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Marine Caves—Biodiversity and Threats

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Speleology of Montenegro

Part of the book series: Cave and Karst Systems of the World ((CAKASYWO))

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Abstract

Marine caves are considered an important and endangered habitat type and they are listed in Annex I of the EU Habitat Directive as one of the priority habitats. Here, a synthetized knowledge on this type of habitat in Montenegro is presented. The biodiversity data include 23 marine caves hosting more than 250 species. The main threats are physical damage (caused by divers and new infrastructure building), disturbance of the species (by marine litter and noise), non-indigenous species and climate change. Further research is needed in order to better document the biodiversity of marine caves, fill the gaps in knowledge of completely submersed caves and establish appropriate monitoring and management of this specific habitat.

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Acknowledgements

Our special thanks go to the company Jugopetrol AD that financed the cave surveys in 2013–2015, by the decision of its director at that time, Mr. Jannis Geroulanos, followed by Mr. Andreas Triantopoulos. Furthermore, Public Enterprise Morsko dobro, Budva, Montenegro, financially supported projects “Istraživanje i čišćenje morskih pećina u zoni Borove šume u opštini Ulcinj” contract no. 0204-362/1, and “Istraživanje morskih pećina na potezu od rta Arza do uvale Trašte, Luštica, Herceg Novi,” contract no. 0204-3322/2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

    Mačić Vesna, Petović Slavica & Đorđević Nikola

  2. NGO Mediterranean Center for Environmental Monitoring, I. Milutinovića 7, Sutomore, Montenegro

    Varda Dušan

  3. Archipelagos—Environment and Development (NGO), 28100, Lourdata, Kefalonia, Greece

    Panou Aliki

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  1. Mačić Vesna
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Correspondence to Mačić Vesna .

