Code
EICCR
Growth form
Broadleaf
Biological cycle
Vivacious
Habitat
Aquatic
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Eichhornia cordifolia Gand. [Illegitimate] |
| synonym | Eichhornia cordifolia Gand., nom. illeg. |
| synonym | Eichhornia crassicaulis Schltdl. |
| synonym | Eichhornia speciosa Kunth [Illegitimate] |
| synonym | Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, nom. superfl. |
| synonym | Heteranthera formosa Miq. |
| synonym | Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf. |
| synonym | Piaropus mesomelas Raf. |
| synonym | Pontederia crassicaulis Schltdl. [Spelling variant] |
| synonym | Pontederia crassicaulis Schltdl., orth. var. |
| synonym | Pontederia crassipes Mart. |
| synonym | Pontederia elongata Balf. |
🗒 Common Names
| Afrikaans |
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| Anglais / English |
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| Créole Guyane |
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| Other |
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📚 Overview
Description
Underground system
Leaf
Inflorescence
Flower
Fruit
Seed
Global description
Eichhornia crassipes is a perennial herbaceous species, aquatic. Plant forming clumps floating or rooted in the mud. The stem is short and bentgrass, rooting at the nodes. Long fibrous roots strongly tinged with anthocyanin pigments. Leaves in rosettes, carried by a spongy petiole long 10 to 30 cm (sometimes more), inflated further in young leaves. Lamina circular to oblong, 15 cm long, smooth, hairless, of cartilaginous appearance. Inflorescence spikes, 4 to 10 flowers, long-stalked (up to 60 cm). Flower 6 tepals welded tube at the base, light blue to purple blue, the upper petal with purple spots and a yellow center. 6 stamens 3 long and 3 short. The fruit is a membranous capsule, dehiscent trilocular containing many seeds. Ovoid crosslinked seed tegument of 1 mm long.
General habit
E. crassipes is a floating aquatic macrophyte: it does not take root in the substrate and floats on the surface of the water. Only stolons and roots are submerged, leaves and flowers being brought out of the water on long stalks: petioles and flower stalks respectively. Generally, the visible part of the plants has a size of about 50 cm high but may, in some cases, up to 1 m in height (Southeast Asia). As it grows, the weed is dense clumps of floating vegetation and forms a thick ground cover of a single species.
Underground system
The roots, which are not fixed to the substrate, usually have a dark purple color and are composed of about 70 lateral roots which gives them a feathery appearance. The root system has a length ranging from 10 to 300 kg and is a significant part of the plant. It can represent alone 50% of its biomass. In E. crassipes roots contain soluble pigments, especially anthocyanins, which will protect it from predation by herbivorous animals but also from intense solar radiation.
Stem
Each plant is formed of long, branched stolon rods, measuring on average 1 to 2.5 cm in diameter (up to 6 cm) and 30 cm long. These runners are composed of a succession of nodules, from which roots, petioles and flower stalks separated by short inter-nodular areas.
Leaf
The leaves of E. crassipes are formed at the ends of petioles: they are long spongy and corms of about 30 to 50 cm long and up to 5 cm in diameter, which depart nodule and cause the sheets well above the surface water. The leaves of E. crassipes are thick, smooth and shiny green. They generally have an oval or kidney-shaped to circular, of 10 to 20 cm in diameter, with curved edges, sometimes wavy. These leaves have abundant and fine veins. There are actually two types of Eichhornia crassipes plants. crassipes distinguished by the shape of leaves and petioles, having either a long and narrow shape, is thick and swollen. These two forms of E. crassipes develop on the one hand, depending on the density of the formed grasses, and on the other hand at different locations of a thick carpet. At the center of it, grow plants with leaves and narrow and long petioles, all measuring up to 60 cm high. On the outskirts of the vegetation, grow plants characterized by thick, circular leaves and petioles swollen - petioles are filled with air in varying quantities, which promotes the buoyancy of the herbarium - measuring up to 50 cm height. This difference in development of E. crassipes is mainly due to the fact that the young plants growing on the outskirts of the vegetation (or at low levels of colonization by the plant) must ensure the buoyancy of the vegetation, while the plants located in the center of the carpet (or at a high rate of colonization), must ensure cohesion (and therefore have less need to develop floating tissue).
Inflorescence
Since the nodules also leave flower stalks, making long straight stems up to 50 cm long and carrying at their end, a single spike inflorescence, composed mostly of 8 to 15 flowers (you can find plants with between 4 and 35 flowers per inflorescence). The floral stalk E. crassipes has two bracts. The lower bract, consisting of a long sheath and a small sheet is completely covered by the sheath above bract, which is tubular with a pointed end.
