 33, 37 Pterothamnion orbignianum, 37 Pterothamnion pectinatum, 37 Pterothamnion plumula, 37 Pterothamnion tepocense, 37 Pugetia, 12, 52 Pugetia mexicana, 52 Pylaiella, 62, 68 Pylaiella sp. A, 68 Pylaiellaceae, 62, 68 124 • S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O B O TA N Y Pyropia, 9, 14 Pyropia hollenbergii, 14 Conchocelis-phase of, 14 Pyropia lanceolata, 14 Pyropia pendula, 15 Pyropia perforata, 15, 16 Pyropia sp. GCI, 15 Pyropia sp. GCII, 15 Pyropia sp. GCIII, 15 Pyropia thuretii, 15 Ralfsia, 63, 72 Ralfsia californica, 73 Ralfsia confusa, 72 Ralfsia expansa, 72 Ralfsia fungiformis, 72 Ralfsia hancockii, 72 Ralfsia hesperia, 72 Ralfsia integra, 73 Ralfsia-like, 72 Ralfsia-like crust 1, 73 Ralfsia-like crust 2, 73 Ralfsia paciica, 73 Ralfsia spp., 73 Ralfsiaceae, 63, 71, 72 Ralfsiales, 63, 72 Rhipiliopsis, 86 Rhipiliopsis mortensenii, 86 Rhizoclonium, 76, 82 Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, 82 Rhizoclonium lubricum, 82 Rhizoclonium riparium, 82 Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum, 82 Rhizoclonium tortuosum, 82 Rhizophora, Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), 40, 89 Rhododrewia, 9, 16 Rhododrewia porphyrae, 16 Rhodomelaceae, 11, 42 Rhodomelaceae tribe Alsidieae, 11, 42 Rhodomelaceae tribe Bostrychieae, 11, 42 Rhodomelaceae tribe Chondrieae, 12, 47 Rhodomelaceae Tribe Herposiphonieae, 12, 46 Rhodomelaceae Tribe Laurencieae, 12, 47 Rhodomelaceae Tribe Lophosiphonieae, 12, 43 Rhodomelaceae Tribe Lophothalieae, 12, 43 Rhodomelaceae Tribe Polysiphonieae, 12, 44 Rhodomelaceae tribe Pterosiphonieae, 12, 46 Rhodomelaceae tribe Streblocladieae, 12, 43 Rhodonematella, 10, 18 Rhodonematella subimmersa, 18 Rhodophysemataceae, 10, 18 Rhodophyta, ii, 1, 9, 13 Rhodophytina, 9, 13 Rhodymenia, 13, 62 Rhodymenia arborescens, 62 Rhodymenia californica, 62 Rhodymenia dawsonii, 62 Rhodymenia divaricata, 62 Rhodymenia hancockii, 62 Rhodymenia huertae, 62 Rhodymenia lobata, 62 Rhodymeniaceae, 13, 61 Rhodymeniales, 12, 60 Rhodymeniophycidae, 10, 27 Rosenvingea, 63, 71 Rosenvingea antillarum, 71 Rosenvingea loridana, 71 Rosenvingea intricata, 72 Rugulopteryx, 62, 64 Rugulopteryx okamurae, 64 Sahlingia, 9, 14 Sahlingia subintegra, 14 Sarcodiotheca, 12, 53 Sarcodiotheca dichotoma, 53 Sarcodiotheca furcata, 54 Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, 54 Sarcodiotheca linearis, 54 Sarcodiotheca taylorii, 54 Sarcomeniaceae, 11, 42 Sargassaceae, 63, 74 Sargassum, 16, 24, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 63, 74 Sargassum acinacifolium, 74 Sargassum agardhianum, 75 Sargassum asymmetricum, 75 Sargassum brandegeei, 74 Sargassum camouii, 74 Sargassum herporhizum, 