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Phylogeny of the Peckia-genus group: evolution of male genitalia in the major necrophagous guild of Neotropical flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

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Abstract

Peckia is the most species-rich necrophagous genus among the Neotropical sarcophagids, encompassing 67 species distributed in 5 subgenera. Recent phylogenetic studies have challenged the monophyly of this genus with regard to species of the genera Peckiamyia, Titanogrypa, and Villegasia, and the genera Engelimyia, Helicobia, Retrocitomyia, and Sarcophaga. These genera have variously been hypothesized as sister groups to Peckia, or genera closely related to it. We applied cladistic methods using both molecular and morphological data to study phylogenetic relationships of these mostly necrophagous taxa. All currently recognized species of Peckia were included in our analysis. Based on 116 morphological characters and sequences of five gene fragments, we corroborate the recent division of Peckia into five subgenera, and we argue that the reduction of the acrophallic median stylus is an autapomorphic condition supporting the clade (Peckia + (Lipoptilocnema (Helicobia + Sarcophaga))). Our analysis shows that Peckiamyia is sister to Retrocitomyia, and Titanogrypa is sister to Villegasia, which together with Engelimyia form lineages that emerge in a basal divergence with regard to the clade with no median stylus. Alternative homology interpretations of the median stylus were studied and tested in a phylogenetic context. The median stylus and other phallic homologies were revisited and redefined. All studied genera were found to be monophyletic.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. C. Mello-Patiu, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Mr. M. Zumbado, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, CR; Dr. C. Medina, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva; Mrs. G. Camacho, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Bogotá; Dr. N.E. Woodley, USDA National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC; Dr. M. Wolff, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín; Dr. K. A. Johanson, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, for loan of material. This study was supported by the División de Investigación Sede Bogotá of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (project no. 201010012649 to E. Buenaventura), the Department of Science Technology and Innovation – COLCIENCIAS in Colombia (Grant 512–2010 to E. Buenaventura), the Smithsonian Institution (predoctoral Fellowship 2013 to E. Buenaventura), and the Danish Natural Science Research Council (grant no. 272–08–0480 to T. Pape). E. Buenaventura is thankful to Mr. D. K.-B. Cheung, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, for assistance with SEM micrography, scientific illustration, and composition of plates and to Drs T. Dikow, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, and N.E. Woodley, USDA National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, for hosting and support during her Smithsonian fellowship. E. Buenaventura is thankful to Dr. C. Sarmiento, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, for his invaluable help at discussing characters, phylogenetic methods, and correcting an early draft of this paper. We are thankful to Dr. M. Giroux, Department of Natural Resource Sciences of McGill University, Montreal, for sharing SEM images, and for reading and commenting on a late version of the manuscript.

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  1. Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Eliana Buenaventura & Thomas Pape

  2. Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Eliana Buenaventura

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Buenaventura, E., Pape, T. Phylogeny of the Peckia-genus group: evolution of male genitalia in the major necrophagous guild of Neotropical flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Org Divers Evol 15, 301–331 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0203-0

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