Lichens of Commercial Importance in India · spices called 'GARAM MASALA', 'SAMBHAR MASALA' or 'MEAT MASALA' widely used in various food dishes. c. It is an ingredient various formulations,

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32 THE SCITECH JOURNAL VOL. 01 ISSUE 02 FEBRUARY 2014

Lichens of Commercial Importance in India N.C. Shah

Ex-Head of the Division of Botany & Pharmacognosy CIMAP (CSIR) & Founder Director, Herbal Research & Development Institute,

Govt. of U.P. now Uttarakhand MS-78;Sector-“D”;Aliganj, Lucknow -24,India.

Abstract

The present article deals with the uses of lichens in the world, the species of lichens, which are collected and traded from the northern part of India. The method of its collection, trade and marketing is being discussed along with their various uses in perfumery, as an ingredient in the spices and condiments, in the traditional systems of medicines, e.g., Unani and Ayurveda, in curing of tobacco and as an ingredient in “Havan Samigri”. The rst description of Indian lichens given by Chopra et. al., (1958) is also being reviewed with their botanical names, chemical constituents, and lastly characterization of lichens collected, traded and marketed from Uttarakhand.

*Corresponding Author E mail: [email protected]

THE SCITECH JOURNAL ISSN 2347-7318

Introduction

Lichens, group of lower plants growing in bark, wood, rocks, soil, and other xtures in the environment, are represented by thousands of species from arctic to tropical regions. Many of these plants are used commercially as spices, dyes, foods, medicines, animal feed, architect models, wreath and oral decorations, perfumes, and as test organisms for atmospheric pollution (Anonymous 1962, Ding 1988, Llano 1948, Moxham 1981, 1982, & 1986) and (Sochting 1999). These are the source of the tan powder known as Lichenan (Lichinin), a glucose polysacharride extracted from Usnea spp., and orcino ferric chloride, the spray known as Bial's reagent, used for detection of sugar glycosides and sulfolipids in chromatography.

Usnic acid, extracted from Cladonia and Usnea species and used as a base for disinfectants, has been reported to be anti-cancerous (Trease & Evans 1983). Hartwell (1971) has described its anticancer uses in folk medicine. The chemical and botanical aspects of lichens have been reviewed in detail (Culberson 1976, Culberson et. al., 1977).

Lichens Collection in the World

Lichen collections, for the manufacture of perfume, made primarily in Morocco, Yugoslavia, and France, are estimated at 7800 and 9200 metric tons worldwide each year, Moxham (1981). China has recently started producing a lichen concrete from indigenous lichens, Oak moss, and Evernia mesomorpha for use in perfumery, Ding (1988).

Various uses of Lichens in India

Lichens are collected from various parts of the country and used for various purposes; And these are known by different trade names such as : 'OAK MOSS', 'STONE FLOWERS', 'PATHAR PHOOL', 'DAGGAR PHOOL', 'CHADILA', 'CHADILO', and 'ICELAND MOSS', 'ROCK MOSS' Anonymous (1978). Common name- 'CHAR CHARILA', Bengali - 'SHAILJA'

a. In Kannauj an ancient town in Uttar Pradesh Lichens are used as an ingredient for manufacture of indigenous perfumes known as 'Attar' or 'Itra' for past 800 years.

b.During the reign of Akbar, much importance was given to indigenous perfumes or 'Itra' There is description of 12 Royal perfumes, which were

used by the king and number of incenses were prepared. The recipes and the ingredients (perfumery material) are described. in detail, in Aine Akbari. Lichens were also used under the name 'Charila' (Lichen), 'Ushna'. Abu L-Fazl Allami (1596-97). Though, in Arabic lichens were known as 'al usha' and equivalent given as Lichen odoriferum, Siddqui (1959). An interesting use is given of 'Ushna', “It is stated that 50 tola of Ushna is mixed with rened sugar and boiled gently in the bottles of rose water. It is made into discs. It smells very ne when burnt and is exhilarating”, Abu L-Fazl Allami (1596-97,p.60).

b. It is an important ingredient in a mixture of powdered condiment and spices called 'GARAM MASALA', 'SAMBHAR MASALA' or 'MEAT MASALA' widely used in various food dishes.

c. It is an ingredient various formulations, in the traditional system of medicines, viz., Ayuerveda and Unani under the trade names like 'CHARILA', 'SHAILYA' or 'USHNA'.

d. It is mixed with other aromatic herbs, such as Valeriana jatamansi for avoring and curing tobacco.

e. It is mixed with other aromatic herbs to be used as incense and as an ingredient in incense material in 'HAVAN SAMIGIRI' in loose form, packet, and consumed in holy sacricial res known as 'HAVAN' or 'HOMA'.

