Abstract
Polistes is considered as one of the most widely and abundantly distributed, speciose genera of primitively eusocial wasps. The biology and behaviour of Polistes have been crucial to understanding the cooperation and conflicts among the nest members and have contributed greatly to our understanding of the functionality and evolution of eusociality. However, despite the wide geographical distribution, our perception of the genus has been shaped largely by the studies on the temperate species of Polistes. The diversity of Polistes species in Asia has been reflected through taxonomic reports but their nesting biology and behaviour are mostly unknown. Empirical studies on their behaviour in response to alternate conditions, like experimental removal of the queens, availability of extra food, etc. are also rare. The geographical origin of Polistes is also disputed. The speculation that Polistes originated in oriental regions can neither be confirmed nor refuted due to the lack of knowledge on Asian Polistes. Such missing information creates a large lacuna in our understanding of the origin and routes of dispersal of the genus. Here, we review the scattered studies on Asian Polistes and attempt to summarise and analyse the available taxonomic, behavioural and phylogenetic information. To date, 76 Polistes species have been reported from 31 Asian countries, out of which Vietnam, India and Japan have the maximum numbers of species. We also review the available behavioural studies on Polistes, mostly qualitative and conducted in Japan to show how these can provide a different perspective on Polistes biology. We also try to point out the major questions that need to be answered to get a broader overview of Asian Polistes. We suggest that more behavioural and phylogenetic studies on various species of Asian Polistes could provide the answers to questions like the geographic origin of the species, the evolution of hibernation (reproductive diapause) in the species, the diversification of nest founding strategies, the queen control on worker reproduction, etc.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
This is a review article and therefore does not contain any raw data.
References
Carpenter JM (1996) Distributional checklist of species of the genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae: Polistini). Am Museum Novit 3188:1–40
Gawas SM, Girish Kumar P, Pannure A, Gupta A, Carpenter JM (2020) An annotated distributional checklist of Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) of India. Zootaxa 4784(1):001–087
Reeve HK (1991) Polistes. In: Ross MRW, Keneth G (eds) The Social biology of wasps. Cornell University Press
Prezoto SA, Nascimento F, Barbosa BC, Somavilla A (2021) Neotropical social wasps basic and applied aspects. Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Hunt JH (2007) The evolution of social wasps. Oxford University Press
Santos BF, Payne A, Pickett KM, Carpenter JM (2015) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the paper wasp genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): implications for the overwintering hypothesis of social evolution. Cladistics 31(5):535–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12103
Pickett KM, Carpenter JM, Wheeler WC (2006) Systematics of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a phylogenetic consideration of Hamilton’s haplodiploidy hypothesis. Ann Zool Fennici 43(5–6):390–406
Sen R, Malhotra K, Gupta M, Kaur R, Bawa D, Duhan M, Sandhi S, Songara P, Nain D, Raychoudhury R (2022) Coping with the ‘Indian summer’: unique nesting cycle and nest architecture of the paper wasp, Polistes wattii. Sci Nat 109(31):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01801-0
Van der Vecht J (1965) The geographic distribution of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). In: Proc. 12th International Congr. Entomol. London, pp 440–441
Nguyen LTP, Nguyen AD, Nguyen TTP, Perrard A, Carpenter JM (2018) Molecular phylogeny of the paper wasp subgenus Polistes (Polistella) Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera : Vespidae : Polistinae) from Vietnam. J Asia Pac Entomol 21(2):638–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2018.04.006
Yamane S (1972) Life cycle and nest architecture of Polistes wasps in the Okushiri Island, Northern Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae ). J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 18(3):440–459
Tsuchida K (1991) Effects of female body size and timing of nest foundation on the reproduciton of the Japanese Paper Wasp, Polistes jadwigae Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res Popul Ecol 33:361–366
Soichi Y (1969) Preliminary observations on the life history of two polistine wasps, Polistes Snelleni and P. biglumis in Sapporo, Northern Japan. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ Ser. VI, Zool 17:78–105
Yamane S, Kudo S, Tajima T, Nihon’yanagi K, Shinoda M, Saito K, Yamamoto H (1999) Comparison of investment in nest construction by the foundresses of Consubgeneric Polistes wasps, P. (Polistes) riparius and P. (P.) chinensis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). J Ethol 16(1986):97–104
Hozumi S, Yamane S (2001) Incubation ability of the functional envelope in paper wasp nests (Hymenopteta, Vespidae, Polistes): I. Field measurements of nest temperature using paper models. J Ethol 19:39–46
