Introduced land snails in the Fiji Islands: are there ...

Brodie, G. and G.M. Barker. Introduced land snIasilslainnthde Fiijni Ivslaandss:ivaree tshe:reerirskas dinvicolvaedti?on and management

Introduced land snails in the Fiji Islands: are there risks involved?

G. Brodie1 and G. M. Barker2
1Biology Division, FSTE, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands. <[email protected]>.

2Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Abstract Fiji’s land snail fauna is highly diverse. There are over 230 species of which about 90% are native and 78%
are endemic to the archipelago. There are 18 introduced species and four that are of uncertain origin within the Pacific.
Information to allow easy identification of these species is lacking, as is related information about the risks involved
with the introduced species in respect to trade, crop production or human and livestock health. To address this latter
information gap, existing and new data on Fiji’s introduced land snail fauna were collated. This information is urgently
required to identify and manage introduced and potentially invasive species and if possible to prevent their spread to non-
infected islands. Other Pacific Island countries and territories have suffered substantial endemic land snail biodiversity
loss, particularly because of invasive snail species that are not yet present in Fiji. Except for one of these latter species, the
giant African snail (Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica), the Fiji government authorities have no baseline reference material
that allows them to quickly and accurately identify and understand the biology of even the most common introduced
snails. If not addressed this lack of information may have major long-term implications for agriculture, quarantine, trade
and human health. The alien species already introduced to Fiji are spreading unacknowledged despite several of them
being known disease vectors and agricultural pests elsewhere. This paper provides collated land snail information to
government departments such as agriculture, quarantine, forestry and environment, and in turn provides a platform on
which to build a stronger understanding of how introduced snail species may be impacting trade, agricultural production
and human and livestock health in Fiji.

Keywords: Mollusc, gastropod, slug, Pacific Islands, Parmarion martensi, invasive

INTRODUCTION latter species, Fijian government agencies have very little
baseline reference material that allows quick and accurate
The land snail fauna of the south Pacific islands of Fiji is identification of snails. This even applies to the most
unique and highly diverse. Over 230 species are recorded, common introduced terrestrial snails located close to the
of which 22 are non-native. About 90% of the fauna is well established port area of the capital Suva, on the largest
native and 78% are endemic to the archipelago (Barker island, Viti Levu (Fig. 2). Fijian government agencies also
et al. 2005). Information to allow easy identification of have relatively little collated biological information which
species is lacking, as is collated information about the risks could be used to make management decisions or implement
non-native species pose to trade, crop production or human monitoring programmes in relation to any of the currently
and livestock health (Brodie 2009a). Many of the non- introduced land snail species. If not addressed this lack of
native species are known agricultural pests and parasite information may have major long-term implications for
vectors elsewhere in the world. Collated information is agriculture, quarantine, international trade, and livestock
urgently required to detect and adequately manage non- and human health in Fiji.
native species, and if possible to prevent the spread of
invasive species to non-infected islands. This current paper is part of a larger plan by the authors
to provide direct land snail identification assistance
Pacific Island countries and territories such as Samoa, to sectors of the Fiji government such as agriculture,
New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Hawaii (Fig. 1) quarantine, forestry and environment, and to improve
have lost much of their endemic land snail biodiversity understanding of how introduced land snail species may
(Bouchet and Abdou 2003; Brescia et al. 2008; Cowie and impact biodiversity, economic costs and human health in
Robinson 2003; Hadfield 1986), in some cases following the Fiji Islands. In turn, collation of this information will
the introduction of invasive snail species that are not yet also allow estimates of the potential impact of these alien
established in Fiji. Two such examples are the “rosy intruders on Fiji’s established trading partners. In addition,
wolf snail” (Euglandina rosea) and the giant African the current paper addresses a broader acknowledged
snail (Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica). Except for the

Fig. 1 Fiji’s location in the Pacific showing neighbouring Fig. 2 The Fiji Islands showing the location of the capital
islands. city Suva and the islands of Viti Levu, Taveuni and Rotuma.
The Lau Group includes all of the small islands in the
southeast of the archipelago.

IP3Ua2CgNes, 32-36 In: Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). 2011. Island invasives: eradication and management.
Gland, Switzerland.