Atkinson (1882) was rst to report that lichens from Uttar Pradesh now Uttarakhand was traded in to the plains for medicinal use as tonic, febrifuge and antiperiodic. Parmotrema nilgherrense (Parmelia nilgherrensis), Everniastrum nepalense (Parmelia nepalensis), Ramalina subcomplanata and Usnea lucea (Sarin & Atal 1976) have been reported to be collected from the regions of Ramanagar and Tanakpur of the Uttar Pradesh Hills for commercial use. Likewise, Everniastrum cirrhatum (Parmelia cirrhata) and Usnea splendens, except for Usnea lucea, which grows in South India, are reported as taxa of commerce (Awasthi 1986, Shah 1987). Of course, the possibility of errors in identication by the earlier workers is possible.

Recieved: December 2013

Accepted: January 2014

SAMANTHI

Review Article

30 THE SCITECH JOURNAL VOL. 01 ISSUE 01 JANUARY 2014

First Description of Commercial Lichens

Chopra et. al., (1958,pp.642-646) for the rst time described the economic uses of lichens growing in different parts of India with their chemical constituents. This information is again being reviewed with present nomenclatural treatment and other information as under:

Rocella montagnei /Rocella montagnei Bel em D.D.Awasthi

Dist.: Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Pondicherry, Tamilnadu. Generally found growing on Cashew nut, Mango, Pongamia, Tamarind and Banyan trees and is very easy to collect.

The species is well known as a dye stuff such as archil, cudbear, and litmus

Chem. Constituents: Erythrin, erythritol, lecanoric acid and rocellic acid and a new compound was found which is, montagnetol and after which the name of species is given.

Parmelia abessinica / Parmotrma abessinicum (Kremp) Hale

Dist.: Tamil Nadu, Palni Hills. Chopra (1958) reported that it is available in large quantitites in South Deccan Plateau particularly in Bellary in the market. It is again a matter of investigation whether it is presently still available in the South Indian Markets or not?

Chem. Constituents : It contains atranorin, lecanoric acid and salazininc acid.

Parmelia tinctorium / Parmotrma tinctorium (Despr.ex Nyl) Hale.

Dist.: Tropical to lower temperate regions in North as well as in South India. It grows on rocks and stones or stone monuments. It was also collected from sandalwood trees from Coorg.

However, it is reported that it is exported from Bhutan to India Sochting, (1999)

Chem. Constituents : Foreign samples of this lichen contained, atranorin, lecanoric and also nor-strictic acids. Some time it contained very high percentage of lecanoric acid, some time 20.3% which dissolves the stones. In samples collected from Chaubattia in the Himalayas and from Mysore it was found to contain besides atranorin and lecanoric acid , the depsidone, salazinic acid. Chopra et. al., (1958) states that though morphologically they are the same species but chemically they differ and be taken as different chemical races.

P.quericina Wain was collected from Marudamalai Hill found to contain, atranorin,lecanoric acid and lichen xanthone, the only xanthone derivative reported from lichens.

A few more species have been reported, by Chopra et. al., (1958), which contained tranorin, lecanoric acid. These species require nomenclatural treatment by a lichenologist.

Ramalina tayloriana / Ramalina tayloriana Zahlbr.

Dist.: It was reported in 1946 from Sinhaschalan hills near Waltair, where it damaged the sandalwood trees. It grew profusely on the tender parts of the trees. It appeared due to its hold fasts, it injured the growing parts of the tree.

