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Volume 22 (2)
51
Lichen Checklist for North Carolina, USA
Gary B. Perlmutter1
Abstract -- A checklist of lichens from a thorough literature review of both
printed and online resources covering North Carolina, USA is
presented. This list contains over 600 taxa from the state.
While preparing a report for an herbaria review I had conducted for
lichens of the Piedmont of North Carolina, I found it necessary to compile a
checklist for the state to verify reviewed taxa as already reported or as new.
The only existing checklist for North Carolina is from a website from the
University of Hamburg, Germany (www.biologie.unihamburg.de/checklists/), which I found to be inadequate for my review.
Therefore, I conducted a more thorough review of the literature, including
both printed and online sources, from early papers (e.g. Oosting and
Anderson 1937) to the most recent online publications (e.g. USGS 2005).
The resulting checklist includes 605 lichen taxa and is the most complete
listing of lichens of North Carolina to date.
Acknowledgements -- I would like to thank Carol Ann McCormick of the
University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU) for providing some
early printed material. I am also indebted to North Carolina Botanical
Garden (NCBG) Director Peter White for suggesting I conduct a lichen
inventory for the Garden, and Assistant Director Johnny Randall,
whose advisorship this project is under. This report in part meets the
Final Project requirement of the NCBG Native Plant Studies certificate
program.
1
North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill CB 3375, Totten Centern Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3375 USA; email:
lushik@aol.com
52
EVANSIA
Lichen checklist for North Carolina from literature review. Nomenclature
follows Esslinger (1997) with synonyms as found in the literature.
References are as first appeared in the literature.
Taxon
Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Arnold
Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körber
Ahtiana aurescens (Tuck. ex Riddle) Goward &
Thell (Syn.: Cetraria aurescens, Tuckermannopsis
aurescens)
Alectoria fallacina Mot.
Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) Randlane & Thell
(Syn.: Cetraria oaksiana, Tuckermannopsis
oaksaina)
Amandinea langloisii Imshaug ex Marbach
Amandinea milliaria (Tuck.) P. May & Sheard
Amandinea polyspora (Willey) E. Lay & P. May
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid.
(Syn.: Buellia punctata)
Anaptychia palmulata (Michaux) Vainio
Anaptychia setifera Räsänen
Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R. C. Harris
Anthracothecium nanum (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris
Anzia americana Yoshim. & Sharp
Anzia colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb.
Anzia ornata (Zahlbr.) Asah.
Arctoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
incurva)
Arthonia albovirescens Nyl.
Arthonia caesia (Flotow) Körber
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
Arthonia rubella (Fée) Nyl.
Arthopyrenia cinchonae (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Arthopyrenia degelii R. C. Harris
Arthothelium interveniens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Arthothelium taediosum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körber (Syn.: Lecanora
cinerea)
Reference
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
NatureServe 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
NatureServe 2005
Perry & Moore 1969
NatureServe 2005
Dey 1978
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Harris 1995
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Bacidia heterochroa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Bacidia polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körber
Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Bacidia schweinitzii (Fr. ex E. Michener) A.
Schneider
Bacidina egenula (Nyl.) Vezda
Bactrospora mesospora R.C. Harris
Baculifera curtisii (Tuck.) Marbach (Syn.: Buellia
curtisii)
Baculifera imshaugiana (R. C. Harris) Marbach
(Syn.: Buellia imshaugiana)
Bathelium carolinianum (Tuck.) R. C. Harris
Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent.
Biatora pontica Printzen & Tønsberg
Biatora printzenii Tønsberg
Brigantiaea leucoxantha (Sprengel) R. Sant. &
Hafellner
Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
(Syn.: Alectoria bicolor)
Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. (Syn.:
Alectoria nidulifera)
Bryoria nadvornikiana (Gyelnik) Brodo & D.
Hawksw. (Syn.: Alectoria nadvornikiana)
Bryoria tenuis (E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Syn
(Syn.: Alectoria tenuis)
Bryoria trichodes subsp. americana (Mot.) Brodo &
D. Hawksw. (Syn.: Alectoria americana)
Buellia curatellae Malme
Buellia spuria (Schaerer) Anzi
Buellia stillingiana J. Steiner
Bulbothrix confoederata (Culb.) Hale
Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale
Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale
Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vainio
Byssoloma meadii (Tuck.) S. S. Ekman
Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James
Calicium abietinum Pers.
