This art icle was downloaded by: [ Mr Pet er De Lange]
On: 19 February 2013, At : 17: 32
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
I nform a Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Num ber: 1072954 Regist ered
office: Mort im er House, 37- 41 Mort im er St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK
New Zealand Journal of Botany
Publicat ion det ails, including inst ruct ions f or aut hors and
subscript ion inf ormat ion:
ht t p: / / www. t andf online. com/ loi/ t nzb20
Conservation status of New Zealand
lichens
PJ de Lange
Rolf e
e
a
, DJ Galloway
, GM Crowcrof t
f
b
, DJ Blanchon
& R Hit chmough
c
, A Knight
d
, JR
g
a
Ecosyst ems Unit , Science and Technical Group, Depart ment of
Conservat ion, Auckland, New Zealand
b
Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand
c
Depart ment of Nat ural Sciences, Unit ec Inst it ut e of Technology,
Auckland, New Zealand
d
Depart ment of Bot any, Universit y of Ot ago, Dunedin, New
Zealand
e
Wellingt on Hawke's Bay Conservancy, Depart ment of
Conservat ion, Wellingt on, New Zealand
f
Nat ural Resource Assessors, Auckland, New Zealand
g
Ecosyst ems Unit , Science and Technical Group, Depart ment of
Conservat ion, Wellingt on, New Zealand
Version of record f irst published: 03 Aug 2012.
To cite this article: PJ de Lange , DJ Galloway , DJ Blanchon , A Knight , JR Rolf e , GM Crowcrof t &
R Hit chmough (2012): Conservat ion st at us of New Zealand lichens, New Zealand Journal of Bot any,
50: 3, 303-363
To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 0028825X. 2012. 691426
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE
Full t erm s and condit ions of use: ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s- andcondit ions
This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any
subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub- licensing,
syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warrant y express or im plied or m ake any represent at ion
t hat t he cont ent s will be com plet e or accurat e or up t o dat e. The accuracy of any
inst ruct ions, form ulae, and drug doses should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary
sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, act ions, claim s, proceedings,
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
dem and, or cost s or dam ages what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or
indirect ly in connect ion wit h or arising out of t he use of t his m at erial.
New Zealand Journal of Botany
Vol. 50, No. 3, September 2012, 303363
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens
PJ de Langea*, DJ Gallowayb, DJ Blanchonc, A Knightd, JR Rolfee, GM Crowcroftf and
R Hitchmoughg
a
Ecosystems Unit, Science and Technical Group, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand;
Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand; cDepartment of Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology,
Auckland, New Zealand; dDepartment of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; eWellington
Hawke’s Bay Conservancy, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand; fNatural Resource
Assessors, Auckland, New Zealand; gEcosystems Unit, Science and Technical Group, Department of
Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
b
(Received 24 January 2012; final version received 26 April 2012)
The first listing of the conservation status of lichens indigenous to the New Zealand Botanical
Region (excluding Macquarie Island) is presented. The list comprises 1799 formally accepted
taxa placed in the following categories: ‘Threatened’, 11 taxa (comprising 4 taxa Nationally
Critical, 4 Nationally Endangered, 3 Nationally Vulnerable); ‘At Risk’, 176 taxa (comprising 173
Naturally Uncommon and 4 Declining taxa); and 975 ‘Data Deficient’ taxa. A further 636 taxa
were considered ‘Not Threatened’. A further five lichens are listed as ‘Taxonomically
Indeterminate’, being lichens which may warrant further conservation attention once their
taxonomic status is clarified. A concordance of lichen names is provided. A brief analysis of the
patterns of threat and rarity exhibited by New Zealand lichens listed is also presented.
Keywords: New Zealand; lichen mycobiota; threat listing; threatened lichens; uncommon
lichens; conservation status; rarity
Introduction
Lichens have an essential, but poorly recognized
role in ecosystems, for example, in stabilizing
soils (Scott et al. 1997), nitrogen fixation and
nitrogen cycling in forest and grassland ecosystems (Green et al. 1980; Galloway 1995, 1988).
Also, they are an important part of the water
cycle in forests (Scott et al. 1997) and important
sources of food for invertebrates such as snails
and mites, which in turn are food for birds and
reptiles (Pettersson et al. 1995).
New Zealand is particularly rich in lichen
species with c. 1799 currently recognized (10%
of the world flora; Galloway 2007a), which
suggests that if they are missing, there will be
ecological consequences.
*Corresponding author. Email: pdelange@doc.govt.nz
ISSN 0028-825X print/ISSN 1175-8643 online
# 2012 The Royal Society of New Zealand
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2012.691426
http://www.tandfonline.com
Because of this ecological significance, and
the fact that lichenized fungi have not been
previously listed by the fungal threat panel
(Hitchmough 2002), it was decided in 2009 to
attempt a full conservation threat listing of the
New Zealand lichens*an admittedly ambitious
project. Although the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota is still far from resolved, the country
is now well served with literature dealing with an
estimated 85% of the total lichen mycobiota (see
Galloway 1985, 2007a,b) and, whilst there are
new taxa still awaiting formal description, others
yet to be discovered, and the distributions for
many New Zealand lichens detailed in the Flora
of New Zealand series are still poorly known,
these impediments should not preclude a first
304 PJ de Lange et al.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
listing. All threat listings have to start somewhere; if nations elected not to undertake listings
for fear that some of their initial assessments
may be later changed, we would never have a
starting point from which to base future assessments. Accordingly, a lichen panel (comprising
DJ Blanchon, PJ de Lange [chair], DJ Galloway
and A. Knight) was sponsored by the New
Zealand Department of Conservation in consultation with New Zealand lichen specialists to
undertake, using the New Zealand Threat Classification System (see Townsend et al. 2008), a
full listing of the New Zealand lichen mycobiota.
Methods
As with all other Department of Conservationsponsored threat listings of New Zealand biota
(Miskelly et al, 2008; Allibone et al. 2009; de
Lange et al. 2009; Baker et al. 2010; Freeman
et al. 2010; Hitchmough et al. 2010; Newman
et al. 2010; O’Donnell et al. 2010; Glenny et al.
2011), the panel was required to use the
New Zealand Threat Classification System
(see Townsend et al. 2008), which is a unique
system specially developed by New Zealand
conservation biologists to address, in particular, issues of insular rarity and narrow range
endemisim that New Zealand people feel
are not adequately catered for by the IUCN
Threat Ranking System (IUCN 2001) and its
associated criteria (see comments by de Lange
& Norton 1998; Molloy et al. 2002; Townsend
et al. 2008). The resulting lists are for lichen
taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) accepted
in Flora of New Zealand Lichens (Galloway
2007a,b) and subsequent electronic updates
thereof (see http://floraseries.landcareresearch.
co.nz/pages/index.aspx [accessed 12 November
2011]) until 30 August 2010 and which are
believed to be indigenous to the New Zealand
Botanical Region (see Wardle 1991; de Lange &
Rolfe 2010), excepting those endemic to or
known only from the region on Macquarie
Island. Macquarie Island is excluded from this
assessment because it is geopolitically part of
Australia.
The lichen panel met in November 2009 at
the Landcare Research Lincoln campus to
undertake the threat listings. For six months
prior to the meeting a call for submissions was
placed on the New Zealand Department of
Conservation Website (http://www.doc.govt.
nz/getting-involved/consultations/) and professional and amateur New Zealand lichen specialists notified of our intended threat listing in
the hope of obtaining potential candidates for
the list. We also advertised our meeting in the
New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
website (www.nzpcn.org.nz). The panel chose
the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
to advertise its intended listing because their
website is one of the leading sources of
information about New Zealand plants (both
native and exotic) and the organization has
more than 650 members worldwide including
many botanists, ecologists, horticulturalists and
students. Website visitation commonly exceeds
60,000 visitors per month (P. Crisp, pers.
comm.). Despite these measures, the panel
received very few submissions, probably because of the limited numbers of people who
know New Zealand lichens in sufficient detail
to comment on their threat. Nevertheless, a
few detailed submissions on such genera as
Menegazzia, Pseudocyphellaria, Ramalina and
Teloschistes were received from members of the
New Zealand public. From this data and that
already available in the New Zealand Lichen
Floras (Galloway 1985, 2007a,b, in press), as
well as the collective knowledge of lichen panel
members, the panel met to undertake the initial
threat listing. Data from that meeting were then
tabulated and sent for review to the panel
members for comment in May 2010, August
2010 and November 2011. A draft of the article
was then sent to selected specialists (December
2011). As some indication of the scope of the
exercise and the ongoing fluidity of lichen
taxonomy in this country, the lag time between
the panel meeting and the completion of the
manuscript ready for journal submission was
27 months. It is also recognized that, because of
the way the New Zealand lichen mycobiota is
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 305
still being added to (e.g. Galloway in press),
further threat assessments of this nature will be
undertaken six-yearly from the date of this
article’s publication. Accepting these decisions,
this article assesses 1799 lichen taxa.
The risk categories used (see Appendices 1
and 2) are those defined in Townsend et al. (2008),
p. 11), namely ‘Extinct’, ‘Threatened’ (Nationally
Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally
Vulnerable), ‘At Risk’ (Declining, Recovering,
Relict, Naturally Uncommon), ‘Vagrant’, ‘Coloniser’, ‘Migrant’ and ‘Data Deficient’.
These categories were preferred by Townsend et al. (2008) over the current IUCN (2001)
categories because they reflect more accurately
the nature of insular rarity as it occurs in New
Zealand (see comments by de Lange & Norton
1998). However, as indicated by Townsend et al.
(2008), the New Zealand Threat Classification
System does not preclude individuals from using
IUCN Threat Categories, and information used
for the New Zealand listings presented here and
held by the Department of Conservation is
available to those wishing to undertake an
independent IUCN threat assessment.
Four lists are presented here (Appendices
14). Appendix 1 comprises the main New
Zealand ‘Threatened’ and Uncommon Lichen
list. Appendix 2 lists those New Zealand
lichens regarded as ‘Not Threatened’, and
Appendix 3 deals with Taxonomically Indeterminate lichens that are considered to be
threatened. They are assigned a provisional
conservation status using the same criteria as
in Appendix 1 but recognizing that information on their taxonomic relationships has
either not been formally evaluated or remains
in doubt. We have not listed Taxonomically
Indeterminate lichens that are not considered
to be threatened. Appendix 4 provides a
concordance of names used by Galloway
(2007a,b) and in this publication.
Authority abbreviations of all published
lichen names follow those recommended by
Brummitt & Powell (1992). Those lichens
considered to be Taxonomically Indeterminate
(taxa) are listed by showing their probable
affinity (e.g. Caloplaca cf. caesiorufella) and,
where this is not known or there is a suspected
aggregate, names are then listed alphabetically
(e.g. Placopsis (a), (b), et seq.). All lichens
accepted in the Taxonomically Indeterminate
category are supported with a herbarium voucher. Treatment of families follows Galloway
(2007a,b) and updates of that Flora published
online (Galloway in press).
A brief analysis of the lists is also presented.
For the construction of some tables we have
based our assessments as follows.
1. Substratum Preference is based on the
categories available and defined in Galloway (1985, 2007a,b). It is important to
appreciate that lichens often have several
substratum preferences, with many species
favouring bark (i.e. corticolous), but which
are also commonly found on rock (i.e.
saxicolous). For practical reasons we have
treated substrata such as concrete, glass,
roofing materials, iron railings and asphalt
as ‘saxicolous’*such taxa, often the ‘weedy’ element of the New Zealand lichen flora
are then futher categorized as ‘Anthropic’
under ‘Major Habitats’*a grouping that
also includes those lichens characteristically
associated with urban plantings.
2. Altitudinal zones are based on Wardle
(1991) except that we use ‘Lowland’ to
refer to Wardle’s ‘Warm Temperate’ zone,
and include Wardle’s ‘Penalpine’ and
‘Nival’ zones within our ‘Alpine’ zone.
We also distinguish a coastal zone to refer
to those habitats that are exposed to
regular influence from the sea as characterized by high saline inputs. The altitudinal
zones decrease with increasing latitude so
that Campbell Island has only subalpine
and alpine zones above the coastal zone.
3. The habitat types used in the analysis were
adapted from Wardle (1991) and Galloway
(1985, 2007a,b). They usually reflect the
major physiognomic cover types dominated
by indigenous species. ‘Other scrub’ includes scrub communities dominated by
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
306 PJ de Lange et al.
Kunzea and Leptospermum species, and
open seral communities such as gumlands.
‘Tall tussock grassland’ includes those
grassland communities dominated by
Chionochloa and tall tussock-forming Poa
species (e.g. Poa foliosa). ‘Short tussock
grassland’ includes those grassland communities dominated by Festuca species,
Rytidosperma species and some Poa species
(e.g. P. cita and P. colensoi). ‘Beach’
includes dune systems, and sand, gravel
and boulder beaches. ‘Aquatic’ includes
freshwater and saline situations where lichens grow in wholly submerged conditions
(or those subject to some tidal influence).
This grouping is distinguished from ‘Estuary’, which refers to lichens that grow on
other estuarine plants, and ‘Riparian’,
which covers lichens that commonly grow
along the sides of rivers, streams, lake
margins and other waterways but in habitats where they are rarely found completely
immersed except during flooding.
Individual taxa are assigned to more than
one altitude zone, habitat or botanical province
(sensu Wardle 1991) as appropriate.
Results and discussion
This article assesses the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota as documented by Galloway
(2007a,b) who detailed 1706 taxa, plus a further
93 taxa that have been added to the New
Zealand lichen mycobiota since Flora of New
Zealand Lichens was printed and which are
treated by Galloway (in press). Of the 1799
taxa, 375 (21%) are believed to be endemic to
the New Zealand Botanical Region (Table 1). A
further five lichens of uncertain taxonomic
status or in the process of being formally
described are also included in our assessment.
However, until their status is resolved we have
not included them in our analyses of the lichen
flora. Furthermore, because the New Zealand
lichen mycobiota is still volatile with new
discoveries and taxa being proposed almost
Table 1 New Zealand lichen flora.
Number of taxa
Total
Extinct
Nationally Critical
Nationally Endangered
Nationally Vulnerable
Naturally Uncommon
Declining
Data Deficient
Not Threatened
Endemic
1,799
0
4
4
3
173
4
975
636
375
weekly, the panel elected to close assessments of
new additions to the accepted lichen mycobiota
in August 2010. This decision was necessary to
ensure final list publication.
Of these, 188 are assessed as ‘Threatened’ or
‘At Risk’ (Appendix 1). No lichens are currently
believed to be extinct. However, Cladia muelleri
appears to be extinct in its original known New
Zealand localities in the far north of the North
Island (Galloway 1985, 2007a), and is otherwise
known only from the New Zealand Botanical
Region at a recently discovered location on the
Chathams Islands (on both Rekohu [Chatham
Island] and Rangiauria [Pitt Island]) in seriously
degraded habitats where its survival is judged
precarious (de Lange 2008). Four taxa are
believed by the panel to be sufficiently threatened to justify listing as Nationally Critical.
Lecania rabenhorstii is know from four locations
(three North Island, one South Island [van
den Boom & Mayrhofer 2007], three in highly
modified coastal and rural settings and one
from an active dolomite quarry). This is a
very uncommon taxon in New Zealand and it
is in serious decline in its sole South Island
locality (DJ Galloway, unpublished data). Similarly, a submission received for Menegazzia
inactiva indicates that this species is also extremely uncommon, with a total population size
triggering Nationally Critical, although in this
case the listing reflects population size rather than
any active threats (BC Myles, pers. comm.). The
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 307
Figure 1 Ramalina pollinaria*although rated Nationally Critical in New Zealand this species is
mostly regarded as widespread and common in the
northern hemisphere (image A Knight).
last listed species, Ramalina pollinaria, (Fig. 1) is
threatened, not only by changes to its habitat, but
also by what appears to be a naturally very
restricted range and extremely small population
size. Four taxa are assessed as Nationally Endangered, mostly through loss of habitat. Two of
these, Austropeltum glareosum and Pycnothelia
caliginosa are known from the Denniston Plateau
(Fig. 2), where their habitat is threatened by
mining. Buellia epigaea is a terricolous species
only recently recognized for New Zealand which
is known only from one inland saline soil site in
Central Otago where it is threatened by invasive
salt-tolerant grasses and herbs such as Plantago
coronopus. One species, Ramalina pacifica (Fig. 3)
is disappearing, for reasons that are as yet
unclear, from the northern North Island mangrove (Avicennia marina subsp. australasica
[Walp.] J.Everett)-dominated habitats where it
was common as recently as 1993. Of the three
listed Nationally Vulnerable lichens, Acarospora
murorum, Icmadophila splachnirima (Fig. 4A, 4B)
and Siphula coriacea have all seriously declined
through gross modification of their preferred
habitats (Fig. 5A, 5B). While Icmadophila
splachnirima probably retains secure populations
on the Chatham and subantarctic islands,
Siphula coriacea, once a characteristic species of
the dry intermontane basins of the eastern South
Island, has no such safe refuge. In this species’
case, competition from hawkweeds (Pilosella
spp.) is suggested to have contributed to its
decline (Galloway 2007a,b). Similarly, two of
the four lichens listed as Declining within the ‘At
Risk’ supercategory, Xanthoparmelia semiviridis
(Fig. 6A) and Xanthoparmelia sorediata, have
declined markedly over the last 1015 years.
These taxa also have historical distributions
centred on eastern South Island intermontane
basins. Fortunately, both these species retain
sizeable populations in the more remote valley
Figure 2 Denniston and Stockton key threatened lichen habitat in New Zealand. A, Denniston Sandstone
(image DS Glenny). B, Stockton sandstone pavement (image J Marshall). The coal measures of Denniston
and Stockton support a diversity of habitats rich not only in lichens (including several endemics) but also
threatened or uncommon bryophytes and vascular plants.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
308 PJ de Lange et al.
Figure 3 Ramalina pacifica a Nationally Endangered lichen. Although still common on some northern
offshore islands and on and on the Kermadec Islands group, as this species is not common on Raoul Island
but it is common on near shore islands and islets to Raoul and is also found in the Southern Group of that
archipelago. R. pacifica has vanished from large parts of its northern New Zealand range over the last
19 years. A, Ramalina pacifica growing on twigs with Usnea spp. (image DJ Blanchon). B, Herbarium
specimen of Ramalina pacifica showing growth habit notably the finely divided pendulous thallus (image PJ
de Lange).
heads and basins of the eastern South Island (Fig.
6B). Collectively though, the patterns observed
for the Siphula and Xanthoparmelia species
mirror that already reported for associated
vascular plants by de Lange et al. (2009, 2010),
suggesting that New Zealand is at serious risk of
losing a once conspicuous component of its
dryland flora. If this loss is to be averted, action
is needed now to address the widespread use of
scarce groundwater resources in these basins for
irrigation, which has enabled a proliferation of
dairy farms in what are otherwise marginal
habitats. It seems likely too that the expansion
of the wine industry into these regions has caused
much habitat loss, while the continued spread of
hawkweeds, aided and abetted by increased
stocking levels and changes in land use does not
auger well for the future of any of these
ecosystems (Rogers et al. 2005). Catapyrenium
psoromioides is also threatened by habitat loss,
although in this case the species is mostly tied to
eastern South Island grey scrub communities
(Galloway 2007a). Teloschistes flavicans is a
conspicuous orange fruticose lichen of mostly
northern New Zealand coastal habitats. For
reasons that are as yet unclear, it has declined
in abundance and vanished from some localities
though it remains common on some northern
offshore islands (Fig. 7A, 7B).
Of the taxa listed as ‘At Risk’, aside from
the four listed as Declining, the panel assessed a
further 173 lichens as Naturally Uncommon
(Fig. 8), of which 24 (14%) were qualified as
‘Data Poor’ (DP) indicating a high level of
confidence in the remaining 148 assessments.
As with the vascular plant flora, it is likely that
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 309
Figure 4 Icmadophila splachnirima a wetland lichen rated as Nationally Vulnerable due to loss of habitat
through drainage, competition from weeds and the general deterioration of southern New Zealand
wetlands (images A Knight). A, Wetland habitat of Icmadophila splachnirima specimen. B, Wetland habitat
of Icmadophila splachnirima.
Figure 5 The dry interior of Central Otago once supported large areas of sparsely vegetated short tussock
grassland, fields of scabweed (Raoulia spp.), salt slicks and pans that were key habitats for a range of mostly
terricolous lichens that are now close to extinction in New Zealand. Indeed, it is likely that much of the
diversity of these terricolous lichens had already been lost before lichens began to be intensively studied in
New Zealand; mostly through conversion of these habitats to vineyards, dairy farms or through competition
from a range of naturalized plants. A, Galloway Road Salt Pan*one of the key salt pan habitats left in New
Zealand (image P Smale). B, Wilson’s Road Salt Pan. This saline site is now virtually overrun with halophytic
weeds such as Plantago coronopus (image. C Wilson).
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
310 PJ de Lange et al.
Figure 6 Xanthoparmelia semiviridis a formerly common lichen of the intermontane basins and now rated as
Declining due to the conversion of its key habitat to dairy farms, vineyards and by the ongoing deterioration
of its remaining indigenous habitat from the spread of such weeds as hawkweeds (Pilosella spp.). A,
Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (image A Knight). B, Mahaka Katia Scientific Reserve (Pisa Flats), one of the few
remaining examples of open scabweed (Raoulia spp.) dominated vegetation left in New Zealand, and a
habitat for Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (image JW Barkla).
the majority of New Zealand’s lichens will
prove to be narrow range, naturally uncommon
and/or biologically sparse taxa.
By far the largest listing in Appendix 1,
indeed comprising slightly over half of the New
Zealand lichen flora, are those taxa assessed as
Figure 7 Teloschistes flavicans was formerly widespread in coastal parts of mostly the North Island of New
Zealand and there is some evidence that suggests it has declined from some parts of Northland and Auckland
over the last 40 years. Today its main New Zealand strongholds are northern offshore islands, as well as the
Three Kings and Chatham Islands. A, Teloschistes flavicans and Ramalina peruviana festooning the trunk and
upper branches of tarahinau (Dracophyllum arboretum) on Rangiauria (Pitt Island), Chatham Islands group
(image PJ de Lange). B, Teloschistes flavicans is easily recognized by the bright orange richly branched
fruticose growth habit (image A Knight).