Chem. Constituents: Contain dusnic acid sekikaic acid (toxic to sh) and d-arabitol. These compounds have been reported of having antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Two other Ramalina species had been reported from Nainital, viz.., R. calicaris and R. sinensis , the former reported to contain usnic acid sekikaic acid and d-arabitol, while the latter contained only usnic acid and d-arabitol.

According Dr. D.K.Upreti (personal communication) Ramalina tayoloriana Zahlbr was rst reported by Nylander in 1870 from Pondicherry and later by Jatta 1902 from Darjiling and Sikkim under the name Ramalina canaliculata Taylor. However, Zahlbruckner in 1930 gave it a new name Ramalina tayloriana Zahlbr. Dr. Upreti mentions that after that this taxa was not collected. However, the type specimen is lodged in FRI, Dehradun. It clearly indicates that the R. tayloriana collected from Sinhaschalan hills near Waltair, in 1946 as reported by Chopra et. al., (1958) was a misidentication and which requires further investigation.

Teloschitstes favicans / Teloschitstes favicans

It is reported from S.India along with Ramalina tayloriana from Sinhaschalan hills near Waltair.

Chem. Constituents: It contains hydroxyanthraquinone pigments and 2-hydroxymethyl 4:5 dihydroxy-7-methoxy-anthraquinone named as teloschistin. A detailed chemical history has been given by Chopra et. al., (1958) of this compound. Due to its close relation to a mould product, w-hydroxyemodin isolated from Penicillium cyclopium and furthermore teloschistin. Containing the anthraquinone derivatives of medicinal value.

Usnea japonica / Usnea japonica Vain

Dist.: According to Dr. Upreti this species is not found in India. Dr. Chopra et. al., (1958) on the basis of a sample collected from Coorg growing on Sandal trees was a misidentication.

Chem. Constituents: However, usnic acid stictic acid and also barnetolic acid, which has not been reported from U. japonica, which is found in Japan and Formosa. Thus, the taxa collected from Coorg Sandal trees further requires reinvestigation., collection of sample, identication and chemical investigation..

Usnea orientalis /Usnea orientalis Mot

Dist.: It has been reported from the temperate regions of India, North, East and South.

Chem. Constituents: Chopra et. al.,(1958) reported one from Chaubattia (north) with usnic acid and salzinic acid and another from Kodaicanal(south) having usnic acid and stictic acid. And also a fatty acid caperatic acid.


Parmotrema nilgherrease (Parmelia nilgherrensis), Ramalina inflata,

Usnea bailyei and Usnea subsordida


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Usnea longissima / Usnea longissima Ach.

Dist.: It is found throughout the hills of India in the north and in abundance.. In China it has been reported to be used as an expectorant and in treatment of ulcer.

Chem. Constituents: The Indian sample yields usnic acid 3-4% and barbatic acid and a compound rabitol. Usnic acid and barbatic acid gave antibiotic properties.

Meshal et. al., (1982) reported alkaloid, sterols and terpenes, coumarins, tannins volatile bases, saponins and microbial action on Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Further, Usnea aspera (Eschw.) Vain and Usnea stertoniana Zahlbr are reported by Chopra et. al., (1958) do not occur in India.

However, in Nigeria Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., the species also found in Uttarakhand. The chemical constituents reported are; dibenzofuran derivatives (usnic acid), depsidones, depsides, anthracene, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins and starch. It has known antibacterial antifungal and cytotoxic properties, the aqueous extract is used in treating mental and tincture in treatment of ring worm, Esimone & Adikwu (1999).

Everniastrum cirrhatum (Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale) has been reported to contain a bioactive polyphenolic compound Methyl B-orcino

carboxylate (MBO) a n d E t h y l haematommate (EH). An especial technique of reversed phase high performance liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( H P L C ) w i t h p h o t o d i o d e a r r a y detection method was developed and used to d e t e r m i n e t h e compound.(CIMAP News Letter 2006).

Parmelia perlata is reported to yield in a spectroscopic studies, a new lanost-2-en type terpene named parmelanostene and a new labdane type diterpenoid named permelabdone. It has also to be found to have antebacterial potential against S.aureus and E.coli bacterial strains, Tarique Abdullah et. al., (2007).