Alam SM (1959) Some interesting revelations about the nest of Polistes hebroeus Fabr". (Vespidae, Hymenoptera)-the common yellow wasp of India. Proc Zool Soc 11(2):113–122
Iwata K (1965) Description of the nest of the giant paperwasp, Polistes gigas Kirby from Formosa, with some ethological considerations (Hym., Vespidae). Konytû 33(3):284–290
Hagiwara Y, Kojima J (1994) Options in Construction behavior for Polistes mandarinus Saussure nesting on Japanese Cedar Twigs (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J Kan Entomol Soc 67(1):126–128
Hibino Y, Kasuya E, Ito Y (1980) Reconstruction of Nests by Polistes jadwigae and Polistes chinensis antennalis workers. Appl Entomol Zool 15(2):190–193
Tibbetts EA, Reeve HK (2003) Benefits of foundress associations in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus: increased productivity and survival, but no assurance of fitness returns. Behav Ecol 14(4):510–514
Hoshikawa T (1979) Observations on the Polygynous Nests of Polistes chinensis antennalis Perez (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Japan. Kontyu 47(3):239–243
Suzuki T, Ramesh M (1992) Colony founding in the social wasp, Polistes stigma (Hymenoptera Vespidae), in India. Ethol Ecol Evol 4(4):333–341
Jandt JM, Tibbetts EA, Toth AL (2014) Polistes paper wasps: a model genus for the study of social dominance hierarchies. Insect Soc 61:11–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-013-0328-0
Yoshimura H, Yamada J, Yamada YY (2019) The queen of the paper wasp Polistes jokahamae (Hymenoptera: Polistinae) is not aggressive but maintains her reproductive priority. Sociobiology 66(1):166–178. https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3577
Ishikawa Y, Yamada YY, Matsuura M, Tsukada M, Tsuchida K (2011) Polistes japonicus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) queens monopolize ovipositing but are not the most active aggressor in dominant-subordinate interactions. Insectes Soc 58:519–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-011-0173-y
Ishikawa Y, Yamada YY, Matsuura M, Tsukada M, Tsuchida K (2010) Dominance hierarchy among workers changes with colony development in Polistes japonicus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) paper wasp colonies with a small number of workers. Insectes Soc 57(4):465–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-010-0106-1
Tsuchida K, Yamasaki K (2014) Orphaning does not affect the colony productivity of the primitive eusocial wasp Polistes snelleni. Insect Soc 61:133–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-013-0336-0
Gadagkar R (2001) The social biology of Ropalidia marginata toward understanding the evolution of eusociality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Masachusetts London England
Tsuchida K, Saigo T, Tsujita S, Takeuchi K (2004) Early male production is not linked to a reproductive strategy in the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J Ethol 22(1):119–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-003-0109-8
Tsuchida K, Saigo T, Tsujita S, Takeuchi K, Ito N, Sugiyama M (2003) Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Mol Ecol Notes 3(3):384–386. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00457.x
Suzuki T (2005) Insemination of workers prior to assuming the position of queen in a temperate paper wasp Polistes snelleni Saussure ( Hymenoptera Vespidae ). Ethol Ecol Evol 17:335–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2005.9522587
Sayama K, Takahashi JI (2005) Mating structure and genetic relatedness among gynes in the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes snelleni (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Entomol Sci 8(1):27–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2005.00097.x
Gadagkar R (2009) Interrogating an insect society. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(26):10407–10414. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904317106
Gobbi N, Noll FB, Penna MAH (2006) ‘Winter’ aggregations, colony cycle, and seasonal phenotypic change in the paper wasp Polistes versicolor in subtropical Brazil. Naturwissenschaften 93(10):487–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-006-0140-z
Miyano S (1986) Colony development, worker behaviour and male production in orphan colonies of a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis Perez (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res Popul Ecol 28:347–361
Miyano S (1991) Worker reproduction and related behavior in orphan colonies of a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes jadwigae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae ). J Ethol 9:135–146
Suzuki T (1996) Natural history and social behaviour of the cofoundresses in a primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes stigma (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in India: a case study. Jpn J Ent 64(1):35–55
Kasuya E (1980) Behavioral ecology of Japanese paper wasps Polistes spp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) 1. Extranidal activities of Polistes chinensis antennalis. Res Popul Ecol 22(2):242–254
Tsuchida K (1991) Temporal behavioural variation and division of labor among workers in the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes jadwigae Dalla Torre. J Ethol 9:129–134