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 311
Figure 8 ‘At Risk’/Naturally Uncommon lichens of New Zealand (Fig. 8B image B Myles, all other images A
Knight). A, Aptrootia elatior. B, Menegazzia pulchra. C, Ochrolechia frigida. D, Solorina crocea. E,
Peltularia crassa. F, Placopsis brevilobata.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
312 PJ de Lange et al.
Figure 9 ‘Data Deficient’ lichens of New Zealand (images A Knight). A, Leiorreuma exaltatum. B,
Pertusaria otagoana. C, Porina cerina. D, Xanthoparmelia oleosa.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 313
‘Data Deficient’ (i.e. 975 of 1799 taxa, 54%)
(Fig. 9). This high listing is hardly surprising
considering the dearth of local lichen expertise
(reflected strongly by the virtual absence of
public submissions to this listing process). It is
a fact that, despite being well serviced by a lichen
Flora treatment that is estimated to have captured c. 85% of New Zealand’s lichen diversity
(Galloway 2007a,b), there are simply too few
lichen people on the ground. Indeed, with only a
few notable exceptions, most of New Zealand’s
lichen research has been conducted externally by
overseas and especially northern hemisphere
lichenologists. As such, the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota is richly endowed with taxa whose
identity may be known but whose abundance
and habitat preferences are not. Although the
panel thinks it likely that many ‘Data Deficient’
lichens will over time with sufficient survey shift
into ‘Not Threatened’ or Naturally Uncommon
categories (Fig. 10), it cannot be doubted that
some will be threatened. It is the panel’s hope
that by providing the full listing here, this article
will encourage New Zealand botanists to step
forward and take a keener interest in our lichen
mycobiota. Similar sentiments were expressed
by Glenny et al. (2011) in their third review of
the threatened and uncommon bryophytes of
New Zealand.
Appendix 2 lists 636 lichens considered by
the panel ‘Not Threatened’. Of these, it is
notable that some taxa, such as Sticta fuliginosa
and Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, are regarded
as threatened elsewhere in the world (see below).
The converse is also true with, for example, the
otherwise globally common Ramalina pollinaria
(Fig. 2) seriously threatened in New Zealand (see
Blanchon & Bannister 2004).
Figure 10 Protoblastenia rupestris a basicolous lichen favouring limestone and concrete pavements, pavers,
blocks, steps and walls (images PJ de Lange). Initially recorded in New Zealand from the South Island at
Castlehill and in several sites in Southland, it was subsequently discovered in western Auckland in 2004. It is
now known to be widespread in urban Auckland and has recently (2012) been collected from Tauranga.
Protoblastenia exemplifies the situation likely to arise for many listed ‘Data Deficient’ lichens, whereby once
the lichen has been recognized by the botanical community dedicated survey often finds that the lichen is
much more widespread than had been believed. Based on current data it seems likely that Protoblastenia will
be removed from the ‘Data Deficient’ list at the next lichen threat listing meeting. A, Protoblastenia ruprestris
covering a damp paver on a wall in Mt Albert, Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. B, Close up of the
thallus of Protoblastenia showing the scurfy greyish-white thallus and dull orange apothecia.
314 PJ de Lange et al.
Table 2 Most species-diverse lichen families (] 20 taxa) in the New Zealand mycobiota, listed according to
the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Family
Parmeliaceae
Physciaceae
Cladoniaceae
Lecanoraceae
Pannariaceae
Lobariaceae
Ramalinaceae
Teloschistaceae
Pertusariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Trapeliaceae
Roccellaceae
Arthoniaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Collemataceae
Thelotremataceae
Lecideaceae
Strigulaceae
Graphidaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Porpidiaceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
of taxa
Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficient Threatened
236
110
87
88
82
80
64
62
62
62
60
51
42
42
41
37
31
25
23
22
20
20
20
*
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
New Zealand lichens main contributing
taxonomic groups
It comes as no surprise that the lichen families
(Table 1) and genera (Table 2) that have been the
best studied by biosystematists are the main
contributing taxa to this threat assessment.
Thus, the Parmeliaceae with 236 taxa contribute
1 Nationally Critical lichen (Menegazzia
inactiva), 2 Declining (Xanthoparmelia semiviridis
[Fig. 6A] and X. sorediata) and 20 (12%)
Naturally Uncommon taxa to Appendix 1. The
Lobariaceae, another exceptionally well-studied
family in New Zealand (see Galloway 2007b and
references cited therein) contributes 24 (13%)
taxa to Naturally Uncommon, and the Ramalinaceae with 64 taxa contribute two to Nationally
Critical (Lecania rabenhorstii, Ramalina
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
6
8
8
14
24
13
10
4
2
14
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
3
2
2
0
98
52
35
53
24
13
28
27
43
53
12
38
34
41
28
32
25
25
18
10
8
10
5
115
51
43
27
44
43
20
24
15
6
34
11
6
1
12
4
5
0
5
9
10
8
14
pollinaria), and 13 (8%) to Naturally Uncommon. Again, it seems significant that Ramalina, in
particular, is well served in New Zealand by
detailed monographs and ecological assessments
(Blanchon et al. 1996; Bannister & Blanchon
2003; Blanchon & Bannister 2004; Bannister et al.
2004). Nevertheless, the total contribution of
lichen families to definitive listing is poor with,
as expected, all the largest families contributing
more taxa to ‘Data Deficient’ than any other
category (Table 2).
At the level of genus, of those genera
contributing 20 or more taxa to the New
Zealand lichen flora (Table 3), only
Menegazzia with 21 contributes to the ‘Threatened’ categories with one taxon listed as Nationally Critical. Otherwise, within the ‘At Risk’
subcategories of Declining and Naturally
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 315
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Uncommon, of those genera contributing 20 or
more taxa to the New Zealand lichen flora,
Xanthoparmelia is the only contributing genus to
Declining (see above), whereas Naturally Uncommon is dominated by Placopsis (9 taxa) and
Pseudocyphellaria (18 taxa) (Table 3). These
patterns are probably real and, as noted above
in the discussion about families, reflect the
intense level of field collecting and taxonomic
investigation these genera have received to date.
Substratum preference
While appreciating that lichens often occupy
more than one substratum, the preferred substrata for those lichens listed as ‘Threatened’ or
‘At Risk’ is rock (saxicolous; 97 taxa), bark
(corticolous; 66 taxa), soil (terricolous; 35 taxa)
and decorticated, lignicolous materials (11 taxa)
(Table 4). The majority of threatened lichens are
those which are terricolous, with seven taxa
having a particular preference for open clay
and/or salt pans (Figs 5, 11). Notably, these
species (e.g., Acarospora murorum, Buellia
epigaea, Siphula coriacea) are threatened by
habitat loss (Figs 5B, 11), as their preferred
habitat is converted to vineyards, dairy farms,
lost through wetland drainage and/or deterioration due to changing hydrological regimes
(e.g. Icmadophila splachnirima), or in the case
of at least one species, Austropeltum glareosum,
completely eliminated by open-cast mining for
coal. Indeed, the coal measures of Denniston
and Stockton (see Fig. 2A, 2B) seem a particular
‘hot spot’ for substratum-dependent ‘Threatened’, ‘At Risk’ and ‘Data Deficient’ lichens
with (aside from Austropeltum glareosum) a
further eight taxa recorded from there, including
Pertusaria dennistonensis, which is endemic to
the Denniston coal measures and known only
from the type gathering from the Denniston
Plateau, 3 km south of Denniston (Elix & Archer
2007). Although the Pertusaria is listed here as
‘Data Deficient’ because no dedicated surveys
Table 3 Most species-diverse lichen genera (] 20 taxa) in the New Zealand mycobiota, listed according to
the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Genus
Xanthoparmelia
Cladonia
Pertusaria
Pseudocyphellaria
Lecanora
Caloplaca
Porina
Placopsis
Verrucaria
Arthonia
Rinodina
Lecidea
Usnea
Strigula
Pannaria
Rhizocarpon
Menegazzia
Leptogium
Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
of taxa
Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened
81
75
55
54
50
46
39
36
36
32
29
28
28
24
22
22
21
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
18
6
5
0
9
2
2
2
0
4
0
0
3
5
0
39
34
40
7
27
24
38
2
30
24
16
23
9
24
3
10
4
14
37
38
12
29
17
17
1
25
4
6
11
5
15
0
19
9
11
6
316 PJ de Lange et al.
Table 4 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by substratum preference and listed according to the New Zealand
Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Substratum
Bryophilous
Corticolous
Epiphyllous
Foliicolous
Graminicolous
Lichenicolous
Lignicolous
Parasitic
Muscicolous
Saxicolous
Terricolous
Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
of taxa
Critical
Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened
13
731
3
72
22
137
148
8
87
755
257
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
for it have been made since its formal description
in 2007 (Elix & Archer 2007), the location in
which it was found has now been strip mined
(PI Knightbridge, pers. comm.), and there is the
distinct possibility that this species is now
extinct. However, it also seems wise to caution
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
62
0
0
2
5
11
1
7
93
26
6
363
1
57
4
119
41
6
35
351
86
5
308
2
15
16
13
96
1
45
307
136
that these observations by and large also reflect
those lichen habitats and substrata that have
been more intensively studied by lichenologists.
Nevertheless, the panel is reasonably confident
that the ongoing deterioration of, in particular,
the intermontane basins of the eastern South
Figure 11 Sutton Salt Lake and surrounding schist tors and tussock grassland are one of the few remaining
habitats for such lichens as Acarospora murorum, Buellia epigaea and Siphula coriacea (images JW Barkla). A,
Sutton Salt Lake is New Zealand’s only inland saline lake. As the lake levels recede in summer the exposed
lake bed provides an unusual habitat for a range of lichens otherwise unknown (or virtually so) elsewhere in
New Zealand. B, The schist tors and open tussock grassland surrounding Sutton Salt Lake were once
widespread across most of eastern and central Otago. Such habitats formally supported a range of unique
plants, animals and fungi, and were the main habitat of Siphula coriacea, as these habitats have been lost
through farming, viticulture and residential development so have has the remarkable indigenous biodiversity
they once supported.
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 317
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Island is, as with vascular plants (see de Lange
et al. 2009, 2010), now a major threat to the
graminicolous, saxicolous and terricolous lichens
known only from these areas.
Major habitats
Bare earth and cliff faces are critical habitats
occupied by four ‘Threatened’ lichens (Table 6),
and this pattern roughly accords with what is
known about the New Zealand threatened
vascular flora (see de Lange et al. 2009). ‘Rockfield’ is the key habitat for 75 lichen taxa in the
‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ categories, which is a
pattern that accords with that observed for
substratum preference (see Table 4). The only
other important habitat (]50) is ‘Closed Forest’
from where 57 lichen taxa are recorded. These
are patterns that agree with those observed for
the threatened vascular plant flora (de Lange
et al. 2009), suggesting that there may be a
correlation between the habitats of threatened
vascular plants and lichens. Although Glenny
et al. (2011) provide no analyses of key habitat
types from their listings; 18 of their 43 threatened bryophytes (e.g. Archidium elatum,
Lindbergia maritima, Petalophyllum hodgsoniae
and Petalophyllum preisii) occupy the same bare
earth, rock field and cliff face habitats frequented by threatened lichens, suggesting that
in areas of high threatened vascular plant and
perhaps bryophyte diversity, there may also be
critical ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ lichen diversity. Further study into this pattern is needed.
Other main habitat types (]20 taxa each) for
‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ lichens are: ‘Cliff’,
‘Open Forest’ and ‘Fellfield and herb field’.
Altitudinal zone
Of those lichens designated as ‘Threatened’,
our data suggest that the preferred altitudinal
zone for threatened lichen taxa is the montane
zone (Table 5). This contrasts somewhat to the
pattern documented for vascular plants where
it is lowland, then montane and coastal altitudinal zones that contain the greatest numbers
of threatened plants (de Lange et al. 2009), or
for bryophytes where the lowland zone is the
most important (Glenny et al. 2011). However,
if we consider only ‘At Risk’ lichens, the
patterns exhibited by the vascular plant flora
are weakly repeated by the lichens with 69, 71
and 65 taxa, respectively occupying coastal,
lowland and montane habitats, while 61 are
recorded from subalpine and 51 from alpine
zones. Overall though, we believe that little can
be read into these patterns because our knowledge of the preferred altitudinal preferences of
our lichen flora is so rudimentary. Indeed,
from our analyses it seems that it is the
substratum preference and broad habitat type
that provides a more meaningful interpretation
of the threatened lichen flora of New Zealand.
Table 5 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by altitudinal zone and listed according to the New Zealand Threat
Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Altitudinal Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
Zone
of taxa
Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened
Coastal
Lowland
Montane
Subalpine
Alpine
824
936
794
528
340
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
0
1
3
2
0
70
71
65
61
51
2
3
3
1
0
365
419
308
160
121
385
440
409
302
165
318 PJ de Lange et al.
Table 6 New Zealand lichen flora ranked by habitat preference and listed according to the New Zealand
Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Habitat
Cliff
Closed
forest
Open forest
Rockfield
Beach
Fellfield
and herb
field
Flush and
seepage
Turf and
cushion
Coastal
scrub
Subalpine
scrub
Grey scrub
Other scrub
Geothermal
Inand
saline
Bare earth
Anthropic
Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
of taxa
Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened
208
747
2
1
1
0
0
0
31
55
1
1
90
398
83
292
388
601
88
104
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
26
73
7
19
1
1
0
0
114
273
47
33
245
252
34
51
20
0
0
0
4
0
3
13
36
0
0
0
7
0
7
22
155
0
1
0
12
2
33
107
211
0
0
1
16
0
38
156
139
187
48
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
16
0
0
2
0
0
0
21
35
4
3
109
135
44
3
137
201
1
0
2
0
1
0
6
10
2
1
56
66
69
124
Distribution of lichens
The distribution of New Zealand lichens
(Table 7), when considered from the perspective
of Botanical Provinces (BP) (see Wardle 1991),
suggests that the Auckland (615 taxa), Southern
North Island (702 taxa), SoundsNelson (507
taxa), Western Nelson (498), Canterbury (811
taxa) and Otago (915) BPs are the major centres
of lichen diversity (Table 7). We suggests that
these patterns are not real and that they more
likely reflect the activities of New Zealand’s
small core of past and current lichen collectors,
as well as the principal lichen Flora author,
many of whom live in the key areas within these
main BPs. Consider the Auckland BP, for
example, where such lichen collectors as JK
Bartlett (19451986), DJ Blanchon, BW Hayward, GC Hayward and AE Wright were or are
especially active, whilst the dominance of the
Southern North Island reflects the past activities
of J Buchanan (18191898), C Knight (1808
1891), as well as modern lichen collectors such as
B Polly, W Nelson and C West. Similar patterns
reported for the genus Ramalina by Blanchon
et al. (1996), based largely on herbarium records,
were found to be misleading once a more
complete national field survey was undertaken
(Bannister et al. 2004). The paucity of lichens
from the Kermadec BP (62) reflects not only the
isolation of the islands, but also the fact that
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 319
Table 7 New Zealand lichen flora Botanical Province distribution with taxa ranked according to the New
Zealand Threat Classification System (Townsend et al. 2008).
New Zealand Threat Classification
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Botanical
Province
Kermadecs
Three Kings
Northland
Auckland
Volcanic
Plateau
Taranaki
Gisborne
Southern
North
Island
Western
Nelson
SoundsNelson
Marlborough
Westland
Canterbury
Otago
Southland
Fiordland
Rakiura
Chatham
Campbell
Number Nationally Nationally Nationally
Naturally
Data
Not
of taxa
Critical Endangered Vulnerable Declining Uncommon Deficien Threatened
62
112
460
615
480
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
36
48
32
1
1
1
1
0
17
24
149
195
104
34
78
272
370
343
307
332
702
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
17
17
47
0
0
2
50
61
246
239
254
405
498
2
2
1
35
1
113
344
507
0
1
0
33
0
115
358
366
400
811
915
463
375
334
279
242
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
17
26
65
83
26
26
23
30
32
1
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
61
77
242
307
84
69
48
48
58
287
296
499
517
351
279
262
198
151
their lichen mycobiota has been scarcely collected, let alone studied. Oddly, the opposite is
the case for the equally isolated Campbell BP
(242) which was intensively collected, initially by
J. Hooker in late 1840 and recently, most
notably by HA Imshaug, and by CD Meurk
during the 1970s and early 1980s. Our data
reflect strongly what is known about the lichen
mycobiota, and it is well-recognized that such
vascular plant centres of diversity as Northland
BP have been scarcely investigated, with perhaps
the notable exception of the pioneering collecting efforts of JKBartlett, and the offshore island
work of BW Hayward, GC Hayward and AE
Wright. The Chatham BP provides another
example, as the lichen mycobiota of this island
group was hardly investigated when Galloway
(2007a,b) was published. That Flora treats just
48 lichens for the Chatham BP. However, due to
the collecting efforts of PJ de Lange, PB
Heenan, PN Johnson and A Knight, the lichen
flora of that BP has increased to the 242 taxa
reported here, a figure which is expected to
increase further as additional material gathered
from those islands is examined by lichenologists.
Consequently, any pattern of threat as reflected
by BP distribution in Table 7 is probably of
limited value. Consider the Nationally Critical
Cladia muelleri which is recorded from New
Zealand by Galloway (2007a) only from the
Northland BP where it was collected from dune
slacks and yet was then discovered in 2008 on
320 PJ de Lange et al.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
the Chatham Islands growing on sandy peat
and clay above schist on the margin of salt
and wind blasted vegetation on Rekohu
(Chatham Island) and within low, windswept
fernland on peat overlying trachyte (de Lange
2008). Clearly, until the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota is more widely collected and studied,
any conservation assessment as to major regions
of threat, as has been done for the vascular flora
(see de Lange et al. 2009), is impractical.
New Zealand lichens from a global conservation
perspective
Worldwide, conservation threat listings for
lichens lag behind those for other groups. A
review of national red lists found that fungi and
lichens were the most poorly represented taxonomic groups (Zamin et al. 2010). The most
complete coverage has been achieved in
Europe, where habitat loss and air pollution
were implicated in the loss of lichen diversity,
and red lists in at least 17 countries include
lichens. Outside Europe, the red list of Japan
includes lichens and conservation listings in
Canada and Australia cover lichens to some
degree. In some countries, such as Norway
(Anonymous 1999, Timdal et al. 2006) the
listing process has occurred more than once.
Because many lichens have a bipolar or
cosmopolitan distribution, there is a degree
of congruence between the lichen mycobiota
of New Zealand and those in other parts of the
world, so it is useful to investigate if lichen taxa
designated as threatened in New Zealand are
also considered threatened elsewhere.
A comparison of the New Zealand threat
list (this article) with the red lists of Britain
(Church et al. 1996), Norway (Timdal et al.
2006), Estonia (Randlane et al. 2008), the
Czech Republic (Liška et al. 2008), a conservation assessment for Australia (Scott et al. 1997)
and a partial assessment for Tasmania (Kantvilas 2000) revealed that a small number of
threatened New Zealand species were also
threatened in one or more other countries.
Further comparison of the New Zealand
threat list with the general checklists of Britain
(http://www.thebls.org.uk/content/checklist.html
[accessed 2 March 2011]), Norway (http://www.
nhm.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/bmlnosj.htm
[accessed 27 January 2011]), Estonia (http://
www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/checklists/lichens/
europe/estonia_l.htm [accessed 27 January
2011]), the Czech Republic (Liška et al. 2008)
and Australia (http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/
lichenlist/lichenchecklist_a_d.html [accessed 2
March 2011]) found that most lichen taxa
considered threatened in New Zealand are not
considered threatened in one or more of the
other countries. A summary is given below:
Of the four Nationally Critical species on
the New Zealand list, two are found in
Australia and apparently not threatened,
Lecania rabenhorstii is Vulnerable in the Czech
Republic, but not the other countries being
studied, and Ramalina pollinaria is ‘Near
Threatened’ in the Czech Republic, but appears to be common in the other countries.
Of the New Zealand Nationally Endangered
species, all four are also found in Australia
and are apparently not threatened there. Of
the three Nationally Vulnerable species in New
Zealand, Acarospora murorum was not found
in the countries being compared. The other
two species are found also in Australia and are
apparently not threatened there. Of the four
New Zealand Declining species, Catapyrenium
psoromoides is Critically Endangered in
Britain, Teloschistes flavicans (Fig. 7) is Vulnerable in Britain, Xanthoparmelia semiviridis
is present in Australia but apparently not
considered threatened there and X. sorediata
is considered to be Endangered in Australia.
Of the 173 Naturally Uncommon lichen taxa
in New Zealand, 18 are listed as threatened on
one or more of the other red lists being
compared. Of the 975 NZ ’Data Deficient’
lichens, 132 are listed on European red lists or
the Australian list. In fact, the lichens listed as
threatened by the Australian assessment are
well represented amongst New Zealand ’Data
Deficient’ lichens.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 321
Conclusions
Undertaking a conservation listing of the New
Zealand lichen mycobiota proved a demanding
task hampered by incomplete knowledge of
lichen distribution, trends and also by the rapid
rate of discovery of new or novel taxa in
between the time the panel met to undertake
listing (November 2009) and compiling this
article. Despite these issues, the Department
of Conservation strongly encouraged this listing because of the need to set a baseline for
lichens. This article has achieved this objective,
and with its publication we have little doubt
that it will stimulate further surveys, collections
and data gathering which will contribute to a
much better future listing. This is, after all the
nature of any threat listing exercise. Nevertheless, the panel elected to be conservative,
listing as ‘Threatened’ or ‘At Risk’ only those
lichens for which hard data existed to show a
trend of decline. Many more whose habitats are
threatened by mass destruction from open-cast
mining and changing land use patterns could
have been added there. However, for these we
elected to treat them as ‘Data Deficient’ in the
absence of critical information. The fact that
the bulk of the New Zealand lichen flora is
listed as ‘Data Deficient’ provides a strong
message to New Zealand people to take a
bigger interest in their lichens. An analysis of
the New Zealand lichen mycobiota from a
conservation perspective was advocated by
Galloway (2008) and, while our offering is
often clouded by the artefact of human collection patterns and those families which are more
intensively studied than others, we believe there
are some clear conservation patterns that
accord with those observed for the much better
studied New Zealand threatened vascular flora
(de Lange et al. 2009, 2010). As with any
conservation undertaking, it is our ignorance
that is the biggest factor in extinctions, New
Zealand lichens are a significant and important
resource for New Zealand, critical to healthy
ecosystem functioning, as well as providing key
bioindicators of the health or deterioration of
such systems (Galloway 2008). With the publication of this article our time of relegating
them to the ‘too hard basket’ for conservation
purposes is now well and truly over.
Acknowledgements
This article has benefited from the specialist advice
received from the following people: WM Malcom,
B Polly, PN Johnson, B Myles and the late PI
Knightbridge. We also thank the New Zealand Plant
Conservation Network for assistance with advertising
the lichen threat listing, Ilse Breitwieser at the Allan
Herbarium, Landcare Research, Lincoln Campus for
providing facilities for the meeting, and the New
Zealand Department of Conservation for sponsoring
the listing. We thank David Glenny, Jane Marshall,
John Barkla and Penny Smale for allowing us to use
their images for this article.
References
Allibone R, David B, Hitchmough R, Jellyman D,
Ling N, Ravenscroft P, Waters J 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish,
2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 44: 271287.
