Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY Supplement No. 30: 184–202 Date of publication: 25 December 2014 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:903DF20B-B9CC-4DC6-8F25-EC28D8BDA3CD Checklist and new records of Christmas Island ishes: the inluence of isolation, biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition. Jean-Paul A. Hobbs1*, Stephen J. Newman2, Gabby E.A. Mitsopoulos2, Michael J. Travers2, Craig L. Skepper2, Justin J. Gilligan3, Gerald R. Allen4, Howard J. Choat5 & Anthony M. Ayling6 Abstract. Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) is an oceanic high island that is situated 300 km southwest of Java, Indonesia. From 2010 to 2014, the ish community of Christmas Island was surveyed using underwater visual surveys for shallow water (0–60 m) ishes, and line ishing (bottom ishing and trolling) for deepwater (60–300 m) and pelagic ishes. Forty-seven new records (from 22 families) were identiied, thereby increasing the total number of ishes described from Christmas Island to 681 (from 91 families). Notable new records include the irst records for the families Alopiidae, Anomalopidae, Muraenesocidae, Tetrarogidae and Trichonotidae, and the irst reports of Paciic Ocean species Plectranthias yamakawai, and Polylepion russelli in the Indian Ocean. The ten most species-rich families accounted for 58% of the community and included: Labridae (13%), Pomacentridae (8%), Epinephelidae (6%), Acanthuridae (5%), Chaetodontidae (5%), Muraenidae (5%), Gobiidae (5%), Blenniidae (4%), Apogonidae (4%) and Scorpaenidae (3%). The majority (89%) of species inhabit shallow coral reefs, with deep reefs (60–300 m) and pelagic waters only accounting for 7% and 2% of ish community. Approximately 76% of the ishes are widespread Indo-Paciic species, 12% are Paciic Ocean species, 5% are circumtropical, 4% are Indian Ocean species and approximately 1% are endemic. Abundance surveys revealed that endemic species, and species at the edge of their geographic range, do not conform to terrestrial-based predictions of low abundance. The structure and composition of the Christmas Island ish community is inluenced by three main factors. Firstly, the isolation of the island means that ishes with poor dispersal abilities (e.g., syngnathids) are underrepresented. Secondly, the biogeographic position of the island results in a unique mixing of Indian and Paciic Ocean species. Thirdly, the lack of lagoonal habitats means that ishes that use these habitats (e.g., ophichthids, lethrinids, epinephelids) are underrepresented or have low abundance. Key words. colonisation, coral reef ish, dispersal, endemic, Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION natural values of Christmas Island (James, 2007; Beeton et al., 2010). More recently, research in the surrounding waters is beginning to reveal the uniqueness of the marine biodiversity around the island (Brewer et al., 2009; Hobbs, 2014). Much of this marine biodiversity is concentrated in the narrow fringe (20–100 m wide) of coral reef that clings to the precipitous sides of the Island (Allen et al., 2007; Gilligan et al., 2008; Brewer et al., 2009). For example, the shallow waters contain only 34 km2 of reef habitat and this supports over 600 species of ish (Allen et al., 2007; Allen, 2008; Hobbs et al., 2010a). Furthermore, Christmas Island ranks seventh in the world for the number of endemic reef ishes per area of reef habitat (Allen, 2008). Christmas Island (10°30’S, 105°40’E) is an oceanic island located approximately 300 km south of Java, Indonesia. Over millions of years, the island’s fauna and lora has evolved in isolation resulting in hundreds of endemic species (James, 2007). For more than 100 years, scientists have documented the globally unique terrestrial biodiversity and outstanding 1 Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia; Email: jp.hobbs@curtin.edu.au (*corresponding author) 2 Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P.O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia Most of the taxonomic groups in the marine environment at Christmas Island have received little or no research (Hobbs et al., 2014a); however, reef ishes have been relatively well studied and provide a model group to test hypotheses about the formation and structure of marine communities on isolated islands. For example, does the ish community at Christmas Island have a unique composition that is determined by dispersal and colonisation abilities? Not only is Christmas Island isolated, but it is also situated on a biogeographic border between the Indian Ocean and Paciic New South Wales Department of Primary Industries PO Box 341, Narooma, NSW 2546, Australia 3 Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia 4 5 School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia 6 Sea Research, 20 Rattray Ave, Hydeaway Bay, QLD 4800, Australia © National University of Singapore ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 0217-2445 (print) 184 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Ocean bioregions. This border is analogous to Wallace’s Line and Christmas Island represents the western edge of the range for some Paciic Ocean species and the eastern range edge for some Indian Ocean species (Hobbs et al., 2012). In some instances, Indian and Paciic Ocean sister species can co-occur (Hobbs & Salmond, 2008; Hobbs & Allen, 2014). This provides a unique opportunity to test whether species at their range edge have low abundance (Brown, 1984) and whether the presence of a sister species inluences abundance. and has Christmas Island’s most sheltered waters and widest reef lat (about 150 m). The ish fauna of Christmas Island was surveyed during a series of 14 trips from 2010 to 2014. The outer reef habitats on all four sides (North, South, East and West) were surveyed by snorkelling in the shallow waters (0–5 m) and SCUBA diving in deeper waters (5–70 m). Due to the prevailing wind and swell, more surveys were conducted on the northern and western half of the Island. Pelagic and deepwater (60–300 m) ishes were captured using line-ishing methods (trolling and bottom ishing) in collaboration with local anglers. In addition, local divers and anglers provided photographs of easily recognisable ish. Information about these ishes was communicated to us by the diver or angler who took the photograph. In some cases, photographs and/or specimens were sent to the relevant taxonomic experts for independent veriication of our identiication. The majority of the 575 species recorded previously by Allen (2000) have been lodged with the Western Australian Museum. The majority of new records reported in this current study could not be lodged because of their rarity, desire by anglers to retain the ish and/or the ish could only be photographed. In all cases, species were only recorded on the checklist where visual identiication was certain. The checklist also includes species that have recently been reported in publications by other researchers. The majority of the 622 ish species (from 80 families) that have been recorded to date at Christmas Island inhabit the shallow (0–60 m) coral reefs (Allen et al., 2007; Hobbs et al., 2010a). This includes four endemic species (Eviota natalis, Pseudochromis viridis, Praealticus natalis, Aseraggodes crypticus), two near endemic species (Centropyge joculator also occurs at Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Stegastes insularis also occurs at Cocos (Keeling) and Marcus Island), and one endemic colour morph or subspecies (Centropyge lavissima, which also occurs at Cocos (Keeling) Islands) (Allen et al., 2007). The study and collection of Christmas Island ishes began with Andrews CW in 1897 and was built upon with three small-scale studies over the following 60 years that resulted in a total list of 127 species (reviewed in Allen, 2000). The majority of ishes recorded from Christmas Island came through dedicated expeditions by Gerald Allen and Roger Steene in 1978, 1986, 1987 and 2006, which raised the number of species to 592 (Allen et al., 2007). Subsequent descriptions of unidentiied specimens collected on these trips, and reports by other researchers have added a further 12 species to the list (see Table 1). Lastly, Hobbs et al (2010a) added 30 species based on ieldtrips between 2004 and 2008. The total number of ishes recorded at Christmas Island stands at 634. Despite this history of expeditions, most of the marine habitat at Christmas Island remains unsurveyed. The abundance of reef fishes was determined through underwater observations based on the number of individuals seen per 60-minute dive (approximately survey area = 5000 m2), with the average abundance for each species calculated from more than 40 dives around the Island. For analyses, ishes were grouped into