Brackish, Marine
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Cestracion leeuwenii Day, 1865 |
synonym | Cestracion oceanica Garman, 1913 |
synonym | Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941 |
synonym | Sphyrna leweni (Griffith & Smith, 1834) |
synonym | Sphyrna mokarran (non Rüppell, 1837) |
synonym | Sphyrna zygaena (non Linnaeus, 1758) |
synonym | Zygaena erythraea Klunzinger, 1871 |
synonym | Zygaena indica Van Hasselt, 1823 |
synonym | Zygaena lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834 |
synonym | Zygaena malleus (non Shaw & Nodder, 1789) |
🗒 Common Names
English |
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Gujarati |
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Malayalam |
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Marathi |
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Telugu |
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📚 Overview
Brief
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
Diagnostic Keys
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Anal spines: 0
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Description
A large hammerhead with a notch at the center of head; 1st dorsal fin moderately high, 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins low . Front margin of head broadly arched with prominent median notch. Side wings of head narrow, rear margins swept backward . Uniform grey, grayish brown, or olivaceous above, shading to white below; pectoral fins tipped with grey or black ventrally .
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Viviparous, placental , with 13-23 in a litter ; 12-41 pups after a gestation period of 9-10 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth 45-50 cm TL ; 39-57 cm TL (Ref.58048).
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Migration
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Size
Max Length
420 TL (unsexed)
Size
430 cm TL (male/unsexed; ); max. published weight: 152.4 kg ; max. reported age: 35 years
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Trophic Strategy
It occurs in all tropical and warm-temperate seas. They sometimes congregate over sea mounts or around offshore islands . A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark occurring over continental and insular shelves and adjacent deep water, often approaching close inshore and entering enclosed bays and estuaries . Found in inshore and offshore waters to about 275 m depth ; has been filmed at a baited camera in 512 m depth (Lis Maclaren, pers. Comm. 2005). Huge schools of small migrating individuals move pole ward in the summer in certain areas . Permanent resident populations also exist . Feeds mainly on teleost fishes, cephalopods and zooplankton ; also lobsters, shrimps, crabs , including other sharks and rays .
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Diseases
Loimosina Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Marine
Habitat pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous ; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 512 m, usually 0 - 25 m
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Description
Remark
An offshore and semi-oceanic species, often found in inshore waters and estuaries
Occurrence
native
Distribution
Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas . Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Uruguay , including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: western Mediterranean to Namibia . Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, East Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean; Japan to New Caledonia, Hawaii and Tahiti. Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Ecuador, probably Peru.
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Category
Endangered
Geoprivacy
Yes
Lower Risk: near threatened (LR/nt) IUCN 2006
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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Legislation
CITES Status
Appendix II
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013).
Attributions | Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2013. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.; http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=356&id=912, version (12/2013). |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC |
References |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
Overview > Diagnostic > Diagnostic Keys
- Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p.
Overview > Diagnostic > Description
- Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p.
Natural History > Life Cycle
- Castro, J.I. 1993 The shark nursery of Bulls Bay, South Carolina, with a review of the shark nurseries of the southeastern coast of the United States. Environ. Biol. Fish. 38:37-48.
Natural History > Migration
- Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p.
Natural History > Size
- Smith, C.L. 1997 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, FlorIda, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. IGFA 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. Smith, S.W., D.W. Au and C. Show 1998 Intrinsic rebound potential of 26 species of Pacific sharks. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 49:663-678.
Natural History > Trophic Strategy
- Wetherbee, B.M., S.H. Gruber and E. Cortes 1990 Diet, feeding habits, digestion, and consumption in sharks, with special reference to the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris. p. 29-47. In: H.L. Pratt, Jr., S.H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi (eds.) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 90. 517 p.
Natural History > Diseases
- Hargis, W.J. 1955 Monogenetic trematodes of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Part V. The superfamily Capsaloidea. Trans. Am. Micro. Soc. 74(3):203-225.
Habitat and Distribution > General Habitat
- Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. Sanches, J.G. 1991 Catalogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guine-Bissau. Publicações avulsas do I.N.I.P. No. 16. 429 p.
Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description
- Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655.
Demography and Conservation > Conservation Status
- 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
Uses and Management > Uses
- Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User"s manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, FlorIda, USA.
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Animalia |
Phylum | Chordata |
Class | Elasmobranchii |
Order | Carcharhiniformes |
Family | Sphyrnidae |
Genus | Sphyrna |
Species | Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups