ISSN (online): 2320-4257 4(2):357-363 www.biolifejournal.com AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCES BIOLIFE RESEARCH A RTICLE Diversity, seasonal abundance, distribution and damage of Jassids to crops from Western Maharashtra 1,2 Chandani S. Kamble1 & T. V. Sathe2 Dept. of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur - 416 004, India *Email: profdrtvsathe@rediffmail.com; chandni.kamble77@gmail.com ABSTRACT A total of 40 species of Jassids have been reported from Western Maharashtra especially from Kolhapur, Sangli and Satara districts. Most of the species reported were prevalent in the region in monsoon season. However, some of the species of genera Nilaparvata, Sogatella and Deltocephalus were found throughout the year. Deltocephalus genus was mostly associated with grassland ecosystems. The species of Empoasca were found most destructive to the cotton and castor crops in Maharashtra. Castor plants persist most of time of the year. Therefore, Empoasca complex was also more persistent on castor ecosystems. Mango Jassids were found throughout the year on the crop but, during hot months, May-June and cold months, October-January only adults were found sitting in the cracks and crevices of tree trunk. First population peak on mango ecosystem of jassid was from July-August which damaged new sprouting leaves and second was in February, synchronizing blossoming of the crop during which severe damage was caused to the crop. Almost all mango trees were made sterile by sucking cell sap of inflorescence. Most of the flowering bodies dropped down and sticky substances were associated with the crop. More Jassid diversity was associated with paddy crops due to mono and continues culture of the crop from Kolhapur region. Many species of Jassids attracted towards the light hence, they have been controlled by light sources (Traps) for avoiding pesticidal use. Jassids have been controlled by spraying the crop with Malathion 0.03% or Azadirachtin 0.03%. The occurrence, distribution, host plants and nature of damage of jassids have been given in the paper. Keywords: Jassids, diversity, abundance, distribution, damage, control. INTRODUCTION Jassids (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are wedge shaped insects which walk diagonally and suck the cell sap with the help of piercing and sucking type of mouth parts and affect the growth and yield of crops. In past, several workers (Baker, 1924; Datta,1922; Distant,1908,1918; Pruthi,1930,1936; Hussain and Pruthi,1923; Rao,1980; Singh,1989; Das and Vraktamath,1998; Sathe and Margaj, 2001; Sathe and Kamble, 2015; Sathe & Kamble, 2014; Kamble & Sathe, 2015a, b) worked on seasonal abundance, distribution and nature of damage of jassids from India. In the present work, attempts have been made on seasonal abundance, distribution and How to Site This Article: Chandani S. Kamble and T. V. Sathe. 2016. Diversity, seasonal abundance, distribution and damage of Jassids to crops from Western Maharashtra. Biolife. 4(2), pp 357-363. doi:10.17812/blj.2016.4223 Published online: 11 June, 2016 357 © www.globalsciencepg.org nature of damage and control of jassids. The present work will provide base line data for designing integrated pest management of jassids. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seasonal abundance of jassids was studied by collecting jassids from various ecosystems of Kolhapur, Sangli and Satara districts of Maharashtra. The collected samples were examined and identified by consulting appropriate literature (Distant, 1908, 1918; Datta, 1912; Pruthi, 1930 and 1936). Abundance, distribution and nature of damage of jassids were studied in various crop fields of Western Maharashtra by spot observation. Observations were also made on biocontrol agents of jassids like mantids, ladybird beetles and lacewings by spot observations. The trial plots have been treated with pesticides like 0.03% Malathion or Azadirachtin for control of jassids. Biolife | 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 Copyright@2016 Chandani S et al Results are recorded in table-1 and fig. 1-6. A total of 40 species of Jassids have been reported from Western Maharashtra especially from Kolhapur, Sangli and Satara districts. Most of the species were prevalent in the region in monsoon season. However, some of the species of genera Nilaparvata, Sogatella and Deltocephalus were found throughout the year. Deltocephalus genus was mostly associated with grassland ecosystems. The species of Empoasca were found most destructive to the cotton and castor crops in Maharashtra. Castor plants persist most of time of the year. Therefore, Empoasca complex was also more persistent on castor ecosystems. Mango Jassids were found throughout the year on the crop but, during hot months, May-June and cold months, October-January only adults were found sitting in the cracks and crevices of tree trunk. The Jassids population peaks on mango ecosystem were from July-August which damaged new sprouting leaves. Second peak was observed in February synchronizing blossoming of the crop during which severe damage was caused to the crop. Most of Figure-2. Nephotettix virescens the mango trees were made sterile by feeding on cell sap of inflorescence. Figure-1. Abundance of Jassids from Western Maharashtra 25 No. of Species RESULTS 20 15 10 5 0 Deitocephalinae Cicadellinae Aphrodinae Typhlocybinae Unknown Name of the Species Most of the flowering bodies dropped down and sticky substances were associated with the crop. Jassid diversity was relatively more associated with paddy crops. Probably due to mono and continues culture of the crop from Kolhapur region. Many species of Jassids attracted towards the light. Hence, they have been Figure-3. Cofana unimaculata Figure-5. Maiestas dorsalis Figure-4. Osbernellus limosus 344 |© 2016 Global Science Publishing Group, USA 358 Figure-6. Amrasca biguttula biguttula Biolife | 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 Copyright@2016 Chandani S et al Table-1. The occurrence, distribution, host plants and nature of damage Jassids Sr. No. Scientific name Family Host plants Nature of damage Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck the cell sap, cause yellowing and drying of leaves, dropping of flowering and fruiting bodies. Cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield of the crop. Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Occurrence Locality Throughout year, abundant Oct-Feb. K, S, St. Throughout year, K, S, St. July- Aug. K, S, St. July- Aug. K, S, St. July- Aug. K, S, St. July-March K, S, St. June- March K, S, St. June- March K, S, St. June- March K, S, St. June- March K, S, St. 1. Brown plant hopper Nilaparavata lugsena (Stal.) Delphacidae Paddy Oryza sativa L. 2. White black plant hopper Sogatella furcifera (Horv.) Delphacidae Paddy O. sativa 3. Green leaf hopper Nephotettix nigropictus (Stal.) Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa 4. Nephotettix virescens (Distant) Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa 5. Nephotettix pavus I & K Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa 6. White leaf hopper Cofana spectra (Distant) Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa Cicadellinae O. sativa Cicadellinae O. sativa Cicadellinae O. sativa Cicadellinae O. sativa Deltocephalinae O. sativa Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies July- March K, S, St. Deltocephalinae O. sativa Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Oct.- Feb. K, S, St. Aphrodinae O. sativa Oct.- Feb. K. Aphrodinae Grass July- March K, S. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cofana albida Walker Cofana maai Young Cofana jedarfa Young Cofana oryzae sp. nov. Scaphoidus indica sp. nov. Ishidaella albomarginata Signoret Anoscopus albifrons Linn. Anoscopus sp. 1 343 359|© 2016 Global Science Publishing Group, USA Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Biolife | 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 Copyright@2016 Chandani S et al 15 Xestocephalus brunnens Aphrodinae Grass 16 Zigzag leaf hopper Recilia dorsalis (Mots.) Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa 17 Blue leaf hopper Typhlocyba maculifrons (Mots.) Cicadellinae Paddy O. sativa, Maize Zea mays L., Jowar Sorghum vulgare L. Sugarcane Saccharum sp., 18 Amrasca spp. Cicadellinae Wheat Triticum sp. 19. Laodephax striatella (Fall.) Delphacidae Wheat Triticum sp. Grapevine leaf hopper Erythroneura sp. Cicadellinae Grape vine Vitis vinifera L. 20 Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Nov.- Feb. K. July-Oct. K, S, St. July-Oct. K, S, St. Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Aug-Dec. K, S, St. Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Aug-Dec. K, S, St. Spring K, S, St. Feb-April K, S, St. July-Aug. K, S, St. Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Suck cell sap from leaves and flowering bodies Cause brownish spots to leaves and fruits. Sucking cell sap of tender leaves and blossoming and fruiting bodies drop down, cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield. Sucking cell sap of tender leaves and blossoming and fruiting bodies drop down, cause sooty mould, affect photosynthesis, growth and yield. 21 Idioscopus clypealis (Lethi.) Cicadellinae Mango Mangifera indica L. 22 Idioscopus atkinsoni (Lethi.) Cicadellinae Mango M. indica 23 Potato Jassid Hishimonus phycitus (Distant) Cicadellinae Potato Solanum tuberosum L. Suck cell sap, cause sooty mould, affect growth yield. July-Nov. K, S, St. 24 Cotton Jassid Empoasca devastan (Distant) Cicadellinae Cotton Gossypium arboretum L. Ladies finger Abelmoschus esculentus L. Suck cell sap, cause yellowing and curly leaves. Sooty mould, affect growth yield. July-Nov. K, S, St. 25 Empoasca notata (Mel.) Cicadellinae Cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. July-Jan. K, S, St. Cicadellinae Castor Ricinus communis L. Tea Camellia sinensis L. Mulbery Morus alba L. July-Jan. K, S, St. 26 Empoasca flavescens (Distant) 344 |© 2016 Global Science Publishing Group, USA 360 Suck cell sap, cause yellowing and curly leaves. Sooty mould, affect growth yield. Suck cell sap, cause yellow and curly leaves, cause sooty mould. Cause sooty mould, affect growth yield. Cause sooty mould, affect growth yield, cause hopper burnt. Biolife | 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 Copyright@2016 Chandani S et al Cicadellinae Castor Ricinus communis L. Suck cell sap, cause yellow and curly leaves, sooty mould, affect growth and yield. July-Jan. K, S, St. Cicadellinae Castor Ricinus communis L. Suck cell sap, cause yellow and curly leaves, sooty mould, affect growth and yield. July-Jan. K, S, St. Suck cell sap, cause yellow and curly leaves, sooty mould, affect growth and yield. Aug-Sept. K, S, St. Suck cell sap, affect growth Aug-Sept. K, S, St. Aug-Sept. K, S, St. July-Sept. K, S, St. 27 Empoasca kerri (Pruthi) 28 Empoasca parathea (Pruthi) 29 Deltocephalus vulgaris Deltocephalinae Jowar Sorghum vulgare L. 30 Deltocephalus trisuli Deltocephalinae Grass Deltocephalinae Grass Deltocephalinae Grass Cicadellinae Cotton G. arboretum Okra A. esculentus Brinjal Solanum melongena L. Sunflower Helianthus annus L. Cowpea Vigna sinensis Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan L. China rose Rosa chinensis Jacq. Durva grass Cyanodon dacylon L. 31 32 33. Deltocephalus truncatus Deltocephalus brevis Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth K, S, St. Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth Throughout year Suck cell sap, affect growth Suck cell sap, affect growth K, S, St. Suck cell sap, affect growth 38 Varta longula Virakatmath Obornellus limosus Delong Gyponana cacuminal Exitianus plebeius Kirkaldy Unknown-1 39 Unknown-2 Typhlocybinae Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K. 40 Unknown-3 Typhlocybinae Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K, S. 34 35 36 37 Deltocephalinae Sugarcane, Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K, S, St. Grasses Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K, S, St. Cashew nut Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K, St. Grasses Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K, S. Cicadellinae Suck cell sap, affect growth July- Sept K. Cicadellinae Typhlocybinae Cicadellinae controlled with the help of light sources (Traps) for avoiding pesticidal use on various crop ecosystems. 345 |© 2016 Global Science Publishing Group, USA 361 The occurrence, distribution, host plants and nature of damage of jassids have been given in table-1. The family Deltocephalinae was dominant over others. Biolife | 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 2 Copyright@2016 Chandani S et al Jassids can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.03% Malathion/ Azadirachtin. Mantids, ladybird beetle, lacewings were found feeding on jassids and were good biocontrol agents. DISCUSSION Nakamuro et al. (1967) estimated the population density of the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler in spring field by the capture-recapture method. N. cineticeps is an important pest of rice in Japan which injures the crop not only in direct way but also in carrying the rice dwarf virus. In the Kanto district, this species hibernated in the nymphal stage on gramineous weeds grown in resting paddy field and the adults emerges from late in March to mid-April. It completed three generations throughout a year. The capture-recapture method has been used for sampling many insect pests including Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and others. This method used for sampling Hemipterans insect N. cincticeps was quite suitable. This method is based on two assumptions that is, the marked and remarked animals mingle completely with the unmarked ones and the sampling efficiency is performed equally on the marked and unmarked animals. The number of N. cincticeps in hibernated generation was rather small and the rate of recapture was also low. Population studies and tests on the relationship between density and damage were conducted by Egwurube, et al. (1982) in 1999-2001 to determine the status of Empoasca dolichi Paoli on groundnut Arachis hupogaea L. in Nigeria. Their analysis showed that Empoasca numbers varied significantly from one year to another and within each year the number of leafhoppers observed at the different growth stages of the plant were significantly different (P=0.01). The density of the pest did not reach the EIL throughout the groundnut growing seasons. Thus, they concluded that this insect was not an economic pest on groundnut. Mahmood et al. (2002) studied the population dynamics of Amrasca biguttula biguttula on brinjal and the effects of biotic factors on its dynamics in Pakistan. The pest started its activity soon after transplanting. The serious activity was noticed from 21st may to 6th August. The highest leafhopper number per leaf was found as 12.96 ± 0.93 on 9.7-96. Mean maximum and minimum found as negatively and non-significantly correlated with population damage. Relative humidity and rainfall was found as negatively and nonsignificantly correlated with population damage. The sunshine was positively but non-significant correlated factor. Hafizal and Idris (2014) studied the temporal population abundance of leafhoppers on rice crop from Malaysia. Their results showed that the mean temperature and relative humidity were varied slightly during the rice growth period but not significantly affecting the population abundance of leafhoppers. Change in temperature has not affected the population 358 |© 2016 Global Science Publishing Group, USA 362 of jassids. They concluded that Cicadellids had the highest and the lowest abundance during maturity stages and reproductive stages, respectively. The incidence and abundance of sucking insect pests on groundnut was studied by Kandakoor et al. (2012). The leafhoppers were among the major pest of groundnut and were more abundant on the crop from August and September. They showed negative correlation ship with rainfall and minimum temperature. According to Faleuro and Rai (1985) the leafhopper damage to okra during early and late stages of its growth had very little influence on fruit yield. Very recently, Kamble et al. (2014) studied vertical destructive pattern of A. biguttula biguttula to sunflower wherein they noted that the lower leaves had lowest number of nymphs and upper highest. The peak of incidence was noted in the month of August on monsoon crop. According to Sharma and Tara (2014) peak incidence of mango jassid Idioscopus clypealis (Leth.) was seen during the full bloom stage of the crop (Reddy, 1968; Shivastava & Butani, 1972; Patel et al., 1973; Sharma &Sharma, 2009; Sharma et al., 2010). Biology of Idioscopus nitidus Walk, a mango jassid was studied by Nordin & Ibrashim (1995) from Malaysia. This is serious treat to mango industry in Malaysia due to its damage to crop by sucking cell sap and falling down flowering and fruiting bodies. 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