However, A. Devkota (no date) reports the chemical constituents of lichens from Phoolchauki, Nepal, which also occur and used commercially in India as under:

Parmelia cirrhata Fr.

Chemical constituents - Altranorin, Salacinic acid and protolochesterinic acid.

Parmelia nepalensis Tayl.,

Chemical constituents - Atranorin, Salacinic acid, protolichesterinic acid.

Parmelia nilgherrensis Nyl,

Chemical constituents - Atranorin, Alectoronic acid, á-collatolic acid.

Parmelia reticulata Tayl,

Chemical constituents- Atranorin, Salacinic acid.

Parmelia tinctorum Nyl,

Chemical constituents- Atranorin, Lecanoric acid.

Commercial collection of Lichens from North India and their Trade: Shah (1987,1997) conducted a detailed study on traditional commercial collection, identication of species and grades of commerce from Uttarakhand and these are summarized in Table-I

Commercial Grades

The lichens which are collected in Uttarakhand from the wild are graded into of 4 main commercial grades, namely I, II, III and IV. Each grade consisted of different species of Paramotrema, Everniastrum (Parmelia), Usnea, and Ramalina and were selected for different purpose are characterized the following table.

Percentage of the lichen group within a grade mixture.

Traditional Collection trading and marketing as recorded from North India

The author about thirty years ago studied the collection, trade, and


Usnea longissma, growing and hanging from a tall tree.

Usnea longissma, a source of usnic acid.

Everniastrum nepalense (Parmelia nepalensisr) and Everniastrum cirrhatum (Parmelia cirrhata )


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marketing in Uttarakhand and later published, Shah (1997) as detailed under:

The lichen 'JHOOLA' or 'CHARILA' is collected from temperate zones ranging in altitude from 1200 to 2500 m during the winter season (November to mid April). Although these lichens are available in forests throughout the year, the tissue is undesirably crisp and brittle in the summer. These crisp and brittle leaves are easily pulverized during collection, sorting, grading, and packing and thus degrading the quality and resulting in lower prices. In addition, winter snows, which collect on lichen loaded branches, cause the branches to break and fall to the ground for easy collection of the lichens. Lichens growing on high branches and trunks are striped with a small axe. Larger intact lichen colonies are considered of superior quality.

The Fixtures

Parmotrema and Everniastrum species, which form the best quality lichens for commercial processing, are generally collected from the trunks and branches of the commonly known Himalayan Oak or 'Banj'

(Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) (synonym Quercus incana Roxb.). Other species of trees and shrubs from which good grades of lichens are collected include, stems and branches of tree Rhododendron or 'BURANS' (Rhododendron arboreum Sm.), Himalayan Bay Berry tree or 'KAFAL' (Myrica escuelenta Hamilt. ex D.Don), Himalayan Hawthorn big strub or Ghingaru (Craetaegus crenulata Roxb.), and Chirpine of 'Chir' (Pinus roxburghiana Roxb.).

Method of Collection in Uttakhand

Small local contractors that coordinate the collection of lichens in different ranges of the region employ local villagers or Nepali laborers known as Dotiyal. Collection is usually done by hand. Sometimes a small axe is used to strip the material from the branches and trunks and the material is gathered in large sacks. Estimates indicate that a person can collect between 6 and 12 kg of lichens a day from a lichen-rich forest. Payment is based on quantity and quality of collected material. Presently, the procedure is still followed.

Marketing

Following collection, the material is sent to the nearest grading and trading centers in Kotdwara, Ramnagar, Kathgodam or Tanakpur, which are located near the rail lines. A study of its trade and marketing is described by Upreti et. al., (2005). In which it has been shown how the material from the northern parts of India (Uttarakhand) is distributed to other main cities of the country along with the folk medicinal uses of lichens in India .

There, the material is nally dried sorted, graded, baled, and then distributed throughout the country, including the large consumer base Kannauj. Approximately 750 metric tons of lichen are collected from the Uttar Pradesh Hills (now Uttarakhand) (Shah 1987), 800 metric tons are imported from Nepal and 200 metric tons were collected. Bhutan also exports 'CHARILA' to India and other countries. It is also collected from other regions of the country, including Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Assam.