six abundance categories: 1 = common/abundant (average of more than 5 per dive); 2 = moderately common (average of 2–5 per dive); 3 = uncommon (average of 0.5–2 per dive); 4 = occasionally seen (about 1 individual seen every 2–5 dives); 5 = seldom seen (about 1 individual seen every 5–10 dives); 6 = rare (takes more than 10 dives to see 1 individual). Pelagic, deepwater (>60 m depth) and highly cryptic species were not included in the analysis because their abundance could not be estimated accurately using underwater visual censuses. The purpose of this study was to conduct an island-wide survey of the ish fauna of Christmas Island to identify new records, characterise the community composition and determine patterns in abundance. More speciically, this study aimed to determine: 1, if (and how) the composition of the reef ish community at Christmas Island differs from elsewhere; and 2, whether patterns of abundance are related to the size and position of a species’ geographic range and the presence of a sister species. Fish were classiied following the taxonomy of Eschmeyer (2014) with two exceptions. Following recent molecular studies, the parrotishes are placed within the family Labridae as scarine labrids (Westneat & Alfaro, 2005; Choat et al., 2012) and we follow Smith & Craig (2007) and Craig et al. (2011) in raising the subfamily Epinephelinae to the family Epinephelidae. The geographic distribution and habitat use of ishes were characterised following recognised sources (Allen et al., 2007; Eschmeyer, 2014; Froese & Pauly, 2014). Habitat use of ishes was broadly classed into ive categories: 1, shallow water – species that obtain their greatest abundance on shallow water (<60 m) reefs and adjacent sand habitats; 2, deepwater – species that obtain their greatest abundance on reefs deeper than 60 m; 3, pelagic; 4, intertidal; and 5, freshwater and brackish. To determine if isolation affects the composition of ish communities, the Christmas Island MATERIAL AND METHODS Christmas Island is a single high island with no lagoons or sheltered embayments. The coastline around the island is comprised of a limestone cliff shoreline, with a shallow coral reef extending 20–100 m seaward towards the reef dropoff, which usually begins at 15 m depth (Gilligan et al., 2008). The reef then declines steeply to depths greater than 4000 km. The island is exposed to south-easterly trade winds and southerly swell for most the year. Consequently, the southern coast is very exposed, the east and west coasts have moderate exposure, and the north coast is somewhat sheltered. Flying-ish Cove is situated on the north coast 185 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island community was compared to that of its nearest neighbours, Indonesia (Allen & Adrim, 2003) and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Allen & Smith-Vaniz, 1994; Hobbs et al., 2014b). RESULTS New records. Extensive surveys and sampling in Christmas Island waters from 2010 to 2014 identiied 47 new records (from 22 families). This increases the total number of recorded species to 681 (from 91 families) (Table 1). The new records came predominately from shallow (25 species) and deepwater (20 species) reefs, with two pelagic species also recorded. Notable new records include two sharks (Sphyrna mokarran and Alopias pelagicus) and the irst records for the families Alopiidae, Anomalopidae, Muraenesocidae, Tetrarogidae and Trichonotidae. The number of lethrinids recorded at Christmas Island has increased considerably from four to nine species. Plectropomus laevis is the irst record for its genus at Christmas Island. Notable range extensions include Plectranthias yamakawai, which is restricted to the western Paciic Ocean around southern Japan, and Polylepion russelli, which is restricted to isolated islands in the northern Paciic Ocean (e.g., Japan and the Hawaiian Islands). The eastward range extension of the Indian Ocean butterlyish Chaetodon triangulum now means it is co-occurring with its Paciic Ocean sister species C. baronessa at Christmas Island. Fig. 1. The number of species in each abundance category for each group of geographic distributions present at Christmas Island. The abundance categories are the average number of ish seen per 60 minute, which is equivalent to an approximate survey area of 5000 m2. 1 = common/abundant (average of more than 5 per dive); 2 = moderately common (average of 2–5 per dive); 3 = uncommon (average of 0.5–2 per dive); 4 = occasionally seen (average of 0.2–0.5 per dive); 5 = seldom seen (average of 0.1–0.2 per dive); 6 = rare (average <0.1 per dive). have a circumtropical distribution, while between 0.6% and 1.6% (depending on the deinition of an endemic) of ishes are geographically restricted to the island or region. The ish communities at Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands contain a similar proportion of species from different geographic distributions (c2 = 10.12, d.f. = 5, P = 0.72). Abundance. Abundances were estimated for 518 of the 681 recorded species; with 40% of surveyed species being classed as common or moderately common (Table 1). Families that had more than 50% of species classed as common or moderately common include: Tripterygiidae (100%) Pomacentridae (69%), Holocentridae (67%), Balistidae (64%), Blenniidae (63%), Caesionidae (57%) and Cirrhitidae (57%). Species at the edge of their geographic range did not have lower abundances compared to widely distributed species where Christmas Island lies in the middle of their range (c2 = 20.16, d.f. = 15, P = 0.17; Fig. 1). This was evident by the proportion of Indian Ocean (42%) and Paciic Ocean species (44%) that were common and moderately common in abundance compared to that for widespread Indo-Paciic species (39%) and circumtropical species (13%). Surveys of co-occurring Indian and Paciic Ocean species revealed that sister species has similar abundances (Z(12) = 1.45, P = 0.15). Of the endemic and near endemic species that were surveyed, all were common or moderately common (n = 5). The ten most species rich families account for 58% of the ish community at Christmas Island and include (in descending order): Labridae (13%), Pomacentridae (8%), Epinephelidae (6%), Acanthuridae (5%), Chaetodontidae (5%), Muraenidae (5%), Gobiidae (5%), Blenniidae (4%), Apogonidae (4%) and Scorpaenidae (3%). Eight families are the same as the top ten families in the Indonesian ish community, with the difference being the presence of Acanthuridae and Scorpaenidae, and the absence of Syngnathids (23rd) and Lutjanidae (11th) from the Christmas Island top ten. The only difference between the top ten families at Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is that the 10th ranked family is Scorpaenidae at Christmas Island and it is the Holocentridae at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Despite the broad similarities in the ish communities at Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the two locations only share 48% of species. DISCUSSION Community composition. Of the 681 ishes that have now been recorded from Christmas Island, the majority (89%) of species are found on the shallow coral reef habitat (0–60 m). Deep reefs (60–300 m) and pelagic waters only account for 7% and 2% of the ishes recorded at Christmas Island. Approximately 76% of the ishes at Christmas Island are widespread Indo-Paciic species. Twelve percent of the ish community is comprised of Paciic Ocean species that are at the western edge of their range, while 4% of species are Indian Ocean species at the eastern edge of their range. Approximately 5% of the ishes recorded at Christmas Island The 47 new records span 22 families and most originate from shallow and deep water reefs. The total number of ish species that have now been recorded from Christmas Island stands at 681. Most species inhabit the thin veneer of shallow water coral reef that surrounds the island. While most ishes in the Christmas Island community have broad Indo-Paciic distributions, there is a notable concentration of endemic species given the limited availability of habitat (34 km2; Allen, 2008). There are a number of Paciic and Indian Ocean species that are on the edge of their geographic ranges; however, in contrast to terrestrial research (Brown, 1984), 186 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 they do not have lower abundance at their range edge. A total of 91 families are represented in the Christmas Island ish community and the top ten species rich families are similar to the top ten in the ish communities at its nearest neighbours: Indonesia and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Ecological theory from terrestrial systems also predicts that endemics have low abundance due to the positive relationship between geographic range size and