Conservation status of New Zealand lichens

R. Hitchmough

Thirteen lichen species from 7 genera have been identified from Bario. The major metabolites present in these species were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Introduction Bario lies 1200 metres above sea level, on a plateau in the Kelabit Highlands, southeast of Miri in the Fourth Division of Sarawak. It is bordered by the Tamabu Range in the west and the Apo Duet Mountains to the east. It has a mild and cool climate, with temperatures of 18-22°C and an annual rainfall of about 2213 mm. Knowledge of the lichen flora of Malaysia, especially of Sabah and Sarawak, has made great progress during recent years. Din et at. (1997) recently presented a comprehensive account of the lichen flora of Malaysia, summarizing the results of many research efforts undertaken by scientists at several collecting localities in Peninsula Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. In May 1995, a scientific expedition was carried out in Bario, Sarawak. The gen...

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens on the iconic New Zealand pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) tree was investigated from a survey of urban parks and forests across the city of Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand. Lichens were identified from ten randomly selected trees at 20 sampling sites, with 10 sites classified as coastal and another 10 as inland sites. Lichen data were correlated with distance from sea, distance from major roads, distance from native forests, mean tree DBH (diameter at breast height) and the seven-year average of measured NO2 over the area. A total of 33 lichen species were found with coastal sites harboring significantly higher average lichen species per tree as well as higher site species richness. We found mild hotspots in two sites for average lichen species per tree and another two separate sites for species richness, with all hotspots at the coast. A positive correlation between lichen species richness and DBH was found. Sites in coa...

This art icle was downloaded by: [ Mr Pet er De Lange] On: 19 February 2013, At : 17: 32 Publisher: Taylor & Francis I nform a Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Num ber: 1072954 Regist ered office: Mort im er House, 37- 41 Mort im er St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK New Zealand Journal of Botany Publicat ion det ails, including inst ruct ions f or aut hors and subscript ion inf ormat ion: ht t p: / / www. t andf online. com/ loi/ t nzb20 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens PJ de Lange Rolf e e a , DJ Galloway , GM Crowcrof t f b , DJ Blanchon & R Hit chmough c , A Knight d , JR g a Ecosyst ems Unit , Science and Technical Group, Depart ment of Conservat ion, Auckland, New Zealand b Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand c Depart ment of Nat ural Sciences, Unit ec Inst it ut e of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand d Depart ment of Bot any, Universit y of Ot ago, Dunedin, New Zealand e Wellingt on Hawke's Bay Conservancy, Depart ment of Conservat ion, Wellingt on, New Zealand f Nat ural Resource Assessors, Auckland, New Zealand g Ecosyst ems Unit , Science and Technical Group, Depart ment of Conservat ion, Wellingt on, New Zealand Version of record f irst published: 03 Aug 2012. To cite this article: PJ de Lange , DJ Galloway , DJ Blanchon , A Knight , JR Rolf e , GM Crowcrof t & R Hit chmough (2012): Conservat ion st at us of New Zealand lichens, New Zealand Journal of Bot any, 50: 3, 303-363 To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 0028825X. 2012. 691426 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE Full t erm s and condit ions of use: ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s- andcondit ions This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warrant y express or im plied or m ake any represent at ion t hat t he cont ent s will be com plet e or accurat e or up t o dat e. The accuracy of any inst ruct ions, form ulae, and drug doses should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources. 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New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 50, No. 3, September 2012, 303363 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens PJ de Langea*, DJ Gallowayb, DJ Blanchonc, A Knightd, JR Rolfee, GM Crowcroftf and R Hitchmoughg a Ecosystems Unit, Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand; Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand; cDepartment of Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; dDepartment of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; eWellington Hawke’s Bay Conservancy, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand; fNatural Resource Assessors, Auckland, New Zealand; gEcosystems Unit, Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 b (Received 24 January 2012; final version received 26 April 2012) The first listing of the conservation status of lichens indigenous to the New Zealand Botanical Region (excluding Macquarie Island) is presented. The list comprises 1799 formally accepted taxa placed in the following categories: ‘Threatened’, 11 taxa (comprising 4 taxa Nationally Critical, 4 Nationally Endangered, 3 Nationally Vulnerable); ‘At Risk’, 176 taxa (comprising 173 Naturally Uncommon and 4 Declining taxa); and 975 ‘Data Deficient’ taxa. A further 636 taxa were considered ‘Not Threatened’. A further five lichens are listed as ‘Taxonomically Indeterminate’, being lichens which may warrant further conservation attention once their taxonomic status is clarified. A concordance of lichen names is provided. A brief analysis of the patterns of threat and rarity exhibited by New Zealand lichens listed is also presented. Keywords: New Zealand; lichen mycobiota; threat listing; threatened lichens; uncommon lichens; conservation status; rarity Introduction Lichens have an essential, but poorly recognized role in ecosystems, for example, in stabilizing soils (Scott et al. 1997), nitrogen fixation and nitrogen cycling in forest and grassland ecosystems (Green et al. 1980; Galloway 1995, 1988). Also, they are an important part of the water cycle in forests (Scott et al. 1997) and important sources of food for invertebrates such as snails and mites, which in turn are food for birds and reptiles (Pettersson et al. 1995). New Zealand is particularly rich in lichen species with c. 1799 currently recognized (10% of the world flora; Galloway 2007a), which suggests that if they are missing, there will be ecological consequences. *Corresponding author. Email: pdelange@doc.govt.nz ISSN 0028-825X print/ISSN 1175-8643 online # 2012 The Royal Society of New Zealand http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2012.691426 http://www.tandfonline.com Because of this ecological significance, and the fact that lichenized fungi have not been previously listed by the fungal threat panel (Hitchmough 2002), it was decided in 2009 to attempt a full conservation threat listing of the New Zealand lichens*an admittedly ambitious project. Although the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is still far from resolved, the country is now well served with literature dealing with an estimated 85% of the total lichen mycobiota (see Galloway 1985, 2007a,b) and, whilst there are new taxa still awaiting formal description, others yet to be discovered, and the distributions for many New Zealand lichens detailed in the Flora of New Zealand series are still poorly known, these impediments should not preclude a first 304 PJ de Lange et al. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 listing. All threat listings have to start somewhere; if nations elected not to undertake listings for fear that some of their initial assessments may be later changed, we would never have a starting point from which to base future assessments. Accordingly, a lichen panel (comprising DJ Blanchon, PJ de Lange [chair], DJ Galloway and A. Knight) was sponsored by the New Zealand Department of Conservation in consultation with New Zealand lichen specialists to undertake, using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (see Townsend et al. 2008), a full listing of the New Zealand lichen mycobiota. Methods As with all other Department of Conservationsponsored threat listings of New Zealand biota (Miskelly et al, 2008; Allibone et al. 2009; de Lange et al. 2009; Baker et al. 2010; Freeman et al. 2010; Hitchmough et al. 2010; Newman et al. 2010; O’Donnell et al. 2010; Glenny et al. 2011), the panel was required to use the New Zealand Threat Classification System (see Townsend et al. 2008), which is a unique system specially developed by New Zealand conservation biologists to address, in particular, issues of insular rarity and narrow range endemisim that New Zealand people feel are not adequately catered for by the IUCN Threat Ranking System (IUCN 2001) and its associated criteria (see comments by de Lange & Norton 1998; Molloy et al. 2002; Townsend et al. 2008). The resulting lists are for lichen taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) accepted in Flora of New Zealand Lichens (Galloway 2007a,b) and subsequent electronic updates thereof (see http://floraseries.landcareresearch. co.nz/pages/index.aspx [accessed 12 November 2011]) until 30 August 2010 and which are believed to be indigenous to the New Zealand Botanical Region (see Wardle 1991; de Lange & Rolfe 2010), excepting those endemic to or known only from the region on Macquarie Island. Macquarie Island is excluded from this assessment because it is geopolitically part of Australia. The lichen panel met in November 2009 at the Landcare Research Lincoln campus to undertake the threat listings. For six months prior to the meeting a call for submissions was placed on the New Zealand Department of Conservation Website (http://www.doc.govt. nz/getting-involved/consultations/) and professional and amateur New Zealand lichen specialists notified of our intended threat listing in the hope of obtaining potential candidates for the list. We also advertised our meeting in the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network website (www.nzpcn.org.nz). The panel chose the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network to advertise its intended listing because their website is one of the leading sources of information about New Zealand plants (both native and exotic) and the organization has more than 650 members worldwide including many botanists, ecologists, horticulturalists and students. Website visitation commonly exceeds 60,000 visitors per month (P. Crisp, pers. comm.). Despite these measures, the panel received very few submissions, probably because of the limited numbers of people who know New Zealand lichens in sufficient detail to comment on their threat. Nevertheless, a few detailed submissions on such genera as Menegazzia, Pseudocyphellaria, Ramalina and Teloschistes were received from members of the New Zealand public. From this data and that already available in the New Zealand Lichen Floras (Galloway 1985, 2007a,b, in press), as well as the collective knowledge of lichen panel members, the panel met to undertake the initial threat listing. Data from that meeting were then tabulated and sent for review to the panel members for comment in May 2010, August 2010 and November 2011. A draft of the article was then sent to selected specialists (December 2011). As some indication of the scope of the exercise and the ongoing fluidity of lichen taxonomy in this country, the lag time between the panel meeting and the completion of the manuscript ready for journal submission was 27 months. It is also recognized that, because of the way the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 305 still being added to (e.g. Galloway in press), further threat assessments of this nature will be undertaken six-yearly from the date of this article’s publication. Accepting these decisions, this article assesses 1799 lichen taxa. The risk categories used (see Appendices 1 and 2) are those defined in Townsend et al. (2008), p. 11), namely ‘Extinct’, ‘Threatened’ (Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally Vulnerable), ‘At Risk’ (Declining, Recovering, Relict, Naturally Uncommon), ‘Vagrant’, ‘Coloniser’, ‘Migrant’ and ‘Data Deficient’. These categories were preferred by Townsend et al. (2008) over the current IUCN (2001) categories because they reflect more accurately the nature of insular rarity as it occurs in New Zealand (see comments by de Lange & Norton 1998). However, as indicated by Townsend et al. (2008), the New Zealand Threat Classification System does not preclude individuals from using IUCN Threat Categories, and information used for the New Zealand listings presented here and held by the Department of Conservation is available to those wishing to undertake an independent IUCN threat assessment. Four lists are presented here (Appendices 14). Appendix 1 comprises the main New Zealand ‘Threatened’ and Uncommon Lichen list. Appendix 2 lists those New Zealand lichens regarded as ‘Not Threatened’, and Appendix 3 deals with Taxonomically Indeterminate lichens that are considered to be threatened. They are assigned a provisional conservation status using the same criteria as in Appendix 1 but recognizing that information on their taxonomic relationships has either not been formally evaluated or remains in doubt. We have not listed Taxonomically Indeterminate lichens that are not considered to be threatened. Appendix 4 provides a concordance of names used by Galloway (2007a,b) and in this publication. Authority abbreviations of all published lichen names follow those recommended by Brummitt & Powell (1992). Those lichens considered to be Taxonomically Indeterminate (taxa) are listed by showing their probable affinity (e.g. Caloplaca cf. caesiorufella) and, where this is not known or there is a suspected aggregate, names are then listed alphabetically (e.g. Placopsis (a), (b), et seq.). All lichens accepted in the Taxonomically Indeterminate category are supported with a herbarium voucher. Treatment of families follows Galloway (2007a,b) and updates of that Flora published online (Galloway in press). A brief analysis of the lists is also presented. For the construction of some tables we have based our assessments as follows. 1. Substratum Preference is based on the categories available and defined in Galloway (1985, 2007a,b). It is important to appreciate that lichens often have several substratum preferences, with many species favouring bark (i.e. corticolous), but which are also commonly found on rock (i.e. saxicolous). For practical reasons we have treated substrata such as concrete, glass, roofing materials, iron railings and asphalt as ‘saxicolous’*such taxa, often the ‘weedy’ element of the New Zealand lichen flora are then futher categorized as ‘Anthropic’ under ‘Major Habitats’*a grouping that also includes those lichens characteristically associated with urban plantings. 2. Altitudinal zones are based on Wardle (1991) except that we use ‘Lowland’ to refer to Wardle’s ‘Warm Temperate’ zone, and include Wardle’s ‘Penalpine’ and ‘Nival’ zones within our ‘Alpine’ zone. We also distinguish a coastal zone to refer to those habitats that are exposed to regular influence from the sea as characterized by high saline inputs. The altitudinal zones decrease with increasing latitude so that Campbell Island has only subalpine and alpine zones above the coastal zone. 3. The habitat types used in the analysis were adapted from Wardle (1991) and Galloway (1985, 2007a,b). They usually reflect the major physiognomic cover types dominated by indigenous species. ‘Other scrub’ includes scrub communities dominated by Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 306 PJ de Lange et al. Kunzea and Leptospermum species, and open seral communities such as gumlands. ‘Tall tussock grassland’ includes those grassland communities dominated by Chionochloa and tall tussock-forming Poa species (e.g. Poa foliosa). ‘Short tussock grassland’ includes those grassland communities dominated by Festuca species, Rytidosperma species and some Poa species (e.g. P. cita and P. colensoi). ‘Beach’ includes dune systems, and sand, gravel and boulder beaches. ‘Aquatic’ includes freshwater and saline situations where lichens grow in wholly submerged conditions (or those subject to some tidal influence). This grouping is distinguished from ‘Estuary’, which refers to lichens that grow on other estuarine plants, and ‘Riparian’, which covers lichens that commonly grow along the sides of rivers, streams, lake margins and other waterways but in habitats where they are rarely found completely immersed except during flooding. Individual taxa are assigned to more than one altitude zone, habitat or botanical province (sensu Wardle 1991) as appropriate. Results and discussion This article assesses the New Zealand lichen mycobiota as documented by Galloway (2007a,b) who detailed 1706 taxa, plus a further 93 taxa that have been added to the New Zealand lichen mycobiota since Flora of New Zealand Lichens was printed and which are treated by Galloway (in press). Of the 1799 taxa, 375 (21%) are believed to be endemic to the New Zealand Botanical Region (Table 1). A further five lichens of uncertain taxonomic status or in the process of being formally described are also included in our assessment. However, until their status is resolved we have not included them in our analyses of the lichen flora. Furthermore, because the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is still volatile with new discoveries and taxa being proposed almost Table 1 New Zealand lichen flora. Number of taxa Total Extinct Nationally Critical Nationally Endangered Nationally Vulnerable Naturally Uncommon Declining Data Deficient Not Threatened Endemic 1,799 0 4 4 3 173 4 975 636 375 weekly, the panel elected to close assessments of new additions to the accepted lichen mycobiota in August 2010. This decision was necessary to ensure final list publication. Of these, 188 are assessed as ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ (Appendix 1). No lichens are currently believed to be extinct. However, Cladia muelleri appears to be extinct in its original known New Zealand localities in the far north of the North Island (Galloway 1985, 2007a), and is otherwise known only from the New Zealand Botanical Region at a recently discovered location on the Chathams Islands (on both Rekohu [Chatham Island] and Rangiauria [Pitt Island]) in seriously degraded habitats where its survival is judged precarious (de Lange 2008). Four taxa are believed by the panel to be sufficiently threatened to justify listing as Nationally Critical. Lecania rabenhorstii is know from four locations (three North Island, one South Island [van den Boom & Mayrhofer 2007], three in highly modified coastal and rural settings and one from an active dolomite quarry). This is a very uncommon taxon in New Zealand and it is in serious decline in its sole South Island locality (DJ Galloway, unpublished data). Similarly, a submission received for Menegazzia inactiva indicates that this species is also extremely uncommon, with a total population size triggering Nationally Critical, although in this case the listing reflects population size rather than any active threats (BC Myles, pers. comm.). The Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 307 Figure 1 Ramalina pollinaria*although rated Nationally Critical in New Zealand this species is mostly regarded as widespread and common in the northern hemisphere (image A Knight). last listed species, Ramalina pollinaria, (Fig. 1) is threatened, not only by changes to its habitat, but also by what appears to be a naturally very restricted range and extremely small population size. Four taxa are assessed as Nationally Endangered, mostly through loss of habitat. Two of these, Austropeltum glareosum and Pycnothelia caliginosa are known from the Denniston Plateau (Fig. 2), where their habitat is threatened by mining. Buellia epigaea is a terricolous species only recently recognized for New Zealand which is known only from one inland saline soil site in Central Otago where it is threatened by invasive salt-tolerant grasses and herbs such as Plantago coronopus. One species, Ramalina pacifica (Fig. 3) is disappearing, for reasons that are as yet unclear, from the northern North Island mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. australasica [Walp.] J.Everett)-dominated habitats where it was common as recently as 1993. Of the three listed Nationally Vulnerable lichens, Acarospora murorum, Icmadophila splachnirima (Fig. 4A, 4B) and Siphula coriacea have all seriously declined through gross modification of their preferred habitats (Fig. 5A, 5B). While Icmadophila splachnirima probably retains secure populations on the Chatham and subantarctic islands, Siphula coriacea, once a characteristic species of the dry intermontane basins of the eastern South Island, has no such safe refuge. In this species’ case, competition from hawkweeds (Pilosella spp.) is suggested to have contributed to its decline (Galloway 2007a,b). Similarly, two of the four lichens listed as Declining within the ‘At Risk’ supercategory, Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (Fig. 6A) and Xanthoparmelia sorediata, have declined markedly over the last 1015 years. These taxa also have historical distributions centred on eastern South Island intermontane basins. Fortunately, both these species retain sizeable populations in the more remote valley Figure 2 Denniston and Stockton key threatened lichen habitat in New Zealand. A, Denniston Sandstone (image DS Glenny). B, Stockton sandstone pavement (image J Marshall). The coal measures of Denniston and Stockton support a diversity of habitats rich not only in lichens (including several endemics) but also threatened or uncommon bryophytes and vascular plants. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 308 PJ de Lange et al. Figure 3 Ramalina pacifica a Nationally Endangered lichen. Although still common on some northern offshore islands and on and on the Kermadec Islands group, as this species is not common on Raoul Island but it is common on near shore islands and islets to Raoul and is also found in the Southern Group of that archipelago. R. pacifica has vanished from large parts of its northern New Zealand range over the last 19 years. A, Ramalina pacifica growing on twigs with Usnea spp. (image DJ Blanchon). B, Herbarium specimen of Ramalina pacifica showing growth habit notably the finely divided pendulous thallus (image PJ de Lange). heads and basins of the eastern South Island (Fig. 6B). Collectively though, the patterns observed for the Siphula and Xanthoparmelia species mirror that already reported for associated vascular plants by de Lange et al. (2009, 2010), suggesting that New Zealand is at serious risk of losing a once conspicuous component of its dryland flora. If this loss is to be averted, action is needed now to address the widespread use of scarce groundwater resources in these basins for irrigation, which has enabled a proliferation of dairy farms in what are otherwise marginal habitats. It seems likely too that the expansion of the wine industry into these regions has caused much habitat loss, while the continued spread of hawkweeds, aided and abetted by increased stocking levels and changes in land use does not auger well for the future of any of these ecosystems (Rogers et al. 2005). Catapyrenium psoromioides is also threatened by habitat loss, although in this case the species is mostly tied to eastern South Island grey scrub communities (Galloway 2007a). Teloschistes flavicans is a conspicuous orange fruticose lichen of mostly northern New Zealand coastal habitats. For reasons that are as yet unclear, it has declined in abundance and vanished from some localities though it remains common on some northern offshore islands (Fig. 7A, 7B). Of the taxa listed as ‘At Risk’, aside from the four listed as Declining, the panel assessed a further 173 lichens as Naturally Uncommon (Fig. 8), of which 24 (14%) were qualified as ‘Data Poor’ (DP) indicating a high level of confidence in the remaining 148 assessments. As with the vascular plant flora, it is likely that Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 309 Figure 4 Icmadophila splachnirima a wetland lichen rated as Nationally Vulnerable due to loss of habitat through drainage, competition from weeds and the general deterioration of southern New Zealand wetlands (images A Knight). A, Wetland habitat of Icmadophila splachnirima specimen. B, Wetland habitat of Icmadophila splachnirima. Figure 5 The dry interior of Central Otago once supported large areas of sparsely vegetated short tussock grassland, fields of scabweed (Raoulia spp.), salt slicks and pans that were key habitats for a range of mostly terricolous lichens that are now close to extinction in New Zealand. Indeed, it is likely that much of the diversity of these terricolous lichens had already been lost before lichens began to be intensively studied in New Zealand; mostly through conversion of these habitats to vineyards, dairy farms or through competition from a range of naturalized plants. A, Galloway Road Salt Pan*one of the key salt pan habitats left in New Zealand (image P Smale). B, Wilson’s Road Salt Pan. This saline site is now virtually overrun with halophytic weeds such as Plantago coronopus (image. C Wilson). Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 310 PJ de Lange et al. Figure 6 Xanthoparmelia semiviridis a formerly common lichen of the intermontane basins and now rated as Declining due to the conversion of its key habitat to dairy farms, vineyards and by the ongoing deterioration of its remaining indigenous habitat from the spread of such weeds as hawkweeds (Pilosella spp.). A, Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (image A Knight). B, Mahaka Katia Scientific Reserve (Pisa Flats), one of the few remaining examples of open scabweed (Raoulia spp.) dominated vegetation left in New Zealand, and a habitat for Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (image JW Barkla). the majority of New Zealand’s lichens will prove to be narrow range, naturally uncommon and/or biologically sparse taxa. By far the largest listing in Appendix 1, indeed comprising slightly over half of the New Zealand lichen flora, are those taxa assessed as Figure 7 Teloschistes flavicans was formerly widespread in coastal parts of mostly the North Island of New Zealand and there is some evidence that suggests it has declined from some parts of Northland and Auckland over the last 40 years. Today its main New Zealand strongholds are northern offshore islands, as well as the Three Kings and Chatham Islands. A, Teloschistes flavicans and Ramalina peruviana festooning the trunk and upper branches of tarahinau (Dracophyllum arboretum) on Rangiauria (Pitt Island), Chatham Islands group (image PJ de Lange). B, Teloschistes flavicans is easily recognized by the bright orange richly branched fruticose growth habit (image A Knight). Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 311 Figure 8 ‘At Risk’/Naturally Uncommon lichens of New Zealand (Fig. 8B image B Myles, all other images A Knight). A, Aptrootia elatior. B, Menegazzia pulchra. C, Ochrolechia frigida. D, Solorina crocea. E, Peltularia crassa. F, Placopsis brevilobata. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 312 PJ de Lange et al. Figure 9 ‘Data Deficient’ lichens of New Zealand (images A Knight). A, Leiorreuma exaltatum. B, Pertusaria otagoana. C, Porina cerina. D, Xanthoparmelia oleosa. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 313 ‘Data Deficient’ (i.e. 975 of 1799 taxa, 54%) (Fig. 9). This high listing is hardly surprising considering the dearth of local lichen expertise (reflected strongly by the virtual absence of public submissions to this listing process). It is a fact that, despite being well serviced by a lichen Flora treatment that is estimated to have captured c. 85% of New Zealand’s lichen diversity (Galloway 2007a,b), there are simply too few lichen people on the ground. Indeed, with only a few notable exceptions, most of New Zealand’s lichen research has been conducted externally by overseas and especially northern hemisphere lichenologists. As such, the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is richly endowed with taxa whose identity may be known but whose abundance and habitat preferences are not. Although the panel thinks it likely that many ‘Data Deficient’ lichens will over time with sufficient survey shift into ‘Not Threatened’ or Naturally Uncommon categories (Fig. 10), it cannot be doubted that some will be threatened. It is the panel’s hope that by providing the full listing here, this article will encourage New Zealand botanists to step forward and take a keener interest in our lichen mycobiota. Similar sentiments were expressed by Glenny et al. (2011) in their third review of the threatened and uncommon bryophytes of New Zealand. Appendix 2 lists 636 lichens considered by the panel ‘Not Threatened’. Of these, it is notable that some taxa, such as Sticta fuliginosa and Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, are regarded as threatened elsewhere in the world (see below). The converse is also true with, for example, the otherwise globally common Ramalina pollinaria (Fig. 2) seriously threatened in New Zealand (see Blanchon & Bannister 2004). Figure 10 Protoblastenia rupestris a basicolous lichen favouring limestone and concrete pavements, pavers, blocks, steps and walls (images PJ de Lange). Initially recorded in New Zealand from the South Island at Castlehill and in several sites in Southland, it was subsequently discovered in western Auckland in 2004. It is now known to be widespread in urban Auckland and has recently (2012) been collected from Tauranga. Protoblastenia exemplifies the situation likely to arise for many listed ‘Data Deficient’ lichens, whereby once the lichen has been recognized by the botanical community dedicated survey often finds that the lichen is much more widespread than had been believed. Based on current data it seems likely that Protoblastenia will be removed from the ‘Data Deficient’ list at the next lichen threat listing meeting. A, Protoblastenia ruprestris covering a damp paver on a wall in Mt Albert, Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. B, Close up of the thallus of Protoblastenia showing the scurfy greyish-white thallus and dull orange apothecia. 314 PJ de Lange et al. Table 2 Most species-diverse lichen families (] 20 taxa) in the New Zealand mycobiota, listed according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Family Parmeliaceae Physciaceae Cladoniaceae Lecanoraceae Pannariaceae Lobariaceae Ramalinaceae Teloschistaceae Pertusariaceae Verrucariaceae Trapeliaceae Roccellaceae Arthoniaceae Trichotheliaceae Collemataceae Thelotremataceae Lecideaceae Strigulaceae Graphidaceae Rhizocarpaceae Mycocaliciaceae Porpidiaceae Sphaerophoraceae Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficient Threatened 236 110 87 88 82 80 64 62 62 62 60 51 42 42 41 37 31 25 23 22 20 20 20 * 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 New Zealand lichens main contributing taxonomic groups It comes as no surprise that the lichen families (Table 1) and genera (Table 2) that have been the best studied by biosystematists are the main contributing taxa to this threat assessment. Thus, the Parmeliaceae with 236 taxa contribute 1 Nationally Critical lichen (Menegazzia inactiva), 2 Declining (Xanthoparmelia semiviridis [Fig. 6A] and X. sorediata) and 20 (12%) Naturally Uncommon taxa to Appendix 1. The Lobariaceae, another exceptionally well-studied family in New Zealand (see Galloway 2007b and references cited therein) contributes 24 (13%) taxa to Naturally Uncommon, and the Ramalinaceae with 64 taxa contribute two to Nationally Critical (Lecania rabenhorstii, Ramalina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 6 8 8 14 24 13 10 4 2 14 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 2 2 0 98 52 35 53 24 13 28 27 43 53 12 38 34 41 28 32 25 25 18 10 8 10 5 115 51 43 27 44 43 20 24 15 6 34 11 6 1 12 4 5 0 5 9 10 8 14 pollinaria), and 13 (8%) to Naturally Uncommon. Again, it seems significant that Ramalina, in particular, is well served in New Zealand by detailed monographs and ecological assessments (Blanchon et al. 1996; Bannister & Blanchon 2003; Blanchon & Bannister 2004; Bannister et al. 2004). Nevertheless, the total contribution of lichen families to definitive listing is poor with, as expected, all the largest families contributing more taxa to ‘Data Deficient’ than any other category (Table 2). At the level of genus, of those genera contributing 20 or more taxa to the New Zealand lichen flora (Table 3), only Menegazzia with 21 contributes to the ‘Threatened’ categories with one taxon listed as Nationally Critical. Otherwise, within the ‘At Risk’ subcategories of Declining and Naturally Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 315 Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Uncommon, of those genera contributing 20 or more taxa to the New Zealand lichen flora, Xanthoparmelia is the only contributing genus to Declining (see above), whereas Naturally Uncommon is dominated by Placopsis (9 taxa) and Pseudocyphellaria (18 taxa) (Table 3). These patterns are probably real and, as noted above in the discussion about families, reflect the intense level of field collecting and taxonomic investigation these genera have received to date. Substratum preference While appreciating that lichens often occupy more than one substratum, the preferred substrata for those lichens listed as ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ is rock (saxicolous; 97 taxa), bark (corticolous; 66 taxa), soil (terricolous; 35 taxa) and decorticated, lignicolous materials (11 taxa) (Table 4). The majority of threatened lichens are those which are terricolous, with seven taxa having a particular preference for open clay and/or salt pans (Figs 5, 11). Notably, these species (e.g., Acarospora murorum, Buellia epigaea, Siphula coriacea) are threatened by habitat loss (Figs 5B, 11), as their preferred habitat is converted to vineyards, dairy farms, lost through wetland drainage and/or deterioration due to changing hydrological regimes (e.g. Icmadophila splachnirima), or in the case of at least one species, Austropeltum glareosum, completely eliminated by open-cast mining for coal. Indeed, the coal measures of Denniston and Stockton (see Fig. 2A, 2B) seem a particular ‘hot spot’ for substratum-dependent ‘Threatened’, ‘At Risk’ and ‘Data Deficient’ lichens with (aside from Austropeltum glareosum) a further eight taxa recorded from there, including Pertusaria dennistonensis, which is endemic to the Denniston coal measures and known only from the type gathering from the Denniston Plateau, 3 km south of Denniston (Elix & Archer 2007). Although the Pertusaria is listed here as ‘Data Deficient’ because no dedicated surveys Table 3 Most species-diverse lichen genera (] 20 taxa) in the New Zealand mycobiota, listed according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Genus Xanthoparmelia Cladonia Pertusaria Pseudocyphellaria Lecanora Caloplaca Porina Placopsis Verrucaria Arthonia Rinodina Lecidea Usnea Strigula Pannaria Rhizocarpon Menegazzia Leptogium Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened 81 75 55 54 50 46 39 36 36 32 29 28 28 24 22 22 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 18 6 5 0 9 2 2 2 0 4 0 0 3 5 0 39 34 40 7 27 24 38 2 30 24 16 23 9 24 3 10 4 14 37 38 12 29 17 17 1 25 4 6 11 5 15 0 19 9 11 6 316 PJ de Lange et al. Table 4 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by substratum preference and listed according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Substratum Bryophilous Corticolous Epiphyllous Foliicolous Graminicolous Lichenicolous Lignicolous Parasitic Muscicolous Saxicolous Terricolous Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened 13 731 3 72 22 137 148 8 87 755 257 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 for it have been made since its formal description in 2007 (Elix & Archer 2007), the location in which it was found has now been strip mined (PI Knightbridge, pers. comm.), and there is the distinct possibility that this species is now extinct. However, it also seems wise to caution 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 62 0 0 2 5 11 1 7 93 26 6 363 1 57 4 119 41 6 35 351 86 5 308 2 15 16 13 96 1 45 307 136 that these observations by and large also reflect those lichen habitats and substrata that have been more intensively studied by lichenologists. Nevertheless, the panel is reasonably confident that the ongoing deterioration of, in particular, the intermontane basins of the eastern South Figure 11 Sutton Salt Lake and surrounding schist tors and tussock grassland are one of the few remaining habitats for such lichens as Acarospora murorum, Buellia epigaea and Siphula coriacea (images JW Barkla). A, Sutton Salt Lake is New Zealand’s only inland saline lake. As the lake levels recede in summer the exposed lake bed provides an unusual habitat for a range of lichens otherwise unknown (or virtually so) elsewhere in New Zealand. B, The schist tors and open tussock grassland surrounding Sutton Salt Lake were once widespread across most of eastern and central Otago. Such habitats formally supported a range of unique plants, animals and fungi, and were the main habitat of Siphula coriacea, as these habitats have been lost through farming, viticulture and residential development so have has the remarkable indigenous biodiversity they once supported. Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 317 Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Island is, as with vascular plants (see de Lange et al. 2009, 2010), now a major threat to the graminicolous, saxicolous and terricolous lichens known only from these areas. Major habitats Bare earth and cliff faces are critical habitats occupied by four ‘Threatened’ lichens (Table 6), and this pattern roughly accords with what is known about the New Zealand threatened vascular flora (see de Lange et al. 2009). ‘Rockfield’ is the key habitat for 75 lichen taxa in the ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ categories, which is a pattern that accords with that observed for substratum preference (see Table 4). The only other important habitat (]50) is ‘Closed Forest’ from where 57 lichen taxa are recorded. These are patterns that agree with those observed for the threatened vascular plant flora (de Lange et al. 2009), suggesting that there may be a correlation between the habitats of threatened vascular plants and lichens. Although Glenny et al. (2011) provide no analyses of key habitat types from their listings; 18 of their 43 threatened bryophytes (e.g. Archidium elatum, Lindbergia maritima, Petalophyllum hodgsoniae and Petalophyllum preisii) occupy the same bare earth, rock field and cliff face habitats frequented by threatened lichens, suggesting that in areas of high threatened vascular plant and perhaps bryophyte diversity, there may also be critical ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ lichen diversity. Further study into this pattern is needed. Other main habitat types (]20 taxa each) for ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ lichens are: ‘Cliff’, ‘Open Forest’ and ‘Fellfield and herb field’. Altitudinal zone Of those lichens designated as ‘Threatened’, our data suggest that the preferred altitudinal zone for threatened lichen taxa is the montane zone (Table 5). This contrasts somewhat to the pattern documented for vascular plants where it is lowland, then montane and coastal altitudinal zones that contain the greatest numbers of threatened plants (de Lange et al. 2009), or for bryophytes where the lowland zone is the most important (Glenny et al. 2011). However, if we consider only ‘At Risk’ lichens, the patterns exhibited by the vascular plant flora are weakly repeated by the lichens with 69, 71 and 65 taxa, respectively occupying coastal, lowland and montane habitats, while 61 are recorded from subalpine and 51 from alpine zones. Overall though, we believe that little can be read into these patterns because our knowledge of the preferred altitudinal preferences of our lichen flora is so rudimentary. Indeed, from our analyses it seems that it is the substratum preference and broad habitat type that provides a more meaningful interpretation of the threatened lichen flora of New Zealand. Table 5 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by altitudinal zone and listed according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Altitudinal Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not Zone of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened Coastal Lowland Montane Subalpine Alpine 824 936 794 528 340 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 70 71 65 61 51 2 3 3 1 0 365 419 308 160 121 385 440 409 302 165 318 PJ de Lange et al. Table 6 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by habitat preference and listed according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Habitat Cliff Closed forest Open forest Rockfield Beach Fellfield and herb field Flush and seepage Turf and cushion Coastal scrub Subalpine scrub Grey scrub Other scrub Geothermal Inand saline Bare earth Anthropic Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened 208 747 2 1 1 0 0 0 31 55 1 1 90 398 83 292 388 601 88 104 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 26 73 7 19 1 1 0 0 114 273 47 33 245 252 34 51 20 0 0 0 4 0 3 13 36 0 0 0 7 0 7 22 155 0 1 0 12 2 33 107 211 0 0 1 16 0 38 156 139 187 48 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 0 0 2 0 0 0 21 35 4 3 109 135 44 3 137 201 1 0 2 0 1 0 6 10 2 1 56 66 69 124 Distribution of lichens The distribution of New Zealand lichens (Table 7), when considered from the perspective of Botanical Provinces (BP) (see Wardle 1991), suggests that the Auckland (615 taxa), Southern North Island (702 taxa), SoundsNelson (507 taxa), Western Nelson (498), Canterbury (811 taxa) and Otago (915) BPs are the major centres of lichen diversity (Table 7). We suggests