However, 19 species of Lichens, which are collected for trade purpose reported by Upreti et. al., (2002) out of which 15 species are new to be reported for the trade purpose these are as under:

Arthopyrenia sp., Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale, Heterodermia rmula (Nyl.) Trevisam, Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) Awas., Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale, Lecanora sp., Leptogium askotense Awas., Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevisan, Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale, Parmotrema hababianum (Gyelink) Hale, Pyxine berteriana (Fee) Imsh. Var himalayansis Awas., Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher, Usnea perplexans Striton, Usnea stigmatoides G. Awasthi, Usnea thomsonii Striton and two Ramalina sp.

Collection of Lichens from South India

Though it is reported that lichens are collected from the South India but no detail report of its trade commercial collection is recorded species wise from any region.

Export of Lichens: During 1987 about 50 to 80 metric tons was exported but now no data is available as it mostly exported under “crude drugs n.e.s., that is “not essentially specied”. In order to ascertain the actual items exported under “crude drugs n.e.s.”. It is suggested that Government of India, Ministry of Finance, may consider to set up a pharmacognosy laboratories at major ports, i.e., Bombay, Calcutta,


Table 1. Characterization of Commercial Lichen Grades in Uttarakhand

Grade Species 1Mixture %

Uses Rates

I Parmotrema nilgherrease (Nyl.) Hale(Parmelia nilgherrensis Nyl.)

II Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) HaleEverniastrum nepalense (Taylor) Hale(Parmelia nepalensis Taylor)Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale(Parmelia cirrhata Fr.)

Ramalina inflata (HK.F.) TaylorRamalina farinacea (L.) Ach.

III Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) HaleEverniastrum nepalense (Taylor) HaleEverniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale

Ramalina inflata (Hk.F.) TaylorRamalina farinacea (L.) AchUsnea bailyi (Strilon) Zahibr.Usnea subsordida StrilonUsnea longissima Ach.

IV Usnea baileyi (Strilon) Zahlbr.Usnea subsordida StrilonUsnea longissma Ach.Ramalina inflata (Hk.F.) Taylor

Everniastrum nepalense (Taylor) HaleEverniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) HaleParmotrema nipherrense (Nyl.) Hale

100

90-95

5-10

90-95

10-20

70-80

20-30

For export, for extraction of resinoids and absolute to use in high grade perfumery

For use in indigenous perfumery for export to the Middle East for use in native medicines

For indigenous pharmaceutical applications as an ingredient in various formulations, for use in indigenous condiment powders

For use as a flavoringingredient in tobaccocuring, for use as an Ingredient of 'sacrificial fire' material (Hawan samigris), for Export as an article used during Religious rites (Dasang)

Rs.30-40 per kg.

Rs.35- 55/-per kg.

Rs.40-60/-per kg.

Rs.80-90/-per kg.


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Madras and Cochin. These laboratories may be manned by pharmacognocists , which would screen and identify and verify the material being exported not only the lichens but also other crude herbal drugs and also collect feed back to formulate government policies on export issue.

Discussion

Lichens are the best indicators of atmospheric pollution and are highly sensitive to microclimatic changes. They can be extensively used as a tool for conducting biomonitoring studies in an area to assess environmental degradation or vice-versa. Despite the huge quantity of lichens collected from various parts of the country, the effects of collection on plant growth, re-colonization, the ecosystem and environment have been absolutely ignored. However, the need for such research must be emphasized to protect the environment and the species and to ensure a continuous commercial (sustainable) supply as stated from time to time by (Moxham 1981, Moxham 1986), Shah (1997), Sochting (1999),Upreti (2001).

In addition, a great need to examine the medicinal and aromatic chemical constituents of Parmotrema and Everniastrum (Parmelia), Ramalina and Usnea species used in indigenous medicine and modern perfumery still remains to be conducted specically, in detail along with other lichens of commercial importance used in different parts of the country.

References

Abu L Fazl, Allami 1596-97 Ain-e Akbari Translated by H.Blochmann (1873).Pub. Aradiesh Book Depot,Delhi-7. 1-832.