53
Reference
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Dey 1978
Printzen & Tønsberg
2003
Tønsberg 2002
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & More 1969
Perry & More 1969
Perry & More 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & More 1969
USGS 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1987
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
54
Taxon
Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.
Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach
Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr.
Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel.
Caloplaca cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr.
Caloplaca ferruginea (Hudson) Th. Fr.
Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre &
Sarnth.
Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein
Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Müll. Arg.
Candelariella efflorescens R. C. Harris & W. R.
Buck
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg.
Canomaculina haitiensis (Hale) Elix (Syn.:
Parmotrema haitiense)
Canomaculina neotropica (Kurok.) Elix (Syn.:
Parmotrema neotropicum)
Canomaculina subsumpta (Nyl.) Elix (Syn.:
Parmotrema subsumptum)
Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Elix (Syn.:
Parmotrema subtinctorium, Parmelia subcrinita)
Canoparmelia amabilis Heiman & Elix
Canoparmelia amazonica (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia caroliniana)
Canoparmelia crozalsiana (B. de Lesd. ex Harm.)
Elix & Hale
Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
Cetradonia linearis (Evans) J.-C. Wei & Ahti (Syn.:
Cladonia linearis, Gymnoderma lineare)
Cetraria aculeata (Schreber) Fr.
Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. subsp. islandica
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) Culb. & C. Culb.
Cetrelia chicitae (Culb.) Culb. & C. Culb.
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) Culb. & C. Culb.
EVANSIA
Reference
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Wetmore & Kärnefelt
1999
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Heiman 1996
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman & Elix 1999
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & More 1969
Mozingo 1954
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.)
Tibell (Saprophytic fungus related to lichens or
lichenicolous fungi)
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J. R. Laundon (Syn.:
Lepraria flava)
Chrysothrix flavovirens Tønsberg s. lat.
Ciposia wheeleri (R. C. Harris) Marbach (Syn.:
Buellia wheeleri)
Cladonia anitae Culb. & C. Culb.
Cladonia apodocarpa Robbins
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flotow (Syn.: Cladina
arbuscula, Cladonia sylvatica)
Cladonia beaumontii (Tuck.) Vainio
Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flörke
Cladonia caroliniana Tuck.
Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaerer
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow subsp.
cervicornis
Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.)
Ahti (Syn.: Cladonia verticillata)
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.)
Sprengel
Cladonia ciliata var. tenuis (Flörke) Ahti (Syn.:
Cladonia tenuis)
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Sprengel
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flotow var. crispata
Cladonia cristatella Tuck.
Cladonia cryptochlrophaea Asah.
Cladonia cylindrica (A. Evans) A. Evans
Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vainio
Cladonia didyma var. vulcanica (Zoll. & Moritzi)
Vainio (Syn.: Cladonia vulcanica)
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm.
55
Reference
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Culberson et al. 1982
Keever et al. 1951
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Brodo et al. 2001
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1939
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Brodo et al. 2001
Keever et al. 1951
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1978
56
Taxon
Cladonia dimorphoclada Robbins
Cladonia evansii Abbayes (Syn.: Cladina evansii)
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.
Cladonia floerkeana (Fr.) Flörke
Cladonia floridana Vainio
Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. gracilis (Syn.:
Cladonia gracilis)
Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst.
Cladonia humilis (With.) J. R. Laundon
Cladonia incrassata Flörke
Cladonia leporina Fr.
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.
Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris (Genth) Schaerer
(Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris)
Cladonia mateocyatha Robbins
Cladonia merochlorophaea Asah.
Cladonia mitis Sandst. (Syn.: Cladina mitis)
Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke
Cladonia pachycladodes Vainio
Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. (Syn.:
Cladonia delicata)
Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J. R. Laundon (Syn.:
Cladonia capitata)
Cladonia piedmontensis G. Merr.
Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaerer
Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl.
