Garcinia species are evergreen trees or shrubs, wood moderately hard, bark grey, reddish or pale gray, branches often opposite, terete, glabrous, latex usually resinous, thick, yellow in bark, branches and fruits, but sometimes cream white. Leaves simple, opposite or rarely ternate, lanceolate-ovate to oblong-oblong, base acute to obtuse, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, chartaceous, leathery, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with translucent glands, midrib impressed above and prominent beneath, lateral veins irregular with parallel short veins between, veinlets reticulate, petiole slender with raised margins, exstipulate, rarely stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, in cymes, fascicles, solitary or paired. Flowers 4-5 merous, heterochlamydeous, dioecious, pseudobisexual and female ones, always less, pedicel short or sessile, sepals 4 or 5-6, imbricate, decussate in pairs, or usually persistent in fruit, petals 4, rarely 5, imbricate or contorted, alternating with sepals. Male flowers: Stamens numerous, rarely few, obscurely fascicled with 1-5 bundles, lobed mass often around a rudimentary pistil, free or connate at the base, filaments short or absent, anthers erect or peltate, 2 loculed or rarely 4, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Female flowers: often solitary, bigger than male flowers, with minute free or united staminodes, filaments arranged in ring shape, ovary superior, globose, 2-12 locular, ovules lateral or erect, anatropus, style short or absent, stigma peltate, smooth or papillate. Fruit fleshy berry, sulcate or smooth, encased by persistent sepals. Seeds 1-12, oblong ovoid, covered with juicy cream white pulp.
Garcinia mangostana L.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Mangostana garcinia Gaertn. |
🗒 Common Names
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Habit: Small Tree
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Sp. Pl. 1: 443-444. 1753
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Cyclicity
Flowering: September-October, Fruiting: November-December.
Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference.
Attributions | Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Reproduction
Garcinia species flowers are dioecious with separate male and female plants, pseudobisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), or sometimes monoecious i.e. both male and female plants on the same plant. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: July—December.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Evergreen tall trees, 20-25 m tall, crown conical or pyramidal; Branchlets many, decussate, stout, cylindric, slightly grooved; Wood brick-red, heavy; bark black or dark-brown, yellow, smooth; latex yellow, sticky. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; petioles ca. 2-2.5 cm long, stout; lamina ca. 14-25 x 5-12 cm, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute, obtuse or rotundate at base, acute or shortly acuminate at apex, margins thick, often slightly revolute, thickly coriaceous, purpurascent and shiny; secondary nerves 40-50 pairs, subhorizontal, numerous, prominent beneath, interarching with a double intermarginal nerve. Male flowers rare, 2-9, clustered at apex of branchlet, ca. 4 cm in diam., showy, pale green or creamy yellow; pedicels ca. 1.5-2 cm long; bracts several orbicular, concave, scarious; sepals 4, erect, unequal, coriaceous, orbicular, concave, rotund; petals 4, ovate, fleshy, yellowish-red inside, greenish-red outside; stamens indefinite, inserted on 4 thick, receptacular lobes below rudimentary pistil; filaments short; anthers ovate-oblong, recurved, bilocular, dehiscence longitudinal; rudimentary pistil discoid, fleshy, red, apex conical, as long as stamens. Female flowers ca. 4-5 cm in diam., solitary or geminate, pseudoterminal; pedicels ca. 1.8-2 cm long, stout, woody; sepals 4, ca. 2cm in diam., decussate, orbicular, concave, persistant, outer pair shorter than inner; petals 4, ca. 2.5-3 cm in diam., purple, orbicular, concave, thick, fleshy; stamens many, 1-2 seriate; anthers ovate-oblong, recurved, bilocular, dehiscence longitudinal; filaments ca. 4-5 mm long, slender, connate at base; ovary globular, 4-8 locular, smooth; ovules solitary, ascending; stigmas sessile, punctate, 5-8 lobed, lobes cuneiform. Berries ca. 7 cm in diam., dark purplish-brown, glossy, smooth, surrounded by enlarged sepals at base and crowned by hard, flat stigma, on short peduncles; pericarp thick, spongy, reddish abounding in yellow latex. Seeds 7-8, ca. 1-2 cm long, oblong, laterally compressed, with white, thick, with juicy, pleasant smelling aril.
Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference.
Attributions | Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Evergreen small trees, about 8-20 m tall, wood moderately hard, bark dark brown, branches dense, often opposite, glabrous, quadrangular, latex usually resinous, thick, yellow in bark, branches and fruits. Leaves simple, opposite, lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, about 10-25 x 4-10 cm across, base acute, margins entire, apex shallow acuminate to acute, glossy, shining, thick, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, midrib prominent above and beneath, lateral veins 35-50, irregular with oblique parallel short veins, anastomosing near the margins, veinlets reticulate, petiole robust, slender with raised margins, about 1-2 cm long, exstipulate. Inflorescence axillary, solitary or supra axillary cymes. Flowers heterochlamydeous, dioecious, pseudobisexual, fragrant, pedicels about 8-12 mm long. Male flowers: axillary, solitary or fascicled with 2-9 flowers, rose pink, sepals 4-5, imbricate, usually persistent in fruit, petals 4-5, imbricate, obovate-orbicular, alternating with sepals, stamens 16 or more in 4 bundles, inserted around lobed mass often around a rudimentary pistil, free or connate at the base, filaments short, anthers peltate, bent at ends, 2 loculed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Female flowers: often solitary or paired, bigger than male flowers, globose, with minute free or united staminodes, filaments arranged in ring shape, ovary superior, globose, 4-8 locular, ovules lateral or erect, style absent, stigma rays 5-6. Fruit fleshy berry, globose, 4-7 x 3-6 cm across smooth, reddish brown or purplish red, encased by persistent sepals and crowned by stigma. Seeds 4-8, oblong ovoid, covered with juicy cream white pulp.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Garcinia species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus and fungi, affecting leaves, fruits and roots.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Western Ghats, Mid Altitude to High Altitude, Cultivated, Native of Malaysian Region
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Native to Malaysia, cultivated in India.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia; Africa.
Local Distribution
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Global Distribution
India: Andaman & Nicobar Island, Assam, Maharastra, Nilgiris
Indian Distribution
Assam
Kerala: All districts
Tamil Nadu: Kanniyakumari, Tirunelveli
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Siddha
System Of Medicines Used In
Siddha
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2973
Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2973 |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Cultivated for fruits, Used in Sidha medicine.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Used as a dessert and can be made into preserve; also used in dyeing and tanning. The active principle appears to be a yellow pigment-mangostin. Wood suitable for cabinet work, building purposes, rice pounders and spear handles.
Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference.
Attributions | Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Folklore
Rind in astringent, used as a febrifuge, in chronic diarrhoea, cystitis, gonorrhoea, gleet and tropical dysentery. The pericarp used as a paste for skin infections. Bark rind and young leaves used as a gargle for a sore mouth.
Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference.
Attributions | Ayyappan. N & V. Kokilavani, French Institute of Pondicherry, Compiled from various sources listed in the reference. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2973
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7800753 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=80D491D990A3E6025FE073488E1164AE?find_wholeName=Garcinia+mangostana&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2816978 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/0a894d3b60bbcb887d295bb5ca02224c Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=386000&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dGarcinia%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014177 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228. #Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 259. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 98. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014. #IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 August 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Sharma, B.D., Sanjappa, M. 1993. Flora of India: Vol. III: 148. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004
Information Listing > References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=2973
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7800753 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=80D491D990A3E6025FE073488E1164AE?find_wholeName=Garcinia+mangostana&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2816978 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/0a894d3b60bbcb887d295bb5ca02224c Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=386000&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dGarcinia%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Flora of China, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014177 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228. #Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 259. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 98. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014. #IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 August 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Sharma, B.D., Sanjappa, M. 1993. Flora of India: Vol. III: 148. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
Family | Clusiaceae Lindl. |
Genus | Garcinia L. |
Species | Garcinia mangostana L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups