Botanical Diversity at Savura, a Lowland Rain Forest Site along the PABITRA Gateway Transect, Viti Levu, Fiji1 Gunnar Keppel,2 Jone Cawani Navuso,2 A. Naikatini,4 Nunia T. Thomas,4 Isaac A. Rounds,2,4 Tamara A. Osborne,5 Nemani Batinamu,3 and Eliki Senivasa3 Abstract: Savura is one of the seven focal sites of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) Gateway Transect in Fiji. The site is composed of tropical lowland rain forest located in southeastern Viti Levu and consists of two adjacent watershed reserves, the Savura Forest Reserve and the Vago Forest Reserve. A total of 560 indigenous species (52% endemic) of vascular plants is recorded for this focal site. Savura has been chosen for the establishment of a large permanent plot of 12 ha following the methods proposed by the Centre of Tropical Forest Science (CTFS). This involves the recording of name, diameter at breast height (DBH), and precise location of every tree with 1 cm or more DBH. A total of 5,494 individuals with a total basal area of 2,752 m 2 was recorded in the first 6,000 m 2 of this CTFS/PABITRA permanent plot. The Myristicaceae (species of the genus Myristica) was the dominant family in numbers of individuals (14.4%) and basal area (35.6%). Tree ferns (Cyatheaceae [8.2% of individuals, 14.6% basal area]) and the Clusiaceae (8.6% of individuals, 12.8% basal area) are other major components. After this initial census, subsequent censuses will be carried out every 5 yr and should give insights on spatial dynamics, recruitment and mortality, and long-term changes in populations of tree species. Savura, one of the seven focal sites of the Fiji Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) wet-zone transect (Keppel 2005, this issue), is located in the province of Naitasiri and includes two adjacent forest reserves, Vago and Savura, that are catchment areas for Savura Creek, which provides much of Suva’s water supply (Figure 1). The Vago Forest Reserve was established in 1959 and 1 The Savura 12-ha Permanent Plot is funded by the University Research Committee (URC) of the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Manuscript accepted 23 April 2004. 2 Biology Department, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 3 Forestry Department, Ministry of Fisheries and Forests, Suva, Fiji. 4 South Pacific Regional Herbarium, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 5 Geography Department, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Pacific Science (2005), vol. 59, no. 2:175–191 : 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved comprises 24.7 ha of lowland rain forest; the Savura Forest Reserve was established in 1963 and comprises 396.5 ha. No trees have been removed from either reserve since their establishment, but before that, traditional logging, the occasional removal of large trees for house construction, is likely to have occurred at least in parts of the reserves. Because of its comparative accessibility and its protected status, Savura and the surrounding areas have been subject to previous botanical collections and ecological studies investigating the demography of Balaka microcarpa Burret (Ash 1988) and Cyathea hornei Baker (Copel.) (Ash 1987). Despite this, no species list for the area exists. In this paper we provide a preliminary list of species by incorporating data from collections at the South Pacific Regional Herbarium and from specimens listed in Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996) and in Brownlie (1977). Also included are species recorded from an altitudinal transect on adjacent Mt. Korobaba (Hassal and Kirkpatrick 1985, Kirkpatrick and Hassal 1985), which is similar in altitude 175 176 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 Figure 1. Map showing the boundary of the Vago Forest Reserve and location of the study site for the 12-ha permanent plot (indicated by arrow). The map also shows Savura Creek and Wailoku Creek, which are part of the Savura Forest Reserve and the Wailoku Forest Reserve, respectively. Inset is the climate diagram for Nausori Airport, located 14 km east of Savura. to Mt. Nakobalevu in the Savura focal site (see Figure 1). Currently, a 12-ha permanent plot is being created in the Vago Forest Reserve following Centre for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) protocol (Condit 1998), which involves mapping, measuring, and identification of every tree that is 1 cm or more in diameter. The project is a joint effort between the University of the South Pacific and the Fiji Forestry Department. After completion of the initial census, which is anticipated by early 2005, the plot will be revisited every 5 yr. In this paper we present a preliminary species list, profile Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. diagrams, and initial preliminary results of the first 6,000 m 2 of this CTFS/PABITRA permanent plot. 177 were used to assess whether a species is endemic, indigenous, or introduced. Profile Diagrams materials and methods Study Area The Savura focal site is located in southeastern Viti Levu, about 8 km north of Suva. It is mostly covered by lowland rain forest. The climate diagram of Nausori (Suva) Airport (Figure 1 inset), located 14 km east of the focal site, shows a mean annual rainfall of 2,926 mm and a perhumidity index (Walsh 1992) of 20. Nausori Airport is located on the floodplain of Fiji’s largest river, the Rewa, therefore the focal site is likely to receive more rainfall due to additional orographic rainfall. The climate may be best described as tropical wet to superwet (Richards 1996). Topography is very uneven with steep slopes and ridges. Landslides are common. To begin the study and to provide some species identification the first hectare of the permanent plot (which is intended to be 12 ha in size) has been set up in the Vago Reserve (see Figure 1). Data collection for this study was restricted to the first 6,000 m 2 of the initial 1-ha plot. Because of the dense canopy, global positioning system (GPS) readings are difficult to obtain in the forest. However, GPS coordinates obtained near the bottom of the nearby Vago Waterfall in the same reserve were 18 0 04.833 00 S and 178 0 26.505 00 E (D. Boseto, pers. comm.). Preliminary Species List A species list of plants likely to be encountered was constructed by listing all species reported from Savura, Vago, Wailoku, Coloi-Suva, Mt. Nakobalevu, and Mt. Korobaba (see Figure 1 for locations). These records were obtained from Flora Vitiensis Nova (Smith 1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), the database of the South Pacific Regional Herbarium, and a previous study on Mt. Korobaba (Kirkpatrick and Hassal 1985). Planted ornamentals were ignored. Smith’s volumes (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996) Profile diagrams were constructed by placing two 60 by 6 m transects into homogeneous vegetation types. One was placed on a slope and the other on a plain. Within each of these transects every tree of 10 cm or more in diameter at breast height (DBH) was identified and approximately mapped. For each such tree DBH was measured and the bole height, crown height, and crown width estimated. These data were then used to draw a profile diagram. Tree Census Within the 6,000 m 2 every tree with a DBH of 1 cm or more was measured, tagged, identified, and mapped following Condit (1998). However, instead of aluminum tags, nylon ribbons (with numbers written using white correction fluid) were used for this initial census. Tree identifications were made by J.C.N. and G.K. using parataxonomy (vernacular names). This involves identification of trees based on characteristics of the bark and other vegetative features and allows identification of plants to the family, genus, or species level, depending on the plant. Scientific identification of the various species is currently under way. In addition, Neil White (Biology Department, University of the South Pacific) has created an MS Access database following the format suggested by Condit (1998) and data entry will commence once identifications to the species level are completed. results Species A total of 560 indigenous species (52% endemic) was recorded (see Appendix 1). Of these, 345 (71% endemic) were dicotyledons, 117 (28% endemic) were ferns, 93 (14% endemic) were monocotyledons, and 5 (none endemic) were gymnosperms; 55 of the 93 monocotyledonous species were orchids. In addition 27 introduced species were recorded. 178 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 Figure 2. Forest profile diagram of lowland rain forest on a plain in Savura, Naitasiri Province, Fiji. Symbols of trees over 10 cm DBH: Albo, Alpinia boia; Alsp, Alstonis sp.; Anac, Buchanania sp.; Baed, Barringtonia edulis; Casp, Canarium sp.; Cavi, Calophyllum vitiense; Cyin, Cyathocalyx insularis; Dibi, Dillenia biflora; Elsp, Elaeocarpus sp.; Enma, Endospermum macrophyllum; Ensp, Endiandra sp.; Exsp, Excoecaria sp.?; Fism, Ficus smithii; Gamy, Garcinia myrtiflora; Gice, Gironniera celtidifolia; Gopu, Gonystylus punctatus; Hafl, Haplolobus floribundus; Heor, Heritiera ornithocephala; Mysp, Myristica sp.; Nesp, Neuburgia sp.; Path, Pagiantha thurstonii; Plsp, Plerandra sp.; Xy, Xylopia sp. Profile Diagrams The profile diagrams (Figures 2 and 3) show that species of Myristica dominate the canopy and subcanopy with emergents of Endospermum macrophyllum on plains, and Calophyllum vitiense, Gonystylus punctatus, and species of Syzygium dominate the canopy and subcanopy on slopes. Permanent Plot In the first 6,000 m 2 , 5,494 individuals in 47 families with diameter of 1 cm or more were recorded. Of these, 5,474 individuals were identified at least to family level, and 20 remained unidentified (Appendix 2). The total basal area of these trees amounted to 2,752 m 2 . Admittedly, there is potential for some erronous identifications, but these are likely to be minimal at the family level. We estimate erroneous identifications to amount to less than 50 individuals, but it may be as high as 100 individuals. Only after herbarium identification of the species can the exact size of error using the parataxonomic method be known. Species of Myristica (Myristicaceae) are dominant in the area surveyed. They account for 14.4% of individuals (Table 1) and for 35.6% of the basal area (Table 2). The Clusiaceae (species of Calophyllum and Garcinia) and tree ferns (species of Cyathea [Cyatheaceae]) were other very common families, composing more than 8% of individuals and more than 14% of basal area. Other common families that composed more than 1% of basal area are the Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Gonystylus punctatus (Thymeliaceae), Sapotaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Burseraceae, species of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae), Chrysobalanaceae, Araliaceae, and the Moraceae. discussion A large number of indigenous species (560) was recorded. This was more than the 426 species recorded at Waisoi, another lowland rain forest site on Viti Levu (Tuiwawa 1999). This is likely due to the proximity of Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 179 Figure 3. Forest profile diagram of a mixed-species lowland rain forest on a slope in the Vago Reserve, Savura. Symbols of trees over 10 cm DBH: Sp. 1, unknown; Casp, Canarium sp.; Cavi, Calophyllum vitiense; Cysp, Cyathea sp.; Emmi, Emmenosperma micropetalum; Enma, Endospermum macrophyllum; Ensp, Endiandra sp.; Gamy, Garcinia myrtiflora; Gopu, Gonystylus punctatus; Heor, Heritiera ornithocephala; Magr, Maniltoa grandiflora; Pain, Parinari insularum; Pasp, Palaquium sp.; Stvi, Storckiella vitiensis; Sysp, Syzygium sp.; Trri, Trichospermum richii. Savura to Suva and the University of the South Pacific, the base for many local and visiting botanists, whereas the results in Waisoi are based on a single, but extensive, study. Several species of special scientific interest were recorded: three members of the ancient and eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, the conifers Agathis macrophylla and Podocarpus neriifolius, the giant ginger Alpinia boia, and Degeneria vitiensis, one of the two remaining species in the ‘‘Gondwanan relic’’ family Degeneriaceae (endemic to Fiji). All these are found within a subsample of the planned 12-ha permanent plot. In terms of number of individuals (14.4%) and basal area (35.6%), Myristicaceae was the dominant family. There are four species of Myristica that contribute to this: M. castaneifolia, M. chartacea, M. gillespieana, and M. ma- crantha. If basal area is considered, there are two other principal families (having a relative abundance of 10% or more [after Tanner 1977]), the Cyatheaceae (14.6%) and the Clusiaceae (12.8%). The great abundance of the Myristicaceae is obvious on the profile diagram of the flat (Figure 2). However, the abundance of tree ferns (indicated by only three