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  1. Nikšić, Montenegro

    Goran Barovic

Annex 1 List of Species Recorded in Marine Caves on the Montenegrin Coast

Annex 1 List of Species Recorded in Marine Caves on the Montenegrin Coast

Verse

Verse Bacteria Rivularia sp. (Agardh 1886) Foraminifera Miniacina miniacea (Pallas 1766) Phytoplankton Achnanthes brevipes (Agardh 1824) Bacteriastrum hyalinum (Lauder 1864) Chaetoceros affinis (Lauder 1864) Chaetoceros spp. (Ehrenberg 1844) Cocconeis scutellum (Ehrenberg 1838) Cyclotella striata (Kutzing) (Grunow 1880) Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann and Lewin (1964) Entomoneis pulchra (Bailey) Reimer (1975) Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) (Peragallo 1892) Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) (Hasle 1996) Hemiaulus hauckii (Grunow ex Van Heurck 1882) Leptocylindrus danicus (Cleve 1889) Leptocylindrus minimus (Gran 1915) Exilaria flabellata (Ehrenberg 1832) Licmophora paradoxa (Lyngbye) (Agardh 1828) Navicula spp. (Bory de Saint-Vincent 1822) Nitzschia longissima (Brébisson) (Ralfs 1861) Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) (Smith 1852) Pleurosigma elongatum (Smith 1852) Pleurosigma formosum (Smith 1852) Proboscia alata (Brightwell) (Sundström 1986) Pseudo-nitzschia sp H. Peragallo in Peragallo and Peragallo (1900) Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) Agardh (1832) Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) (Ehrenberg 1832) Synedra sp. (Ehrenberg 1830) Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) (Tempère and Peragallo 1910) Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) (Mereschkowsky 1902) Toxarium undulatum (Bailey 1854) Diplopsalis lenticula (Bergh 1881) Gonyaulax sp. (Diesing 1866) Gymnodinium sp (Stein 1878) Gyrodinium fusiforme (Kofoid and Swezy 1921) Lingulodinium polyedra (F. Stein) (Dodge 1989) Oxytoxum sphaeroideum (Stein 1883) Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparéde & Lachmann) (Kofoid and Michener 1911) Prorocentrum cordatum (Ostenfeld) (Dodge 1976) Prorocentrum scutellum (Schröder 1900) Prorocentrum triestinum (Schiller 1918) Protoperidinium pellucidum (Bergh 1881) Protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen 1899; Balech 1974) Protoperidinium tuba (Schiller) (Balech 1974) Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) (Balech 1974) Scrippsiella sp. (Balech ex A. R. Loeblich III 1965) Tripos horridus (Cleve) (Gómez 2013) Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) (Gómez 2013) Tripos fusus (Ehrenberg) (Gómez 2013) Tripos kofoidii (E. G. Jørgensen) (Gómez 2013) Calyptrosphaera oblonga (Lohmann 1902) Syracosphaera pulchra (Lohmann 1902) Helicosphaera wallichii (Lohmann) (Okada and McIntyre 1977) Rhabdosphaera tignifer Schiller Zooplankton Obelia sp. (Péron and Lesueur 1810) Sphaeronectes koellikeri (Huxley 1859) Eudoxia sp. (Eschscholtz 1825) Penilia avirostris (Dana 1849) Evadne spinifera (Müller 1867) Calanus helgolandicus (Claus 1863) Calanus sp. (Leach 1816) Paracalanus parvus parvus (Claus 1863) Calocalanus sp. (Giesbrecht 1888) Clausocalanus jobei (Frost and Fleminger 1968) Mecynocera clausi (Thompson 1888) Clausocalanus sp. (Giesbrecht 1888) Centropages kroyeri (Giesbrecht 1893) Isias clavipes (Boeck 1865) Paraeuchaeta hebes (Giesbrecht 1888) Acartia (Acartiura) clausi (Giesbrecht 1889) Oncaeidae sp. (Giesbrecht 1893) Sapphirina sp. (Thompson 1829) Oithona sp. (Baird 1843) Oithona nana (Giesbrecht 1893) Oithona plumifera (Baird 1843) Oithona similis (Claus 1866) Monothula subtilis (Giesbrecht 1893) Euterpina acutifrons (Dana 1847) Microsetella sp. (Brady and Robertson 1873) Corycaeus sp. (Dana 1845) Creseis acicula (Rang 1828) Creseis virgula (Rang 1828) Oikopleura (Coecaria) longicauda (Vogt 1854) Parasagitta setosa (Müller 1847) Sagitta sp. (Quoy and Gaimard 1827) Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål 1775) Macroalgae Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) (Agardh 1823) Flabellia petiolata (Turra) (Nizamuddin 1987) Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) (Rabenhorst 1868) Ulva sp. (Linnaeus 1753) Halimeda tuna (J. Ellis & Solander) (Lamouroux 1816) Cystoseira compressa (Esper) (Gerloff and Nizamuddin 1975) Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) (Agardh 1817) Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) (Lamouroux 1809) Lobophora variegata (J. V. Lamouroux) (Womersley ex Oliveira 1977) Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy (1960) Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) (Agardh 1828) Corallina elongata (Ellis and Solander 1786) Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) (Meneghini 1841) Lithophyllum sp. (Philippi 1837 Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) (Foslie 1900) Lithophyllum stictiforme (J. E. Areschoug) (Hauck 1877) Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) (Cabioch and Mendoza 1998) Mesophyllum expansum (Foslie) (Cabioch and Mendoza 1998) Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) (Norris 1991) Peyssonnelia bornetii (Boudouresque and Denizot 1973) Peyssonnelia rosa-marina (Boudouresque and Denizot 1973) Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) (Agardh 1851) Peyssonnelia squamaria (S. G. Gmelin) (Decaisne ex Agardh 1842) Rhodymenia ardissonei (Kuntze) (Feldmann 1937) Sphaerococcus coronopifolius (Stackhouse 1797) Jania rubens (Linnaeus) (Lamouroux 1816) Porifera Acanthella acuta (Schmidt 1862) Agelas oroides (Schmidt 1864) Antho (Antho) inconstans (Topsent 1925) Axinella cannabina (Esper 1794)7 Axinella damicornis (Esper 1794)7 Axinella vaceleti (Pansini 1984) Axinella verrucosa (Esper 1794)7 Cacospongia mollior (Schmidt 1862) Chondrosia reniformis (Nardo 1847) Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt 1864) Cliona celata (Grant 1826) Cliona rhodensis (Rützler and Bromley 1981 Cliona schmidtii (Ridley 1881) Cliona viridis (Schmidt 1862) Crambe crambe (Schmidt 