Anonymous 1999. Nasjonal Rødliste for truete arter
I Norge 1998 Norwegian Red List 1998. DNrapport 19993: 1161.
Baker CS, Chilvers BL, Constantine R, DuFresne S,
Mattlin RH, van Helden A, Hitchmough R
2010. Conservation status of New Zealand
marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research 44: 101115.
Bannister P, Bannister JM, Blanchon DJ 2004.
Distribution, habitat and relation to climatic
factors of the lichen genus Ramalina Ach. in
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany
42: 121138.
Bannister JM, Blanchon DJ 2003. The lichen genus
Ramalina Ach. (Ramalinaceae) on the outlying
islands of the New Zealand geographic area.
The Lichenologist 35: 137146.
Blanchon DJ, Bannister JM 2004. Ramalina
pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. in New Zealand. Australasian Lichenology 55: 1820.
Blanchon DJ, Braggins JE, Stewart A 1996. The
lichen genus Ramalina in New Zealand. Journal
of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 79: 4398.
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
322 PJ de Lange et al.
Brummitt RK, Powell CE 1992. Authors of plant
names. London, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
732p.
Church JM, Coppins BJ, Gilbert OL, James PW,
Stewart NF 1996. Red data books of Britain
and Ireland: lichens volume 1: Britain. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 84p.
de Lange PJ 2008. Apparently extinct lichen discovered on the Chatham Islands. Chatham
Islands, New Zealand website. http://www.
chathams.co.nz/content/view/305/83/ (accessed
27 October 2011).
de Lange PJ, Heenan PB, Norton DA, Rolfe JR,
Sawyer JWD 2010. Threatened plants of New
Zealand. Christchurch, Canterbury University
Press. 471p.
de Lange PJ, Norton DA 1998. Revisiting rarity: a
botanical perspective on the meanings of rarity
and the classification of New Zealand’s uncommon plants. In: Ecosystems, entomology and
plants. The Royal Society of New Zealand
Miscellaneous Series 48: 145160.
de Lange PJ, Norton DA, Courtney SP, Heenan PB,
Barkla JW, Cameron EK, Hitchmough R,
Townsend AJ 2009. Threatened and uncommon
plants of New Zealand (1998 revision). New
Zealand Journal of Botany 47: 6196.
de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR 2010. New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. Wellington, New
Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 164p.
Elix JA, Archer AW 2007. Four new species of
Pertusaria (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australasia. Australasian Lichenology 60: 2025.
Freeman DJ, Marshall BA, Ahyong ST, Wing SR,
Hitchmough RA 2010. The conservation status
of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2009.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44: 129148.
Galloway DJ 1985. Flora of New Zealand. Lichens.
Wellington, Government Printer. 662p.
Galloway DJ 1988. Studies in Pseudocyphellaria
(lichens) I. The New Zealand species. Bulletin
of the British Museum (Natural History)
Botany 17: 1267.
Galloway DJ 1995. Lichens in Southern Hemisphere
temperate rain forest and their role in the
maintenance of biodiversity. In: Allsopp D,
Colwell RR, Hawksworth DL eds. Microbial
diversity and ecosystem function. Wallingford,
CAB International. Pp. 125135.
Galloway DJ 2007a. Flora of New Zealand lichens.
Revised 2nd edition. Volume 1. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press. 1006 p.
Galloway DJ 2007b. Flora of New Zealand lichens.
Revised 2nd edition. Volume 2. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press. Pp. 10072261.
Galloway DJ 2008. Austral lichenology: 16902008.
New Zealand Journal of Botany 46: 433521.
Galloway DJ in press. Lichens. In: Breitwieser I,
Brownsey P, Ford K, Glenny D, Heenan P,
Nelson W, Wilton A eds. Flora of
New Zealand. Online edition. http://floraseries.
landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
Glenny D, Fife AJ, Brownsey PJ, Renner MAM,
Braggins JE, Beever JE, Hitchmough R 2011.
Threatened and uncommon bryophytes of New
Zealand (2010 revision). New Zealand Journal
of Botany 49: 305327.
Green TGA, Horstmann T, Bonnett H, Wilkins A,
Silvester WB 1980. Nitrogen fixation by members of the Stictaceae (lichenes) of New Zealand.
New Phytologist 84: 339348.
Hitchmough R (compiler) 2002. New Zealand
Threat Classification System lists 2002. Threatened Species Occasional Publication 23. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 210 p.
Hitchmough RA, Hoare JM, Jamieson H, Newman
D, Tocher MD, Anderson PJ, Lettink M,
Whitaker AH 2010. Conservation status of
New Zealand reptiles, 2009. New Zealand
Journal of Zoology 37: 203224.
IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List categories. Version 3.1.
Gland, Switzerland, IUCN Species Survival
Commission. http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria (accessed 27 October 2011).
Liška J, Palice Z, Slavı́ková S 2008. Checklist and
Red List of lichens of the Czech Republic.
Preslia 80: 151182.
Kantvilas G 2000. Conservation of Tasmanian
lichens. Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
75: 357367.
Miskelly CM, Dowding JE, Elliot GP, Hitchmough
RA, Powlesland RG, Robertson HA, Sagar
PM, Scofield RP, Taylor GA 2008. Conservation status of New Zealand birds. Notornis 55:
117135.
Molloy J, Bell B, Clout M, de Lange P, Gibbs G,
Given D, Norton D, Smith N, Stephens T 2002.
Classifying species according to threat of extinction*a system for New Zealand. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 26p.
Newman DG, Bell BD, Bishop PJ, Burns R, Haigh
A, Hitchmough RA, Tocher M 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand frogs, 2009. New
Zealand Journal of Zoology 37: 121130.
O’Donnell CFJ, Christie JE, Hitchmough RA, Lloyd
B, Parsons S 2010. The conservation status of
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 323
New Zealand bats, 2009. New Zealand Journal
of Zoology 37: 297311.
Pettersson RB, Ball JP, Renhorn K-R, Esseen P-A,
Sjöberg K 1995. Invertebrate communities in
boreal forest canopies as influenced by forestry
and lichens with implications for passerine
birds. Biological Conservation 74: 5763.
Randlane T, Jüriado I, Suija A, Lõhmus P, Leppik E
2008. Lichens in the new Red List of Estonia.
Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 44: 113120.
Rogers G, Walker S, Lee B 2005. The role of
disturbance in dryland New Zealand: past and
present. Science for Conservation 258. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 129 p.
Scott GAM, Entwistle TJ, May TW, Stevens GN
1997. A conservation overview of Australian
non-marine lichens, bryophytes, algae and
fungi. Canberra, Environment Australia. 121p.
Timdal E, Bratli H, Haugan R, Holien H, Tønsberg
T 2006. Lav ‘Lichenes’. In: Kålås JA, Viken ,
Bakken T eds. Norsk Rødliste 2006 2006
Norwegian Red List. Trondheim: Artsdatabanken. Pp. 129139.
Townsend AJ, de Lange PJ, Norton DA, Molloy J,
Miskelly C, Duffy C. 2008. The New Zealand
Threat Classification System manual. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 35p.
van den Boom PPG, Mayrhofer H 2007. Notes on
Lecania species from Australasia, with the description of a new variety and a new combination
in Halecania. Australian Lichenology 60: 2633.
Wardle P 1991. The vegetation of New Zealand.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 672p.
Zamin TJ, Baillie JEM, Miller RM, Rodrı́guez JP,
Ardid A, Collen B 2010. National Red Listing
beyond the 2010 target. Conservation Biology
24: 10121020.
Appendix 1 New Zealand threatened and
uncommon lichen and lichenicolous list.
$Denotes indigenous lichens found naturally outside
New Zealand.
fDenotes lichenicolous fungi.
§Denotes new addition to the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota.
%Denotes those lichens that may yet prove to be
naturalized to New Zealand.
Qualifiers
Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in
this list by Townsend et al. (2008):
DP, Data Poor;
EF, Extreme Fluctuations;
IE, Island Endemic;
OL, One Location in New Zealand;
PD, Partial Decline;
RR, Range Restricted;
SO, Secure Overseas;
Sp, Sparse;
TO, Threatened Overseas.
Threatened (11)
Threatened taxa are those which meet the criteria
specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for the categories: 1, Nationally Critical; 2, Nationally Endangered; and 3, Nationally Vulnerable.
1. Nationally Critical (4)
Nationally Critical taxa are those which fit the
criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These
include Nationally Critical A*very small population (natural or unnatural); Nationally Critical B*
small population (natural or unnatural) with a high
ongoing or predicted decline; or Nationally Critical
C*population (irrespective of size or number of
sub-populations) with a very high ongoing or predicted decline (70%).
$Cladia muelleri (Hampe) Parnmen
et Lumbsch. SO
$§Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp)
Arnold DP, RR, SO
$Menegazzia inactiva P.James
et Kantvilas DP, OL, TO
$Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.)
Ach. SO
Cladoniaceae
Ramalinaceae
Parmeliaceae
Ramalinaceae
2. Nationally Endangered (4)
Nationally Endangered taxa are those which fit the
criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These
include Nationally Endangered A*small population
(natural or unnatural) that has a low to high ongoing
or predicted decline; Nationally Endangered B*
small stable population (unnatural); or Nationally
Endangered C*moderate population and high ongoing or predicted decline.
$Austropeltum glareosum
Henssen, Döring et
Kantvilas TO
$§Buellia epigaea (Pers.)
Tuck. RR, SO
$Pycnothelia caliginosa
D.J.Galloway et
P.James DP, RR, Sp, TO
Sphaerophoraceae
Physciaceae
Cladoniaceae
324 PJ de Lange et al.
Ramalinaceae
$Ramalina pacifica
Asahina DP, Sp, TO
3. Nationally Vulnerable (3)
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Nationally Vulnerable taxa are those which fit the
criteria as defined by Townsend et al. (2008) These
include: Nationally Vulnerable A*small, increasing
population (unnatural); Nationally Vulnerable B*
moderate, stable population (unnatural); Nationally
Vulnerable C*moderate population, with population trend that is declining; Nationally Vulnerable
D*moderate to large population and moderate to
high ongoing or predicted decline; or Nationally
Vulnerable D*large population and high ongoing
or predicted decline.
$Acarospora murorum
A.Massal. DP, SO
$Icmadophila splachnirima
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
D.J.Galloway emend.
L.R.Ludwig DP, RR, Sp,
Siphula coriacea Nyl. DP
Acarosporaceae
Icmadophilaceae
TO
Icmadophilaceae
At Risk (177)
‘At Risk’ taxa are those which meet the criteria
specified by Townsend et al. (2008) for: 1, Declining;
and 2, Naturally Uncommon.
1. Declining (4)
Declining taxa are those which fit the criteria as
defined by Townsend et al. (2008). These include
Declining A*moderate to large population and low
ongoing or predicted decline; Declining B*large
population and low to moderate ongoing or predicted decline; and Declining C*very large population and low to high ongoing or predicted decline.
$Catapyrenium psoromoides
(Borrer) R.Sant. RR, Sp, SO
$Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.)
Norman Sp, TO
$Xanthoparmelia semiviridis
(F.Muell. ex Nyl.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch EF, SO
$Xanthoparmelia sorediata (Elix et
P.Child) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch SO, Sp
Verrucariaceae
Teloschistaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
2. Naturally Uncommon (173)
Taxa whose distribution is naturally confined to
specific substrata (e.g. ultramafic rock), habitats
(e.g. high alpine fellfield, hydrothermal vents) or
geographic areas (e.g. subantarctic islands), or taxa
that occur within naturally small and widely
scattered populations. This distribution is not the
result of past or recent human disturbance. Populations may be stable or increasing. Note that a
naturally uncommon taxon that has fewer than 250
mature individuals qualifies for Nationally Critical.
Taxa that have more than 20,000 mature individuals are not considered Naturally Uncommon,
unless they occupy an area of less than 100,000 ha
(1000 km2).
$Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.)
Körb. RR, SO
$Acarospora umbilicata
Bagl. RR, SO
Anzia entingiana Elix Sp
Anzia jamesii D.J.Galloway Sp
$Aptrootia elatior (Stirt.)
Aptroot SO, Sp
$Argopsis megalospora
Th.Fr. RR, Sp, TO
fArthonia glaucomaria (Nyl.) Nyl.
fArthonia haematommatum Kalb
et Hafellner RR, Sp
$Bacidia bagliettoana (A.Massal.
et De Not) Jatta RR, SO
Bacidia subcerina Zahlbr. RR, Sp
$Bartlettiella fragilis
D.J.Galloway et
P.M.Jørg. SO?, Sp
$Brigantiaea fuscolutea (Dicks.)
R.Sant. SO, Sp
$Bryonora castanea (Hepp)
Poelt DP, OL, SO
$Bryoria indonesica (P.M.Jørg.)
Brodo et D.Hawksw. DP, SO
$Calicium victorianum (F.Wilson)
Tibell SO, Sp
$Caloplaca biatorina (A.Massal.)
J.Steiner RR, SO, Sp
$Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.)
Zahlbr. DP, SO, Sp
Caloplaca erecta Arup et
H.Mayrhofer RR
Caloplaca maculata
D.J.Galloway DP, RR, SP
Caloplaca schisticola
D.J.Galloway RR, Sp
Acarosporaceae
Acarosporaceae
Anziaceae
Anziaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Brigantiaeaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Lecanorales
genera incertae
sedis
Brigantiaeaceae
Lecanoraceae
Parmeliaceae
Physciaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 325
$Calycidium cuneatum Stirt. SO, Sp
$Calycidium polycarpum
Colenso OL, SO
$Carbonea assentiens (Nyl.)
Hertel OL, SO
Catillaria glaucogrisea
Fryday DP, IE, OL
$Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex
Schaer.) Kärnefelt et
Thell DP, RR, SO
$Chaenotheca degelii
Tibell RR, TO, Sp
$Chaenothecopsis lignicola
(Nádv.) Alb.Schmidt DP, RR, SO
$Cladia fuliginosa
R.Filson DP, RR, SO, Sp
$Cladia inflata (F.Wilson)
D.J.Galloway RR, SO, Sp
$Cladia schizopora (Nyl.)
Nyl. RR, Sp, TO
$Cladonia coccifera (L.)
Willd. DP, SO
$Cladonia deformis (L.)
Hoffm. DP, SO
$Cladonia pocillum (Ach.)
O.J.Rich. RR, SO, Sp
$fDactylospora australis Triebel et
Hertel SO, Sp
$Degelia duplomarginata (P.James
et Henssen) Arv. et
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
$Degelia durietzii Arv. et
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
$Degelia periptera (C.Knight)
P.M.Jørg. et P.James SO
$Degeliella rosulata (P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway) P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp
$‘‘Dendriscocaulon
dendriothamnodes’’ Dughi in
D. J. Galloway DP, Sp, SO
‘‘Dendriscocaulon dendroides’’ R.
Sant. ex H.Magn DP, Sp
Dirina neozelandica (Redinger)
Sparrius Sp
$Erioderma leylandii (Taylor)
Müll.Arg. SO, Sp
$Erioderma sorediatum
D.J.Galloway et
P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp
Calycidiaceae
Calycidiaceae
Lecanoraceae
Catillariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Coniocybaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Dactylosporaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Roccellaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Gyalidea lecanorina (C.Knight)
P.James Sp
$Haematomma fenzlianum
A.Massal. SO, Sp
Herteliana australis Fryday OL
$Icmadophila ericetorum (L.)
Zahlbr. SO, Sp
$§Lecania inundata (Hepp ex
Körb.) M.Mayrhofer SO, Sp
$§Lecania turicensis (Hepp)
Müll.Arg. var. turicensis SO, Sp
§Lecania turicensis var.
macrocarpa van den Boom et
H.Mayrhofer Sp
$Lecanora aghardiana Ach. OL, SO
$Lecanora austrooceanica Hertel
et Leuckert SO
$Lecanora capistrata (Darb.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Lecanora cavicola
Creveld RR, SO, Sp
Lecanora physcielloides Fryday IE
$Lecanora xylophila Hue SO, Sp
$Leioderma erythrocarpum
(Delise ex Nyl.) D.J.Galloway
et P.M. Jørg. SO, Sp
fLichenoconium plectocarpoides
S.Y.Kondr. et D.J.Galloway OL
$Lithographa olivacea Fryday SO
Lithographa serpentina Coppins et
Fryday OL
Menegazzia aeneofusca
(Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. DP, Sp
$Menegazzia castanea P.James et
D.J.Galloway RR, Sp, TO
$Menegazzia globulifera
R.Sant. DP, SO, Sp
Menegazzia inflata (Hillmann)
P.James et D.J.Galloway Sp
Menegazzia pulchra P.James et
D.J.Galloway EF, RR, Sp
Micarea pannarica Fryday IE, OL
$Nephroma plumbeum (Mont.)
Mont. var. plumbeum SO
$Notocladonia cochleata
(Müll.Arg.)
S.Hammer DP, SO, Sp, RR
$Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.)
Lynge SO, Sp
Solorinellaceae
Haematommataceae
Ramalinaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Pannariaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Micareaceae
Nephromataceae
Cladoniaceae
Pertusariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
326 PJ de Lange et al.
Parmelia novae-zelandiae Hale Sp
$Parmelia saxatilis (L.)
Ach. SO, Sp
$Parmeliella aggregata P.M.Jørg.
et D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
$Parmeliella concinna
I.M.Lamb OL, SO, Sp
$Parmeliella gymnocheila (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. SO, Sp
$Parmotrema subtinctorium
(Zahlbr.) Hale SO, Sp
$Peltularia crassa P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway RR, SO, Sp
Pertusaria alboatra Zahlbr. DP, Sp
$Pertusaria lavata
Müll.Arg. DP, SO, Sp
Pertusaria leucodes
C.Knight DP, Sp
$Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.)
Moberg SO, Sp
$Physcia integrata Nyl. SO, Sp
$Physma byrsaeum (Ach.)
Tuck. SO, Sp
Placopsis ampliata (I.M.Lamb)
D.J.Galloway Sp
$Placopsis brevilobata (Zahlbr.)
I.M.Lamb RR, SO
Placopsis centrifuga
D.J.Galloway Sp
Placopsis durietziorum
D.J.Galloway Sp
$Placopsis gelidioides
Du Rietz RR, SO, Sp
Placopsis macrospora
D.J.Galloway DP, Sp
Placopsis murrayi
D.J.Galloway RR
$Placopsis stenophylla (Hue)
I.M.Lamb SO, Sp
Placopsis venosa Imshaug ex
D.J.Galloway RR
$Placynthium rosulans (Th.Fr.)
Zahlbr. DP, SO, Sp
$Poeltidea perusta (Nyl.) Hertel et
Hafellner SO, Sp
$Polysporina simplex (Davies)
Vězda RR, SO, Sp
$Porpidia albocaerulescens
(Wulfen) Hertel et
Knoph DP, SO, Sp
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Collemataceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Placynthiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Acarosporaceae
Porpidiaceae
$Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex
Arnold) Brodo et
D.Hawksw. SO, Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria ardesiaca
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria argyracea
(Delise) Vain. SO, Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
Pseudocyphellaria cinnamomea
(A.Rich.) Vain. Sp
Pseudocyphellaria crassa
D.J.Galloway Sp
Pseudocyphellaria gretae
D.J.Galloway Sp
Pseudocyphellaria halei
D.J.Galloway Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria haywardiorum
D.J.Galloway SO?, Sp
Pseudocyphellaria hookeri
(C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria jamesii
D.J.Galloway SO
Pseudocyphellaria lindsayi
D.J.Galloway Sp
Pseudocyphellaria margaretiae
D.J.Galloway Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria physciospora
(Nyl.) Malme DP, SO
$Pseudocyphellaria poculifera
(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James SO, Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria punctillaris
(Müll.Arg.)
D.J.Galloway OL, SO
$§Pseudocyphellaria reineckeana
(Müll.Arg.)
D.J.Galloway OL, SO, Sp
$Pseudocyphellaria sericeofulva
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
Pseudocyphellaria wilkinsii
D.J.Galloway Sp
Psora decipiens (Hedw.)
Hoffm. RR, Sp
Psoroma coralloideum Nyl. Sp
$Psoroma rubromarginatum
P.James et Js.Murray SO, Sp
$Punctelia perreticulata
(Räsänen) G.Wilh. et
Ladd SO, Sp
Parmeliaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Psoraceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 327
$Punctelia subalbicans (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway et Elix SO, Sp
$Ramalina canariensis
J.Steiner SO, Sp
Ramalina erumpens D.Blanchon,
J.Braggins et A.Stewart Sp
$Ramalina exiguella Stirt. SO, Sp
$Ramalina fimbriata Krog et
Swinscow RR, SO, Sp
$Ramalina luciae Molho, Bodo,
Culb. et C.Culb. SO, Sp
Ramalina meridionalis
D.Blanchon et
Bannister PD
Ramalina riparia D.Blanchon,
J.Braggins et A.Stewart Sp
$Rhizocarpon lavatum (Fr.)
Hazsl. OL, SO
Rhizocarpon oxydatum Fryday RR
$Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen)
A.Massal. RR, SO
Rhizolecia hybrida (Zahlbr.)
Hertel DP, OL
Rimularia maculata Fryday RR, Sp
Rinodina nigricans
H.Mayrhofer RR, Sp
$Rinodina reagens Matzer et
H.Mayrhofer RR, SO
$Roccellina exspectata
Tehler Sp, TO
$Rusavskia elegans (Link) Kondr.
et Kärnefelt. RR, SO, Sp
$Siphulastrum mamillatum
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
D.J.Galloway SO, Sp
$Siphulastrum triste
Müll.Arg. SO, Sp
Solenopsora sordida (C.W.Dodge)
D.J.Galloway IE, OL
$Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. SO, Sp
$Solorina spongiosa (Sm.)
Anzi RR, SO, Sp
$Sphinctrina tubaeformis
A.Massal. SO, Sp
Steinera polymorpha P.James et
Henssen RR, Sp
$Steinera sorediata P.James et
Henssen RR, SO, Sp
Stenocybe bartlettii Tibell Sp
Parmeliaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Lecideaceae
Trapeliaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Roccellaceae
Teloschistaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Catillariaceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Sphinctrinaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Stereocaulon argus Hook.f. et
Taylor RR
Stereocaulon loricatum
I.M.Lamb Sp
$Stereocaulon trachyphloeum
I.M.Lamb SO, Sp
Sticta colinii D.J.Galloway Sp
Sticta livida Kremp. Sp
$§Sticta pedunculata
Kremp. OL, SO
$Sticta sublimbata (J.Steiner)
Swinscow et
Krog SO, Sp
$Teloschistes fasciculatus
Hillmann SO, Sp
$Teloschistes sieberianus (Laurer)
Hillmann DP, SO, Sp
$Teloschistes spinosus (Hook.f. et
Taylor) Js.Murray SO, Sp
$Teloschistes xanthorioides
Js.Murray DP, SO, Sp
$Tetramelas confusus
Nordin SO, Sp
$§Topeliopsis macrocarpa
(C.W.Dodge) Mangold et
Lumbsch DP, SO
$Thysanothecium hookeri Mont.
et Berk. RR, SO
$Umbilicaria deusta (L.)
Baumg. SO, Sp
$Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm. SO
$Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii
(Savicz) Zahlbr. SO
Umbilicaria murihikuana
D.J.Galloway et
L.G.Sancho Sp
Umbilicaria robusta (Llano)
D.J.Galloway et L.G.Sancho Sp
$Umbilicaria virginis S
chaer. SO, Sp
$Usnea antarctica
Du Rietz RR, SO, Sp
$Usnea nidifica Taylor SO, Sp
Usnea pseudocapillaris
F.J.Walker Sp
$Usnea sphacelata R.Br. RR, SO, Sp
$Verrucaria durietzii
I.M.Lamb SO
$Verrucaria glaucina Ach. RR, SO
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Physciaceae
Thelotremataceae
Cladoniaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
328 PJ de Lange et al.
$Xanthoparmelia arapilensis (Elix Parmeliaceae
et P.M.Armstr.) Filson SO
Parmeliaceae
$Xanthoparmelia congesta
(Kurok. et Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. DP, SO
$Xanthoparmelia verdonii Elix et Parmeliaceae
J.Johnst. SO, Sp
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Data Deficient (975)
Taxa that are suspected, but not definitely known to
belong to any of the above categories due to a lack of
current information about their present-day distribution and abundance. It is hoped that listing
such taxa will stimulate research to find out the
true category or threat. For a fuller definition see
Townsend et al. (2008).
$fAbrothallus curreyi
Linds. SO
$fAbrothallus microspermus
Tul. SO
f§ Abrothallus tulasnei
M.S.Cole et
D.Hawksw. OL, SO
$f§ Abrothallus usneae Stein SO
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
$fAcarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Acarosporaceae
Th.Fr. SO
Acarosporaceae
$Acarospora gallica
H.Magn. SO
Acarospora gyrodes
Acarosporaceae
H.Magn. RR
Acarosporaceae
$Acarospora nodulosa
(Dufour) Hue SO
Acarospora otagensis
Acarosporaceae
H.Magn. OL
Acarosporaceae
$§%Acarospora sinopica
(Wahlenb.) Körb. OL, SO
$%Acarospora veronensis
Acarosporaceae
A.Massal. SO
Gomphillaceae
$Aderkomyces albostrigosus
(R.Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. et
Vězda OL, SO
$Agonimia pacifica
Verrucariaceae
(H.Harada) Diederich SO
$Amandinea adjuncta (Th.Fr.) Physciaceae
Hafellner OL, SO
Amandinea diorista var.
hypopelidna (Stirt.) Marbach
et Kalb
$Amandinea insperata (Nyl.)
H.Mayrhofer et
Ropin RR, SO
Anisomeridium carinthiacum
(J.Steiner) R.C.Harris SO
Anisomeridium laevigatum
(P.M.McCarthy)
R.C.Harris OL
Anisomeridium magnosporum
(C.Knight) D.Hawksw. OL
Anisomeridium subatomarium
(C.Knight) R.C.Harris OL
Anisomeridium subbiforme
(C.Knight) R.C.Harris OL
§Anzia gallowayi Elix OL
$fArthonia anjutiae
S.Y.Kondr. et
Alstrup OL?, SO
$Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.)
Wallr. SO
fArthonia clemens (Tul.)
Th.Fr. SO
Arthonia conspicua (C.Bab.)
Nyl. OL
$Arthonia cyanea Müll.Arg.
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Anziaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
OL, SO
$Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.)
Nyl. SO
Arthonia epiodes Nyl. OL
$fArthonia fuscopurpurea
(Tul.) R.Sant. SO
$f§Arthonia galactinaria
Leight. OL, SO
Arthonia indistincta C.Knight
et Mitt. OL
Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor)
Branth et Rostr. OL
fArthonia maculiformis Wedin
et Hafellner RR, Sp
fArthonia molendoi (Heufl. ex
Frauenf.) R.Sant. RR, Sp
Arthonia nigrocincta C.Knight
et Mitt. OL
$Arthonia peraffinis Nyl. SO, Sp
Arthonia perparva (Zahlbr.)
Matzer OL
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 329
Arthonia phymatodes
C.Knight OL
$Arthonia polymorpha
Ach. OL, SO
fArthonia santessoniana Wedin
et Hafellner OL, SO
fArthonia stictaria Nyl. RR, Sp
$f%Arthonia subfuscicola
(Linds.) Triebel RR, SO, Sp
$f§Arthonia sytnikii
S.Y.Kondr. OL, SO
$Arthonia tasmanica Kantvilas
et Vězda SO
$Arthonia vinosa Leight. SO
$Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa
(Schaer.) A.Massal. OL, SO
Arthopyrenia gemellipara
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg.
Arthopyrenia leptiza (Stirt.)
Müll.Arg. OL
Arthopyrenia peltigerella
Zahlbr. OL
Arthothelium ampliatum
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. RR, Sp
Arthothelium endoaurantiacum
Makhija et Patw. OL
$Arthothelium fusconigrum
(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Arthothelium interveniens
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO
Arthothelium obtusulum (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. OL
Arthothelium pellucidum
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL
Arthothelium spadiceum
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL
Arthothelium stirtianum
Müll.Arg. OL
Arthothelium suffusum
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL
$Arthrorhaphis grisea
Th.Fr. RR, SO, Sp
Aspicilia aquatica Körb. OL, SO
$Aspicilia calcarea (L.)
Mudd OL, SO
$Aspicilia contorta (Hoffm.)
Kremp. subsp.
contorta OL, SO
$Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.)
Flagey OL, SO
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthrorhaphidaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Hymeneliaceae
$Aspidothelium cinerascens
Vain. SO
$Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.)
R.Sant. SO
Austrella brunnea (P.M.Jørg.)
P.M.Jørg. RR
$Austroblastenia pupa
Sipman SO
Bacidia albicerata (Kremp.)
Zahlbr. OL
Bacidia albidoprasina
C.Knight
$§Bacidia curvispora Coppins
et Fryday SO
§Bacidia gallowayi Coppins et
Fryday OL
$fBacidia killiasii (Hepp)
D.Hawksw. SO
$Bacidia leucocarpa
C.Knight OL, SO
Bacidia leucothalamia (Nyl.)
Hellb.
Bacidia macrospora
(C.Knight) Zahlbr.
Bacidia minutissima
C.Knight OL
§Bacidia placodioides Coppins
et Fryday OL
Bacidia plesia (C.Knight)
Zahlbr.
$Bacidia superula (Nyl.)
Hellb. SO
Bacidia tholera Zahlbr.
$Bacidina apiahica (Müll.Arg.)
Vězda SO
$Bacidina phacodes (Körb.)
Vězda SO
$Bactrospora arthonioides
Egea et Torrente OL, SO
$Bactrospora metabola (Nyl.)
Egea et Torrente SO
Bactrospora
pleistophragmoides (Nyl.)
Egea et Torrente
$Bathelium madreporiforme
(Eschw.) Trevis. OL, SO
$Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.)
Clauz. et Cl.Roux SO
$Bellemerea subsorediza
(Lynge) R.Sant. SO
Aspidotheliaceae
Gomphillaceae
Pannariaceae
Megalosporaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
330 PJ de Lange et al.
Belonia pellucida Coppins et
Malcolm OL
Belonia vezdana Malcolm et
Coppins OL
Biatora albipraetextata
(C.Knight) Hellb. OL
Biatorella desmaspora
(C.Knight) Hellb. OL, TO
Biatorella epiphysa (Stirt.)
Hellb. OL
$Biatoridium delitescens
(Arnold) Hafellner SO
Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.)
Hafellner et Coppins OL
$Bilimbia sabuletorum
(Schreb.) Arnold SO
$Buellia aethalea (Ach.)
Th.Fr. OL, SO
Buellia alutacea Zahlbr. OL
Buellia cranwelleae Zahlbr.
$Buellia demutans (Stirt.)
Zahlbr. OL, SO
Buellia ferax Müll.Arg.
$Buellia fuscoatratula
Zahlbr. SO?
$Buellia subbadioatra
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. RR, SO
$Buellia tetrapla (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Bunodophoron flaccidum
(Kantvilas et Wedin)
Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron imshaugii
(Ohlsson) Wedin SO
Bunodophoron ohlssonii
(Wedin) Wedin
Bunodophoron tibellii (Wedin)
Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron
whakapapaense (Wedin)
Wedin SO
Byssoloma adspersum Malcolm
et Vězda OL
Byssoloma octomerum Malcom
et Vězda
$Calenia microcarpa Vězda SO
$Calicium chlorosporum
F.Wilson OL, SO
Calicium robustellum
Nyl. OL, SO
Gyalectaceae
Gyalectaceae
Ramalinaceae
Biatorellaceae
Biatorellaceae
Lecanorales genera
incertae sedis
Lecanorales
incertae sedis
Lecanorales
incertae sedis
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Pilocarpaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Gomphillaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Caloplaca acheila Zahlbr.
Caloplaca allanii Zalhbr. OL
$Caloplaca ammiospila
(Wahlenb.)
H.Olivier RR, SO, Sp
$§Caloplaca bartlettii
S.Y.Kondr. et
Kärnefelt OL, SO
$Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex
Hedwig)
Th.Fr. var. cerina RR, SO Sp
$Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vain.
ex Räsänen) Dombr. RR, SO
$Caloplaca chrysophthalma
Degel. OL, SO
Caloplaca concilians (Nyl.)
H.Olivier TO
Caloplaca crenulatella (Nyl.)
H.Olivier OL, RR, TO
$Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold)
Blomb. et Forss. RR, SO
$%Caloplaca ferruginea
(Huds.) Th.Fr. SO
$Caloplaca flavovirescens
(Wulfen) Dalla Torre et
Sarnth. RR, SO
$§Caloplaca hnatiukii
S.Y.Kondr. et
Kärnefelt OL, SO
$Caloplaca irrubescens (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. OL, SO
$§%Caloplaca maccarthyi
S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt et
Elix OL, SO
$Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.)
Flagey OL, RR, SO
Caloplaca papanui
D.J.Galloway
Caloplaca perileuca Zahlbr. OL
$§Caloplaca pulcherrima
(Müll.Arg.) S.Y.Kondr. et
Kärnefelt SO
Caloplaca rubentior (Zahlbr.)
D.J.Galloway OL
§Caloplaca subsaxicola
S.Y.Kondr., Elix et
Kärnefelt RR
$Caloplaca tornoënsis
H.Magn. RR, SO, Sp
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 331
$Caloplaca xantholyta (Nyl.)
Jatta SO
$Candelariella aurella
(Hoffm.) Zahlbr. SO
$Candelariella subdeflexa
(Nyl.) Lettau OL, SO
$Candelariella xanthostigma
(Pers.) Lettau OL, SO
$Canoparmelia norpruinata
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Canoparmelia pustulescens
(Kurok.) Elix OL, SO
$Canoparmelia subtiliacea
(Nyl.) Elix et Hale SO
$Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.)
Elix et Hale OL, SO
$Caprettia setifera (Malcolm
et Vězda) Sérus. et
Lücking SO
$f§Carbonea intrudens
(H.Magn.) Hafellner SO
$fCarbonea vitellinaria (Nyl.)
Hertel OL, SO
$Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke)
Hertel RR, SO
$Catapyrenium cinereum
(Pers.) Körb. RR, SO
$Catapyrenium daedaleum
(Kremp.) B.Stein RR, SO
$Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer)
A.Massal. SO
$Catillaria contristans (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. SO
$fCercidospora trypetheliza
(Nyl.) Hafellner et
Obermayer RR, SO
$f§Cercidospora verrucosaria
(Linds.) Arnold OL, SO
$Cetraria muricata (Ach.)
Eckfeldt OL, SO
$Cetrelia braunsiana
(Müll.Arg.) W.L. Culb. et
C.F.Culb. SO
$Chaenothecopsis nana
Tibell RR, SO
$fChaenothecopsis sagenidii
Tibell RR, SO, Sp
Chaenothecopsis schefflerae
(Samuels et D.E.Buchanan)
Tibell OL
Teloschistaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Catillariaceae
Catillariaceae
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
$fChaenothecopsis tasmanica
Tibell SO
$§Chapsa asteliae (Kantvilas et
Vězda) Mangold SO
$Chapsa lamellifera (Kantvilas
et Vězda) Mangold SO
$§Chapsa minor (Kantvilas et
Vězda) Mangold et
Lumbsch SO
$Chiodecton montanum
G.Thor SO
$§Chrysothrix granulosa
G.Thor SO
$§Chrysothrix xanthina (Vain.)
Kalb OL, SO
$Cladonia aspera Ahti et
Kashiw. SO
$Cladonia capitellata var.
interhiascens (Nyl.)
Sandst. SO
$Cladonia capitellata var.
squamatica A.W.Archer SO
$Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. SO
$Cladonia corymbescens Nyl.
ex Leight. SO
$Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.
var. crispata SO
$Cladonia crispata var.
cetrariiformis (Delise)
Vain. SO
$Cladonia cryptochlorophaea
Ashina SO
$Cladonia cucullata
S.Hammer SO
$Cladonia cyanopora
S.Hammer SO
Cladonia elixii Ahti et V.Wirth
$Cladonia fruticulosa
Kremp. SO
$Cladonia fuscofunda
S.Hammer SO
Cladonia gallowayi S.Hammer
$Cladonia gracilis subsp.
turbinata (Ach.) Ahti SO
$Cladonia gracilis subsp.
vulnerata Ahti SO
$Cladonia grayi G.Merr. ex
Sandst. SO
$Cladonia humilis var.
bourgeanica
A.W.Archer OL, SO
Mycocaliciaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Roccellaceae
Chrysotricaceae
Chrysotricaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
332 PJ de Lange et al.
$Cladonia krempelhuberi
(Vain.) Zahlbr. SO
$§Cladonia neozelandica var.
lewis-smithii Ahti, Elix et
Øvstedal OL, SO
Cladonia nitidella S.Hammer
$Cladonia novochlorophaea
(Sipman) Brodo et Ahti SO
$Cladonia polycarpoides
Nyl. SO
$Cladonia praetermissa
A.W.Archer SO
Cladonia pulchra S.Hammer
$Cladonia rei Schaer. SO
$Cladonia sarmentosa (Hook.f.
et Taylor) C.W.Dodge SO
Cladonia strangulata
S.Hammer
$Cladonia sulcata A.W.Archer
var. sulcata SO
$Cladonia sulcata var. striata
A.W.Archer SO
$Cladonia sulcata var. wilsonii
(A.W.Archer)
A.W.Archer SO
$Cladonia sulphurina (Michx)
Fr. SO
$Cladonia uncialis (L.)
F.H.Wigg. SO
$Cladonia weymouthii
A.W.Archer SO
$Clauzadea monticola (Ach.)
Hafellner et Bellem. RR, SO
$Clauzadeana macula (Taylor)
Coppins et Rambold SO
$Cliostomum griffithii (Sm.)
Coppins SO
$Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Coccotrema porinopsis (Nyl.)
Imshaug SO
$Coenogonium fallaciosum
(Müll.Arg.) Kalb et
Lücking SO
$Coenogonium flavum
(Malcolm et Vězda)
Malcolm SO
Coenogonium fuscescens
(Vězda et Malcolm)
Malcolm
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Porpidiaceae
Lecanoraceae
Ramalinaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Coccotremataceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogonium lutescens (Vězda
et Malcolm) Malcolm OL
$Coenogonium queenslandicum
(Kalb et Vězda) Lücking SO
Coenogonium rubrifuscum
(Vězda et Malcolm)
Malcolm OL
$Coenogonium zonatum
(Müll.Arg.) Kalb et
Lücking SO
$Collema coccophorum
Tuck. SO
$Collema crispum (Huds.)
Weber ex F.H.Wigg. SO
$Collema fasciculare (L.)
Weber ex F.H.Wigg. var.
fasciculare SO
$Collema fasciculare var.
colensoi C.Bab. SO
$Collema fasciculare var.
microcarpum (Müll.Arg.)
Degel. SO
Collema fragrans var.
contiguum (C.Knight et
Mitt.) Degel.
$Collema glaucophthalmum
Nyl. SO
$Collema japonicum
(Müll.Arg.) Hue SO
$Collema leptaleum Tuck. SO
$Collema novozelandicum
Degel. SO
$Collema quadriloculare var.
tasmaniae F.Wilson SO
$Collema subflaccidum
Degel. SO
$Collema subfragrans
Degel. SO
Collema subundulatum
Degel. OL
$Conotremopsis weberiana
Vězda OL, SO
$fCornutispora ciliata Kalb SO
$fCornutispora lichenicola
D.Hawksw. et
B.Suttoni OL, SO
$fCorticifraga fuckelii
(Rehmn) D.Hawksw. et
R.Sant. SO
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Sticidaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Lecanorales genera
incertae sedis
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 333
$Cresponea plurilocularis
(Nyl.) Egea et Torrente SO
Cryptolechia myriadella (Nyl.)
D.Hawksw. et Dibben
Cryptothecia bartlettii G.Thor
$Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.)
Trevis. OL, SO
$Cystocoleus ebeneus
(Dillwyn) Thwaites SO
$fDactylospora acarosporae
(H.Magn.) Hafellner OL, SO
f§Dactylospora davidii
Hafellner et
H.Mayrhofer OL
$fDactylospora frigida
Hafellner SO
$fDactylospora lobariella
(Hyl.) Hafellner SO
$fDactylospora parasitica
(Flörke) Zopf OL, SO
$Degelia crustacea P.M.Jørg.
et D.J.Galloway SO
$§Degelia symptychia (Tuck.)
P.M.Jørg. OL, SO
$Degeliella versicolor (Hook.f.
et Taylor) P.M.Jørg. SO, Sp
$Dermatocarpon miniatum var.
complicatum (Lighf.)
Th.Fr. RR, SO, Sp
$Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck) Kalb
et Gierl SO
$Dictyonema moorei (Nyl.)
Henssen SO
$Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.)
Berk. SO
$Digitothyrea rotundata
(Büdel, Henssen et Wessels)
Moreno et Egea SO
$Diploschistes actinostomus
(Ach.) Zahlbr. OL, SO
$Diploschistes euganeus
(A.Massal.) J.Steiner SO
$Diploschistes gypsaceus
(Ach.) Zahlbr. SO
$Diploschistes gyrophoricus
Lumbsch et Elix SO
$Diploschistes hensseniae
Lumbsch et Elix SO
$Diploschistes muscorum
(Scop.) R.Sant. subsp.
muscorum SO
Roccellaceae
Gyalectaceae
Arthoniaceae
Caliciaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Dactylosporaceae
Dactylosporaceae
Dactylosporaceae
Dactylosporaceae
Dactylosporaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Atheliaceae
Atheliaceae
Lichinaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
$Diploschistes ocellatus (Vill.)
Norman SO
$Diploschistes sticticus (Körb.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Diplotomma alboatrum
(Hoffm.) Flot. SO
$Diplotomma canescens
(Dicks.) Flotow subsp.
canescens SO
$Diplotomma canescens subsp.
australasica (Elix et
Lumbsch) D.J.Galloway SO
$Diplotomma chlorophaeum
(Hepp ex Leight.)
Szatala OL, SO
$§Diplotomma nivale (Bagl. et
Carestia) Hafellner OL, SO
$Dirinaria aegialitia (Afz.)
B.J.Moore SO
$Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. et
Shear SO
Encephalographa otagensis
(Linds.) Müll.Arg. OL
$Endocarpon adscendens
(Anzi) Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Endocarpon pusillum
Hedw. SO
$Endocarpon simplicatum
(Nyl.) Nyl. SO
$fEndococcus macrosporus
(Arnold) Nyl. SO
$fEndococcus parietinarius
(Linds.) Clauzade et
C.l.Roux SO
fEndococcus ramalinarius
(Linds) D.Hawksw. OL
$fEndococcus rugulosus
Nyl. SO
Enterographa bartlettii
Sérus. OL
$Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.)
Redinger SO
Enterographa subgelatinosa
(Stirt.) Redinger
$Enterographa subserialis
(Nyl.) Redinger SO
$Ephebe fruticosa
Henssen OL, SO
$Ephebe ocellata Henssen SO
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Melaspilaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Dothideomycetes
incertae sedis
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Lichinaceae
Lichinaceae
334 PJ de Lange et al.
$Epigloea soleiformis Döbbeler Epigloeaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
OL, SO
$§Euopsis granatina
(Sommerf.) Nyl. SO, Sp
$Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.)
Vězda SO
$f§Feltgeniomyces physciae
Etayo et Breuss SO
Fissurina confraga Kremp. OL
$Fissurina incrustans
Fée OL, SO
$Fissurina inquinata C.Knight
et Mitt. OL, SO
$Fissurina insidiosa C.Knight
et Mitt. OL, SO
Fissurina novae-zelandiae
C.Knight
$Fissurina subcontexta (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
$Fissurina triticea (Nyl.)
Staiger OL, SO
$Frutidella caesioatra (Schaer.)
Kalb SO
$Fulgensia bracteata (Hoffm.)
Räsänen OL, SO
$Fulgensia fulgens (Sw.)
Elenkin RR, SO
$Fuscidea asbolodes (Nyl.)
Hertel et V.Wirth SO
$Fuscidea cyathodes (Ach.)
V.Wirth et Vězda SO, OL
$Fuscidea impolita (Müll.Arg.)
Hertel SO
$Fuscidea subasbolodes
Kantvilas SO
$Fuscoderma limbatum
P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Fuscoderma pyxinoides
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Fuscopannaria granulans
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Fuscopannaria minor (Darb.)
P.M.Jørg. SO
$fGlobosphaeria jamesii
D.Hawksw. OL, SO?
$Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. SO
$Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.)
Eschw. OL, SO
Lichinaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Lecanoraceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Fuscideaceae
Fuscideaceae
Fuscideaceae
Fuscideaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Sordariales incertae
sedis
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
$Graphis elegans (Sm.)
Ach. OL, SO
$Graphis tenella Ach. OL, SO
$Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.)
Hepp SO
$Gyalectidium caucasicum
(Elenkin et Woronin) Vězda
Gyalidea cerina Malcolm et
Vězda
$Gyalidea hensseniae
Hafellner, Poelt et Vězda SO
$Gyalidea hyalinescens (Nyl.)