74 Sargassum horridum, 69, 74 Sargassum howelli, 74 Sargassum insulare, 69 Sargassum johnstonii, 74 Sargassum johnstonii f. gracile, 74 Sargassum johnstonii f. johnstonii, 74 Sargassum johnstonii f. laxius, 74 Sargassum lapazeanum, 69, 74, 75 Sargassum liebmannii, 27, 74 Sargassum macdougalii, 74 Sargassum muticum, 75 Sargassum paciicum, 74 Sargassum paciicum var. megaphyllum, 75 Sargassum palmeri, 37, 48, 75 Sargassum polyacanthum f. americanum, 67 Sargassum sect. Horridum, 74 Sargassum sect. Johnstonii, 74 Sargassum sect. Lapazeanum, 74 Sargassum sect. Sargassum, 75 Sargassum sect. Sinicola, 75 Sargassum sinicola, 67, 75 Sargassum sinicola subsp. camouii, 74 Sargassum sonorense, 75 Sargassum ulixei, 75 Schizoseris, 11, 42 Schizoseris pygmaea, 42 Schizymenia, 12, 59 Schizymenia dubyi, 59 Schizymenia paciica, 59 Schizymeniaceae, 12, 59 Scinaia, 10, 18 Scinaia articulata, 16 Scinaia confusa, 18 Scinaia interrupta, 18 Scinaia johnstoniae, 18 Scinaia latifrons, 18 Scinaiaceae, 10, 18 Scytosiphon, 71 Scytosiphonaceae, 63, 70, 71, 72 Scytothamnales, 63, 73 Sebdenia, 12, 59 Sebdenia labellata, 59 Sebdeniaceae, 12, 59 Sebdeniales, 12, 59 Siphonocladaceae, 76, 83 Siphonocladales, 76, 83 Solieriaceae, 12, 53 Solieriaceae tribe Agardhielleae, 12, 53 Solieriaceae tribe Solierieae, 12, 53 Sorella, 11, 42 Sorella delicatula, 42 Sorella pinnata, 42 Spatoglossum, 62, 66 Spatoglossum howellii, 66 Spatoglossum lanceolatum, 66 Spatoglossum schroederi, 66, 67 Spatoglossum sublabellatum, 67 Spermothamnion, 11, 39 Spermothamnion sp., 39 Sphacelaria, 62, 67 Sphacelaria brevicornis, 67 Sphacelaria californica, 67 Sphacelaria hancockii, 67 Sphacelaria rigidula, 67 Sphacelaria sp., 67 Sphacelaria tribuloides, 67 Sphacelariaceae, 62, 67 Sphacelariales, 62, 67 Sphaerococcus, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, 24 Spongitidaceae, 10, 23 Spongitidaceae subfam. Hydrolithoideae, 10, 23 Spongitidaceae subfam. Mastophoroideae, 10, 22, 24 Spongitidaceae subfam. Neogoniolithoideae, 10, 24 Spongitidaceae subfam. Porolithoideae, 10, 25 Spongitis, 10, 25 Spongitis decipiens, 25 Spongitis fruticulous, 25 Spongitis yendoi, 25 Spongoclonioideae tribe Spongoclonieae, 11, 37 Sporochnaceae, 63, 73 Sporochnales, 63, 73 Sporochnus, 63, 73 Sporochnus anomalus, 73 Sporochnus neushulii, 73 Spyridia, 11, 38 Spyridia cf. ilamentosa, 38 Spyridia ilamentosa, 38 Spyridia ilamentosa?, ii Spyridiaceae, 11, 38 Spyridiaceae tribe Spyrideae, 11, 38 NUMBER 106 Stragularia, 63, 72 Stragularia clavata, 72 Stramenopiles, 62, 63 Streblonema, 63, 69 Streblonema sp. A, 69 Streblonema transixum, 69 Stromatella, 75, 76 Stromatella monostromatica, 76 Struvea, 76, 83 Struvea sp., 83 Stylonema, 