individuals) on the profile diagram of the slope community (Figure 3) questions the representativeness of such profile diagrams or any studies using a 10-cm DBH cutoff. The great abundance of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) in relatively undisturbed lowland rain forest is a previously unreported phenomenon. We suggest that two major factors contribute to this. First, tree ferns and Alpinia boia appear to be the first colonizers of tree 180 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 TABLE 1 The 20 Most Abundant Plant Families Arranged in Decreasing Abundance in Number of Individuals in the 6,000-m 2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve Family Myristicaceae Clusiaceae Cyatheaceae Meliaceae Lauraceae Sapotaceae Myrtaceae Lecythidaceae Thymeleaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Gnetaceae Chrysobalanaceae Burseraceae Araliaceae Rubiaceae Loganiaceae Ulmaceae Dilleniaceae No. of Individuals (n) % 745 446 424 299 297 277 275 203 194 158 148 137 133 119 118 110 106 95 81 14.4 8.6 8.2 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.3 3.9 3.7 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 fall and landslide gaps at the study site. Second, tree ferns appear to be more common on the slopes in Fiji’s lowland rain forest (Tuiwawa 1999). Because the study site has many unstable slopes prone to seemingly frequent landslides, tree ferns are extremely abundant. Upon completion of the first census of the 12-ha plot, it will be possible to test whether tree ferns are more abundant in gaps and on slopes than on plains in the study site. The profile diagrams (Figures 2 and 3) suggest that the slopes and flats are dominated by different plant assemblages; therefore, there is a high likelihood to discover distinct slope, flat, and ridge communities as in Waisoi (Tuiwawa 1999). The initial census should also produce similar spatial information about many other species, some of which are commercial timber species. It should also provide insights into the structure and composition of Fiji’s lowland rain forests. Subsequent censuses, which are to be carried out every 5 yr, will help to provide more detailed long-term ecological TABLE 2 The 20 Most Abundant Plant Families Arranged in Decreasing Basal Area as Determined by Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in the 6,000-m 2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve Family Myristicaceae Cyatheaceae Clusiaceae Lauraceae Myrtaceae Thymeleaceae Sapotaceae Euphorbiaceae Meliaceae Burseraceae Lecythidaceae Chrysobalanaceae Araliaceae Moraceae Hernandiaceae Dilleniaceae Apocynaceae Caesalpinaceae Gnetaceae Loganiaceae Maximum DBH (cm) Mean DBH (cm) Total Basal Area (m 2 ) Basal Area (%) 467 234 485 434 565 647 332 657 284 409 222 297 373 155 350 448 343 367 70 124 47.4 25.5 47.3 48.1 49.6 60.8 44.5 64.1 37.2 70.2 37.8 53.3 55.1 42.4 82.1 76.5 70.8 44.3 26.3 33.1 978.96 401.08 351.15 161.40 149.43 109.25 103.60 80.70 71.47 53.91 46.30 39.38 33.17 30.93 17.70 17.48 17.15 10.21 10.20 9.59 35.6 14.6 12.8 5.9 5.4 4.0 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. information about the different species in terms of spatial dynamics, recruitment and mortality, and intra- and interspecific interactions. Repeated monitoring will also allow documentation of the behavior of invasive species. The African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) is currently the most widespread invasive tree species on Viti Levu and may be one of the biggest threats to Fiji’s biodiversity. At the study site, however, it is currently restricted to the banks of streams and forest edges. Another major concern is the commercially planted mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which appears to be escaping cultivation. Three saplings were recorded (Appendix 2) in the first 6,000 m 2 , with the seeds likely to have originated from the Colo-i-Suva mahogany plantation located about 1 km to the east of the study plot. Other invasives that could possibly alter the forest composition and structure and were seen in close proximity to the study site are the red bead tree (Adenanthera pavonia) and the Australian umbrella tree (Schefflera actinophylla). Although the data are to be collected following CTFS guidelines, databasing will allow easy extraction of the information required for PABITRA. There is a need to collect data on species composition and vegetation structure in other areas, because the permanent plot will only cover 12 ha of the 421 ha of the two reserves (Vago and Savura) that constitute this PABITRA focal site. We believe that this should ideally include additional plots in an altitudinal transect on Mt. Nakobalevu. This would allow a comparison with the vegetation surveys from Mt. Korobaba (Kirkpatrick and Hassal 1985). acknowledgments We thank the South Pacific Regional Herbarium for granting us access to their still expanding database. We are also grateful to the following individuals, who were involved in and have contributed to the project: Margaret Fox, Lynette Petueli, Joape Kuruyawa, Simone Narube, and Inoke Wainiqolo. A big vinaka vaka levu also to Prof. Dieter MuellerDombois, who kindly reviewed this paper. 181 Literature Cited Ash, J. 1987. Demography of Cyathea hornei (Cyatheaceae), a tropical tree fern from Fiji. Aust. J. Bot. 35:331–342. ———. 1988. Demography and production of Balaka microcarpa (Arecaceae), a tropical understorey palm from Fiji. Aust. J. Bot. 36:67–80. Brownlie, G. 1977. The pteridophyte flora of Fiji. (Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, Heft 55). A. R. Ganther Verlag KG., Vaduz, Liechtenstein. Condit, R. 1998. Tropical forest census plots: Methods and results from Barro Colorado Island, Panama and a comparison with other plots. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Doyle, M. F. 1998. Gymnosperms of the SW Pacific—I. Fiji. Endemic, indigenous, and naturalized species: Changes in nomenclature, key, annotated checklist, and discussion. Harv. Pap. Bot. 3:101–106. Hassal, D. C., and J. B. Kirkpatrick. 1985. The diagnostic value and host relationships of the dependent synusia in the forests of Mount Korobaba, Fiji. N. Z. J. Bot. 23:33–46. Keppel, G. 2005. Botanical studies within the PABITRA wet-zone transect, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pac. Sci. 59:165–174 (this issue). Kirkpatrick, J. B., and D. C. Hassal. 