Vězda SO
$Haematomma nothofagi Kalb
et Staiger
Haematommataceae
$Haematomma sorediatum
R.W.Rogers SO
Haematommataceae
$Halecania ralfsii (Salwey)
M.Mayrhofer OL, SO
$Halecania subsquamosa
(Müll.Arg.) van den Boom
et H.Mayrhofer OL, SO
$fHemigrapha asteriscus
(Müll.Arg.) D.Hawksw. SO
$fHemigrapha nephromatis
Wedin et Diederich SO
Hertella neozelandica
Henssen OL
$Heterodermia appendiculata
(Kurok.) Swinscow et
Krog SO
$Heterodermia casarettiana
(A.Massal.) Trevis. SO
$Heterodermia chilensis
(Kurok.) Swinscow et
Krog OL, SO
$Heterodermia isidiophora
(Nyl.) D.D.Awasthi OL, SO
$Heterodermia lutescens
(Kurok.) Follmann SO
$Heterodermia microphylla
(Kurok.) Swinscow et
Krog SO
$Heterodermia podocarpa
(Bél.) D.D.Awasthi SO
$Heterodermia spathulifera
Moberg et Purvis OL, SO
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Gyalectaceae
Gomphillaceae
Solorinellaceae
Solorinellaceae
Solorinellaceae
Catillariaceae
Catillariaceae
Parmulariaceae
Parmulariaceae
Placynthiaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 335
$Heteroplacidium podolepis
(Breuss) Breuss SO
$Hypocenomyce australis
Timdal SO
$Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.
Ex Lilj.) M.Choisy SO
$Hypogymnia pulchrilobata
(Bitter) Elix OL, SO
$Hypotrachyna costaricensis
(Nyl.) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna dactylifera
(Vain.) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna ensifolia
(Kurok.) Hale OL, SO
$Hypotrachyna exsecta
(Taylor) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna imbricatula
(Zahlbr.) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna immaculata
(Kurok.) Hale OL, SO
$Hypotrachyna neodissecta
(Hale) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna osseoalba
(Vain.) Y.S.Park et Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna producta
Hale OL, SO
$Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa
(Asahina) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna revoluta
(Flörke) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna rockii
(Zahlbr.) Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna thysanota
(Kurok.) Hale OL, SO
$Immersaria athroocarpa
(Ach.) Rambold et
Pietschm. SO
$Ingvariella bispora (Bagl.)
Guderley et Lumbsch SO
$f§Intralichen christiansenii
(D.Hawksw.) D.Hawksw. et
M.S.Cole OL, SO
$Ionaspis lacustris (With.)
Lutzoni SO
Jackelixia incavata (Stirton)
S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko,
S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et
A.Thell.
$Jamesiella anastomosans
(Vězda et P.James) Lücking,
Sérus. et Vězda SO
Verrucariaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Stictidaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Hymeneliaceae
Teloschistaceae
Gomphillaceae
$fLauderlindsaya borreri (Tul.)
J.C.David et D.Hawksw. SO
$Laurera cumingii (Mont.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Lecanactis abietina (Ach.)
Körb. SO
Lecanactis exigua Egea et
Torrente OL
Lecanactis tibelliana Egea et
Torrente
Lecanactis totarae Zahlbr.
$§Lecania fructigena
Zahlbr. OL, SO
$Lecania naegelii (Hepp)
Diederich et P.Boom OL, SO
$§Lecania nylanderiana
A.Massal. OL, SO
$Lecanographa abscondita
(Th.Fr.) Egea et
Torrente OL, SO
$%Lecanora achroa Nyl. SO
$Lecanora argentata (Ach.)
Degel. SO
Lecanora bicincta Ramond
$Lecanora cenisioides
Lumbsch SO
$%Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl.
ex Cromb. SO
$Lecanora crenulata Hook. SO
$Lecanora elatinoides
Räsänen SO
$Lecanora elixii Lumbsch SO
$§%Lecanora epanora (Ach.)
Ach.
$Lecanora fertilissima
Zahlbr. SO
$%Lecanora flavidofusca
Müll.Arg. SO
$Lecanora flavidomarginata de
Lesd. SO
$§%Lecanora handelii
J.Steiner SO
$Lecanora helva Stizenb. SO
$Lecanora interjecta
Müll.Arg. SO
$Lecanora intricata (Ach.)
Ach. OL, SO
$Lecanora intumescens
(Rebent.) Rabenh. OL, SO
Verrucariaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Roccellaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
336 PJ de Lange et al.
$Lecanora novaehollandiae
Lumbsch SO, Sp
$Lecanora oreinoides (Körb.)
Hertel et Rambold SO
$Lecanora plumosa
Müll.Arg. SO
$Lecanora queenslandica
C.Knight SO
$Lecanora rupicola (L.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Lecanora subcoarctata
(C.Knight) Hertel OL, SO
$Lecanora subimmergens
Vain. OL, SO
$Lecanora subumbrina
Müll.Arg. RR, SO, Sp
$Lecanora swartzii (Ach.)
Ach. SO
Lecanora umbrina (Ach.)
A.Massal. OL
$Lecidea aucklandica
Zahlbr. SO
$Lecidea canorufescens
Kremp. OL, SO
Lecidea capensis Zahlbr. OL
Lecidea cerinocarpa C.Knight
Lecidea coccodes sensu
C.Knight
Lecidea conisalea C.Knight
$Lecidea dacrydii Müll.Arg. SO
$Lecidea diducens Nyl. SO
$Lecidea endochlora (Hook.f.
et Taylor) Tuck. SO
Lecidea fuscocincta Stirt. OL
Lecidea lapicida var.
maungahukae Hertel
$Lecidea lapicida var.
pantherina Ach. SO
$Lecidea lygomma var.
crassilabra (Müll.Arg.)
Hertel et Rambold SO
Lecidea miscescens Nyl. OL
Lecidea nigratula Müll.Arg. OL
$Lecidea ochroleuca Pers. SO
$Lecidea plana (J.Lahm)
Nyl. SO
$Lecidea sarcogynoides
Körb. SO
$Lecidea spheniscidarum
Hertel SO
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecidea subsericea Zahlbr. OL
$Lecidea swartzioidea Nyl. SO
Lecidea thomsonii Zahlbr. OL
$fLecidea verruca Poelt OL, SO
$Lecidella carpathica Körb. SO
$Lecidella commutata Knoph
et Leuckert OL, SO
$Lecidella effugiens (Nilson)
Knoph et Hertel SO
$Lecidella granulosa (Nyl.)
Knoph et Leuckert OL, SO
$§Lecidella patavina
(A.Massal.) Knoph et
Leuckert OL, SO
$§Lecidella scabra (Taylor)
Hertel et Leuckert OL, SO
Lecidella schistiseda (Zahlbr.)
Hertel
$Lecidella sublapicida
(C.Knight) Hertel SO
$Lecidella wulfenii (Hepp)
Körb. SO
$Lecidoma demissum (Rutstr.)
Gotth. Schneid. et Hertel SO
$Leiorreuma exaltatum (Mont
et Bosch) Staiger SO
$Lempholemma cladodes
(Tuck.) Zahlbr. SO
$Lepraria eburnea
J.R.Laundon SO
$Lepraria membranacea
(Dicks.) Vain. OL, SO
$Lepraria vouauxii (Hue)
R.C.Harris SO
$Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
$Leptogium australe (Hook.f.
et Taylor) Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Leptogium austroamericanum
(Malme) C.W.Dodge SO
$Leptogium biloculare
F.Wilson SO
$Leptogium burgessii (L.)
Mont. SO
$Leptogium coralloideum
(Meyen et Flot.) Vain. SO
$Leptogium cyanizum Nyl. SO
$Leptogium laceroides de
Lesd. SO
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Psoraceae
Graphidaceae
Lichinaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Lecanorales genera
incertae sedis
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 337
$Leptogium malmei
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Leptogium pecten
F.Wilson SO
$Leptogium philorheuma
F.Wilson SO
$Leptogium phyllocarpum
(Pers.) Mont. SO
$Leptogium plicatile (Ach.)
Leight. RR, SO
$Leptogium propaguliferum
Vain. SO
$Leptogium victorianum
F.Wilson SO
$Leptorhaphis
haematommatum Hafellner
et Kalb SO
$fLichenochora xanthoriae
Treibel et Rambold OL, SO
$fLichenoconium cargillianum
(Linds.) D.Hawksw. OL, SO
$f§Lichenoconium usneae
(Anzi) D.Hawksw. SO
$fLichenodiplis lecanorae
(Vouaux) Dyko et
D.Hawksw. SO
$f§Lichenodiplis pertusariicola
(Nyl.) Diederich SO
$f§Lichenodiplis poeltii
S.Y.Kondr. et
D.Hawksw. SO
$fLichenopeltella epiphylla
R.Sant. SO
$fLichenostigma cosmopolites
Hafellner et
Calatayud OL, SO
$f§Lichenostigma rugosa
G.Thor SO
$Lichina minutissima
Henssen SO
$Lithographa graphidioides
(Cromb.) Imshaug ex
Coppins et Fryday SO
Lithogyalideopsis zeylandica
(Vězda et Malcolm)
Lücking, Sérus. et Vězda OL
Lithothelium australe Aptroot
et Mayrhofer
f§Llimoniella placopsidis
Diederich et Fryday DP
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Naetrocymbaceae
Phyllachoraceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Microthyriaceae
Lichenotheliaceae
Lichenotheliaceae
Lichinaceae
$§Llimoniella ramalinae
(Müll.Arg.) Etayo et
Diederich SO
$Lobaria dictyophora
(Müll.Arg.)
D.J.Galloway OL
$Lobaria retigera (Bory)
Trevis. SO
$Lobothallia melanaspis (Ach.)
Hafellner SO
$Lopadium monosporum
(C.Knight) Hellb. SO
$Loxospora septata (Sipman et
Aptroot) Kantvilas SO
$Loxospora solenospora
(Müll.Arg.) Kantvilas SO
$Macentina stigonemoides
A.Orange SO
Malcolmiella cinereovirens
Vězda
$%Maronea constans (Nyl.)
Hepp SO
$Mazosia melanophthalma
(Müll.Arg.) R.Sant. SO
$Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. SO
Megalaria imshaugii Fryday
Megalaria macrospora
Fryday OL
Megalaria maculosa (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway
$Megalaria pulverea (Borrer)
Hafellner et Schreiner SO
Megalaria semipallida
(C.Knight) D.J.Galloway
Megalaria spodophana (Nyl.)
D.J.Galloway OL
Megalaria subcarnea
(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway
Helotiales incertae
sedis
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Ectolechiaceae
Sarrameanaceae
Sarrameanaceae
Verrucariaceae
Bacidiaceae
Fuscideaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
OL
Trapeliaceae
Gomphillaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Helotiales incertae
sedis
Megalaria sublivens (Nyl.)
D.J.Galloway
Megalaria variegata
(Müll.Arg.)
D.J.Galloway OL
$Megaloblastenia flavidoatra
(Nyl.) Sipman SO
$Megalospora bartlettii
Sipman SO
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
338 PJ de Lange et al.
$Megalospora disjuncta
Sipman SO
$Megalospora gompholoma
subsp. fuscolineata
Sipman OL, SO
Megalospora knightii Sipman
$Megalospora lopadioides
Sipman OL, SO
$Megalospora subtuberculosa
(C.Knight) Sipman SO
$Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.)
Hafellner et V.Wirth SO
Melanelxia calva (Essl.)
A.Crespo, Divakar et Elix
Melanelixia glabratuloides
(Essl.) A.Crespo, Divakar et
Elix
$Melanelixia subglabra
(Räsänen) A.Crespo,
Divakar et Elix SO
$Melanohalea zopheroa (Essl.)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Divakar, Essl., D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch SO
$§Melanotopelia rugosa
(Kantvilas et Vězda)
Lumbsch et Mangold SO
Melaspilea subeffigurans (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg.
Menegazzia hypernota Bjerke
$§Menegazzia kantvilasii
P.James SO
Menegazzia stirtonii (Zahlbr.)
Kantvilas et Louwhoff
$Menegazzia ultralucens
P.James et D.J.Galloway SO
$Micarea flagellispora
Coppins et Kantvilas OL, SO
$Micarea isabellina Coppins et
Kantvilas SO
$Micarea nitschkeana (Lahm
ex Rabenh.) Harm. SO
$Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi)
Coppins et R.Sant. SO
$Micarea prasina Fr. SO
$Microcalicium arenarium
(Hampe ex A.Massal.)
Tibell SO
$Miriquidica deusta (Stenh.)
Hertel et Rambold SO
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Pertusariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Graphidaceae
Melaspilaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Micareaceae
Micareaceae
Micareaceae
Micareaceae
Micareaceae
Microcaliciaceae
Lecanoraceae
§Miriquidica effigurata
Fryday RR
$Miriquidica nigroleprosa
(Vain.) Hertel et
Rambold SO
§Miriquidica squamulosa
Fryday IE, OL
$fMonerolechia badia (Fr.)
Kalb SO
$fMuellerella lichenicola
(Sommerf.) D.Hawksw. SO
$fMuellerella pygmaea (Körb.)
D.Hawksw. SO
$Multiclavula coronilla
(Martin) R.H.Petersen SO
$Multiclavula corynoides
(Peck) R.H.Petersen SO
$Multiclavula mucida (Pers:
Fr.) R.H.Petersen SO
$§Mycoblastus bryophilus
Imshaug ex Kantvilas OL, SO
$Mycoblastus campbellianus
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO
$§Mycoblastus coniophorus
(Elix et A.W.Archer)
Kantvilas et Elix OL, SO
$§Mycoblastus disporus
(C.Knight) Kantvilas OL, SO
$Mycoblastus dissimulans
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. SO
$Mycocalicium albonigrum
(Nyl.) Tibell SO
$Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.)
Szatala SO
$Mycocalicium victoriae
(C.Knight ex F.Wilson)
Tibell SO
Mycomicrothelia minutissima
(C.Knight) D.Hawksw. OL
Mycomicrothelia striguloides
Sérus. et Aptroot OL
fMyxophora apotheciicola Nik.
Hoffm. et Hafellner OL
Pseudoperisporiaceae
$Naetrocymbe punctiformis
(Pers.) R.C.Harris SO
$fNectria byssophila
Rossman OL, SO
$Nephroma helveticum Ach. SO
$f§Nigropuncta rugulosa
D.Hawksw. OL, SO
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Physciaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Clavariaceae
Clavariaceae
Clavariaceae
Mycoblastaceae
Mycoblastaceae
Mycoblastaceae
Mycoblastaceae
Mycoblastaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Naetrocymbaceae
Nectriaceae
Nephromataceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 339
$Notocladonia undulata
S.Hammer OL, SO, RR
$Ocellularia allosporoides
(Nyl.) Patw. et
C.R.Kulkarni OL, SO, RR
§Ocellularia bicuspidata
(Müll.Arg.) Mangold, Elix
et Lumbsch SO
Ocellularia concentricum
(Stirt.) Sherwood OL
$Ocellularia monosporoides
(Nyl.) Hale SO
§Ocellularia profunda (Stirt.)
Mangold, Elix et
Lumbsch SO
$Ochrolechia tartarea (L.)
A.Massal. OL, SO
Ochrolechia thelotremoides
(Nyl.) Zahlbr.
$%Opegrapha atra Pers. SO
$Opegrapha bonplandii
Fée OL, SO
fOpegrapha brevissima Kalb et
Hafellner OL
Opegrapha concrucians
Kremp. OL
Opegrapha devia (C.Knight et
Mitt.) Nyl.
$fOpegrapha foreaui (Moreau)
Hafellner et R.Sant. SO
$f§Opegrapha geographicola
(Arnold) Hafellner OL, SO
$fOpegrapha maligna Triebel
Cladoniaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
SO
$f§Opegrapha melanospila
Müll.Arg. SO
Opegrapha murina Kremp. OL
$Opegrapha puiggarii
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Opegrapha rupestris
Pers. OL, SO
Opegrapha spodopolia Nyl.
$Opegrapha stellata
C.Knight SO
$f§Opegrapha thelotrematis
Coppins OL, SO
$Pachyphiale carneola (Ach.)
Arnold OL, SO
$Pannaria centrifuga
P.M.Jørg. SO
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Gyalectaceae
Pannariaceae
$Pannaria dichroa (Hook.f. et
Taylor) Cromb. SO
$Pannaria subcrustacea
(Räsänen) P.M.Jørg. SO
$Pannoparmelia wilsonii
(Räsänen) D.J.Galloway SO
$Paraporpidia glauca (Taylor)
Rambold SO
$Parasiphula elixii (Kantvilas)
Kantvilas et Grube OL, SO
$Parasiphula georginae
(Kantvilas) Kantvilas et
Grube SO
$Parasiphula jamesii
(Kantvilas) Kantvilas et
Grube OL, SO
$Parmelia kerguelensis
F.Wilson SO
§Parmelia nortestacea Elix
$Parmelia protosignifera Elix
et J.Johnst. OL, SO
$Parmelia salcrambidiocarpa
Hale SO
Parmeliella crassa P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway
$Parmeliella granulata
I.M.Lamb SO
$Parmeliella nigrata
(Müll.Arg.) P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Parmeliella parvula
P.M.Jørg. OL, SO
Parmeliella rakiurae P.M.Jørg.
et D.J.Galloway OL
$Parmeliella thysanota (Stirt.)
Zahlbr. SO
Parmeliella variegata (Stirt.)
Müll.Arg. OL
$Parmelina pseudorelicina
(Jatta) Kantvilas et Elix SO
$Parmelina quercina (Willd.)
Hale OL, SO
$Parmelinopsis horrescens
(Taylor) Elix et Hale SO
$Parmelinopsis jamesii (Hale)
Elix et Hale SO
$Parmelinopsis minarum
(Vain.) Elix et Hale SO
$Parmelinopsis spathulata
(Kurok.) Elix et Hale SO
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
340 PJ de Lange et al.
$Parmelinopsis swinscowii
(Hale) Elix et Hale SO
$Parmotrema gardneri
(C.W.Dodge) Sérus. SO
$Parmotrema grayanum (Hue)
Hale SO
$Parmotrema lophogenum
(Abbayes) Hale SO
$Parmotrema reparatum
(Stirt.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Divakar, Elix et Lumbsch SO
$Parmotrema robustum
(Degel.) Hale SO
$Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp)
Hale SO
$Peltigera canina (L.)
Willd. SO, Sp
$Peltigera hymenina (Ach.)
Delise SO, Sp
$Peltigera lepidophora (Vain.)
Bitter SO
$Peltigera malacea (Ach.)
Funck SO
$Peltigera membranacea
(Ach.) Nyl. SO
$Peltigera praetextata (Flörke
ex Sommerf.) Zopf SO
$Perigrapha nitida Ertz,
Diederich, Christnach et
Wedin RR, SO
Pertusaria albissima Müll.Arg.
Pertusaria allanii Zahlbr. RR
Pertusaria barbatica
A.W.Archer et Elix RR
Pertusaria bartlettii
A.W.Archer et Elix OL
Pertusaria celata A.W.Archer
et Elix
Pertusaria circumcincta Stirt.
§Pertusaria dennistonensis Elix
et A.W.Archer OL
Pertusaria duppensis
A.W.Archer et Malcolm OL
$Pertusaria erubescens
(Taylor) Nyl. SO
Pertusaria erumpescens
Nyl. OL
Pertusaria flavovelata Elix et
Malcolm OL
Pertusaria hadrospora
A.W.Archer et Elix
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Roccellaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
$Pertusaria hypoxantha
Malme SO
$Pertusaria jamesii
Kantvilas SO
$Pertusaria knightiana
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Pertusaria laevis C.Knight
$Pertusaria leucoplaca
Müll.Arg. SO
$Pertusaria melaleucoides
Müll.Arg. SO
Pertusaria micropora
Kremp. OL
$Pertusaria monticola
Messuti SO
$Pertusaria muricata
J.C.David OL, SO
Pertusaria murrayi Elix et
A.W.Archer OL
Pertusaria otagoana
D.J.Galloway OL
Pertusaria paratropa
Müll.Arg. OL
Pertusaria parvula
A.W.Archer et Elix OL
$Pertusaria perrimosa Nyl. SO
$Pertusaria petrophyes
C.Knight OL, SO
Pertusaria scottii Elix et
A.W.Archer OL
Pertusaria spilota A.W.Archer
et Malcolm
Pertusaria sporellula
A.W.Archer et Elix OL
$Pertusaria stellata Fryday TO?
$Pertusaria subisidiosa
A.W.Archer OL, SO
$Pertusaria subplanaica
A.W.Archer et Elix SO
$Pertusaria subventosa
Malme OL, SO
$Pertusaria thamnolica
A.W.Archer SO
Pertusaria theochroa
Kremp. OL
$Pertusaria thiospoda
C.Knight SO
Pertusaria tyloplaca Nyl.
Pertusaria vallicola Elix et
Malcolm OL
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 341
$Pertusaria xanthoplaca
Müll.Arg. SO
$§Peterjamesia circumscripta
(Taylor) D.Hawksw. SO
$f§Phacopsis fusca (Triebel et
Rambold) Diederich SO
$fPhacopsis oxyspora (Tul.)
Triebel et Rambold SO
Phaeocalicium asciiforme
Tibell OL
$Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.)
Staiger SO
$Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.)
Essl. SO
$Phaeophyscia endococcina
var. endococcinoides (Poelt)
Moberg SO
$fPhaeopyxis punctum
(A.Massal.) Rambold,
Triebel et Coppins OL, SO
$fPhaeospora perrugosaria
(Linds.) R.Sant. SO
f§Phaeosporobolus alpinus
R.Sant., Alstrup et D.
Hawksw. SO
f§Phaeosporobolus usneae
D.Hawksw. et Hafellner SO
Phlyctis longifera (Nyl.)
D.J.Galloway et G.Guzmán
Phlyctis megalospora
(P.James) D.J.Galloway et
G.Guzmán
Phlyctis oleosa Stirt.
$fPhoma cytospora (Vouaux)
D.Hawksw. SO
fPhoma dubia (Linds.) Sacc. et
A.Trotter OL
Phyllisciella aotearoa Henssen
et J.K.Bartlett OL
$Phylloporis viridis
Lucking OL, SO
$Phyllopsora buettneri var.
glauca (de Lesd.) Brako SO
$Phyllopsora corallina
(Eschw.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.)
Zahlbr. SO
Phyllopsora malcolmii Vězda et
Kalb OL
Pertusariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Graphidaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Helotiales incertae
sedis
Verrucariaceae
Anamorphic
Dothideales
Anamorphoc
Dothideales
Phlyctidaceae
Phlyctidaceae
Phlyctidaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Lichinaceae
Strigulaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
$Physcia atrostriata
Moberg SO
$Physcia crispa Nyl. SO
$Physcia tribacoides Nyl. SO
$Placidium squamulosum
(Ach.) Breuss RR, SO
$Placopsis bicolor (Tuck.) de
Lesd. SO
$Placopsis dusenii
I.M.Lamb SO
$Placynthiella oligotropha
(J.R.Laundon) Coppins et
P.James OL, SO
$§Placynthium subradiatum
(Nyl.) Arnold SO
$Platygramme arechavaletae
(Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer SO
$fPlectocarpon bunodophori
Wedin, Ertz et Diederich SO
fPlectocarpon concentricum
Ertz, Diederich et Wedin OL
$fPlectocarpon gallowayi
(S.Kondr.) Ertz et
Diederich SO
fPlectocarpon opegraphoideum
Christnach, Ertz, Diederich
et Wedin
fPlectocarpon tibellii Ertz et
Diederich OL
$Pocsia dispersa Vězda OL, SO
Podotara pilophoriformis
Malcolm et Vězda
$Polyblastia cruenta (Körb.)