1862) Crella (Crella) elegans (Schmidt 1862) Crella (Grayella) pulvinar (Schmidt 1868) Dendroxea sp. (Griessinger 1971) Dysidea avara (Schmidt 1862) Dysidea fragilis (Montagu 1814) Dysidea sp. (Johnston 1842) Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt 1862) Haliclona (Halichoclona) fulva (Topsent 1893) Haliclona (Soestella) mucosa (Griessinger 1971) Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank 1874) Ircinia oros (Schmidt 1864) Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt 1862) Penares helleri (Schmidt 1864) Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret 1789) Phorbas tenacior (Topsent 1925) Pleraplysilla spinifera (Schulze 1879) Sarcotragus foetidus (Schmidt 1862)2 Sarcotragus spinosulus (Schmidt 1862) Scalarispongia scalaris (Schmidt 1862) Spongia (Spongia) officinalis (Linnaeus 1759)3,5,7 Terpios fugax (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1864) Terpios gelatinosus (Bowerbank 1866) Tethya aurantium (Pallas 1766)7 Cnidaria Actinia cari (Delle Chiaje 1822) Actinia equina (Linnaeus 1758) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) inornata (Duncan 1878)6 Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii (Stokes and Broderip 1828)6 Cerianthus membranaceus (Gmelin 1791) Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus 1767) Clavularia sp. (Blainville 1830) Eudendrium sp. (Ehrenberg 1834) Hoplangia durotrix (Gosse 1860) Leptopsammia pruvoti (Lacaze-Duthiers 1897) Madracis pharensis (Heller 1868) Nausithoe punctata (Kölliker 1853) Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi 1842) Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt 1862) Phyllangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers 1897) Polycyathus muellerae (Abel 1959) Sarcodictyon catenatum Forbes in (Johnston 1847) Polychaeta Bonellia viridis (Rolando 1822) Filograna sp. (Berkeley 1835) Hermodice carunculata (Pallas 1766) Protula sp. (Risso 1826) Serpula vermicularis (Linnaeus 1767) Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus 1758) Bryozoa Adeonella calveti (Canu and Bassler 1930) Beania magellanica (Busk 1852) Bonellia viridis (Rolando 1822) Caberea boryi (Audouin 1826) Disporella hispida (Fleming 1828) Frondipora verrucosa (Lamouroux 1821) Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus 1767) Myriapora truncata (Pallas 1766) Patinella radiata (Audouin 1826) Reteporella sp. (Busk 1884) Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman 1868) Schizomavella (Schizomavella) mamillata (Hincks 1880) Smittina cervicornis (Pallas 1766) Mollusca Calliostoma conulus (Linnaeus 1758) Calmella cavolini (Vérany 1846) Clavagella sp. (Blainville 1817) Diaphorodoris papillata (Portmann and Sandmeier 1960) Felimare orsinii (Vérany 1846) Felimare picta (Philippi 1836) Gibbula sp. (Risso 1826) Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus 1758) Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus 1758) Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli 1795) Patella caerulea (Linnaeus 1758) Patella rustica (Linnaeus 1758) Peltodoris atromaculata (Bergh 1880) Phyllidia flava (Aradas 1847) Rocellaria dubia (Pennant 1777) Tarantinaea lignaria (Linnaeus 1758) Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus 1758) Tonna galea (Linnaeus 1758) Tritia incrassata (Strøm 1768) Vermetus granulatus (Gravenhorst 1831) Crustacea Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin 1854) Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål 1775) Chthamalus montagui (Southward 1976) Dromia personata (Linnaeus 1758) Palaemon serratus (Pennant 1777) Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius 1787) Stenopus spinosus (Risso 1827) in Risso (1826–1827) Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun 1896) Dardanus calidus (Risso 1827) in Risso (1826–1827) Pagurus anachoretus (Risso 1827) in Risso (1826–1827) Perforatus perforatus (Bruguière 1789) Echinodermata Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck 1816) Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus 1758) Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi 1845) Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck 1816) Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius 1783) Hacelia attenuata (Gray 1840) Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (Gmelin 1791) Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali (Delle Chiaje 1823) Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori (Delle Chiaje 1823) Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus 1758) Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck 1816) Ophioderma longicaudum (Bruzelius 1805) Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard in Müller 1789) Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck 1816) Tunicata Clavelina dellavallei (Zirpolo 1925) Diplosoma spongiforme (Giard 1872) Diplosoma sp. (Macdonald 1859) Lissoclinum weigelei (Lafargue 1968) Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus 1767) Microcosmus sp. (Heller 1877) Pycnoclavella communis (Pérez-Portela et al. 2007) Pisces Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus 1758) Coris julis (Linnaeus 1758) Microlipophrys nigriceps (Vinciguerra 1883) Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus 1758) Muraena helena (Linnaeus 1758) Scorpaena notata (Rafinesque 1810) Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus 1758) Serranus scriba (Linnaeus 1758) Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe 1839) 1Bern Convention 1979 Annex I; 2SPA Protocol Annex II 2018; 3SPA Protocol Annex III 2012; 4Habitat Directive 1992; 5Bern Convention 1979 Annex II–III; 6CITES 1990 Annex II; 7Official Gazette RCG 76/06

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Vesna, M., Slavica, P., Nikola, Đ., Dušan, V., Aliki, P. (2024). Marine Caves—Biodiversity and Threats. In: Barovic, G. (eds) Speleology of Montenegro . Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49375-1_13

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