1985. The vegetation and flora along an altitudinal transect through a tropical forest at Mount Korobaba, Fiji. N. Z. J. Bot. 23:33–46. Richards, P. W. 1996. The tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Smith, A. C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. ———. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 2. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. ———. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. 182 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 ———. 1988. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 4. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. ———. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 5. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. ———. 1996. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only): Comprehensive indices. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lāwa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. Tanner, E. V. J. 1977. Four montane rainforests of Jamaica: A quantitative characterisa- tion of the floristics, the soils and the foliar mineral levels, and a discussion of the interrelations. J. Ecol. 65:883–918. Tuiwawa, M. 1999. The flora, ecology and conservation of the botanical biodiversity of Waisoi and the southeasterm slopes of the Korobasaga Range in Namosi Province, Fiji. M.S. thesis, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Walsh, R. P. D. 1992. Representation and classification of tropical climates for ecological purposes using the perhumidity index. Swansea Geogr. 24:109–129. Appendix 1 Preliminary Species Checklist for the Savura Focal Site Tectaria hookerii Brownlie E Tectaria vitiensis Brownlie E Ferns and Fern Allies Psilopsida ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium amboinense Willd.I Asplenium austalasicum Hk.I Asplenium bipinnatifidum Baker I Asplenium cuneatum Lam.I Asplenium unilaterale Lam.I Loxoscaphe gibberosum (Forst.) Moore PSILOTACEAE Psilotum complanatum Sw.I Psilotum nudum (L.) P. B.I Lycopsida LYCOPSIDACEAE Lycopodium carinatum Desv.I Lycopodium cernuum L.I Lycopodium floliosum Copel.E Lycopodium phlegmaria L.I Lycopodium squarrosum Forst.I Lycopodium subtrifoliatum Brownlie E Lycopodium trifoliatum Copel.E ATHYRIACEAE Diplazium bulbiferum Brack.I Diplazium harpeodes Moore I Diplazium melanocaulon Brack.I BLECHNACEAE Blechnum coriaceum (Brack.) Brownlie E Blechnum milnei (Carr.) C. Christensen E Blechnum orientale L.I Blechnum pilosum (Brack.) Brownlie E Blechnum vittatum Brack.E Doodia brackenridgei Carr. ex Seem. SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella brynioides Baker E Selaginella distans Warburg E Selaginella firmula A. Br. ex KuhnI Selaginella rechingeri Hieronymus ex Rech.I CYATHEACEAE Culcita straminea (Labill.) MaxonI Cyathea affinis (Forst.) Sw.I Cyathea alta Copel.I Cyathea decurrens (Hk.) Copel.I Cyathea hornei (Baker) Copel.I Cyathea lunulata (Forst.) Copel.I Cyathea propinqua Mett.E Dicksonia brackenridgei Mett.E Filicopsida ADIANTACEAE Adiantun hornei Baker E Pteris litoralis Rech.I Pteris parhamii Brownlie E Pteris vitiensis Baker E Pteris vittata L.I Stenochalena palustris (Burm.) Bedd.I Syngramma borneensis (Hk.) J. Sm.I Syngramma spathulata (C. Christ.) Holtt.E Taenitis pinnata var. polypodioides (Baker) Holtt.I ASPIDIACEAE Ctenitis fijiensis (Hk.) Copel.E Tectaria crenata Cav.I (var. E) DAVALLIACEAE Arthopteris articulata (Brack.) C. Chr.I Arthopteris repens (Brack.) C. Chr.I Davallia fejeensis Hk.E Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.I Humata botrychioides BrackE Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. Appendix 1 (continued) Humata heterophylla (Smith) Desv.I Leucostegia pallida (Mett.) Copel.I Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott.I Nephrolepis hirisutula (Forst.) Pr.I Nephrolepis saligna Carr.E Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.) Presl.I Oleandra neriiformis Cav.I Scyphularia pycnocarpa (Brack.) Copel.E DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Orthiopteris tenuis (Brack.) Brownlie E GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Un.I Gleichenia oceanica KuhnI GRAMMITIDACEAE Ctenopteris contigua (Forst.) Holtt.I Ctenopteris seemannii ( J.Sm.) Copel.I Grammitis glabrata Brownlie E Grammitis hookeri (Brack.) Copel.I HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum affine Brack.E Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.I Trichomanes apiifolium Presl.I Trichomanes asae-grayi v.d.B.I Trichomanes borynarum Kunze I Trichomanes dentatum v.d.B.I Trichomanes endlicherianum Presl.I Trichomanes intermedium v.d.B.I Trichomanes tahitense Nad.I HYPOLEPIDACEAE Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm.I LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.I Lindsaea gueriniana (Gaud.) Desv.I Lindsaea harveyi Carr. ex Seem.I Lindsaea moorei (Hk.) Fourn.I Lindsaea pulchra (Brack.) Carr. ex Seem.I Lindsaea repens (Bory) Thwaites I Lindsaea vitiensis Kramer E Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) MaxonI Tapeinidium denhamii (Hk.) C. Chr.I Tapeinidium mealnesicum Kramer I LOMARIOPSIDACEAE Elaphoglossum imthurnii KrajinaE Elaphoglossum milnei KrajinaE Lomariopsis brackenridgei Carr.I Lomariopsis oleandrifolia (Brack.) Mett.E Lommagramma cordipinna Holtt.I Lomagramma polyphylla Brack.I MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.I Angiopteris opaca Copel.E Marattia smithii Mett. ex KuhnI OSMUNDACEAE Leptopteris wilkesiana (Brackenr.) C. Christ.I POLYPODIACEAE Belvisia mucronata (Fée) Copel.I Dipteris conjugata Reinw.I Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd.I Loxogramme parksii Copel.I Microsorum alatum (Brack.) Copel.I Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel.I Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.) Pic. Ser.I Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching I SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr I Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. Sm.I THELYPTERIDACEAE Cyclosorus decadens (Baker) Ching E Pneumatopteris costata (Brack.) Holtt.I Pneumatopteris parksii (Ballard) Holtt.E Plesioneuron hopeanum (Baker) Holtt.E VITTARIACEAE Anthrophyum alatum Brack.I Anthrophyum plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf.I Vaginularia angustissima (Brack.) Mett.E Vittaria elongata Sw.E Gymnosperms ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis macrophylla (Lind.) Mast.I PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus de Laub.I Dacrydium nidulum de Laub.I