abundance (Gaston, 1994). This pattern has been so consistently observed across different terrestrial systems that it is labelled one of the few laws in ecology (Lawton, 1999). However, the endemic ishes surveyed at Christmas Island did not have low abundance, but rather were among the most common ishes observed. A similar pattern occurs for those endemics that are also found at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Hobbs et al., 2010b, 2012). That endemic reef ishes do not have low abundance has been reported from numerous locations and may be because endemics cannot persist at low abundance given the high recruitment variability that is characteristic of reef ishes (Hobbs et al., 2011). Patterns in the abundance of endemic reef ishes and species at their range edge do not conform to terrestrial research indings, suggesting that abundance may be determined differently in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. New records. New records of signiicance at Christmas Island include Plectranthias yamakawai and Polylepion russelli, which is the irst time either of these small range Paciic Ocean species have been recorded in the Indian Ocean. Their presence, along with existing species at Christmas Island that have similar disjunct distributions (e.g., Stegastes insularis and Centropyge lavissima), may be indicative of relict populations of once widespread species affected by the historical processes in the Indonesian archipelago responsible for the evolution of Indian Ocean–Paciic Ocean geminate sister species (Randall, 1998). The new records of Indian Ocean species at Christmas Island (e.g., Chaetodon triangulum) and their co-occurrence with Paciic Ocean sister species increases the likelihood of hybridisation (Hobbs et al., 2009; Hobbs & Allen, 2014). Community composition. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands represent two isolated locations situated between 10 and 13°S in the tropical north-east Indian Ocean that support 681 and 602 ish species, respectively. Despite the broad similarities in their location, overall species richness, proportion of species from different biogeographic regions, and composition of top ten families, the two locations only have 48% of species in common. The difference in the ish communities between the two locations probably relects differences in isolation and habitat availability. Indonesia is the closest landmass and it is approximately 300 km from Christmas Island and 1000 km from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Given the importance of dispersal for colonising isolated locations, the greater isolation of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands probably explains the low representation of poor dispersers in the community: Syngnathidae, Pseudochromidae, Nemipteridae, Opistognathidae and Gobiidae (Hobbs et al., 2012). In terms of species of isheries importance, the most notable new records identiied in this study are those in the genera Etelis, Lethrinus and Plectropomus. These genera contain popular target species and, although only one individual was observed, this is the irst time that any member of the genus Plectropomus has been recorded at Christmas Island. Over the last ive years, sampling through line ishing of the deep reefs around Christmas Island has increased the number of recorded Lethrinus species from zero to six and the number of Etelis species from one to four. With the exception of Plectropomus laevis, the new records of target species come from the deep reefs (60–300 m). The near vertical slope of these deepwater reefs limits the amount of suitable habitat and hence stock size. In addition, the life history characteristics of these species make them vulnerable to overishing (Newman & Dunk, 2003; Andrews et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2012). Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands have a similar amount and type of outer reef habitat; however, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands also has a large lagoon with extensive areas of sheltered patch reefs, seagrass meadows and sand banks (Williams, 1994; Hobbs & McDonald, 2010). Differences in ish species composition between the two locations probably relect the lack of lagoonal habitats at Christmas Island. The families that differed the most in species composition between the two locations were: Ophichthidae (83% of species were different), Epinephelidae (76%), Gobiidae (71%), Lethrinidae (67%) and Apogonidae (66%). Members of the Ophichthidae burrow in sheltered sandy areas and the lack of this habitat on Christmas Island would affect the composition of this family. Similarly, numerous species of gobies use sand and rubble habitats (e.g., sand burrowing gobies) while many apogonids prefer sheltered patch reefs (Gardiner & Jones, 2005). Several epinephelids and lethrinids use sheltered lagoonal environments, particularly during their juvenile life stage. Consequently, the mean densities of epinephelids and lethrinids are many times greater in the Cocos (Keeling) Abundance. Although ecological theory developed from terrestrial systems predicts that species at the edge of their geographic range should have low abundances (Brown, 1984), we found no evidence of this at Christmas Island. Species at the edge of their range had similar abundances to species in the middle of their range. It is not clear why this is the case, but it may be related to the low likelihood of populations being able to persist at isolated locations on the range edge if they have low abundance. Co-occurring Indian and Paciic Ocean sister species had similar abundances. This is interesting because many of these sister species have been observed cohabiting (Marie et al., 2007; Hobbs & Salmond, 2008) and using the same dietary and habitat resources (Montanari et al., 2012, 2014), indicating that there is lack of competitive dominance. Co-existence of species that use the same resources and have the same competitive ability is possible if the recruitment of each species luctuates through space and time and recruits have an equal chance of becoming established (lottery hypothesis: Chesson & Warner, 1981). 187 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island lagoon than at Christmas Island (Hender et al., 2001; Gilligan et al., 2008). Communities on oceanic islands are established through long distance dispersal; however, successful colonisation also depends on the availability of suitable habitat. Isolation is likely to be a major determinant of the composition of the ish community at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, while at Christmas Island the lack of lagoonal habitats is likely to exert a signiicant inluence on community composition. into account the number of species per area of habitat. The concentration of species into a small area of habitat means that small-scale impacts, either positive (e.g., marine parks) or negative (e.g., oil spill, overishing), can have a disproportionally large effect on Christmas Island's marine biodiversity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The ieldwork was funded by James Cook University, The University of Western Australia and Envirofund. We thank the staff of Parks Australia who provided excellent logistical support, particularly Max Orchard, Azmi Yon and Eddly Johari for their enthusiasm and support over many years of ieldwork. We thank the Christmas Island community for assisting our research especially T. Hamanaka, Mark Rochfort (Shoreire), Christmas Island Divers and Wet ‘n’ Dry Adventures. We also thank Kendall Clements, Jay Hender, Christian McDonald and Joseph Neilson for valuable ield assistance. Thanks to Sue Morrison, Kent Carpenter and Hiroyuki Motomura for assistance with identiication, and Heok Hui Tan for commenting on the manuscript and providing records of ishes found in cave habitats. In addition to colonisation, communities on oceanic islands are also comprised of endemics species that have evolved in situ. Christmas Island emerged during the late Miocene approximately 700 km south from its present location (Beeton et al., 2010). This long history of isolation has facilitated the evolution of a plethora of endemic terrestrial species that has culminated in a globally unique terrestrial ecosystem. The exact number of endemic reef ishes at Christmas Island is unclear because some species are also found in one other location (e.g., Centropyge joculator), others are isolated relict populations that may become endemics, while others have only recently been described and may occur elsewhere (e.g., Bythitidae: Møller & Schwarzhans, 2008; Schwarzhans & Møller, 2011; Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2011). The total number of endemic reef ishes is not that high at Christmas Island; however, the island’s small amount of reef habitat means that the number of endemics per area of reef is among the highest in the world (Allen et al., 2008). Management strategies to conserve the unique biodiversity of Christmas Island should be extended into the marine environment and are achievable given the high number of species (including endemics) that are concentrated into the small area of reef that fringes the Island (Hobbs, 2014). In contrast to Christmas Island, the much younger age of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands appears to have limited the evolution of endemics (Allen & Smith-Vaniz, 1994; Hobbs et al., 2012). LITERATURE CITED Allen GR (2000) Fishes of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 59: 83–95. Allen GR (2008) Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Paciic coral reef ishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 556: 541–556. Allen GR, Steene R, & Orchard M (2007) Fishes of Christmas Island, Second Edition. Christmas Island Natural History Association, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, Australia, 284 pp. Allen GR & Adrim M (2003) Coral reef fishes of Indonesia. Zoological Studies, 42: 1–72. Allen GR & Erdmann MV (2012) Reef ishes of the East Indies. Volumes I–III. University of Hawai'i Press. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, Australia, 1292 pp. Allen GR & Smith-Vaniz WF (1994) Fishes of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. 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Coral Reefs, 27: 933–933. Hobbs J-PA, Frisch AJ, Hender J & Gilligan JJ (2007) New records of angelishes (Pomacanthidae) and butterlyishes (Chaetodontidae) from Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 90: 107–109. Hobbs JPA, Frisch AJ, Allen GR & van Herwerden L (2009) Marine hybrid hotspot at Indo-Paciic biogeographic border. Biology Letters, 5: 258–261. Hobbs JPA, Ayling AM, Choat JH, Gilligan J, McDonald CA, Neilson J & Newman SJ (2010a) New records of marine ishes illustrate the biogeographic importance of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 2422: 63–68. Hobbs JPA, Jones GP & Munday PL (2010b) Rarity and extinction risk in coral reef angelishes on isolated islands: interrelationships among abundance, geographic range size and specialization. Coral Reefs, 29: 1–11. Hobbs JPA, Jones GP & Munday PL (2011) Extinction risk in endemic marine ishes. Conservation Biology, 25: 1053–1055. Hobbs JPA, Jones GP, Munday PL, Connolly ST & Srinivasan M (2012) Biogeography and the structure of coral reef ish communities on isolated islands. Journal of Biogeography, 39: 130–139. Hobbs JPA, Coker DJ, Green PT, James DJ, Humphreys WF, McAllan IAW, Newman SJ, Pratchett MS, Staudle TM & Whiting SD (2014a) An annotated bibliography of the research on marine organisms and environments at Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Rafles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: this issue. Hobbs JPA, Newman SJ, Mitsopoulos GEA, Travers MJ, Skepper CL, Gilligan JJ, Allen GR, Choat JH & Ayling AM (2014b) Fishes of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands: new records, community composition and biogeographic signiicance. Rafles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: this issue. Humphreys WF (2014) Subterranean fauna of Christmas Island: habitas and salient features. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: this issue. James DJ (2007) Christmas Island Biodiversity Monitoring Programme: Summary Report, December 2003 to April 2006. Parks Australia North Christmas Island Biodiversity Monitoring Programme. Report to Department of Finance & Administration and Department of the Environment & Water Resources, Canberra, 91 pp. Lawton JH (1999) Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos, 84: 177–192. Marie AD, van Herwerden L, Choat JH & Hobbs JPA (2007) Hybridization of reef ishes at the Indo-Paciic biogeographic barrier: a case study. Coral Reefs, 26: 841–850. Montanari ST, van Herwerden L, Pratchett MS, Hobbs JPA & Fugedi A (2012) Reef ish hybridisation: lessons learnt from butterlyish (genus Chaetodon). Ecology and Evolution, 2(2): 310–328. Montanari SR, Hobbs JPA, Pratchett MS, Bay LK, van Herwerden L (2014) Does genetic distance between parental species inluence outcomes of hybridisation among coral reef butterlyishes? Molecular Ecology, 23: 2757–2770. Møller PR & Schwarzhans W (2008) Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific, Part IV. Dinematichthys and two new genera with descriptions of nine new species. The Beagle, 24: 87–146. Newman SJ & Dunk IJ (2003) Age validation, growth, mortality and additional population parameters of the goldband snapper (Pristipomoides multidens) off the Kimberley coast of northwestern Australia. Fishery Bulletin (U.S.), 101 (1): 116–128. Randall JE (1998) Zoogeography of shore ishes of the Indo-Paciic region. Zoological Studies, 37: 227–268. Randall JE & Heemstra PC (1991) Revision of Indo-Paciic groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with descriptions of ive new species. Indo-Paciic Fishes, 20: 1–332. Schwarzhans W & Møller PR (2011) New Dinematichthyini (Teleostei: Bythitidae) from the Indo-west Paciic, with the description of a new genus and ive new species. The Beagle, 27: 161–177. Schwarzhans W & Nielsen JG (2011) Revision of the genus Microbrotula (Teleostei: Bythitidae), with description of two new species and a related new genus. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 27: 147–160. Smith WL & Craig MT (2007) Casting the percomorph net widely: The importance of broad taxonomic sampling in the search for the placement of serranid and percid ishes. Copeia, 2007(1): 35–55. Springer VG & Williams JT (1994) The Indo-West Pacific blenniid fish genus Istiblennius reappraised: a revision of Istiblennius, Blenniella, and Paralticus, new genus. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 565: 1–193. Tan HH (2014) A new record of Trimma fasciatum Suzuki, Sakaue & Senou, 2012 (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, Australia. Rafles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: this issue. Tan HH, Tohru N, Fujita Y & Tan SK (2014) Observations on the fauna from submarine and associated anchialine caves in Christmas Island, Indian Ocean Territory, Australia. Rafles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 30: this issue. 189 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island strategies for monitoring data-limited deepwater demersal line isheries in the Paciic Ocean. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(2): 527–531. Williams DG (1994) Marine habitats of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 406: 1–10. Westneat MW & Alfaro ME (2005) Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef ish family Labridae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36: 370–390. Williams AJ, Nicol SJ, Bentley N, Starr PJ, Newman SJ, McCoy MA, Kinch J, Williams PG, Magron F, Pilling GM, Bertram I & Batty M (2012) International workshop on developing 190 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Table 1. Checklist and new records of ishes from Christmas Island. CKI = Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the asterisk (*) denotes that the species also occurs at Cocos (Keeling) Islands; NR = new record; GD = geographical distribution with each of the numbers indicating the following distributional data: 1 = widespread Indo-Paciic or Indo-west Paciic; 2 = West Paciic species that reach their western distributional limit at Christmas Island or the Cocos (Keeling) Islands; 3 = Indian Ocean species; 4 = circumtropical or cosmopolitan; 5 = uncertain extralimital distribution; 6 = endemic; AB = abundance: 1 = common/ abundant (average of more than 5 per dive); 2 = moderately common (average of 2–5 per dive); 3 = uncommon (average of 0.5–2 per dive); 4 = occasionally seen (average of 0.2–0.5 per dive); 5 = seldom seen (average of 0.1–0.2 per dive); 6 = rare (average <0.1 per dive). Per dive is a 60 minute dive that covers an approximate survey area of 5000 m2. Sources are as follow: 1 = Allen et al., 2007; 2 = Hobbs et al., 2010a; 3 = Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2011; 4 = Møller & Schwarzhans, 2008, 5 = Schwarzhans & Møller, 2011; 6 = Allen & Steene, 1988; 7 = Randall, 1998; 8 = Allen & Erdmann, 2012; 9 = Randall & Heemstra, 1991; 10 = Allen & Smith-Vaniz, 1994; 11 = Hobbs et al., 2007; 12 = Springer & Williams, 1994; 13 = communicated by Tan HH (see Tan, 2014 and Tan et al., 2014) and species identiied by the authors’ observations (O) and photographs (P). Family Rhincodontidae Carcharhinidae Carcharhinidae Carcharhinidae Carcharhinidae Carcharhinidae Carcharhinidae Sphyrnidae Sphyrnidae Alopiidae Dasyatidae Myliobatidae Myliobatidae Anguillidae