Brodie & Barker: Introduced land snails Fiji, the risks

need to fill major information gaps on the distribution of DISCUSSION
introduced land snails in the Pacific Islands region (Sherley
2000). Although many papers have been published about land
MATERIALS AND METHODS snails in Fiji over the last 100 years (see review of Barker et
al. 2005), this is the first to focus on non-native species in
We compiled a checklist of land snails introduced to the archipelago. The 18 species listed here include several
Fiji using the results of surveys in many forest areas and of the expected widespread tropical “tramp” species that
villages throughout the archipelago to 2005 (Barker et al. are thought to be replacing Pacific Island native/endemic
2005; Barker, unpublished data) and in 2008 - 2010 on mollusc fauna (Cowie 2004). There is also considerable
Viti Levu (Brodie 2009b; Brodie and Copeland in press; overlap with the introduced land snail assemblage reported
Mila et al. 2010) and Taveuni (Brodie unpublished data). by Cowie (2001) and Cowie and Robinson (2003) in the
By combining the above results with our expert knowledge neighbouring Samoan Islands, but a much lower number of
and additional published reports on aspects of distribution, introduced species than the more than 53 species recorded
biology, ecology, and “pest” status, we added to our in Hawaii (Cowie 1998; Cowie et al. 2008).
checklist an estimated risk level for each species. Risk
level was identified as low, medium or high depending on Unlike the neighbouring islands of New Caledonia,
our estimate of their potential to inflict biodiversity loss, Vanuatu and Samoa, but like Tonga, Niue and the Cook
affect agricultural production, and/or impact on human or Islands, Fiji lacks two of the world’s worst invasive
livestock health in Fiji. land snail species: Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica and
Euglandina rosea. Achatina fulica is a direct economic
The term ‘land snail’ as a common name is used in threat to agricultural production and human and livestock
preference to distinguishing ‘snails’ and ‘slugs’. health (Boray 1998; Lowe et al. 2004; Raut and Barker
RESULTS 2002), while E. rosea poses severe ecological threat by its
potential voracious predation on native land snails (Cowie
Eighteen species of introduced land snails from nine 2001, 2004; Lowe et al. 2004).
families are currently known from the Fiji Islands (Table 1).
This total excludes the widespread Pacific Achatinellidae The risks posed by these two invasive species to Fiji
Elasmias apertum, Lamellidea pusilla, Lamellidea oblonga emphasize the need for biosecurity measures to conserve
and Helicarionidae Liardetia samoensis for which precise the country’s distinctive and diverse endemic land snail
origins within the Pacific are uncertain. fauna. Lydeard et al. (2004) highlighted the global and
regional importance of Pacific Island land snail fauna,
The feeding types and diets of the introduced species while Sherley (2000) stressed that “prevention of entry,
range from herbivores on fresh plant material, detritivores rather than later control, is the most important means of
feeding on dead plant material, to carnivorous predators stopping the spread [and therefore effect] of pest snails”.
(Table 1). Our data suggest that the introduced Streptostele
musaecola, Bradybaena similaris, and Deroceras laeve In a Fijian context, discussion of the exceptional need
are restricted to areas of human habitation or disturbance. for high-level quarantine vigilance is timely, primarily
The remaining species are found in both disturbed and because of the recent nomination of the island of Rotuma
relatively undisturbed habitats and must be considered (Fig. 2 inset) as a “Port of Entry” for Fijian shipping and
“invasive”. Of these, nine species are considered here as trade, but especially agricultural crops. Like many remote
low risk, three low-medium risk and five medium-high islands in the Fijian archipelago, Rotuma has a distinctive
risk (Table 2). One species, Parmarion martensi (Fig. 3), land snail fauna (Barker et al. 2005; Brodie et al. 2010). To
stands out as very high risk and very invasive because of its the best of our knowledge, no recent survey of introduced
hardy nature, active climbing behaviour, close association land snails has been undertaken either in Rotuma or its
with local crops and common presence in virtually all intended primarily agricultural trading partner, Tuvalu. In
sheltered habitats investigated, including the significant this context the presence or absence of high-risk Parmarion
forest conservation areas of Nakauvadra, Nakorotubu martensi in Rotuma and/or Tuvalu is of great interest, not
and Taveuni. While the presence of P. martensi is long- only because of human health concerns and the invasive
known from Fiji’s lowland to mid-altitude areas, recent nature of P. martensi in other parts of Fiji, but because the
surveys by the first author indicate invasion into relatively species is also not yet recorded in several countries with
undisturbed high altitude areas (i.e., Taveuni, > 800 m) that which Fiji currently trades, such as Australia, New Zealand
are vitally important for overall ecosystem function and the and the mainland USA.
conservation of endemic biodiversity.
Our reporting of P. martensi from at least three of the
Fig. 3 Parmarion martensi on decaying pumpkin in a 13 priority forest conservation areas identified on the Fijian
suburban Suva garden. Photo: G. Brodie. islands of Viti Levu and Taveuni (see Olson et al. 2009)
makes protection of the smaller, more isolated, priority
conservation areas like Rotuma an even higher priority.

At least seven of the introduced land snail species found
in Fiji act as vectors for parasitic helminthes (Table 2), such
as the rat lung worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which is
associated with eosinophilic meningitis in humans (Boray
1998; Hollyer et al. 2010). Angiostrongylus cantonensis
and eosinophilic meningitis are already established in Fiji
(Alicata 1962; Sano et al. 1987; Paine et al. 1994; Uchikawa
et al. 1984). A recent study of Parmarion cf. martensi in
Hawaii (Hollingsworth et al. 2007) identified its role in
spreading A. cantonensis through an association with
poorly washed home-grown crops, such as lettuce. The
parasite has a high infection rate and the vigorous climbing
behaviour of P. martensi makes it much more likely to
come into contact with humans (and their food or water
sources) than any of the other known vectors. However,
the presence of A. cantonensis in Fijian P. martensi has not
yet been confirmed.

33

Island invasives: eradication and management

Table 1 List of Fiji’s introduced land snail species with feeding type and habitat.
Feeding ecology, secondary/minor trophic relations indicated in parentheses.

Species Feeding ecology Habitat References

Agriolimacidae

Deroceras laeve Herbivore, detrit. Highland interior, in modified areas, Smith and Stanisic 1998; Barker 1999;
(carnivore) including gardens, and forest margins. Barker and Efford 2004

Ariophantidae

Parmarion Herbivore, Terrestrial, and arboreal on low vegetation. pers. obs., Hollingsworth et al. 2007
martensi detritivore Lowland to high-elevation forests.

Quantula striata Herbivore, Leaf litter. Lowland to mid-elevation forests;pers. obs., Councilman and Ong 1988.
detritivore gardens.

Bradybaenidae

Bradybaena Herbivore, Terrestrial, arboreal on low veg. Low to Pers. obs., Smith and Stanisic 1998;
similaris detritivore highlands, disturbed areas, incl. gardens. Chang 2002

Pupillidae

Gastrocopta Detritivore Under stones or logs, in leaf litter. Lowland, Smith and Stanisic 1998
pediculus in forests and modified areas.

Gastrocopta Detritivore Under stones or logs, in leaf litter. Lowland Smith and Stanisic 1998
servilis Detritivore forests.
Subulinidae (herbivore)
Allopeas Leaf litter. Forests and disturbed areas, most Smith and Stanisic 1998
clavulinum prevalent in mid-elevation forests.

Allopeas gracile Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowlands to highlands, in forest Smith and Stanisic 1998
(herbivore) and modified habitats.

Opeas hannense Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowlands to mid-elevation forest Barker et al. 2005
(herbivore) and disturbed habitat.

Opeas Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowland to high-elevation forestsBarker et al. 2005
mauritianum and distributed area.

Paropeas Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowland to mid-elevation forests Naggs 1994; Barker and Efford 2004
achatinaceum (herb., carn., and disturbed habitat.
predator)

de Almeida Bessa and de Barros
Under stones, logs and other debris. Leaf Araujo 1996; Smith and Stanisic 1998;
Subulina octona Detritivore litter. Lowland to mid-elevations forests and d’Avila and de Almeida Bessa 2005;
(herbivore) disturbed habitat Juřičková 2006; Hollingsworth et al.

2007.

Streptaxidae

Gulella bicolor Carnivorous Under stones, logs and other debris. Leaf Annandale and Prashad 1920; Dundee
predator litter. Lowlands, in forests and modified and Baerwald 1984; Naggs 1989;
areas, including gardens. Smith and Stanisic 1998, Solem 1988;
Barker and Efford 2004

Streptostele Carnivorous Leaf litter, under stones and logs. Lowland Smith and Stanisic 1998; Hausdorf
musaecola predator disturbed forests. and Medina Bermúdez 2003

Veronicellidae

Laevicaulis alte Herbivore, Under stones, grass, decaying wood, leaf pers. obs., Bishop 1977; Raut and
detritivore litter & ground crevices. Lowland to high- Panigrahi 1990; Smith and Stanisic
elevation forests, plantations and moist tall 1998; Gomes and Thomé 2004
grasslands.

Sarasinula Herbivore, Under stones, grass, decaying wood, leaf pers. obs., Bishop 1977; Smith and
plebeia detritivore litter and ground crevices. Arboreal on Stanisic 1998; Rueda et al. 2002;
low vegetation. Lowland to mid-elevation Gomes and Thomé 2004
forests, plantations, grasslands and gardens.

Zonitidae

Hawaiia pPrreodba.tcoarrnivorousLeaf litter. Lowland, disturbed areas. Kano 1996; Smith and Stanisic 1998
minuscula

Valloniidae Detritivore Arboreal, on tree trunks and branches. Solem 1964, 1988; Smith and Stanisic
Ptychopatula Lowland forests. 1998
orcula

34

Brodie & Barker: Introduced land snails Fiji, the risks

Table 2 Currently known status of introduced land snail species considered to be present in the Fiji Islands archipelago.

Species Place of origin Recorded pest/risk type Where risk Estimate of References
recorded risk in Fiji

Allopeas Probably tropical No known threats n/a low
clavulinum East Africa

Allopeas Probably No known threats n/a low
gracile neotropics

Bradybaena Asia Crop pest; vector of human Fiji, Australia medium to Alicata 1965; Godan 1983
similaris and livestock parasites high

Deroceras Holarcic and Crop pest; vector of human Australia low to Mackerras and Sandars 1955;
laeve possibly Andean and livestock parasites medium Alicata 1965; Smith and
South America Stanisic 1998

Indonesia.
Gastrocopta Probably western Status unknown could
pediculis Pacific-Australiancompete with native species n/a low

area.

Gastrocopta West Indies Status unknown, could n/a low
servilis compete with native species

Gullella Indian Predator of native fauna Australia medium to Smith and Stanisic 1998
bicolor subcontinent (micro predator on snails) high

Hawaiia Canada to Status unknown, could prey n/a low
minuscula northern Mexico on native fauna

Laevicaulis Africa Crop pest; vector of human Australia, medium to Alicata 1965; Malek and
alte and livestock parasites Hawaii, Samoa high Cheng 1974; Liat et al. 1965

Opeas Tropical Central Status unknown n/a low
hannense America

Opeas Unknown, Status unknown n/a low
mauritianum probably India

Parmarion South-east Asia Vector of human and pest Hawaii, Japan very high Hollingsworth et al. 2007;
martensi livestock parasites, crop Hollyer et al. 2010.

Paropeas South-east Asia, Vector of human and Hawaii, Pacific low to Alicata 1965, Cowie 2000.
achatinaceum Indonesia livestock parasites, competes Islands medium
with native species

Ptychopatula India Status unknown n/a low
orcula

Quantula Southern Malay Status unknown, may n/a low
striata Peninsula compete with native species

Sarasinula Central America Crop pest; vector of human Honduras medium to www.invasive.org; Alicata
plebeia and livestock parasites high 1965; Rueda et al. 2002

Streptostele West Africa Predator of native fauna Australia medium to Smith and Stanisic 1998
musaecola (micro predator on snails) high

Subulina Caribbean and Crop pest; vector of human Brazil, Hawaii low to de Almeida Bessa and
octona tropical America and livestock parasites medium de Barros Araujo 1996;
Hollingsworth et al. 2007

CONCLUSION Pacific Regional Herbarium and the Fiji National Trust.
Increased collaborative effort is required to collate We sincerely thank the numerous colleagues that assisted
with introduced species field work, particularly Lekima
and disseminate available land snail information in a user Copeland, Richard Singh, Elenoa Mila, Alisi Sheehy,
friendly format. Improved access to such information will Visheshni Chandra, Fiu Manueli and Johnson Seeto. Our
assist with baseline surveys of isolated priority conservation sincere thanks for constructive comments made to an
areas. Although eradication of pest snail species may not earlier version of this manuscript by Robert Cowie, Fred
be technically possible (Sherley 2000), preventing entry Brook and Dick Veitch.
or halting the spread of high-risk pest snails into some
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