Podocarpus nerifolius D. DonI GNETACEAE Gnetum gnemon L.I Monocots AGAVACEAE Cordyline terminalis (L.) KunthA ARACEAE Anthurium andraeanum Linden Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.I Rhaphidophora spuria (Schott) NicolsonE ARECACEAE Balaka macrocarpa Burret E Balaka microcarpa Burret I Balaka seemannii (H. Wendl.) Becc.E *Pinanga kuhlii Bl. Veitchia vitiensis (H. Wendl.) H.E. Moore E ASPARAGACEAE Geitonoplesium cymosum (R. Br.) A. Cunn.I COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Burm.I CYPERACEAE Carex dietrichiae Boeck.I Hypolytrum nemorum subsp. vitiense (C.B. Clarke) T. KoyamaE 183 184 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 Appendix 1 (continued) Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl I Gahnia vitiensis Rendle E Machaerina falcata (Nees) T. KoyamaI *Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) Beauv. Scleria polycarpa Boeck.I FLAGELLARIACEAE Flagellaria gigantea Hk. in f. Hk.I Flagellaria indica L.E Flagellaria neo-caledonica Schlechter I HELICONIACEAE Heliconia paka A.C. Sm.E *Heliconia psittacorum L. ORCHIDACEAE Acanthophippium papuanum Schlechter I Appendicula pendulus Bl.I Appendicula reflexa Bl.I *Arundia graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Rolfe I Bulpophyllum longiflorum Thou.I Bulpophyllum longiscapum Rolfe I Bulbophyllum rotriceps Reichenb. f.I Cadetia hispida (A. Rich.) Schlechter E Calanthe alta Reichenb. f.I Calanthe hololeuca Reichenb. f.I Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames I Calanthe ventilabrum Reichenb. f.I Cleisotoma longipaniculatum Kores I Cryptostylis arachnites (Bl.) Hassk.I Cynorkis fastigiata Thou.I Dendrobium biflorum (Forst. f.) Sw.I Dendrobium catillare Reichb. f.E Dendrobium dactylodes Reichenb. f.I Dendrobium macrophyllum A. Rich.I Dendrobium platygastrium Reichenb. f.I Dendrobium vitiense Rolfe E Diplocaulobium tipuliferum (Reichenb. f.) Kraenzl.E Eria bulbophylloides C, Schweinf.E Eria rostriflora Reichenb. f. in Seem.I Eulophia nuda Lindl. ex Wallich I Eulophia pulchra (Thou.) Lindl.I Grammatophyllum elegans Reichenb. f.I Habernaria superflua Reichenb. f. in Seem.E Hetaeria oblongifolia Bl.I Hetaeria whitmeei Reichenb. f.I Liparis condylobulbon Liparis elegans Lindl.I Liparis orbiculata L.O. Williams I Malaxis brevidenta C. Schweinf.I Malaxis imthurnii (Rolfe) L.O. Williams E Malaxis latisegmenta C. Schweinf.I Malaxis latisepala (Rolfe) C. Schweinf.E Malaxis lunata (Schlechter) Ames I Malaxis radicicola (Rolfe) L.O. Williams E Malaxis schlechteri (Rolfe) L.O. Williams E Nervilia punctata (Bl.) Makino I Oberonia equitans (Forst. f.) Mutel I Peristylus maculifer (C. Schweinf.) Renz & Vodonaivalu Phaius graeffei Reichenb. f.I Phreatia micrantha (A. Richenb.) Schlechter I Pristiglottis longiflora (Reichenb. f.) Kores Pseuderia platyphylla L.O. Williams E Pseuderia smithiana C. Schweinf.E Robiquetia bertholdii (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter Sarcochilus williamsianus Kores E Spathoglottis pacifica Bl.I Spathoglottis plicata Bl.I Taeniophyllum gracile (Rolfe) Garay E Tropidia effusa Reichenb. f. in Seem.I Vrydagzynea samoana Schlechter I PANDANACEAE Freycinetia caudata Hemsl.E Freycinetia hombronii Mart.I Freycinetia impavida (Hombr. & Jacq.) Stone I Freycinetia pritchardii Seem.I Pandanus joskei Horne E Pandanus levuensis Mart.E Pandanus thurstonii Wright E Pandanus vitiensis Mart.E Pandanus whitmeeanus Mart.I POACEAE *Axonopus compressus Centotheca lappaceae (L.) Desv.I Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Hochst. ex Steudel) Stapf in Hk.I Isachne vitiensis Rendle E Miscanthus floribundus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum.I Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum *Paspalum paniculatum L. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase I *Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth SMILACEAE Smilax vitiense (Seem.) A. DC.I TRIURIDACEAE Andruris vitiensis (A.C. Sm.) Gies.E ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia boia Seem.E Alpinia vitiensis Seem.E Costus speciosus (König) Sm. *Hedychium coronarium König *Zingiber officinale Rosc. Dicotyledons ACANTHACEAE Graptophyllum repandum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E Graptophyllum insularum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.I Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum (A. Gray) HubbardE ALANGIACEAE Alangium vitiense (A. Gray) Baill. ex Harms E ANACARDIACEAE Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh.I Rhus simaroubifolia A. Gray I Semecarpus vitiensis (A. Gray) Engl.I ANNONACEAE Cyathocalyx insularis A.C. Sm.E Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 185 Appendix 1 (continued) Polyalthia angustifolia A.C. Sm.E Polyalthia loriformis Gillesp.E Polyalthia vitiensis Seem.E Richella monosperma A. Gray E Xylopia pacifica A.C. Sm.E Xylopia vitiense A.C. Sm.E APOCYNACEAE Alstonia montana TurillE Alstonia pacifica (Seem.) A.C. Sm.I Alstonia vitiensis Seem.E Alyxia bracteolosa A. Gray I Alyxia linearifolia A.C. Sm.E Carruthersia latifolia Gillesp.E Carruthersia scandens (Seem.) Seem.E Cerbera manghas L.I Ervatamia obtusicula Markgraf I Melodinus vitiensis Rolfe I Pagiantha thurstonii (Horne ex Baker) A.C. Sm.E AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex vitiensis A. Gray E ARALIACEAE Plerandra grayi Seem.E Plerandra insolita A.C. Sm.E Polyscias joskei Gibbs E Polyscias multijuga (A. Gray) Harms I Schefflera actinophylla (Endlicher) Harms Schefflera seemanniana A.C. Sm.E Schefflera vitiensis (A. Gray) Seem.E ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia vitiensis A.C. Sm.E ASCLEPIADACEAE Hoya australis R. Br.I Hoya diptera Seem.E Hoya vitiensis TurrillE ASTERACEAE *Erechtites vaerianifolia (Wolf ) DC. BIGNONIACEAE *Spathodea campanulata Beauv. BURSERACEAE Canarium harveyi Seem.I Canarium vanikoroense Leenh.I Canarium vitiense A. Gray I *Canarium vulgare Leenh. Haplobus floribundus (K. Schum.) Lam.I CAESALPINIACEAE Cynometra insularis A.C. Sm.E Intsia bijuga (Coelbr.) Kuntze I Kingiodendron platycarpum B.L. Burtt E Maniltoa grandiflora (A. Gray) Scheffer E Maniltoa floribunda A.C. Sm.E Storckiella vitiensis Seem.E CAMPANULACEAE *Lobelia zeylanica L. CASUARINACEAE Casuarina nodiflora L.A.S. Johnson E CELASTRACEAE Maytenus vitiensis (A. Gray) Ding HouI CHRYSOBALANACEAE Atuna racemosa Raf. Sylva Tellur I Parinari insularum A. Gray I CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum leptocladum A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Calophyllum neo-ebudicum GuillauminI Calophyllum vitiense TurrillE Garcinia myrtifolia A.C. Sm.I Garcinia pseudoguttifera Seem.I Garcinia vitiensis (A. Gray) Seem.I COMBRETACEAE Terminalia capitanea A.C. Sm.E Terminalia pterocarpa Melville & P. GreenI CONNARACEAE Connarus pickeringii A. Gray E CONVOLVULACEAE Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.I *Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hall. f.) v. Ooststr. CUNNONIACEAE Geissois ternata A. Gray E Pullea perryana A.C. Sm.E Spiraeanthemum katakata Seem. in A. Gray E DEGENERIACEAE Degeneria vitiense I.W. Bailey & A.C. Sm.E DICHAPETALACEAE Dichapetalum vitiense Thou.E DILLENIACEAE Dillenia biflora (A.Gray) Martelli ex Dur & Jacks.I Hibbertia luccens Brogn. & Gries ex Sébert & Pancher E EBENACEAE Diospyros elliptica ( J.R. & G. Forst.) P.S. Green Diospyros gillespie (Fosb.) Kosterm.E Diospyros vitiensis Gillesp.E ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus chelonimorphus Gillesp.E Elaeocarpus crassinoides A.Gray E Elaeocarpus storckii Seem. EPACARDIACEAE Leucopogon septentrionalis Schlechter I EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha insulana Muell. Arg.I Acalypha rivularis Seem.E Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.A Antidesma insulare Gillesp.E Baccaurea pulvinata A.C. Sm.E Baccaurea seemannii (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.I Baccaurea stylaris Muell. Arg.E Bischofia javanica Bl.I Claoxylon vitiense Gillesp.E Croton microtiglium Burkill I Endospermum macrophyllum (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm.E Flueggea flexuosa Muell. Arg.A Glochidion amentuligerum (Muell. Arg.) Croizat E 186 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 Appendix 1 (continued) Glochidion atrovirens A.C. Sm.E Glochidion bracteatum Gillesp.E Glochidion vitiensis (Muell. Arg.) Gillesp.E Macaranga caesariata A.C. Sm. Macaranga graeffeana Pax & Hoffm.E Macaranga magna TurrillE Macaranga seemannii (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.E Macaranga vitiensis Pax & Hoffm.E Phyllanthus pregracilis Gillesp.E *Phyllanthus urinaria L. FABACEAE *Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Derris trifoliata Lour.I Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosb.E FLACOURTIACEAE Caesaria richii A. Gray E Erythrospermum acuminatissimum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.I Flacourtia degeneri A.C. Sm.E Flacourtia subintegra A.C. Sm.E Homalium nitens TurrillE Homalium vitiensis Benth.E GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra anthropophagorum Seem.E Cyrtandra cephalophora Gillesp.E Cyrtandra milnei Seem. ex A. Gray E Cyrtandra pritchardii Seem.E Cyrtandra trichophylla A.C. Sm.E Cyrtandra vitiensis Seem.E GOODENIACEAE Scaevola floribunda A. Gray E HERNANDIACEAE Hernandia olivacea Gillesp.E ICACINACEAE Citronella vitiensis R. HowardE Medusanthera vitiensis Seem.E LAURACEAE Cinnamomum fitianum (Meisn.) A.C. Sm.E Cinnamomum leptopus A.C. Sm.E Cryptocarya constricta Allen E Cryptocarya fusca Gillesp.E Cryptocarya hornei Gillesp.I Endiandra elaeocarpa Gillesp.I Endiandra gillespie A.C. Sm.E Endiandra gillespie A.C. Sm.E Endiandra monticola A.C. Sm.E Litsea magnifolia Gillesp.E Litsea vitiana (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.E Geniostoma clavigerum A.C. Sm. & Stone E Geniostoma confertiflorum A.C. Sm. & Stone E Geniostoma macrophyllum Gillespie E Geniostoma rupestre J.R. & G. Forst.I Geniostoma uninervium A.C. Sm. & Stone E Neuburgia alata (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh.E LORANTHACEAE Decaisnia forsteriana ( J.A. & H.Schultes) Barlow I MALPIGHIACEAE Hiptage myrtifolia A. Gray E MALVACEAE *Urena lobata L. MELASTOMATACEAE Astronidium confertiflolium (A. Gray) Markgraf E Astronidium floribundum (Gillesp.) A.C. Sm.E Astronidium lepidotum A.C. Sm.E Astronidium parviflorum A. Gray E Astronidium robustum (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E Astronidium saulae A.C. Sm.E Astronidium storckii Seem.E *Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Medinilla archboldiana A.C. Sm.E Medinilla heterophylla A. Gray E Medinilla longicymosa Gibbs E Medinilla ovalifolia (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E Medinilla rhodochlaena A. Gray E Melastoma denticulatum Labill.I MELIACEAE Aglaia archboldiana A.C. Sm.E Aglaia axillaris A.C. Sm.E Aglaia elegans Gillespie E Aglaia greenwoodii A.C. Sm.E Aglaia vitiensis A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum gillespianum A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum hornei A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum lenticellare Gillesp.E Dysoxylum quercifolium (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum richii (A. Gray) C. DC.E Dysoxylum seemannii Gillesp.E *Swietenia macrophylla KingN Vavaea amicorum Benth.I Vavaea harveyii Seem.E Vavaea megaphylla C.H. Wright E MENINSPERMACEAE Pachygone vitiensis Diels I LINACEAE Durandea vitiensis Stapf in Hk.E MIMOSACEAE Acacia richii A. Gray E *Adenanthera pavonina L. *Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb. Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.I *Samanea saman ( Jacq.) Merrill Serianthes melanesica var. melanesica Fosb.I (var. LOBELIACEAE *Lobelia zelyanica L. MONIMIACEAE Hedycarya dorstenoides A. Gray.I LOGANIACEAE Fagraea gracilipes A. Gray I MORACEAE Ficus bambusifolia Seem.E LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia edulis Seem.E Barringtonia seaturae Guppy.E E) Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. Appendix 1 (continued) Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus Ficus barclayana (Miq.) Summerh.E fulvo-pilosa Summerh.E greenwoodii Summerh.E masonii Horne ex Baker pritchardii Seem. smithii Horne ex Barker E storckii Seem.I theophrastoides Seem.E vitiensis Seem.E MYRISTICACEAE Myristica castaneifolia A. Gray E Myristica chartaceae Gillesp.E Myristica gillespieana A.C. Sm.E Myristica grandifolia A. DC.E Myristica macrantha A.C. Sm.E MYRSINACEAE Discocalyx fusca Gibbs E Maesa insularis Gillesp.E Maesa tabacifolium MezI Maesa vitiensis SeemE Rapanea myricifolia (A. Gray) MezI Tapeinosperma ampliflorum A.C. Sm.E Tapeinosperma capitatum (A. Gray) MezE Tapeinosperma clavatum Mez Tapeinospermum ligulifolium A.C. Sm.E Tapeinosperma hornei MezE MYRTACEAE Cleistocalyx decussatus A.C. Sm.E Cleistocalyx ellipticus (A.C. Sm.) Merr. & Perry E Cleistocalyx