Strassmann JE (1981) Evolutionary implications of early male and satellite nest production in Polistes exclamans colony cycles. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 8(1):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302844
Page RE, Post DC, Metcalf RA (1989) Satellite nests, early males, and plasticity of reproductive behavior in a paper wasp. The Am Nat 134(5):731–748. https://doi.org/10.1086/285008
Kasuya E (1983) Social behaviour of early emerging males of a Japanese Paper Wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res Popul Ecol 25:143–149
Tsuchida K, Nagata N, Kojima J (2002) Diploid males and sex determination in a paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Soc 49(2):120–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-002-8289-8
Sen R, Gadagkar R (2006) Males of the social wasp Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity. Anim Behav 71(2):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.022
Makino S (1993) Sexual differences in larval feeding behavior in a paper wasp, Polistes jadwigae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). J Ethol 11(1):73–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02350009
Kasuya E (1981) Male mating territory in a Japanese Paper Wasp, Polistes jadwigae Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Kontyû 49(4):607–614
Suzuki T (1995) Seasonal timing of mate-searching activity in males of two congeneric paper wasps, Polistes snelleni and Polistes chinensis, (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Jpn J Ent 63(2):425–432
Suzuki T (1998) Paradox of worker reproduction and worker mating in temperate paper wasps, Polistes chinensis and P. snelleni (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Ethol Ecol Evol 10(4):347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1998.9522848
Kojima T, Suzuki JI (1986) Timing of mating in five Japanese polistine wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): anatomy of fall females. J Kansas Entomol Soc 59(2):401–404
Furuichi S, Kasuya E (2013) Costs, benefits, and plasticity of construction of nest defensive structures in paper wasps. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 68(2):215–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1636-0
Tadashi S (1981) Male production by foundresses of Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in the founding stage, Kontyû. Tokyo 49(3):519–520
Suzuki T (1981) Effect of photoperiod on male egg production by foundresses of Polistes Chinensis antennalis Perez (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Jpn J Ecol 31(4):347–351. https://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.4_347
Kudô K (2003) Growth rate and body weight of foundress-reared offspring in a paper wasp, Polistes chinensis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): no influence of food quantity on the first offspring. Insectes Soc 50:77–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000400300012
Pham PH (2014) Hibernation on the Nest of the Paper wasp, Polistes (Gyrostoma) olivaceus (De Geer) (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). Biol Forum - An Int J 6(1):116–119
Evans H (1958) The evolution of social life in wasps. In: Proceedings of the 10th international congress of entomology, Montreal, vol 2, pp 449–457
Jonathan JK, Roy SB, Kundu BG (2000) Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae. In: Zool. Surv. India State Fauna Ser. 4 Fauna of Meghalaya, vol 7, pp 117–160
Yamane S, Yamane S (1979) Polistine wasps from Nepal (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insecta Matsumurana 15:1–37
Dorji P, Klein W, Nidup T, (2017) Taxonomic study of social vespid wasps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae : Vespinae & Polistinae) in Bhutan. J Insect Biodivers Syst 03(2):91–104
Dvořák L, Carpenter JM (2008) The first record of the paper wasp Polistes smithii neavei von schulthess, 1921, from the middle east (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with notes on the social wasp fauna of Yemen. Zool Middle East 44(1):119–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2008.10638298
Schmid-Egger C, Van Achterberg K, Neumeyer R (2017) Revision of the West Palaearctic Polistes Latreille, with the descriptions of two species - an integrative approach using morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Zookeys 713:53–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.713.11335
Rahmani Z, Rakhshani E, Carpenter JM (2020) Updated checklist of Vespidae (Hymenoptera : Vespoidea) in Iran. J Insect Biodivers Syst 06(1):27–86
Yamane S, Kawamichi T (1975) Bionomic comparison of Polistes biglumis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) at two different localities in Hokkaido, Northern Japan with reference to its probable adaptation to cold climate. Kontyû, Tokyo 43(2):214–232
Saito F, Kojima JL, Ubaidillah R, Hartini S (2005) Paper wasps of the genus in Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J Hym Res 14(1):102–114
Kim JK (2023) Taxonomic review of Polistes (Polistella) (Hymenoptera : Vespidae : Polistinae) in Korea, with a description of a new species and a new status species and a new status. Oriental Insects 57(3):908–934 https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2022.2163516