that these patterns are not real and that they more likely reflect the activities of New Zealand’s small core of past and current lichen collectors, as well as the principal lichen Flora author, many of whom live in the key areas within these main BPs. Consider the Auckland BP, for example, where such lichen collectors as JK Bartlett (19451986), DJ Blanchon, BW Hayward, GC Hayward and AE Wright were or are especially active, whilst the dominance of the Southern North Island reflects the past activities of J Buchanan (18191898), C Knight (1808 1891), as well as modern lichen collectors such as B Polly, W Nelson and C West. Similar patterns reported for the genus Ramalina by Blanchon et al. (1996), based largely on herbarium records, were found to be misleading once a more complete national field survey was undertaken (Bannister et al. 2004). The paucity of lichens from the Kermadec BP (62) reflects not only the isolation of the islands, but also the fact that Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 319 Table 7 New Zealand lichen flora Botanical Province distribution with taxa ranked according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Botanical Province Kermadecs Three Kings Northland Auckland Volcanic Plateau Taranaki Gisborne Southern North Island Western Nelson SoundsNelson Marlborough Westland Canterbury Otago Southland Fiordland Rakiura Chatham Campbell Number Nationally Nationally Nationally Naturally Data Not of taxa Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened 62 112 460 615 480 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 36 48 32 1 1 1 1 0 17 24 149 195 104 34 78 272 370 343 307 332 702 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 17 17 47 0 0 2 50 61 246 239 254 405 498 2 2 1 35 1 113 344 507 0 1 0 33 0 115 358 366 400 811 915 463 375 334 279 242 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 17 26 65 83 26 26 23 30 32 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 61 77 242 307 84 69 48 48 58 287 296 499 517 351 279 262 198 151 their lichen mycobiota has been scarcely collected, let alone studied. Oddly, the opposite is the case for the equally isolated Campbell BP (242) which was intensively collected, initially by J. Hooker in late 1840 and recently, most notably by HA Imshaug, and by CD Meurk during the 1970s and early 1980s. Our data reflect strongly what is known about the lichen mycobiota, and it is well-recognized that such vascular plant centres of diversity as Northland BP have been scarcely investigated, with perhaps the notable exception of the pioneering collecting efforts of JKBartlett, and the offshore island work of BW Hayward, GC Hayward and AE Wright. The Chatham BP provides another example, as the lichen mycobiota of this island group was hardly investigated when Galloway (2007a,b) was published. That Flora treats just 48 lichens for the Chatham BP. However, due to the collecting efforts of PJ de Lange, PB Heenan, PN Johnson and A Knight, the lichen flora of that BP has increased to the 242 taxa reported here, a figure which is expected to increase further as additional material gathered from those islands is examined by lichenologists. Consequently, any pattern of threat as reflected by BP distribution in Table 7 is probably of limited value. Consider the Nationally Critical Cladia muelleri which is recorded from New Zealand by Galloway (2007a) only from the Northland BP where it was collected from dune slacks and yet was then discovered in 2008 on 320 PJ de Lange et al. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 the Chatham Islands growing on sandy peat and clay above schist on the margin of salt and wind blasted vegetation on Rekohu (Chatham Island) and within low, windswept fernland on peat overlying trachyte (de Lange 2008). Clearly, until the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is more widely collected and studied, any conservation assessment as to major regions of threat, as has been done for the vascular flora (see de Lange et al. 2009), is impractical. New Zealand lichens from a global conservation perspective Worldwide, conservation threat listings for lichens lag behind those for other groups. A review of national red lists found that fungi and lichens were the most poorly represented taxonomic groups (Zamin et al. 2010). The most complete coverage has been achieved in Europe, where habitat loss and air pollution were implicated in the loss of lichen diversity, and red lists in at least 17 countries include lichens. Outside Europe, the red list of Japan includes lichens and conservation listings in Canada and Australia cover lichens to some degree. In some countries, such as Norway (Anonymous 1999, Timdal et al. 2006) the listing process has occurred more than once. Because many lichens have a bipolar or cosmopolitan distribution, there is a degree of congruence between the lichen mycobiota of New Zealand and those in other parts of the world, so it is useful to investigate if lichen taxa designated as threatened in New Zealand are also considered threatened elsewhere. A comparison of the New Zealand threat list (this article) with the red lists of Britain (Church et al. 1996), Norway (Timdal et al. 2006), Estonia (Randlane et al. 2008), the Czech Republic (Liška et al. 2008), a conservation assessment for Australia (Scott et al. 1997) and a partial assessment for Tasmania (Kantvilas 2000) revealed that a small number of threatened New Zealand species were also threatened in one or more other countries. Further comparison of the New Zealand threat list with the general checklists of Britain (http://www.thebls.org.uk/content/checklist.html [accessed 2 March 2011]), Norway (http://www. nhm.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/bmlnosj.htm [accessed 27 January 2011]), Estonia (http:// www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/checklists/lichens/ europe/estonia_l.htm [accessed 27 January 2011]), the Czech Republic (Liška et al. 2008) and Australia (http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/ lichenlist/lichenchecklist_a_d.html [accessed 2 March 2011]) found that most lichen taxa considered threatened in New Zealand are not considered threatened in one or more of the other countries. A summary is given below: Of the four Nationally Critical species on the New Zealand list, two are found in Australia and apparently not threatened, Lecania rabenhorstii is Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, but not the other countries being studied, and Ramalina pollinaria is ‘Near Threatened’ in the Czech Republic, but appears to be common in the other countries. Of the New Zealand Nationally Endangered species, all four are also found in Australia and are apparently not threatened there. Of the three Nationally Vulnerable species in New Zealand, Acarospora murorum was not found in the countries being compared. The other two species are found also in Australia and are apparently not threatened there. Of the four New Zealand Declining species, Catapyrenium psoromoides is Critically Endangered in Britain, Teloschistes flavicans (Fig. 7) is Vulnerable in Britain, Xanthoparmelia semiviridis is present in Australia but apparently not considered threatened there and X. sorediata is considered to be Endangered in Australia. Of the 173 Naturally Uncommon lichen taxa in New Zealand, 18 are listed as threatened on one or more of the other red lists being compared. Of the 975 NZ ’Data Deficient’ lichens, 132 are listed on European red lists or the Australian list. In fact, the lichens listed as threatened by the Australian assessment are well represented amongst New Zealand ’Data Deficient’ lichens. Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 321 Conclusions Undertaking a conservation listing of the New Zealand lichen mycobiota proved a demanding task hampered by incomplete knowledge of lichen distribution, trends and also by the rapid rate of discovery of new or novel taxa in between the time the panel met to undertake listing (November 2009) and compiling this article. Despite these issues, the Department of Conservation strongly encouraged this listing because of the need to set a baseline for lichens. This article has achieved this objective, and with its publication we have little doubt that it will stimulate further surveys, collections and data gathering which will contribute to a much better future listing. This is, after all the nature of any threat listing exercise. Nevertheless, the panel elected to be conservative, listing as ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ only those lichens for which hard data existed to show a trend of decline. Many more whose habitats are threatened by mass destruction from open-cast mining and changing land use patterns could have been added there. However, for these we elected to treat them as ‘Data Deficient’ in the absence of critical information. The fact that the bulk of the New Zealand lichen flora is listed as ‘Data Deficient’ provides a strong message to New Zealand people to take a bigger interest in their lichens. An analysis of the New Zealand lichen mycobiota from a conservation perspective was advocated by Galloway (2008) and, while our offering is often clouded by the artefact of human collection patterns and those families which are more intensively studied than others, we believe there are some clear conservation patterns that accord with those observed for the much better studied New Zealand threatened vascular flora (de Lange et al. 2009, 2010). As with any conservation undertaking, it is our ignorance that is the biggest factor in extinctions, New Zealand lichens are a significant and important resource for New Zealand, critical to healthy ecosystem functioning, as well as providing key bioindicators of the health or deterioration of such systems (Galloway 2008). With the publication of this article our time of relegating them to the ‘too hard basket’ for conservation purposes is now well and truly over. 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Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 672p. Zamin TJ, Baillie JEM, Miller RM, Rodrı́guez JP, Ardid A, Collen B 2010. National Red Listing beyond the 2010 target. Conservation Biology 24: 10121020. Appendix 1 New Zealand threatened and uncommon lichen and lichenicolous list. $Denotes indigenous lichens found naturally outside New Zealand. fDenotes lichenicolous fungi. §Denotes new addition to the New Zealand lichen mycobiota. %Denotes those lichens that may yet prove to be naturalized to New Zealand. Qualifiers Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in this list by Townsend et al. (2008): DP, Data Poor; EF, Extreme Fluctuations; IE, Island Endemic; OL, One Location in New Zealand; PD, Partial Decline; RR, Range Restricted; SO, Secure Overseas; Sp, Sparse; TO, Threatened Overseas. Threatened (11) Threatened taxa are those which meet the criteria specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for the categories: 1, Nationally Critical; 2, Nationally Endangered; and 3, Nationally Vulnerable. 1. Nationally Critical (4) Nationally Critical taxa are those which fit the criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These include Nationally Critical A*very small population (natural or unnatural); Nationally Critical B* small population (natural or unnatural) with a high ongoing or predicted decline; or Nationally Critical C*population (irrespective of size or number of sub-populations) with a very high ongoing or predicted decline (70%). $Cladia muelleri (Hampe) Parnmen et Lumbsch. SO $§Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold DP, RR, SO $Menegazzia inactiva P.James et Kantvilas DP, OL, TO $Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. SO Cladoniaceae Ramalinaceae Parmeliaceae Ramalinaceae 2. Nationally Endangered (4) Nationally Endangered taxa are those which fit the criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These include Nationally Endangered A*small population (natural or unnatural) that has a low to high ongoing or predicted decline; Nationally Endangered B* small stable population (unnatural); or Nationally Endangered C*moderate population and high ongoing or predicted decline. $Austropeltum glareosum Henssen, Döring et Kantvilas TO $§Buellia epigaea (Pers.) Tuck. RR, SO $Pycnothelia caliginosa D.J.Galloway et P.James DP, RR, Sp, TO Sphaerophoraceae Physciaceae Cladoniaceae 324 PJ de Lange et al. Ramalinaceae $Ramalina pacifica Asahina DP, Sp, TO 3. Nationally Vulnerable (3) Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Nationally Vulnerable taxa are those which fit the criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008) These include: Nationally Vulnerable A*small, increasing population (unnatural); Nationally Vulnerable B* moderate, stable population (unnatural); Nationally Vulnerable C*moderate population, with population trend that is declining; Nationally Vulnerable D*moderate to large population and moderate to high ongoing or predicted decline; or Nationally Vulnerable D*large population and high ongoing or predicted decline. $Acarospora murorum A.Massal. DP, SO $Icmadophila splachnirima (Hook.f. et Taylor) D.J.Galloway emend. L.R.Ludwig DP, RR, Sp, Siphula coriacea Nyl. DP Acarosporaceae Icmadophilaceae TO Icmadophilaceae At Risk (177) ‘At Risk’ taxa are those which meet the criteria specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for: 1, Declining; and 2, Naturally Uncommon. 1. Declining (4) Declining taxa are those which fit the criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These include Declining A*moderate to large population and low ongoing or predicted decline; Declining B*large population and low to moderate ongoing or predicted decline; and Declining C*very large population and low to high ongoing or predicted decline. $Catapyrenium psoromoides (Borrer) R.Sant. RR, Sp, SO $Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman Sp, TO $Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (F.Muell. ex Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch EF, SO $Xanthoparmelia sorediata (Elix et P.Child) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO, Sp Verrucariaceae Teloschistaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae 2. Naturally Uncommon (173) Taxa whose distribution is naturally confined to specific substrata (e.g. ultramafic rock), habitats (e.g. high alpine fellfield, hydrothermal vents) or geographic areas (e.g. subantarctic islands), or taxa that occur within naturally small and widely scattered populations. This distribution is not the result of past or recent human disturbance. Populations may be stable or increasing. Note that a naturally uncommon taxon that has fewer than 250 mature individuals qualifies for Nationally Critical. Taxa that have more than 20,000 mature individuals are not considered Naturally Uncommon, unless they occupy an area of less than 100,000 ha (1000 km2). $Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb. RR, SO $Acarospora umbilicata Bagl. RR, SO Anzia entingiana Elix Sp Anzia jamesii D.J.Galloway Sp $Aptrootia elatior (Stirt.) Aptroot SO, Sp $Argopsis megalospora Th.Fr. RR, Sp, TO fArthonia glaucomaria (Nyl.) Nyl. fArthonia haematommatum Kalb et Hafellner RR, Sp $Bacidia bagliettoana (A.Massal. et De Not) Jatta RR, SO Bacidia subcerina Zahlbr. RR, Sp $Bartlettiella fragilis D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. SO?, Sp $Brigantiaea fuscolutea (Dicks.) R.Sant. SO, Sp $Bryonora castanea (Hepp) Poelt DP, OL, SO $Bryoria indonesica (P.M.Jørg.) Brodo et D.Hawksw. DP, SO $Calicium victorianum (F.Wilson) Tibell SO, Sp $Caloplaca biatorina (A.Massal.) J.Steiner RR, SO, Sp $Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. DP, SO, Sp Caloplaca erecta Arup et H.Mayrhofer RR Caloplaca maculata D.J.Galloway DP, RR, SP Caloplaca schisticola D.J.Galloway RR, Sp Acarosporaceae Acarosporaceae Anziaceae Anziaceae Trypetheliaceae Brigantiaeaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Lecanorales genera incertae sedis Brigantiaeaceae Lecanoraceae Parmeliaceae Physciaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 325 $Calycidium cuneatum Stirt. SO, Sp $Calycidium polycarpum Colenso OL, SO $Carbonea assentiens (Nyl.) Hertel OL, SO Catillaria glaucogrisea Fryday DP, IE, OL $Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt et Thell DP, RR, SO $Chaenotheca degelii Tibell RR, TO, Sp $Chaenothecopsis lignicola (Nádv.) Alb.Schmidt DP, RR, SO $Cladia fuliginosa R.Filson DP, RR, SO, Sp $Cladia inflata (F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway RR, SO, Sp $Cladia schizopora (Nyl.) Nyl. RR, Sp, TO $Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. DP, SO $Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. DP, SO $Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) O.J.Rich. RR, SO, Sp $fDactylospora australis Triebel et Hertel SO, Sp $Degelia duplomarginata (P.James et Henssen) Arv. et D.J.Galloway SO, Sp $Degelia durietzii Arv. et D.J.Galloway SO, Sp $Degelia periptera (C.Knight) P.M.Jørg. et P.James SO $Degeliella rosulata (P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway) P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp $‘‘Dendriscocaulon dendriothamnodes’’ Dughi in D. J. Galloway DP, Sp, SO ‘‘Dendriscocaulon dendroides’’ R. Sant. ex H.Magn DP, Sp Dirina neozelandica (Redinger) Sparrius Sp $Erioderma leylandii (Taylor) Müll.Arg. SO, Sp $Erioderma sorediatum D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp Calycidiaceae Calycidiaceae Lecanoraceae Catillariaceae Parmeliaceae Coniocybaceae Mycocaliciaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Dactylosporaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Roccellaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Gyalidea lecanorina (C.Knight) P.James Sp $Haematomma fenzlianum A.Massal. SO, Sp Herteliana australis Fryday OL $Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. SO, Sp $§Lecania inundata (Hepp ex Körb.) M.Mayrhofer SO, Sp $§Lecania turicensis (Hepp) Müll.Arg. var. turicensis SO, Sp §Lecania turicensis var. macrocarpa van den Boom et H.Mayrhofer Sp $Lecanora aghardiana Ach. OL, SO $Lecanora austrooceanica Hertel et Leuckert SO $Lecanora capistrata (Darb.) Zahlbr. SO $Lecanora cavicola Creveld RR, SO, Sp Lecanora physcielloides Fryday IE $Lecanora xylophila Hue SO, Sp $Leioderma erythrocarpum (Delise ex Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et P.M. Jørg. SO, Sp fLichenoconium plectocarpoides S.Y.Kondr. et D.J.Galloway OL $Lithographa olivacea Fryday SO Lithographa serpentina Coppins et Fryday OL Menegazzia aeneofusca (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. DP, Sp $Menegazzia castanea P.James et D.J.Galloway RR, Sp, TO $Menegazzia globulifera R.Sant. DP, SO, Sp Menegazzia inflata (Hillmann) P.James et D.J.Galloway Sp Menegazzia pulchra P.James et D.J.Galloway EF, RR, Sp Micarea pannarica Fryday IE, OL $Nephroma plumbeum (Mont.) Mont. var. plumbeum SO $Notocladonia cochleata (Müll.Arg.) S.Hammer DP, SO, Sp, RR $Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge SO, Sp Solorinellaceae Haematommataceae Ramalinaceae Icmadophilaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Pannariaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Micareaceae Nephromataceae Cladoniaceae Pertusariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 326 PJ de Lange et al. Parmelia novae-zelandiae Hale Sp $Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. SO, Sp $Parmeliella aggregata P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO, Sp $Parmeliella concinna I.M.Lamb OL, SO, Sp $Parmeliella gymnocheila (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. SO, Sp $Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale SO, Sp $Peltularia crassa P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway RR, SO, Sp Pertusaria alboatra Zahlbr. DP, Sp $Pertusaria lavata Müll.Arg. DP, SO, Sp Pertusaria leucodes C.Knight DP, Sp $Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg SO, Sp $Physcia integrata Nyl. SO, Sp $Physma byrsaeum (Ach.) Tuck. SO, Sp Placopsis ampliata (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway Sp $Placopsis brevilobata (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb RR, SO Placopsis centrifuga D.J.Galloway Sp Placopsis durietziorum D.J.Galloway Sp $Placopsis gelidioides Du Rietz RR, SO, Sp Placopsis macrospora D.J.Galloway DP, Sp Placopsis murrayi D.J.Galloway RR $Placopsis stenophylla (Hue) I.M.Lamb SO, Sp Placopsis venosa Imshaug ex D.J.Galloway RR $Placynthium rosulans (Th.Fr.) Zahlbr. DP, SO, Sp $Poeltidea perusta (Nyl.) Hertel et Hafellner SO, Sp $Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vězda RR, SO, Sp $Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel et Knoph DP, SO, Sp Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Coccocarpiaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Collemataceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Placynthiaceae Porpidiaceae Acarosporaceae Porpidiaceae $Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo et D.Hawksw. SO, Sp $Pseudocyphellaria ardesiaca D.J.Galloway SO, Sp $Pseudocyphellaria argyracea (Delise) Vain. SO, Sp $Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii D.J.Galloway SO, Sp Pseudocyphellaria cinnamomea (A.Rich.) Vain. Sp Pseudocyphellaria crassa D.J.Galloway Sp Pseudocyphellaria gretae D.J.Galloway Sp Pseudocyphellaria halei D.J.Galloway Sp $Pseudocyphellaria haywardiorum D.J.Galloway SO?, Sp Pseudocyphellaria hookeri (C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway et P.James Sp $Pseudocyphellaria jamesii D.J.Galloway SO Pseudocyphellaria lindsayi D.J.Galloway Sp Pseudocyphellaria margaretiae D.J.Galloway Sp $Pseudocyphellaria physciospora (Nyl.) Malme DP, SO $Pseudocyphellaria poculifera (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et P.James SO, Sp $Pseudocyphellaria punctillaris (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway OL, SO $§Pseudocyphellaria reineckeana (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway OL, SO, Sp $Pseudocyphellaria sericeofulva D.J.Galloway SO, Sp Pseudocyphellaria wilkinsii D.J.Galloway Sp Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. RR, Sp Psoroma coralloideum Nyl. Sp $Psoroma rubromarginatum P.James et Js.Murray SO, Sp $Punctelia perreticulata (Räsänen) G.Wilh. et Ladd SO, Sp Parmeliaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Psoraceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 327 $Punctelia subalbicans (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway et Elix SO, Sp $Ramalina canariensis J.Steiner SO, Sp Ramalina erumpens D.Blanchon, J.Braggins et A.Stewart Sp $Ramalina exiguella Stirt. SO, Sp $Ramalina fimbriata Krog et Swinscow RR, SO, Sp $Ramalina luciae Molho, Bodo, Culb. et C.Culb. SO, Sp Ramalina meridionalis D.Blanchon et Bannister PD Ramalina riparia D.Blanchon, J.Braggins et A.Stewart Sp $Rhizocarpon lavatum (Fr.) Hazsl. OL, SO Rhizocarpon oxydatum Fryday RR $Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen) A.Massal. RR, SO Rhizolecia hybrida (Zahlbr.) Hertel DP, OL Rimularia maculata Fryday RR, Sp Rinodina nigricans H.Mayrhofer RR, Sp $Rinodina reagens Matzer et H.Mayrhofer RR, SO $Roccellina exspectata Tehler Sp, TO $Rusavskia elegans (Link) Kondr. et Kärnefelt. RR, SO, Sp $Siphulastrum mamillatum (Hook.f. et Taylor) D.J.Galloway SO, Sp $Siphulastrum triste Müll.Arg. SO, Sp Solenopsora sordida (C.W.Dodge) D.J.Galloway IE, OL $Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. SO, Sp $Solorina spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi RR, SO, Sp $Sphinctrina tubaeformis A.Massal. SO, Sp Steinera polymorpha P.James et Henssen RR, Sp $Steinera sorediata P.James et Henssen RR, SO, Sp Stenocybe bartlettii Tibell Sp Parmeliaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Lecideaceae Trapeliaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Roccellaceae Teloschistaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Catillariaceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Sphinctrinaceae Coccocarpiaceae Coccocarpiaceae Mycocaliciaceae Stereocaulon argus Hook.f. et Taylor RR Stereocaulon loricatum I.M.Lamb Sp $Stereocaulon trachyphloeum I.M.Lamb SO, Sp Sticta colinii D.J.Galloway Sp Sticta livida Kremp. Sp $§Sticta pedunculata Kremp. OL, SO $Sticta sublimbata (J.Steiner) Swinscow et Krog SO, Sp $Teloschistes fasciculatus Hillmann SO, Sp $Teloschistes sieberianus (Laurer) Hillmann DP, SO, Sp $Teloschistes spinosus (Hook.f. et Taylor) Js.Murray SO, Sp $Teloschistes xanthorioides Js.Murray DP, SO, Sp $Tetramelas confusus Nordin SO, Sp $§Topeliopsis macrocarpa (C.W.Dodge) Mangold et Lumbsch DP, SO $Thysanothecium hookeri Mont. et Berk. RR, SO $Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg. SO, Sp $Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm. SO $Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii (Savicz) Zahlbr. SO Umbilicaria murihikuana D.J.Galloway et L.G.Sancho Sp Umbilicaria robusta (Llano) D.J.Galloway et L.G.Sancho Sp $Umbilicaria virginis S chaer. SO, Sp $Usnea antarctica Du Rietz RR, SO, Sp $Usnea nidifica Taylor SO, Sp Usnea pseudocapillaris F.J.Walker Sp $Usnea sphacelata R.Br. RR, SO, Sp $Verrucaria durietzii I.M.Lamb SO $Verrucaria glaucina Ach. RR, SO Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Physciaceae Thelotremataceae Cladoniaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae 328 PJ de Lange et al. $Xanthoparmelia arapilensis (Elix Parmeliaceae et P.M.Armstr.) Filson SO Parmeliaceae $Xanthoparmelia congesta (Kurok. et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. DP, SO $Xanthoparmelia verdonii Elix et Parmeliaceae J.Johnst. SO, Sp Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Data Deficient (975) Taxa that are suspected, but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories due to a lack of current information about their present-day distribution and abundance. It is hoped that listing such taxa will stimulate research to find out the true category or threat. For a fuller definition see Townsend et al. (2008). $fAbrothallus curreyi Linds. SO $fAbrothallus microspermus Tul. SO f§ Abrothallus tulasnei M.S.Cole et D.Hawksw. OL, SO $f§ Abrothallus usneae Stein SO Ascomycota incertae sedis Ascomycota incertae sedis Ascomycota incertae sedis Ascomycota incertae sedis $fAcarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Acarosporaceae Th.Fr. SO Acarosporaceae $Acarospora gallica H.Magn. SO Acarospora gyrodes Acarosporaceae H.Magn. RR Acarosporaceae $Acarospora nodulosa (Dufour) Hue SO Acarospora otagensis Acarosporaceae H.Magn. OL Acarosporaceae $§%Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Körb. OL, SO $%Acarospora veronensis Acarosporaceae A.Massal. SO Gomphillaceae $Aderkomyces albostrigosus (R.Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. et Vězda OL, SO $Agonimia pacifica Verrucariaceae (H.Harada) Diederich SO $Amandinea adjuncta (Th.Fr.) Physciaceae Hafellner OL, SO Amandinea diorista var. hypopelidna (Stirt.) Marbach et Kalb $Amandinea insperata (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer et Ropin RR, SO Anisomeridium carinthiacum (J.Steiner) R.C.Harris SO Anisomeridium laevigatum (P.M.McCarthy) R.C.Harris OL Anisomeridium magnosporum (C.Knight) D.Hawksw. OL Anisomeridium subatomarium (C.Knight) R.C.Harris OL Anisomeridium subbiforme (C.Knight) R.C.Harris OL §Anzia gallowayi Elix OL $fArthonia anjutiae S.Y.Kondr. et Alstrup OL?, SO $Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. SO fArthonia clemens (Tul.) Th.Fr. SO Arthonia conspicua (C.Bab.) Nyl. OL $Arthonia cyanea Müll.Arg. Physciaceae Physciaceae Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiaceae Monoblastiaceae Anziaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae OL, SO $Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. SO Arthonia epiodes Nyl. OL $fArthonia fuscopurpurea (Tul.) R.Sant. SO $f§Arthonia galactinaria Leight. OL, SO Arthonia indistincta C.Knight et Mitt. OL Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Branth et Rostr. OL fArthonia maculiformis Wedin et Hafellner RR, Sp fArthonia molendoi (Heufl. ex Frauenf.) R.Sant. RR, Sp Arthonia nigrocincta C.Knight et Mitt. OL $Arthonia peraffinis Nyl. SO, Sp Arthonia perparva (Zahlbr.) Matzer OL Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 329 Arthonia phymatodes C.Knight OL $Arthonia polymorpha Ach. OL, SO fArthonia santessoniana Wedin et Hafellner OL, SO fArthonia stictaria Nyl. RR, Sp $f%Arthonia subfuscicola (Linds.) Triebel RR, SO, Sp $f§Arthonia sytnikii S.Y.Kondr. OL, SO $Arthonia tasmanica Kantvilas et Vězda SO $Arthonia vinosa Leight. SO $Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A.Massal. OL, SO Arthopyrenia gemellipara (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. Arthopyrenia leptiza (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL Arthopyrenia peltigerella Zahlbr. OL Arthothelium ampliatum (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. RR, Sp Arthothelium endoaurantiacum Makhija et Patw. OL $Arthothelium fusconigrum (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO Arthothelium interveniens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO Arthothelium obtusulum (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL Arthothelium pellucidum (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL Arthothelium spadiceum (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL Arthothelium stirtianum Müll.Arg. OL Arthothelium suffusum (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL $Arthrorhaphis grisea Th.Fr. RR, SO, Sp Aspicilia aquatica Körb. OL, SO $Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Mudd OL, SO $Aspicilia contorta (Hoffm.) Kremp. subsp. contorta OL, SO $Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.) Flagey OL, SO Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthrorhaphidaceae Hymeneliaceae Hymeneliaceae Hymeneliaceae Hymeneliaceae $Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain. SO $Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) R.Sant. SO Austrella brunnea (P.M.Jørg.) P.M.Jørg. RR $Austroblastenia pupa Sipman SO Bacidia albicerata (Kremp.) Zahlbr. OL Bacidia albidoprasina C.Knight $§Bacidia curvispora Coppins et Fryday SO §Bacidia gallowayi Coppins et Fryday OL $fBacidia killiasii (Hepp) D.Hawksw. SO $Bacidia leucocarpa C.Knight OL, SO Bacidia leucothalamia (Nyl.) Hellb. Bacidia macrospora (C.Knight) Zahlbr. Bacidia minutissima C.Knight OL §Bacidia placodioides Coppins et Fryday OL Bacidia plesia (C.Knight) Zahlbr. $Bacidia superula (Nyl.) Hellb. SO Bacidia tholera Zahlbr. $Bacidina apiahica (Müll.Arg.) Vězda SO $Bacidina phacodes (Körb.) Vězda SO $Bactrospora arthonioides Egea et Torrente OL, SO $Bactrospora metabola (Nyl.) Egea et Torrente SO Bactrospora pleistophragmoides (Nyl.) Egea et Torrente $Bathelium madreporiforme (Eschw.) Trevis. OL, SO $Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.) Clauz. et Cl.Roux SO $Bellemerea subsorediza (Lynge) R.Sant. SO Aspidotheliaceae Gomphillaceae Pannariaceae Megalosporaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Trypetheliaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 330 PJ de Lange et al. Belonia pellucida Coppins et Malcolm OL Belonia vezdana Malcolm et Coppins OL Biatora albipraetextata (C.Knight) Hellb. OL Biatorella desmaspora (C.Knight) Hellb. OL, TO Biatorella epiphysa (Stirt.) Hellb. OL $Biatoridium delitescens (Arnold) Hafellner SO Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner et Coppins OL $Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold SO $Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th.Fr. OL, SO Buellia alutacea Zahlbr. OL Buellia cranwelleae Zahlbr. $Buellia demutans (Stirt.) Zahlbr. OL, SO Buellia ferax Müll.Arg. $Buellia fuscoatratula Zahlbr. SO? $Buellia subbadioatra (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. RR, SO $Buellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Bunodophoron flaccidum (Kantvilas et Wedin) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron imshaugii (Ohlsson) Wedin SO Bunodophoron ohlssonii (Wedin) Wedin Bunodophoron tibellii (Wedin) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron whakapapaense (Wedin) Wedin SO Byssoloma adspersum Malcolm et Vězda OL Byssoloma octomerum Malcom et Vězda $Calenia microcarpa Vězda SO $Calicium chlorosporum F.Wilson OL, SO Calicium robustellum Nyl. OL, SO Gyalectaceae Gyalectaceae Ramalinaceae Biatorellaceae Biatorellaceae Lecanorales genera incertae sedis Lecanorales incertae sedis Lecanorales incertae sedis Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Pilocarpaceae Pilocarpaceae Gomphillaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Caloplaca acheila Zahlbr. Caloplaca allanii Zalhbr. OL $Caloplaca ammiospila (Wahlenb.) H.Olivier RR, SO, Sp $§Caloplaca bartlettii S.Y.Kondr. et Kärnefelt OL, SO $Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th.Fr. var. cerina RR, SO Sp $Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vain. ex Räsänen) Dombr. RR, SO $Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel. OL, SO Caloplaca concilians (Nyl.) H.Olivier TO Caloplaca crenulatella (Nyl.) H.Olivier OL, RR, TO $Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. et Forss. RR, SO $%Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th.Fr. SO $Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre et Sarnth. RR, SO $§Caloplaca hnatiukii S.Y.Kondr. et Kärnefelt OL, SO $Caloplaca irrubescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. OL, SO $§%Caloplaca maccarthyi S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt et Elix OL, SO $Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.) Flagey OL, RR, SO Caloplaca papanui D.J.Galloway Caloplaca perileuca Zahlbr. OL $§Caloplaca pulcherrima (Müll.Arg.) S.Y.Kondr. et Kärnefelt SO Caloplaca rubentior (Zahlbr.) D.J.Galloway OL §Caloplaca subsaxicola S.Y.Kondr., Elix et Kärnefelt RR $Caloplaca tornoënsis H.Magn. RR, SO, Sp Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 331 $Caloplaca xantholyta (Nyl.) Jatta SO $Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. SO $Candelariella subdeflexa (Nyl.) Lettau OL, SO $Candelariella xanthostigma (Pers.) Lettau OL, SO $Canoparmelia norpruinata Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Canoparmelia pustulescens (Kurok.) Elix OL, SO $Canoparmelia subtiliacea (Nyl.) Elix et Hale SO $Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix et Hale OL, SO $Caprettia setifera (Malcolm et Vězda) Sérus. et Lücking SO $f§Carbonea intrudens (H.Magn.) Hafellner SO $fCarbonea vitellinaria (Nyl.) Hertel OL, SO $Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel RR, SO $Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb. RR, SO $Catapyrenium daedaleum (Kremp.) B.Stein RR, SO $Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A.Massal. SO $Catillaria contristans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO $fCercidospora trypetheliza (Nyl.) Hafellner et Obermayer RR, SO $f§Cercidospora verrucosaria (Linds.) Arnold OL, SO $Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt OL, SO $Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll.Arg.) W.L. Culb. et C.F.Culb. SO $Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell RR, SO $fChaenothecopsis sagenidii Tibell RR, SO, Sp Chaenothecopsis schefflerae (Samuels et D.E.Buchanan) Tibell OL Teloschistaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Catillariaceae Catillariaceae Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae $fChaenothecopsis tasmanica Tibell SO $§Chapsa asteliae (Kantvilas et Vězda) Mangold SO $Chapsa lamellifera (Kantvilas et Vězda) Mangold SO $§Chapsa minor (Kantvilas et Vězda) Mangold et Lumbsch SO $Chiodecton montanum G.Thor SO $§Chrysothrix granulosa G.Thor SO $§Chrysothrix xanthina (Vain.) Kalb OL, SO $Cladonia aspera Ahti et Kashiw. SO $Cladonia capitellata var. interhiascens (Nyl.) Sandst. SO $Cladonia capitellata var. squamatica A.W.Archer SO $Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. SO $Cladonia corymbescens Nyl. ex Leight. SO $Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. crispata SO $Cladonia crispata var. cetrariiformis (Delise) Vain. SO $Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Ashina SO $Cladonia cucullata S.Hammer SO $Cladonia cyanopora S.Hammer SO Cladonia elixii Ahti et V.Wirth $Cladonia fruticulosa Kremp. SO $Cladonia fuscofunda S.Hammer SO Cladonia gallowayi S.Hammer $Cladonia gracilis subsp. turbinata (Ach.) Ahti SO $Cladonia gracilis subsp. vulnerata Ahti SO $Cladonia grayi G.Merr. ex Sandst. SO $Cladonia humilis var. bourgeanica A.W.Archer OL, SO Mycocaliciaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Roccellaceae Chrysotricaceae Chrysotricaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 332 PJ de Lange et al. $Cladonia krempelhuberi (Vain.) Zahlbr. SO $§Cladonia neozelandica var. lewis-smithii Ahti, Elix et Øvstedal OL, SO Cladonia nitidella S.Hammer $Cladonia novochlorophaea (Sipman) Brodo et Ahti SO $Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl. SO $Cladonia praetermissa A.W.Archer SO Cladonia pulchra S.Hammer $Cladonia rei Schaer. SO $Cladonia sarmentosa (Hook.f. et Taylor) C.W.Dodge SO Cladonia strangulata S.Hammer $Cladonia sulcata A.W.Archer var. sulcata SO $Cladonia sulcata var. striata A.W.Archer SO $Cladonia sulcata var. wilsonii (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer SO $Cladonia sulphurina (Michx) Fr. SO $Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H.Wigg. SO $Cladonia weymouthii A.W.Archer SO $Clauzadea monticola (Ach.) Hafellner et Bellem. RR, SO $Clauzadeana macula (Taylor) Coppins et Rambold SO $Cliostomum griffithii (Sm.) Coppins SO $Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $Coccotrema porinopsis (Nyl.) Imshaug SO $Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb et Lücking SO $Coenogonium flavum (Malcolm et Vězda) Malcolm SO Coenogonium fuscescens (Vězda et Malcolm) Malcolm Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Porpidiaceae Lecanoraceae Ramalinaceae Coccocarpiaceae Coccotremataceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogonium lutescens (Vězda et Malcolm) Malcolm OL $Coenogonium queenslandicum (Kalb et Vězda) Lücking SO Coenogonium rubrifuscum (Vězda et Malcolm) Malcolm OL $Coenogonium zonatum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb et Lücking SO $Collema coccophorum Tuck. SO $Collema crispum (Huds.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. SO $Collema fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. var. fasciculare SO $Collema fasciculare var. colensoi C.Bab. SO $Collema fasciculare var. microcarpum (Müll.Arg.) Degel. SO Collema fragrans var. contiguum (C.Knight et Mitt.) Degel. $Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. SO $Collema japonicum (Müll.Arg.) Hue SO $Collema leptaleum Tuck. SO $Collema novozelandicum Degel. SO $Collema quadriloculare var. tasmaniae F.Wilson SO $Collema subflaccidum Degel. SO $Collema subfragrans Degel. SO Collema subundulatum Degel. OL $Conotremopsis weberiana Vězda OL, SO $fCornutispora ciliata Kalb SO $fCornutispora lichenicola D.Hawksw. et B.Suttoni OL, SO $fCorticifraga fuckelii (Rehmn) D.Hawksw. et R.Sant. SO Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Sticidaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Lecanorales genera incertae sedis Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 333 $Cresponea plurilocularis (Nyl.) Egea et Torrente SO Cryptolechia myriadella (Nyl.) D.Hawksw. et Dibben Cryptothecia bartlettii G.Thor $Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevis. OL, SO $Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites SO $fDactylospora acarosporae (H.Magn.) Hafellner OL, SO f§Dactylospora davidii Hafellner et H.Mayrhofer OL $fDactylospora frigida Hafellner SO $fDactylospora lobariella (Hyl.) Hafellner SO $fDactylospora parasitica (Flörke) Zopf OL, SO $Degelia crustacea P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO $§Degelia symptychia (Tuck.) P.M.Jørg. OL, SO $Degeliella versicolor (Hook.f. et Taylor) P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp $Dermatocarpon miniatum var. complicatum (Lighf.) Th.Fr. RR, SO, Sp $Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck) Kalb et Gierl SO $Dictyonema moorei (Nyl.) Henssen SO $Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) Berk. SO $Digitothyrea rotundata (Büdel, Henssen et Wessels) Moreno et Egea SO $Diploschistes actinostomus (Ach.) Zahlbr. OL, SO $Diploschistes euganeus (A.Massal.) J.Steiner SO $Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr. SO $Diploschistes gyrophoricus Lumbsch et Elix SO $Diploschistes hensseniae Lumbsch et Elix SO $Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. subsp. muscorum SO Roccellaceae Gyalectaceae Arthoniaceae Caliciaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Dactylosporaceae Dactylosporaceae Dactylosporaceae Dactylosporaceae Dactylosporaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Verrucariaceae Icmadophilaceae Atheliaceae Atheliaceae Lichinaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae $Diploschistes ocellatus (Vill.) Norman SO $Diploschistes sticticus (Körb.) Müll.Arg. SO $Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot. SO $Diplotomma canescens (Dicks.) Flotow subsp. canescens SO $Diplotomma canescens subsp. australasica (Elix et Lumbsch) D.J.Galloway SO $Diplotomma chlorophaeum (Hepp ex Leight.) Szatala OL, SO $§Diplotomma nivale (Bagl. et Carestia) Hafellner OL, SO $Dirinaria aegialitia (Afz.) B.J.Moore SO $Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. et Shear SO Encephalographa otagensis (Linds.) Müll.Arg. OL $Endocarpon adscendens (Anzi) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. SO $Endocarpon simplicatum (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $fEndococcus macrosporus (Arnold) Nyl. SO $fEndococcus parietinarius (Linds.) Clauzade et C.l.Roux SO fEndococcus ramalinarius (Linds) D.Hawksw. OL $fEndococcus rugulosus Nyl. SO Enterographa bartlettii Sérus. OL $Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger SO Enterographa subgelatinosa (Stirt.) Redinger $Enterographa subserialis (Nyl.) Redinger SO $Ephebe fruticosa Henssen OL, SO $Ephebe ocellata Henssen SO Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Melaspilaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Dothideomycetes