Moringuidae Moringuidae Moringuidae Chlopsidae Chlopsidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 Carcharhinus albimarginatus(Rüppell, 1837) Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822) Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837) Sphyrna lewini (Grifith & Smith, 1834) Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935 Taeniura meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841) Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 Moringua bicolor Kaup 1856 Moringua javanica (Kaup, 1856) Moringua macrochir Bleeker, 1855 Kaupichthys atronasus Schultz, 1953 Kaupichthys diodontus Schultz, 1943 Anarchias seychellensis Smith, 1962 Channomuraena vittata (Richardson, 1845) Uropterygius concolor Rüppell, 1838 Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz, 1953 Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker, 1864) Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède, 1803) Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker, 1852) Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan, 1909) Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker, 1859 Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Echidna polyzona (Richardson, 1845) Echidna unicolor Schultz, 1953 Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz, 1953) Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker, 1853) Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw & Nodder, 1797) Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall, 1977 Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857) Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker, 1865 Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall, 1982 Gymnothorax lavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1830) Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz, 1953) Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, 1859) Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1865 Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz, 1953 191 NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR NR GD AB Source 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 4 1 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 O P 2 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 5 4 1 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Muraenidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Ophichthidae Congridae Congridae Muraenesocidae Chanidae Synodontidae Synodontidae Synodontidae Synodontidae Synodontidae Ophidiidae Bythitidae Bythitidae Bythitidae Bythitidae Bythitidae Bythitidae Antennariidae Antennariidae Antennariidae Gobiescocidae Atherinidae Atherinidae Poeciliidae Poeciliidae Belonidae Belonidae Exocoetidae Exocoetidae Anomalopidae Berycidae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan, 1909) Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) Gymnothorax pindae Smith, 1962 Gymnothorax rueppeliae (McClelland, 1844) Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, 1906 Gymnothorax thrysoideus (Richardson, 1845) Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman, 1888 Scolecenchelys laticaudata (Ogilby, 1897) Apterichtus klazingai (Weber, 1913) Brachysomophis crocodilinus (Bennett, 1833) Callechelys marmorata (Bleeker, 1853) Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1816) Phyllophichthus xenodontus Gosline, 1951 Conger cinereus Rüppell, 1830 Heteroconger hassi (Klausewitz & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1959) Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1852) Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, 1912 Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey, 1979 Synodus variegatus (Lacepède, 1803) Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1847 Microbrotula andersoni Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2011 Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz, 1960 Diancistrus sp. Dinematichthys trilobatus Møller & Schwarzhans, 2008 Ogilbia sp. Paradiancistrus christmasensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2011 Antennarius analis (Schultz, 1957) Antennarius coccineus (Lesson, 1830) Antennarius nummifer (Cuvier, 1817) Discotrema crinophilum Briggs, 1976 Atherion elymus Jordan & Starks, 1901 Hypoatherina barnesi Schultz, 1953 Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 Xiphophorus sp. Platybelone argalus (Lesueur, 1821) Tylosurus crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur, 1821) Hirundichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1852) Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Photoblepharon palpebratum (Boddaert, 1781) Beryx decadactylus Cuvier, 1829 Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Rüppell, 1838) Sargocentron diadema (Lacépède, 1802) Sargocentron iota Randall, 1998 Sargocentron ittodai (Jordan & Fowler, 1902) Sargocentron lepros (Allen & Cross, 1983) Sargocentron microstoma (Günther, 1859) Sargocentron praslin (Lacepède, 1802) Sargocentron punctatissimum (Cuvier, 1829) Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier, 1829) Sargocentron tiereoides (Bleeker, 1853) Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann, 1905 Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 Myripristis murdjan (Forsskål, 1775) 192 NR * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,3 1 13 1,4 1 1,5 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 1 13 O,P 1 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 5 2 6 5 6 2 5 2 NR * * * GD 6 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 5 4 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 5 2 1 3 6 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Family Holocentridae Holocentridae Holocentridae Aulostomidae Fistulariidae Solenostomidae Solenostomidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Syngnathidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Scorpaenidae Tetrarogidae Synanceiidae Aploactinidae Platycephalidae Platycephalidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Myripristis pralinia Cuvier, 1829 Myripristis vittata Valenciennes, 1831 Plectrypops lima (Valenciennes, 1831) Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838 Solenostomus cyanopterus Bleeker, 1855 Solenostomus paradoxus (Pallas, 1770) Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker, 1855) Choeroichthys sculptus (Günther, 1870) Corythoichthys schultzi Herald, 1953 Cosmocampus banneri (Herald & Randall, 1972) Dunckerocampus baldwini Herald & Randall, 1972 Doryrhamphus melanopleura (Bleeker, 1858) Micrognathus pygmaeus Fritzsche, 1981 Scorpaenodes albaiensis (Evermann & Seale, 1907) Scorpaenodes corallinus Smith, 1957 Scorpaenodes guamensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Scorpaenodes hirsutus (Smith, 1957) Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett, 1864) Scorpaenodes varipinnis Smith, 1957 Scorpaenopsis diabolus (Cuvier, 1829) Scorpaenopsis oxycephala (Bleeker, 1849) Scorpaenopsis possi Randall & Eschmeyer, 2001 Sebastapistes cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1856) Sebastapistes mauritiana (Cuvier, 1829) Sebastapistes strongia (Cuvier, 1829) Sebastapistes tinkhami (Fowler, 1946) Taenianotus triacanthus Lacépède, 1802 Pontinus macrocephalus (Sauvage, 1882) Caracanthus maculatus (Gray, 1831) Caracanthus unipinna (Gray, 1831) Dendrochirus biocellatus (Fowler, 1938) Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, 1829) Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) Pterois radiata Cuvier, 1829 Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Ablabys taenianotus (Cuvier, 1829) Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Cocotropus larvatus Poss & Allen, 1987 Sunagocia arenicola (Schultz, 1966) Sunagocia otaitensis (Cuvier, 1829) Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskål, 1775) Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis argus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Cephalopholis aurantia (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis igarashiensis Katayama, 1957 Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacépède, 1801) Cephalopholis miniata (Forsskal, 1755) Cephalopholis nigripinnis (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis polleni (Bleeker, 1868) Cephalopholis sexmaculata (Rüppell, 1830) Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis urodeta (Forster, 1801) Epinephelus corallicola (Kuhl & Hasselt, 1828) Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) 193 NR * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 6 5 6 5 4 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 4 4 1 2 2 1 3 2 6 1 1 4 5 6 5 6 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Epinephelidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Serranidae Pseudochromidae Pseudochromidae Pseudochromidae Pseudochromidae Plesiopidae Plesiopidae Plesiopidae Plesiopidae