eugenioides Merr. & Perry E Cleistocalyx longiflorus (A.C. Sm.) Merr & Perry E Decaspermum vitiense (A. Gray) NiedenzuE *Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake Metrosideros collina ( J.R. & G. Forst.) A. Gray var. collina I Metrosideros collina var. villosa (L.f.) A. Gray I Metrosideros collina var. fruticosa J.W. Moore I Syzygium amicorum (A. Gray) C. Muell.E Syzygium amplifolium Perry E Syzygium brackenridgei (A. Gray) C. Muell.I Syzygium confertiflorum (A. Gray) C. Muell.E Syzygium corynocarpum (A. Gray) C. Muell.I Syzygium curvistylum (Gillesp.) Merr. & Perry I Syzygium diffusum (Turrill) Merr. & Perry E Syzygium effusum (A. Gray) C. Muell.I Syzygium fijiense Perry E Syzygium gillespiei Merr. & Perry E Syzygium gracilipes (A. Gray) Merr. & Perry E Syzygium grayii (Seem.) Merr. & Perry E Syzygium leucanthum Perry E Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry A Syzgium pupureum (Perry) A.C. Sm.E Syzygium rubescens (A. Gray) C. Muell.E Syzygium simillimum Merr. & Perry E NYCTAGINACEAE Pisonia umbellifera ( J.R. & G. Forst.) Seem. OLACACEAE Anacolosa lutea Gillesp.I OLEACEAE Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C. Sm.I Jasminum betchei F.v. Muell.I Jasminum didymum Forst. f. subsp. didymumI Jasminum simplicifolium Forst.f. subsp. simplicifoliumI PASSIFLORACEAE *Passiflora foetida L. PEPPEROMIACEAE Pepperomia lasiostigma C. DC.E Pepperomia purpuroides Yuncker E PIPERACEAE Macropiper melanostachyum (C. DC.) A.C. Sm.I Macropiper oxycarpum (C. DC.) A.C. Sm.E Macropiper puberulum Benth.I *Piper aduncum L. Piper insectifugum C. DC.E PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum brackenridgei A. Gray I Pittosporum oligodontum Gillespie E Pittosporum pickeringii A. Gray E Pittosporum rhytidocarpum A. Gray E POLYGALACEAE *Polygala paniculata L. PROTEACEAE Turillia ferruginea (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E Turillia vitiensis (Turrill) A.C. Sm.E RANUNCULACEAE Clematis pickeringii A. Gray I RHAMNACEAE Alphitonia franguloides A. Gray I Alphitonia zizyphoides (Spreng.) A. Gray I Emmenosperma micropetalum (A.C. Sm.) M. Johnst.E RHIZOPHORACEAE Crossostylis harveyi Benth. Crossostylis richii (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E Crossostylis seemannii (A.Gray) Schimper E ROSACEAE Rubus moluccanus L. var. ausropacificus v. RoyenI RUBIACEAE Airosperma trichotomum (Gillesp.) A.C. Sm.E Antirhea smithii (Fosb.) Merr. & Perry E Cyclophyllum barbatum (Forst. f.) A.C. Sm.I Dolchiolobium latifolium A. Gray E Dolchiolobium macgregorii Horne ex Baker E Dolchiolobium oblongifolium A. Gray Gardenia gordonii Baker E Gardenia grievei Horne ex Baker E Gardenia storckii Oliver I Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst.I Gynochtodes epiphyta (Rech.) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw.I Hedyotis lapeyrousii DC.E Hydnophytum longiflorum A. Gray E Ixora amplexicaulis Gillesp.E *Ixora coccinea L. Ixora elegans Gillesp.E Ixora maxima Seem.E 187 188 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005 Appendix 1 (continued) Ixora pelagica Seem.I Mastixiodendron robustum A.C. Sm.E Morinda bucidifolia A. Gray E Morinda grayii Seem.E Mussaenda raiateensis J.W. Moore I Ophiorrhiza laxa A. Gray E Ophiorrhiza leptantha A. Gray I Ophiorrhiza peploides A. Gray E Psychotria brackenridgeii A.C. Sm.E Psychotria broweri Seem.E Psychotria carnea (Forst. f ) A.C. Sm.I Psychotria confertiloba A.C. Sm.E Psychotria crassiflora Fosb.E Psychotria fosteriana A. Gray I Psychotria glabra (Turrill) Fosb.E Psychotria levuensis Gillesp.E Psychotria leptantha A.C. Sm.E Psychotria pickeringii A. Gray E Psychotria pittosporifolia Fosb.E Psychotria platycoca A. Gray E Psychotria pubiflora (A. Gray) Fosb.E Psychotria st.-johnii Fosb.E Psychotria storckii Seem.E Psychotria tephrosantha A. Gray E Psychotria turbinata A. Gray E Psychotria unicarinata (Fosb.) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw. Readea membranaceae Gillesp.E Squamellaria imberbis (A. Gray) Becc.E Sukunia longipes A.C. Sm.E Tarenna joskei (Horne ex Baker) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw. Tarenna seemanniana A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Timonius affinis A. Gray I Xanthophytum calycinum (A. Gray) Benth. & Hk.E Palaquium porphyreum A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Palaquium vitilevuensis Gilly ex v. Royen E Planchonella garberi ChristophersenI Planchonella sessilis A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Planchonella smithii (v. Royen) A.C. Sm.E Planchonella vitiensis Gillesp. RUTACEAE Melicope cuculata (Gillespie) A.C. Sm.E Melicope robusta A.C. Sm.E Micromelum minutum (Forst. f.) Seem.I Zanthoxylum pinnatum ( J.R. & G. Forst.) W. Oliver I Zanthoxylum vitiense A.C. Sm.E URTICAEAE Boehmeria virgata (Forst. f.) GuilleminI Elatostema australe (Wedd.) Hall.f.E Elatostema humile A.C. Sm.E Elatostema tenellum A.C. Sm.E Leucosyke corymbulosa (Wedd.) Wedd.I *Pilea cadieri Gagnep. & Guillaumin Pipturus platyphyllus Wedd.E Procris goepeliana (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E SAPINDACEAE Alectryon grandifolius A.C. Sm.E Arytera brackenridgei (A. Gray) Radlk.I Cupaniopsis amoena A.C. Sm.E Cupaniopsis leptobotrys (A. Gray) Radlk.E Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Elattostachys falcata (A. Gray) Radlk.I SAPOTACEAE Burckella fijiensis (Hemsl.) A.C. Sm.E Burckella parviflora A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Burckella thurstonii (Hemsl.) Lam.I Palaquium fidjiense Pierre ex DubardE Palaquium hornei (Hartog ex Baker) DubardE SAURAUIACEAE Saurauia rubicunda (A. Gray) Seem.E SIMAROUBACEAE Amaroria soulameioides A. Gray E SOLANACEAE Solanum vitiense Seem.I STERCULIACEAE Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr.I Firmania diversifolia A. Gray E Heritiera ornithocephala Kostermans I Sterculia vitiensis SeemE SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos leptophylla (Brand) Turrill.I TILIACEAE Trichospermum richii (A. Gray) Seem.I THYMELEACEAE Gonystylus punctatus A.C. Sm.E Phaleria glabra (Turrill) Domke I ULMACEAE Celtis harperi Horne.I Gironniera celtidifolia Gaud.I Trema cannabina Lour.I VERBENACEAE Faradaya glabra (Mold.) A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E Faradaya ovalifolia (A. Gray) Seem.E Faradaya vitiensis Seem.E Gmelina vitiensis (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E *Lantana camara L. Premna protusa A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin E *Tectona grandis L. f. VITACEAE Tetrastigma vitiense (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E Sources: Species records are derived from Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), the database of the South Pacific Regional Herbarium, and Kirkpatrick and Hassal (1985). Note: Nomenclature follows Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), Brownlie (1977), and Doyle (1998). *, Recent introduction. I, Indigenous. E, Endemic. A, Aboriginal introduction. Appendix 2 Fijian Vernacular Name and Its Scientific Equivalent with the Respective Numbers of Individuals and Total DBH for the Taxonomic Units Identified in the 6,000-m 2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve Family Agavaceae Alpiniaceae Anacardiaceae Fijian Vernacular Name Scientific Equivalent vasili vava Cordyline fruticosa Alpinia boia kaukaro maqo ni veikau totowiwi Semecarpus vitiensis Buchanania vitiensis Pleiogynium hapalum dulewa makosoi ni veikau Xylopia pacifica Cyathocalyx insularis Annonaceae tadalo vasa rewa vueti Naitasiri sorua Pagiantha thurstonii Cerbera manghas Ervatamia obtusiuscula Alstonia sp. sole danidani ni veikau balaka Plerandra spp., Schefflera spp. Polyscias multijuga Balaka microcarpa Spathodea campanulata kaunicina kaunigai Canarium spp. Haplolobus floribundus moivi levu moivi, cibicibi vesida sa Kingiodendron platycarpum Cynometra insularis, Maniltoa spp. Storckiella vitiensis Parinari insularum damanu laubu bulu, bulu wai, bulu m. vure balabala masiratu kuluva Calophyllum sp. Garcinia myrtifolia Garcinia spp. Geissois spp. Cyathea spp. Degeneria vitiensis Dillenia biflora Annonaceae Apocynaceae Araliaceae Arecaceae Bignoniaceae Burseraceae Caesalpinaceae Chrysobalanaceae Clusiaceae Cunnoniaceae Cyatheaceae Degeneriaceae Dilleniaceae No. of Individuals (n) Maximum DBH (cm) Mean DBH (cm) Total DBH (cm) 11 17 33 28 4 1 71 32 37 2 66 22 13 20 11 118 99 19 18 1 119 29 100 225 301 49 135 212 212 85 25 343 169 343 84 199 373 373 40 84 31 409 17.36 24.19 69.21 73.21 24.75 135 27.62 24.31 31.92 19 70.82 77.5 111.46 30.75 82.27 55.08 61.75 20.37 44.22 31 70.16 191 1,120 2,284 2,050 99 135 1,991 772 1,181 38 4,674 1,705 1,449 615 905 6,500 6,113 387 797 31 8,287 77 35 37 5 133 446 264 70 112 5 424 19 81 367 151 367 183 297 485 485 395 256 203 234 384 448 44.28 28.17 59.49 83.8 53.26 47.33 46.89 60.73 40.36 59.8 25.53 120.42 76.48 3,606 986 2,201 419 7,083 21,150 12,378 4,251 4,521 299 22,604 2,291 4,719 Total Area (m 2 ) 0.03 0.98 4.10 3.11 17.15 33.17 0.50 0.00 53.91 10.21 39.38 351.15 0.07 401.09 4.12 17.48 Appendix 2 (continued) Family Ebenaceae Elaeocarpaceae Fijian Vernacular Name Scientific Equivalent kauloa Diospyros spp. qaiqai Elaeocarpus storckii Elaeocarpus spp. molau molau tagane Glochidion seemannii Glochidion vitiense Glochidion sp. Baccaurea spp. Endospermum macrophyllum Macaranga spp. Euporbiaceae Gnetum gnemon Hernandia olivacea Citronella vitiense Euphorbiaceae midra kauvula gadoa Gnetaceae Hernandiaceae Icacinaceae Lauraceae sukau dalovoci nuqa diriniu damabi, tabadamu lidi Lecythidaceae Loganiaceae Melastomataceae Meliaceae vutu Cryptocarya constricta Endiandra sp. Litsea sp. Lauraceae Barringtonia edulis bo boiboida boiboida levu dava Neuburgia spp. Geniostoma spp. Geniostoma macrophylla Astronidium spp. cevua cevua levu ‘‘mahogany’’ kautoa sasawira malamala Vavea amicorum Vavea harveyii Swietenia macrophylla Aglaia spp. Dysoxylum richii Dysoxylum spp. nunu masimasi lolo lolo tagane losilosi Ficus smithii, Ficus pritchardii Ficus storckii Ficus vitiensis Ficus theophrastoides Ficus barclayana Moraceae No. of Individuals (n) 8 70 67 3 158 75 18 1 37 13 7 7 137 56 13 297 238 13 39 7 203 106 96 8 2 12 299 21 3 3 51 10 211 148 110 3 14 12 9 Maximum DBH (cm) Mean DBH (cm) Total DBH (cm) 68 102 102 43 657 59 44 15 143 657 184 160 70 350 95 445 164 434 445 70 222 158 158 71 33 84 284 147 16 21 188 155 230 155 154 155 58 51 71 30 37.39 37.39 32 64.09 17.69 20.83 15 49.7 432.62 88 48 26.31 82.05 33.08 48.1 46.65 86.38 50.26 23.29 37.83 32.98 33.03 36.63 24 29.81 37.21 27.43 13.33 17.33 23.69 47.3 34.09 42.41 46.01 58.67 28.79 34.92 24.22 240 2,601 2,505 96 10,139 1,327 375 15 1,839 5,624 616 336 3,604 4,749 430 14,339 11,102 1,123 1,951 163 7,680 3,496 3,144 293 48 339 9,542 576 40 52 1,208 473 7,193 6,277 5,061 176 403 419 218 Total Area (m 2 ) 0.05 5.31 80.70 10.20 17.70 0.15 161.40 46.30 9.59 0.09 71.47 30.93 Myrtaceae yasiyasi, yasidravu yasileba kavika Syzygium spp., Cleistocalyx spp. Syzygium grayii Syzygium malaccense kaudamu kaudamu lailai kaumaikita duva ni veikau kuasi kauceuti mavota tomanu tiri ni vanua Myristica spp. Myristica chartacea Anacolosa lutea Pittosporum spp. Podocarpus neriifolius Turrillia vitiensis Gonystylus punctatus Emmenosperma micropetalum Crossostylis spp. degedege, tabulina soso ni ura jale drautolu Psychotria spp. Dolicholobium spp. Gardenia spp. Melicope cuculata marasa manawi Elattostachys falcata Koelreuteria elegans Sapindaceae bauvudi sarosaro bau sa bau loa bau mimila vasa ni veikau Palaquium porphyreum Planchonella spp. Planchonella grayana Planchonella umbonata Palaquium spp. Saurauria rubicunda Amaroria soulameoides rosarosa sama mako sisisi yaro Heritiera ornithocephala Commersonia bartramia Trichospermum spp. Gironniera celtidifolia Premna sp. Myristicaceae Olaceae Pittosporaceae Podocarpaceae Proteaceae Thymeleaceae Rhamnaceae Rhizophoraceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Saurauiaceae Simaroubaceae Sterculiaceae Tiliaceae Ulmaceae Verbenaceae Unknown Total 275 239 28 8 745 725 20 61 56 19 26 194 5 32 110 96 9 5 15 47 15 4 28 277 134 8 25 6 104 52 8 24 21 3 5 95 1 20 5,494 Note: Values in boldface type are the totals for the family; values in roman type refer to individual species. 565 565 40 28 467 467 181 103 132 111 260 647 162 178 202 202 89 29 140 242 211 242 90 332 332 285 48 25 143 122 165 322 322 196 425 215 88 225 49.63 54.47 22.04 20.13 47.4 47.64 38.8 38.84 33.95 26.88 27.15 60.81 50.74 59.38 23.79 22.64 35.11 18 87.67 54.96 59.47 87.5 34.42 44.51 48.45 126 27.34 22.5 31.03 32.31 57.5 118.88 109.19 185.67 263.2 34.99 88 67.15 13,797 13,019 617 161 35,314 34,538 776 2,369 1,901 591 706 11,797 421 1,900 2,574 2,173 311 90 789 2,203 892 350 961 11,488 6,492 1,008 626 135 3,227 1,680 460 2,850 2,293 557 1,316 3,324 88 1,343 247,974 149.43 978.96 4.41 2.84 0.27 0.39 109.25 0.14 2.83 5.20 0.49 3.81 103.60 2.22 0.17 6.38 1.36 8.67 0.01 1.42 2,752.19