Cladonia psoromica J. P. Dey
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R. Laundon (Syn.:
Cladonia pityrea)
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F. H. Wigg. (Syn.:
Cladina rangiferina)
EVANSIA
Reference
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Brodo et al. 2001
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Perry & Moore 1969
Keever et al. 1951
Heiman 1996
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1939
Heiman 1996
Keever et al. 1951
Robinson 1959
Dey 1978
Oosting & Anderson
1937
McCune et al. 1997
Brodo et al. 2001
Robinson 1959
Robinson 1959
Keever et al. 1951
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Dey 1973
Oosting & Anderson
1937
McCune et al. 1997
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Cladina rangiferina)
Cladonia rappii A. Evans (Syn.: Cladonia
calycantha)
Cladonia rei Schaerer (Syn.: Cladonia nemoxyna)
Cladonia robbinsii A. Evans
Cladonia santensis Tuck.
Cladonia sobolescens Nyl. ex Vainio
Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.
Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vzda (Syn.:
Cladonia alpestris)
Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot
Cladonia stygia (Fr.) Ruoss (Syn.: Cladina stygia)
Cladonia subcariosa Nyl. (Syn.: Cladonia
clavulifera, C. polycarpia)
Cladonia submitis A. Evans (Syn.: Cladina
submitis)
Cladonia subradiata (Vainio) Sandst.
Cladonia subsetacea Robbins ex A. Evans
Cladonia subtenuis (Abbayes) Mattick (Syn.:
Cladina subtenuis)
Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
Cladonia uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg.
Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Sprengel) Swinscow &
Krog
Coccocarpia palmicola (Sprengel) Arv. & D. J.
Galloway (Syn.: Coccocarpia cronia)
Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking
(Syn.: Dimerella lutea)
Collema callibotrys Tuck.
Collema conglomeratum Hoffm.
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach.
Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz
Collema nigrescens (Hudson) DC.
Collema pulcellum Ach.
Collema subflaccidum Degel. (Syn.: Collema
subfervum)
57
Reference
1937
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & More 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
SCAN 1997
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Ahti & Hyvonen 1985
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Robinson 1959
Heiman 1996
Keever et al. 1951
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
GBIF 2005
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
58
Taxon
Conotrema urceolatum (Ach.) Tuck.
Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb. : Fr.) Thor (Syn.:
Herpothallon sanguineum)
Dendriscocaulon intricatulum (Nyl.) Henssen
Dermatocarpon luridum (With.) J. R. Laundon
(Syn.: Dermatocarpon fluviatile)
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann
Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb & Gierl (Syn.:
Baeomyces absolutus)
Dibaeis baeomyces (L. F.) Rambold & Hertel
(Syn.: Baeomyces fungoides, B. roseus)
Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. subsp.
muscorum
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman
Dirinaria aegialita (Afz.) B. Moore (Syn.: Dirinaria
aspera)
Dirinaria confusa D. D. Awasthi
Dirinaria frostii (Tuck.) Hale & Culb. (Syn:
Physcia frostii)
Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear
Dyplolabia afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal. (Syn.: Graphis
afzelii)
Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig
Enterographa lecanoroides R. C. Harris (Syn.:
Enterographa anguinella)
Ephebe americana Henssen
Ephebe lanata (L.) Vainio
Ephebe solida Bornet
Epigloea pleiospora Döbbeler
Everniastrum catawbiense (Degel.) Hale ex Sipman
(Syn.: Parmelia catawbiensis)
Fissurina columbina (Tuck.) Staiger
Fissurina subnitidula (Nyl.) Staiger
Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyelnik & Fóriss)
Hale
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
caperata)
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirton) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia flaventior)
EVANSIA
Reference
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo 1994
Brodo et al. 2001
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
NatureServe 2005
Buck & Harris 2002
Dey 1978
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Parmelia flaventior)
Fuscidea recensa (Stirton) Hertel, V. Wirth &
Vezda
Fuscopannaria leucophaea (Vahl) P. M. Jørg. (Syn.:
Pannaria leucophaea)
Fuscopannaria leucosticta (Tuck.) P. M. Jørg.
(Syn.: Pannaria leucosticta)
Gassicurtia elizae (Tuck.) Marbach (Syn.: Buellia
elizae)
Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
Gomphillus americanus Essl.
Graphina cypressi Müll. Arg.
Graphina peplophora M. Wirth & Hale
Graphis desquamescens (Fée) Zahlbr.
Graphis illiterata R. C. Harris
Graphis librata C. Knight
Graphis lineola Ach.