Terapontidae Kuhliidae Priacanthidae Priacanthidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Epinephelus morrhua (Valenciennes, 1833) Epinephelus retouti Bleeker, 1868 Epinephelus spilotoceps Schultz, 1953 Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959 Gracila albomarginata (Fowler & Bean, 1930) Hyporthodus octofasciatus Grifin, 1926 Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) Saloptia powelli Smith, 1964 Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775) Liopropoma mitratum Lubbock & Randall, 1978 Liopropoma susumi (Jordan & Seale, 1906) Liopropoma tonstrinum Randall & Taylor, 1988 Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler & Bean, 1930 Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1792) Grammistops ocellatus Schultz, 1953 Pogonoperca punctata (Valenciennes, 1830) Pseudogramma polyacanthus (Bleeker, 1856) Suttonia lineata Gosline, 1960 Luzonichthys earlei Randall, 1981 Luzonichthys sp. Luzonichthys whitleyi (Smith, 1955) Plectranthias fourmanoiri Randall, 1980 Plectranthias inermis Randall, 1980 Plectranthias nanus Randall, 1980 Plectranthias yamakawai Yoshino, 1972 Pseudanthias dispar (Herre, 1955) Pseudanthias evansi (Smith, 1954) Pseudanthias lavoguttatus (Katayama & Masuda, 1980) Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) Pseudanthias smithvanizi (Randall & Lubbock, 1981) Pseudanthias squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) Pseudanthias tuka (Herre & Montalban, 1927) Pseudochromis viridis Gill & Allen, 1996 Pseudochromis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1853 Lubbockichthys multisquamatus (Allen, 1987) Pseudoplesiops immaculatus Gill & Edwards, 2002 Calloplesiops altivelis (Steindachner, 1903) Plesiops coeruleolineatus Rüppell, 1835 Plesiops corallicola Bleeker, 1853 Steeneichthys nativitatus Allen, 1987 Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1829 Kuhlia mugil (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacépède, 1801) Priacanthus sagittarius Starnes, 1988 Apogon crassiceps Garman, 1903 Apogon doryssa (Jordan & Seale, 1906) Apogon semiornatus Peters, 1876 Apogon talboti (Smith, 1961) Apogonichthys ocellatus (Weber, 1913) Cercamia eremia (Allen, 1987) Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961 Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacépède, 1802) Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes, 1831) Fowleria marmorata (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877) Fowleria vaiulae (Jordan & Seale, 1906) 194 NR * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * NR * * NR * * * * * NR * * * * * * GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 P 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 2 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 5 6 1 6 6 4 3 5 4 6 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 6 1 4 6 3 3 6 1 3 5 5 3 2 3 5 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Family Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Apogonidae Malacanthidae Malacanthidae Echeneidae Echeneidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Carangidae Coryphaenidae Bramidae Bramidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Lutjanidae Caesionidae Caesionidae Caesionidae Caesionidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Nectamia savayensis (Günther, 1872) Ostorhinchus angustatus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1911) Ostorhinchus apogonoides (Bleeker, 1856) Ostorhinchus aureus (Lacépède, 1802) Ostorhinchus nigrofasciatus (Lachner, 1953) Ostorhinchus novemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1828) Ostorhinchus taeniophorus (Regan, 1908) Pristiapogon exostigma (Jordan & Starks, 1906) Pristiapogon fraenatus (Valenciennes, 1832) Pristiapogon kallopterus (Bleeker, 1856) Pristiapogon taeniopterus (Bennett, 1836) Zapogon evermanni (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner, 1953) Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848 Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacépède, 1801) Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758) Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) Alectis indica (Rüppell, 1830) Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) Carangoides orthogrammus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål, 1775) Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) Trachinotus baillonii (Lacépède, 1801) Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Brama australis Valenciennes, 1840 Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) Aphareus furca (Lacépède, 1801) Aphareus rutilans Cuvier, 1830 Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 Etelis carbunculus Cuvier, 1828 Etelis coruscans Valenciennes, 1862 Etelis marshi (Jenkins, 1903) Etelis radiosus Anderson, 1981 Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775) Lutjanus fulvilamma (Forsskål, 1775) Lutjanus fulvus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål, 1775) Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828) Macolor macularis Fowler, 1931 Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775) Paracaesio sordida Abe & Shinohara, 1962 Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, 1927) Pristipomoides ilamentosus (Valenciennes, 1830) Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Randallichthys ilamentosus (Fourmanoir, 1970) Caesio caerulaurea Lacépède, 1801 Caesio lunaris Cuvier, 1830 Caesio teres Seale, 1906 Caesio xanthonotus Bleeker, 1853 195 NR * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR NR NR NR NR * * * * * * * * * * NR NR * * * GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 2 O,P 1 O,P 1 O,P 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 5 2 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 1 3 6 6 5 6 1 5 1 5 5 4 4 6 6 1 1 1 4 2 1 6 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Caesionidae Caesionidae Caesionidae Haemulidae Haemulidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Lethrinidae Nemipteridae Mullidae Mullidae Mullidae Mullidae Mullidae Mullidae Mullidae Pempheridae Kyphosidae Kyphosidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Pterocaesio lativittata Carpenter, 1987 Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacépède, 1802) Plectorhinchus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacépède, 1802) Gymnocranius griseus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker, 1854 Lethrinus conchyliatus Smith, 1959 Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978 Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger, 1870 Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) Scolopsis bilineata (Bloch, 1793) Mulloidichthys lavolineatus (Lacépède, 1801) Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacépède, 1801) Parupeneus macronemus (Lacépède, 1801) Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831) Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) Pempheris oualensis Cuvier, 1831 Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 Chaetodon auriga Forsskål, 1775 Chaetodon baronessa Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon collare Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon decussatus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon guttatissimus Bennett, 1833 Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon lunula (Lacépède, 1802) Chaetodon lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Chaetodon madagaskariensis Ahl, 1923 Chaetodon melannotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Chaetodon meyeri Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Chaetodon mitratus Günther, 1860 Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon raflesii Bennett, 1830 Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 Chaetodon speculum Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon triangulum Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Chaetodon trifasciatus Park, 1797 Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 Forcipiger lavissimus Jordan & McGregor, 1898 Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet, 1782) Hemitaurichthys polylepis (Bleeker, 1857) Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Heniochus chrysostomus Cuvier, 1831 Heniochus monoceros Cuvier, 1831 196 NR * * * NR NR NR * * * * NR NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * NR GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 5 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 6 2 5 6 2 6 6 6 1 2 5 1 6 6 6 2 3 1 3 6 6 6 6 1 5 6 2 6 1 1 1 6 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P O,P O,P 2 O,P O,P 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 2 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 O,P 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Family