Flower
Flowers light blue to purplish blue (lavender), are composed of 6 tepals oval to oblong with a, the lip, usually exhibits in its center a yellow spot surrounded by a blue circle. The stamens, usually six in number (sometimes 5 or 7), are small and tightened against the perianth which measures 1.5 to 1.75 cm long and has a green color at the base and lighter towards the end. Violet anthers are between 1.4 and 2.2 mm long.
Fruit
The fruit is a capsule enclosed in a thin hypanthium with thicker walls formed from the perianth. Each capsule may contain up to 450 seeds of a size of 1 mm wide by 4 mm long.
Seed
The seeds have a more oval shape toward the base and tapering towards the tip. Twelve to fifteen longitudinal ridges decorate the exterior of the seed.
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Vivacious
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Mayotte: Eichhornia crassipes flowers all year round. Fruiting is not known in thie area.
Wiktrop
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Reproduction
Eichhornia crassipes can reproduce both sexually and by vegetative propagation, and will generally be breeding vegetatively. However in some regions like in Reunion, seed production is not known. Seeds remain viable for 30 years. Under favorable environmental conditions, the double biomass in 5 to 15 days. Biomass is about 280 to 400 t / ha
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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Morphology
Growth form
Running plant
Rosette
Floating plant
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Leaf ratio medium
Broad leaves
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Round
Root type
Fibrous roots
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Hollow stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Fruit type
Capsule splitting vertically in 3 carpels
Lamina base
rounded
Lamina margin
entire
Lamina apex
rounded
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Glabrous
Lamina section
flat
succulent
Lamina Veination
Parallel
Non visible
Flower color
Pinkish
Inflorescence type
Spike
Raceme with alternate sessile flowers
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Geophytic plant
Ecology
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Eichhornia crassipes is a floating plant in fresh water, pH 7 or acid, optimum growth temperature 25-30 ° C [ 12-35 ] ; it enjoys high levels of N , P, K in the middle. It is very tolerant to the salinity of the medium , it can usually withstand only very low salinities of around 0.06% .
Mayotte: Eichhornia crassipes is an exotic, freshwater aquatic species. It is rarely cultivated in ponds and can be very invasive in natural and semi-natural wetlands, lakes and lowland rivers.
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Aquatic
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Reunion Island
Mauritius
Origin
Eichhornia crassipes is native to South and Central America.
Worldwide distribution
Originally introduced for its decorative value, widespreeads in most warm countries and now naturalised in the Paleotropics.
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No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
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Global harmfulness
Eichhornia crassipes generally a threat to aquatic plants and animals native species. For the establishment of a dense plant cover and especially single-species, E. crassipes can also interfere with the bird populations in thrall to aquatic environments, particularly with the ducks. It is causing significant changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of its new biotope (decreased nutrient concentration and dissolved oxygen in the water column), a decrease of penetration of solar radiation in the water and an increase in water loss through evapotranspiration (increases by 2 to 8 times the evaporation of a free water surface), upsets the mineral balance, causes a strong release of H2S. It prevents browsing, blocking dams, hampers access to water for livestock and people as well as fishing, blocking the pumps, which often translates into a significant economic impact.
Local harmfulness
Benin: Eichhornia crassipes is rare and scarce in rice fields.
Burkina Faso: rare and scarce.
Chad: rare and scarce.
Ivory Coast: abundant rare but when present.
Ghana: abundant rare but when present.
Kenya: frequent and generally abundant.
Mali: abundant rare but when present.
Nigeria: abundant rare but when present.
New Caledonia: E. crassipes has a very strong impact on the environment, growing species with very high capacity multiplication, still little spread on the territory, difficult management as soon as the population becomes large (> 100 m2).
Uganda: abundant rare but when present.
French Polynesia: E. crassipes is mainly present in French Polynesia in the Society Islands and the Marquesas.
Senegal: abundant rare but when present.
Reunion: highly invasive species in coastal stretches of fresh water (pond Gol), often with Pistia stratioites. Apart from the ecological and human impact on aquatic freshwater environments, the evacuation of masses of hyacinth into the marine environment during heavy flood ponds, resulting in pollution of shores and neighboring lagoons but also vis-à-vis the risks of coastal navigation.
South Africa: Eichhornia crassipes forms dense mats that completely cover the surface of the water, causing a change in the chemistry and composition of the water to the detriment of other organisms. In many rivers in the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng, the Free State and Mpumalanga. It is particularly problematic along large stretches of the Vaal River.