Graphis lucifica R. C. Harris
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.
Graphis striatula (Ach.) Sprengel
Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Nyl.
Haematomma accolens (Stirton) Hillm.
Haematomma flexuosum Hillm.
Haematomma persoonii (Fée) A. Massal.
Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach & H. Mayrhofer
Heppia adglutinata (Kremp.) A. Massal.
Hertelidea pseudobotryosa R.C. Harris, Ladd &
Printzen
Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog
Heterodermia appalachensis (Kurok.) Culb.
Heterodermia caserettiana (A. Massal.) Trevisan
Heterodermia crocea R. C. Harris
Heterodermia echinata (Taylor) Culb.
Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck.) Culb.
Heterodermia granulifera (Ach.) Culb.
Heterodermia hypoleuca (Ach.) Trevisan
59
Reference
Brodo et al. 2001
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Buck 1998
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
SCAN 1996
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Printzen & Kantvilas
2004
SCAN 1996
Culberson 1966
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Culberson 1966
Culberson 1966
Culberson 1966
Perry & Moore 1969
60
Taxon
Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt
Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan
Heterodermia propagulifera (Vainio) J. P. Dey
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) Culb.
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevisan (Syn.:
Anaptychia speciosa, Heterodermia tremulans)
Heterodermia squamulosa (Degel.) Culb.
Hydrothyria venosa J. L. Russell
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrh. &
Poelt
Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb
Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Nyl.) P. James &
Gotth. Schneider
Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy
Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl.
Hypogymnia krogiae Ohlsson
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaerer) Hav.
Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
Hypotrachyna croceopustulata (Kurok.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia croceopustulata)
Hypotrachyna densirhizinata (Kurok.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia densirhizinata)
Hypotrachyna dentella (Hale & Kurok.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia dentella)
Hypotrachyna gondylophora (Hale) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia gondylophora)
Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia imbricatula)
Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
laevigata)
Hypotrachyna livida (Taylor) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
livida)
Hypotrachyna oostingii (J. P. Dey) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia oostingii)
Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vainio) Park & Hale
(Syn.: Hypotrachyna formosana)
Hypotrachyna producta Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
producta)
EVANSIA
Reference
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Culberson 1966
Culberson 1966
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
DePriest 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Dey 1978
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
producta)
Hypotrachyna prolongata (Kurok.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia rachista)
Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asah.) Hale
Hypotrachyna pustulifera (Hale) Skorepa
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia revoluta)
Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
rockii)
Hypotrachyna showmanii Hale
Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale (Syn.: Parmelia
sinuosa)
Hypotrachyna thysanota (Kurok.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia thysanota)
Hypotrachyna virginica (Hale) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia virginica)
Imschaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. F. Meyer (Syn.:
Parmeliopsis aleurites)
Imschaugia placorodia (Ach.) S. F. Meyer (Syn.:
Parmeliopsis placorida)
Ionapsis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni (Syn.: Lecanora
lacustris)
Lasallia papulosa (Ach.) Llano (Syn.: Umbilicaria
pusulata var. papulosa)
Lasallia pensylvanica (Hoffm.) Llano (Syn.:
Umbilicaria pustulata)
Lasallia pustulata (L.) Mérat
Lecanora allophana Nyl.
Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. subsp. caesiorubella
Lecanora caesiorubella subsp. glaucomodes (Nyl.)
Imshaug & Brodo
Lecanora caesiorubella subsp. prolifera (Fink) R. C.
Harris
Lecanora cenisia Ach.
Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn. var. cinereofusca
Lecanora cinereofusca var. appalachensis Brodo
Lecanora cupressi Tuck.
Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo
Lecnora louisianae B. de Lesd.
61
Reference
Dey 1978
McCune et al. 1997
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Dey 1978
Keever et al. 1951
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
DePriest 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
62
Taxon
Lecanora minutella Nyl.
Lecanora oreinoides (Körber) Hertel & Rambold
Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh.
Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach.
Lecanora thysanophora Harris
Lecanora varia (Hoffm.) Ach.
Lecidea tessellata Flörke
Leiorreuma sericeum (Eschw.) Staiger (Syn.:
Pheographis sericea)
Lepraria lobificans Nyl. (Syn.: Lepraria finkii)
Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen
Lepraria membranacea (Dickson) Vainio (Syn.:
Amphiloma lanuginosa, Leproloma
membranaceum)
Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C. W.