Chaetodontidae Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Pomacanthidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Cirrhitidae Mugilidae Cichlidae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Heniochus singularius Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 Heniochus varius (Cuvier, 1829) Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831) Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1787) Centropyge bispinosa (Günther, 1860) Centropyge eibli Klausewitz, 1963 Centropyge isheri (Snyder, 1904) Centropyge lavissima (Cuvier, 1831) Centropyge joculator Smith-Vaniz & Randall, 1974 Centropyge tibicen (Cuvier, 1831) Centropyge vrolikii (Bellker, 1853) Centropyge colini Smith-Vaniz & Randall, 1974 Genicanthus bellus Randall, 1975 Genicanthus melanospilos (Bleeker, 1857) Paracentropyge multifasciatus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1911) Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787) Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier, 1831) Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772) Amblycirrhitus bimacula (Jenkins, 1903) Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, 1857 Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider, 1801) Paracirrhites hemistictus (Günther, 1874) Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål, 1775) Oreochromis sp. Abudefduf notatus (Day, 1870) Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Amblyglyphidodon aureus (Cuvier, 1830) Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker, 1855 Amphiprion sandaracinos Allen, 1972 Cheiloprion labiatus (Day, 1877) Chromis alpha Randall, 1988 Chromis amboinensis (Bleeker, 1873) Chromis analis (Cuvier, 1830) Chromis atripectoralis Welander & Schultz, 1951 Chromis atripes Fowler & Bean, 1928 Chromis caudalis Randall, 1988 Chromis delta Randall, 1988 Chromis ieldi Randall & DiBattista, 2013 Chromis elerae Fowler & Bean, 1928 Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker, 1877 Chromis lineata Fowler & Bean, 1928 Chromis margaritifer Fowler, 1946 Chromis nigrura Smith, 1960 Chromis opercularis (Günther, 1867) Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker, 1856) Chromis weberi Fowler & Bean, 1928 Chromis xanthochira (Bleeker, 1851) Chromis xanthura (Bleeker, 1854) Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, 1830) Chrysiptera unimaculata (Cuvier, 1830) 197 NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * NR * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * GD AB Source 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 1 1 3 4 6 6 6 6 3 4 2 4 2 4 4 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 5 6 3 1 6 1 1 1 1 6 4 2 6 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 11 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Rüppell, 1829) Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1856) Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Liénard, 1839) Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis (Sauvage, 1875) Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler & Ball, 1924 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus (Bleeker, 1859) Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis (Schultz, 1943) Pomacentrus alleni Burgess, 1981 Pomacentrus auriventris Allen, 1991 Pomacentrus bankanensis Bleeker, 1853 Pomacentrus chrysurus Cuvier, 1830 Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks, 1901 Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker, 1853 Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan & Seale, 1906 Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel & Müller, 1839) Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1889) Stegastes insularis Allen & Emery, 1985 Stegastes nigricans (Lacépède, 1802) Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1829 Anampses melanurus Bleeker, 1857 Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes, 1840 Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856 Bodianus anthioides (Bennett, 1832) Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1832) Bodianus bilunulatus (Lacépède, 1801) Bodianus dictynna Gomon, 2006 Bodianus mesothorax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Bodianus opercularis (Guichenot, 1847) Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 Cheilinus trilobatus Lacépède, 1801 Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835 Cheilio inermis (Forsskål, 1775) Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura (Bleeker, 1851) Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957 Coris aygula Lacépède, 1801 Coris dorsomacula Fowler, 1908 Coris gaimard (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) Gomphosus varius Lacépède, 1801 Halichoeres chrysus Randall, 1981 Halichoeres claudia Randall & Rocha, 2009 Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacépède, 1801) Halichoeres leucoxanthus Randall & Smith, 1982 Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) Halichoeres marginatus Rüppell, 1835 Halichoeres melasmapomus Randall, 1981 Halichoeres nebulosus (Valenciennes, 1839) Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett, 1832) Halichoeres trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1834) Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792) Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) Hologymnosus annulatus (Lacépède, 1801) Hologymnosus doliatus (Lacépède, 1801) Iniistius aneitensis (Günther, 1862) Iniistius pavo (Valenciennes, 1840) Iniistius grifithsi Randall, 2007 Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot, 1847) 198 NR * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * NR * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * GD AB Source 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 4 3 2 6 6 1 5 1 5 3 4 3 2 5 2 6 3 1 4 4 5 6 5 3 4 6 3 2 3 1 2 1 1 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 O 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 2 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 5 2 6 6 6 2 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Family Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Trichonotidae Creediidae Pinguipedidae Pinguipedidae Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean, 1928 Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) Labroides pectoralis Randall & Springer, 1975 Labropsis xanthonota Randall, 1981 Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre, 1932 Macropharyngodon ornatus Randall, 1978 Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacépède, 1801) Oxycheilinus unifasciatus (Streets, 1877) Polylepion russelli (Gomon & Randall, 1975) Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857) Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901 Pseudocoris aurantiofasciatus Fourmanoir, 1971 Pseudocoris heteroptera (Bleeker, 1857) Pseudocoris yamashiroi (Schmidt, 1930) Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes, 1840) Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker, 1851) Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett, 1832) Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker, 1856) Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1829) Thalassoma jansenii (Bleeker, 1856) Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus, 1758) Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskål, 1775) Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Thalassoma trilobatum (Lacépède, 1801) Wetmorella albofasciata Schultz & Marshall, 1954 Bolbometopon muricatum (Valenciennes, 1840) Cetoscarus bicolor (Rüppell, 1829) Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) Chlorurus capistratoides (Bleeker, 1847) Chlorurus enneacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) Chlorurus strongylocephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Scarus chameleon Choat & Randall, 1986 Scarus festivus Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) Scarus frenatus Lacépède, 1802 Scarus ghobban Forsskål, 1775 Scarus niger Forsskål, 1775 Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus prasiognathos Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus psittacus Forsskål, 1775 Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1847 Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) Scarus spinus (Kner, 1868) Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 Scarus viridifucatus (Smith, 1956) Scarus xanthopleura Bleeker, 1853 Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1840) Trichonotus elegans Shimada & Yoshino, 1984 Chalixodytes tauensis Schultz, 1943 Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1910 Parapercis schauinslandii (Steindachner, 1900) Ceratobregma helenae Holleman, 1987 Enneapterygius elegans (Peters, 1876) Enneapterygius philippinus (Peters, 1868) Enneapterygius tutuilae Jordan & Seale, 1906 Helcogramma chica Rosenblatt, 1960 Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 199 NR * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR NR * * * * * GD AB Source 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O,P 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 O 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 5 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 5 6 6 5 6 6 3 5 5 4 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 5 6 4 5 6 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Blenniidae Eleotridae Eleotridae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Parenchelyurus hepburni (Snyder, 1908) Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1857) Alticus saliens (Lacépède, 1800) Andamia reyi (Sauvage, 1880) Blenniella cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1849) Blenniella periophthalmus (Valenciennes, 1836) Cirripectes castaneus (Valenciennes, 1836) Cirripectes gilberti Williams, 1988 Cirripectes polyzona (Bleeker, 1868) Cirripectes stigmaticus Strasburg & Schultz, 1953 Cirrisalarias bunares Springer, 1976 Ecsenius bicolor (Day, 1888) Ecsenius midas Starck, 1969 Ecsenius oculatus Springer, 1988 Entomacrodus caudofasciatus (Regan, 1909) Entomacrodus epalzeocheilos (Bleeker, 1859) Entomacrodus vermiculatus (Valenciennes, 1836) Exallias brevis (Kner, 1868) Istiblennius bellus (Günther, 1861) Istiblennius edentulus (Forster & Schneider, 1801) Istiblennius lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) Mimoblennius atrocinctus (Regan, 1909) Nannosalarias nativitatis (Regan, 1909) Praealticus natalis (Regan, 1909) Rhabdoblennius snowi (Fowler, 1928) Calumia godeffroyi (Günther, 1877) Eleotris fusca (Forster, 1801) Gnatholepis cauerensis (Bleeker, 1853) Amblyeleotris fasciata (Herre, 1953) Bathygobius coalitus (Bennett, 1832) Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854) Bathygobius cyclopterus (Valenciennes, 1837) Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner, 1880) Ctenogobiops feroculus Lubbock & Polunin, 1977 Eviota albolineata Jewett & Lachner, 1983 Eviota latifasciata Jewett & Lachner, 1983 Eviota natalis Allen, 2007 Eviota prasina (Klunzinger, 1871) Eviota sp. 1 Eviota sp. 2 Eviota sp. 3 Fusigobius duospilus Hoese & Reader, 1985 Gobiodon citrinus (Rüppell, 1838) Gobiodon okinawae Sawada, Arai & Abe, 1972 Gobiodon sp. Istigobius decoratus (Herre, 1927) Kelloggella cardinalis Jordan & Seale, 1906 Paragobiodon lacunicolos (Kendall & Goldsborough, 1911) Pleurosicya mossambica Smith 1959 Priolepis cincta (Regan, 1908) Priolepis semidoliata (Valenciennes, 1837) Trimma emeryi Winterbottom, 1985 Trimma fasciatum Suzuki, Sakaue & Senou 2012 Trimma halonevum Winterbottom, 2000 Trimma macrophthalma (Tomiyama, 1936) Trimma sheppardi Winterbottom, 1984 Trimma sp. 200 NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * NR * * GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 5 5 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 1 1 10 O,P 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 6 1 2 3 5 1 3 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 3 2 2 1 6 6 3 3 6 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2014 Family Gobiidae Gobiidae Gobiidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Microdesmidae Ephippidae Ephippidae Siganidae Zanclidae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Sphyraenidae Sphyraenidae Gempylidae Gempylidae Gempylidae Scombridae Scombridae Scombridae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Valenciennea helsdingenii (Bleeker, 1858) Valenciennea sexguttata (Valenciennes, 1837) Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet, 1782) Gunnellichthys monostigma Smith, 1958 Nemateleotris decora Randall & Allen, 1973 Nemateleotris magniica Fowler, 1938 Ptereleotris evides (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925) Ptereleotris heteroptera (Bleeker, 1855) Ptereleotris microlepis (Bleeker, 1856) Ptereleotris zebra (Fowler, 1938) Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775) Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775) Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835) Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus bariene Lesson, 1831 Acanthurus blochii Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthurus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthurus guttatus Forster, 1801 Acanthurus leucocheilus Herre, 1927 Acanthurus leucosternon Bennett, 1833 Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus maculiceps (Ahl, 1923) Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus nigricauda Duncker & Mohr, 1929 Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskål, 1775) Acanthurus nigroris Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 Acanthurus tennentii Günther, 1861 Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus tristis Randall, 1993 Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Ctenochaetus truncatus Randall & Clements, 2001 Naso annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) Naso brevirostris (Cuvier, 1829) Naso caesius Randall & Bell, 1992 Naso elegans (Rüppell, 1829) Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) Naso lituratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Naso minor (Smith, 1966) Naso tonganus (Valenciennes, 1835) Naso unicornis (Forsskål, 1775) Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Zebrasoma desjardinii (Bennett, 1836) Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier, 1829) Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch, 1795) Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) Sphyraena lavicauda Rüppell, 1838 Neoepinnula orientalis (Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924) Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1829 Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) Euthynnus afinis (Cantor, 1850) Gymnosarda unicolor (Rüppell, 1836) 201 NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR * * * * * * * NR NR * * * NR * * * * * * * NR * * * NR GD AB Source 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 O O,P 1 2 1 1 1 O,P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 P 1 P 1 1 1 4 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 6 1 2 3 5 4 5 2 1 3 1 3 3 6 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 1 1 6 6 4 2 2 2 1 6 5 3 3 6 6 1 5 3 5 4 Hobbs et al.: Fishes of Christmas Island Family Scombridae Scombridae Istiophoridae Istiophoridae Istiophoridae Istiophoridae Bothidae Bothidae Samaridae Soleidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Balistidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Monacanthidae Ostraciidae Ostraciidae Ostraciidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae Diodontidae Diodontidae Molidae Genus/Species/Authority CKI Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Istiompax indica (Cuvier, 1832) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) Makaira mazara (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) Bothus mancus (Broussonet, 1782) Bothus pantherinus (Rüppell, 1830) Samariscus triocellatus Woods, 1966 Aseraggodes crypticus Randall & Allen, 2007 Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797) Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz, 1973 Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1845) Odonus niger (Rüppell, 1837) Pseudobalistes lavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1829) Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Suflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Suflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett, 1832) Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama, 1978 Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) Amanses scopas (Cuvier, 1829) Cantherhines dumerilii (Hollard, 1854) Cantherhines pardalis (Rüppell, 1837) Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Paraluteres prionurus (Bleeker, 1851) Pervagor aspricaudus (Hollard, 1854) Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758 Ostracion meleagris Shaw, 1796 Ostracion solorensis Bleeker, 1853 Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arothron meleagris (Lacépède, 1798) Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Arothron stellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker, 1864) Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker, 1854) Canthigaster epilampra (Jenkins, 1903) Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) Canthigaster leoparda Lubbock & Allen, 1979 Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853) Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804 Mola mola (Linnaeus, 1758) 202 * * * NR NR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NR GD 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 AB 2 6 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 6 5 3 1 1 6 6 5 4 6 6 6 3 2 6 5 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 Source 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2