incertae sedis Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Lichinaceae Lichinaceae 334 PJ de Lange et al. $Epigloea soleiformis Döbbeler Epigloeaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 OL, SO $§Euopsis granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl. SO, Sp $Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) Vězda SO $f§Feltgeniomyces physciae Etayo et Breuss SO Fissurina confraga Kremp. OL $Fissurina incrustans Fée OL, SO $Fissurina inquinata C.Knight et Mitt. OL, SO $Fissurina insidiosa C.Knight et Mitt. OL, SO Fissurina novae-zelandiae C.Knight $Fissurina subcontexta (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $Fissurina triticea (Nyl.) Staiger OL, SO $Frutidella caesioatra (Schaer.) Kalb SO $Fulgensia bracteata (Hoffm.) Räsänen OL, SO $Fulgensia fulgens (Sw.) Elenkin RR, SO $Fuscidea asbolodes (Nyl.) Hertel et V.Wirth SO $Fuscidea cyathodes (Ach.) V.Wirth et Vězda SO, OL $Fuscidea impolita (Müll.Arg.) Hertel SO $Fuscidea subasbolodes Kantvilas SO $Fuscoderma limbatum P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO $Fuscoderma pyxinoides P.M.Jørg. SO $Fuscopannaria granulans P.M.Jørg. SO $Fuscopannaria minor (Darb.) P.M.Jørg. SO $fGlobosphaeria jamesii D.Hawksw. OL, SO? $Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. SO $Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Eschw. OL, SO Lichinaceae Pilocarpaceae Ascomycota incertae sedis Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Lecanoraceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Fuscideaceae Fuscideaceae Fuscideaceae Fuscideaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Sordariales incertae sedis Graphidaceae Graphidaceae $Graphis elegans (Sm.) Ach. OL, SO $Graphis tenella Ach. OL, SO $Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp SO $Gyalectidium caucasicum (Elenkin et Woronin) Vězda Gyalidea cerina Malcolm et Vězda $Gyalidea hensseniae Hafellner, Poelt et Vězda SO $Gyalidea hyalinescens (Nyl.) Vězda SO $Haematomma nothofagi Kalb et Staiger Haematommataceae $Haematomma sorediatum R.W.Rogers SO Haematommataceae $Halecania ralfsii (Salwey) M.Mayrhofer OL, SO $Halecania subsquamosa (Müll.Arg.) van den Boom et H.Mayrhofer OL, SO $fHemigrapha asteriscus (Müll.Arg.) D.Hawksw. SO $fHemigrapha nephromatis Wedin et Diederich SO Hertella neozelandica Henssen OL $Heterodermia appendiculata (Kurok.) Swinscow et Krog SO $Heterodermia casarettiana (A.Massal.) Trevis. SO $Heterodermia chilensis (Kurok.) Swinscow et Krog OL, SO $Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D.Awasthi OL, SO $Heterodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Follmann SO $Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Swinscow et Krog SO $Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D.Awasthi SO $Heterodermia spathulifera Moberg et Purvis OL, SO Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Gyalectaceae Gomphillaceae Solorinellaceae Solorinellaceae Solorinellaceae Catillariaceae Catillariaceae Parmulariaceae Parmulariaceae Placynthiaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 335 $Heteroplacidium podolepis (Breuss) Breuss SO $Hypocenomyce australis Timdal SO $Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach. Ex Lilj.) M.Choisy SO $Hypogymnia pulchrilobata (Bitter) Elix OL, SO $Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna dactylifera (Vain.) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna ensifolia (Kurok.) Hale OL, SO $Hypotrachyna exsecta (Taylor) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale OL, SO $Hypotrachyna neodissecta (Hale) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S.Park et Hale SO $Hypotrachyna producta Hale OL, SO $Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale SO $Hypotrachyna thysanota (Kurok.) Hale OL, SO $Immersaria athroocarpa (Ach.) Rambold et Pietschm. SO $Ingvariella bispora (Bagl.) Guderley et Lumbsch SO $f§Intralichen christiansenii (D.Hawksw.) D.Hawksw. et M.S.Cole OL, SO $Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni SO Jackelixia incavata (Stirton) S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et A.Thell. $Jamesiella anastomosans (Vězda et P.James) Lücking, Sérus. et Vězda SO Verrucariaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Porpidiaceae Stictidaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Hymeneliaceae Teloschistaceae Gomphillaceae $fLauderlindsaya borreri (Tul.) J.C.David et D.Hawksw. SO $Laurera cumingii (Mont.) Zahlbr. SO $Lecanactis abietina (Ach.) Körb. SO Lecanactis exigua Egea et Torrente OL Lecanactis tibelliana Egea et Torrente Lecanactis totarae Zahlbr. $§Lecania fructigena Zahlbr. OL, SO $Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich et P.Boom OL, SO $§Lecania nylanderiana A.Massal. OL, SO $Lecanographa abscondita (Th.Fr.) Egea et Torrente OL, SO $%Lecanora achroa Nyl. SO $Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Degel. SO Lecanora bicincta Ramond $Lecanora cenisioides Lumbsch SO $%Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb. SO $Lecanora crenulata Hook. SO $Lecanora elatinoides Räsänen SO $Lecanora elixii Lumbsch SO $§%Lecanora epanora (Ach.) Ach. $Lecanora fertilissima Zahlbr. SO $%Lecanora flavidofusca Müll.Arg. SO $Lecanora flavidomarginata de Lesd. SO $§%Lecanora handelii J.Steiner SO $Lecanora helva Stizenb. SO $Lecanora interjecta Müll.Arg. SO $Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. OL, SO $Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh. OL, SO Verrucariaceae Trypetheliaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Roccellaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 336 PJ de Lange et al. $Lecanora novaehollandiae Lumbsch SO, Sp $Lecanora oreinoides (Körb.) Hertel et Rambold SO $Lecanora plumosa Müll.Arg. SO $Lecanora queenslandica C.Knight SO $Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. SO $Lecanora subcoarctata (C.Knight) Hertel OL, SO $Lecanora subimmergens Vain. OL, SO $Lecanora subumbrina Müll.Arg. RR, SO, Sp $Lecanora swartzii (Ach.) Ach. SO Lecanora umbrina (Ach.) A.Massal. OL $Lecidea aucklandica Zahlbr. SO $Lecidea canorufescens Kremp. OL, SO Lecidea capensis Zahlbr. OL Lecidea cerinocarpa C.Knight Lecidea coccodes sensu C.Knight Lecidea conisalea C.Knight $Lecidea dacrydii Müll.Arg. SO $Lecidea diducens Nyl. SO $Lecidea endochlora (Hook.f. et Taylor) Tuck. SO Lecidea fuscocincta Stirt. OL Lecidea lapicida var. maungahukae Hertel $Lecidea lapicida var. pantherina Ach. SO $Lecidea lygomma var. crassilabra (Müll.Arg.) Hertel et Rambold SO Lecidea miscescens Nyl. OL Lecidea nigratula Müll.Arg. OL $Lecidea ochroleuca Pers. SO $Lecidea plana (J.Lahm) Nyl. SO $Lecidea sarcogynoides Körb. SO $Lecidea spheniscidarum Hertel SO Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecidea subsericea Zahlbr. OL $Lecidea swartzioidea Nyl. SO Lecidea thomsonii Zahlbr. OL $fLecidea verruca Poelt OL, SO $Lecidella carpathica Körb. SO $Lecidella commutata Knoph et Leuckert OL, SO $Lecidella effugiens (Nilson) Knoph et Hertel SO $Lecidella granulosa (Nyl.) Knoph et Leuckert OL, SO $§Lecidella patavina (A.Massal.) Knoph et Leuckert OL, SO $§Lecidella scabra (Taylor) Hertel et Leuckert OL, SO Lecidella schistiseda (Zahlbr.) Hertel $Lecidella sublapicida (C.Knight) Hertel SO $Lecidella wulfenii (Hepp) Körb. SO $Lecidoma demissum (Rutstr.) Gotth. Schneid. et Hertel SO $Leiorreuma exaltatum (Mont et Bosch) Staiger SO $Lempholemma cladodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr. SO $Lepraria eburnea J.R.Laundon SO $Lepraria membranacea (Dicks.) Vain. OL, SO $Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C.Harris SO $Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $Leptogium australe (Hook.f. et Taylor) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W.Dodge SO $Leptogium biloculare F.Wilson SO $Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. SO $Leptogium coralloideum (Meyen et Flot.) Vain. SO $Leptogium cyanizum Nyl. SO $Leptogium laceroides de Lesd. SO Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Psoraceae Graphidaceae Lichinaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Lecanorales genera incertae sedis Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 337 $Leptogium malmei P.M.Jørg. SO $Leptogium pecten F.Wilson SO $Leptogium philorheuma F.Wilson SO $Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont. SO $Leptogium plicatile (Ach.) Leight. RR, SO $Leptogium propaguliferum Vain. SO $Leptogium victorianum F.Wilson SO $Leptorhaphis haematommatum Hafellner et Kalb SO $fLichenochora xanthoriae Treibel et Rambold OL, SO $fLichenoconium cargillianum (Linds.) D.Hawksw. OL, SO $f§Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D.Hawksw. SO $fLichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko et D.Hawksw. SO $f§Lichenodiplis pertusariicola (Nyl.) Diederich SO $f§Lichenodiplis poeltii S.Y.Kondr. et D.Hawksw. SO $fLichenopeltella epiphylla R.Sant. SO $fLichenostigma cosmopolites Hafellner et Calatayud OL, SO $f§Lichenostigma rugosa G.Thor SO $Lichina minutissima Henssen SO $Lithographa graphidioides (Cromb.) Imshaug ex Coppins et Fryday SO Lithogyalideopsis zeylandica (Vězda et Malcolm) Lücking, Sérus. et Vězda OL Lithothelium australe Aptroot et Mayrhofer f§Llimoniella placopsidis Diederich et Fryday DP Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Naetrocymbaceae Phyllachoraceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Microthyriaceae Lichenotheliaceae Lichenotheliaceae Lichinaceae $§Llimoniella ramalinae (Müll.Arg.) Etayo et Diederich SO $Lobaria dictyophora (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway OL $Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevis. SO $Lobothallia melanaspis (Ach.) Hafellner SO $Lopadium monosporum (C.Knight) Hellb. SO $Loxospora septata (Sipman et Aptroot) Kantvilas SO $Loxospora solenospora (Müll.Arg.) Kantvilas SO $Macentina stigonemoides A.Orange SO Malcolmiella cinereovirens Vězda $%Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp SO $Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. SO $Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO Megalaria imshaugii Fryday Megalaria macrospora Fryday OL Megalaria maculosa (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway $Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner et Schreiner SO Megalaria semipallida (C.Knight) D.J.Galloway Megalaria spodophana (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway OL Megalaria subcarnea (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway Helotiales incertae sedis Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Hymeneliaceae Ectolechiaceae Sarrameanaceae Sarrameanaceae Verrucariaceae Bacidiaceae Fuscideaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae OL Trapeliaceae Gomphillaceae Pyrenulaceae Helotiales incertae sedis Megalaria sublivens (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway Megalaria variegata (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway OL $Megaloblastenia flavidoatra (Nyl.) Sipman SO $Megalospora bartlettii Sipman SO Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 338 PJ de Lange et al. $Megalospora disjuncta Sipman SO $Megalospora gompholoma subsp. fuscolineata Sipman OL, SO Megalospora knightii Sipman $Megalospora lopadioides Sipman OL, SO $Megalospora subtuberculosa (C.Knight) Sipman SO $Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner et V.Wirth SO Melanelxia calva (Essl.) A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix Melanelixia glabratuloides (Essl.) A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix $Melanelixia subglabra (Räsänen) A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix SO $Melanohalea zopheroa (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $§Melanotopelia rugosa (Kantvilas et Vězda) Lumbsch et Mangold SO Melaspilea subeffigurans (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. Menegazzia hypernota Bjerke $§Menegazzia kantvilasii P.James SO Menegazzia stirtonii (Zahlbr.) Kantvilas et Louwhoff $Menegazzia ultralucens P.James et D.J.Galloway SO $Micarea flagellispora Coppins et Kantvilas OL, SO $Micarea isabellina Coppins et Kantvilas SO $Micarea nitschkeana (Lahm ex Rabenh.) Harm. SO $Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins et R.Sant. SO $Micarea prasina Fr. SO $Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex A.Massal.) Tibell SO $Miriquidica deusta (Stenh.) Hertel et Rambold SO Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Pertusariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Graphidaceae Melaspilaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Micareaceae Micareaceae Micareaceae Micareaceae Micareaceae Microcaliciaceae Lecanoraceae §Miriquidica effigurata Fryday RR $Miriquidica nigroleprosa (Vain.) Hertel et Rambold SO §Miriquidica squamulosa Fryday IE, OL $fMonerolechia badia (Fr.) Kalb SO $fMuellerella lichenicola (Sommerf.) D.Hawksw. SO $fMuellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D.Hawksw. SO $Multiclavula coronilla (Martin) R.H.Petersen SO $Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H.Petersen SO $Multiclavula mucida (Pers: Fr.) R.H.Petersen SO $§Mycoblastus bryophilus Imshaug ex Kantvilas OL, SO $Mycoblastus campbellianus (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO $§Mycoblastus coniophorus (Elix et A.W.Archer) Kantvilas et Elix OL, SO $§Mycoblastus disporus (C.Knight) Kantvilas OL, SO $Mycoblastus dissimulans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO $Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) Tibell SO $Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala SO $Mycocalicium victoriae (C.Knight ex F.Wilson) Tibell SO Mycomicrothelia minutissima (C.Knight) D.Hawksw. OL Mycomicrothelia striguloides Sérus. et Aptroot OL fMyxophora apotheciicola Nik. Hoffm. et Hafellner OL Pseudoperisporiaceae $Naetrocymbe punctiformis (Pers.) R.C.Harris SO $fNectria byssophila Rossman OL, SO $Nephroma helveticum Ach. SO $f§Nigropuncta rugulosa D.Hawksw. OL, SO Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Physciaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Clavariaceae Clavariaceae Clavariaceae Mycoblastaceae Mycoblastaceae Mycoblastaceae Mycoblastaceae Mycoblastaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Naetrocymbaceae Nectriaceae Nephromataceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 339 $Notocladonia undulata S.Hammer OL, SO, RR $Ocellularia allosporoides (Nyl.) Patw. et C.R.Kulkarni OL, SO, RR §Ocellularia bicuspidata (Müll.Arg.) Mangold, Elix et Lumbsch SO Ocellularia concentricum (Stirt.) Sherwood OL $Ocellularia monosporoides (Nyl.) Hale SO §Ocellularia profunda (Stirt.) Mangold, Elix et Lumbsch SO $Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A.Massal. OL, SO Ochrolechia thelotremoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. $%Opegrapha atra Pers. SO $Opegrapha bonplandii Fée OL, SO fOpegrapha brevissima Kalb et Hafellner OL Opegrapha concrucians Kremp. OL Opegrapha devia (C.Knight et Mitt.) Nyl. $fOpegrapha foreaui (Moreau) Hafellner et R.Sant. SO $f§Opegrapha geographicola (Arnold) Hafellner OL, SO $fOpegrapha maligna Triebel Cladoniaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae SO $f§Opegrapha melanospila Müll.Arg. SO Opegrapha murina Kremp. OL $Opegrapha puiggarii Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Opegrapha rupestris Pers. OL, SO Opegrapha spodopolia Nyl. $Opegrapha stellata C.Knight SO $f§Opegrapha thelotrematis Coppins OL, SO $Pachyphiale carneola (Ach.) Arnold OL, SO $Pannaria centrifuga P.M.Jørg. SO Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Gyalectaceae Pannariaceae $Pannaria dichroa (Hook.f. et Taylor) Cromb. SO $Pannaria subcrustacea (Räsänen) P.M.Jørg. SO $Pannoparmelia wilsonii (Räsänen) D.J.Galloway SO $Paraporpidia glauca (Taylor) Rambold SO $Parasiphula elixii (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Grube OL, SO $Parasiphula georginae (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Grube SO $Parasiphula jamesii (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Grube OL, SO $Parmelia kerguelensis F.Wilson SO §Parmelia nortestacea Elix $Parmelia protosignifera Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO $Parmelia salcrambidiocarpa Hale SO Parmeliella crassa P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway $Parmeliella granulata I.M.Lamb SO $Parmeliella nigrata (Müll.Arg.) P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO $Parmeliella parvula P.M.Jørg. OL, SO Parmeliella rakiurae P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway OL $Parmeliella thysanota (Stirt.) Zahlbr. SO Parmeliella variegata (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL $Parmelina pseudorelicina (Jatta) Kantvilas et Elix SO $Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale OL, SO $Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix et Hale SO $Parmelinopsis jamesii (Hale) Elix et Hale SO $Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix et Hale SO $Parmelinopsis spathulata (Kurok.) Elix et Hale SO Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Porpidiaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 340 PJ de Lange et al. $Parmelinopsis swinscowii (Hale) Elix et Hale SO $Parmotrema gardneri (C.W.Dodge) Sérus. SO $Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale SO $Parmotrema lophogenum (Abbayes) Hale SO $Parmotrema reparatum (Stirt.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Elix et Lumbsch SO $Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale SO $Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale SO $Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. SO, Sp $Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise SO, Sp $Peltigera lepidophora (Vain.) Bitter SO $Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck SO $Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. SO $Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf SO $Perigrapha nitida Ertz, Diederich, Christnach et Wedin RR, SO Pertusaria albissima Müll.Arg. Pertusaria allanii Zahlbr. RR Pertusaria barbatica A.W.Archer et Elix RR Pertusaria bartlettii A.W.Archer et Elix OL Pertusaria celata A.W.Archer et Elix Pertusaria circumcincta Stirt. §Pertusaria dennistonensis Elix et A.W.Archer OL Pertusaria duppensis A.W.Archer et Malcolm OL $Pertusaria erubescens (Taylor) Nyl. SO Pertusaria erumpescens Nyl. OL Pertusaria flavovelata Elix et Malcolm OL Pertusaria hadrospora A.W.Archer et Elix Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Roccellaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae $Pertusaria hypoxantha Malme SO $Pertusaria jamesii Kantvilas SO $Pertusaria knightiana Müll.Arg. OL, SO Pertusaria laevis C.Knight $Pertusaria leucoplaca Müll.Arg. SO $Pertusaria melaleucoides Müll.Arg. SO Pertusaria micropora Kremp. OL $Pertusaria monticola Messuti SO $Pertusaria muricata J.C.David OL, SO Pertusaria murrayi Elix et A.W.Archer OL Pertusaria otagoana D.J.Galloway OL Pertusaria paratropa Müll.Arg. OL Pertusaria parvula A.W.Archer et Elix OL $Pertusaria perrimosa Nyl. SO $Pertusaria petrophyes C.Knight OL, SO Pertusaria scottii Elix et A.W.Archer OL Pertusaria spilota A.W.Archer et Malcolm Pertusaria sporellula A.W.Archer et Elix OL $Pertusaria stellata Fryday TO? $Pertusaria subisidiosa A.W.Archer OL, SO $Pertusaria subplanaica A.W.Archer et Elix SO $Pertusaria subventosa Malme OL, SO $Pertusaria thamnolica A.W.Archer SO Pertusaria theochroa Kremp. OL $Pertusaria thiospoda C.Knight SO Pertusaria tyloplaca Nyl. Pertusaria vallicola Elix et Malcolm OL Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 341 $Pertusaria xanthoplaca Müll.Arg. SO $§Peterjamesia circumscripta (Taylor) D.Hawksw. SO $f§Phacopsis fusca (Triebel et Rambold) Diederich SO $fPhacopsis oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel et Rambold SO Phaeocalicium asciiforme Tibell OL $Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger SO $Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl. SO $Phaeophyscia endococcina var. endococcinoides (Poelt) Moberg SO $fPhaeopyxis punctum (A.Massal.) Rambold, Triebel et Coppins OL, SO $fPhaeospora perrugosaria (Linds.) R.Sant. SO f§Phaeosporobolus alpinus R.Sant., Alstrup et D. Hawksw. SO f§Phaeosporobolus usneae D.Hawksw. et Hafellner SO Phlyctis longifera (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et G.Guzmán Phlyctis megalospora (P.James) D.J.Galloway et G.Guzmán Phlyctis oleosa Stirt. $fPhoma cytospora (Vouaux) D.Hawksw. SO fPhoma dubia (Linds.) Sacc. et A.Trotter OL Phyllisciella aotearoa Henssen et J.K.Bartlett OL $Phylloporis viridis Lucking OL, SO $Phyllopsora buettneri var. glauca (de Lesd.) Brako SO $Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.) Zahlbr. SO Phyllopsora malcolmii Vězda et Kalb OL Pertusariaceae Verrucariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Mycocaliciaceae Graphidaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Helotiales incertae sedis Verrucariaceae Anamorphic Dothideales Anamorphoc Dothideales Phlyctidaceae Phlyctidaceae Phlyctidaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Anamorphic Ascomycota Lichinaceae Strigulaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae $Physcia atrostriata Moberg SO $Physcia crispa Nyl. SO $Physcia tribacoides Nyl. SO $Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss RR, SO $Placopsis bicolor (Tuck.) de Lesd. SO $Placopsis dusenii I.M.Lamb SO $Placynthiella oligotropha (J.R.Laundon) Coppins et P.James OL, SO $§Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold SO $Platygramme arechavaletae (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer SO $fPlectocarpon bunodophori Wedin, Ertz et Diederich SO fPlectocarpon concentricum Ertz, Diederich et Wedin OL $fPlectocarpon gallowayi (S.Kondr.) Ertz et Diederich SO fPlectocarpon opegraphoideum Christnach, Ertz, Diederich et Wedin fPlectocarpon tibellii Ertz et Diederich OL $Pocsia dispersa Vězda OL, SO Podotara pilophoriformis Malcolm et Vězda $Polyblastia cruenta (Körb.) P.James et Swinscow OL, SO $Polyblastia melaspora (Taylor) Zahlbr. OL, SO Polyblastia trachyspora (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL $fPolycoccum crespoae Váczi et D.Hawksw. SO $fPolycoccum jamesii D.Hawksw. OL, TO $fPolycoccum rugulosarium (Linds.) D.Hawksw. SO $fPolycoccum squamarioides (Mudd) Arnold SO fPolycoccum stictaria (Linds.) D.J.Galloway IE, OL Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Verrucariaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Placynthiaceae Graphidaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Ascomycota incertae sedis Lecanorales genera incertae sedis Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Dacampiaceae Dacampiaceae Dacampiaceae Dacampiaceae Dacampiaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 342 PJ de Lange et al. $fPolycoccum vermicularium (Linds.) D.Hawksw. SO $Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) R.C.Harris OL, SO $Porina ahlesiana (Körb.) Zahlbr. SO, Sp $Porina aptrootii P.M.McCarthy SO $Porina atrocoerulea Müll.Arg. SO $Porina cerina (Zahlbr.) R.Sant. SO $Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO Porina chrysophora (Stirt.) R.Sant. OL Porina cinereonigrescens (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL $Porina constrictospora P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas Dacampiaceae Trypetheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae OL, SO $Porina corrugata Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Porina decrescens P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas SO Porina diffluens Malcolm et Vězda OL $Porina elegantula Müll.Arg. OL, SO Porina emiscens (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL $Porina epiphylla (Fée) Fée OL, SO $Porina exacta Malcolm, P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas OL, SO $Porina fluminea P.M.McCarthy et P.N.Johnson SO $Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr. SO $Porina kantvilasii P.M.McCarthy SO Porina lamprocarpa (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL $Porina leptalea (Durieu et Mont.) A.L.Sm. SO Porina leptaleina (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae $Porina leptosperma Müll.Arg. OL, SO Porina leptostegia (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL $Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Porina nucula Ach. OL, SO Porina otagensis P.M.McCarthy OL $Porina palmicola Malcolm et Vězda OL, SO Porina partita P.M.McCarthy Porina psilocarpa P.M.McCarthy OL $Porina rhaphidiophora (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. SO Porina rubella (Malcolm et Vězda) Lücking OL Porina rubrofusca (Malcom et Vězda) Lücking $Porina rufula (Kremp.) Vain. OL, SO $Porina semecarpi Vain. SO $Porina silvatica P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas SO Porina speciosa P.M.McCarthy et Malcolm OL $Porina subapplanata Malcom, Vězda, P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas SO $Porina tetramera (Malme) R.Sant. SO $Porpidia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel SO $Porpidia skottsbergiana Hertel OL, SO $Porpidia speirea (Ach.) Kremp. RR, SO $Porpidia superba (Körb.) Hertel et Knoph SO $§Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel et Knoph SO f§Pronectria subimperspicua (Speg.) Lowen SO $Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J.Steiner RR, SO $Pseudocyphellaria crocatoides D.J.Galloway SO Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Bionectriaceae Psoraceae Lobariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 343 $§Pseudocyphellaria godeffroyi (Kremp.) D.J.Galloway OL, SO $Pseudocyphellaria mallota (Tuck.) H.Magn. OL, SO $Pseudocyphellaria nermula D.J.Galloway TO? $§Pseudocyphellaria prolificans (Nyl.) Vain. OL, SO $§Pseudocyphellaria semilanata (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway OL, SO $§Pseudocyphellaria sulphurea (Schaer.) D.J.Galloway OL, SO $Psilolechia clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins OL, SO $Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M.Choisy SO $Psora crenata (Taylor) Reinke OL, SO $Psora crystallifera (Taylor) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Psoroma angustisectum Zahlbr. OL, SO Psoroma cyanosorediatum P.M.Jørg. OL $Psoroma geminatum P.M.Jørg. SO Punctelia novozelandica Elix et J.Johnst. $Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. SO $Pyrenopsis tasmanica Nyl. SO $Pyrenothrix nigra Riddle SO $Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi Mont. OL, SO Pyrenula chlorospila (Nyl.) Arnold OL $Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. SO Pyrenula moniliformis (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.) R.C.Harris Pyrenula quassiaecola (Fée) Fée Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. Pyrenula thelomorpha Tuck OL Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Pilocarpaceae Pilocarpaceae Psoraceae Psoraceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Dacampiaceae Lichinaceae Pyrenotrichaceae Ectolechiaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae Pyrenulaceae $Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R.C.Harris SO $Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. SO $ Racodium rupestre Pers. SO Ramalodium dumosum Henssen OL Ramalodium fecundissimum Henssen $Ramboldia sanguinolenta (Kremp.) Kalb, Lumbsch et Elix SO $Ramboldia stuartii (Hampe) Kantvilas et Elix OL, SO $f§Refractohilum galligenum D.Hawksw. OL, SO $Rhizocarpon copelandii (Körb.) Th.Fr. SO $Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. arcticum (Runemark) Hertel OL, SO $Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain. SO $Rhizocarpon polycarpum (Hepp) Th.Fr. SO $Rhizocarpon postumum (Nyl.) Arnold SO $Rhizocarpon purpurescens Fryday SO $Rhizocarpon pusillum Runemark SO $Rhizocarpon subpostumum (Nyl.) Arnold OL, SO $Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Körb. SO Rhytidiella beloniza (Stirt.) M.B.Aguirre OL $Rimularia hepaticola Kantvilas et Coppins OL, SO $§Rinodina brattii H.Mayrhofer SO $Rinodina capensis Hampe SO $Rinodina confragosula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO $Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray OL, SO Pyrenulaceae Physciaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Moniliaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Cucurbitariaceae Trapeliaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 344 PJ de Lange et al. Rinodina gallowayi H.Mayrhofer OL §Rinodina herteliana Kaschik $Rinodina immersa (Körb.) Arnold RR, SO $%Rinodina inflata Kalb OL, SO $fRinodina insularis (Arnold) Hafellner RR, SO Rinodina jamesii H.Mayrhofer $§Rinodina moziana (Nyl.) Zahlbr. var. moziana SO §Rinodina moziana var. parasitica Kaschik et H.Mayrhofer OL $Rinodina murrayi H.Mayrhofer RR, SO §Rinodina oxydata (A.Massal.) A.Massal. $%Rinodina septentrionalis Malme OL, SO Rinodina subtubulata (C.Knight) Zahlbr. $Roccellinastrum flavescens Kantvilas OL, SO $fRoselliniella coccocarpiae (Pat.) Matzer et R.Sant. RR, SO $fRosellinula lopadii (Vouaux) D.J.Galloway RR, SO $§fSagediopsis campsteriana (Linds.) D.Hawksw. et R.Sant. SO $Santessoniella pulchella P.M.Jørg. SO $Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $§Schaereria bullata Kantvilas SO $§Schaereria fabispora Hertel et Zürn OL, SO $Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade et Cl.Roux OL, SO $Schismatomma occultum (C.Knight et Mitt.) Zahlbr. SO $§Schizotrema schizolomum (Müll.Arg.) Mangold et Lumbsch SO $§Schizotrema zebrinum Mangold SO Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Micareaceae Sordariales incertae sedis Dothideales incertae sedia Adelococcaceae Pannariaceae Graphidaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Roccellaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae $Sclerophora amabilis (Tibell) Tibell SO $Sclerophora sanguinea (Tibell) Tibell SO Scoliciosporum lividum Malcolm et Vězda $Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold SO $fScutula miliaris (Wallr.) Trevis. RR, SO $Siphula pickeringii Tuck. SO $fSkyttea mayrhoferi Diederich et Etayo RR, SO $Spilonema dendroides Henssen SO $Sporopodium phyllocharis (Mont.) A.Massal. SO $Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh RR, SO Steinera radiata P.James et Henssen subsp. radiata OL Steinera radiata subsp. aucklandica P.James et Henssen OL, IE $Stereocaulon delisei Bory ex Duby SO Stereocaulon wadei I.M.Lamb OL $§Sticta brevipes (Mull.Arg.) Zahlbr. OL, SO $§Sticta caperata (Nyl.) Nyl. OL, SO $§Sticta cyphellulata (Müll. Arg.) Hue SO $§Sticta wiegelii (Ach.) Vain. OL, SO $fStigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel RR, SO $f Stigmidium frigidum (Sacc.) Alstrup et D.Hawksw. SO $fStigmidium peltideae (Vain.) R.Sant. SO $fStigmidium pumilum (Lettau) Matzer et J.Hafellner SO $f Stigmidium schaereri (A.Massal.) Trevis. SO $f§Stigmidium xanthoparmeliarum Hafellner OL, SO Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Pilocarpaceae Icmadophilaceae Helotiales incertae sedis Coccocarpiaceae Pilocarpaceae Verrucariaceae Coccocarpiaceae Coccocarpiaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Mycosphaerellaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 345 $%Strangospora deplanata (Almq.) Clauzade et Cl.Roux OL, SO $Strigula affinis (A.Massal.) R.C.Harris OL, SO $Strigula albicascens (Nyl.) R.C.Harris OL, SO $Strigula australiensis P.M.McCarthy SO $Strigula decipiens (Malme) P.M.McCarthy SO Strigula delicata Sérus. $Strigula fossulicola P.M.McCarthy, Streimann et Elix SO Strigula fracticonidia R.C.Harris OL $Strigula indutula (Nyl.) R.C.Harris OL, SO Strigula johnsonii P.M.McCarthy Strigula kaitokensis Sérus. et Polly $Strigula melanobapha (Kremp.) R.Sant. OL, SO $Strigula minutula P.M.McCarthy OL, SO $Strigula nemathora Mont. OL, SO $Strigula nitidula Mont. OL, SO Strigula novae-zelandiae (Nag.Raj.) Sérus. Strigula occulta P.M.McCarthy et Malcolm OL $Strigula oceanica P.M.McCarthy, Streimann et Elix SO $Strigula orbicularis Fr.:Fr. OL, SO $Strigula prasina Müll.Arg. SO $Strigula schizopora R.Sant. OL, SO $Strigula smaragdula Fr.:Fr. SO $Strigula subelegans Vain. SO Strigula subsimplicans (Nyl.) R.C.Harris $Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll.Arg. OL, SO Lecanoraceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae Strigulaceae $Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.) R.Sant. SO $fThamnogalla crombei (Mudd) D.Hawksw. SO $Thelenella luridella (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer OL, SO Thelidium maurospilum (Nyl.) Hellb. OL Thelidium neozelandicum Zahlbr. $Thelidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold SO $Thelidium pluvium A.Orange SO $%Thelomma ocellatum (Körb.) Tibell SO Thelotrema circumscriptum C.Knight Thelotrema farinaceum C.Knight OL Thelotrema hians Stirt. $Thelotrema porinoides Mont. et Bosch. OL, SO $§Thelotrema rugulatum Nyl. OL, SO Thelotrema saxatile C.Knight $Thelotrema subtile Tuck. OL, SO $§Thelotrema suecicum (H.Magn.) P.James SO $Thelotrema weberi Hale SO Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr. EF, SO $Toninia australis Timdal RR, SO $Toninia glaucocarpa Timdal SO $Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal SO $Toninia tumidula (Sm.) Zahlbr. SO $Topelia rosea (Servı́t) P.M.Jørg. OL, SO §Topeliopsis athallina Lumbsch et Mangold $Topeliopsis decorticans (Müll.Arg.) A.Frisch et Kalb SO $Topeliopsis muscigena (Stizenb.) Kalb. SO Ectolechiaceae Odontotremataceae Thelenellaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Physciaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Protothelenellaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Stictidaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 346 PJ de Lange et al. $Topeliopsis novae-zelandiae (Szatala) Lumbsch et Mangold SO $Topeliopsis subdenticulata (Zahlbr.) A.Frisch et Kalb SO $Trapelia corticola Coppins et P.James SO $§Trapelia glebulosa (Sm.) J.R.Laundon RR, SO Trapelia herteliana Fryday IE $§Trapelia lilacea Kantvilas et Elix SO Trapelia macrospora Fryday $Trapelia placodioides Coppins et P.James RR, SO $Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Coppins et P.James SO $f§Tremella lobariacearum Diederich et M.S.Christ OL, SO $fTremella ramalinae Diederich SO Tremotylium occultum Stirt. OL Tremotylium suboccultum Stirt. OL $Trichothelium alboatrum Vain. SO $Trichothelium assurgens (Cooke) Aptroot et Lücking SO $Trichothelium javanicum (F.Schill.) Vězda SO $Trypethelium variolosum Ach. SO $Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale SO Unguiculariopsis triregia S.Y.Kondr. et D.J.Galloway IE $Usnea baileyi (Stirt.) Zahlbr. SO $Usnea maculata Stirt. OL, SO $Usnea rubrotincta Stirt. SO $Usnea simplex Motyka SO? $Usnea subeciliata (Motyka) Swinscow OL, SO Usnea tenerior (Nyl.) Hue $Usnea trichodeoides Motyka OL, SO Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Tremellaceae Tremellaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trichotheliaceae Trypetheliaceae Parmeliaceae Helotiaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Usnea undulata Stirt. OL, SO $Usnea wirthii P.Clerc. SO Verrucaria adguttata Zahlbr. IE, OL Verrucaria amnica P.M.McCarthy et P.N.Johnson $Verrucaria aquatilis Mudd SO $Verrucaria aucklandica Zahlbr. SO Verrucaria austroschisticola P.M.McCarthy et P.N.Johnson $Verrucaria bubalina P.M.McCarthy OL, SO $Verrucaria calciseda DC. OL, SO $Verrucaria ceuthocarpa Wahlenb. SO $Verrucaria compacta (A.Massal.) Jatta OL, SO fVerrucaria cramba Stirt. OL $Verrucaria dolosa Hepp SO $Verrucaria dufourii DC. SO Verrucaria fiordlandica P.M.McCarthy et P.N.Johnson OL $Verrucaria halizoa Leight. SO $Verrucaria hydrela Ach. SO $Verrucaria inconstans P.M.McCarthy OL, SO $Verrucaria macrostoma Dufour ex DC. RR, SO $Verrucaria microsporoides Nyl. OL, SO $Verrucaria muralis Ach. OL, SO $Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. OL, SO $Verrucaria phaeoderma P.M.McCarthy RR, SO $Verrucaria praetermissa (Trevis.) Anzi OL, SO $Verrucaria prominula Nyl. OL, SO Verrucaria rheitrophila Zschacke RR, SO Verrucaria serpuloides I.M.Lamb OL, SO Verrucaria sessilis P.M.McCarthy Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 347 Verrucaria striatula subsp. australis R.Sant. SO Verrucaria striatula Wahlenb. subsp. striatula SO Verrucaria subdiscreta P.M.McCarthy SO $Verrucaria tessellatula Nyl. Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 OL, SO $fVouauxiomyces santessonii D.Hawksw. RR, SO $Wawea fruticulosa Henssen et Kantvilas SO $f§Wedellomyces aspiciliicola Alstrup OL, SO fWentiomyces tatjanae S.Kondratyuk Xanthoparmelia adpicta (Zahlbr.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw, et Lumbsch $Xanthoparmelia alexandrensis Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO Xanthoparmelia atrobarbatica (Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. $et Lumbsch OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia atrocapnodes (Elix et J.Johnst.) Elix OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia barbellata (Kurok.) Hale OL, SO Xanthoparmelia bulfiniana (Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL $Xanthoparmelia cheelii (Gyeln.) Hale SO Xanthoparmelia depsidella (Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch $Xanthoparmelia epheboides (Zahlbr.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia exillima (Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia filarszkyana (Gyeln.) Hale SO Anamorphic Ascomycota Arctomiaceae Dacampiaceae Pseudoperisporaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Xanthoparmelia flindersiana (Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia isidiotegeta Elix et Kantvilas OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia lineola (E.C.Berry) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia luteonotata (J.Steiner) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL, SO Xanthoparmelia malcolmii (Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch Xanthoparmelia melanobarbatica (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL $Xanthoparmelia metamorphosa (Gyeln.) Hale OL, SO Xanthoparmelia minutella (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch $Xanthoparmelia murina (Kurok.) Elix SO $Xanthoparmelia nebulosa (Kurok. et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia norcapnodes (Elix et J.Johnst.) Elix OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia notata (Kurok.) Hale OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia oleosa (Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et T.H.Nash OL, SO Xanthoparmelia olivetoricella O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL Xanthoparmelia peloloba (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch $Xanthoparmelia philippsiana (Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 348 PJ de Lange et al. Xanthoparmelia plana (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL $Xanthoparmelia pustuliza (Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia rubrireagens (Gyeln.) Hale OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia scotophylla (Kurok.) Elix SO $Xanthoparmelia squamans (Stizenb.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch. SO $Xanthoparmelia squamariatella (Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia suberadicata (des Abb.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia subhosseana (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL, SO $Xanthoparmelia subimitatrix (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia taractica (Kremp.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia thamnoides (Kurok.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia ustulata (Kurok. et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xylographa parallela (Ach:Fr.) Behlen et Desberg SO $Xylographa perangusta (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO Zahlbrucknerella compacta Henssen OL $fZwackhiomyces dispersus (Lahm ex Körb.) Triebel et Grube OL, SO $fZwackhiomyces lecanorae (Stein) Nik. Hoffm., et Haffelner OL, SO Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Appendix 2 Not Threatened (636) Listed here are those lichens that are accepted for New Zealand (see Galloway 2007), including those that have been recognized from the New Zealand Botanical Region since that publication (DJ Galloway, unpublished data) and which are not considered to be threatened. $Denotes indigenous taxa found naturally outside New Zealand. §Denotes new additions to the New Zealand lichen mycobiota. %Denotes those taxa which may yet prove to be naturalized to New Zealand Parmeliaceae Qualifiers Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Lichinaceae Xanthopyreniaceae Xanthopyreniaceae Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in this list by Townsend et al. (2008): EF, Extreme Fluctuations; IE, Island Endemic; Inc, Increasing; OL, One Location in New Zealand; RR, Range Restricted; SO, Secure Overseas; TO, Threatened Overseas. $fAbrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Arnold SO %Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold SO $Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A.Massal. SO $%Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal. SO $Amandinea decedens (Nyl.) Blaha et H. Mayrhofer SO $Amandinea lecideina (H.Mayrhofer et Poelt) Scheid. et H.Mayrhofer SO $Amandinea otagensis (Zahlbr.) Blaha et H.Mayrhofer SO %Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins et Scheid. $Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C.Harris SO Ascomycota incertae sedis Acarosporaceae Acarosporaceae Monoblastiaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Monoblastiaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 349 $Arthonia cinereopruinosa Schaer. SO Arthonia diaphora Stirt. $%Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl. SO Arthonia platygraphella Nyl. $Arthonia pseudocyphellariae Wedin SO $%Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. SO Arthopyrenia minutella (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. $Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R.Sant. SO $Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt var. citrinella SO $Arthrorhaphis citrinella var. catolechioides Obermayer SO $Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl.) Arnold SO $Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. SO $Aspiciliopsis macrophthalma (Hook.f. et Taylor) de Lesd. SO $%Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.) Jülich SO Austroblastenia pauciseptata (Shirley) Sipman SO Bacidia allotropa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Bacidia glomerulosa C.Knight $Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Vain. SO Bacidia wellingtonii (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway $Badimiella pteridophila (Sacc.) Garn.