Dodge
Leptogium azureum (Sw.) Mont.
Leptogium burnetiae C. W. Dodge
Leptogium chloromelum (Sw. ex Ach.) Nyl.
Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck.
Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körber
Leptogium dactylinum Tuck.
Leptogium hirsutum Sierk
Leptogium laceroides (B. de Lesd.) P. M. Jørg.
Leptogium lichinoides (L.) Zahlbr.
Leptogium milligranum Sierk
Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Mont.
Leptogium tenuissimum (Dickson) Körber
Leptogium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Arnold
Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D.
Hawksw. (Lichenocolous fungus, on Pertusaria)
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
Lobaria quercizans Michaux
Lobaria ravenelii (Tuck.) Yoshim.
EVANSIA
Reference
LaGreca & Lumbsch
2001
SCAN 1997
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
SCAN 1997
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
SCAN 1997
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
McCune et al. 1997
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC.
Loxospora pustulata (Brodo & Culb.) R. C. Harris
(Syn.: Haematomma pustulatum)
Loxospora ochrophaea (Tuck.) R. C. Harris
Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp
Maronea polyphaea H. Magn.
Megalaria laureri (Th. Fr.) Hafellner
Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman
Melanelia culbersonii (Hale) Thell (Syn.: Cetraria
culbersonii)
Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) Thell (Syn.: Cetraria
hepatizon)
Melanelia exasperata (De Not.) Essl.
Melanelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl.
Melanelia halei (Ahti) Essl. (Syn.: Parmelia halei)
Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl. (Syn.: Parmelia stygia)
Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. (Syn.: Parmelia
subaurifera)
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Micarea neostipitata Coppins & P. May
Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R. Sant.
Micarea prasina Fr.
Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala (Saprophytic
fungus related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi)
Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia aurulenta, Parmelina aurulenta)
Myelochroa galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia galbina, Parmelina galbina)
Myelochroa obsessa (Ach.) Elix & Hale (Syn.:
Parmelina obsessa)
Myxobilimbia sabuletorum (Schreber) Hafellner
(Syn.: Bacidia sabuletorum, Mycobilimbia
sabuletorum)
Myriotrema glaucescens (Nyl.) Hale
Myriotrema wightii (Taylor) Hale (Syn.:
Thelotrema ravenelii)
Nadvornikia sorediata R. C. Harris
Nephroma helveticum Ach. subsp. helveticum
63
Reference
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo & Culberson 1986
Brodo et al. 2001
SCAN 1998
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
Heiman 1996
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Coppins & May 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
64
Taxon
Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach.
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
Normadina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl.
Ocellularia praestans (Müll. Arg.) Hale
Ochrolechia africana Vainio
Ochrolechia pseudopallescens Brodo
Ochrolechia trochophora (Vainio) Oshio var.
trochophora
Ochrolechia yasudae Vainio
Opegrapha varia Pers.
Opegrapha viridis (Pers. ex Ach.) Behlen &
Desberger
Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory (Syn.: Pannaria
pityrea)
Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl. ssp. lurida
Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory
Pannaria tavarisii P. M. Jørg.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. subsp. omphalodes
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.
Parmelia squarrosa Hale
Parmelia sulcata Taylor
Parmeliella appalachensis P. M. Jørg.
Parmeliella corallinoides (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.
Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Nyl.
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale
(Syn.: Parmelia horrescens, Parmelina horrescens)
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vainio) Elix & Hale
(Syn.: Parmelia dissecta, Parmelina minarum)
Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asah.) Elix & Hale
Parmeliopsis subambigua Gyelnik
Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale
Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale
Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti (Syn.:
Parmelia perlata)
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy (Syn.:
Parmelia crinita)
EVANSIA
Reference
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo 1991
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Jørgensen 2000
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Parmotrema dilatatum (Vainio) Hale
Parmotrema dominicanum (Vainio) Hale
Parmotrema eurysacum (Hue) Hale
Parmotrema hypoleucinum (Steiner) Hale
Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia hypotropa)
Parmotrema madagascariaceum (Hue) Hale
Parmotrema margaritatum (Hue) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia margaritata)
Parmotrema mellissii (C. W. Dodge) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia mellissii)
Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A. Massal. (Syn.:
Parmelia perforata)
Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale
Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale
Parmotrema rigidum (Lynge) Hale
Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia stuppea)
Parmotrema submarginale (Michx.) DePriest & B.