Lien NTP (2020) Contribution to the taxonomy of the paper wasp genus Polistes (Polistella) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4759(2):252–260
Petersen BR (1990) Polistine wasps of the subgenera Stenopolistes and Megapolistes from the Philippine, Moluccan and Bismarck Islands (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insect Syst Evol 21(1):53–66
Thi L, Nguyen P, Kojima J, Saito F (2011) Polistes (Polistella) wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from mountainous areas of northern Vietnam, with description of five new speceis. Zootaxa 3060:1–30
Kojima J (1997) Taxonomic notes on the social wasps in the Kanto Plain, central Japan (Insecta : Hymenoptera : Vespidae). Nat His Bull Ibaraki Univ 1:17–44
Dvořák L (2007) The social wasp fauna of Pakistan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Linzer Biol Beitr 39(1):5–55
Kojima J, Saito F, Thi L, Nguyen P (2011) On the species-group taxa of Taiwanese social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) described and/or treated by J. Sonan. Zootaxa 64(May):42–64
Barthélémy C (2012) Nest trapping, a simple method for gathering information on life histories of solitary bees and wasps. Bionomics of 21 species of solitary aculeate in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Entomol Bull 4(1):3–37
Kifune T, Maeta Y (1985) Taxonomical studies on the Genus Xenos (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) parasitic on Vespa and Polistes (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Taiwan with descriptions of three new species, Konytû. Tokyo 53:426–435
Oh S, An S, Lee J (2012) Review of Korean Latibulus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) and a key to the world species. Can Entomol 144:509–525. https://doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.54
Song SN, Chen PY, Wei SJ, Chen XX (2016) The mitochondrial genome of Polistes jokahamae and a phylogenetic analysis of the Vespoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Mitochondrial DNA 27(4):2783–2784. https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1053065
Yoshimura H, Yamada YY (2021) Preimaginal caste - related bias in the paper wasp Polistes jokahamae is limited to the first brood. Insectes Soc 68(1):133–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00805-1
Rafi MA et al (2017) The vespid fauna of Pakistan. Zootaxa 4362(1):1–28
Feng Y, Long S (2010) Common edible wasps in Yunnan Province, China and their nutritional value. In: Durst PB, Johinson DV, Leslie RN, Shono K (eds) Forest insects as food : humans bite back, food and agriculture organization of the United Nations regional office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand, p 93
Khan K et al (2018) Chemical composition, structure and architecture of the nest of various species of Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Jokull J 68(3):22–34
Handru A, Nugroho H, Saito-Morooka F, Ubaidillah R, Kojima J (2020) Eusocial wasp fauna of Sulawesi Island, the central island of Wallacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Vespinae). Zootaxa 4885(4):541–559
Yamane S, Kusigemati K (1985) Vespoidea and Scoliidae from the Fiji and Solomon Islands (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Kagoshima Univ Res Cent S Pac Occas Paper 5:75–79
Starr CK (1992) The Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Taiwan. Bull Natl Museum Nat Sci 3:93–138
Dorji P, Klein W, Nidup T (2016) Study of paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) of Bhutan. Bio Bull 2(1):128–136
Choi MB, Kim JK, Lee JW (2013) Checklist and distribution of Korean Vespidae revisited. Korean Jou of Appl Entomol 52(2):85–91
Kudô K, Yamane S, Yamamoto H (1998) Physiological ecology of nest construction and protein flow in pre-emergence colonies of Polistes chinensis (Hymenoptera Vespidae): Effects of rainfall and microclimates. Ethol Ecol Evol 10(2):171–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1998.9522865
Makino S, Yamane S, Sunose T, Aoki S (1987) Dispersion distance of queens from natal sites in the two haplometrotic paper wasps Polistes riparius and P. snelleni (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Res Popul Ecol 29:111–117
Lorenzi MC, Cervo R (1995) Usurpations and late associations in the solitary founding social wasp, Polistes biglumis bimaculatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J Insect Behav 8(4):443–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01995318
Kathirithamby J (1993) Descriptions of Strespsiptera (Insecta) from Southeast Asia, with a checklist of the genera and species occurring in the region. Raffeles Bull Zool 41(2)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Prof Raghavendra Gadagkar for the invitation to write this review, Dr Rhitoban Ray Choudhury for his comments on the manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the earlier version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the SERB-CRG grant CRG/2021/007010 awarded to RS. DN was supported by DST-INSPIRE fellowship (DST/INSPIRE/03/2021/000175, IF200146).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nain, D., Sen, R. A Review of Our Meagre Knowledge of Asian Polistes, and a Call for More Studies. J Indian Inst Sci 103, 1049–1064 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-023-00402-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-023-00402-8