-Jones et Malcolm SO $Baeomyces heteromorphus Nyl. ex C.Bab. et Mitt. SO $Bagliettoa baldensis (A.Massal.) Vězda RR, SO $Bapalmuia buchananii (Stirt.) Kalb. et Lücking SO $Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen SO $Brigantiaea chrysosticta (Hook.f. et Taylor) Hafellner et Bellem. SO $Brigantiaea lobulata F.J.Walker et Hafellner SO Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthoniaceae Arthopyreniaceae Arthrorhaphidaceae Arthrorhaphidaceae Arthrorhaphidaceae Hymeneliaceae Hymeneliaceae Trapeliaceae Atheliaceae Megalosporaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Pilocarpaceae Baeomycetaceae Verrucariaceae Pilocarpaceae Tremellales incertae sedis Brigantiaeaceae Brigantiaeaceae $Brigantiaea phaeomma (Nyl.) Hafellner SO $Bryoria austromontana P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO $Buellia albula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. RR, SO $Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd SO Buellia dunedina Zahlbr. $%Buellia griseovirens (Turner et Borrer ex Sm.) Almb. Inc, SO Buellia macularis Zahlbr. Buellia porulosa Müll.Arg. $Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi SO $Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd SO $Bunodophoron agnetae Wedin SO $Bunodophoron australe (Laurer) A.Massal. SO $Bunodophoron insigne (Laurer) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron macrocarpum (Ohlsson) Wedin SO Bunodophoron microsporum (Ohlsson) Wedin $Bunodophoron murrayi (Ohlsson) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron notatum (Tibell) Wedin SO Bunodophoron palmatum (Js.Murray) Wedin $Bunodophoron patagonicum (C.W.Dodge) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron ramuliferum (I.M.Lamb) Wedin SO $Bunodophoron scrobiculatum (C.Bab.) Wedin SO $Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain. SO $Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P.James SO $Byssoloma subundulatum (Stirt.) Vězda SO $Calicium abietinum Pers. SO $Calicium adspersum subsp. australe Tibell SO Brigantiaeaceae Parmeliaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Pilocarpaceae Pilocarpaceae Pilocarpaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 350 PJ de Lange et al. $Calicium glaucellum Ach. SO $Calicium hyperelloides Nyl. SO $Calicium lenticulare Ach. SO $Calicium salicinum Pers. SO $Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach. SO $Calicium tricolor F.Wilson SO $Calopadia puiggarii (Müll.Arg.) Vězda SO $Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vězda SO $%Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.) Flagey SO Caloplaca circumlutosa Zahlbr. $Caloplaca cirrochrooides (Vain.) Zahlbr. SO $Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th.Fr. SO $Caloplaca cribrosa (Hue) Zahlbr. SO $%Caloplaca flavorubescens (Huds.) J.R.Laundon SO $Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.) A.E.Wade SO $Caloplaca homologa (Nyl.) Hellb. SO $Caloplaca lactea (A.Massal.) Zahlbr. SO $Caloplaca litoralis Zahlbr. SO Caloplaca lutea (J.R.Laundon) D.J.Galloway $Caloplaca mooreae D.J.Galloway SO Caloplaca murrayi D.J.Galloway $Caloplaca rubelliana (Ach.) Lojka SO $Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin SO $Caloplaca sublobulata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO Caloplaca subpyracea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. $%Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arnold SO $Candelariella coralliza (Nyl.) H.Magn. SO $%Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau SO Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Ectolechiaceae Ectolechiaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae $%Candelariella vitellina (Ehrh.) Müll.Arg. SO $Carbonea phaeostoma (Nyl.) Hertel SO $Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. SO $Cetraria islandica subsp. antarctica Kärnef. SO $Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th.Fr. SO $Chaenotheca citriocephala (F.Wilson) Tibell SO $Chaenotheca confusa Tibell SO $Chaenotheca deludens Tibell SO $Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Migula SO $Chaenotheca gracillima (Vain.) Tibell SO $Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr. SO $Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Th.Fr. SO $Chaenotheca xyloxena Nádv. SO $Chaenothecopsis brevipes Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner et Borrer ex Sm.) Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis haematopus Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis nigra Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis nigropedata Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis nivea (F.Wilson) Tibell TO $Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) Alb.Schmidt SO $Chaenothecopsis sanguinea Tibell SO Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Coniocybaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 351 $Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räsänen) Tibell SO $Chaenothecopsis viridireagens (Nádv.) Alb.Schmidt SO $Chapsa megalophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Mangold SO $Chiodecton colensoi (A.Massal.) Müll.Arg. SO $Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R.Laundon SO $Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. SO $Cladia retipora (Labill.) Nyl. SO $Cladia sullivanii (Müll.Arg.) W.Martin SO $Cladonia archeri S.Stenroos SO $Cladonia aueri Räsänen SO $Cladonia bimberiensis A.W.Archer SO $Cladonia capitellata (Hook.f. et Taylor) C.Bab. var. capitellata SO $Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. var. cervicornis SO $Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti SO $Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. SO $Cladonia confusa R.Sant. SO $Cladonia corniculata Ahti et Kashiw. SO $Cladonia darwinii S.Hammer SO $Cladonia ecmocyna Leight. SO $Cladonia enantia Nyl. SO $Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. SO $Cladonia floerkeana (Fr.) Flörke SO $Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. SO $Cladonia glebosa S.Hammer SO $Cladonia humilis (With.) J.R.Laundon var. humilis SO $Cladonia imbricata S.Hammer SO Cladonia incerta S.Hammer $Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. SO Mycocaliciaceae Mycocaliciaceae Thelotremataceae Roccellaceae Chrysotricaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae $Cladonia melanopoda Ahti SO $Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina SO $Cladonia mitis Sandst. SO $Cladonia murrayi W.Martin SO $Cladonia neozelandica Vain. var. neozelandica SO $Cladonia nudicaulis S.Hammer SO $Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke SO $Cladonia pertricosa Kremp. SO $Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer. SO $Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. SO $Cladonia rigida (Hook.f.et Taylor) Hampe SO $Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. SO $Cladonia southlandica W.Martin SO $Cladonia subsubulata Nyl. SO $Cladonia subulata (L.) F.H.Wigg. SO $Cladonia tenerrima (Ahti) S.Hammer SO $Cladonia tessellata Ahti et Kashiw. SO $Cladonia ustulata (Hook.f. et Taylor) Leight. SO $Clypeococcum grossum (Körb.) D.Hawksw. RR, SO $Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow et Krog SO $Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. et D.J.Galloway SO $Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Müll.Arg. SO $Coenogonium implexum Nyl. SO $Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb et Lücking SO $Collema durietzii Degel. SO $Collema kauaiense H.Magn. SO Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae Dacampiaceae Coccocarpiaceae Coccocarpiaceae Coccotremataceae Coenogoniaceae Coenogoniaceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 352 PJ de Lange et al. $Collema laeve Hook.f. et Taylor SO $Collema leucocarpum Hook.f. et Taylor SO $Collema subconveniens Nyl. SO $Collemopsidium sublitoralis (Leight.) Grube et B.D.Ryan SO $Degelia gayana (Mont.) Arv. et D.J.Galloway SO $Dibaeis arcuata (Stirt.) Kalb et Gierl SO $Dictyographa cinerea (C.Knight et Mitt.) Müll.Arg. SO $Diploschistes muscorum subsp. bartlettii Lumbsch SO $Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman SO $Dirinaria applanata (Fée) Awasthi SO $Enterographa bella R.Sant. SO $Everniastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale ex Sipman SO $Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda SO $Flavoparmelia haysomii (C.W.Dodge) Hale SO $Flavoparmelia haywardiana Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale SO $Fuscoderma amphibolum (C.Knight) P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO Fuscoderma applanatum (D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg.) P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway $Fuscopannaria crustata (Stirt.) P.M.Jørg. SO $Fuscopannaria subimmixta (C.Knight) P.M.Jørg. SO $Gowardia nigricans (Ach.) P.Halonen, L.Myllys, S.Velmala et H. Hyvärinen SO $Graphis librata C.Knight SO Haematomma alpinum R.W.Rogers Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Xanthopyreniaceae Pannariaceae Icmadophilaceae Roccellaceae Thelotremataceae Thelotremataceae Physciaceae Roccellaceae Parmeliaceae Pilocarpaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Graphidaceae Haematommataceae Haematomma babingtonii HaematoA.Massal. mmataceae Haematomma hilare Zahlbr. SO Haematommataceae Hemithecium contortum Graphidaceae (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer SO Physciaceae Heterodermia japonica (M.Satô) Swinscow et Krog SO Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Physciaceae Poelt SO Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Physciaceae Trevis. SO Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Physciaceae Trevis. SO Physciaceae $%Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H.Mayrhofer et Poelt. SO Hyperphyscia plinthiza (Nyl.) Physciaceae Müll.Arg. Parmeliaceae $Hypogymnia billardierei (Mont.) Filson SO Parmeliaceae $Hypogymnia kosciuskoensis Elix SO $Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Parmeliaceae Krog var. lugubris SO Parmeliaceae $Hypogymnia lugubris var. compactior (Zahlbr.) Elix SO Parmeliaceae $Hypogymnia lugubris var. sublugubris (Müll.Arg.) Elix SO $Hypogymnia mundata (Nyl.) Parmeliaceae Oxner ex Rassad. SO $Hypogymnia pulverata (Nyl. Parmeliaceae ex Cromb.) Elix SO $Hypogymnia subphysodes Parmeliaceae (Kremp.) Filson var. subphysodes SO $Hypogymnia subphysodes var. Parmeliaceae austerodioides Elix SO Parmeliaceae $Hypogymnia turgidula (Bitter) Elix SO $Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Parmeliaceae Hale SO $Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Parmeliaceae Hale SO Anamorphic $Illosporium carneum Fr. SO Ascomycota Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 353 $Jackelixia ligulata (Körb.) S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et A.Thell. SO Labyrintha implexa Malcolm, Elix et Owe-Larsson $Lecanactis neozelandica Egea et Torrente TO Lecanactis subfarinosa (C.Knight) Hellb. $Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th.Fr. SO $Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd SO Lecania vallata (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth et Rostr. SO Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. SO %Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain. SO $Lecanora demersa (Kremp.) Hertel et Rambold SO $Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. SO $Lecanora epibryon subsp. broccha (Nyl.) Lumbsch SO $Lecanora epibryon subsp. xanthophora Lumbsch SO $Lecanora expallens Ach. SO $Lecanora farinacea Fée SO $Lecanora flavopallida Stirt. SO $Lecanora galactiniza Nyl. SO $Lecanora lugubris (C.W.Dodge) D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. SO $Lecanora melacarpella Müll.Arg. SO $Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. SO $Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. SO $Lecanora semipallida H.Magn. SO $Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. SO $Lecidea atromorio C.Knight SO Lecidea dracophylli Zahlbr. $Lecidea fuscoatrula Nyl. SO $Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. lapicida SO Teloschistaceae Porpidiaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae Lecideaceae $Lecidea lygomma Nyl. var. lygomma SO $Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) Hazsl. SO $Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel et Leuckert SO $Lefidium tenerum (Laurer) Wedin SO $Leioderma duplicatum (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. SO $Leioderma pycnophorum Nyl. SO $Leioderma sorediatum D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. SO $Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. SO $Lepraria lobificans Nyl. SO $Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Lettau SO $Leptogidium contortum (Henssen) T.Sprib. et Muggia SO $Leptogium aucklandicum Zahlbr. $Leptogium crispatellum Nyl. SO $Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. SO $Leptogium denticulatum Nyl. SO $Leptogium limbatum F.Wilson SO $Leptogium menziesii (Ach.) Mont. SO $Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo et Vilgalys SO $Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.:Fr.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo et Vilgalys SO $Lichina pygmaea (Lightf.) C.Agardh SO $Lobaria adscripta (Nyl.) Hue SO $Lobaria asperula (Stirt.) Yoshim. SO $Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. SO Lecideaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Sphaerophoraceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Massalongiaceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Collemataceae Tricholomataceae Tricholomataceae Lichinaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 354 PJ de Lange et al. $Lobothallia radiosa (Hoffm.) Hafellner SO Loxospora cyamidia (Stir.) Kantvilas $Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.) Körb. SO $Mastodia tessellata (Hook.f. et Harv.) Hook.f. et Harv. SO $Megalaria grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner SO Megalaria melanotropa (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway $Megaloblastenia marginiflexa (Hook.f. et Taylor) Sipman SO $Megalospora atrorubicans subsp. australis Sipman SO $Megalospora campylospora (Stir.) Sipman SO Megalospora gompholoma (Müll.Arg.) C.W.Dodge subsp. gompholoma $Melanohalea inactiva (P.M.Jørg.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO Menegazzia aucklandica (Zahlbr.) P.James et D.J.Galloway $Menegazzia caliginosa P.James et D.J.Galloway TO Menegazzia dielsii (Hillmann) R.Sant. $Menegazzia eperforata P.James et D.J.Galloway SO Menegazzia foraminulosa (Kremp.) Bitter Menegazzia lucens P.James et D.J.Galloway $Menegazzia neozelandica (Zahlbr.) P.James SO $Menegazzia nothofagi (Zahlbr.) P.James et D.J.Galloway SO $Menegazzia pertransita (Stirt.) R.Sant. SO $Menegazzia subpertusa P.James et D.J.Galloway SO Hymeneliaceae Sarrameanaceae Massalongiaceae Mastodiaceae Megalariaceae Megalariaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Megalosporaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Menegazzia testacea P.James et D.J.Galloway SO $Metus conglomeratus (F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway et P.James SO $Micarea erratica (Körb.) Hertel, Rambold et Pietschm. SO $Micarea magellanica (Müll.Arg.) Fryday SO $Microcalicium conversum Tibell SO $Miltidea ceroplasta (C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway et Hafellner SO $Mycobilimbia australis Kantvilas et Messuti SO $Neophyllis melacarpa (F.Wilson) F.Wilson SO $Nephroma australe A.Rich. SO $Nephroma cellulosum (Ach.) Ach. var. cellulosum SO $Nephroma cellulosum var. isidioferum Js.Murray SO $Nephroma plumbeum var. isidiatum (Js.Murray) F.J.White et P.James SO $Nephroma rufum (C.Bab.) P.James SO $Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. SO $Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A.Massal. SO $Ochrolechia parella (L.) A.Massal. SO $Ochrolechia xanthostoma (Sommerf.) K.Schmitz et Lumbsch SO $Opegrapha agelaeoides Nyl. SO Opegrapha diaphoriza Nyl. Opegrapha intertexta C.Knight Pannaria allorhiza (Nyl.) Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway Pannaria araneosa (C.Bab.) Hue Pannaria athroophylla (Stirt.) Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway Parmeliaceae Cladoniaceae Micareaceae Micareaceae Microcaliciaceae Miltideaceae Porpidiaceae Sphaerophoraceae Nephromataceae Nephromataceae Nephromataceae Nephromataceae Nephromataceae Ascomycota incertae sedis Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 355 $Pannaria crenulata P.M.Jørg. SO $Pannaria delicata P.M.Jørg. SO $Pannaria durietzii (P.James et Henssen) Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway SO $Pannaria elixii P.M.Jørg.et D.J.Galloway SO $Pannaria euphylla (Nyl.) Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway SO $Pannaria farinosa Elvebakk et Fritt-Rasm. SO $Pannaria fulvescens (Mont.) Nyl. SO $Pannaria globuligera Hue SO $Pannaria hookeri (Borrer ex Sm.) Nyl. SO $Pannaria immixta Nyl. SO $§Pannaria isidiosa Elvebakk et Elix SO $Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. SO $Pannaria microphyllizans (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. SO $Pannaria pallida (Nyl.) Hue SO? Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.) Hue $Pannaria xanthomelana (Nyl.) Hue SO $Pannoparmelia angustata (Pers.) Zahlbr. SO $Paraporpidia leptocarpa (Nyl. ex C.Bab. et Mitt.) Rambold et Hertel SO $Parasiphula complanata (Hook.f. et Taylor) Kantvilas et Grube SO $Parasiphula foliacea (D.J.Galloway) Kantvilas et Grube SO $Parasiphula fragilis (Hook.f. et Taylor) Kantvilas et Grube SO $Parmelia crambidiocarpa Zahlbr. SO $Parmelia cunninghamii Cromb. SO Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Porpidiaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Parmelia erumpens Kurok. SO $Parmelia norcrambidiocarpa Hale SO $Parmelia protosulcata Hale SO $Parmelia signifera Nyl. SO Parmelia subtestacea Hale $Parmelia sulcata Taylor SO $Parmelia tenuirima Hook.f. et Taylor SO $Parmelia testacea Stirt. SO $Parmeliella ligulata P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway SO $Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll.Arg. SO Parmeliella subgranulata D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg. $Parmeliella subtilis P.M.Jørg. et P.W.James SO $Parmelina conlabrosa (Hale) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Parmelina labrosa (Zahlbr.