P.James et Swinscow OL, SO
$Polyblastia melaspora
(Taylor) Zahlbr. OL, SO
Polyblastia trachyspora
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL
$fPolycoccum crespoae Váczi
et D.Hawksw. SO
$fPolycoccum jamesii
D.Hawksw. OL, TO
$fPolycoccum rugulosarium
(Linds.) D.Hawksw. SO
$fPolycoccum squamarioides
(Mudd) Arnold SO
fPolycoccum stictaria (Linds.)
D.J.Galloway IE, OL
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Verrucariaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Placynthiaceae
Graphidaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Lecanorales genera
incertae sedis
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Dacampiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
342 PJ de Lange et al.
$fPolycoccum vermicularium
(Linds.) D.Hawksw. SO
$Polymeridium catapastum
(Nyl.) R.C.Harris OL, SO
$Porina ahlesiana (Körb.)
Zahlbr. SO, Sp
$Porina aptrootii
P.M.McCarthy SO
$Porina atrocoerulea
Müll.Arg. SO
$Porina cerina (Zahlbr.)
R.Sant. SO
$Porina chlorotica (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
Porina chrysophora (Stirt.)
R.Sant. OL
Porina cinereonigrescens
(Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL
$Porina constrictospora
P.M.McCarthy et Kantvilas
Dacampiaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
OL, SO
$Porina corrugata
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Porina decrescens
P.M.McCarthy et
Kantvilas SO
Porina diffluens Malcolm et
Vězda OL
$Porina elegantula
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Porina emiscens (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. OL
$Porina epiphylla (Fée)
Fée OL, SO
$Porina exacta Malcolm,
P.M.McCarthy et
Kantvilas OL, SO
$Porina fluminea
P.M.McCarthy et
P.N.Johnson SO
$Porina guentheri (Flot.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Porina kantvilasii
P.M.McCarthy SO
Porina lamprocarpa (Stirt.)
Müll.Arg. OL
$Porina leptalea (Durieu et
Mont.) A.L.Sm. SO
Porina leptaleina (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. OL
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
$Porina leptosperma
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Porina leptostegia (C.Knight)
Müll.Arg. OL
$Porina mastoidea (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Porina nucula Ach. OL, SO
Porina otagensis
P.M.McCarthy OL
$Porina palmicola Malcolm et
Vězda OL, SO
Porina partita P.M.McCarthy
Porina psilocarpa
P.M.McCarthy OL
$Porina rhaphidiophora (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. SO
Porina rubella (Malcolm et
Vězda) Lücking OL
Porina rubrofusca (Malcom et
Vězda) Lücking
$Porina rufula (Kremp.)
Vain. OL, SO
$Porina semecarpi Vain. SO
$Porina silvatica
P.M.McCarthy et
Kantvilas SO
Porina speciosa
P.M.McCarthy et
Malcolm OL
$Porina subapplanata Malcom,
Vězda, P.M.McCarthy et
Kantvilas SO
$Porina tetramera (Malme)
R.Sant. SO
$Porpidia platycarpoides
(Bagl.) Hertel SO
$Porpidia skottsbergiana
Hertel OL, SO
$Porpidia speirea (Ach.)
Kremp. RR, SO
$Porpidia superba (Körb.)
Hertel et Knoph SO
$§Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.)
Hertel et Knoph SO
f§Pronectria subimperspicua
(Speg.) Lowen SO
$Protoblastenia rupestris
(Scop.) J.Steiner RR, SO
$Pseudocyphellaria crocatoides
D.J.Galloway SO
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Bionectriaceae
Psoraceae
Lobariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 343
$§Pseudocyphellaria godeffroyi
(Kremp.)
D.J.Galloway OL, SO
$Pseudocyphellaria mallota
(Tuck.) H.Magn. OL, SO
$Pseudocyphellaria nermula
D.J.Galloway TO?
$§Pseudocyphellaria prolificans
(Nyl.) Vain. OL, SO
$§Pseudocyphellaria semilanata
(Müll.Arg.)
D.J.Galloway OL, SO
$§Pseudocyphellaria sulphurea
(Schaer.)
D.J.Galloway OL, SO
$Psilolechia clavulifera (Nyl.)
Coppins OL, SO
$Psilolechia lucida (Ach.)
M.Choisy SO
$Psora crenata (Taylor)
Reinke OL, SO
$Psora crystallifera (Taylor)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Psoroma angustisectum
Zahlbr. OL, SO
Psoroma cyanosorediatum
P.M.Jørg. OL
$Psoroma geminatum
P.M.Jørg. SO
Punctelia novozelandica Elix et
J.Johnst.
$Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. SO
$Pyrenopsis tasmanica Nyl. SO
$Pyrenothrix nigra Riddle SO
$Pyrenotrichum splitgerberi
Mont. OL, SO
Pyrenula chlorospila (Nyl.)
Arnold OL
$Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer)
Schaer. SO
Pyrenula moniliformis
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. OL
Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.)
R.C.Harris
Pyrenula quassiaecola (Fée)
Fée
Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg.
Pyrenula thelomorpha Tuck OL
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Psoraceae
Psoraceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Dacampiaceae
Lichinaceae
Pyrenotrichaceae
Ectolechiaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenulaceae
$Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.)
R.C.Harris SO
$Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. SO
$ Racodium rupestre Pers. SO
Ramalodium dumosum
Henssen OL
Ramalodium fecundissimum
Henssen
$Ramboldia sanguinolenta
(Kremp.) Kalb, Lumbsch et
Elix SO
$Ramboldia stuartii (Hampe)
Kantvilas et Elix OL, SO
$f§Refractohilum galligenum
D.Hawksw. OL, SO
$Rhizocarpon copelandii
(Körb.) Th.Fr. SO
$Rhizocarpon disporum
(Nägeli ex Hepp)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Rhizocarpon geographicum
subsp. arcticum (Runemark)
Hertel OL, SO
$Rhizocarpon hochstetteri
(Körb.) Vain. SO
$Rhizocarpon polycarpum
(Hepp) Th.Fr. SO
$Rhizocarpon postumum (Nyl.)
Arnold SO
$Rhizocarpon purpurescens
Fryday SO
$Rhizocarpon pusillum
Runemark SO
$Rhizocarpon subpostumum
(Nyl.) Arnold OL, SO
$Rhizocarpon viridiatrum
(Wulfen) Körb. SO
Rhytidiella beloniza (Stirt.)
M.B.Aguirre OL
$Rimularia hepaticola
Kantvilas et Coppins OL, SO
$§Rinodina brattii
H.Mayrhofer SO
$Rinodina capensis Hampe SO
$Rinodina confragosula (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
$Rinodina exigua (Ach.)
Gray OL, SO
Pyrenulaceae
Physciaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Moniliaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Cucurbitariaceae
Trapeliaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
344 PJ de Lange et al.
Rinodina gallowayi
H.Mayrhofer OL
§Rinodina herteliana Kaschik
$Rinodina immersa (Körb.)
Arnold RR, SO
$%Rinodina inflata Kalb OL, SO
$fRinodina insularis (Arnold)
Hafellner RR, SO
Rinodina jamesii H.Mayrhofer
$§Rinodina moziana (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. var. moziana SO
§Rinodina moziana var.
parasitica Kaschik et
H.Mayrhofer OL
$Rinodina murrayi
H.Mayrhofer RR, SO
§Rinodina oxydata (A.Massal.)
A.Massal.
$%Rinodina septentrionalis
Malme OL, SO
Rinodina subtubulata
(C.Knight) Zahlbr.
$Roccellinastrum flavescens
Kantvilas OL, SO
$fRoselliniella coccocarpiae
(Pat.) Matzer et
R.Sant. RR, SO
$fRosellinula lopadii (Vouaux)
D.J.Galloway RR, SO
$§fSagediopsis campsteriana
(Linds.) D.Hawksw. et
R.Sant. SO
$Santessoniella pulchella
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Sarcographa labyrinthica
(Ach.) Müll.Arg. SO
$§Schaereria bullata
Kantvilas SO
$§Schaereria fabispora Hertel
et Zürn OL, SO
$Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.)
Clauzade et Cl.Roux OL, SO
$Schismatomma occultum
(C.Knight et Mitt.)
Zahlbr. SO
$§Schizotrema schizolomum
(Müll.Arg.) Mangold et
Lumbsch SO
$§Schizotrema zebrinum
Mangold SO
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Micareaceae
Sordariales incertae
sedis
Dothideales
incertae sedia
Adelococcaceae
Pannariaceae
Graphidaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Roccellaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
$Sclerophora amabilis (Tibell)
Tibell SO
$Sclerophora sanguinea
(Tibell) Tibell SO
Scoliciosporum lividum
Malcolm et Vězda
$Scoliciosporum umbrinum
(Ach.) Arnold SO
$fScutula miliaris (Wallr.)
Trevis. RR, SO
$Siphula pickeringii Tuck. SO
$fSkyttea mayrhoferi
Diederich et Etayo RR, SO
$Spilonema dendroides
Henssen SO
$Sporopodium phyllocharis
(Mont.) A.Massal. SO
$Staurothele fissa (Taylor)
Zwackh RR, SO
Steinera radiata P.James et
Henssen subsp. radiata OL
Steinera radiata subsp.
aucklandica P.James et
Henssen OL, IE
$Stereocaulon delisei Bory ex
Duby SO
Stereocaulon wadei
I.M.Lamb OL
$§Sticta brevipes (Mull.Arg.)
Zahlbr. OL, SO
$§Sticta caperata (Nyl.)
Nyl. OL, SO
$§Sticta cyphellulata (Müll.
Arg.) Hue SO
$§Sticta wiegelii (Ach.)
Vain. OL, SO
$fStigmidium congestum
(Körb.) Triebel RR, SO
$f Stigmidium frigidum (Sacc.)
Alstrup et D.Hawksw. SO
$fStigmidium peltideae (Vain.)
R.Sant. SO
$fStigmidium pumilum
(Lettau) Matzer et
J.Hafellner SO
$f Stigmidium schaereri
(A.Massal.) Trevis. SO
$f§Stigmidium
xanthoparmeliarum
Hafellner OL, SO
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Pilocarpaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Helotiales incertae
sedis
Coccocarpiaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Verrucariaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Mycosphaerellaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 345
$%Strangospora deplanata
(Almq.) Clauzade et
Cl.Roux OL, SO
$Strigula affinis (A.Massal.)
R.C.Harris OL, SO
$Strigula albicascens (Nyl.)
R.C.Harris OL, SO
$Strigula australiensis
P.M.McCarthy SO
$Strigula decipiens (Malme)
P.M.McCarthy SO
Strigula delicata Sérus.
$Strigula fossulicola
P.M.McCarthy, Streimann
et Elix SO
Strigula fracticonidia
R.C.Harris OL
$Strigula indutula (Nyl.)
R.C.Harris OL, SO
Strigula johnsonii
P.M.McCarthy
Strigula kaitokensis Sérus. et
Polly
$Strigula melanobapha
(Kremp.) R.Sant. OL, SO
$Strigula minutula
P.M.McCarthy OL, SO
$Strigula nemathora
Mont. OL, SO
$Strigula nitidula Mont. OL, SO
Strigula novae-zelandiae
(Nag.Raj.) Sérus.
Strigula occulta
P.M.McCarthy et
Malcolm OL
$Strigula oceanica
P.M.McCarthy, Streimann
et Elix SO
$Strigula orbicularis
Fr.:Fr. OL, SO
$Strigula prasina Müll.Arg. SO
$Strigula schizopora
R.Sant. OL, SO
$Strigula smaragdula
Fr.:Fr. SO
$Strigula subelegans Vain. SO
Strigula subsimplicans (Nyl.)
R.C.Harris
$Strigula subtilissima (Fée)
Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Lecanoraceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
Strigulaceae
$Tapellaria phyllophila (Stirt.)
R.Sant. SO
$fThamnogalla crombei
(Mudd) D.Hawksw. SO
$Thelenella luridella (Nyl.)
H.Mayrhofer OL, SO
Thelidium maurospilum (Nyl.)
Hellb. OL
Thelidium neozelandicum
Zahlbr.
$Thelidium papulare (Fr.)
Arnold SO
$Thelidium pluvium
A.Orange SO
$%Thelomma ocellatum (Körb.)
Tibell SO
Thelotrema circumscriptum
C.Knight
Thelotrema farinaceum
C.Knight OL
Thelotrema hians Stirt.
$Thelotrema porinoides Mont.
et Bosch. OL, SO
$§Thelotrema rugulatum
Nyl. OL, SO
Thelotrema saxatile C.Knight
$Thelotrema subtile
Tuck. OL, SO
$§Thelotrema suecicum
(H.Magn.) P.James SO
$Thelotrema weberi Hale SO
Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.)
Wallr. EF, SO
$Toninia australis
Timdal RR, SO
$Toninia glaucocarpa
Timdal SO
$Toninia sedifolia (Scop.)
Timdal SO
$Toninia tumidula (Sm.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Topelia rosea (Servı́t)
P.M.Jørg. OL, SO
§Topeliopsis athallina Lumbsch
et Mangold
$Topeliopsis decorticans
(Müll.Arg.) A.Frisch et
Kalb SO
$Topeliopsis muscigena
(Stizenb.) Kalb. SO
Ectolechiaceae
Odontotremataceae
Thelenellaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Physciaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Protothelenellaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Stictidaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
346 PJ de Lange et al.
$Topeliopsis novae-zelandiae
(Szatala) Lumbsch et
Mangold SO
$Topeliopsis subdenticulata
(Zahlbr.) A.Frisch et
Kalb SO
$Trapelia corticola Coppins et
P.James SO
$§Trapelia glebulosa (Sm.)
J.R.Laundon RR, SO
Trapelia herteliana Fryday IE
$§Trapelia lilacea Kantvilas et
Elix SO
Trapelia macrospora Fryday
$Trapelia placodioides Coppins
et P.James RR, SO
$Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa
Coppins et P.James SO
$f§Tremella lobariacearum
Diederich et
M.S.Christ OL, SO
$fTremella ramalinae
Diederich SO
Tremotylium occultum Stirt. OL
Tremotylium suboccultum
Stirt. OL
$Trichothelium alboatrum
Vain. SO
$Trichothelium assurgens
(Cooke) Aptroot et
Lücking SO
$Trichothelium javanicum
(F.Schill.) Vězda SO
$Trypethelium variolosum
Ach. SO
$Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla
(Willd.) Hale SO
Unguiculariopsis triregia
S.Y.Kondr. et
D.J.Galloway IE
$Usnea baileyi (Stirt.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Usnea maculata Stirt. OL, SO
$Usnea rubrotincta Stirt. SO
$Usnea simplex Motyka SO?
$Usnea subeciliata (Motyka)
Swinscow OL, SO
Usnea tenerior (Nyl.) Hue
$Usnea trichodeoides
Motyka OL, SO
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Tremellaceae
Tremellaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Trypetheliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Helotiaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Usnea undulata Stirt. OL, SO
$Usnea wirthii P.Clerc. SO
Verrucaria adguttata
Zahlbr. IE, OL
Verrucaria amnica
P.M.McCarthy et
P.N.Johnson
$Verrucaria aquatilis Mudd SO
$Verrucaria aucklandica
Zahlbr. SO
Verrucaria austroschisticola
P.M.McCarthy et
P.N.Johnson
$Verrucaria bubalina
P.M.McCarthy OL, SO
$Verrucaria calciseda
DC. OL, SO
$Verrucaria ceuthocarpa
Wahlenb. SO
$Verrucaria compacta
(A.Massal.) Jatta OL, SO
fVerrucaria cramba Stirt. OL
$Verrucaria dolosa Hepp SO
$Verrucaria dufourii DC. SO
Verrucaria fiordlandica
P.M.McCarthy et
P.N.Johnson OL
$Verrucaria halizoa Leight. SO
$Verrucaria hydrela Ach. SO
$Verrucaria inconstans
P.M.McCarthy OL, SO
$Verrucaria macrostoma
Dufour ex DC. RR, SO
$Verrucaria microsporoides
Nyl. OL, SO
$Verrucaria muralis
Ach. OL, SO
$Verrucaria nigrescens
Pers. OL, SO
$Verrucaria phaeoderma
P.M.McCarthy RR, SO
$Verrucaria praetermissa
(Trevis.) Anzi OL, SO
$Verrucaria prominula
Nyl. OL, SO
Verrucaria rheitrophila
Zschacke RR, SO
Verrucaria serpuloides
I.M.Lamb OL, SO
Verrucaria sessilis
P.M.McCarthy
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 347
Verrucaria striatula subsp.
australis R.Sant. SO
Verrucaria striatula Wahlenb.
subsp. striatula SO
Verrucaria subdiscreta
P.M.McCarthy SO
$Verrucaria tessellatula Nyl.
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
OL, SO
$fVouauxiomyces santessonii
D.Hawksw. RR, SO
$Wawea fruticulosa Henssen et
Kantvilas SO
$f§Wedellomyces aspiciliicola
Alstrup OL, SO
fWentiomyces tatjanae
S.Kondratyuk
Xanthoparmelia adpicta
(Zahlbr.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw,
et Lumbsch
$Xanthoparmelia alexandrensis
Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO
Xanthoparmelia atrobarbatica
(Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. $et
Lumbsch OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia atrocapnodes
(Elix et J.Johnst.) Elix OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia barbellata
(Kurok.) Hale OL, SO
Xanthoparmelia bulfiniana
(Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch OL
$Xanthoparmelia cheelii
(Gyeln.) Hale SO
Xanthoparmelia depsidella
(Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
$Xanthoparmelia epheboides
(Zahlbr.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia exillima
(Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia filarszkyana
(Gyeln.) Hale SO
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Arctomiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Pseudoperisporaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Xanthoparmelia flindersiana
(Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia isidiotegeta
Elix et Kantvilas OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia lineola
(E.C.Berry) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia luteonotata
(J.Steiner) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch OL, SO
Xanthoparmelia malcolmii
(Elix) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
Xanthoparmelia
melanobarbatica (Essl.)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch OL
$Xanthoparmelia
metamorphosa (Gyeln.)
Hale OL, SO
Xanthoparmelia minutella
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
$Xanthoparmelia murina
(Kurok.) Elix SO
$Xanthoparmelia nebulosa
(Kurok. et Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia norcapnodes
(Elix et J.Johnst.) Elix OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia notata
(Kurok.) Hale OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia oleosa (Elix
et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et
T.H.Nash OL, SO
Xanthoparmelia olivetoricella
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL
Xanthoparmelia peloloba
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
$Xanthoparmelia philippsiana
(Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. OL, SO
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
348 PJ de Lange et al.
Xanthoparmelia plana (Essl.)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch OL
$Xanthoparmelia pustuliza
(Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia rubrireagens
(Gyeln.) Hale OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia scotophylla
(Kurok.) Elix SO
$Xanthoparmelia squamans
(Stizenb.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch. SO
$Xanthoparmelia
squamariatella (Elix)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia suberadicata
(des Abb.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia subhosseana
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch OL, SO
$Xanthoparmelia subimitatrix
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia taractica
(Kremp.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia thamnoides
(Kurok.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia ustulata
(Kurok. et Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xylographa parallela
(Ach:Fr.) Behlen et
Desberg SO
$Xylographa perangusta
(Stirt.) Müll.Arg. OL, SO
Zahlbrucknerella compacta
Henssen OL
$fZwackhiomyces dispersus
(Lahm ex Körb.) Triebel et
Grube OL, SO
$fZwackhiomyces lecanorae
(Stein) Nik. Hoffm., et
Haffelner OL, SO
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Appendix 2 Not Threatened (636)
Listed here are those lichens that are accepted for
New Zealand (see Galloway 2007), including those
that have been recognized from the New Zealand
Botanical Region since that publication (DJ
Galloway, unpublished data) and which are not
considered to be threatened.
$Denotes indigenous taxa found naturally outside
New Zealand.
§Denotes new additions to the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota.
%Denotes those taxa which may yet prove to be
naturalized to New Zealand
Parmeliaceae
Qualifiers
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Lichinaceae
Xanthopyreniaceae
Xanthopyreniaceae
Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in
this list by Townsend et al. (2008):
EF, Extreme Fluctuations;
IE, Island Endemic;
Inc, Increasing;
OL, One Location in New Zealand;
RR, Range Restricted;
SO, Secure Overseas;
TO, Threatened Overseas.
$fAbrothallus parmeliarum
(Sommerf.) Arnold SO
%Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.)
Arnold SO
$Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.)
A.Massal. SO
$%Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.)
A.Massal. SO
$Amandinea decedens (Nyl.)
Blaha et H. Mayrhofer SO
$Amandinea lecideina
(H.Mayrhofer et Poelt)
Scheid. et H.Mayrhofer SO
$Amandinea otagensis
(Zahlbr.) Blaha et
H.Mayrhofer SO
%Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.)
Coppins et Scheid.
$Anisomeridium biforme
(Borrer) R.C.Harris SO
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Acarosporaceae
Acarosporaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Monoblastiaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 349
$Arthonia cinereopruinosa
Schaer. SO
Arthonia diaphora Stirt.
$%Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl. SO
Arthonia platygraphella Nyl.
$Arthonia pseudocyphellariae
Wedin SO
$%Arthonia radiata (Pers.)
Ach. SO
Arthopyrenia minutella
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg.
$Arthrorhaphis alpina
(Schaer.) R.Sant. SO
$Arthrorhaphis citrinella
(Ach.) Poelt var. citrinella SO
$Arthrorhaphis citrinella var.
catolechioides Obermayer SO
$Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl.)
Arnold SO
$Aspicilia cinerea (L.)
Körb. SO
$Aspiciliopsis macrophthalma
(Hook.f. et Taylor) de
Lesd. SO
$%Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.)
Jülich SO
Austroblastenia pauciseptata
(Shirley) Sipman SO
Bacidia allotropa (Nyl.)
Zahlbr.
Bacidia glomerulosa C.Knight
$Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex
Duby) Vain. SO
Bacidia wellingtonii (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway
$Badimiella pteridophila
(Sacc.) Garn.-Jones et
Malcolm SO
$Baeomyces heteromorphus
Nyl. ex C.Bab. et Mitt. SO
$Bagliettoa baldensis
(A.Massal.) Vězda RR, SO
$Bapalmuia buchananii (Stirt.)