9, 13 Stylonema alsidii, 13 Stylonema cornu-cervi, 13 Stylonemataceae, 9, 13 Stylonematales, 9, 13 Stylonematophyceae, 9, 13 Symphyocladia, 12, 46 Symphyocladia dendroidea, 46 Synarthrophyton, 26 Tacanoosca, 12, 54 Tacanoosca uncinata, 54 Taenioma, 11, 40 Taenioma perpusillum, 40 Tayloriella, 12, 46 Tayloriella dictyurus, 46 Tayloriella tenebrosa, 46 Tegula, Tegula rustica (gastropod mollusk), 55 Tifaniella, 11, 39 Tifaniella phycophila, 39 Tifaniella saccorhiza, 39 Tifaniella snyderae, 39 Tilopteridales, 63, 73 Titanoderma, 10, 22 Titanoderma canescens, 22 Titanoderma conine, 22 Titanoderma dispar, 22 Titanoderma pustulatum, 22 Titanoderma pustulatum var. conine, 22 Trailliella-phase, 32 Tricleocarpa, 10, 17 Tricleocarpa cylindrica, 17 Tricleocarpa fragilis, 17 Tsengia, 12, 58 Tsengia abbottiana, 58 Tsengiaceae, 12, 58 Turnerella, Turnerella paciica, 59 Ulvaceae, 75, 76 Ulvales, 75, 76 Ulvella, 76, 79 Ulvella lens, 79 Ulvella marchantiae, 79 Ulvella setchellii, 79 Ulvella viridis, 80 Ulvellaceae, 76, 79 Ulvophyceae, 75, 76, 80, 89 Udoteaceae, 76, 88 Ulva, 75, 76, 79 Ulva acanthophora, 78 Ulva australis, 77 Ulva californica, 77 Ulva clathrata, 78 Ulva compressa, 78 Ulva costata, 77 Ulva dactylifera, 77 Ulva expansa, 77 Ulva fasciata, 77 Ulva fasciata f. costata, 77 Ulva lexuosa, 78 Ulva lexuosa subsp. paradoxa, 78 Ulva intestinalis, 78 Ulva intestinalis f. attenuata, 79 Ulva intestinalis f. cylindracea, 79 Ulva intestinalis var. cylindracea, 79 Ulva lactuca, 77 Ulva linza, 78 Ulva lobata, 77 Ulva nematoidea, 45, 77 Ulva paradoxa, 78 Ulva pertusa, 77 Ulva prolifera, 79 Ulva radiata, 79 Ulva rigida, 77 Ulva sect. Enteromorpha, 76, 78 Ulva sect. Ulva, 75, 77 Ulva taeniata, 77 Valonia, 76, 84 Valonia macrophysa, 84 Valoniaceae, 76, 84 Valoniopsis, 76, 84 Valoniopsis hancockii, 84 Valoniopsis pachynema, 84 Veleroa, 12, 43 Veleroa subulata, 43 • 125 Weeksia, 12, 54 Weeksia coccinea, 54 Weeksia templetonii, 54 Weeksiaceae, 12, 54 Willeella, 76, 82 Willeella brachyclados, 82 Willeella montagneana, 83 Wrangeliaceae, 11, 38 Wrangeliaceae tribe Grifithsieae, 11, 38 Wrangeliaceae tribe Lejolisieae, 11, 38 Wrangeliaceae tribe Spermothamnieae, 11, 39 Wurdemannia, 12, 54 Wurdemannia miniata, 54 Zonaria, Zonaria schroederi, 67 Zostera [seagrass], 16, 44 Zostera marina, 14 SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS SERIES For comprehensive guidelines and specifications, visit https://scholarlypress.si.edu. ABSTRACTS must not exceed 300 words. TEXT must be prepared in a recent version of Microsoft Word; use a Times font in 12 point for regular text; be double spaced; and have 1” margins. 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