Tanzania: rare and scarce.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
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Medicinal : In Kedah (Java), the flowers are used for medicating the skin of horses. The species is a 'tonic. The roots of Eichhornia crassipes naturally absorb pollutants, including lead, mercury, and strontium-90, as well as some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.
Water treatment : Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment.
Food : The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan. Javanese sometimes cook and eat the green parts and inflorescence.
Animal feed : The plant is also used as animal feed
Other : It is used as organic fertilizer although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer. Because of its extremely high rate of development, Eichhornia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass. One hectare of standing crop can thus produce more than 70,000 m3 of biogas. According to Curtis and Duke, one kg of dry matter can yield 370 liters of biogas, giving a heating value of 22,000 KJ/m3 (580 Btu/ft3) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3). In East Africa, water hyacinth from Lake Victoria is used to make furniture, handbags and rope.
Water treatment : Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment.
Food : The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan. Javanese sometimes cook and eat the green parts and inflorescence.
Animal feed : The plant is also used as animal feed
Other : It is used as organic fertilizer although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer. Because of its extremely high rate of development, Eichhornia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass. One hectare of standing crop can thus produce more than 70,000 m3 of biogas. According to Curtis and Duke, one kg of dry matter can yield 370 liters of biogas, giving a heating value of 22,000 KJ/m3 (580 Btu/ft3) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3). In East Africa, water hyacinth from Lake Victoria is used to make furniture, handbags and rope.
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| Attributions | dummy |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
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Management
Chemical control: Various herbicides were used in the fight against E. crassipes programs. Examples are Uganda (Lake Victoria) molecules such as glyphosate, 2,2-DPA, 2,4-D, diuron and diquat. In France, only two molecules are approved for weed control of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants - effective dichlobenil on monocots and dicots (80 to 160 kg.ha-1 pc depending on the water depth), noted that This product poses a risk of poisoning for high dose fish; glyphosate for destroying semiaquatiques helophytes plants (2160 g.ha-1 3240 until my g.ha-1 for my mallet). However, the sudden and massive death of all the weed results in a huge mass of organic matter flowing and breaks down at the same time, which results in a significant release of H2S in the middle.
Biological control: Since the early 1970s, various biological control agents have been studied and used in the world to fight against water hyacinth and water lettuce. Two weevils - Neochetina bruchi Hustache (1926) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae) and Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (1970) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae), two butterflies - Niphograpta albiguttalis and Xubida infusellus (Pyralidae), a mite - Orthogalumna terebrantis (Galumnidae ), a tack - Ecritotarsus catariensis (Miridae) and a pathogen - Cercospora rodmanii (Hyphomycetes).
Recommandations for managing floating aquatic weed in irrigated rice: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/22
Global control
Mechanical control: Mechanical control against Eichhornia crassipes can be achieved in different ways - manual harvest to the net and at the fork from the shore, harvesting treadmill, harvest harvester boat. This type of harvesting requires a piling on the bank followed by an evacuation by truck to another location or biomass will be left to rot. Given the speed of propagation of the water hyacinth and the amount of biomass produced, this group of methods never allowed to fight effectively against an invasion by these species. These methods require a very large workforce and have a very high energy cost (carpets, boats, trucks) to be permanent. The only cases where these methods are maintained concerning the release of dams and water intakes of hydropower stations, catch water pumps water supply and the input channels and output port on large lakes and large rivers.
Chemical control: Various herbicides were used in the fight against E. crassipes programs. Examples are Uganda (Lake Victoria) molecules such as glyphosate, 2,2-DPA, 2,4-D, diuron and diquat. In France, only two molecules are approved for weed control of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants - effective dichlobenil on monocots and dicots (80 to 160 kg.ha-1 pc depending on the water depth), noted that This product poses a risk of poisoning for high dose fish; glyphosate for destroying semiaquatiques helophytes plants (2160 g.ha-1 3240 until my g.ha-1 for my mallet). However, the sudden and massive death of all the weed results in a huge mass of organic matter flowing and breaks down at the same time, which results in a significant release of H2S in the middle.
Biological control: Since the early 1970s, various biological control agents have been studied and used in the world to fight against water hyacinth and water lettuce. Two weevils - Neochetina bruchi Hustache (1926) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae) and Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (1970) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae), two butterflies - Niphograpta albiguttalis and Xubida infusellus (Pyralidae), a mite - Orthogalumna terebrantis (Galumnidae ), a tack - Ecritotarsus catariensis (Miridae) and a pathogen - Cercospora rodmanii (Hyphomycetes).