Kalb. et Lücking SO
$Biatoropsis usnearum
Räsänen SO
$Brigantiaea chrysosticta
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Hafellner et Bellem. SO
$Brigantiaea lobulata
F.J.Walker et Hafellner SO
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthoniaceae
Arthopyreniaceae
Arthrorhaphidaceae
Arthrorhaphidaceae
Arthrorhaphidaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Atheliaceae
Megalosporaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Baeomycetaceae
Verrucariaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Tremellales incertae
sedis
Brigantiaeaceae
Brigantiaeaceae
$Brigantiaea phaeomma (Nyl.)
Hafellner SO
$Bryoria austromontana
P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Buellia albula (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. RR, SO
$Buellia disciformis (Fr.)
Mudd SO
Buellia dunedina Zahlbr.
$%Buellia griseovirens (Turner
et Borrer ex Sm.)
Almb. Inc, SO
Buellia macularis Zahlbr.
Buellia porulosa Müll.Arg.
$Buellia spuria (Schaer.)
Anzi SO
$Buellia stellulata (Taylor)
Mudd SO
$Bunodophoron agnetae
Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron australe
(Laurer) A.Massal. SO
$Bunodophoron insigne
(Laurer) Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron macrocarpum
(Ohlsson) Wedin SO
Bunodophoron microsporum
(Ohlsson) Wedin
$Bunodophoron murrayi
(Ohlsson) Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron notatum
(Tibell) Wedin SO
Bunodophoron palmatum
(Js.Murray) Wedin
$Bunodophoron patagonicum
(C.W.Dodge) Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron ramuliferum
(I.M.Lamb) Wedin SO
$Bunodophoron scrobiculatum
(C.Bab.) Wedin SO
$Byssoloma leucoblepharum
(Nyl.) Vain. SO
$Byssoloma subdiscordans
(Nyl.) P.James SO
$Byssoloma subundulatum
(Stirt.) Vězda SO
$Calicium abietinum Pers. SO
$Calicium adspersum subsp.
australe Tibell SO
Brigantiaeaceae
Parmeliaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Pilocarpaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
350 PJ de Lange et al.
$Calicium glaucellum Ach. SO
$Calicium hyperelloides
Nyl. SO
$Calicium lenticulare Ach. SO
$Calicium salicinum Pers. SO
$Calicium trabinellum (Ach.)
Ach. SO
$Calicium tricolor F.Wilson SO
$Calopadia puiggarii
(Müll.Arg.) Vězda SO
$Calopadia subcoerulescens
(Zahlbr.) Vězda SO
$%Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.)
Flagey SO
Caloplaca circumlutosa Zahlbr.
$Caloplaca cirrochrooides
(Vain.) Zahlbr. SO
$Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.)
Th.Fr. SO
$Caloplaca cribrosa (Hue)
Zahlbr. SO
$%Caloplaca flavorubescens
(Huds.) J.R.Laundon SO
$Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.)
A.E.Wade SO
$Caloplaca homologa (Nyl.)
Hellb. SO
$Caloplaca lactea (A.Massal.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Caloplaca litoralis Zahlbr. SO
Caloplaca lutea (J.R.Laundon)
D.J.Galloway
$Caloplaca mooreae
D.J.Galloway SO
Caloplaca murrayi
D.J.Galloway
$Caloplaca rubelliana (Ach.)
Lojka SO
$Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.)
Nordin SO
$Caloplaca sublobulata (Nyl.)
Zahlbr. SO
Caloplaca subpyracea (Nyl.)
Zahlbr.
$%Candelaria concolor (Dicks.)
Arnold SO
$Candelariella coralliza (Nyl.)
H.Magn. SO
$%Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.)
Lettau SO
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Ectolechiaceae
Ectolechiaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
$%Candelariella vitellina
(Ehrh.) Müll.Arg. SO
$Carbonea phaeostoma (Nyl.)
Hertel SO
$Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.)
Fr. SO
$Cetraria islandica subsp.
antarctica Kärnef. SO
$Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Chaenotheca chrysocephala
(Turner ex Ach.) Th.Fr. SO
$Chaenotheca citriocephala
(F.Wilson) Tibell SO
$Chaenotheca confusa
Tibell SO
$Chaenotheca deludens
Tibell SO
$Chaenotheca ferruginea
(Turner ex Sm.) Migula SO
$Chaenotheca gracillima
(Vain.) Tibell SO
$Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.)
Th.Fr. SO
$Chaenotheca xyloxena
Nádv. SO
$Chaenothecopsis brevipes
Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis debilis
(Turner et Borrer ex Sm.)
Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis haematopus
Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis nigra
Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis nigropedata
Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis nivea
(F.Wilson) Tibell TO
$Chaenothecopsis pusilla
(Ach.) Alb.Schmidt SO
$Chaenothecopsis sanguinea
Tibell SO
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Coniocybaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 351
$Chaenothecopsis savonica
(Räsänen) Tibell SO
$Chaenothecopsis viridireagens
(Nádv.) Alb.Schmidt SO
$Chapsa megalophthalma
(Müll.Arg.) Mangold SO
$Chiodecton colensoi
(A.Massal.) Müll.Arg. SO
$Chrysothrix candelaris (L.)
J.R.Laundon SO
$Cladia aggregata (Sw.)
Nyl. SO
$Cladia retipora (Labill.)
Nyl. SO
$Cladia sullivanii (Müll.Arg.)
W.Martin SO
$Cladonia archeri
S.Stenroos SO
$Cladonia aueri Räsänen SO
$Cladonia bimberiensis
A.W.Archer SO
$Cladonia capitellata (Hook.f.
et Taylor) C.Bab. var.
capitellata SO
$Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.)
Flot. var. cervicornis SO
$Cladonia cervicornis subsp.
verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti SO
$Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke
ex Sommerf.) Spreng. SO
$Cladonia confusa R.Sant. SO
$Cladonia corniculata Ahti et
Kashiw. SO
$Cladonia darwinii
S.Hammer SO
$Cladonia ecmocyna Leight. SO
$Cladonia enantia Nyl. SO
$Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. SO
$Cladonia floerkeana (Fr.)
Flörke SO
$Cladonia furcata (Huds.)
Schrad. SO
$Cladonia glebosa
S.Hammer SO
$Cladonia humilis (With.)
J.R.Laundon var. humilis SO
$Cladonia imbricata
S.Hammer SO
Cladonia incerta S.Hammer
$Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. SO
Mycocaliciaceae
Mycocaliciaceae
Thelotremataceae
Roccellaceae
Chrysotricaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
$Cladonia melanopoda Ahti SO
$Cladonia merochlorophaea
Asahina SO
$Cladonia mitis Sandst. SO
$Cladonia murrayi
W.Martin SO
$Cladonia neozelandica Vain.
var. neozelandica SO
$Cladonia nudicaulis
S.Hammer SO
$Cladonia ochrochlora
Flörke SO
$Cladonia pertricosa
Kremp. SO
$Cladonia pleurota (Flörke)
Schaer. SO
$Cladonia pyxidata (L.)
Hoffm. SO
$Cladonia rigida (Hook.f.et
Taylor) Hampe SO
$Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise)
Nyl. SO
$Cladonia southlandica
W.Martin SO
$Cladonia subsubulata Nyl. SO
$Cladonia subulata (L.)
F.H.Wigg. SO
$Cladonia tenerrima (Ahti)
S.Hammer SO
$Cladonia tessellata Ahti et
Kashiw. SO
$Cladonia ustulata (Hook.f. et
Taylor) Leight. SO
$Clypeococcum grossum
(Körb.) D.Hawksw. RR, SO
$Coccocarpia erythroxyli
(Spreng.) Swinscow et
Krog SO
$Coccocarpia palmicola
(Spreng.) Arv. et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Coccotrema cucurbitula
(Mont.) Müll.Arg. SO
$Coenogonium implexum
Nyl. SO
$Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.)
Kalb et Lücking SO
$Collema durietzii Degel. SO
$Collema kauaiense
H.Magn. SO
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Cladoniaceae
Dacampiaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Coccotremataceae
Coenogoniaceae
Coenogoniaceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
352 PJ de Lange et al.
$Collema laeve Hook.f. et
Taylor SO
$Collema leucocarpum Hook.f.
et Taylor SO
$Collema subconveniens
Nyl. SO
$Collemopsidium sublitoralis
(Leight.) Grube et
B.D.Ryan SO
$Degelia gayana (Mont.) Arv.
et D.J.Galloway SO
$Dibaeis arcuata (Stirt.) Kalb
et Gierl SO
$Dictyographa cinerea
(C.Knight et Mitt.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Diploschistes muscorum
subsp. bartlettii Lumbsch SO
$Diploschistes scruposus
(Schreb.) Norman SO
$Dirinaria applanata (Fée)
Awasthi SO
$Enterographa bella R.Sant. SO
$Everniastrum sorocheilum
(Vain.) Hale ex Sipman SO
$Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.)
Vězda SO
$Flavoparmelia haysomii
(C.W.Dodge) Hale SO
$Flavoparmelia haywardiana
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Flavoparmelia soredians
(Nyl.) Hale SO
$Fuscoderma amphibolum
(C.Knight) P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway SO
Fuscoderma applanatum
(D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg.)
P.M.Jørg. et D.J.Galloway
$Fuscopannaria crustata
(Stirt.) P.M.Jørg. SO
$Fuscopannaria subimmixta
(C.Knight) P.M.Jørg. SO
$Gowardia nigricans (Ach.)
P.Halonen, L.Myllys,
S.Velmala et
H. Hyvärinen SO
$Graphis librata C.Knight SO
Haematomma alpinum
R.W.Rogers
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Xanthopyreniaceae
Pannariaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Roccellaceae
Thelotremataceae
Thelotremataceae
Physciaceae
Roccellaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pilocarpaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Graphidaceae
Haematommataceae
Haematomma babingtonii
HaematoA.Massal.
mmataceae
Haematomma hilare Zahlbr. SO Haematommataceae
Hemithecium contortum
Graphidaceae
(Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer SO
Physciaceae
Heterodermia japonica
(M.Satô) Swinscow et
Krog SO
Heterodermia leucomela (L.)
Physciaceae
Poelt SO
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Physciaceae
Trevis. SO
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Physciaceae
Trevis. SO
Physciaceae
$%Hyperphyscia adglutinata
(Flörke) H.Mayrhofer et
Poelt. SO
Hyperphyscia plinthiza (Nyl.) Physciaceae
Müll.Arg.
Parmeliaceae
$Hypogymnia billardierei
(Mont.) Filson SO
Parmeliaceae
$Hypogymnia kosciuskoensis
Elix SO
$Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Parmeliaceae
Krog var. lugubris SO
Parmeliaceae
$Hypogymnia lugubris var.
compactior (Zahlbr.) Elix SO
Parmeliaceae
$Hypogymnia lugubris var.
sublugubris (Müll.Arg.)
Elix SO
$Hypogymnia mundata (Nyl.) Parmeliaceae
Oxner ex Rassad. SO
$Hypogymnia pulverata (Nyl. Parmeliaceae
ex Cromb.) Elix SO
$Hypogymnia subphysodes
Parmeliaceae
(Kremp.) Filson var.
subphysodes SO
$Hypogymnia subphysodes var. Parmeliaceae
austerodioides Elix SO
Parmeliaceae
$Hypogymnia turgidula
(Bitter) Elix SO
$Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Parmeliaceae
Hale SO
$Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Parmeliaceae
Hale SO
Anamorphic
$Illosporium carneum Fr. SO
Ascomycota
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 353
$Jackelixia ligulata (Körb.)
S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko,
S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt et
A.Thell. SO
Labyrintha implexa Malcolm,
Elix et Owe-Larsson
$Lecanactis neozelandica Egea
et Torrente TO
Lecanactis subfarinosa
(C.Knight) Hellb.
$Lecania cyrtella (Ach.)
Th.Fr. SO
$Lecania erysibe (Ach.)
Mudd SO
Lecania vallata (Stirt.)
Müll.Arg.
Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.)
Branth et Rostr. SO
Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. SO
%Lecanora carpinea (L.)
Vain. SO
$Lecanora demersa (Kremp.)
Hertel et Rambold SO
$Lecanora dispersa (Pers.)
Sommerf. SO
$Lecanora epibryon subsp.
broccha (Nyl.) Lumbsch SO
$Lecanora epibryon subsp.
xanthophora Lumbsch SO
$Lecanora expallens Ach. SO
$Lecanora farinacea Fée SO
$Lecanora flavopallida Stirt. SO
$Lecanora galactiniza Nyl. SO
$Lecanora lugubris
(C.W.Dodge) D.J.Galloway
et P.M.Jørg. SO
$Lecanora melacarpella
Müll.Arg. SO
$Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.)
Rabenh. SO
$Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. SO
$Lecanora semipallida
H.Magn. SO
$Lecanora symmicta (Ach.)
Ach. SO
$Lecidea atromorio
C.Knight SO
Lecidea dracophylli Zahlbr.
$Lecidea fuscoatrula Nyl. SO
$Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach.
var. lapicida SO
Teloschistaceae
Porpidiaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
Lecideaceae
$Lecidea lygomma Nyl. var.
lygomma SO
$Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.)
Hazsl. SO
$Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.)
Hertel et Leuckert SO
$Lefidium tenerum (Laurer)
Wedin SO
$Leioderma duplicatum
(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Leioderma pycnophorum
Nyl. SO
$Leioderma sorediatum
D.J.Galloway et
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. SO
$Lepraria lobificans Nyl. SO
$Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.)
Lettau SO
$Leptogidium contortum
(Henssen) T.Sprib. et
Muggia SO
$Leptogium aucklandicum
Zahlbr.
$Leptogium crispatellum
Nyl. SO
$Leptogium cyanescens
(Rabenh.) Körb. SO
$Leptogium denticulatum
Nyl. SO
$Leptogium limbatum
F.Wilson SO
$Leptogium menziesii (Ach.)
Mont. SO
$Lichenomphalia alpina
(Britzelm.) Redhead,
Lutzoni, Moncalvo et
Vilgalys SO
$Lichenomphalia umbellifera
(L.:Fr.) Redhead, Lutzoni,
Moncalvo et Vilgalys SO
$Lichina pygmaea (Lightf.)
C.Agardh SO
$Lobaria adscripta (Nyl.)
Hue SO
$Lobaria asperula (Stirt.)
Yoshim. SO
$Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.)
Nyl. SO
Lecideaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Massalongiaceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Collemataceae
Tricholomataceae
Tricholomataceae
Lichinaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
354 PJ de Lange et al.
$Lobothallia radiosa (Hoffm.)
Hafellner SO
Loxospora cyamidia (Stir.)
Kantvilas
$Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.)
Körb. SO
$Mastodia tessellata (Hook.f.
et Harv.) Hook.f. et
Harv. SO
$Megalaria grossa (Pers. ex
Nyl.) Hafellner SO
Megalaria melanotropa (Nyl.)
D.J.Galloway
$Megaloblastenia marginiflexa
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Sipman SO
$Megalospora atrorubicans
subsp. australis Sipman SO
$Megalospora campylospora
(Stir.) Sipman SO
Megalospora gompholoma
(Müll.Arg.) C.W.Dodge
subsp. gompholoma
$Melanohalea inactiva
(P.M.Jørg.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Divakar, Essl.,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO
Menegazzia aucklandica
(Zahlbr.) P.James et
D.J.Galloway
$Menegazzia caliginosa
P.James et D.J.Galloway TO
Menegazzia dielsii (Hillmann)
R.Sant.
$Menegazzia eperforata
P.James et D.J.Galloway SO
Menegazzia foraminulosa
(Kremp.) Bitter
Menegazzia lucens P.James et
D.J.Galloway
$Menegazzia neozelandica
(Zahlbr.) P.James SO
$Menegazzia nothofagi
(Zahlbr.) P.James et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Menegazzia pertransita
(Stirt.) R.Sant. SO
$Menegazzia subpertusa
P.James et D.J.Galloway SO
Hymeneliaceae
Sarrameanaceae
Massalongiaceae
Mastodiaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalariaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Megalosporaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Menegazzia testacea P.James
et D.J.Galloway SO
$Metus conglomeratus
(F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway et
P.James SO
$Micarea erratica (Körb.)
Hertel, Rambold et
Pietschm. SO
$Micarea magellanica
(Müll.Arg.) Fryday SO
$Microcalicium conversum
Tibell SO
$Miltidea ceroplasta (C.Bab.)
D.J.Galloway et
Hafellner SO
$Mycobilimbia australis
Kantvilas et Messuti SO
$Neophyllis melacarpa
(F.Wilson) F.Wilson SO
$Nephroma australe
A.Rich. SO
$Nephroma cellulosum (Ach.)
Ach. var. cellulosum SO
$Nephroma cellulosum var.
isidioferum Js.Murray SO
$Nephroma plumbeum var.
isidiatum (Js.Murray)
F.J.White et P.James SO
$Nephroma rufum (C.Bab.)
P.James SO
$Normandina pulchella
(Borrer) Nyl. SO
$Ochrolechia pallescens (L.)
A.Massal. SO
$Ochrolechia parella (L.)
A.Massal. SO
$Ochrolechia xanthostoma
(Sommerf.) K.Schmitz et
Lumbsch SO
$Opegrapha agelaeoides
Nyl. SO
Opegrapha diaphoriza Nyl.
Opegrapha intertexta
C.Knight
Pannaria allorhiza (Nyl.)
Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway
Pannaria araneosa (C.Bab.)
Hue
Pannaria athroophylla (Stirt.)
Elvebakk et D.J.Galloway
Parmeliaceae
Cladoniaceae
Micareaceae
Micareaceae
Microcaliciaceae
Miltideaceae
Porpidiaceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Nephromataceae
Nephromataceae
Nephromataceae
Nephromataceae
Nephromataceae
Ascomycota
incertae sedis
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 355
$Pannaria crenulata
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Pannaria delicata
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Pannaria durietzii (P.James et
Henssen) Elvebakk et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Pannaria elixii P.M.Jørg.et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Pannaria euphylla (Nyl.)
Elvebakk et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Pannaria farinosa Elvebakk
et Fritt-Rasm. SO
$Pannaria fulvescens (Mont.)
Nyl. SO
$Pannaria globuligera Hue SO
$Pannaria hookeri (Borrer ex
Sm.) Nyl. SO
$Pannaria immixta Nyl. SO
$§Pannaria isidiosa Elvebakk
et Elix SO
$Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.)
P.M.Jørg. SO
$Pannaria microphyllizans
(Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. SO
$Pannaria pallida (Nyl.)
Hue SO?
Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.)
Hue
$Pannaria xanthomelana
(Nyl.) Hue SO
$Pannoparmelia angustata
(Pers.) Zahlbr. SO
$Paraporpidia leptocarpa (Nyl.
ex C.Bab. et Mitt.) Rambold
et Hertel SO
$Parasiphula complanata
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Kantvilas et Grube SO
$Parasiphula foliacea
(D.J.Galloway) Kantvilas et
Grube SO
$Parasiphula fragilis (Hook.f.
et Taylor) Kantvilas et
Grube SO
$Parmelia crambidiocarpa
Zahlbr. SO
$Parmelia cunninghamii
Cromb. SO
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Parmelia erumpens Kurok. SO
$Parmelia norcrambidiocarpa
Hale SO
$Parmelia protosulcata
Hale SO
$Parmelia signifera Nyl. SO
Parmelia subtestacea Hale
$Parmelia sulcata Taylor SO
$Parmelia tenuirima Hook.f. et
Taylor SO
$Parmelia testacea Stirt. SO
$Parmeliella ligulata
P.M.Jørg. et
D.J.Galloway SO
$Parmeliella nigrocincta
(Mont.) Müll.Arg. SO
Parmeliella subgranulata
D.J.Galloway et P.M.Jørg.
$Parmeliella subtilis P.M.Jørg.
et P.W.James SO
$Parmelina conlabrosa (Hale)
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Parmelina labrosa (Zahlbr.)
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta
(Krog et Swinscow) Elix et
Hale SO
$Parmelinopsis spumosa
(Asahina) Elix et Hale SO
$Parmelinopsis subfatiscens
(Kurok.) Elix et Hale SO
$Parmotrema arnoldii (Du
Rietz) Hale SO
$Parmotrema austrocetratum
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.)
Hale SO
$Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.)
M.Choisy SO
Parmotrema cristiferum
(Taylor) Hale
$Parmotrema dilatatum
(Vain.) Hale SO
$Parmotrema mellissii
(C.W.Dodge) Hale SO
$Parmotrema perlatum
(Huds.) M.Choisy SO
$Parmotrema reticulatum
(Taylor) M.Choisy SO
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
356 PJ de Lange et al.
$Parmotrema tinctorum
(Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale SO
$Peltigera didactyla (With.)
J.R.Laundon SO
Peltigera dilacerata (Gyeln.)
Gyeln.
$Peltigera dolichorhiza (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
$Peltigera nana Vain. SO
$Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex
Müll.Arg. SO
$Peltigera neopolydactyla
(Gyeln.) Gyeln. SO
$Peltigera polydactylon
(Neck.) Hoffm. SO
$Peltigera rufescens (Weiss)
Humb. SO
$Peltigera tereziana Gyeln. SO
$Peltigera ulcerata
Müll.Arg. SO
$Peltula euploca (Ach.)
Ozenda et Clauzade RR, SO
$Pertusaria dactylina (Ach.)
Nyl. SO
Pertusaria graphica C.Knight
$Pertusaria gymnospora
Kantvilas SO
$Pertusaria lophocarpa Körb.
Parmeliaceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltigeraceae
Peltulaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
SO
$Pertusaria melanospora
Nyl. SO
$Pertusaria novaezelandiae
Szatala SO
$Pertusaria psoromica
A.W.Archer et Elix SO
Pertusaria scutellifera
A.W.Archer et Elix
Pertusaria sorodes Stirt.
Pertusaria subverrucosa Nyl.
$Pertusaria truncata
Kremp. SO
$Pertusaria velata (Turner)
Nyl. SO
$Phaeographis inusta (Ach.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Phaeographis mucronata
(Stirt.) Zahlbr. SO
$Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.)
Essl. SO
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Pertusariaceae
Graphidaceae
Graphidaceae
Physciaceae
$%Phaeophyscia orbicularis
(Neck.) Moberg SO
Phlyctis sordida C.Knight
$Phlyctis subuncinata Stirt. SO
$Phlyctis uncinata Stirt. SO
Phyllopsora microdactyla
(C.Knight) D.J.Galloway
$Physcia adscendens
H.Olivier SO
$Physcia albata (F.Wilson)
Hale SO
$Physcia caesia (Hoffm.)
Fürnr. SO
$Physcia dubia (Hoffm.)
Lettau SO
$Physcia erumpens Moberg SO
$Physcia jackii Moberg SO
$Physcia nubila Moberg SO
$Physcia poncinsii Hue SO
$Physcia tribacia (Ach.)
