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Microbial Symbionts of Plants

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Plant Biology and Biotechnology

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Abstract

Plants in nature always grow with soil microorganisms, and some become intimately associated with plants to form mutualistic symbiosis. Examples of such symbiotic microorganisms include mycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria, and N2-fixing prokaryotes, especially rhizobia. Looser symbiotic associations involve bacteria and soil microfauna within the rhizosphere. Their metabolic activities increase nutrient availability. All of these symbioses may affect rates of growth and eventually reproduction of plants compared with growth in the absence of such associations. A symbiotic association is therefore a potential selection pressure that can influence the evolutionary success of vascular plants and hence the composition of plant communities. Application of associative bacteria for sustainable agriculture holds immense potential. These bacteria are known to enhance growth and yield of plants by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of phosphate, production of phytohormones and siderophores, possession of antagonistic activity, as well as reducing the level of stress ethylene in host plants. This review provides examples of associations and interactions between microorganisms and plants. The cyanobacterial association with various plants such as bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperm, and angiosperm was illustrated. It also describes the actinorhizae, Frankia and Rhizobium, interaction with plants and their applications.

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Acknowledgment

The first author is thankful to the Department of Biotechnology (Govt. of India) for the constant funding support, and all authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology (Govt. of India) for confocal microscopy facility sponsored through PURSE grant to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 620024. Visiting Professorship provided to Prof. N. Thajuddin by King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Deanship of Scientific research, College of Science, Research Center, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been thankfully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India

    N. Thajuddin, G. Muralitharan & D. Dhanasekaran

  2. PG & Research Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. H. Muhammad Ilyas

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  4. M. H. Muhammad Ilyas
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    Bir Bahadur

  2. Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Manchikatla Venkat Rajam

  3. Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Leela Sahijram

  4. Center for Pharmaceutics, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Trans-Disciplinary Health Science and Technology (IHST), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    K.V. Krishnamurthy

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Thajuddin, N., Muralitharan, G., Dhanasekaran, D., Muhammad Ilyas, M.H. (2015). Microbial Symbionts of Plants. In: Bahadur, B., Venkat Rajam, M., Sahijram, L., Krishnamurthy, K. (eds) Plant Biology and Biotechnology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_11

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