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta (Krog et Swinscow) Elix et Hale SO $Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asahina) Elix et Hale SO $Parmelinopsis subfatiscens (Kurok.) Elix et Hale SO $Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale SO $Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale SO $Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M.Choisy SO Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale $Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale SO $Parmotrema mellissii (C.W.Dodge) Hale SO $Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M.Choisy SO $Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M.Choisy SO Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 356 PJ de Lange et al. $Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale SO $Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R.Laundon SO Peltigera dilacerata (Gyeln.) Gyeln. $Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $Peltigera nana Vain. SO $Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll.Arg. SO $Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln. SO $Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. SO $Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. SO $Peltigera tereziana Gyeln. SO $Peltigera ulcerata Müll.Arg. SO $Peltula euploca (Ach.) Ozenda et Clauzade RR, SO $Pertusaria dactylina (Ach.) Nyl. SO Pertusaria graphica C.Knight $Pertusaria gymnospora Kantvilas SO $Pertusaria lophocarpa Körb. Parmeliaceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltigeraceae Peltulaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae SO $Pertusaria melanospora Nyl. SO $Pertusaria novaezelandiae Szatala SO $Pertusaria psoromica A.W.Archer et Elix SO Pertusaria scutellifera A.W.Archer et Elix Pertusaria sorodes Stirt. Pertusaria subverrucosa Nyl. $Pertusaria truncata Kremp. SO $Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl. SO $Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO $Phaeographis mucronata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. SO $Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Essl. SO Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Pertusariaceae Graphidaceae Graphidaceae Physciaceae $%Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg SO Phlyctis sordida C.Knight $Phlyctis subuncinata Stirt. SO $Phlyctis uncinata Stirt. SO Phyllopsora microdactyla (C.Knight) D.J.Galloway $Physcia adscendens H.Olivier SO $Physcia albata (F.Wilson) Hale SO $Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. SO $Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau SO $Physcia erumpens Moberg SO $Physcia jackii Moberg SO $Physcia nubila Moberg SO $Physcia poncinsii Hue SO $Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. SO $Physcia undulata Moberg SO $Physma chilense Hue SO Placopsis argillacea (C.Knight) Malcolm et Vězda EF Placopsis aspicilioides D.J.Galloway $Placopsis clavifera (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway Physciaceae Phlyctidaceae Phlyctidaceae Phlyctidaceae Ramalinaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Collemataceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae EF, SO $Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.) Räsänen SO Placopsis dennanensis (Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb ex D.J.Galloway Placopsis elixii D.J.Galloway $Placopsis fuscidula I.M.Lamb ex Räsänen SO $Placopsis fusciduloides D.J.Galloway SO $Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds. SO $Placopsis hertelii D.J.Galloway SO $Placopsis illita (C.Knight) I.M.Lamb SO $Placopsis lambii Hertel et V.Wirth SO $Placopsis lateritioides I.M.Lamb SO Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 357 $Placopsis microphylla (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway EF, SO $Placopsis perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl. SO Placopsis polycarpa D.J.Galloway Placopsis pruinosa D.J.Galloway $Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.) Nyl. SO Placopsis rhodophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Räsänen Placopsis salazina I.M.Lamb $Placopsis subcribellans (I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway SO Placopsis subgelida (Nyl.) Nyl. Placopsis subparellina Nyl. EF Placopsis tararuana (Zahlbr.) D.J.Galloway $Placopsis trachyderma (Kremp.) P.James SO $Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins et P.James EF, SO $Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray SO $fPlectocarpon pseudosticta (Fée) Fée SO fPlectocarpon sticticola Ertz, Wedin et Diederich $Poeltiaria coromandelica (Zahlbr.) Rambold et Hertel SO $Poeltiaria corralensis (Räsänen) Hertel SO $Poeltiaria turgescens (Körb.) Hertel SO $fPolycoccum pulvinatum (Eitner) R.Sant. SO $Porina exocha (Nyl.) P.M.McCarthy SO $Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel et Knoph SO $Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel et A.J.Schwab SO $Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.) Haffelner SO Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Placynthiaceae Roccellaceae Roccellaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Dacampiaceae Trichotheliaceae Porpidiaceae Porpidiaceae Parmeliaceae $Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) M.Choisy SO $Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain. SO $Pseudocyphellaria billardierei (Delise) Räsänen SO $Pseudocyphellaria carpoloma (Delise) Vain. SO $Pseudocyphellaria chloroleuca (Hook.f. et Taylor) Du Rietz SO $Pseudocyphellaria colensoi (C.Bab.) Vain. SO $Pseudocyphellaria corbettii D.J.Galloway SO Pseudocyphellaria coriacea (Hook.f. et Taylor) D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria coronata (Müll.Arg.) Malme SO $Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain. SO Pseudocyphellaria degelii D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et P.James SO Pseudocyphellaria durietzii D.J.Galloway Pseudocyphellaria episticta (Nyl.) Vain. $Pseudocyphellaria faveolata (Delise) Malme SO Pseudocyphellaria fimbriata D.J.Galloway et P.James Pseudocyphellaria fimbriatoides D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria glabra (Hook.f. et Taylor) C.W.Dodge SO $Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C.Bab.) Malme SO Pseudocyphellaria homoeophylla (Nyl.) C.W.Dodge $Pseudocyphellaria intricata (Delise) Vain. SO Parmeliaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 358 PJ de Lange et al. Pseudocyphellaria lividofusca (Kremp.) D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria maculata D.J.Galloway SO Pseudocyphellaria montagnei (C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria multifida (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et P.James SO $Pseudocyphellaria neglecta (Müll.Arg.) H.Magn. SO $Pseudocyphellaria pickeringii (Tuck.) D.J.Galloway SO Pseudocyphellaria pubescens (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et P.James $Pseudocyphellaria rubella (Hook.f. et Taylor) D.J.Galloway et P.James SO Pseudocyphellaria rufovirescens (C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway $Psoroma asperellum Nyl. SO $Psoroma buchananii (C.Knight) Nyl. SO $Psoroma caliginosum Stirt. SO $Psoroma contextum Stirt. SO $Psoroma fruticulosum P.James et Henssen SO $Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) S.F.Gray SO $Psoroma implexum Stirt. SO Psoroma melanizum Zahlbr. $Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.) Timdal et Tønsberg SO $Psoroma pholidotoides (Nyl.) Trevis. SO $Psoroma soccatum R.Br. SO $Psoromidium aleuroides (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway SO $Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog SO $Punctelia subflava (Taylor) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog SO Pyrenula deliquescens (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Pannariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Pyrenulaceae $Pyxine subcinerea Stirt. SO Ramalina australiensis Nyl. Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) Krog et Swinscow Ramalina geniculata Hook.f. et Taylor $Ramalina glaucescens Kremp. SO $Ramalina inflata (Hook.f. et Taylor) Hook.f. et Taylor SO Ramalina inflexa D.Blanchon, J.Braggins et A.Stewart $Ramalina peruviana Ach. SO $Ramalina unilateralis F.Wilson SO $Ramboldia laeta (Stirt.) Kalb, Lumbsch et Elix SO $Ramboldia petraeoides (Nyl. ex C.Bab. et Mitt.) Kantvilas et Elix SO $Rhizocarpon distinctum Th.Fr. SO $Rhizocarpon eupetraeum (Nyl.) Arnold SO $Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb. SO $Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. geographicum SO $Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke) Arnold SO $Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders SO $Rhizocarpon reductum Th.Fr. SO $Rhizocarpon submodestum (Vain.) Vain. SO $Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) Malme SO $Rimularia insularis (Nyl.) Rambold et Hertel SO $Rimularia psephota (Tuck.) Hertel et Rambold SO $Rinodina bischoffii (Hepp) A.Massal. SO $Rinodina blastidiata Matzer et H.Mayrhofer SO $Rinodina boleana Giralt et H.Mayrhofer SO $Rinodina cacaotina Zahlbr. SO Physciaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Lecanoraceae Lecanoraceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Rhizocarpaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 359 $Rinodina conradii Körb. SO $Rinodina luridata (Körb.) H.Mayrhofer, Scheid. et Sheard RR, SO $Rinodina oleae Bagl. SO $Rinodina olivaceobrunnea C.W.Dodge et G.E.Baker SO $Rinodina peloleuca (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. SO $Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold SO $Rinodina thiomela (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. SO $Roccellinastrum neglectum Henssen et Vobis SO $Sagenidium molle Stirt. SO $Sarcogyne regularis Körb. RR, SO $Sarrameana albidoplumbea (Hook.f. et Taylor) Farkas SO $Siphula decumbens Nyl. SO $Siphula dissoluta Nyl. SO $Siphula fastigiata (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $Siphula gracilis Kantvilas SO $Sphaerophorus stereocauloides Nyl. SO $Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A.Massal. SO $Steinera neozelandica C.W.Dodge SO $Stereocaulon caespitosum Redinger SO Stereocaulon colensoi C.Bab. $Stereocaulon corticatulum Nyl. SO Stereocaulon fronduliferum I.M.Lamb $Stereocaulon gregarium Redinger SO $Stereocaulon ramulosum Räuschel SO $Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. SO Sticta babingtonii D.J.Galloway Sticta caliginosa D.J.Galloway Sticta cinereoglauca Hook.f. et Taylor Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Physciaceae Micareaceae Roccellaceae Acarosporaceae Fuscideaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Icmadophilaceae Sphaerophoraceae Catillariaceae Coccocarpiaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae $Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl. SO $Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. SO Sticta lacera (Hook.f. et Taylor) Müll.Arg. $Sticta latifrons A.Rich. SO $Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. SO $Sticta martinii D.J.Galloway SO Sticta squamata D.J.Galloway $Sticta subcaperata (Nyl.) Nyl. SO $Stirtoniella kelica (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway, Hafellner et Elix SO $Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr. Inc, TO $Teloschistes velifer F.Wilson SO $Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner SO $Thalloloma subvelata (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway SO $Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer. subsp. vermicularis SO $Thelidium calcareum (C.Knight) Hellb. $Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. SO $Thysanothecium scutellatum (Fr.) D.J.Galloway RR, SO $Toninia aromatica (Sm.) A.Massal. RR, SO $Toninia bullata (Meyen et Flot.) Zahlbr. SO $Trapelia coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) M.Choisy SO $Trapeliopsis colensoi (C.Bab.) Gotth.Schneid. SO $Trapeliopsis congregans (Zahlbr.) Brako SO $Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins et P.James SO $Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch SO $Tremolecia atrata (Ach.) Hertel SO $Tylothallia pahiensis (Zahlbr.) Hertel et H.Kilias SO Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Lobariaceae Ramalinaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Ramalinaceae Graphidaceae Icmadophilaceae Verrucariaceae Thelotremataceae Cladoniaceae Ramalinaceae Ramalinaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae Hymeneliaceae Lecanoraceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 360 PJ de Lange et al. $Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise ex Duby SO $Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. SO $Umbilicaria durietzii Frey $Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm. SO $Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr. SO $Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg. SO $§Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrad. SO $Umbilicaria subaprina Frey SO $Umbilicaria subglabra (Nyl.) Harm. SO $Umbilicaria umbilicarioides (B.Stein) Krog et Swinscow SO $Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach. SO $Umbilicaria zahlbruckneri Frey SO $Usnea acromelana Stirt. SO $Usnea angulata Ach. SO $Usnea articulata (L.) Hoffm. SO $Usnea ciliata (Nyl.) Du Rietz SO $Usnea ciliifera Motyka SO $Usnea contexta Motyka SO $Usnea cornuta Körb. SO $Usnea inermis Motyka SO $Usnea molliuscula Stirt. SO $Usnea oncodes Stirt. SO $Usnea pusilla (Räsänen) Räsänen SO $Usnea rubicunda Stirt. SO $Usnea subcapillaris (D.J.Galloway) F.J.Walker SO $Usnea torulosa (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. SO $Usnea xanthopoga Nyl. SO $Verrucaria fusconigrescens Nyl. SO $Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. SO $Verrucaria maura Wahlenb. SO Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Umbilicariaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucariaceae Verrucaria mucosa Wahlenb. Xanthomendoza novozelandica (Hillmann) Søching, Kärnefelt et S.Y.Kondr. $Xanthoparmelia amplexula (Stirt.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia australasica D.J.Galloway SO $Xanthoparmelia brattii (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia concomitans Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia cordillerana (Gyeln.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia dichotoma (Müll.Arg.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia digitiformis (Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Filson SO $Xanthoparmelia elixii Filson SO $Xanthoparmelia flavescentireagens (Gyeln.) D.J.Galloway SO $Xanthoparmelia furcata (Müll.Arg.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia glabrans (Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO Xanthoparmelia glareosa (Kurok. Et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia imitatrix (Taylor) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia incerta (Kurok. et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia isidiigera (Müll.Arg.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia loxodella (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch Verrucariaceae Teloschistaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 361 $Xanthoparmelia martinii (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia metaclystoides (Kurok. et Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia molliuscula (Ach.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia mougeotina (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway Inc, SO $Xanthoparmelia neotinctina (Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia petriseda (Zahlbr.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia pictada (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch $Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia reptans (Kurok.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia scabrosa (Taylor) Hale Inc, SO $Xanthoparmelia streimannii (Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia stygiodes (Nyl. ex Cromb.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia subnuda (Kurok.) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia substrigosa (Hale) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook.f. et Taylor) Hale SO $Xanthoparmelia tegeta Elix et J.Johnst. SO $Xanthoparmelia verisidiosa (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch Inc, SO Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Xanthoparmelia verrucella (Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia waiporiensis (Hillmann) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO $Xanthoparmelia xanthomelaena (Müll.Arg.) Hale SO $%Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th.Fr. SO $%Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr. SO $%Xanthoria polycarpa (Hoffm.) Th.Fr. ex Rieber SO $fXanthoriicola physciae (Kalchbr.) D.Hawksw. SO $Zahlbrucknerella calcarea (Herre) Herre SO Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Teloschistaceae Anamorphic Ascomycota Lichinaceae Parmeliaceae Appendix 3 Taxonomically Indeterminate listings Parmeliaceae This Appendix comprises potentially distinct plants whose taxonomic status has yet to be determined or is in the process of being formalised. Definitions of categories follow those given in Appendix 1. Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae $Denotes indigenous taxa found naturally outside New Zealand. §Denotes new additions to the New Zealand lichen mycobiota Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Parmeliaceae Qualifiers Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in this list by Townsend et al. (2008). IE, Island Endemic; OL, One Location in New Zealand; RR, Range Restricted; SO, Secure Overseas; TO, Threatened Overseas; 362 PJ de Lange et al. At Risk (1) 1. Naturally Uncommon (1) §Placopsis (a) (MSC 126923; Campbell Island) IE, OL Trapeliaceae Data Deficient (1) $Caloplaca cf. caesiorufella (CHR 533610; New Zealand) RR, SO Teloschistaceae Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Not Threatened (3) Caloplaca cf. vitellinula (AK 313029; New Zealand) $§Placopsis (b) (CHR 528402; Stewart Island) TO $Pannaria aff. patagonica (CHR 455017; New Zealand) SO? Teloschistaceae Trapeliaceae Pannariaceae Appendix 4 Nomenclature changes affecting taxa treated by Galloway (2007) Galloway (2007) This Article Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Gowardia nigricans Nyl. (Ach.) P.Halonen, L.Myllys, S.Velmala et Hyvärinen Anthracothecium Pyrenula thelomorpha cellulosum (C.Knight) Tuck. Müll.Arg. Buellia subcoronata Buellia epigaea (Pers.) (Müll.Arg.) Malme Tuck Caloplaca cerinelloides Caloplaca maccarthyi (Erichsen) Poelt S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt et Elix Caloplaca rosei Hasse Caloplaca litoralis Zahlbr. Caloplaca vitellinula auct. Caloplaca cf. vitellinula non. (Nyl.) H.Olivier (AK 313029; New Zealand) Chroodiscus lamelliferus Chapsa lamellifera Kantvilas et Vězda (Kantvilas et Vězda) Mangold Chroodiscus macrocarpus Topeliopsis macrocarpa (C.W.Dodge) (C.W.Dodge) Mangold D.J.Galloway et Lumbsch Chroodiscus megalophthalmus (Müll.Arg.) Vězda et Kantvilas Fissurina monospora C.Knight Fuscidea cf. cyathodes Chapsa megalophthalma (Müll.Arg.) Mangold Hemithecium contortum (Müll.Arg.) A.W. Archer Fuscidea cyathodes (Ach.) V.Wirth et Vězda Gyalectidium cf. Gyalectidium caucasicum caucasicum (Elenkin et Woronin) Vězda Halecania australis Halecania subsquamosa Lumbsch (Müll.Arg.) van den Boom et H.Mayrhofer Heterodea muelleri Cladia muelleri (Hampe) (Hampe) Nyl. Parnmen et Lumbsch Laurera elatior (Stirt.) Aptrootia elatior (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway Aptroot Laurera madreporiformis Bathelium (Eschw.) Riddle madreporiforme (Eschw.) Trevis. Lecanora flotoviana Lecanora semipallida Spreng. H.Magn. Lecidea senescens Zahlbr. Tylothallia pahiensis (Zahlbr.) Hertel et H.Kilias Lempholemma cf. Lempholemma cladodes cladodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Lichinia confinis Lichina pygmaea (O.F.Müll.) C.Agardh (Lightf.) C.Agardh Melanelia calva (Essl.) Melanelixia calva (Essl.) Essl. A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix Melanelia glabratuloides Melanelixia (Essl.) Essl. glabratuloides (Essl.) A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix Melanelia subglabra Melanelixia subglabra (Räsänen) Essl. (Räsänen) A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix Mycoblastus hypomelinus Mycoblastus dissimulans (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Nesolechia oxyspora Phacopsis oxyspora (Tul.) Triebel et (Tul.) A.Massal. Rambold Ocellularia hians (Stirt.) Thelotrema hians Stirt. Müll.Arg. Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 363 Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013 Opegrapha trassii S.Kondratyuk et Coppins Pannaria aff. pallida Opegrapha foreaui (Moreau) Hafellner et R.Sant. Pannaria pallida (Nyl.) Hue Pertusaria macloviana Pertusaria stellata Müll.Arg. Fryday Platygramme Phaeographina arechavaletae arechavaletae (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer Müll.Arg. Placopsis macrophthalma Aspiciliopsis (Hook.f. et Taylor) macrophthalma (Hook.f. Nyl. et Taylor) de Lesd. Polychidium contortum Leptogidium contortum Henssen (Henssen) T.Sprib. et Muggia Pyrenula crassescens Pyrenula quassiaecola (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. (Fée) Fée Pyrenula cyrtospora Pyrenula sexlocularis (Stirt.) Müll.Arg. (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. Pyrenula dealbata Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.) (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. R.C.Harris Pyrenula deprimens Pyrenula chlorospila (C.Knight) (Nyl.) Arnold D.J.Galloway Pyrenula quassiaecola Pyrenula homalisma (Fée) Fée (C.Knight) D.J.Galloway Pyrenula knightiana Pyrenula chlorospila Müll.Arg. (Nyl.) Arnold Pyrenula occulta Pyrenula dermatodes (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. (Borrer) Schaer. Pyrenula pseudonitidella Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer. (C.Knight) D.J.Galloway Pyrenula prostrata (Stirt.) Pyrenula ravenelii Tuck. D.J.Galloway Pyrenula ravenelii Pyrenula pyrenastroides (Tuck.) R.C.Harris (C.Knight) D.J.Galloway Pyrrhospora laeta (Stirt.) Ramboldia laeta (Stirt.) Hafellner Kalb, Lumbsch et Elix Pyrrhospora Ramboldia sanguinolenta sanguinolenta (Kremp.) (Kremp.) Kalb, Lumbsch Rambold et Hafellner et Elix Siphula complanata Parasiphula complanata (Hook.f. et Taylor) (Hook.f. et Taylor) R.Sant. Kantvilas et Grube Siphula elixii Kantvilas Parasiphula elixii (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Grube Siphula foliacea Parasiphula foliacea D.J.Galloway (D.J.Galloway) Kantvilas et Grube Siphula fragilis (Hook.f. Parasiphula fragilis et Taylor) Js.Murray (Hook.f. et Taylor) Kantvilas et Grube Siphula georginae Parasiphula georginae (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Kantvilas Grube Siphula jamesii Kantvilas Parasiphula jamesii (Kantvilas) Kantvilas et Grube Thelotrema monosporum Thelotrema saxatile Nyl. C.Knight Thelotrema novaeTopeliopsis novaezelandiae Szatala zelandiae (Szatala) Lumbsch et Mangold Xanthoria elegans (Link) Rusavskia elegans (Link) Th.Fr. S.Y.Kondr. et Kärnefelt Xanthoria incavata (Stirt.) Jackelixia incavata Zahlbr. (Stirton) S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et A.Thell. Xanthoria ligulata Jackelixia ligulata (Körb.) P.James (Körb.) S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et A.Thell.

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