Nyl. SO
$Physcia undulata Moberg SO
$Physma chilense Hue SO
Placopsis argillacea (C.Knight)
Malcolm et Vězda EF
Placopsis aspicilioides
D.J.Galloway
$Placopsis clavifera
(I.M.Lamb) D.J.Galloway
Physciaceae
Phlyctidaceae
Phlyctidaceae
Phlyctidaceae
Ramalinaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Collemataceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
EF, SO
$Placopsis cribellans (Nyl.)
Räsänen SO
Placopsis dennanensis
(Zahlbr.) I.M.Lamb ex
D.J.Galloway
Placopsis elixii D.J.Galloway
$Placopsis fuscidula I.M.Lamb
ex Räsänen SO
$Placopsis fusciduloides
D.J.Galloway SO
$Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds. SO
$Placopsis hertelii
D.J.Galloway SO
$Placopsis illita (C.Knight)
I.M.Lamb SO
$Placopsis lambii Hertel et
V.Wirth SO
$Placopsis lateritioides
I.M.Lamb SO
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 357
$Placopsis microphylla
(I.M.Lamb)
D.J.Galloway EF, SO
$Placopsis perrugosa (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
Placopsis polycarpa
D.J.Galloway
Placopsis pruinosa
D.J.Galloway
$Placopsis rhodocarpa (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
Placopsis rhodophthalma
(Müll.Arg.) Räsänen
Placopsis salazina I.M.Lamb
$Placopsis subcribellans
(I.M.Lamb)
D.J.Galloway SO
Placopsis subgelida (Nyl.) Nyl.
Placopsis subparellina Nyl. EF
Placopsis tararuana (Zahlbr.)
D.J.Galloway
$Placopsis trachyderma
(Kremp.) P.James SO
$Placynthiella uliginosa
(Schrad.) Coppins et
P.James EF, SO
$Placynthium nigrum (Huds.)
Gray SO
$fPlectocarpon pseudosticta
(Fée) Fée SO
fPlectocarpon sticticola Ertz,
Wedin et Diederich
$Poeltiaria coromandelica
(Zahlbr.) Rambold et
Hertel SO
$Poeltiaria corralensis
(Räsänen) Hertel SO
$Poeltiaria turgescens (Körb.)
Hertel SO
$fPolycoccum pulvinatum
(Eitner) R.Sant. SO
$Porina exocha (Nyl.)
P.M.McCarthy SO
$Porpidia crustulata (Ach.)
Hertel et Knoph SO
$Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.)
Hertel et A.J.Schwab SO
$Protoparmelia badia (Hoffm.)
Haffelner SO
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Placynthiaceae
Roccellaceae
Roccellaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Dacampiaceae
Trichotheliaceae
Porpidiaceae
Porpidiaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Pseudephebe pubescens (L.)
M.Choisy SO
$Pseudocyphellaria aurata
(Ach.) Vain. SO
$Pseudocyphellaria billardierei
(Delise) Räsänen SO
$Pseudocyphellaria carpoloma
(Delise) Vain. SO
$Pseudocyphellaria chloroleuca
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Du Rietz SO
$Pseudocyphellaria colensoi
(C.Bab.) Vain. SO
$Pseudocyphellaria corbettii
D.J.Galloway SO
Pseudocyphellaria coriacea
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
D.J.Galloway et P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria coronata
(Müll.Arg.) Malme SO
$Pseudocyphellaria crocata
(L.) Vain. SO
Pseudocyphellaria degelii
D.J.Galloway et P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis
(Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James SO
Pseudocyphellaria durietzii
D.J.Galloway
Pseudocyphellaria episticta
(Nyl.) Vain.
$Pseudocyphellaria faveolata
(Delise) Malme SO
Pseudocyphellaria fimbriata
D.J.Galloway et P.James
Pseudocyphellaria
fimbriatoides D.J.Galloway
et P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria glabra
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
C.W.Dodge SO
$Pseudocyphellaria granulata
(C.Bab.) Malme SO
Pseudocyphellaria
homoeophylla (Nyl.)
C.W.Dodge
$Pseudocyphellaria intricata
(Delise) Vain. SO
Parmeliaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
358 PJ de Lange et al.
Pseudocyphellaria lividofusca
(Kremp.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria maculata
D.J.Galloway SO
Pseudocyphellaria montagnei
(C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria multifida
(Nyl.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James SO
$Pseudocyphellaria neglecta
(Müll.Arg.) H.Magn. SO
$Pseudocyphellaria pickeringii
(Tuck.) D.J.Galloway SO
Pseudocyphellaria pubescens
(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway et
P.James
$Pseudocyphellaria rubella
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
D.J.Galloway et P.James SO
Pseudocyphellaria
rufovirescens (C.Bab.)
D.J.Galloway
$Psoroma asperellum Nyl. SO
$Psoroma buchananii
(C.Knight) Nyl. SO
$Psoroma caliginosum Stirt. SO
$Psoroma contextum Stirt. SO
$Psoroma fruticulosum
P.James et Henssen SO
$Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl)
S.F.Gray SO
$Psoroma implexum Stirt. SO
Psoroma melanizum Zahlbr.
$Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.)
Timdal et Tønsberg SO
$Psoroma pholidotoides (Nyl.)
Trevis. SO
$Psoroma soccatum R.Br. SO
$Psoromidium aleuroides
(Stirt.) D.J.Galloway SO
$Punctelia borreri (Sm.)
Krog SO
$Punctelia subflava (Taylor)
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.)
Krog SO
Pyrenula deliquescens
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg.
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Pannariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Pyrenulaceae
$Pyxine subcinerea Stirt. SO
Ramalina australiensis Nyl.
Ramalina celastri (Spreng.)
Krog et Swinscow
Ramalina geniculata Hook.f. et
Taylor
$Ramalina glaucescens
Kremp. SO
$Ramalina inflata (Hook.f. et
Taylor) Hook.f. et Taylor SO
Ramalina inflexa D.Blanchon,
J.Braggins et A.Stewart
$Ramalina peruviana Ach. SO
$Ramalina unilateralis
F.Wilson SO
$Ramboldia laeta (Stirt.) Kalb,
Lumbsch et Elix SO
$Ramboldia petraeoides (Nyl.
ex C.Bab. et Mitt.)
Kantvilas et Elix SO
$Rhizocarpon distinctum
Th.Fr. SO
$Rhizocarpon eupetraeum
(Nyl.) Arnold SO
$Rhizocarpon geminatum
Körb. SO
$Rhizocarpon geographicum
(L.) DC. subsp.
geographicum SO
$Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke)
Arnold SO
$Rhizocarpon lecanorinum
Anders SO
$Rhizocarpon reductum
Th.Fr. SO
$Rhizocarpon submodestum
(Vain.) Vain. SO
$Rhizocarpon superficiale
(Schaer.) Malme SO
$Rimularia insularis (Nyl.)
Rambold et Hertel SO
$Rimularia psephota (Tuck.)
Hertel et Rambold SO
$Rinodina bischoffii (Hepp)
A.Massal. SO
$Rinodina blastidiata Matzer
et H.Mayrhofer SO
$Rinodina boleana Giralt et
H.Mayrhofer SO
$Rinodina cacaotina Zahlbr. SO
Physciaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Lecanoraceae
Lecanoraceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 359
$Rinodina conradii Körb. SO
$Rinodina luridata (Körb.)
H.Mayrhofer, Scheid. et
Sheard RR, SO
$Rinodina oleae Bagl. SO
$Rinodina olivaceobrunnea
C.W.Dodge et G.E.Baker SO
$Rinodina peloleuca (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Rinodina pyrina (Ach.)
Arnold SO
$Rinodina thiomela (Nyl.)
Müll.Arg. SO
$Roccellinastrum neglectum
Henssen et Vobis SO
$Sagenidium molle Stirt. SO
$Sarcogyne regularis
Körb. RR, SO
$Sarrameana albidoplumbea
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Farkas SO
$Siphula decumbens Nyl. SO
$Siphula dissoluta Nyl. SO
$Siphula fastigiata (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
$Siphula gracilis Kantvilas SO
$Sphaerophorus
stereocauloides Nyl. SO
$Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.)
A.Massal. SO
$Steinera neozelandica
C.W.Dodge SO
$Stereocaulon caespitosum
Redinger SO
Stereocaulon colensoi C.Bab.
$Stereocaulon corticatulum
Nyl. SO
Stereocaulon fronduliferum
I.M.Lamb
$Stereocaulon gregarium
Redinger SO
$Stereocaulon ramulosum
Räuschel SO
$Stereocaulon vesuvianum
Pers. SO
Sticta babingtonii
D.J.Galloway
Sticta caliginosa D.J.Galloway
Sticta cinereoglauca Hook.f. et
Taylor
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Physciaceae
Micareaceae
Roccellaceae
Acarosporaceae
Fuscideaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Sphaerophoraceae
Catillariaceae
Coccocarpiaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Stereocaulaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
$Sticta filix (Sw.) Nyl. SO
$Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.)
Ach. SO
Sticta lacera (Hook.f. et
Taylor) Müll.Arg.
$Sticta latifrons A.Rich. SO
$Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. SO
$Sticta martinii
D.J.Galloway SO
Sticta squamata D.J.Galloway
$Sticta subcaperata (Nyl.)
Nyl. SO
$Stirtoniella kelica (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway, Hafellner et
Elix SO
$Teloschistes chrysophthalmus
(L.) Th.Fr. Inc, TO
$Teloschistes velifer
F.Wilson SO
$Tephromela atra (Huds.)
Hafellner SO
$Thalloloma subvelata (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway SO
$Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.)
Ach. ex Schaer. subsp.
vermicularis SO
$Thelidium calcareum
(C.Knight) Hellb.
$Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.)
Ach. SO
$Thysanothecium scutellatum
(Fr.) D.J.Galloway RR, SO
$Toninia aromatica (Sm.)
A.Massal. RR, SO
$Toninia bullata (Meyen et
Flot.) Zahlbr. SO
$Trapelia coarctata (Turner ex
Sm.) M.Choisy SO
$Trapeliopsis colensoi (C.Bab.)
Gotth.Schneid. SO
$Trapeliopsis congregans
(Zahlbr.) Brako SO
$Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.)
Coppins et P.James SO
$Trapeliopsis granulosa
(Hoffm.) Lumbsch SO
$Tremolecia atrata (Ach.)
Hertel SO
$Tylothallia pahiensis
(Zahlbr.) Hertel et
H.Kilias SO
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Lobariaceae
Ramalinaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Ramalinaceae
Graphidaceae
Icmadophilaceae
Verrucariaceae
Thelotremataceae
Cladoniaceae
Ramalinaceae
Ramalinaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Lecanoraceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
360 PJ de Lange et al.
$Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.)
Delise ex Duby SO
$Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Umbilicaria durietzii Frey
$Umbilicaria hyperborea
(Ach.) Hoffm. SO
$Umbilicaria nylanderiana
(Zahlbr.) Zahlbr. SO
$Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.)
Baumg. SO
$§Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.)
Schrad. SO
$Umbilicaria subaprina
Frey SO
$Umbilicaria subglabra (Nyl.)
Harm. SO
$Umbilicaria umbilicarioides
(B.Stein) Krog et
Swinscow SO
$Umbilicaria vellea (L.)
Ach. SO
$Umbilicaria zahlbruckneri
Frey SO
$Usnea acromelana Stirt. SO
$Usnea angulata Ach. SO
$Usnea articulata (L.)
Hoffm. SO
$Usnea ciliata (Nyl.)
Du Rietz SO
$Usnea ciliifera Motyka SO
$Usnea contexta Motyka SO
$Usnea cornuta Körb. SO
$Usnea inermis Motyka SO
$Usnea molliuscula Stirt. SO
$Usnea oncodes Stirt. SO
$Usnea pusilla (Räsänen)
Räsänen SO
$Usnea rubicunda Stirt. SO
$Usnea subcapillaris
(D.J.Galloway)
F.J.Walker SO
$Usnea torulosa (Müll.Arg.)
Zahlbr. SO
$Usnea xanthopoga Nyl. SO
$Verrucaria fusconigrescens
Nyl. SO
$Verrucaria margacea
(Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. SO
$Verrucaria maura
Wahlenb. SO
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Umbilicariaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucariaceae
Verrucaria mucosa Wahlenb.
Xanthomendoza novozelandica
(Hillmann) Søching,
Kärnefelt et S.Y.Kondr.
$Xanthoparmelia amplexula
(Stirt.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia australasica
D.J.Galloway SO
$Xanthoparmelia brattii (Essl.)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia concomitans
Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia cordillerana
(Gyeln.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia dichotoma
(Müll.Arg.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia digitiformis
(Elix et P.M.Armstr.)
Filson SO
$Xanthoparmelia elixii
Filson SO
$Xanthoparmelia
flavescentireagens (Gyeln.)
D.J.Galloway SO
$Xanthoparmelia furcata
(Müll.Arg.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia glabrans
(Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch SO
Xanthoparmelia glareosa
(Kurok. Et Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia imitatrix
(Taylor) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia incerta
(Kurok. et Filson) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia isidiigera
(Müll.Arg.) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia loxodella
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
Verrucariaceae
Teloschistaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 361
$Xanthoparmelia martinii
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia
metaclystoides (Kurok. et
Filson) Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia mexicana
(Gyeln.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia molliuscula
(Ach.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia mougeotina
(Nyl.) D.J.Galloway Inc, SO
$Xanthoparmelia neotinctina
(Elix) Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia petriseda
(Zahlbr.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia pictada
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch
$Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.)
O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix,
D.Hawksw. et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia reptans
(Kurok.) Elix et J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia scabrosa
(Taylor) Hale Inc, SO
$Xanthoparmelia streimannii
(Elix et P.M.Armstr.) Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia stygiodes
(Nyl. ex Cromb.) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia subnuda
(Kurok.) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia substrigosa
(Hale) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia tasmanica
(Hook.f. et Taylor) Hale SO
$Xanthoparmelia tegeta Elix et
J.Johnst. SO
$Xanthoparmelia verisidiosa
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch Inc, SO
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Xanthoparmelia verrucella
(Essl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo,
Elix, D.Hawksw. et
Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia waiporiensis
(Hillmann) O.Blanco,
A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw.
et Lumbsch SO
$Xanthoparmelia
xanthomelaena (Müll.Arg.)
Hale SO
$%Xanthoria candelaria (L.)
Th.Fr. SO
$%Xanthoria parietina (L.)
Th.Fr. SO
$%Xanthoria polycarpa
(Hoffm.) Th.Fr. ex
Rieber SO
$fXanthoriicola physciae
(Kalchbr.)
D.Hawksw. SO
$Zahlbrucknerella calcarea
(Herre)
Herre SO
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae
Anamorphic
Ascomycota
Lichinaceae
Parmeliaceae
Appendix 3 Taxonomically Indeterminate
listings
Parmeliaceae
This Appendix comprises potentially distinct plants
whose taxonomic status has yet to be determined or
is in the process of being formalised. Definitions of
categories follow those given in Appendix 1.
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
$Denotes indigenous taxa found naturally outside
New Zealand.
§Denotes new additions to the New Zealand lichen
mycobiota
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae
Qualifiers
Full definitions are provided for the qualifiers used in
this list by Townsend et al. (2008).
IE, Island Endemic;
OL, One Location in New Zealand;
RR, Range Restricted;
SO, Secure Overseas;
TO, Threatened Overseas;
362 PJ de Lange et al.
At Risk (1)
1. Naturally Uncommon (1)
§Placopsis (a) (MSC 126923;
Campbell Island) IE, OL
Trapeliaceae
Data Deficient (1)
$Caloplaca cf. caesiorufella
(CHR 533610;
New Zealand) RR, SO
Teloschistaceae
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Not Threatened (3)
Caloplaca cf. vitellinula
(AK 313029; New Zealand)
$§Placopsis (b) (CHR 528402;
Stewart Island) TO
$Pannaria aff. patagonica (CHR
455017; New Zealand) SO?
Teloschistaceae
Trapeliaceae
Pannariaceae
Appendix 4 Nomenclature changes affecting
taxa treated by Galloway (2007)
Galloway (2007)
This Article
Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Gowardia nigricans
Nyl.
(Ach.) P.Halonen,
L.Myllys, S.Velmala et
Hyvärinen
Anthracothecium
Pyrenula thelomorpha
cellulosum (C.Knight) Tuck.
Müll.Arg.
Buellia subcoronata
Buellia epigaea (Pers.)
(Müll.Arg.) Malme
Tuck
Caloplaca cerinelloides
Caloplaca maccarthyi
(Erichsen) Poelt
S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt et
Elix
Caloplaca rosei Hasse
Caloplaca litoralis
Zahlbr.
Caloplaca vitellinula auct. Caloplaca cf. vitellinula
non. (Nyl.) H.Olivier
(AK 313029; New
Zealand)
Chroodiscus lamelliferus Chapsa lamellifera
Kantvilas et Vězda
(Kantvilas et Vězda)
Mangold
Chroodiscus macrocarpus Topeliopsis macrocarpa
(C.W.Dodge)
(C.W.Dodge) Mangold
D.J.Galloway
et Lumbsch
Chroodiscus
megalophthalmus
(Müll.Arg.) Vězda et
Kantvilas
Fissurina monospora
C.Knight
Fuscidea cf. cyathodes
Chapsa megalophthalma
(Müll.Arg.) Mangold
Hemithecium contortum
(Müll.Arg.) A.W. Archer
Fuscidea cyathodes
(Ach.) V.Wirth et Vězda
Gyalectidium cf.
Gyalectidium caucasicum
caucasicum
(Elenkin et Woronin)
Vězda
Halecania australis
Halecania subsquamosa
Lumbsch
(Müll.Arg.) van den
Boom et H.Mayrhofer
Heterodea muelleri
Cladia muelleri (Hampe)
(Hampe) Nyl.
Parnmen et Lumbsch
Laurera elatior (Stirt.)
Aptrootia elatior (Stirt.)
D.J.Galloway
Aptroot
Laurera madreporiformis Bathelium
(Eschw.) Riddle
madreporiforme (Eschw.)
Trevis.
Lecanora flotoviana
Lecanora semipallida
Spreng.
H.Magn.
Lecidea senescens Zahlbr. Tylothallia pahiensis
(Zahlbr.) Hertel et
H.Kilias
Lempholemma cf.
Lempholemma cladodes
cladodes
(Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Lichinia confinis
Lichina pygmaea
(O.F.Müll.) C.Agardh (Lightf.) C.Agardh
Melanelia calva (Essl.)
Melanelixia calva (Essl.)
Essl.
A.Crespo, Divakar et
Elix
Melanelia glabratuloides Melanelixia
(Essl.) Essl.
glabratuloides (Essl.)
A.Crespo, Divakar et
Elix
Melanelia subglabra
Melanelixia subglabra
(Räsänen) Essl.
(Räsänen) A.Crespo,
Divakar et Elix
Mycoblastus hypomelinus Mycoblastus dissimulans
(Stirt.) Müll.Arg.
(Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Nesolechia oxyspora
Phacopsis oxyspora
(Tul.) Triebel et
(Tul.) A.Massal.
Rambold
Ocellularia hians (Stirt.) Thelotrema hians Stirt.
Müll.Arg.
Conservation status of New Zealand lichens 363
Downloaded by [Mr Peter De Lange] at 17:32 19 February 2013
Opegrapha trassii
S.Kondratyuk et
Coppins
Pannaria aff. pallida
Opegrapha foreaui
(Moreau) Hafellner et
R.Sant.
Pannaria pallida (Nyl.)
Hue
Pertusaria macloviana
Pertusaria stellata
Müll.Arg.
Fryday
Platygramme
Phaeographina
arechavaletae
arechavaletae
(Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer
Müll.Arg.
Placopsis macrophthalma Aspiciliopsis
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
macrophthalma (Hook.f.
Nyl.
et Taylor) de Lesd.
Polychidium contortum
Leptogidium contortum
Henssen
(Henssen) T.Sprib. et
Muggia
Pyrenula crassescens
Pyrenula quassiaecola
(Stirt.) Müll.Arg.
(Fée) Fée
Pyrenula cyrtospora
Pyrenula sexlocularis
(Stirt.) Müll.Arg.
(Nyl.) Müll.Arg.
Pyrenula dealbata
Pyrenula nitidula (Bres.)
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. R.C.Harris
Pyrenula deprimens
Pyrenula chlorospila
(C.Knight)
(Nyl.) Arnold
D.J.Galloway
Pyrenula quassiaecola
Pyrenula homalisma
(Fée) Fée
(C.Knight)
D.J.Galloway
Pyrenula knightiana
Pyrenula chlorospila
Müll.Arg.
(Nyl.) Arnold
Pyrenula occulta
Pyrenula dermatodes
(C.Knight) Müll.Arg. (Borrer) Schaer.
Pyrenula pseudonitidella Pyrenula dermatodes
(Borrer) Schaer.
(C.Knight)
D.J.Galloway
Pyrenula prostrata (Stirt.) Pyrenula ravenelii Tuck.
D.J.Galloway
Pyrenula ravenelii
Pyrenula pyrenastroides
(Tuck.) R.C.Harris
(C.Knight)
D.J.Galloway
Pyrrhospora laeta (Stirt.) Ramboldia laeta (Stirt.)
Hafellner
Kalb, Lumbsch et Elix
Pyrrhospora
Ramboldia sanguinolenta
sanguinolenta (Kremp.) (Kremp.) Kalb, Lumbsch
Rambold et Hafellner et Elix
Siphula complanata
Parasiphula complanata
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
R.Sant.
Kantvilas et Grube
Siphula elixii Kantvilas
Parasiphula elixii
(Kantvilas) Kantvilas et
Grube
Siphula foliacea
Parasiphula foliacea
D.J.Galloway
(D.J.Galloway)
Kantvilas et Grube
Siphula fragilis (Hook.f. Parasiphula fragilis
et Taylor) Js.Murray
(Hook.f. et Taylor)
Kantvilas et Grube
Siphula georginae
Parasiphula georginae
(Kantvilas) Kantvilas et
Kantvilas
Grube
Siphula jamesii Kantvilas Parasiphula jamesii
(Kantvilas) Kantvilas et
Grube
Thelotrema monosporum Thelotrema saxatile
Nyl.
C.Knight
Thelotrema novaeTopeliopsis novaezelandiae Szatala
zelandiae (Szatala)
Lumbsch et Mangold
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Rusavskia elegans (Link)
Th.Fr.
S.Y.Kondr. et Kärnefelt
Xanthoria incavata (Stirt.) Jackelixia incavata
Zahlbr.
(Stirton) S.Y.Kondr.,
Fedorenko, S.Stenroos,
Kärnefelt et A.Thell.
Xanthoria ligulata
Jackelixia ligulata
(Körb.) P.James
(Körb.) S.Y.Kondr.,
Fedorenko, S.Stenroos,
Kärnefelt et A.Thell.