Recommandations for managing floating aquatic weed in irrigated rice: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/22
Local control
New Caledonia: The southern province launched in April 2015 its biological control program, in partnership with the Conservatory of Natural Spaces of New Caledonia, the introduction and release of weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae.
New Caledonia: The southern province launched in April 2015 its biological control program, in partnership with the Conservatory of Natural Spaces of New Caledonia, the introduction and release of weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae.
Reunion: Various manual control and mechanical control programs have been implemented over the years but these programs have proven ineffective in the medium and long term. In 2006 weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae were introduced and reared but they were ultimately not released. Both populations were destroyed.
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
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References
- Holm L.G., Plucknett D., L., Pancho J.V., Herberger J.P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 609.
- Le Bourgeois T. 2006. Dossier technique concernant Neochetina eichhorniae et N. bruchi (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) et Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) pour une demande d'importation et de lâcher à la Réunion en vue de la lutte biologique contre Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) et Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) plantes aquatiques exotiques envahissantes des étendues d'eau douce littorales Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Le Bourgeois T. & Lebreton G. 2006. Expertise sur la gestion des plantes aquatiques envahissantes Eichhornia crassipes (Jacinthe d'eau) et Pistia stratiotes (Laitue d'eau) dans les étendues d'eau douce littorales de la Réunion. Commande D.E.E./Service ENS n°X002878. Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Mary N. 2007. Espèces envahissantes des milieux d'eau douce en Nouvelle Calédonie. Hytec, Nouméa, Nouvelle Calédonie.
- http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=FR
- http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2008_conferences/eicchornia_workshop.htm
- http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eichhornia_crassipes.htm
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310928-2
- Julien, M.H., and Griffiths, M.W. (1998), Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and their Target Weeds (4th ed.), Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, CAB International;
- Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP (1977). The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu Hawaii (USA): The University of Hawaii Press. 72-77pp;
- C.R. Curtis and J.A. Duke. 1982. An assessment of land biomass and energy potential for the Republic of Panama. vol. 3. Institute of Energy Conversion. Univ. Delaware; Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes.
- K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. 1983. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source. Econ. Bot. 37(2):237-247. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke; Eichhornia crassipes, in Handbook of Energy Crops by J. Duke. Available only online.
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 7p;
- Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp;
- invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/water-hyacinth/
Uses and Management > Management
- http://www.province-sud.nc/content/la-lutte-biologique-enfin-au-programme-en-nouvelle-cal%C3%A9donie
Information Listing > References
- Holm L.G., Plucknett D., L., Pancho J.V., Herberger J.P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 609.
- Le Bourgeois T. 2006. Dossier technique concernant Neochetina eichhorniae et N. bruchi (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) et Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) pour une demande d'importation et de lâcher à la Réunion en vue de la lutte biologique contre Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) et Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) plantes aquatiques exotiques envahissantes des étendues d'eau douce littorales Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Le Bourgeois T. & Lebreton G. 2006. Expertise sur la gestion des plantes aquatiques envahissantes Eichhornia crassipes (Jacinthe d'eau) et Pistia stratiotes (Laitue d'eau) dans les étendues d'eau douce littorales de la Réunion. Commande D.E.E./Service ENS n°X002878. Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Mary N. 2007. Espèces envahissantes des milieux d'eau douce en Nouvelle Calédonie. Hytec, Nouméa, Nouvelle Calédonie.
- http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=FR
- http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2008_conferences/eicchornia_workshop.htm
- http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eichhornia_crassipes.htm
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310928-2
- Julien, M.H., and Griffiths, M.W. (1998), Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and their Target Weeds (4th ed.), Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, CAB International;
- Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP (1977). The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu Hawaii (USA): The University of Hawaii Press. 72-77pp;
- C.R. Curtis and J.A. Duke. 1982. An assessment of land biomass and energy potential for the Republic of Panama. vol. 3. Institute of Energy Conversion. Univ. Delaware; Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes.
- K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. 1983. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source. Econ. Bot. 37(2):237-247. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke; Eichhornia crassipes, in Handbook of Energy Crops by J. Duke. Available only online.
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 7p;
- Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp;
- invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/water-hyacinth/
Images
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Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Eichhornia%2520crassipes
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
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🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Liliopsida |
| Order | Commelinales |
| Family | Pontederiaceae |
| Genus | Eichhornia |
| Species | Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