Al-Meshal, I.A., Mossa, J.S., Al-Yaya, M.A., Khatibi, A. & Hammouda, Y. 1982. Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants : Part I. Fitoterapia. 53(3) : pp. 79-84.

Anonymous, 1962. The Wealth of India. 6. PID, CSIR, New Delhi, pp. 81-90.

Anonymous, 1978. Commodity Study on Crude Drug herbs. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

Awasthi, G. 1986. Lichen genus in India. Hour. Hattori Bot. Lab. 61 : pp. 33-421.

Atkinson, E.T. 1883. The Himalayan Districts of Northwest Provinces of India. Cosmo Publication, New Delhi 1:720.

Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., Handa, K.L., Kapur, L.D. 1958. Indigenous Drugs of India. Pub. U.N. Dhur & Sons. Calcutta.

CIMAP News Letter.2006.Determination of polyphenols invarious Lichen species of Himalayan region. No.1.p.-4.

Culberson, C.F. 1976. Supplement of chemical and botanical guide to lichen products. The American Bryological & Lichenological Soceity Rep. from the Bryologists 73: 177-377.

Culberson, C.F., Culberson, W.L. & Anita Johnson. 1977. Second supplement to chemical and botanical guide to lichen products. The American Bryological & Lichenological Society 74: 1-400.

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Ding, D. 1988. Oak moss and tree moss in China. Perfumer & Flavorist 13 : pp. 13-16.

Esimone, C.O. & Adikwu, M.U. 1999. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Ramalina farinacea. Fitoterapia 70(4) : pp. 428-431.

Llano, G.A. 1948. Economic uses of lichens. Econ. Bot. 2(1): 15-45.

Moxham, T.H. 1981. Lichens in the perfume industry. Dragoco Report 2 : pp. 31-39.

Moxham, T.H. 1982. Lichens and litmus. British Lichen Society Bulletin 50 : pp. 1-3.

Moxham, T.H. 1986. The commercial exploitation of lichens for perfume industry In E.J. Brunke, ed. Progress in Essential Oil Research. Walter de Guyter & Co., Berlin. pp. 491-503.

Sarin, Y.K. & Atal, C.K. 176. Utilization of lichens for production of aromatic resinoids. PAFAI Sovn. 3: 35-40.

Shah, N.C. 1987. Ethnobotany in the Mountainous Region of Kumaon Himalaya. Thesis submitted to the Kumaon Univ. Nainital for PhD in Botany. pp. 83-85.

Shah, N.C. 1997. Lichens of Economic Importance from the Hills of Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 5(3) : pp. 69-76.

Sddiqui,M.Z.1959. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medicinal Literature. Calcutta University, Calcutta.p 126.

Sochting Ulrick, 1999. Lichens of Bhutan. Biodiversity and Use. Pub. University of Copenhagen, Botanical Institute, Dept. of Mycology. Pp.1-30

Tarique Abdullah,S.,Hamid,H, Ali,M.,Ansari,S.H., Sarwar Alam,,M 2007. Two new terpenes from the lichen Parmeila perlata. Indian Journal of Chemistry 46B (1)173-176.

Trease, G.W. & Evans, W.C. 1983. Pharmacognosy. Bailliere Tindall, London. p. 630.

Upreti, D.K. 2001. Himalayan Lichens and their Exploitation. In : Plant Diversity of the Himalaya. P.C.Pande & S.S. Samant (Eds.). Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. pp. 95-100,

Upreti, D.K., Pant, V. & Divakar, P.K. 2002. Exploitation of lichens from Pithoragarh district, Uttaranchal. Ethnobotany. 14 : pp. 60-62.

Upreti, D.K., Divakar, P.K & Nayaka,S. 2005. Commercial and Ethnic Use of Lichens in India. Economic Botany. 59(3) : pp. 269-273.


Citation : Shah, N.C., 2014. Lichens of Commercial Importance in India. The Scitech Journal. Vol 01 (02): 32-36.


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Lichens of Commercial Importance in India · spices called 'GARAM MASALA', 'SAMBHAR MASALA' or 'MEAT MASALA' widely used in various food dishes. c. It is an ingredient various formulations,