Hale (Syn.: Parmotrema michauxiana)
Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale
Parmotrema ultralucens (Krog) Hale
Parmotrema xanthinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia xanthina)
Peccania kansana (Tuck.) Forss.
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Peltigera didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon
Peltigera elisabethae Gyelnik (Syn.: Peltigera
horizontalis)
Peltigera lepidophora (Vainio) Bitter
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyelnik
Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck
Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg.
Peltigera phyllidiosa Goffinet & Miadlikowska
Peltigera polydactylon (Necker) Hoffm.
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf
65
Reference
McCune et al. 1997
USGS 2005
McCune et al. 1997
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Brodo et al. 2001
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
DePriest 2001
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Keever et al. 1951
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
Heiman 1996
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Goffinet &
Miadlikowska 1999
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
66
Taxon
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Peltula cylindrica Wetmore
Peltula zahlbruckneri (Hasse) Wetmore
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl.
Pertusaria copiosa Erichsen
Pertusaria epixantha R. C. Harris
Pertusaria globularis (Ach.) Tuck.
Pertusaria hypothamnolica Dibben
Pertusaria iners R. C. Harris
Pertusaria leioplaca DC. (Syn.: Pertusaria
leucostoma)
Pertusaria macounii (Lamb) Dibben
Pertusaria neoscotica Lamb
Pertusaria obruta R. C. Harris
Pertusaria ostiolata Dibben
Pertusaria paratuberculifera Dibben
Pertusaria plittiana Erichsen
Pertusaria propinqua Müll. Arg.
Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby
Pertusaria rubefacta Erichsen
Pertusaria subpertusa Brodo
Pertusaria texana Müll. Arg.
Pertusaria trachythallina Erichsen
Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl.
Pertusaria xanthodes Müll. Arg.
Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Phaeographis lobata (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Phaeographis subtigrina (Vainio) Zahlbr.
Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl.
Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (Nádv.) Essl.
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg (Syn.:
Physcia ciliata)
Phaeophyscia erythrocardia (Tuck.) Essl.
EVANSIA
Reference
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Brodo et al. 2001
Wetmore 1970
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perlmutter (in review)
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
DePriest 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
SCAN 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
GBIF 2005
DePriest 2001
GBIF 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
SCAN 1998
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
SCAN 1997
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Hieman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Essl. (Syn.:
Phaeophyscia imbricata, Physcia setosa)
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Necker) Moberg (Syn.:
Physcia orbicularis)
Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. (Syn.:
Physcia pusilloides)
Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl.
Phaeophyscia squarrosa Kashiwadani (Moberg
1995) (Syn.: Physcia lacinulata)
Phlyctis argena (Sprengel) Flotow
Phlyctis ludoviciensis (Müll. Arg.) Lendemer
Phyllospora confusa Swinscow & Krog
Phyllospora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll Arg. var.
parvifolia
Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var.
aipolia
Physcia americana G. Merr. (Syn.: Physcia
tribacoides)
Physcia atrostriata Moberg (Syn.: Physcia albicans)
Physcia halei J. W. Thomson
Physcia millegrana Degel.
Physcia neogaea R. C. Harris
Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J. W. Thomson
Physcia pseudospeciosa J. W. Thomson
Physcia pumilior R. C. Harris
Physcia sorediosa (Vainio) Lynge
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.
Physcia subtilis Degel.
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.
Physcia wainioi Räsänen
Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl.
Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt
Piccolia conspersa (Fée) Vainio
Placidium lachneum (Ach.) Breuss
Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss
67
Reference
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Hieman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Heiman 1996
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Heiman 1996
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
USGS 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
68
Taxon
Placidium tuckermanii (Ravenel ex Mont.) Breuss
(Syn.: Dermatocarpon arboreum, D. tuckermanii)
Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. James
Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrader) Coppins & P.
James
Placynthium nigrum (Hudson) Gray
Platismatia glauca (L.) Culb. & C. Culb.
Platismatia tuckermanii (Oakes) Culb. & C. Culb.
Porina heterospora (Fink) R. C. Harris
Porina scabrida R. C. Harris
Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel &
Knoph (Syn.: Lecidea albocaerulescens)
Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph
Porpidia diversa (Lowe) Gowan
Porpidia herteliana Gowan
Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A. J. Schwab
Porpidia tahawasiana Gowan
Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph
Pseudevernia cladonia (Tuck.) Hale & Culb.
Pseudevernia consocians (Vainio) Hale & Culb.
Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vainio
Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vainio
Pseudoparmelia uleana (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Nash
Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneider
Punctelia appalachensis (Culb.) Krog (Syn.:
Parmelia appalachensis)
Punctelia bolliana (Müll. Arg.) Krog
Punctelia graminicola (B. de Lesd.) Egan (Syn.:
Punctelia semansiana)
Punctelia missouriensis G. Wilh. & Ladd
Punctelia reddenda (Stirton) Krog (Syn.: Parmelia
reddenda)
Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog (Syn.: Parmelia
rudecta)
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog (Syn.: Parmelia
subrudecta)
EVANSIA
Reference
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
NatureServe 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
NatureServe 2005
NatureServe 2005
NatureServe 2005
NatureServe 2005
NatureServe 2005
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Hieman 1996
McCune et al. 1997
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour (Syn.: Cladonia
papillaria)
Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) Vainio
Pyrenula aspistea (Ach.) Ach.
Pyrenula caryae R. C. Harris
Pyrenula citriformis R. C. Harris
Pyrenula concatervans (Nyl.) R. C. Harris
Pyrenula cruenta (Mont.) Vainio
Pyrenula leucostoma Ach.
Pyrenula micheneri R. C. Harris
Pyrenula microcarpa Müll. Arg.
Pyrenula psuedobufonia (Rehm) R. C. Harris
Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R. C. Harris
Pyrenula santensis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafellner
Pyrrhospora varians (Ach.) R. C. Harris
Pyxine caesiopruinosa (Nyl.) Imshaug
Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont.
Pyxine subcinerea Stirton
Ramalina americana Hale (Syn.: Ramalina
fastigiata)
Ramalina complanata (Sw.) Ach.
Ramalina culbersoniorum La Greca
Ramalina intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl.
Ramalina montagnei De Not.
Ramalina paludosa B. Moore
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.
Ramalina stenospora Müll. Arg.
Ramalina willeyi R. Howe
Ramonia microspora Vezda
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körber) Vainio
Rhizocarpon obscuratum (Ach.) A. Massal.
Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) Hale & Fletcher (Syn.:
Parmelia cetrata, Parmotrema cetratum)
69
Reference
Robinson 1959
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Harris 1995
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
NatureServe 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
DePriest 2001
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
DePriest 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
USGS 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
70
Taxon
Rimelia diffractaica (Essl.) Hale & Fletcher
Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher (Syn.:
Parmelia reticulata, Parmotrema reticulatum)
Rimelia simulans (Hale) Hale & Fletcher
Rimelia subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale & Fletcher
(Syn.: Parmelia subisidiosa, Parmotrema
subisidiosum)
Rinodina applanata H. Magn. (Syn.: Rinodina
maculans)
Rinodina ascociscana Tuck.
Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Schismatomma glaucescens (Nyl. ex Willey) R. C.
Harris
Scoliosporum chlorococcum (Stenh.) Vezda
Scoliosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold
Sphinctrina anglica Nyl.
Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal.
Staurolemma carolinianum Jørg.
Staurothele diffractella (Nyl.) Tuck.
Steinia geophana (Nyl.) Stein
Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Flörke
Stereocaulon dactylophyllum var. occidentale (H.
Magn.) Lamb
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm.
Stereocaulon pileatum Ach.
Stereocaulon saxatile H. Magn.
Stereocaulon tennesseense H. Magn. ex Degel.
Sticta beauvoisii Delise
Sticta carolinensis McDonald
Sticta fragilanata McDonald
Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach.
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.
Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr.
Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman
Tephromela atra (Hudson) Hafellner
Thelotrema adjectum Nyl.
EVANSIA
Reference
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
McCune et al. 1997
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
USGS 2005
USGS 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Jørgensen 2004
Keever et al. 1951
Buck et al. 1999
Perry & Moore 1969
NatureServe 2005
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
McDonald et al. 2003
McDonald et al. 2003
Perry & Moore 1969
Dey 1978
Brodo et al. 2001
NatureServe 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Volume 22 (2)
Taxon
Thelotrema defectum Hale
Thelotrema lathraeum Tuck.
Thelotrema monospermum R. C. Harris
Thelotrema subtile Tuck.
Topelia aperiens P. M. Jørg. & Vezda
Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel
Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James
Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch
Tremolecia atrata (Ach.) Hertel
Trichothelium cestrense (Michener) R. C. Harris
Trichothelium rhaphidospermum (Müll. Arg.) R. C.
Harris
Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Trypethelium virens Tuck. ex Michener
Tuckermanella fendleri (Nyl.) Essl. (Syn.: Cetraria
fendleri, Tuckermannopsis fendleri)
Tuckermannopsis americana (Sprengel) Hale (Syn.:
Cetraria halei)
Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyelnik (Syn.:
Cetraria ciliaris)
Tuckermannopsis orbata (Nyl.) M. J. Lai (Syn.:
Cetraria orbata)
Umbilicaria caroliniana Tuck.
Umbilicaria mammulata (Ach.) Tuck.
Umbilicaria muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck. (Syn.:
Actinogyra muhlenbergii)
Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg.
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Hoffm.
Usnea amblyoclada (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Usnea angulata Ach.
Usnea baileyi (Stirton) Zahlbr.
Usnea ceratina Ach.
Usnea confusa Asah.
Usnea cornuta Körber
Usnea dasaea Stirton
Usnea diplotypus Vainio
71
Reference
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
USGS 2005
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Brodo et al. 2001
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Heiman 1996
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
McCune et al. 1997
McCune et al. 1997
Dey 1978
72
Taxon
Usnea evansii Mot.
Usnea filipendula Stirton
Usnea fragilescens var. mollis (Vainio) Clerc (Syn.:
Usnea mollis)
Usnea fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Räsänen
Usnea hesperina Mot.
Usnea merrillii Mot.
Usnea mutabilis Stirton
Usnea occidentalis Mot.
Usnea pachyclada Mot.
Usnea pensylvanica Mot.
Usnea rubicunda Stirton
Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Eaton subsp. strigosa
Usnea strigosa subsp. rubiginea (Michaux) I. Tav.
Usnea subfloridana Stirton
Usnea subfusca Stirton
Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Mot.
Usnea trichodea Ach.
Vainionora americana Kalb, Tonsberg & Elix
Verrucaria calciseda DC.
Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.
Vezdaea leprosa (P. James) Vezda
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J.
Lai (Syn.: Tuckermannopsis pinastri)
Vulpicida viridis (Schwein.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J.
Lai (Syn.: Cetraria viridis, Tuckermannopsis
viridis)
Xanthomendoza fulva (Hoffm.) Søchting, Kärnefelt
& S. Kondr. (Syn.: Xanthoria fulva)
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale
(Syn.: Parmelia conspersa)
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyelnik) Hale
Xanthoparmelia monticola (J. P. Dey) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia monticola)
Xanthoparmelia piedmontensis (Hale) Hale
Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyelnk) Hale (Syn.:
Parmelia plittii)
EVANSIA
Reference
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Hieman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
USGS 2005
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Perry & Moore 1969
Perry & Moore 1969
Kalb 2004
Lendemer & Yahr 2004
Oosting & Anderson
1939
Buck et al. 1999
Hieman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Brodo et al. 2001
Oosting & Anderson
1937
Dey 1978
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
Volume 22 (2)
73
Taxon
Parmelia plittii)
Reference
Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyelnik) Hale
Xanthoparmelia subramegira (Gyelnik) Hale
Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor)
Hale (Syn.: Parmelia tasmanica)
Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr.
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.
Xanthoria polycarpa (Hoffm.) Rieber
Xanthoria sorediata (Vainio) Poelt
Xylographa parallela (Ach. : Fr.) Behlen &
Desberger
Total
Brodo et al. 2001
Heiman 1996
Perry & Moore 1969
USGS 2005
Brodo et al. 2001
Dey 1978
Heiman 1996
Brodo et al. 2001
605
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Gary Perlmutter